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Title to copyright in this software, database and any associated documentation shall at all times remain with Princeton University and LICENSEE agrees to preserve same. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ entity that which is perceived or known or inferred to have its own distinct existence (living or nonliving) physical entity an entity that has physical existence abstraction a general concept formed by extracting common features from specific examples the act of withdrawing or removing something an abstract painting the process of formulating general concepts by abstracting common properties of instances a concept or idea not associated with any specific instance; "he loved her only in the abstract--not in person" thing a separate and self-contained entity an action; "how could you do such a thing?" an artifact; "how does this thing work?" an entity that is not named specifically; "I couldn't tell what the thing was" any attribute or quality considered as having its own existence; "the thing I like about her is ..." a special abstraction; "a thing of the spirit"; "things of the heart" a special objective; "the thing is to stay in bounds" a statement regarded as an object; "to say the same thing in other terms"; "how can you say such a thing?" an event; "a funny thing happened on the way to the..." a persistent illogical feeling of desire or aversion; "he has a thing about seafood"; "she has a thing about him" a special situation; "this thing has got to end"; "it is a remarkable thing" object a tangible and visible entity; an entity that can cast a shadow; "it was full of rackets, balls and other objects" the focus of cognitions or feelings; "objects of thought"; "the object of my affection" (computing) a discrete item that provides a description of virtually anything known to a computer; "in object-oriented programming, objects include data and define its status, its methods of operation and how it interacts with other objects" (grammar) a constituent that is acted upon; "the object of the verb" express or raise an objection or protest or criticism or express dissent; "She never objected to the amount of work her boss charged her with"; "When asked to drive the truck, she objected that she did not have a driver's license" be averse to or express disapproval of; "My wife objects to modern furniture" whole an assemblage of parts that is regarded as a single entity; "how big is that part compared to the whole?"; "the team is a unit" all of something including all its component elements or parts; "Europe considered as a whole"; "the whole of American literature" including all components without exception; being one unit or constituting the full amount or extent or duration; complete; "gave his whole attention"; "a whole wardrobe for the tropics"; "the whole hog"; "a whole week"; "the baby cried the whole trip home"; "a whole loaf of bread" (of siblings) having the same parents; "whole brothers and sisters" congener a whole (a thing or person) of the same kind or category as another; "lard was also used, though its congener, butter, was more frequently employed"; "the American shopkeeper differs from his European congener" a minor chemical constituent that gives a wine or liquor its distinctive character living thing a living (or once living) entity organism a living thing that has (or can develop) the ability to act or function independently a system considered analogous in structure or function to a living body; "the social organism" benthos organisms (plants and animals) that live at or near the bottom of a sea a region including the bottom of the sea and the littoral zones dwarf a plant or animal that is atypically small a person who is markedly small check the growth of; "the lack of sunlight dwarfed these pines" heterotroph an organism that depends on complex organic substances for nutrition parent an organism (plant or animal) from which younger ones are obtained a father or mother; one who begets or one who gives birth to or nurtures and raises a child; a relative who plays the role of guardian life living things collectively; "the oceans are teeming with life" the experience of being alive; the course of human events and activities; "he could no longer cope with the complexities of life" a motive for living; "pottery was his life" a living person; "his heroism saved a life" the organic phenomenon that distinguishes living organisms from nonliving ones; "there is no life on the moon" the course of existence of an individual; the actions and events that occur in living; "he hoped for a new life in Australia"; "he wanted to live his own life without interference from others"; "get a life!" "he is trying to rebuild his life" a characteristic state or mode of living; "social life"; "city life"; "real life" the period during which something is functional (as between birth and death); "the battery had a short life"; "he lived a long and happy life" the period between birth and the present time; "I have known him all his life" the period from the present until death; "he appointed himself emperor for life" biont a discrete unit of living matter cell (biology) the basic structural and functional unit of all organisms; they may exist as independent units of life (as in monads) or may form colonies or tissues as in higher plants and animals a device that delivers an electric current as the result of a chemical reaction a room where a prisoner is kept small room in which a monk or nun lives any small compartment; "the cells of a honeycomb" a small unit serving as part of or as the nucleus of a larger political movement causal agent any entity that produces an effect or is responsible for events or results person a human being; "there was too much for one person to do" a human body (usually including the clothing); "a weapon was hidden on his person" a grammatical category used in the classification of pronouns, possessive determiners, and verb forms according to whether they indicate the speaker, the addressee, or a third party; "stop talking about yourself in the third person" animal a living organism characterized by voluntary movement plant (botany) a living organism lacking the power of locomotion buildings for carrying on industrial labor; "they built a large plant to manufacture automobiles" something planted secretly for discovery by another; "the police used a plant to trick the thieves"; "he claimed that the evidence against him was a plant" an actor situated in the audience whose acting is rehearsed but seems spontaneous to the audience put firmly in the mind; "Plant a thought in the students' minds" place something or someone in a certain position in order to secretly observe or deceive; "Plant a spy in Moscow"; "plant bugs in the dissident's apartment" put or set (seeds, seedlings, or plants) into the ground; "Let's plant flowers in the garden" place into a river; "plant fish" native indigenous plants and animals an indigenous person who was born in a particular place; "the art of the natives of the northwest coast"; "the Canadian government scrapped plans to tax the grants to aboriginal college students" a person born in a particular place or country; "he is a native of Brazil" belonging to one by birth; "my native land"; "one's native language" characteristic of or existing by virtue of geographic origin; "the native North American sugar maple"; "many native artists studied abroad" characteristic of or relating to people inhabiting a region from the beginning; "native Americans"; "the aboriginal peoples of Australia" as found in nature in the elemental form; "native copper" natural object an object occurring naturally; not made by man substance the real physical matter of which a person or thing consists; "DNA is the substance of our genes" a particular kind or species of matter with uniform properties; "shigella is one of the most toxic substances known to man" material of a particular kind or constitution; "the immune response recognizes invading substances" matter that which has mass and occupies space; "physicists study both the nature of matter and the forces which govern it" (used with negation) having consequence; "they were friends and it was no matter who won the games" a vaguely specified concern; "several matters to attend to"; "it is none of your affair"; "things are going well" a problem; "is anything the matter?" written works (especially in books or magazines); "he always took some reading matter with him on the plane" food any substance that can be metabolized by an animal to give energy and build tissue anything that provides mental stimulus for thinking any solid substance (as opposed to liquid) that is used as a source of nourishment; "food and drink" nutrient any substance (such as a chemical element or inorganic compound) that can be taken in by a green plant and used in organic synthesis artifact a man-made object taken as a whole article one of a class of artifacts; "an article of clothing" nonfictional prose forming an independent part of a publication (grammar) a determiner that may indicate the specificity of reference of a noun phrase a separate section of a legal document (as a statute or contract or will) bind by a contract; especially for a training period psychological feature a feature of the mental life of a living organism cognition the psychological result of perception and learning and reasoning motivation the psychological feature that arouses an organism to action toward a desired goal; the reason for the action; that which gives purpose and direction to behavior; "we did not understand his motivation"; "he acted with the best of motives" the act of motivating; providing incentive the condition of being motivated; "his motivation was at a high level" attribute an abstraction belonging to or characteristic of an entity state the way something is with respect to its main attributes; "the current state of knowledge"; "his state of health"; "in a weak financial state" a politically organized body of people under a single government; "the state has elected a new president"; "African nations"; "students who had come to the nation's capitol"; "the country's largest manufacturer"; "an industrialized land" the group of people comprising the government of a sovereign state; "the state has lowered its income tax" the territory occupied by one of the constituent administrative districts of a nation; "his state is in the deep south" a state of depression or agitation; "he was in such a state you just couldn't reason with him" express in words; "He said that he wanted to marry her"; "tell me what is bothering you"; "state your opinion"; "state your name" feeling the experiencing of affective and emotional states; "she had a feeling of euphoria"; "he had terrible feelings of guilt"; "I disliked him and the feeling was mutual" an intuitive understanding of something; "he had a great feeling for music" a physical sensation that you experience; "he had a queasy feeling"; "I had a strange feeling in my leg"; "he lost all feeling in his arm" location a point or extent in space a workplace away from a studio at which some or all of a movie may be made; "they shot the film on location in Nevada" shape the spatial arrangement of something as distinct from its substance; "geometry is the mathematical science of shape" any spatial attributes (especially as defined by outline); "he could barely make out their shapes" a concrete representation of an otherwise nebulous concept; "a circle was the embodiment of his concept of life" give shape or form to; "shape the dough"; "form the young child's character" make something, usually for a specific function; "She molded the rice balls carefully"; "Form cylinders from the dough"; "shape a figure"; "Work the metal into a sword" time the continuum of experience in which events pass from the future through the present to the past; "he waited for along time"; "it took some time before he got an answer"; "time flies like an arrow" a person's experience on a particular occasion; "he had a time holding back the tears"; "they had a good time together" an instance or single occasion for some event; "this time he succeeded"; "he called four times"; "he could do ten at a clip" an indefinite period (usually marked by specific attributes or activities); "the time of year for planting"; "he was a great actor in his time" a suitable moment; "it is time to go" a period of time considered as a resource under your control and sufficient to accomplish something; "take time to smell the roses"; "I didn't have time to finish"; "it took more than half my time"; "he waited for a long time" adjust so that a force is applied and an action occurs at the desired time; "The good player times his swing so as to hit the ball squarely" regulate or set the time of; "time the clock" assign a time for an activity or event; "The candidate carefully timed his appearance at the disaster scene" set the speed, duration, or execution of; "we time the process to manufacture our cars very precisely" space the unlimited expanse in which everything is located; "they tested his ability to locate objects in space"; "the boundless regions of the infinite" a blank area; "write your name in the space provided" a blank character used to separate successive words in writing or printing; "he said the space is the most important character in the alphabet" one of the areas between or below or above the lines of a musical staff; "the spaces are the notes F-A-C-E" an area reserved for some particular purpose; "the laboratory's floor space" an empty area (usually bounded in some way between things); "the architect left space in front of the building"; "they stopped at an open space in the jungle"; "the space between his teeth" place at intervals; "Space the interviews so that you have some time between the different candidates" absolute space physical space independent of what occupies it phase space (physics) an ideal space in which the coordinate dimensions represent the variables that are required to describe a system or substance; "a multidimensional phase space" event something that happens at a given place and time a phenomenon located at a single point in space-time; the fundamental observational entity in relativity theory a special set of circumstances; "in that event, the first possibility is excluded"; "it may rain in which case the picnic will be canceled" process a sustained phenomenon or one marked by gradual changes through a series of states; "events now in process"; "the process of calcification begins later for boys than for girls" a natural prolongation or projection from a part of an organism either animal or plant; "a bony process" (psychology) the performance of some composite cognitive activity; an operation that affects mental contents; "the process of thinking"; "the cognitive operation of remembering" a mental process that you are not directly aware of; "the process of denial" subject to a process or treatment, with the aim of readying for some purpose, improving, or remedying a condition; "process cheese"; "process hair"; "treat the water so it can be drunk"; "treat the lawn with chemicals"; "treat an oil spill" perform mathematical and logical operations on (data) according to programmed instructions in order to obtain the required information; "The results of the elections were still being processed when he gave his acceptance speech" deal with in a routine way; "I'll handle that one"; "process a loan"; "process the applicants" act something that people do or cause to happen a legal document codifying the result of deliberations of a committee or society or legislative body a short performance that is part of a longer program; "he did his act three times every evening"; "she had a catchy little routine"; "it was one of the best numbers he ever did" a subdivision of a play or opera or ballet a manifestation of insincerity; "he put on quite an act for her benefit" behave in a certain manner; show a certain behavior; conduct or comport oneself; "You should act like an adult"; "Don't behave like a fool"; "What makes her do this way?"; "The dog acts ferocious, but he is really afraid of people" pretend to have certain qualities or state of mind; "He acted the idiot"; "She plays deaf when the news are bad" discharge one's duties; "She acts as the chair"; "In what capacity are you acting?" play a role or part; "Gielgud played Hamlet"; "She wants to act Lady Macbeth, but she is too young for the role"; "She played the servant to her husband's master" perform on a stage or theater; "She acts in this play"; "He acted in `Julius Caesar'"; "I played in `A Christmas Carol'" perform an action, or work out or perform (an action); "think before you act"; "We must move quickly"; "The governor should act on the new energy bill"; "The nanny acted quickly by grabbing the toddler and covering him with a wet towel" be engaged in an activity, often for no particular purpose other than pleasure be suitable for theatrical performance; "This scene acts well" group any number of entities (members) considered as a unit a set that is closed, associative, has an identity element and every element has an inverse (chemistry) two or more atoms bound together as a single unit and forming part of a molecule arrange into a group or groups; "Can you group these shapes together?" form a group or group together relation an abstraction belonging to or characteristic of two entities or parts together (usually plural) mutual dealings or connections among persons or groups; "international relations" an act of narration; "he was the hero according to his own relation"; "his endless recounting of the incident eventually became unbearable" possession anything owned or possessed the act of having and controlling property (sport) the act of controlling the ball (or puck); "they took possession of the ball on their own goal line" a territory that is controlled by a ruling state being controlled by passion or the supernatural social relation a relation between living organisms (especially between people) communication something that is communicated by or to or between people or groups the activity of communicating; the activity of conveying information; "they could not act without official communication from Moscow" a connection allowing access between persons or places; "how many lines of communication can there be among four people?"; "a secret passageway provided communication between the two rooms" measure how much there is or how many there are of something that you can quantify any maneuver made as part of progress toward a goal; "the situation called for strong measures"; "the police took steps to reduce crime" a container of some standard capacity that is used to obtain fixed amounts of a substance musical notation for a repeating pattern of musical beats; "the orchestra omitted the last twelve bars of the song" determine the measurements of something or somebody, take measurements of; "Measure the length of the wall" evaluate or estimate the nature, quality, ability, extent, or significance of; "I will have the family jewels appraised by a professional"; "access all the factors when taking a risk" have certain dimensions; "This table surfaces measures 20inches by 36 inches" phenomenon any state or process known through the senses rather than by intuition or reasoning a remarkable development exercise an action, often used negatively and without consequences; "an exercise in futility"; "an exercise in cheap talk" the activity of exerting your muscles in various ways to keep fit; "the doctor recommended regular exercise"; "he did some exercising"; "the physical exertion required by his work kept him fit" a task performed or problem solved in order to develop skill or understanding; "you must work the examples at the end of each chapter in the textbook" systematic training by multiple repetitions; "practice makes perfect" (usually plural) a ceremony that involves processions and speeches; "academic exercises" do physical exercise; "She works out in the gym every day" give a workout to; "Some parents exercise their infants"; "My personal trainer works me hard"; "work one's muscles"; "this puzzle will exercise your mind" kindness a kind act the quality of being warmhearted and considerate and humane and sympathetic update the act of bringing someone or something up to date; "the server update ran overnight"; "the local news station broadcast a special weather update" information or data that updates; "do you have the latest software update?"; "I just heard the update on the unemployment figures" modernize or bring up to date; "We updated the kitchen in the old house" bring to the latest state of technology or supply with the latest data; "tonight, I will update my operating system"; "we updated the database with the most recent figures" bring up to date; supply with recent information abdominoplasty cosmetic surgery of the abdomen to remove wrinkles and tighten the skin over the stomach abort the act of terminating a project or procedure before it is completed; "I wasted a year of my life working on an abort"; "he sent a short message requesting an abort due to extreme winds in the area" terminate a pregnancy by undergoing an abortion cease development, die, and be aborted; "an aborting fetus" terminate before completion; "abort the mission"; "abort the process running on my computer" accomplishment the action of accomplishing something agon a festivity in ancient Greece at which competitors contended for prizes alienation the action of alienating; the action of causing to become unfriendly; "his behavior alienated the other students" (law) the voluntary and absolute transfer of title and possession of real property from one person to another; "the power of alienation is an essential ingredient of ownership" the feeling of being alienated from other people separation resulting from hostility application the action of putting something into operation; "the application of maximum thrust"; "massage has far-reaching medical applications"; "the application of indexes to tables of data" a diligent effort; "it is a job requiring serious application" the work of applying something; "the doctor prescribed a topical application of iodine"; "a complete bleach requires several applications"; "the surface was ready for a coating of paint" the act of bringing something to bear; using it for a particular purpose; "he advocated the application of statistics to the problem"; "a novel application of electronics to medical diagnosis" a verbal or written request for assistance or employment or admission to a school; "December 31 is the deadline for applications" a program that gives a computer instructions that provide the user with tools to accomplish a task; "he has tried several different word processing applications" beachhead an initial accomplishment that opens the way for further developments; "the town became a beachhead in the campaign to ban smoking outdoors"; "they are presently attempting to gain a foothold in the Russian market" a bridgehead on the enemy's shoreline seized by an amphibious operation; "the Germans were desperately trying to contain the Anzio beachhead" cakewalk an easy accomplishment; "winning the tournament was a cakewalk for him"; "invading Iraq won't be a cakewalk" a strutting dance based on a march; was performed in minstrel shows; originated as a competition among Black dancers to win a cake perform the cakewalk dance feat a notable achievement; "he performed a great feat"; "the book was her finest effort" masterpiece an outstanding achievement the most outstanding work of a creative artist or craftsman masterstroke an achievement demonstrating great skill or mastery credit used in the phrase `to your credit' in order to indicate an achievement deserving praise; "she already had several performances to her credit" recognition by a college or university that a course of studies has been successfully completed; typically measured in semester hours an entry on a list of persons who contributed to a film or written work; "the credits were given at the end of the film" arrangement for deferred payment for goods and services money available for a client to borrow an accounting entry acknowledging income or capital items have trust in; trust in the truth or veracity of give someone credit for something; "We credited her for saving our jobs" accounting: enter as credit; "We credit your account with $100" action something done (usually as opposed to something said); "there were stories of murders and other unnatural actions" the most important or interesting work or activity in a specific area or field; "the action is no longer in technology stocks but in municipal bonds"; "gawkers always try to get as close to the action as possible" an act by a government body or supranational organization; "recent federal action undermined the segregationist position"; "the United Nations must have the power to propose and organize action without being hobbled by irrelevant issues"; "the Union action of emancipating Southern slaves" the operating part that transmits power to a mechanism; "the piano had a very stiff action" the trait of being active and energetic and forceful; "a man of action" the series of events that form a plot; "his novels always have a lot of action" the state of being active; "his sphere of activity"; "he is out of action" institute legal proceedings against; file a suit against; "He was warned that the district attorney would process him"; "She actioned the company for discrimination" res gestae things done rule of evidence that covers words that are so closely associated with an occurrence that the words are considered part of the occurrence and as such their report does not violate the hearsay rule course a mode of action; "if you persist in that course you will surely fail"; "once a nation is embarked on a course of action it becomes extremely difficult for any retraction to take place" education imparted in a series of lessons or meetings; "he took a course in basket weaving"; "flirting is not unknown in college classes" facility consisting of a circumscribed area of land or water laid out for a sport; "the course had only nine holes"; "the course was less than a mile" (construction) a layer of masonry; "a course of bricks" part of a meal served at one time; "she prepared a three course meal" a connected series of events or actions or developments; "the government took a firm course"; "historians can only point out those lines for which evidence is available" general line of orientation; "the river takes a southern course"; "the northeastern trend of the coast" hunt with hounds; "He often courses hares" move swiftly through or over; "ships coursing the Atlantic" blind alley (figurative) a course of action that is unproductive and offers no hope of improvement; "all the clues led the police into blind alleys"; "so far every road that we've been down has turned out to be a blind alley" a street with only one way in or out collision course a course of action (following a given idea) that will lead to conflict if it continues unabated a course of a moving object that will lead to a collision if it continues unchanged interaction a mutual or reciprocal action; interacting (physics) the transfer of energy between elementary particles or between an elementary particle and a field or between fields; mediated by gauge bosons interplay reciprocal action and reaction contact close interaction; "they kept in daily contact"; "they claimed that they had been in contact with extraterrestrial beings" the act of touching physically; "her fingers came in contact with the light switch" (electronics) a junction where things (as two electrical conductors) touch or are in physical contact; "they forget to solder the contacts" a thin curved glass or plastic lens designed to fit over the cornea in order to correct vision or to deliver medication a communicative interaction; "the pilot made contact with the base"; "he got in touch with his colleagues" the physical coming together of two or more things; "contact with the pier scraped paint from the hull" a person who is in a position to give you special assistance; "he used his business contacts to get an introduction to the governor" the state or condition of touching or of being in immediate proximity; "litmus paper turns red on contact with an acid" brush contact with something dangerous or undesirable; "I had a brush with danger on my way to work"; "he tried to avoid any brushes with the police" the act of brushing your hair; "he gave his hair a quick brush" the act of brushing your teeth; "the dentist recommended two brushes a day" a minor short-term fight a bushy tail or part of a bushy tail (especially of the fox) an implement that has hairs or bristles firmly set into a handle conducts current between rotating and stationary parts of a generator or motor momentary contact a dense growth of bushes remove with or as if with a brush; "brush away the crumbs"; "brush the dust from the jacket"; "brush aside the objections" touch lightly and briefly; "He brushed the wall lightly" rub with a brush, or as if with a brush; "Johnson brushed the hairs from his jacket" clean with a brush; "She brushed the suit before hanging it back into the closet" cover by brushing; "brush the bread with melted butter" sweep across or over; "Her long skirt brushed the floor"; "A gasp swept cross the audience" eye contact contact that occurs when two people look directly at each other; "a teacher should make eye contact with the students" a meeting of the eyes between two people that expresses meaningful nonverbal communication; "it was a mere glance, but the eye contact was enough to tell her that he was desperate to leave" fetch the action of fetching take away or remove; "The devil will fetch you!" be sold for a certain price; "The painting brought $10,000"; "The old print fetched a high price at the auction" placement contact established between applicants and prospective employees; "the agency provided placement services" the act of putting something in a certain place the spatial property of the way in which something is placed; "the arrangement of the furniture"; "the placement of the chairs" interchange mutual interaction; the activity of reciprocating or exchanging (especially information) a junction of highways on different levels that permits traffic to move from one to another without crossing traffic streams reverse (a direction, attitude, or course of action) reciprocity mutual exchange of commercial or other privileges cross-fertilization interchange between different cultures or different ways of thinking that is mutually productive and beneficial; "the cross-fertilization of science and the creative arts" fertilization by the union of male and female gametes from different individual of the same species dealings social or verbal interchange (usually followed by `with') playing the action of taking part in a game or sport or other recreation the act of playing a musical instrument play the act using a sword (or other weapon) vigorously and skillfully activity by children that is guided more by imagination than by fixed rules; "Freud believed in the utility of play to a small child" gay or light-hearted recreational activity for diversion or amusement; "it was all done in play"; "their frolic in the surf threatened to become ugly" a preset plan of action in team sports; "the coach drew up the plays for her team" utilization or exercise; "the play of the imagination" a dramatic work intended for performance by actors on a stage; "he wrote several plays but only one was produced on Broadway" a theatrical performance of a drama; "the play lasted two hours" a state in which action is feasible; "the ball was still in play"; "insiders said the company's stock was in play" engage in an activity as if it were a game rather than take it seriously; "They played games on their opponents"; "play the stock market"; "play with her feelings"; "toy with an idea" exhaust by allowing to pull on the line; "play a hooked fish" participate in games or sport; "We played hockey all afternoon"; "play cards"; "Pele played for the Brazilian teams in many important matches" employ in a game or in a specific position; "They played him on first base" use or move; "I had to play my queen" shoot or hit in a particular manner; "She played a good backhand last night" bet or wager (money); "He played $20 on the new horse"; "She plays the races" put (a card or piece) into play during a game, or act strategically as if in a card game; "He is playing his cards close to his chest"; "The Democrats still have some cards to play before they will concede the electoral victory" make bets; "Play the races"; "play the casinos in Trouville" use to one's advantage; "She plays on her clients' emotions" discharge or direct or be discharged or directed as if in a continuous stream; "play water from a hose"; "The fountains played all day" perform on a certain location; "The prodigy played Carnegie Hall at the age of 16"; "She has been playing on Broadway for years" be performed or presented for public viewing; "What's playing in the local movie theater?"; "`Cats' has been playing on Broadway for many years" cause to emit recorded audio or video; "They ran the tapes over and over again"; "I'll play you my favorite record"; "He never tires of playing that video" emit recorded sound; "The tape was playing for hours"; "the stereo was playing Beethoven when I entered" pretend to be somebody in the framework of a game or playful activity; "Let's play like I am mommy"; "Play cowboy and Indians" replay (as a melody); "Play it again, Sam"; "She played the third movement very beautifully" play on an instrument; "The band played all night long" perform music on (a musical instrument); "He plays the flute"; "Can you play on this old recorder?" move or seem to move quickly, lightly, or irregularly; "The spotlights played on the politicians" cause to move or operate freely within a bounded space; "The engine has a wheel that is playing in a rack" act or have an effect in a specified way or with a specific effect or outcome; "This factor played only a minor part in his decision"; "This development played into her hands"; "I played no role in your dismissal" engage in recreational activities rather than work; occupy oneself in a diversion; "On weekends I play"; "The students all recreate alike" be at play; be engaged in playful activity; amuse oneself in a way characteristic of children; "The kids were playing outside all day"; "I used to play with trucks as a little girl" behave in a certain way; "play safe"; "play it safe"; "play fair" be received or accepted or interpreted in a specific way; "This speech didn't play well with the American public"; "His remarks played to the suspicions of the committee" boondoggle work of little or no value done merely to look busy do useless, wasteful, or trivial work bowling the playing of a game of tenpins or duckpins etc (cricket) the act of delivering a cricket ball to the batsman a game in which balls are rolled at an object or group of objects with the aim of knocking them over or moving them acquiring the act of acquiring something; "I envied his talent for acquiring"; "he's much more interested in the getting than in the giving" causing the act of causing something to happen delivery the act of delivering a child the act of delivering or distributing something (as goods or mail); "his reluctant delivery of bad news" the voluntary transfer of something (title or possession) from one party to another the event of giving birth; "she had a difficult delivery" departure the act of departing derring-do brave and heroic feats discovery the act of discovering something a productive insight something that is discovered (law) compulsory pretrial disclosure of documents relevant to a case; enables one side in a litigation to elicit information from the other side concerning the facts in the case disposal the act or means of getting rid of something a kitchen appliance for disposing of garbage the power to use something or someone; "used all the resources at his disposal" hit (baseball) a successful stroke in an athletic contest (especially in baseball); "he came all the way around on Williams' hit" a conspicuous success; "that song was his first hit and marked the beginning of his career"; "that new Broadway show is a real smasher"; "the party went with a bang" the act of contacting one thing with another; "repeated hitting raised a large bruise"; "after three misses she finally got a hit" a connection made via the internet to another website; "WordNet gets many hits from users worldwide" a murder carried out by an underworld syndicate; "it has all the earmarks of a Mafia hit" a dose of a narcotic drug pay unsolicited and usually unwanted sexual attention to; "He tries to hit on women in bars" hit the intended target or goal affect or afflict suddenly, usually adversely; "We were hit by really bad weather"; "He was stricken with cancer when he was still a teenager"; "The earthquake struck at midnight" hit against; come into sudden contact with; "The car hit a tree"; "He struck the table with his elbow" deal a blow to, either with the hand or with an instrument; "He hit her hard in the face" cause to move by striking; "hit a ball" drive something violently into a location; "he hit his fist on the table"; "she struck her head on the low ceiling" cause to experience suddenly; "Panic struck me"; "An interesting idea hit her"; "A thought came to me"; "The thought struck terror in our minds"; "They were struck with fear" implementation the act of implementing (providing a practical means for accomplishing something); carrying into effect egress the act of coming (or going) out; becoming apparent (astronomy) the reappearance of a celestial body after an eclipse equalization the act of making equal or uniform exhumation the act of digging something up out of the ground (especially a corpse) where it has been buried mitzvah (Judaism) a good deed performed out of religious duty (Judaism) a precept or commandment of the Jewish law propulsion the act of propelling a propelling force rally the feat of mustering strength for a renewed effort; "he singled to start a rally in the 9th inning"; "he feared the rallying of their troops for a counterattack" (sports) an unbroken sequence of several successive strokes; "after a short rally Connors won the point" an automobile race run over public roads a large gathering of people intended to arouse enthusiasm a marked recovery of strength or spirits during an illness return to a former condition; "The jilted lover soon rallied and found new friends"; "The stock market rallied" recovery the act of regaining or saving something lost (or in danger of becoming lost) return to an original state; "the recovery of the forest after the fire was surprisingly rapid" running away the act of leaving (without permission) the place you are expected to be stunt a difficult or unusual or dangerous feat; usually done to gain attention a creature (especially a whale) that has been prevented from attaining full growth perform a stunt or stunts check the growth or development of; "You will stunt your growth by building all these muscles" touch the act of putting two things together with no space between them; "at his touch the room filled with lights" a distinguishing style; "this room needs a woman's touch" the feel of mechanical action; "this piano has a wonderful touch" deftness in handling matters; "he has a master's touch" the faculty by which external objects or forces are perceived through contact with the body (especially the hands); "only sight and touch enable us to locate objects in the space around us" the sensation produced by pressure receptors in the skin; "she likes the touch of silk on her skin"; "the surface had a greasy feeling" a suggestion of some quality; "there was a touch of sarcasm in his tone"; "he detected a ghost of a smile on her face" the act of soliciting money (as a gift or loan); "he watched the beggar trying to make a touch" the event of something coming in contact with the body; "he longed for the touch of her hand"; "the cooling touch of the night air" a slight but appreciable amount; "this dish could use a touch of garlic" a slight attack of illness; "he has a touch of rheumatism" comprehend; "He could not touch the meaning of the poem" be in direct physical contact with; make contact; "The two buildings touch"; "Their hands touched"; "The wire must not contact the metal cover"; "The surfaces contact at this point" make physical contact with, come in contact with; "Touch the stone for good luck"; "She never touched her husband" cause to be in brief contact with; "He touched his toes to the horse's flanks" tamper with; "Don't touch my CDs!" affect emotionally; "A stirring movie"; "I was touched by your kind letter of sympathy" perceive via the tactile sense; "Helen Keller felt the physical world by touching people and objects around her" deal with; usually used with a form of negation; "I wouldn't touch her with a ten-foot pole"; "The local Mafia won't touch gambling" tour de force a masterly or brilliant feat performance any recognized accomplishment; "they admired his performance under stress"; "when Roger Maris powered four home runs in one game his performance merits awe" the act of performing; of doing something successfully; using knowledge as distinguished from merely possessing it; "they criticised his performance as mayor"; "experience generally improves performance" the act of presenting a play or a piece of music or other entertainment; "we congratulated him on his performance at the rehearsal"; "an inspired performance of Mozart's C minor concerto" a dramatic or musical entertainment; "they listened to ten different performances"; "the play ran for 100 performances"; "the frequent performances of the symphony testify to its popularity" overachievement better than expected performance (better than might have been predicted from intelligence tests) underachievement poorer than expected performance (poorer than might have been predicted from intelligence tests) record the sum of recognized accomplishments; "the lawyer has a good record"; "the track record shows that he will be a good president" an extreme attainment; the best (or worst) performance ever attested (as in a sport); "he tied the Olympic record"; "coffee production last year broke all previous records"; "Chicago set the homicide record" a compilation of the known facts regarding something or someone; "Al Smith used to say, `Let's look at the record'"; "his name is in all the record books" anything (such as a document or a phonograph record or a photograph) providing permanent evidence of or information about past events; "the film provided a valuable record of stage techniques" a document that can serve as legal evidence of a transaction; "they could find no record of the purchase" the number of wins versus losses and ties a team has had; "at 9-0 they have the best record in their league" register electronically; "They recorded her singing" make a record of; set down in permanent form be aware of; "Did you register any change when I pressed the button?" fait accompli an irreversible accomplishment going advancing toward a goal; "persuading him was easy going"; "the proposal faces tough sledding" arrival accomplishment of an objective the act of arriving at a certain place; "they awaited her arrival" someone who arrives (or has arrived) attainment arrival at a new stage; "his attainment of puberty was delayed by malnutrition" the act of achieving an aim; "the attainment of independence" advent arrival that has been awaited (especially of something momentous); "the advent of the computer" entrance the act of entering; "she made a grand entrance" something that provides access (to get in or get out); "they waited at the entrance to the garden"; "beggars waited just outside the entryway to the cathedral" a movement into or inward put into a trance incursion the act of entering some territory or domain (often in large numbers); "the incursion of television into the American living room" the mistake of incurring liability or blame intrusion entrance by force or without permission or welcome rock produced by an intrusive process the forcing of molten rock into fissures or between strata of an earlier rock formation irruption a sudden violent entrance; a bursting in; "the recent irruption of bad manners" a sudden sharp increase in the relative numbers of a population entree an entrance, especially a theatrical entrance onto a stage or as if onto a stage; "she made a graceful entree into the ballroom" the right to enter the principal dish of a meal entail the act of entailing property; the creation of a fee tail from a fee simple land received by fee tail impose, involve, or imply as a necessary accompaniment or result; "What does this move entail?" have as a logical consequence; "The water shortage means that we have to stop taking long showers" registration the act of enrolling (music) the sound property resulting from a combination of organ stops used to perform a particular piece of music; the technique of selecting and adjusting organ stops a document certifying an act of registering the body of people (such as students) who register or enroll at the same time appearance the act of appearing in public view; "the rookie made a brief appearance in the first period"; "it was Bernhardt's last appearance in America" pretending that something is the case in order to make a good impression; "they try to keep up appearances"; "that ceremony is just for show" formal attendance (in court or at a hearing) of a party in an action outward or visible aspect of a person or thing a mental representation; "I tried to describe his appearance to the police" the event of coming into sight apparition an act of appearing or becoming visible unexpectedly; "natives were amazed at the apparition of this white stranger" something existing in perception only; "a ghostly apparition at midnight" the appearance of a ghostlike figure; "I was recalled to the present by the apparition of a frightening specter" a ghostly appearing figure; "we were unprepared for the apparition that confronted us" emergence the act of emerging the becoming visible; "not a day's difference between the emergence of the andrenas and the opening of the willow catkins" the gradual beginning or coming forth; "figurines presage the emergence of sculpture in Greece" reappearance the act of someone appearing again; "his reappearance as Hamlet has been long awaited" the event of something appearing again; "the reappearance of Halley's comet" comeback return by a celebrity to some previously successful activity return a coming to or returning home; "on his return from Australia we gave him a welcoming party" the act of going back to a prior location; "they set out on their return to the base camp" (American football) the act of running back the ball after a kickoff or punt or interception or fumble a tennis stroke that sends the ball back to the other player; "he won the point on a cross-court return" a reciprocal group action; "in return we gave them as good as we got" the occurrence of a change in direction back in the opposite direction the income or profit arising from such transactions as the sale of land or other property; "the average return was about 5%" submit (a report, etc.) to someone in authority; "submit a bill to a legislative body" make a return; "return a kickback" go or come back to place, condition, or activity where one has been before; "return to your native land"; "the professor returned to his teaching position after serving as Dean" return to a previous position; in mathematics; "The point returned to the interior of the figure" bring back to the point of departure return in kind; "return a compliment"; "return her love" repatriation the act of returning to the country of origin penetration the act of entering into or through something; "the penetration of upper management by women" the act (by a man) of inserting his penis into the vagina of a woman an attack that penetrates into enemy territory the depth to which something penetrates (especially the depth reached by a projectile that hits a target) the ability to make way into or through something; "the greater penetration of the new projectiles will result in greater injuries" clear or deep perception of a situation interpenetration mutual penetration; diffusion of each through the other the action of penetrating between or among market penetration the extent to which a product is recognized and bought by customers in a particular market anchorage the act of anchoring place for vessels to anchor a fee for anchoring the condition of being secured to a base; "the plant needs a firm anchorage"; "the mother provides emotional anchorage for the entire family" docking the act of securing an arriving vessel with ropes landing the act of coming to land after a voyage the act of coming down to the earth (or other surface); "the plane made a smooth landing"; "his landing on his feet was catlike" structure providing a place where boats can land people or goods an intermediate platform in a staircase forced landing an unscheduled airplane landing that is made under circumstances (engine failure or adverse weather) not under the pilot's control breaking away departing hastily farewell the act of departing politely; "he disliked long farewells"; "he took his leave"; "parting is such sweet sorrow" an acknowledgment or expression of goodwill at parting French leave an abrupt and unannounced departure (without saying farewell) valediction the act of saying farewell a farewell oration (especially one delivered during graduation exercises by an outstanding member of a graduating class) disappearance the act of leaving secretly or without explanation the event of passing out of sight ceasing to exist; "he regretted the disappearance of Greek from school curricula"; "what was responsible for the disappearance of the rainforest?"; "the disappearance of resistance at very low temperatures" vanishing a sudden disappearance from sight a sudden or mysterious disappearance withdrawal the act of withdrawing; "the withdrawal of French troops from Vietnam" the termination of drug taking the act of ceasing to participate in an activity the act of taking out money or other capital the act of withdrawing blood, tumors, etc.; "the nurse was expert at the withdrawal of blood" a retraction of a previously held position avoiding emotional involvement effacement withdrawing into the background; making yourself inconspicuous shortening of the uterine cervix and thinning of its walls as it is dilated during labor retreat the act of withdrawing or going backward (especially to escape something hazardous or unpleasant) (military) withdrawal of troops to a more favorable position to escape the enemy's superior forces or after a defeat; "the disorderly retreat of French troops" (military) a bugle call signaling the lowering of the flag at sunset (military) a signal to begin a withdrawal from a dangerous position a place of privacy; a place affording peace and quiet make a retreat from an earlier commitment or activity; "We'll have to crawfish out from meeting with him"; "He backed out of his earlier promise"; "The aggressive investment company pulled in its horns" move away, as for privacy; "The Pope retreats to Castelgondolfo every summer" retirement withdrawal for prayer and study and meditation; "the religious retreat is a form of vacation activity" withdrawal from your position or occupation the state of being retired from one's business or occupation evacuation the act of evacuating; leaving a place in an orderly fashion; especially for protection medical evacuation the evacuation of persons (usually by air transportation) to a place where they can receive medical care decampment breaking camp desertion withdrawing support or help despite allegiance or responsibility; "his abandonment of his wife and children left them penniless" abscondment the act of running away secretly (as to avoid arrest) absence without leave unauthorized military absence deviationism ideological defection from the party line (especially from orthodox communism) emigration migration from a place (especially migration from your native country in order to settle in another) immigration migration into a place (especially migration to a country of which you are not a native in order to settle there) the body of immigrants arriving during a specified interval; "the increased immigration strengthened the colony" aliyah (Judaism) immigration of Jews to Israel; "students making aliyah" (Judaism) the honor of being called up to the reading desk in the synagogue to read from the Torah; "he was called on for an aliyah" pullback (military) the act of pulling back (especially an orderly withdrawal of troops); "the pullback is expected to be over 25,000 troops" a device (as a decorative loop of cord or fabric) for holding or drawing something back; "the draperies were drawn to the sides by pullbacks" standdown (military) a temporary stop of offensive military action a suspension and relaxation from an alert state or a state of readiness disengagement to break off a military action with an enemy receding the act of becoming more distant a slow or gradual disappearance sailing the departure of a vessel from a port riding in a sailboat amphibious landing a military action of coordinated land, sea, and air forces organized for an invasion; "MacArthur staged a massive amphibious landing behind enemy lines" debarkation the act of passengers and crew getting off of a ship or aircraft going ashore debarkation from a boat or ship boarding the act of passengers and crew getting aboard a ship or aircraft a structure of boards exit the act of going out an opening that permits escape or release; "he blocked the way out"; "the canyon had only one issue" lose the lead move out of or depart from; "leave the room"; "the fugitive has left the country" elopement the act of running away with a lover (usually to get married) escape the act of escaping physically; "he made his escape from the mental hospital"; "the canary escaped from its cage"; "his flight was an indication of his guilt" a means or way of escaping; "hard work was his escape from worry"; "they installed a second hatch as an escape"; "their escape route" an avoidance of danger or difficulty; "that was a narrow escape" an inclination to retreat from unpleasant realities through diversion or fantasy; "romantic novels were her escape from the stress of daily life"; "his alcohol problem was a form of escapism" the discharge of a fluid from some container; "they tried to stop the escape of gas from the damaged pipe"; "he had to clean up the leak" a plant originally cultivated but now growing wild issue or leak, as from a small opening; "Gas escaped into the bedroom" run away from confinement; "The convicted murderer escaped from a high security prison" remove oneself from a familiar environment, usually for pleasure or diversion; "We escaped to our summer house for a few days"; "The president of the company never manages to get away during the summer" evasion the act of physically escaping from something (an opponent or a pursuer or an unpleasant situation) by some adroit maneuver nonperformance of something distasteful (as by deceit or trickery) that you are supposed to do; "his evasion of his clear duty was reprehensible"; "that escape from the consequences is possible but unattractive" the deliberate act of failing to pay money; "his evasion of all his creditors"; "he was indicted for nonpayment" a statement that is not literally false but that cleverly avoids an unpleasant truth slip the act of avoiding capture (especially by cunning) a minor inadvertent mistake usually observed in speech or writing or in small accidents or memory lapses etc. a flight maneuver; aircraft slides sideways in the air a small sheet of paper; "a receipt slip"; "a withdrawal slip" an accidental misstep threatening (or causing) a fall; "he blamed his slip on the ice"; "the jolt caused many slips and a few spills" a young and slender person; "he's a mere slip of a lad" potter's clay that is thinned and used for coating or decorating ceramics insert inconspicuously or quickly or quietly; "He slipped some money into the waiter's hand" get worse; "My grades are slipping" pass out of one's memory move smoothly and easily; "the bolt slipped into place"; "water slipped from the polished marble" cause to move with a smooth or sliding motion; "he slipped the bolt into place" move easily; "slip into something comfortable" pass on stealthily; "He slipped me the key when nobody was looking" maneuver an action aimed at evading an opponent a move made to gain a tactical end a deliberate coordinated movement requiring dexterity and skill; "he made a great maneuver"; "the runner was out on a play by the shortstop" a military training exercise act in order to achieve a certain goal; "He maneuvered to get the chairmanship"; "She maneuvered herself into the directorship" clinch (boxing) the act of one boxer holding onto the other to avoid being hit and to rest momentarily the flattened part of a nail or bolt or rivet a small slip noose made with seizing settle conclusively; "clinch a deal" flatten the ends (of nails and rivets); "the nails were clinched" secure or fasten by flattening the ends of nails or bolts; "The girder was clinched into the wall" embrace amorously hold a boxing opponent with one or both arms so as to prevent punches dodge a quick evasive movement a statement that evades the question by cleverness or trickery make a sudden movement in a new direction so as to avoid; "The child dodged the teacher's blow" move to and fro or from place to place usually in an irregular course; "the pickpocket dodged through the crowd" break an escape from jail; "the breakout was carefully planned" a sudden dash; "he made a break for the open door" an act of delaying or interrupting the continuity; "it was presented without commercial breaks"; "there was a gap in his account" (tennis) a score consisting of winning a game when your opponent was serving; "he was up two breaks in the second set" the opening shot that scatters the balls in billiards or pool an abrupt change in the tone or register of the voice (as at puberty or due to emotion); "then there was a break in her voice" an unexpected piece of good luck; "he finally got his big break" the occurrence of breaking; "the break in the dam threatened the valley" weaken or destroy in spirit or body; "His resistance was broken"; "a man broken by the terrible experience of near-death" diminish or discontinue abruptly; "The patient's fever broke last night" fall sharply; "stock prices broke" be broken in; "If the new teacher won't break, we'll add some stress" crack; of the male voice in puberty; "his voice is breaking--he should no longer sing in the choir" render inoperable or ineffective; "You broke the alarm clock when you took it apart!" become separated into pieces or fragments; "The figurine broke"; "The freshly baked loaf fell apart" destroy the integrity of; usually by force; cause to separate into pieces or fragments; "He broke the glass plate"; "She broke the match" happen; "Report the news as it develops"; "These political movements recrudesce from time to time" prevent completion; "stop the project"; "break off the negotiations" change suddenly from one tone quality or register to another; "Her voice broke to a whisper when she started to talk about her children" come into being; "light broke over the horizon"; "Voices broke in the air" find the solution or key to; "break the code" find a flaw in; "break an alibi"; "break down a proof" undergo breaking; "The simple vowels broke in many Germanic languages" interrupt the flow of current in; "break a circuit" be released or become known; of news; "News of her death broke in the morning" pierce or penetrate; "The blade broke her skin" become punctured or penetrated; "The skin broke" break a piece from a whole; "break a branch from a tree" go to pieces; "The lawn mower finally broke"; "The gears wore out"; "The old chair finally fell apart completely" ruin completely; "He busted my radio!" separate from a clinch, in boxing; "The referee broke the boxers" make the opening shot that scatters the balls destroy the completeness of a set of related items; "The book dealer would not break the set" exchange for smaller units of money; "I had to break a $100 bill just to buy the candy" force out or release suddenly and often violently something pent up; "break into tears"; "erupt in anger" curl over and fall apart in surf or foam, of waves; "The surf broke" emerge from the surface of a body of water; "The whales broke" scatter or part; "The clouds broke after the heavy downpour" make a rupture in the ranks of the enemy or one's own by quitting or fleeing; "The ranks broke" move away or escape suddenly; "The horses broke from the stable"; "Three inmates broke jail"; "Nobody can break out--this prison is high security" change directions suddenly invalidate by judicial action; "The will was broken" interrupt a continued activity; "She had broken with the traditional patterns" cause the failure or ruin of; "His peccadilloes finally broke his marriage"; "This play will either make or break the playwright" happen or take place; "Things have been breaking pretty well for us in the past few months" come forth or begin from a state of latency; "The first winter storm broke over New York" give up; "break cigarette smoking" cause to give up a habit; "She finally broke herself of smoking cigarettes" vary or interrupt a uniformity or continuity; "The flat plain was broken by tall mesas" come to an end; "The heat wave finally broke yesterday" getaway a rapid escape (as by criminals); "the thieves made a clean getaway"; "after the expose he had to take it on the lam" exodus a journey by a large group to escape from a hostile environment Hegira the flight of Muhammad from Mecca to Medina in 622 which marked the beginning of the Muslim era; the Muslim calendar begins in that year skedaddle a hasty flight run away, as if in a panic Underground Railroad secret aid to escaping slaves that was provided by abolitionists in the years before the American Civil War close call something achieved (or escaped) by a narrow margin surfacing emerging to the surface and becoming apparent dispatch the act of sending off something killing a person or animal the property of being prompt and efficient; "it was done with dispatch" an official report (usually sent in haste) kill without delay; "the traitor was dispatched by the conspirators" send away towards a designated goal dispose of rapidly and without delay and efficiently; "He dispatched the task he was assigned" complete or carry out; "discharge one's duties" reshipment the act of shipping again (especially by transferring to another ship) consummation the act of bringing to completion or fruition the completion of marriage by sexual intercourse realization something that is made real or concrete; "the victory was the realization of a whole year's work" making real or giving the appearance of reality the completion or enrichment of a piece of music left sparsely notated by a composer a sale in order to obtain money (as a sale of stock or a sale of the estate of a bankrupt person) or the money so obtained coming to understand something clearly and distinctly; "a growing realization of the risk involved"; "a sudden recognition of the problem he faced"; "increasing recognition that diabetes frequently coexists with other chronic diseases" a musical composition that has been completed or enriched by someone other than the composer orgasm the moment of most intense pleasure in sexual intercourse male orgasm an orgasm accompanied by the sensation of ejaculation of semen fulfillment the act of consummating something (a desire or promise etc) a feeling of satisfaction at having achieved your desires self-fulfillment the fulfillment of your capacities track record the fastest time ever recorded for a specific distance at a particular racetrack; "the track record for the mile and a half at Belmont is 2 minutes 24 seconds held by Secretariat since 1973" world record the best record in the whole world success an attainment that is successful; "his success in the marathon was unexpected"; "his new play was a great success" an event that accomplishes its intended purpose; "let's call heads a success and tails a failure"; "the election was a remarkable success for the Whigs" a state of prosperity or fame; "he is enjoying great success"; "he does not consider wealth synonymous with success" winning succeeding with great difficulty; "winning is not everything" blockbuster an unusually successful hit with widespread popularity and huge sales (especially a movie or play or recording or novel) a large bomb used to demolish extensive areas (as a city block) sleeper an unexpected hit; "that movie was the sleeper of the summer" tropical fish that resembles a goby and rests quietly on the bottom in shallow water a piece of furniture that can be opened up into a bed pajamas with feet; worn by children a rester who is sleeping an unexpected achiever of success; "the winner was a true sleeper--no one expected him to get it" a spy or saboteur or terrorist planted in an enemy country who lives there as a law-abiding citizen until activated by a prearranged signal bell ringer something that exactly succeeds in achieving its goal; "the new advertising campaign was a bell ringer"; "scored a bull's eye"; "hit the mark"; "the president's speech was a home run" someone who plays musical handbells ennoblement the act of raising someone to the nobility the state of being noble conquest success in mastering something difficult; "the conquest of space" the act of conquering coup a brilliant and notable success flying colors complete success; "they passed inspection with flying colors" passing success in satisfying a test or requirement; "his future depended on his passing that test"; "he got a pass in introductory chemistry" going by something that is moving in order to get in front of it; "she drove but well but her reckless passing of every car on the road frightened me" the end of something; "the passing of winter" the motion of one object relative to another; "stellar passings can perturb the orbits of comets" euphemistic expressions for death; "thousands mourned his passing" semester hour a unit of academic credit; one hour a week for an academic semester nonaccomplishment an act that does not achieve its intended goal failure an unexpected omission; "he resented my failure to return his call"; "the mechanic's failure to check the brakes" an act that fails; "his failure to pass the test" an event that does not accomplish its intended purpose; "the surprise party was a complete failure" a person with a record of failing; someone who loses consistently loss of ability to function normally; "kidney failure" lack of success; "he felt that his entire life had been a failure"; "that year there was a crop failure" failing failure to reach a minimum required performance; "his failing the course led to his disqualification"; "he got two flunks on his report" a flaw or weak point; "he was quick to point out his wife's failings" below acceptable in performance; "received failing grades" naught complete failure; "all my efforts led to naught" cut an unexcused absence from class; "he was punished for taking too many cuts in his math class" the act of reducing the amount or number; "the mayor proposed extensive cuts in the city budget" the act of shortening something by chopping off the ends; "the barber gave him a good cut" the act of cutting something into parts; "his cuts were skillful"; "his cutting of the cake made a terrible mess" the act of penetrating or opening open with a sharp edge; "his cut in the lining revealed the hidden jewels" the division of a deck of cards before dealing; "he insisted that we give him the last cut before every deal"; "the cutting of the cards soon became a ritual" (sports) a stroke that puts reverse spin on the ball; "cuts do not bother a good tennis player" a trench resembling a furrow that was made by erosion or excavation a canal made by erosion or excavation the style in which a garment is cut; "a dress of traditional cut" a distinct selection of music from a recording or a compact disc; "he played the first cut on the cd"; "the title track of the album" (film) an immediate transition from one shot to the next; "the cut from the accident scene to the hospital seemed too abrupt" a piece of meat that has been cut from an animal carcass a share of the profits; "everyone got a cut of the earnings" a wound made by cutting; "he put a bandage over the cut" a step on some scale; "he is a cut above the rest" grow through the gums; "The new tooth is cutting" have grow through the gums; "The baby cut a tooth" cease, stop; "cut the noise"; "We had to cut short the conversation" have a reducing effect; "This cuts into my earnings" dissolve by breaking down the fat of; "soap cuts grease" weed out unwanted or unnecessary things; "We had to lose weight, so we cut the sugar from our diet" shorten as if by severing the edges or ends of; "cut my hair" penetrate injuriously; "The glass from the shattered windshield cut into her forehead" fell by sawing; hew; "The Vietnamese cut a lot of timber while they occupied Cambodia" reap or harvest; "cut grain" hit (a ball) with a spin so that it turns in the opposite direction; "cut a Ping-Pong ball" separate with or as if with an instrument; "Cut the rope" divide a deck of cards at random into two parts to make selection difficult; "Wayne cut"; "She cut the deck for a long time" make an incision or separation; "cut along the dotted line" allow incision or separation; "This bread cuts easily" function as a cutting instrument; "This knife cuts well" style and tailor in a certain fashion; "cut a dress" perform or carry out; "cut a caper" form or shape by cutting or incising; "cut paper dolls" form by probing, penetrating, or digging; "cut a hole"; "cut trenches"; "The sweat cut little rivulets into her face" create by duplicating data; "cut a disk"; "burn a CD" record a performance on (a medium); "cut a record" make a recording of; "cut the songs"; "She cut all of her major titles again" stop filming; "cut a movie scene" make an abrupt change of image or sound; "cut from one scene to another" pass through or across; "The boat cut the water" pass directly and often in haste; "We cut through the neighbor's yard to get home sooner" move (one's fist); "his opponent cut upward toward his chin" give the appearance or impression of; "cut a nice figure" discharge from a group; "The coach cut two players from the team" intentionally fail to attend; "cut class" with parts removed; "the drastically cut film" separated into parts or laid open or penetrated with a sharp edge or instrument; "the cut surface was mottled"; "cut tobacco"; "blood from his cut forehead"; "bandages on her cut wrists" (of pages of a book) having the folds of the leaves trimmed or slit; "the cut pages of the book" fashioned or shaped by cutting; "a well-cut suit"; "cut diamonds"; "cut velvet" mixed with water; "sold cut whiskey"; "a cup of thinned soup" (used of rates or prices) reduced usually sharply; "the slashed prices attracted buyers" (of a male animal) having the testicles removed; "a cut horse" default loss due to not showing up; "he lost the game by default" act of failing to meet a financial obligation fail to pay up loss the act of losing someone or something; "everyone expected him to win so his loss was a shock" the disadvantage that results from losing something; "his loss of credibility led to his resignation"; "losing him is no great deprivation" the experience of losing a loved one; "he sympathized on the loss of their grandfather" the amount by which the cost of a business exceeds its revenue; "the company operated at a loss last year"; "the company operated in the red last year" something that is lost; "the car was a total loss"; "loss of livestock left the rancher bankrupt" gradual decline in amount or activity; "weight loss"; "a serious loss of business" capitulation the act of surrendering (usually under agreed conditions); "they were protected until the capitulation of the fort" a summary that enumerates the main parts of a topic a document containing the terms of surrender frustration an act of hindering someone's plans or efforts a feeling of annoyance at being hindered or criticized; "her constant complaints were the main source of his frustration" the feeling that accompanies an experience of being thwarted in attaining your goals overturn an improbable and unexpected victory; "the biggest upset since David beat Goliath" turn from an upright or normal position; "The big vase overturned"; "The canoe tumped over" cause to overturn from an upright or normal position; "The cat knocked over the flower vase"; "the clumsy customer turned over the vase"; "he tumped over his beer" backsliding a failure to maintain a higher state recidivism habitual relapse into crime disappointment an act (or failure to act) that disappoints someone a feeling of dissatisfaction that results when your expectations are not realized; "his hopes were so high he was doomed to disappointment" breach a failure to perform some promised act or obligation an opening (especially a gap in a dike or fortification) copout a failure to face some difficulty squarely breach of contract a breach of a legal duty; failure to do something that is required in a contract anticipatory breach a breach of contract committed prior to the time of required performance breach of duty a breach of due care breach of the covenant of warranty a failure of the seller's guarantee of good title breach of promise failure to keep a promise (of marriage) breach of trust violation (either through fraud or negligence) by a trustee of a duty that equity requires of him breach of trust with fraudulent intent larceny after trust rather than after unlawful taking breach of warranty a breach that occurs when an item is deficient according to the terms of a warranty leaning the act of deviating from a vertical position an inclination to do something; "he felt leanings toward frivolity" material breach a breach serious enough to destroy the value of the contract and to give a basis for an action for breach of contract partial breach a breach that does not destroy the value of the contract but can give rise to a claim for damages mistake a wrong action attributable to bad judgment or ignorance or inattention; "he made a bad mistake"; "she was quick to point out my errors"; "I could understand his English in spite of his grammatical faults" an understanding of something that is not correct; "he wasn't going to admit his mistake"; "make no mistake about his intentions"; "there must be some misunderstanding--I don't have a sister" identify incorrectly; "Don't mistake her for her twin sister" double fault (tennis) two successive faults in serving resulting in the loss of the point footfault a fault that occurs when the server in tennis fails to keep both feet behind the baseline bobble the momentary juggling of a batted or thrown baseball; "the second baseman made a bobble but still had time to throw the runner out" error (baseball) a failure of a defensive player to make an out when normal play would have sufficed departure from what is ethically acceptable a misconception resulting from incorrect information part of a statement that is not correct; "the book was full of errors" (computer science) the occurrence of an incorrect result produced by a computer blot an act that brings discredit to the person who does it; "he made a huge blot on his copybook" dry (ink) with blotting paper confusion a mistake that results from taking one thing to be another; "he changed his name in order to avoid confusion with the notorious outlaw" an act causing a disorderly combination of elements with identities lost and distinctions blended; "the confusion of tongues at the Tower of Babel" a mental state characterized by a lack of clear and orderly thought and behavior; "a confusion of impressions" a feeling of embarrassment that leaves you confused disorder resulting from a failure to behave predictably; "the army retreated in confusion" miscalculation a mistake in calculating backfire a miscalculation that recoils on its maker a fire that is set intentionally in order to slow an approaching forest fire or grassfire by clearing a burned area in its path a loud noise made by the explosion of fuel in the manifold or exhaust of an internal combustion engine set a controlled fire to halt an advancing forest to prairie fire emit a loud noise as a result of undergoing a backfire; "My old car backfires all the time" come back to the originator of an action with an undesired effect; "Your comments may backfire and cause you a lot of trouble"; "the political movie backlashed on the Democrats" rounding (mathematics) a miscalculation that results from rounding off numbers to a convenient number of decimals; "the error in the calculation was attributable to rounding"; "taxes are rounded off to the nearest dollar but the rounding error is surprisingly small" truncation error (mathematics) a miscalculation that results from cutting off a numerical calculation before it is finished distortion the mistake of misrepresenting the facts the act of distorting something so it seems to mean something it was not intended to mean a change for the worse a change (usually undesired) in the waveform of an acoustic or analog electrical signal; the difference between two measurements of a signal (as between the input and output signal); "heavy metal guitar players use vacuum tube amplifiers to produce extreme distortion" Freudian slip a slip-up that (according to Sigmund Freud) results from the operation of unconscious wishes or conflicts and can reveal unconscious processes in normal healthy individuals offside (sport) the mistake of occupying an illegal position on the playing field (in football, soccer, ice hockey, field hockey, etc.) illegally beyond a prescribed line or area or ahead of the ball or puck; "the touchdown was nullified because the left tackle was offside" illegally in advance of the ball or puck oversight a mistake resulting from inattention an unintentional omission resulting from failure to notice something omission a mistake resulting from neglect neglecting to do something; leaving out or passing over something any process whereby sounds or words are left out of spoken words or phrases something that has been omitted; "she searched the table for omissions" blunder an embarrassing mistake snafu an acronym often used by soldiers in World War II: situation normal all fucked up cause to be in a state of complete confusion spectacle a blunder that makes you look ridiculous; used in the phrase `make a spectacle of' yourself an elaborate and remarkable display on a lavish scale something or someone seen (especially a notable or unusual sight); "the tragic spectacle of cripples trying to escape" ballup something badly botched or muddled bull a serious and ludicrous blunder; "he made a bad bull of the assignment" mature male of various mammals of which the female is called `cow'; e.g. whales or elephants or especially cattle uncastrated adult male of domestic cattle a formal proclamation issued by the pope (usually written in antiquated characters and sealed with a leaden bulla) a large and strong and heavyset man; "he was a bull of a man"; "a thick-skinned bruiser ready to give as good as he got" an investor with an optimistic market outlook; an investor who expects prices to rise and so buys now for resale later uncomplimentary terms for a policeman advance in price; "stocks were bulling" try to raise the price of stocks through speculative buying push or force; "He bulled through his demands" fumble (sports) dropping the ball drop or juggle or fail to play cleanly a grounder; "fumble a grounder" handle clumsily make one's way clumsily or blindly; "He fumbled towards the door" fluff a blunder (especially an actor's forgetting the lines) any light downy material faux pas a socially awkward or tactless act howler a glaring blunder clanger a conspicuous mistake whose effects seem to reverberate; "he dropped a clanger" trip an unintentional but embarrassing blunder; "he recited the whole poem without a single trip"; "he arranged his robes to avoid a trip-up later"; "confusion caused his unfortunate misstep" a light or nimble tread; "he heard the trip of women's feet overhead" a journey for some purpose (usually including the return); "he took a trip to the shopping center" an exciting or stimulating experience a hallucinatory experience induced by drugs; "an acid trip" get high, stoned, or drugged; "He trips every weekend" put in motion or move to act; "trigger a reaction"; "actuate the circuits" cause to stumble; "The questions on the test tripped him up" spill a sudden drop from an upright position; "he had a nasty spill on the ice" the act of allowing a fluid to escape liquid that is spilled; "clean up the spills" reduce the pressure of wind on (a sail) reveal information; "If you don't oblige me, I'll talk!"; "The former employee spilled all the details" cause or allow (a solid substance) to flow or run out or over; "spill the beans all over the table" pour out in drops or small quantities or as if in drops or small quantities; "shed tears"; "spill blood"; "God shed His grace on Thee" cause or allow (a liquid substance) to run or flow from a container; "spill the milk"; "splatter water" flow, run or fall out and become lost; "The milk spilled across the floor"; "The wine spilled onto the table" pratfall a fall onto your buttocks wipeout a spill in some sport (as a fall from a bicycle or while skiing or being capsized on a surfboard) acquisition the act of contracting or assuming or acquiring possession of something; "the acquisition of wealth"; "the acquisition of one company by another" something acquired; "a recent acquisition by the museum" obtainment the act of obtaining catching becoming infected; "catching cold is sometimes unavoidable"; "the contracting of a serious illness can be financially catastrophic" (baseball) playing the position of catcher on a baseball team (of disease) capable of being transmitted by infection incurring acquiring or coming into something (usually undesirable); "incurring debts is easier than paying them" moneymaking the act of making money (and accumulating wealth) annexation the formal act of acquiring something (especially territory) by conquest or occupation; "the French annexation of Madagascar as a colony in 1896"; "a protectorate has frequently been a first step to annexation" incorporation by joining or uniting pork-barreling acquisition of government money for benefits to a specific locale; "keeps his hold on his constituents through unashamed pork-barreling" purchase the acquisition of something for payment; "they closed the purchase with a handshake" a means of exerting influence or gaining advantage; "he could get no purchase on the situation" something acquired by purchase redemption the act of purchasing back something previously sold (theology) the act of delivering from sin or saving from evil repayment of the principal amount of a debt or security at or before maturity (as when a corporation repurchases its own stock) trading buying or selling securities or commodities bond trading trading in bonds (usually by a broker on the floor of an exchange) program trading a trading technique involving large blocks of stock with trades triggered by computer programs short sale sale of securities or commodity futures not owned by the seller (who hopes to buy them back later at a lower price) short covering the purchase of securities or commodities by a short seller to close out a short sale insider trading buying or selling corporate stock by a corporate officer or other insider on the basis of information that has not been made public and is supposed to remain confidential naked option a put or call option for which the seller or buyer has no underlying security position covered option a put or call option backed by the shares underlying the option call option the option to buy a given stock (or stock index or commodity future) at a given price before a given date an option to buy put option the option to sell a given stock (or stock index or commodity future) at a given price before a given date an option to sell straddle the option to buy or sell a given stock (or stock index or commodity future) at a given price before a given date; consists of an equal number of put and call options the act of sitting or standing astride a gymnastic exercise performed with a leg on either side of the parallel bars a noncommittal or equivocal position be noncommittal sit or stand astride of incentive option an option granted to corporate executives if the company achieves certain financial goals buying the act of buying; "buying and selling fill their days"; "shrewd purchasing requires considerable knowledge" shopping searching for or buying goods or services; "went shopping for a reliable plumber"; "does her shopping at the mall rather than down town" the commodities purchased from stores; "she loaded her shopping into the car"; "women carrying home shopping didn't give me a second glance" marketing shopping at a market; "does the weekly marketing at the supermarket" the commercial processes involved in promoting and selling and distributing a product or service; "most companies have a manager in charge of marketing" mail-order buying buying goods to be shipped through the mail viatication purchasing insurance policies for cash from terminally ill policy holders acceptance the act of taking something that is offered; "her acceptance of the gift encouraged him"; "he anticipated their acceptance of his offer" (contract law) words signifying consent to the terms of an offer (thereby creating a contract) banking: a time draft drawn on and accepted by a bank the state of being acceptable and accepted; "torn jeans received no acceptance at the country club" succession acquisition of property by descent or by will the action of following in order; "he played the trumps in sequence" a group of people or things arranged or following in order; "a succession of stalls offering soft drinks"; "a succession of failures" (ecology) the gradual and orderly process of change in an ecosystem brought about by the progressive replacement of one community by another until a stable climax is established assumption the act of taking possession of or power over something; "his assumption of office coincided with the trouble in Cuba"; "the Nazi assumption of power in 1934"; "he acquired all the company's assets for ten million dollars and the assumption of the company's debts" the act of assuming or taking for granted; "your assumption that I would agree was unwarranted" a hypothesis that is taken for granted; "any society is built upon certain assumptions" position the act of positing; an assumption taken as a postulate or axiom a job in an organization; "he occupied a post in the treasury" (in team sports) the role assigned to an individual player; "what position does he play?" the spatial property of a place where or way in which something is situated; "the position of the hands on the clock"; "he specified the spatial relations of every piece of furniture on the stage" the arrangement of the body and its limbs; "he assumed an attitude of surrender" a rationalized mental attitude a way of regarding situations or topics etc.; "consider what follows from the positivist view" the particular portion of space occupied by something; "he put the lamp back in its place" the appropriate or customary location; "the cars were in position" cause to be in an appropriate place, state, or relation inheritance hereditary succession to a title or an office or property any attribute or immaterial possession that is inherited from ancestors; "my only inheritance was my mother's blessing"; "the world's heritage of knowledge" (genetics) attributes acquired via biological heredity from the parents that which is inherited; a title or property or estate that passes by law to the heir on the death of the owner procurement the act of getting possession of something; "he was responsible for the procurement of materials and supplies" appropriation a deliberate act of acquisition of something, often without the permission of the owner; "the necessary funds were obtained by the government's appropriation of the company's operating unit"; "a person's appropriation of property belonging to another is dishonest" money set aside (as by a legislature) for a specific purpose borrowing the appropriation (of ideas or words etc) from another source; "the borrowing of ancient motifs was very apparent" obtaining funds from a lender naturalization changing the pronunciation of a borrowed word to agree with the borrowers' phonology; "the naturalization in English of many Italian words" the introduction of animals or plants to places where they flourish but are not indigenous the proceeding whereby a foreigner is granted citizenship the quality of being brought into conformity with nature misappropriation wrongful borrowing; "his explanation was a misappropriation of sociological theory" preemption a prior appropriation of something; "the preemption of bandwidth by commercial interests" the right to purchase something in advance of others the right of a government to seize or appropriate something (as property) the judicial principle asserting the supremacy of federal over state legislation on the same subject seizure the taking possession of something by legal process a sudden occurrence (or recurrence) of a disease; "he suffered an epileptic seizure" usurpation wrongfully seizing and holding (an office or powers) by force (especially the seizure of a throne or supreme authority); "a succession of generals who ruled by usurpation" confiscation seizure by the government distress the seizure and holding of property as security for payment of a debt or satisfaction of a claim; "Originally distress was a landlord's remedy against a tenant for unpaid rents or property damage but now the landlord is given a landlord's lien" psychological suffering; "the death of his wife caused him great distress" extreme physical pain; "the patient appeared to be in distress" a state of adversity (danger or affliction or need); "a ship in distress"; "she was the classic maiden in distress" cause mental pain to; "The news of her child's illness distressed the mother" expropriation taking out of an owner's hands (especially taking property by public authority) impoundment placing private property in the custody of an officer of the law drug bust seizure of illegal drugs by the police impress the act of coercing someone into government service dye (fabric) before it is spun produce or try to produce a vivid impression of; "Mother tried to ingrain respect for our elders in us" mark or stamp with or as if with pressure; "To make a batik, you impress a design with wax" impress positively; "The young chess player impressed her audience" occupation the act of occupying or taking possession of a building; "occupation of a building without a certificate of occupancy is illegal" the principal activity in your life that you do to earn money; "he's not in my line of business" any activity that occupies a person's attention; "he missed the bell in his occupation with the computer game" the control of a country by military forces of a foreign power the period of time during which a place or position or nation is occupied; "during the German occupation of Paris" preoccupancy the act of taking occupancy before someone else does sequestration seizing property that belongs to someone else and holding it until profits pay the demand for which it was seized a writ that authorizes the seizure of property the action of forming a chelate or other stable compound with an ion or atom or molecule so that it is no longer available for reactions grant the act of providing a subsidy a right or privilege that has been granted (law) a transfer of property by deed of conveyance any monetary aid transfer by deed; "grant land" bestow, especially officially; "grant a degree"; "give a divorce"; "This bill grants us new rights" award a grant made by a law court; "he criticized the awarding of compensation by the court" a tangible symbol signifying approval or distinction; "an award for bravery" give, especially as an honor or reward; "bestow honors and prizes at graduation" give as judged due or on the basis of merit; "the referee awarded a free kick to the team"; "the jury awarded a million dollars to the plaintiff"; "Funds are granted to qualified researchers" addiction (Roman law) a formal award by a magistrate of a thing or person to another person (as the award of a debtor to his creditor); a surrender to a master; "under Roman law addiction was the justification for slavery" an abnormally strong craving being abnormally tolerant to and dependent on something that is psychologically or physically habit-forming (especially alcohol or narcotic drugs) block grant a grant of federal money to state and local governments to support social welfare programs; "block grants reduce federal responsibility for social welfare" grant-in-aid a grant from a central government to a local government a grant to a person or school for some educational project capture the act of forcibly dispossessing an owner of property the removal of an opponent's piece from the chess board the act of taking of a person by force any process in which an atomic or nuclear system acquires an additional particle a process whereby a star or planet holds an object in its gravitational field capture as if by hunting, snaring, or trapping; "I caught a rabbit in the trap today" succeed in representing or expressing something intangible; "capture the essence of Spring"; "capture an idea" attract; cause to be enamored; "She captured all the men's hearts" bring about the capture of an elementary particle or celestial body and causing it enter a new orbit; "This nucleus has captured the slow-moving neutrons"; "The star captured a comet" apprehension the act of apprehending (especially apprehending a criminal); "the policeman on the beat got credit for the collar" painful expectation fearful expectation or anticipation; "the student looked around the examination room with apprehension" enslavement the act of making slaves of your captives the state of being a slave; "So every bondman in his own hand bears the power to cancel his captivity"--Shakespeare restitution getting something back again; "upon the restitution of the book to its rightful owner the child was given a tongue lashing" the act of restoring something to its original state clawback finding a way to take money back from people that they were given in another way; "the Treasury will find some clawback for the extra benefits members received" repossession the action of regaining possession (especially the seizure of collateral securing a loan that is in default) foreclosure the legal proceedings initiated by a creditor to repossess the collateral for loan that is in default reception the act of receiving (American football) the act of catching a pass in football; "the tight end made a great reception on the 20 yard line" quality or fidelity of a received broadcast the manner in which something is greeted; "she did not expect the cold reception she received from her superiors" a formal party of people; as after a wedding appointment (law) the act of disposing of property by virtue of the power of appointment; "she allocated part of the trust to her church by appointment" the act of putting a person into a non-elective position; "the appointment had to be approved by the whole committee" the job to which you are (or hope to be) appointed; "he applied for an appointment in the treasury" (usually in the plural) furnishings and equipment (especially for a ship or hotel) comb-out the act of carefully weeding out unwanted things or people; "the department got a good comb-out" the act of removing tangles from you hair with a comb giving disposing of property by voluntary transfer without receiving value in return; "the alumni followed a program of annual giving" the act of giving the imparting of news or promises etc.; "he gave us the news and made a great show of the giving"; "giving his word of honor seemed to come too easily" abandonment the voluntary surrender of property (or a right to property) without attempting to reclaim it or give it away the act of giving something up discard getting rid something that is regarded as useless or undesirable (cards) the act of throwing out a useless card or of failing to follow suit anything that is cast aside or discarded throw or cast away; "Put away your worries" staging getting rid of a stage of a multistage rocket travel by stagecoach mine disposal the disposal of explosive mines minesweeping the activity of detecting and disposing of marine mines sewage disposal the disposal of sewage bait and switch a deceptive way of selling that involves advertising a product at a very low price in order to attract customers who are then persuaded to switch to a more expensive product private treaty a sale of property at a price agreed on by the seller and buyer without an intervening agency auction the public sale of something to the highest bidder a variety of bridge in which tricks made in excess of the contract are scored toward game; now generally superseded by contract bridge sell at an auction bootlegging the act of making or transporting alcoholic liquor for sale illegally; "the Prohibition amendment made bootlegging profitable" the act of selling illegally or without permission; "the bootlegging of videotapes is common in Asia" capitalization the sale of capital stock the act of capitalizing on an opportunity an estimation of the value of a business writing in capital letters overcapitalization (business) too much capitalization (the sale of more stock than the business warrants) reclamation the recovery of useful substances from waste products rescuing from error and returning to a rightful course; "the reclamation of delinquent children" the conversion of wasteland into land suitable for use of habitation or cultivation rescue recovery or preservation from loss or danger; "work is the deliverance of mankind"; "a surgeon's job is the saving of lives" take forcibly from legal custody; "rescue prisoners" free from harm or evil lifesaving saving the lives of drowning persons; "he took a course in lifesaving" absolution the act of absolving or remitting; formal redemption as pronounced by a priest in the sacrament of penance the condition of being formally forgiven by a priest in the sacrament of penance indulgence the remission by the pope of the temporal punishment in purgatory that is still due for sins even after absolution; "in the Middle Ages the unrestricted sale of indulgences by pardoners became a widespread abuse" the act of indulging or gratifying a desire a disposition to yield to the wishes of someone; "too much indulgence spoils a child" an inability to resist the gratification of whims and desires conversion a spiritual enlightenment causing a person to lead a new life a successful free throw or try for point after a touchdown the act of changing from one use or function or purpose to another act of exchanging one type of money or security for another a change in the units or form of an expression: "conversion from Fahrenheit to Centigrade" interchange of subject and predicate of a proposition a change of religion; "his conversion to the Catholic faith" an event that results in a transformation (psychiatry) a defense mechanism represses emotional conflicts which are then converted into physical symptoms that have no organic basis proselytism the state of being a proselyte; spiritual rebirth resulting from the zeal of crusading advocacy of the gospel the practice of proselytizing expiation the act of atoning for sin or wrongdoing (especially appeasing a deity) reparation something done or paid in expiation of a wrong; "how can I make amends" (usually plural) compensation exacted from a defeated nation by the victors; "Germany was unable to pay the reparations demanded after World War I" compensation (given or received) for an insult or injury; "an act for which there is no reparation" liberation the act of liberating someone or something the attempt to achieve equal rights or status; "she worked for women's liberation" jail delivery the use of force to liberate prisoners salvage the act of rescuing a ship or its crew or its cargo from a shipwreck or a fire the act of saving goods or property that were in danger of damage or destruction property or goods saved from damage or destruction collect discarded material; "She scavenged the garbage cans for food" save from ruin, destruction, or harm salvation saving someone or something from harm or from an unpleasant situation; "the salvation of his party was the president's major concern" a means of preserving from harm or unpleasantness; "tourism was their economic salvation"; "they turned to individualism as their salvation" the state of being saved or preserved from harm search and rescue mission a rescue mission to search for survivors and to rescue them ransom the act of freeing from captivity or punishment payment for the release of someone money demanded for the return of a captured person exchange or buy back for money; under threat recapture the act of taking something back a legal seizure by the government of profits beyond a fixed amount capture again; "recapture the escaped prisoner" take up anew; "The author recaptures an old idea here" experience anew; "She could not recapture that feeling of happiness" take back by force, as after a battle; "The military forces managed to recapture the fort" invocation the act of appealing for help an incantation used in conjuring or summoning a devil a prayer asking God's help as part of a religious service instrumentation the act of providing or using the instruments needed for some implementation the instruments called for in a musical score or arrangement for a band or orchestra specific performance the performance of a legal contract as specified by its terms linguistic performance (linguistics) a speaker's actual use of language in real situations; what the speaker actually says, including grammatical errors and other non-linguistic features such as hesitations and other disfluencies (contrasted with linguistic competence) mechanism the technical aspects of doing something; "a mechanism of social control"; "mechanisms of communication"; "the mechanics of prose style" device consisting of a piece of machinery; has moving parts that perform some function (philosophy) the philosophical theory that all phenomena can be explained in terms of physical or biological causes a natural object resembling a machine in structure or function; "the mechanism of the ear"; "the mechanism of infection" the atomic process that occurs during a chemical reaction; "he determined unique mechanisms for the photochemical reactions" service the performance of duties by a waiter or servant; "that restaurant has excellent service" the act of delivering a writ or summons upon someone; "he accepted service of the subpoena" work done by one person or group that benefits another; "budget separately for goods and services" (law) the acts performed by an English feudal tenant for the benefit of his lord which formed the consideration for the property granted to him employment in or work for another; "he retired after 30 years of service" the act of public worship following prescribed rules; "the Sunday service" an act of help or assistance; "he did them a service" tableware consisting of a complete set of articles (silver or dishware) for use at table a company or agency that performs a public service; subject to government regulation make fit for use; "service my truck"; "the washing machine needs to be serviced" be used by; as of a utility; "The sewage plant served the neighboring communities"; "The garage served to shelter his horses" curb service service provided to customers who remain in their vehicles self-service the practice of serving yourself (as in a grocery or cafeteria) of or denoting an establishment (a restaurant or shop etc.) where customers serve themselves valet parking a service provided (at a club or restaurant or airport etc.) whereby a patron leaves a car at the entrance and an attendant parks and retrieves it dramatic production the act of performing a drama; "the group joined together in a dramatic production" encore an extra or repeated performance; usually given in response to audience demand request an encore, from a performer extemporization a performance given extempore without planning or preparation juggle throwing and catching several objects simultaneously the act of rearranging things to give a misleading impression hold with difficulty and balance insecurely; "the player juggled the ball" throw, catch, and keep in the air several things simultaneously deal with simultaneously; "She had to juggle her job and her children" manipulate by or as if by moving around components; "juggle an account so as to hide a deficit" influence by slyness magic trick an illusory feat; considered magical by naive observers musical performance the act of performing music one-night stand a performance in one place on one night only a brief sexual encounter lasting only for a single night; "he ran through a series of loveless one-night stands" rendition the act of interpreting something as expressed in an artistic performance; "her rendition of Milton's verse was extraordinarily moving" handing over prisoners to the country in which a crime was committed a performance of a musical composition or a dramatic role etc.; "they heard a live rendition of three pieces by Schubert" reinterpretation a new or different interpretation a new or different meaning spin a distinctive interpretation (especially as used by politicians to sway public opinion); "the campaign put a favorable spin on the story" a short drive in a car; "he took the new car for a spin" the act of rotating rapidly; "he gave the crank a spin"; "it broke off after much twisting" a swift whirling motion (usually of a missile) prolong or extend; "spin out a visit" twist and turn so as to give an intended interpretation; "The President's spokesmen had to spin the story to make it less embarrassing" work natural fibers into a thread; "spin silk" form a web by making a thread; "spiders spin a fine web" make up a story; "spin a yarn" revolve quickly and repeatedly around one's own axis; "The dervishes whirl around and around without getting dizzy" stream in jets, of liquids; "The creek spun its course through the woods" bowing managing the bow in playing a stringed instrument; "the violinist's bowing was excellent" spiccato bowing in such a way that the bow bounces lightly off the strings piping playing a pipe or the bagpipes a thin strip of covered cord used to edge hems (used of heat) extremely; "the casserole was piping hot" stopping the kind of playing that involves pressing the fingers on the strings of a stringed instrument to control the pitch; "the violinist's stopping was excellent" double stopping stopping two strings and producing two notes at the same time transposition (music) playing in a different key from the key intended; moving the pitch of a piece of music upwards or downwards the act of reversing the order or place of (electricity) a rearrangement of the relative positions of power lines in order to minimize the effects of mutual capacitance and inductance; "he wrote a textbook on the electrical effects of transposition" (mathematics) the transfer of a quantity from one side of an equation to the other along with a change of sign (genetics) a kind of mutation in which a chromosomal segment is transfered to a new position on the same or another chromosome any abnormal position of the organs of the body jam session an impromptu jazz concert automation the act of implementing the control of equipment with advanced technology; usually involving electronic hardware; "automation replaces human workers by machines" equipment used to achieve automatic control or operation; "this factory floor is a showcase for automation and robotic equipment" the condition of being automatically operated or controlled; "automation increases productivity" computerization the control of processes by computer motorization the act of motorizing (equiping with motors or with motor vehicles) launching the act of propelling with force the act of moving a newly built vessel into the water for the first time rocket firing the launching of a rocket or missile under its own power blastoff the launching of a missile or spacecraft to a specified destination moon shot the launching of a spacecraft to the moon drive the act of applying force to propel something; "after reaching the desired velocity the drive is cut off" a journey in a vehicle (usually an automobile); "he took the family for a drive in his new car" the act of driving a herd of animals overland (sports) a hard straight return (as in tennis or squash) hitting a golf ball off of a tee with a driver; "he sliced his drive out of bounds" a wide scenic road planted with trees; "the riverside drive offers many exciting scenic views" a mechanism by which force or power is transmitted in a machine; "a variable speed drive permitted operation through a range of speeds" (computer science) a device that writes data onto or reads data from a storage medium the trait of being highly motivated; "his drive and energy exhausted his co-workers" a physiological state corresponding to a strong need or desire move into a desired direction of discourse; "What are you driving at?" (hunting) chase from cover into more open ground; "drive the game" (hunting) search for game; "drive the forest" cause to function by supplying the force or power for or by controlling; "The amplifier drives the tube"; "steam drives the engines"; "this device drives the disks for the computer" excavate horizontally; "drive a tunnel" hit very hard, as by swinging a bat horizontally; "drive a ball" strike with a driver, as in teeing off; "drive a golf ball" cause to move rapidly by striking or throwing with force; "drive the ball far out into the field" push, propel, or press with force; "Drive a nail into the wall" compel somebody to do something, often against his own will or judgment; "She finally drove him to change jobs" travel or be transported in a vehicle; "We drove to the university every morning"; "They motored to London for the theater" proceed along in a vehicle; "We drive the turnpike to work" operate or control a vehicle; "drive a car or bus"; "Can you drive this four-wheel truck?" urge forward; "drive the cows into the barn" cause someone or something to move by driving; "She drove me to school every day"; "We drove the car to the garage" move by being propelled by a force; "The car drove around the corner" work as a driver; "He drives a bread truck"; "She drives for the taxi company in Newark" to compel or force or urge relentlessly or exert coercive pressure on, or motivate strongly; "She is driven by her passion" have certain properties when driven; "This car rides smoothly"; "My new truck drives well" firewall (colloquial) the application of maximum thrust; "he moved the throttle to the firewall" a fireproof (or fire-resistant) wall designed to prevent the spread of fire through a building or a vehicle (computing) a security system consisting of a combination of hardware and software that limits the exposure of a computer or computer network to attack from crackers; commonly used on local area networks that are connected to the internet impulse the act of applying force suddenly; "the impulse knocked him over" roll the act of rolling something (as the ball in bowling) a flight maneuver; aircraft rotates about its longitudinal axis without changing direction or losing altitude walking with a swaying gait anything rolled up in cylindrical form photographic film rolled up inside a container to protect it from light a list of names; "his name was struck off the rolls" execute a roll, in tumbling; "The gymnasts rolled and jumped" show certain properties when being rolled; "The carpet rolls unevenly"; "dried-out tobacco rolls badly" take the shape of a roll or cylinder; "the carpet rolled out"; "Yarn rolls well" shape by rolling; "roll a cigarette" pronounce with a roll, of the phoneme /r/; "She rolls her r's" begin operating or running; "The cameras were rolling"; "The presses are already rolling" move by turning over or rotating; "The child rolled down the hill"; "turn over on your left side" cause to move by turning over or in a circular manner of as if on an axis; "She rolled the ball"; "They rolled their eyes at his words" move, rock, or sway from side to side; "The ship rolled on the heavy seas" move about aimlessly or without any destination, often in search of food or employment; "The gypsies roamed the woods"; "roving vagabonds"; "the wandering Jew"; "The cattle roam across the prairie"; "the laborers drift from one town to the next"; "They rolled from town to town" move in a wavy pattern or with a rising and falling motion; "The curtains undulated"; "the waves rolled towards the beach" emit, produce, or utter with a deep prolonged reverberating sound; "The thunder rolled"; "rolling drums" occur in soft rounded shapes; "The hills rolled past" throw the act of throwing (propelling something with a rapid movement of the arm and wrist); "the catcher made a good throw to second base" casting an object in order to determine an outcome randomly; "he risked his fortune on a throw of the dice" bedclothes consisting of a lightweight cloth covering (an afghan or bedspread) that is casually thrown over something the maximum movement available to a pivoted or reciprocating piece by a cam a single chance or instance; "he couldn't afford $50 a throw" throw (a die) out onto a flat surface; "Throw a six" place or put with great energy; "She threw the blanket around the child"; "thrust the money in the hands of the beggar" propel through the air; "throw a frisbee" cause to go on or to be engaged or set in operation; "switch on the light"; "throw the lever" cause to fall off; "The horse threw its inexperienced rider" make on a potter's wheel; "she threw a beautiful teapot" move violently, energetically, or carelessly; "She threw herself forwards" to put into a state or activity hastily, suddenly, or carelessly; "Jane threw dinner together"; "throw the car into reverse" fling the act of flinging throw with force or recklessness; "fling the frisbee" move in an abrupt or headlong manner; "He flung himself onto the sofa" heave throwing something heavy (with great effort); "he gave it a mighty heave"; "he was not good at heaving passes" an involuntary spasm of ineffectual vomiting; "a bad case of the heaves" the act of lifting something with great effort (geology) a horizontal dislocation an upward movement (especially a rhythmical rising and falling); "the heaving of waves on a rough sea" bend out of shape, as under pressure or from heat; "The highway buckled during the heat wave" utter a sound, as with obvious effort; "She heaved a deep sigh when she saw the list of things to do" lift or elevate throw with great effort move or cause to move in a specified way, direction, or position; "The vessel hove into sight" hurl a violent throw utter with force; utter vehemently; "hurl insults"; "throw accusations at someone" throw forcefully leaner (horseshoes) the throw of a horseshoe so as to lean against (but not encircle) the stake pass (sports) the act of throwing the ball to another member of your team; "the pass was fumbled" a flight or run by an aircraft over a target; "the plane turned to make a second pass" (American football) a play that involves one player throwing the ball to a teammate; "the coach sent in a passing play on third and long" a complimentary ticket; "the star got passes for his family" a permit to enter or leave a military installation; "he had to show his pass in order to get out" a document indicating permission to do something without restrictions; "the media representatives had special passes" any authorization to pass or go somewhere; "the pass to visit had a strict time limit" one complete cycle of operations (as by a computer); "it was not possible to complete the computation in a single pass" a difficult juncture; "a pretty pass"; "matters came to a head yesterday" the location in a range of mountains of a geological formation that is lower than the surrounding peaks; "we got through the pass before it started to snow" a bad or difficult situation or state of affairs (military) a written leave of absence; "he had a pass for three days" travel past; "The sports car passed all the trucks" go across or through; "We passed the point where the police car had parked"; "A terrible thought went through his mind" cause to pass; "She passed around the plates" transfer to another; of rights or property; "Our house passed under his official control" place into the hands or custody of; "hand me the spoon, please"; "Turn the files over to me, please"; "He turned over the prisoner to his lawyers" throw (a ball) to another player; "Smith passed" allow to go without comment or censure; "the insult passed as if unnoticed" go unchallenged; be approved; "The bill cleared the House" accept or judge as acceptable; "The teacher passed the student although he was weak" go successfully through a test or a selection process; "She passed the new Jersey Bar Exam and can practice law now" pitch the action or manner of throwing something; "his pitch fell short and his hat landed on the floor" (baseball) the act of throwing a baseball by a pitcher to a batter an all-fours game in which the first card led is a trump a high approach shot in golf the property of sound that varies with variation in the frequency of vibration degree of deviation from a horizontal plane; "the roof had a steep pitch" a sports field with predetermined dimensions for playing soccer a vendor's position (especially on the sidewalk); "he was employed to see that his paper's news pitches were not trespassed upon by rival vendors" any of various dark heavy viscid substances obtained as a residue set to a certain pitch; "He pitched his voice very low" lead (a card) and establish the trump suit hit (a golf ball) in a high arc with a backspin erect and fasten; "pitch a tent" fall or plunge forward; "She pitched over the railing of the balcony" ringer (horseshoes) the successful throw of a horseshoe or quoit so as to encircle a stake or peg a contestant entered in a competition under false pretenses a person who is almost identical to another shy a quick throw; "he gave the ball a shy to the first baseman" throw quickly start suddenly, as from fright wary and distrustful; disposed to avoid persons or things; "shy of strangers" slinging throwing with a wide motion (as if with a sling) throw-in (rugby) an act or instance of throwing a ball in to put it into play balk an illegal pitching motion while runners are on base the area on a billiard table behind the balkline; "a player with ball in hand must play from the balk" ball a pitch that is not in the strike zone; "he threw nine straight balls before the manager yanked him" round object that is hit or thrown or kicked in games; "the ball travelled 90 mph on his serve"; "the mayor threw out the first ball"; "the ball rolled into the corner pocket" a spherical object used as a plaything; "he played with his rubber ball in the bathtub" a more or less rounded anatomical body or mass; "the ball at the base of the thumb"; "he stood on the balls of his feet" a lavish dance requiring formal attire a compact mass; "a ball of mud caught him on the shoulder" the people assembled at a lavish formal dance; "the ball was already emptying out before the fire alarm sounded" an object with a spherical shape; "a ball of fire" form into a ball by winding or rolling; "ball wool" beanball a baseball deliberately thrown at the batter's head change-up a baseball thrown with little velocity when the batter is expecting a fastball curve a pitch of a baseball that is thrown with spin so that its path curves as it approaches the batter a line on a graph representing data the trace of a point whose direction of motion changes duster a pitch thrown deliberately close to the batter a loose coverall (coat or frock) reaching down to the ankles fastball (baseball) a pitch thrown with maximum velocity; "he swung late on the fastball"; "he showed batters nothing but smoke" knuckleball a baseball pitch thrown with little speed or spin overhand pitch a baseball pitch in which the hand moves above the shoulder passed ball a pitch that the catcher should have caught but did not; allows a base runner to advance a base screwball a pitch with reverse spin that curves toward the side of the plate from which it was thrown sinker a pitch that curves downward rapidly as it approaches the plate a weight that sinks (as to hold nets or fishing lines under water) slider a fastball that curves slightly away from the side from which it was thrown freshwater turtle of United States and South America; frequently raised commercially; some young sold as pets spitball an illegal pitch in which a foreign substance (spit or Vaseline) is applied to the ball by the pitcher before he throws it a projectile made by chewing a piece of paper and shaping it into a sphere strike (baseball) a pitch that the batter swings at and misses, or that the batter hits into foul territory, or that the batter does not swing at but the umpire judges to be in the area over home plate and between the batter's knees and shoulders; "this pitcher throws more strikes than balls" a score in tenpins: knocking down all ten with the first ball; "he finished with three strikes in the tenth frame" an attack that is intended to seize or inflict damage on or destroy an objective; "the strike was scheduled to begin at dawn" a group's refusal to work in protest against low pay or bad work conditions; "the strike lasted more than a month before it was settled" cause to form (an electric arc) between electrodes of an arc lamp; "strike an arc" arrive at after reckoning, deliberating, and weighing; "strike a balance"; "strike a bargain" indicate (a certain time) by striking; "The clock struck midnight"; "Just when I entered, the clock struck" make a strategic, offensive, assault against an enemy, opponent, or a target; "The Germans struck Poland on Sept. 1, 1939"; "We must strike the enemy's oil fields"; "in the fifth inning, the Giants struck, sending three runners home to win the game 5 to 2" produce by manipulating keys or strings of musical instruments; "The pianist strikes a middle C"; "strike `z' on the keyboard" pierce with force; "The bullet struck her thigh"; "The icy wind struck through our coats" deliver a sharp blow, as with the hand, fist, or weapon; "The teacher struck the child"; "the opponent refused to strike"; "The boxer struck the attacker dead" remove by erasing or crossing out or as if by drawing a line; "Please strike this remark from the record"; "scratch that remark" disassemble a temporary structure, such as a tent or a theatrical set; "after the show, we'll have to strike the set and pack up" produce by ignition or a blow; "strike fire from the flintstone"; "strike a match" stop work in order to press demands; "The auto workers are striking for higher wages"; "The employees walked out when their demand for better benefits was not met" submarine ball a pitch thrown sidearm instead of overhead wild pitch an errant pitch that the catcher cannot be expected to catch and that allows a base runner to advance a base basketball shot throwing the basketball toward the hoop; "his shot hit the rim and bounced out" bank shot a basketball shot that bounces off of the backboard before passing through the hoop dunk a basketball shot in which the basketball is propelled downward into the basket dip into a liquid while eating; "She dunked the piece of bread in the sauce" immerse briefly into a liquid so as to wet, coat, or saturate; "dip the garment into the cleaning solution"; "dip the brush into the paint" make a dunk shot, in basketball; "He dunked the ball" slam dunk a forceful dunk something that is a sure to occur; a foregone conclusion; "predicting his success was a slam dunk" finger-roll a basketball shot that rolls off the tips of the fingers into the basket foul shot an unhindered basketball shot from the foul line; given to penalize the other team for committing a foul one-and-one a foul shot that must be made in order to earn the right to a second foul shot hook shot a basketball shot made over the head with the hand that is farther from the basket jumper (basketball) a player releases the basketball at the high point of a jump a sleeveless dress resembling an apron; worn over other clothing a loose jacket or blouse worn by workmen a small connector used to make temporary electrical connections a coverall worn by children an athlete who competes at jumping; "he is one hell of a jumper" a person who jumps; "as the jumper neared the ground he lost control"; "the jumper's parachute opened" lay-up a basketball shot made with one hand from a position under or beside the basket (and usually banked off the backboard) pivot shot a one-handed basketball shot made while whirling on the pivot foot set shot a two-handed basketball shot from a stationary position scoop shot a basketball shot made with an underhand scooping motion tip in a basketball shot made by tapping the rebounding ball back into the basket push the act of applying force in order to move something away; "he gave the door a hard push"; "the pushing is good exercise" an effort to advance; "the army made a push toward the sea" the force used in pushing; "the push of the water on the walls of the tank"; "the thrust of the jet engines" press, drive, or impel (someone) to action or completion of an action; "He pushed her to finish her doctorate" move with force; "He pushed the table into a corner" press against forcefully without moving; "she pushed against the wall with all her strength" move strenuously and with effort; "The crowd pushed forward" approach a certain age or speed; "She is pushing fifty" sell or promote the sale of (illegal goods such as drugs); "The guy hanging around the school is pushing drugs" depression pushing down; "depression of the space bar on the typewriter" sad feelings of gloom and inadequacy angular distance below the horizon (especially of a celestial object) a concavity in a surface produced by pressing; "he left the impression of his fingers in the soft mud" a mental state characterized by a pessimistic sense of inadequacy and a despondent lack of activity a long-term economic state characterized by unemployment and low prices and low levels of trade and investment click depression of a button on a computer mouse; "a click on the right button for example" become clear or enter one's consciousness or emotions; "It dawned on him that she had betrayed him"; "she was penetrated with sorrow" produce a click; "Xhosa speakers click" make a clicking or ticking sound; "The clock ticked away" nudge a slight push or shake push into action by pestering or annoying gently to push against gently; "She nudged my elbow when she saw her friend enter the restaurant" press the act of pressing; the exertion of pressure; "he gave the button a press"; "he used pressure to stop the bleeding"; "at the pressing of a button" a weightlift in which the barbell is lifted to shoulder height and then smoothly lifted overhead any machine that exerts pressure to form or shape or cut materials or extract liquids or compress solids a machine used for printing clamp to prevent wooden rackets from warping when not in use the print media responsible for gathering and publishing news in the form of newspapers or magazines place between two surfaces and apply weight or pressure; "pressed flowers" exert pressure or force to or upon; "He pressed down on the boards"; "press your thumb on this spot" make strenuous pushing movements during birth to expel the baby; "`Now push hard,' said the doctor to the woman" press from a plastic; "press a record" create by pressing; "Press little holes into the soft clay" crowd closely; "The crowds pressed along the street" be urgent; "This is a pressing problem" impression the act of pressing one thing on or into the surface of another; "he watched the impression of the seal on the hot wax" an impressionistic portrayal of a person; "he did a funny impression of a politician" (dentistry) an imprint of the teeth and gums in wax or plaster; "the dentist took an impression for use in preparing an inlay" an outward appearance; "he made a good impression"; "I wanted to create an impression of success"; "she retained that bold effect in her reproductions of the original painting" a vague idea in which some confidence is placed; "his impression of her was favorable"; "what are your feelings about the crisis?"; "it strengthened my belief in his sincerity"; "I had a feeling that she was lying" all the copies of a work printed at one time; "they ran off an initial printing of 2000 copies" shove the act of shoving (giving a push to someone or something); "he gave the door a shove" push roughly; "the people pushed and shoved to get in line" bundling the act of shoving hastily; "she complained about bundling the children off to school" the act of binding something into a bundle a onetime custom during courtship of unmarried couples occupying the same bed without undressing jostle the act of jostling (forcing your way by pushing) come into rough contact with while moving; "The passengers jostled each other in the overcrowded train" make one's way by jostling, pushing, or shoving; "We had to jostle our way to the front of the platform" elbowing jostling with the elbows; "elbowing is a foul in basketball" pull the act of pulling; applying force to move something toward or with you; "the pull up the hill had him breathing harder"; "his strenuous pulling strained his back" a sustained effort; "it was a long pull but we made it" a device used for pulling something; "he grabbed the pull and opened the drawer" special advantage or influence; "the chairman's nephew has a lot of pull" the force used in pulling; "the pull of the moon"; "the pull of the current" strain abnormally; "I pulled a muscle in my leg when I jumped up"; "The athlete pulled a tendon in the competition" take away; "pull the old soup cans from the supermarket shelf" take sides with; align oneself with; show strong sympathy for; "We all rooted for the home team"; "I'm pulling for the underdog"; "Are you siding with the defender of the title?" hit in the direction that the player is facing when carrying through the swing; "pull the ball" cause to move by pulling; "draw a wagon"; "pull a sled" apply force so as to cause motion towards the source of the motion; "Pull the rope"; "Pull the handle towards you"; "pull the string gently"; "pull the trigger of the gun"; "pull your knees towards your chin" rein in to keep from winning a race; "pull a horse" operate when rowing a boat; "pull the oars" steer into a certain direction; "pull one's horse to a stand"; "Pull the car over" move into a certain direction; "the car pulls to the right" cause to move in a certain direction by exerting a force upon, either physically or in an abstract sense; "A declining dollar pulled down the export figures for the last quarter" drag the act of dragging (pulling with force); "the drag up the hill exhausted him" clothing that is conventionally worn by the opposite sex (especially women's clothing when worn by a man); "he went to the party dressed in drag"; "the waitresses looked like missionaries in drag" something tedious and boring; "peeling potatoes is a drag" something that slows or delays progress; "taxation is a drag on the economy"; "too many laws are a drag on the use of new land" the phenomenon of resistance to motion through a fluid proceed for an extended period of time; "The speech dragged on for two hours" persuade to come away from something attractive or interesting; "He dragged me away from the television set" pull, as against a resistance; "He dragged the big suitcase behind him"; "These worries were dragging at him" to lag or linger behind; "But in so many other areas we still are dragging" move slowly and as if with great effort use a computer mouse to move icons on the screen and select commands from a menu; "drag this icon to the lower right hand corner of the screen" draw the act of drawing or hauling something; "the haul up the hill went very slowly" poker in which a player can discard cards and receive substitutes from the dealer; "he played only draw and stud" (American football) the quarterback moves back as if to pass and then hands the ball to the fullback who is running toward the line of scrimmage a playing card or cards dealt or taken from the pack; "he got a pair of kings in the draw" anything (straws or pebbles etc.) taken or chosen at random; "the luck of the draw"; "they drew lots for it" the finish of a contest in which the score is tied and the winner is undecided; "the game ended in a draw"; "their record was 3 wins, 6 losses and a tie" a gully that is shallower than a ravine cause to localize at one point; "Draw blood and pus" flatten, stretch, or mold metal or glass, by rolling or by pulling it through a die or by stretching; "draw steel" steep; pass through a strainer; "draw pulp from the fruit" reduce the diameter of (a wire or metal rod) by pulling it through a die; "draw wire" contract; "The material drew after it was washed in hot water" bring or lead someone to a certain action or condition; "She was drawn to despair"; "The President refused to be drawn into delivering an ultimatum"; "The session was drawn to a close" select or take in from a given group or region; "The participants in the experiment were drawn from a representative population" make, formulate, or derive in the mind; "I draw a line here"; "draw a conclusion"; "draw parallels"; "make an estimate"; "What do you make of his remarks?" choose at random; "draw a card"; "cast lots" move or pull so as to cover or uncover something; "draw the shades"; "draw the curtains" earn or achieve a base by being walked by the pitcher; "He drew a base on balls" engage in drawing; "He spent the day drawing in the garden" represent by making a drawing of, as with a pencil, chalk, etc. on a surface; "She drew an elephant"; "Draw me a horse" write a legal document or paper; "The deed was drawn in the lawyer's office" elicit responses, such as objections, criticism, applause, etc.; "The President's comments drew sharp criticism from the Republicans"; "The comedian drew a lot of laughter" take liquid out of a container or well; "She drew water from the barrel" bring, take, or pull out of a container or from under a cover; "draw a weapon"; "pull out a gun"; "The mugger pulled a knife on his victim" move or go steadily or gradually; "The ship drew near the shore" cause to flow; "The nurse drew blood" pull (a person) apart with four horses tied to his extremities, so as to execute him; "in the old days, people were drawn and quartered for certain crimes" require a specified depth for floating; "This boat draws 70 inches" allow a draft; "This chimney draws very well" tow the act of hauling something (as a vehicle) by means of a hitch or rope; "the truck gave him a tow to the garage" drag behind; "Horses used to tow barges along the canal" tug a sudden abrupt pull struggle in opposition; "She tugged and wrestled with her conflicts" pull hard; "The prisoner tugged at the chains"; "This movie tugs at the heart strings" pull or strain hard at; "Each oar was tugged by several men" move by pulling hard; "The horse finally tugged the cart out of the mud" tow (a vessel) with a tug; "The tugboat tugged the freighter into the harbor" strive and make an effort to reach a goal; "She tugged for years to make a decent living"; "We have to push a little to make the deadline!"; "She is driving away at her doctoral thesis" draft the act of moving a load by drawing or pulling a dose of liquid medicine; "he took a sleeping draft" a preliminary sketch of a design or picture a regulator for controlling the flow of air in a fireplace the depth of a vessel's keel below the surface (especially when loaded) any of the various versions in the development of a written work; "a preliminary draft"; "the final draft of the constitution" a serving of drink (usually alcoholic) drawn from a keg; "they served beer on draft" a current of air (usually coming into a chimney or room or vehicle) a document ordering the payment of money; drawn by one person or bank on another draw up an outline or sketch for something; "draft a speech" extirpation the act of pulling up or out; uprooting; cutting off from existence pluck the act of pulling and releasing a taut cord strip of feathers; "pull a chicken"; "pluck the capon" pull lightly but sharply with a plucking motion; "he plucked the strings of his mandolin" pull or pull out sharply; "pluck the flowers off the bush" traction (orthopedics) the act of pulling on a bone or limb (as in a fracture) to relieve pressure or align parts in a special way during healing; "his leg was in traction for several days" lift the act of raising something; "he responded with a lift of his eyebrow"; "fireman learn several different raises for getting ladders up" a ride in a car; "he gave me a lift home" the act of giving temporary assistance one of the layers forming the heel of a shoe or boot a device worn in a shoe or boot to make the wearer look taller or to correct a shortened leg a wave that lifts the surface of the water or ground remove from a surface; "the detective carefully lifted some fingerprints from the table" take off or away by decreasing; "lift the pressure" remove from a seedbed or from a nursery; "lift the tulip bulbs" remove (hair) by scalping put an end to; "lift a ban"; "raise a siege" rise upward, as from pressure or moisture; "The floor is lifting slowly" raise in rank or condition; "The new law lifted many people from poverty" call to stop the hunt or to retire, as of hunting dogs make audible; "He lifted a war whoop" take (root crops) out of the ground; "lift potatoes" take hold of something and move it to a different location; "lift the box onto the table" move upwards; "lift one's eyes" pay off (a mortgage) expulsion the act of expelling or projecting or ejecting defenestration the act of throwing someone or something out of a window accommodation reflex reflex changes in the eyes that enable an object to be focused on the retina Babinski extension upward of the toes when the sole of the foot is stroked firmly on the outer side from the heel to the front; normal in infants under the age of two years but a sign of brain or spinal cord injury in older persons belch a reflex that expels gas noisily from the stomach through the mouth belching the forceful expulsion of something from inside; "the belching of smoke from factory chimneys" blink a reflex that closes and opens the eyes rapidly briefly shut the eyes; "The TV announcer never seems to blink" blush sudden reddening of the face (as from embarrassment or guilt or shame or modesty) turn red, as if in embarrassment or shame; "The girl blushed when a young man whistled as she walked by" become rosy or reddish; "her cheeks blushed in the cold winter air" coughing up the act of expelling (food or phlegm) by coughing spit the act of spitting (forcefully expelling saliva) a skewer for holding meat over a fire a narrow strip of land that juts out into the sea expel or eject (saliva or phlegm or sputum) from the mouth; "The father of the victim spat at the alleged murderer" utter with anger or contempt vomit the reflex act of ejecting the contents of the stomach through the mouth the matter ejected in vomiting eject the contents of the stomach through the mouth; "After drinking too much, the students vomited"; "He purged continuously"; "The patient regurgitated the food we gave him last night" rumination regurgitation of small amounts of food; seen in some infants after feeding (of ruminants) chewing (the cud); "ruminants have remarkable powers of rumination" hematemesis vomiting blood hyperemesis severe and excessive vomiting hyperemesis gravidarum hyperemesis during pregnancy; if severe it can result in damage to the brain and liver and kidney jump the act of jumping; propelling yourself off the ground; "he advanced in a series of jumps"; "the jumping was unexpected" descent with a parachute; "he had done a lot of parachuting in the army" (film) an abrupt transition from one scene to another a sudden and decisive increase; "a jump in attendance" increase suddenly and significantly; "Prices jumped overnight" bypass; "He skipped a row in the text and so the sentence was incomprehensible" enter eagerly into; "He jumped into the game" make a sudden physical attack on; "The muggers jumped the woman in the fur coat" move forward by leaps and bounds; "The horse bounded across the meadow"; "The child leapt across the puddle"; "Can you jump over the fence?" cause to jump or leap; "the trainer jumped the tiger through the hoop" jump down from an elevated point; "the parachutist didn't want to jump"; "every year, hundreds of people jump off the Golden Gate bridge"; "the widow leapt into the funeral pyre" header a headlong jump (or fall); "he took a header into the shrubbery" (soccer) the act of hitting the ball with your head a machine that cuts the heads off grain and moves them into a wagon a framing member crossing and supporting the ends of joists, studs, or rafters so as to transfer their weight to parallel joists, studs, or rafters brick that is laid sideways at the top of a wall horizontal beam used as a finishing piece over a door or window hop the act of hopping; jumping upward or forward (especially on one foot) an informal dance where popular music is played twining perennials having cordate leaves and flowers arranged in conelike spikes; the dried flowers of this plant are used in brewing to add the characteristic bitter taste to beer travel by means of an aircraft, bus, etc.; "She hopped a train to Chicago"; "He hopped rides all over the country" jump lightly make a jump forward or upward jump across; "He hopped the bush" traverse as if by a short airplane trip; "Hop the Pacific Ocean" move quickly from one place to another leap a light, self-propelled movement upwards or forwards the distance leaped (or to be leaped); "a leap of 10 feet" an abrupt transition; "a successful leap from college to the major leagues" pass abruptly from one state or topic to another; "leap into fame"; "jump to a conclusion"; "jump from one thing to another" vault the act of jumping over an obstacle an arched brick or stone ceiling or roof a burial chamber (usually underground) a strongroom or compartment (often made of steel) for safekeeping of valuables bound vigorously jump across or leap over (an obstacle) jumping up and down jumping in one spot (as in excitement); "the wailing and jumping up and down exhausted him" lob the act of propelling something (as a ball or shell etc.) in a high arc an easy return of a tennis ball in a high arc propel in a high arc; "lob the tennis ball" centering (American football) putting the ball in play by passing it (between the legs) to a back; "the quarterback fumbled the snap" sending the act of causing something to go (especially messages) transmission the act of sending a message; causing a message to be transmitted the gears that transmit power from an automobile engine via the driveshaft to the live axle communication by means of transmitted signals forwarding the act of sending on to another destination; "the forwarding of mail to a new address is done automatically"; "the forwarding of resumes to the personnel department" the advancement of some enterprise; "his experience in marketing resulted in the forwarding of his career" referral the act of referring (as forwarding an applicant for employment or referring a matter to an appropriate agency) a recommendation to consult the (professional) person or group to whom one has been referred; "the insurance company says that you need a written referral from your physician before seeing a specialist" a person whose case has been referred to a specialist or professional group; "the patient is a referral from Dr. Bones" remission (law) the act of remitting (especially the referral of a law case to another court) an abatement in intensity or degree (as in the manifestations of a disease); "his cancer is in remission" mailing the transmission of a letter; "the postmark indicates the time of mailing" mail sent by a sender at one time; "the candidate sent out three large mailings" wheeling propelling something on wheels shooting the act of firing a projectile; "his shooting was slow but accurate" killing someone by gunfire; "when the shooting stopped there were three dead bodies" shoot the act of shooting at targets; "they hold a shoot every weekend during the summer" a new branch produce buds, branches, or germinate; "the potatoes sprouted" measure the altitude of by using a sextant; "shoot a star" utter fast and forcefully; "She shot back an answer" score; "shoot a basket"; "shoot a goal" hit with a missile from a weapon throw dice, as in a crap game variegate by interweaving weft threads of different colors; "shoot cloth" throw or propel in a specific direction or towards a specific objective; "shoot craps"; "shoot a golf ball" send forth suddenly, intensely, swiftly; "shoot a glance" cause a sharp and sudden pain in; "The pain shot up her leg" kill by firing a missile emit (as light, flame, or fumes) suddenly and forcefully; "The dragon shot fumes and flames out of its mouth" countershot a return shot; a retaliatory shot discharge the act of discharging a gun the act of venting the sudden giving off of energy the pouring forth of a fluid electrical conduction through a gas in an applied electric field any of several bodily processes by which substances go out of the body; "the discharge of pus" a substance that is emitted or released release from military service pour forth or release; "discharge liquids" remove the charge from gun the discharge of a firearm as signal or as a salute in military ceremonies; "two runners started before the gun"; "a twenty gun salute" a weapon that discharges a missile at high velocity (especially from a metal tube or barrel) shoot with a gun fire control preparation for the delivery of shellfire on a target gunfire the act of shooting a gun; "the gunfire endangered innocent bystanders"; "they retreated in the face of withering enemy fire" enfilade gunfire directed along the length rather than the breadth of a formation rake or be in a position to rake with gunfire in a lengthwise direction snipe a gunshot from a concealed location Old or New World straight-billed game bird of the sandpiper family; of marshy areas; similar to the woodcocks hunt or shoot snipe headshot a shot aimed at a person's head an attempt to put the soccer ball into the net by using the head a photograph of a person's head skeet the sport of shooting at clay pigeons that are hurled upward in such a way as to simulate the flight of a bird shellfire shooting artillery shells gunfight a fight involving shooting small arms with the intent to kill or frighten potshot a shot taken at an easy or casual target (as by a pothunter) criticism aimed at an easy target and made without careful consideration; "reporters took potshots at the mayor" rub the act of rubbing or wiping; "he gave the hood a quick rub" move over something with pressure; "rub my hands"; "rub oil into her skin" cause friction; "my sweater scratches" scrape or rub as if to relieve itching; "Don't scratch your insect bites!" scuff the act of scuffing (scraping or dragging the feet) poke at with the foot or toe mar by scuffing; "scuffed shoes" get or become scuffed; "These patent leather shoes scuffed" walk without lifting the feet tap a light touch or stroke a plug for a bunghole in a cask a tool for cutting female (internal) screw threads a small metal plate that attaches to the toe or heel of a shoe (as in tap dancing) strike lightly; "He tapped me on the shoulder" cut a female screw thread with a tap pierce in order to draw a liquid from; "tap a maple tree for its syrup"; "tap a keg of beer" draw (liquor) from a tap; "tap beer in a bar" walk with a tapping sound make light, repeated taps on a surface; "he was tapping his fingers on the table impatiently" draw from or dip into to get something; "tap one's memory"; "tap a source of money" furnish with a tap or spout, so as to be able to draw liquid from it; "tap a cask of wine" contusion the action of bruising; "the bruise resulted from a contusion" crash the act of colliding with something; "his crash through the window"; "the fullback's smash into the defensive line" a serious accident (usually involving one or more vehicles); "they are still investigating the crash of the TWA plane" a sudden large decline of business or the prices of stocks (especially one that causes additional failures) (computer science) an event that causes a computer system to become inoperative; "the crash occurred during a thunderstorm and the system has been down ever since" stop operating; "My computer crashed last night"; "The system goes down at least once a week" undergo a sudden and severe downturn; "the economy crashed"; "will the stock market crash again?" hurl or thrust violently; "He dashed the plate against the wall"; "Waves were dashing against the rock" undergo damage or destruction on impact; "the plane crashed into the ocean"; "The car crashed into the lamp post" break violently or noisily; smash cause to crash; "The terrorists crashed the plane into the palace"; "Mother crashed the motorbike into the lamppost" fall or come down violently; "The branch crashed down on my car"; "The plane crashed in the sea" move violently as through a barrier; "The terrorists crashed the gate" move with, or as if with, a crashing noise; "The car crashed through the glass door" make a sudden loud sound; "the waves crashed on the shore and kept us awake all night" occupy, usually uninvited; "My son's friends crashed our house last weekend" impingement a sharp collision produced by striking or dashing against something influencing strongly; "they resented the impingement of American values on European culture" batting (baseball) the batter's attempt to get on base stuffing made of rolls or sheets of cotton wool or synthetic fiber fielding (baseball) handling the ball while playing in the field golfing playing golf; "he goes south every winter for the golfing" pitching (baseball) playing the position of pitcher on a baseball team base on balls (baseball) an advance to first base by a batter who receives four balls; "he worked the pitcher for a base on balls" best the supreme effort one can make; "they did their best" the person who is most outstanding or excellent; someone who tops all others; "he could beat the best of them" (superlative of `good') having the most positive qualities; "the best film of the year"; "the best solution"; "the best time for planting"; "wore his best suit" it would be sensible; "you'd best stay at home" in a most excellent way or manner; "he played best after a couple of martinis" worst the weakest effort or poorest achievement one is capable of; "it was the worst he had ever done on a test" the greatest damage or wickedness of which one is capable; "the invaders did their worst"; "so pure of heart that his worst is another man's best" the least favorable outcome; "the worst that could happen" defeat thoroughly; "He mopped up the floor with his opponents" (superlative of `bad') most wanting in quality or value or condition; "the worst player on the team"; "the worst weather of the year" to the highest degree of inferiority or badness; "She suffered worst of all"; "schools were the worst hit by government spending cuts"; "the worst dressed person present" fair ball (baseball) a ball struck with the bat so that it stays between the lines (the foul lines) that define the width of the playing field foul ball (baseball) a ball struck with the bat so that it does not stay between the lines (the foul lines) that define the width of the playing field snick a glancing contact with the ball off the edge of the cricket bat hit a glancing blow with the edge of the bat bunt (baseball) the act of hitting a baseball lightly without swinging the bat fungus that destroys kernels of wheat by replacing them with greasy masses of smelly spores similar to Tilletia caries disease of wheat characterized by replacement of the grains with greasy masses of smelly smut spores hit a ball in such a way so as to make it go a short distance fly (baseball) a hit that flies up in the air two-winged insects characterized by active flight an opening in a garment that is closed by a zipper or by buttons concealed under a fold of cloth fisherman's lure consisting of a fishhook decorated to look like an insect change quickly from one emotional state to another; "fly into a rage" hit a fly transport by aeroplane; "We fly flowers from the Caribbean to North America" be dispersed or disseminated; "Rumors and accusations are flying" travel in an airplane; "she is flying to Cincinnati tonight"; "Are we driving or flying?" move quickly or suddenly; "He flew about the place" travel over (an area of land or sea) in an aircraft; "Lindbergh was the first to fly the Atlantic" cause to fly or float; "fly a kite" travel through the air; be airborne; "Man cannot fly" operate an airplane; "The pilot flew to Cuba" pass away rapidly; "Time flies like an arrow"; "Time fleeing beneath him" display in the air or cause to float; "fly a kite"; "All nations fly their flags in front of the U.N." (British informal) not to be deceived or hoodwinked blast a very long fly ball an explosion (as of dynamite) shrivel or wither or mature imperfectly shatter as if by explosion fire a shot; "the gunman blasted away" use explosives on; "The enemy has been shelling us all day" make with or as if with an explosion; "blast a tunnel through the Alps" create by using explosives; "blast a passage through the mountain" apply a draft or strong wind to to; "the air conditioning was blasting cold air at us" make a strident sound; "She tended to blast when speaking into a microphone" pop fly a short high fly ball grounder (baseball) a hit that travels along the ground chop a grounder that bounces high in the air a tennis return made with a downward motion that puts backspin on the ball a jaw; "I'll hit him on the chops" a small cut of meat including part of a rib the irregular motion of waves (usually caused by wind blowing in a direction opposite to the tide); "the boat headed into the chop" hit sharply cut with a hacking tool cut into pieces; "Chop wood"; "chop meat" strike sharply, as in some sports form or shape by chopping; "chop a hole in the ground" move suddenly roller a grounder that rolls along the infield pigeon that executes backward somersaults in flight or on the ground Old World bird that tumbles or rolls in flight; related to kingfishers a cylinder that revolves a small wheel without spokes (as on a roller skate) a long heavy sea wave as it advances towards the shore out (baseball) a failure by a batter or runner to reach a base safely in baseball; "you only get 3 outs per inning" be made known; be disclosed or revealed; "The truth will out" reveal (something) about somebody's identity or lifestyle; "The gay actor was outed last week"; "Someone outed a CIA agent" outer or outlying; "the out islands" no longer fashionable; "that style is out these days" away from home; "they went out last night" moving or appearing to move away from a place, especially one that is enclosed or hidden; "the cat came out from under the bed" force out a putout of a base runner who is required to run; the putout is accomplished by holding the ball while touching the base to which the runner must advance before the runner reaches that base; "the shortstop got the runner at second on a force" emit or cause to move with force of effort; "force out the air"; "force out the splinter" press, force, or thrust out of a small space; "The weeds crowded out the flowers" putout an out resulting from a fielding play (not a strikeout); "the first baseman made 15 putouts" strikeout an out resulting from the batter getting three strikes whiff a strikeout resulting from the batter swinging at and missing the ball for the third strike a lefteye flounder found in coastal waters from New England to Brazil utter with a puff of air; "whiff out a prayer" strike out by swinging and missing the pitch charged as the third drive or carry as if by a puff of air; "The gust of air whiffed away the clouds" fielder's choice a play made on a ground ball in which the fielder chooses to put out an advancing runner instead of the batter sacrifice (baseball) an out that advances the base runners the act of killing (an animal or person) in order to propitiate a deity personnel that are sacrificed (e.g., surrendered or lost in order to gain an objective) a loss entailed by giving up or selling something at less than its value; "he had to sell his car at a considerable sacrifice" kill or destroy; "The animals were sacrificed after the experiment"; "The general had to sacrifice several soldiers to save the regiment" make a sacrifice of; in religious rituals endure the loss of; "He gave his life for his children"; "I gave two sons to the war" sell at a loss sacrifice fly a sacrifice made by hitting a long fly ball base hit (baseball) the successful act of striking a baseball in such a way that the batter reaches base safely daisy cutter a batted or served ball that skims along close to the ground liner (baseball) a hit that flies straight out from the batter; "the batter hit a liner to the shortstop" a large commercial ship (especially one that carries passengers on a regular schedule) a piece of cloth that is used as the inside surface of a garment scorcher a very hard hit ball an extremely hot day line-drive single a single resulting from a line drive line-drive double a double resulting from a line drive line-drive triple a triple resulting from a line drive plunk (baseball) hitting a baseball so that it drops suddenly a hollow twanging sound homer a base hit on which the batter scores a run an ancient Hebrew unit of capacity equal to 10 baths or 10 ephahs hit a home run solo homer a home run with no runners on base single a base hit on which the batter stops safely at first base hit a single; "the batter singled to left field" existing alone or consisting of one entity or part or aspect or individual; "upon the hill stood a single tower"; "had but a single thought which was to escape"; "a single survivor"; "a single serving"; "a single lens"; "a single thickness" used of flowers having usually only one row or whorl of petals; "single chrysanthemums resemble daisies and may have more than one row of petals" double a base hit on which the batter stops safely at second base; "he hit a double to deep centerfield" a quantity that is twice as great as another; "36 is the double of 18" someone who closely resembles a famous person (especially an actor); "he could be Gingrich's double"; "she's the very image of her mother" a stand-in for movie stars to perform dangerous stunts; "his first job in Hollywood was as a double for Clark Gable" increase twofold; "The population doubled within 50 years" hit a two-base hit do double duty; serve two purposes or have two functions; "She doubles as his wife and secretary" bridge: make a demand for (a card or suit) having two meanings with intent to deceive; "a sly double meaning"; "spoke with forked tongue" large enough for two; "a double bed"; "a double room" twice as great or many; "ate a double portion"; "the dose is doubled"; "a twofold increase" consisting of or involving two parts or components usually in pairs; "an egg with a double yolk"; "a double (binary) star"; "double doors"; "dual controls for pilot and copilot"; "duple (or double) time consists of two (or a multiple of two) beats to a measure" having more than one decidedly dissimilar aspects or qualities; "a double (or dual) role for an actor"; "the office of a clergyman is twofold; public preaching and private influence"- R.W.Emerson; "every episode has its double and treble meaning"-Frederick Harrison used of flowers having more than the usual number of petals in crowded or overlapping arrangements; "double chrysanthemums have many rows of petals and are usually spherical or hemispherical" two together; "some people sleep better double" downward and forward; "he was bent double with pain" triple a base hit at which the batter stops safely at third base a quantity that is three times as great as another increase threefold; "Triple your income!" hit a three-base hit backhander a backhanded blow clip a sharp slanting blow; "he gave me a clip on the ear" the act of clipping or snipping any of various small fasteners used to hold loose articles together an article of jewelry that can be clipped onto a hat or dress terminate or abbreviate before its intended or proper end or its full extent; "My speech was cut short"; "Personal freedom is curtailed in many countries" attach with a clip; "clip the papers together" knock the act of hitting vigorously; "he gave the table a whack" negative criticism a bad experience; "the school of hard knocks" the sound of knocking (as on a door or in an engine or bearing); "the knocking grew louder" a vigorous blow; "the sudden knock floored him"; "he took a bash right in his face"; "he got a bang on the head" find fault with; express criticism of; point out real or perceived flaws; "The paper criticized the new movie"; "Don't knock the food--it's free" deliver a sharp blow or push; "He knocked the glass clear across the room" rap with the knuckles; "knock on the door" thwack a hard blow with a flat object smack the act of smacking something; a blow delivered with an open hand an enthusiastic kiss a sailing ship (usually rigged like a sloop or cutter) used in fishing and sailing along the coast press (the lips) together and open (the lips) noisily, as in eating deliver a hard blow to; "The teacher smacked the student who had misbehaved" kiss lightly have a distinctive or characteristic taste; "This tastes of nutmeg" have an element suggestive (of something); "his speeches smacked of racism"; "this passage smells of plagiarism" smacker a very powerful blow with the fist a loud kiss knockdown a blow that knocks the opponent off his feet (furniture) easily assembled and dismantled; "I bought a knockdown chest at the do-it-yourself store" knockout a blow that renders the opponent unconscious technical knockout a knockout declared by the referee who judges one boxer unable to continue swat a sharp blow hit swiftly with a violent blow; "Swat flies" spank a slap with the flat of the hand give a spanking to; subject to a spanking whip a quick blow delivered with a whip or whiplike object; "the whip raised a red welt" an instrument with a handle and a flexible lash that is used for whipping (golf) the flexibility of the shaft of a golf club a dessert made of sugar and stiffly beaten egg whites or cream and usually flavored with fruit a legislator appointed by the party to enforce discipline strike as if by whipping; "The curtain whipped her face" thrash about flexibly in the manner of a whiplash; "The tall grass whipped in the wind" punch (boxing) a blow with the fist; "I gave him a clout on his nose" a tool for making holes or indentations an iced mixed drink usually containing alcohol and prepared for multiple servings; normally served in a punch bowl deliver a quick blow to; "he punched me in the stomach" make a hole into or between, as for ease of separation; "perforate the sheets of paper" drive forcibly as if by a punch; "the nail punched through the wall" box a blow with the hand (usually on the ear); "I gave him a good box on the ear" a (usually rectangular) container; may have a lid; "he rummaged through a box of spare parts" separate partitioned area in a public place for a few people; "the sentry stayed in his box to avoid the cold" private area in a theater or grandstand where a small group can watch the performance; "the royal box was empty" the driver's seat on a coach; "an armed guard sat in the box with the driver" any one of several designated areas on a ball field where the batter or catcher or coaches are positioned; "the umpire warned the batter to stay in the batter's box" evergreen shrubs or small trees the quantity contained in a box; "he gave her a box of chocolates" a rectangular drawing; "the flowchart contained many boxes" engage in a boxing match hit with the fist; "I'll box your ears!" put into a box; "box the gift, please" dig the act of touching someone suddenly with your finger or elbow; "she gave me a sharp dig in the ribs" a small gouge (as in the cover of a book); "the book was in good condition except for a dig in the back cover" the site of an archeological exploration; "they set up camp next to the dig" turn up, loosen, or remove earth; "Dig we must"; "turn over the soil for aeration" create by digging; "dig a hole"; "dig out a channel" thrust down or into; "dig the oars into the water"; "dig your foot into the floor" remove, harvest, or recover by digging; "dig salt"; "dig coal" counterpunch a return punch (especially by a boxer) haymaker a hard punch that renders the opponent unable to continue boxing a farm machine that treats hay to cause more rapid and even drying hook a short swinging punch delivered from the side with the elbow bent a golf shot that curves to the left for a right-handed golfer; "he took lessons to cure his hooking" a curved or bent implement for suspending or pulling something a mechanical device that is curved or bent to suspend or hold or pull something a catch for locking a door a sharp curve or crook; a shape resembling a hook approach with an offer of sexual favors; "he was solicited by a prostitute"; "The young man was caught soliciting in the park" entice and trap; "The car salesman had snared three potential customers" secure with the foot; "hook the ball" fasten with a hook catch with a hook; "hook a fish" hit with a hook; "His opponent hooked him badly" hit a ball and put a spin on it so that it travels to the left take by theft; "Someone snitched my wallet!" jab a quick short straight punch a sharp hand gesture (resembling a blow); "he warned me with a jab with his finger"; "he made a thrusting motion with his fist" poke or thrust abruptly; "he jabbed his finger into her ribs" strike or punch with quick and short blows rabbit punch a short chopping blow to the back of the neck sucker punch an unexpected punch roundhouse a hook delivered with an exaggerated swing workplace consisting of a circular building for repairing locomotives kick the act of delivering a blow with the foot; "he gave the ball a powerful kick"; "the team's kicking was excellent" a rhythmic thrusting movement of the legs as in swimming or calisthenics; "the kick must be synchronized with the arm movements"; "the swimmer's kicking left a wake behind him" the sudden stimulation provided by strong drink (or certain drugs); "a sidecar is a smooth drink but it has a powerful kick" make a goal; "He kicked the extra point after touchdown" stop consuming; "kick a habit"; "give up alcohol" strike with the foot; "The boy kicked the dog"; "Kick the door down" drive or propel with the foot thrash about or strike out with the feet kick a leg up goal-kick (association football) a kick by the defending side after the attacking side sends the ball over the goal-line (rugby) an attempt to kick a goal punt (football) a kick in which the football is dropped from the hands and kicked before it touches the ground; "the punt traveled 50 yards"; "punting is an important part of the game" an open flat-bottomed boat used in shallow waters and propelled by a long pole propel with a pole; "pole barges on the river"; "We went punting in Cambridge" kick the ball place kick (sports) a kick in which the ball is placed on the ground before kicking free kick (soccer) a place kick that is allowed for a foul or infringement by the other team corner kick a free kick from the corner awarded to the other side when a player has sent the ball behind his own goal line dropkick (football) kicking (as for a field goal) in which the football is dropped and kicked as it touches the ground make the point after a touchdown with a dropkick kiss a light glancing touch; "there was a brief kiss of their hands in passing" the act of caressing with the lips (or an instance thereof) any of several bite-sized candies a cookie made of egg whites and sugar touch lightly or gently; "the blossoms were kissed by the soft rain" laying on the act of contacting something with your hand; "peonies can be blighted by the laying on of a finger" soul kiss an openmouthed kiss in which your tongue is inserted into the other's mouth catch the act of catching an object with the hands; "Mays made the catch with his back to the plate"; "he made a grab for the ball before it landed"; "Martin's snatch at the bridle failed and the horse raced away"; "the infielder's snap and throw was a single motion" a cooperative game in which a ball is passed back and forth; "he played catch with his son in the backyard" a fastener that fastens or locks a door or window a restraint that checks the motion of something; "he used a book as a stop to hold the door open" a drawback or difficulty that is not readily evident; "it sounds good but what's the catch?" a break or check in the voice (usually a sign of strong emotion) anything that is caught (especially if it is worth catching); "he shared his catch with the others" a person regarded as a good matrimonial prospect the quantity that was caught; "the catch was only 10 fish" contract; "did you catch a cold?" delay or hold up; prevent from proceeding on schedule or as planned; "I was caught in traffic and missed the meeting" be struck or affected by; "catch fire"; "catch the mood" grasp with the mind or develop an understanding of; "did you catch that allusion?"; "We caught something of his theory in the lecture"; "don't catch your meaning"; "did you get it?"; "She didn't get the joke"; "I just don't get him" discover or come upon accidentally, suddenly, or unexpectedly; catch somebody doing something or in a certain state; "She caught her son eating candy"; "She was caught shoplifting" become aware of; "he caught her staring out the window" be the catcher; "Who is catching?" cause to become accidentally or suddenly caught, ensnared, or entangled; "I caught the hem of my dress in the brambles" spread or be communicated; "The fashion did not catch" take hold of so as to seize or restrain or stop the motion of; "Catch the ball!"; "Grab the elevator door!" take in and retain; "We have a big barrel to catch the rainwater" attract and fix; "His look caught her"; "She caught his eye"; "Catch the attention of the waiter" apprehend and reproduce accurately; "She really caught the spirit of the place in her drawings"; "She got the mood just right in her photographs" reach in time; "I have to catch a train at 7 o'clock" suffer from the receipt of; "She will catch hell for this behavior!" perceive with the senses quickly, suddenly, or momentarily; "I caught the aroma of coffee"; "He caught the allusion in her glance"; "ears open to catch every sound"; "The dog picked up the scent"; "Catch a glimpse" hear, usually without the knowledge of the speakers; "We overheard the conversation at the next table" perceive by hearing; "I didn't catch your name"; "She didn't get his name when they met the first time" get or regain something necessary, usually quickly or briefly; "Catch some sleep"; "catch one's breath" check oneself during an action; "She managed to catch herself before telling her boss what was on her mind" start burning; "The fire caught" fair catch (American football) a catch of a punt on the fly by a defensive player who has signalled that he will not run and so should not be tackled interception (American football) the act of catching a football by a player on the opposing team the act of intercepting; preventing something from proceeding or arriving; "he resorted to the interception of his daughter's letters"; "he claimed that the interception of one missile by another would be impossible" rebound the act of securing possession of the rebounding basketball after a missed shot a reaction to a crisis or setback or frustration; "he is still on the rebound from his wife's death" shoestring catch (baseball) a running catch made near the ground mesh the act of interlocking or meshing; "an interlocking of arms by the police held the crowd in check" the number of openings per linear inch of a screen; measures size of particles; "a 100 mesh screen"; "100 mesh powdered cellulose" work together in harmony handling the action of touching with the hands (or the skillful use of the hands) or by the use of mechanical means manual (or mechanical) carrying or moving or delivering or working with something fingering touching something with the fingers the placement of the fingers for playing different notes (or sequences of notes) on a musical instrument grope the act of groping; and instance of groping fondle for sexual pleasure; "He made some sexual advances at the woman in his office and groped her repeatedly" feel about uncertainly or blindly; "She groped for her glasses in the darkness of the bedroom" search blindly or uncertainly; "His mind groped to make the connection" audit a methodical examination or review of a condition or situation; "he made an audit of all the plants on his property"; "an energy efficiency audit"; "an email log audit" attend academic courses without getting credit examine carefully for accuracy with the intent of verification; "audit accounts and tax returns" autopsy an examination and dissection of a dead body to determine cause of death or the changes produced by disease perform an autopsy on a dead body; do a post-mortem check-in the act of reporting your presence (as at an airport or a hotel) check the act of inspecting or verifying; "they made a check of their equipment"; "the pilot ran through the check-out procedure" (chess) a direct attack on an opponent's king obstructing an opponent in ice hockey a textile pattern of squares or crossed lines (resembling a checkerboard); "she wore a skirt with checks" a mark left after a small piece has been chopped or broken off of something the bill in a restaurant; "he asked the waiter for the check" a written order directing a bank to pay money; "he paid all his bills by check" make cracks or chinks in; "The heat checked the paint" arrest the motion (of something) abruptly; "He checked the flow of water by shutting off the main valve" slow the growth or development of; "The brain damage will retard the child's language development" examine so as to determine accuracy, quality, or condition; "check the brakes"; "Check out the engine" put a check mark on or near or next to; "Please check each name on the list"; "tick off the items"; "mark off the units" verify by consulting a source or authority; "check the spelling of this word"; "check your facts" write out a check on a bank account place into check; "He checked my kings" hold back, as of a danger or an enemy; check the expansion or influence of; "Arrest the downward trend"; "Check the growth of communism in South East Asia"; "Contain the rebel movement"; "Turn back the tide of communism" decline to initiate betting mark into squares or draw squares on; draw crossed lines on stop for a moment, as if out of uncertainty or caution; "She checked for an instant and missed a step" stop in a chase especially when scent is lost; "The dog checked" abandon the intended prey, turn, and pursue an inferior prey hand over something to somebody as for temporary safekeeping; "Check your coat at the door" consign for shipment on a vehicle; "check your luggage before boarding" make an examination or investigation; "check into the rumor"; "check the time of the class" block or impede (a player from the opposing team) in ice hockey be verified or confirmed; pass inspection; "These stories don't check!" spot check a check on work performance or product quality made at random times without warning; "spot checks ensure a high level of performance by employees" checkup a thorough physical examination; includes a variety of tests depending on the age and sex and health of the person comparison the act of examining resemblances; "they made a comparison of noise levels"; "the fractions selected for comparison must require pupils to consider both numerator and denominator" qualities that are comparable; "no comparison between the two books"; "beyond compare" relation based on similarities and differences fine-tooth comb a method of examining in minute detail; "he went over the contract with a fine-tooth comb looking for loopholes" a comb with teeth set close together follow-up a subsequent examination of a patient for the purpose of monitoring earlier treatment an activity that continues something that has already begun or that repeats something that has already been done a piece of work that exploits or builds on earlier work; "his new software is a follow-up to the programs they started with" going-over a careful and thorough inspection once-over a swift cursory examination or inspection; "I gave him the once-over" ophthalmoscopy examination of the interior of an eye using an ophthalmoscope palpation a method of examination in which the examiner feels the size or shape or firmness or location of something (of body parts when the examiner is a health professional) ballottement a palpatory technique for feeling a floating object in the body (especially for determining the position of a fetus by feeling the rebound of the fetus after a quick digital tap on the wall of the uterus) tickle the act of tickling a cutaneous sensation often resulting from light stroking touch or stroke lightly; "The grass tickled her calves" touch (a body part) lightly so as to excite the surface nerves and cause uneasiness, laughter, or spasmodic movements stroke a light touch with the hands a single complete movement (sports) the act of swinging or striking at a ball with a club or racket or bat or cue or hand; "it took two strokes to get out of the bunker"; "a good shot requires good balance and tempo"; "he left me an almost impossible shot" any one of the repeated movements of the limbs and body used for locomotion in swimming or rowing a mark made on a surface by a pen, pencil, or paintbrush; "she applied the paint in careful strokes" a light touch the oarsman nearest the stern of the shell who sets the pace for the rest of the crew (golf) the unit of scoring in golf is the act of hitting the ball with a club; "Nicklaus won by three strokes" a sudden loss of consciousness resulting when the rupture or occlusion of a blood vessel leads to oxygen lack in the brain treat gingerly or carefully; "You have to stroke the boss" strike a ball with a smooth blow row at a particular rate touch lightly and repeatedly, as with brushing motions; "He stroked his long beard" caress a gentle affectionate stroking (or something resembling it); "he showered her with caresses"; "soft music was a fond caress"; "the caresses of the breeze played over his face" touch or stroke lightly in a loving or endearing manner; "He caressed her face"; "They fondled in the back seat of the taxi" tag (sports) the act of touching a player in a game (which changes their status in the game) a game in which one child chases the others; the one who is caught becomes the next chaser a label written or printed on paper, cardboard, or plastic that is attached to something to indicate its owner, nature, price, etc. a label associated with something for the purpose of identification; "semantic tags were attached in order to identify different meanings of the word" provide with a name or nickname attach a tag or label to; "label these bottles" touch a player while he is holding the ball supply (blank verse or prose) with rhymes joining the act of bringing two things into contact (especially for communication); "the joining of hands around the table"; "there was a connection via the internet" interconnection (computer science) the act of interconnecting (wires or computers or theories etc.) a state of being connected reciprocally; "an interconnection between the two buildings" intersection the act of intersecting (as joining by causing your path to intersect your target's path) a junction where one street or road crosses another a point where lines intersect the set of elements common to two or more sets; "the set of red hats is the intersection of the set of hats and the set of red things" a point or set of points common to two or more geometric configurations approximation the act of bringing near or bringing together especially the cut edges of tissue the quality of coming near to identity (especially close in quantity) an imprecise or incomplete account; "newspapers gave only an approximation of the actual events" concatenation the act of linking together as in a series or chain the linking together of a consecutive series of symbols or events or ideas etc; "it was caused by an improbable concatenation of circumstances" the state of being linked together as in a chain; union in a linked series convergence the act of converging (coming closer) the approach of an infinite series to a finite limit the occurrence of two or more things coming together merging the act of joining together as one; "the merging of the two groups occurred quickly"; "there was no meeting of minds" concourse a coming together of people a wide hallway in a building where people can walk encounter a casual meeting with a person or thing articulation the act of joining things in such a way that motion is possible expressing in coherent verbal form; "the articulation of my feelings"; "I gave voice to my feelings" the aspect of pronunciation that involves bringing articulatory organs together so as to shape the sounds of speech the shape or manner in which things come together and a connection is made junction an act of joining or adjoining things the place where two or more things come together something that joins or connects the state of being joined together fastening the act of fastening things together loosening the act of making something less tight tightening the act of making something tighter; "the tightening of economic controls" ligation (surgery) tying a duct or blood vessel with a ligature (as to prevent bleeding during surgery) tubal ligation a sterilization procedure with women; both Fallopian tubes are tied in two places and the tubes removed in between the ligations bonding fastening firmly together (dentistry) a technique for repairing a tooth; resinous material is applied to the surface of the tooth where it adheres to the tooth's enamel a close personal relationship that forms between people (as between husband and wife or parent and child) doweling fastening by dowels grounding fastening electrical equipment to earth linkage the act of linking things together a mechanical system of rods or springs or pivots that transmits power or motion (genetics) traits that tend to be inherited together as a consequence of an association between their genes; all of the genes of a given chromosome are linked (where one goes they all go) an associative relation tying the act of tying or binding things together untying loosening the ties that fasten something; "the tying of bow ties is an art; the untying is easy" welding fastening two pieces of metal together by softening with heat and applying pressure butt welding creating a butt joint by welding spot welding creating an overlapping joint by welding at small points flare (baseball) a fly ball hit a short distance into the outfield a device that produces a bright light for warning or illumination or identification a burst of light used to communicate or illuminate a sudden outburst of emotion; "she felt a flare of delight"; "she could not control her flare of rage" am unwanted reflection in an optical system (or the fogging of an image that is caused by such a reflection) a sudden burst of flame a shape that spreads outward; "the skirt had a wide flare" a sudden recurrence or worsening of symptoms; "a colitis flare"; "infection can cause a lupus flare" reddening of the skin spreading outward from a focus of infection or irritation burn brightly; "Every star seemed to flare with new intensity" shine with a sudden light; "The night sky flared with the massive bombardment" Texas leaguer (baseball) a fly ball that falls between and infielder and an outfielder flash welding butt welding by creating an electric arc between the two pieces which melts and joins them; used for joining segments of metal pipe lick touching with the tongue; "the dog's laps were warm and wet" pass the tongue over; "the dog licked her hand" grazing the act of brushing against while passing tracing the discovery and description of the course of development of something; "the tracing of genealogies" the act of drawing a plan or diagram or outline a drawing created by superimposing a semitransparent sheet of paper on the original image and copying on it the lines of the original image detection the act of detecting something; catching sight of something a police investigation to determine the perpetrator; "detection is hard on the feet" the perception that something has occurred or some state exists; "early detection can often lead to a cure" self-discovery discovering your own individuality breakthrough making an important discovery a penetration of a barrier such as an enemy's defense determination the act of determining the properties of something, usually by research or calculation; "the determination of molecular structures" the quality of being determined to do or achieve something; firmness of purpose; "his determination showed in his every movement"; "he is a man of purpose" deciding or controlling something's outcome or nature; "the determination of grammatical inflections" rediscovery the act of discovering again designation the act of designating or identifying something Bertillon system a system or procedure for identifying persons fingerprinting the procedure of taking inked impressions of a person's fingerprints for the purpose of identification genetic profiling the procedure of analyzing the DNA in samples of a person's body tissue or body fluid for the purpose of identification diagnosis identifying the nature or cause of some phenomenon blood typing determining a person's blood type by serological methods medical diagnosis identification of a disease from its symptoms prenatal diagnosis any of the diagnostic procedures used to determine whether a fetus has a genetic abnormality differential diagnosis a systematic method of diagnosing a disorder (e.g., headache) that lacks unique symptoms or signs prognosis a prediction of the course of a disease a prediction about how something (as the weather) will develop resolution finding a solution to a problem a decision to do something or to behave in a certain manner; "he always wrote down his New Year's resolutions" analysis into clear-cut components a formal expression by a meeting; agreed to by a vote (music) a dissonant chord is followed by a consonant chord the subsidence of swelling or other signs of inflammation (especially in a lung) (computer science) the number of pixels per square inch on a computer-generated display; the greater the resolution, the better the picture validation the act of validating; finding or testing the truth of something authentication validating the authenticity of something or someone a mark on an article of trade to indicate its origin and authenticity documentation documentary validation; "his documentation of the results was excellent"; "the strongest support for this view is the work of Jones" confirmation that some fact or statement is true through the use of documentary evidence monetization establishing something (e.g. gold or silver) as the legal tender of a country probate the act of proving that an instrument purporting to be a will was signed and executed in accord with legal requirements a judicial certificate saying that a will is genuine and conferring on the executors the power to administer the estate establish the legal validity of (wills and other documents) put a convicted person on probation by suspending his sentence demonetization ending something (e.g. gold or silver) as no longer the legal tender of a country falsification the act of determining that something is false the act of rendering something false as by fraudulent changes (of documents or measures etc.) or counterfeiting a willful perversion of facts localization a determination of the place where something is; "he got a good fix on the target" echolocation determining the location of something by measuring the time it takes for an echo to return from it predetermination the act of determining or ordaining in advance what is to take place a mental determination or resolve in advance; an antecedent intention to do something; "he entered the argument with a predetermination to prove me wrong" rectification determination of the length of a curve; finding a straight line equal in length to a given curve the conversion of alternating current to direct current (chemistry) the process of refinement or purification of a substance by distillation redetermination determining again trigger an act that sets in motion some course of events a device that activates or releases or causes something to happen release or pull the trigger on; "Trigger a gun" fomentation deliberate and intentional triggering (of trouble or discord) application of warm wet coverings to a part of the body to relieve pain and inflammation a substance used as a warm moist medicinal compress or poultice compulsion using force to cause something to occur; "though pressed into rugby under compulsion I began to enjoy the game"; "they didn't have to use coercion" an urge to do or say something that might be better left undone or unsaid; "he felt a compulsion to babble on about the accident" an irrational motive for performing trivial or repetitive actions, even against your will; "her compulsion to wash her hands repeatedly" influence causing something without any direct or apparent effort a power to affect persons or events especially power based on prestige etc; "used her parents' influence to get the job" a cognitive factor that tends to have an effect on what you do; "her wishes had a great influence on his thinking" one having power to influence another; "she was the most important influence in my life"; "he was a bad influence on the children" the effect of one thing (or person) on another; "the influence of mechanical action" have and exert influence or effect; "The artist's work influenced the young painter"; "She worked on her friends to support the political candidate" cross-pollination stimulating influence among diverse elements; "the cross-pollination of the arts" fertilization by transfer of pollen from the anthers of one flower to the stigma of another exposure the act of subjecting someone to an influencing experience; "she denounced the exposure of children to pornography" abandoning without shelter or protection (as by leaving an infant out in the open) presentation to view in an open or public manner; "the exposure of his anger was shocking" the act of exposing film to light vulnerability to the elements; to the action of heat or cold or wind or rain; "exposure to the weather"; "they died from exposure" aspect resulting from the direction a building or window faces; "the studio had a northern exposure" the disclosure of something secret; "they feared exposure of their campaign plans" the intensity of light falling on a photographic film or plate; "he used the wrong exposure" overexposure the act of exposing someone excessively to an influencing experience; "an overexposure to violence on television" the act of exposing film to too much light or for too long a time underexposure inadequate publicity the act of exposing film to too little light or for too short a time manipulation exerting shrewd or devious influence especially for one's own advantage; "his manipulation of his friends was scandalous" mind game deliberate actions of calculated psychological manipulation intended to intimidate or confuse (usually for competitive advantage); "football players try to play mind games with the opposition"; "the jeweler's mind game is to convince lovers that the size of a gemstone reflects the depth of their feelings" any game designed to exercise the intellect autosuggestion a system for self-improvement developed by Emile Coue which was popular in the 1920s and 1930s hypnotism the act of inducing hypnosis inducement act of bringing about a desired result; "inducement of sleep" corruption inducement (as of a public official) by improper means (as bribery) to violate duty (as by commiting a felony); "he was held on charges of corruption and racketeering" destroying someone's (or some group's) honesty or loyalty; undermining moral integrity; "corruption of a minor"; "the big city's subversion of rural innocence" moral perversion; impairment of virtue and moral principles; "the luxury and corruption among the upper classes"; "moral degeneracy followed intellectual degeneration"; "its brothels, its opium parlors, its depravity"; "Rome had fallen into moral putrefaction" decay of matter (as by rot or oxidation) enticement the act of influencing by exciting hope or desire; "his enticements were shameless" blandishment the act of urging by means of teasing or flattery flattery intended to persuade ingratiation the act of gaining acceptance or affection for yourself by persuasive and subtle blandishments; "she refused to use insinuation in order to gain favor" leading astray the act of enticing others into sinful ways seduction enticing someone astray from right behavior an act of winning the love or sexual favor of someone sexual conquest a seduction culminating in sexual intercourse; "calling his seduction of the girl a `score' was a typical example of male slang" cuckoldry the practice of making cuckolds; sexual conquests of married women solicitation the act of enticing a person to do something wrong (as an offer of sex in return for money) request for a sum of money; "an appeal to raise money for starving children" an entreaty addressed to someone of superior status; "a solicitation to the king for relief" choice the act of choosing or selecting; "your choice of colors was unfortunate"; "you can take your pick" the person or thing chosen or selected; "he was my pick for mayor" of superior grade; "choice wines"; "prime beef"; "prize carnations"; "quality paper"; "select peaches" appealing to refined taste; "choice wine" casting the choice of actors to play particular roles in a play or movie the act of throwing a fishing line out over the water by means of a rod and reel coloration choice and use of colors (as by an artist) appearance with regard to color; "her healthy coloration" sampling (statistics) the selection of a suitable sample for study measurement at regular intervals of the amplitude of a varying waveform (in order to convert it to digital form) random sampling the selection of a random sample; each element of the population has an equal chance of being selected lucky dip a selection or decision purely at random; "their system of hiring people seemed to be a sort of lucky dip" a game in which prizes (e.g., candies or coins) are concealed in a container and for a small sum a player can draw one out at random stratified sampling the population is divided into subpopulations (strata) and random samples are taken of each stratum decision the act of making up your mind about something; "the burden of decision was his"; "he drew his conclusions quickly" a position or opinion or judgment reached after consideration; "a decision unfavorable to the opposition"; "his conclusion took the evidence into account"; "satisfied with the panel's determination" the outcome of a game or contest; "the team dropped three decisions in a row" (boxing) a victory won on points when no knockout has occurred; "had little trouble in taking a unanimous decision over his opponent" volition the act of making a choice; "followed my father of my own volition" the capability of conscious choice and decision and intention; "the exercise of their volition we construe as revolt"- George Meredith intention an act of intending; a volition that you intend to carry out; "my intention changed once I saw her" (usually plural) the goal with respect to a marriage proposal; "his intentions are entirely honorable" about-face a major change in attitude or principle or point of view; "an about-face on foreign policy" act of pivoting 180 degrees, especially in a military formation change one's mind and assume the opposite viewpoint turn, usually 180 degrees adulteration the act of adulterating (especially the illicit substitution of one substance for another) being mixed with extraneous material; the product of adulterating nomination the act of officially naming a candidate; "the Republican nomination for Governor" the condition of having been proposed as a suitable candidate for appointment or election; "there was keen competition for the nomination"; "his nomination was hotly protested" assignment the act of distributing something to designated places or persons; "the first task is the assignment of an address to each datum" a duty that you are assigned to perform (especially in the armed forces); "hazardous duty" an undertaking that you have been assigned to do (as by an instructor) the instrument by which a claim or right or interest or property is transferred from one person to another allocation (computer science) the assignment of particular areas of a magnetic disk to particular data or instructions call (sports) the decision made by an umpire or referee; "he was ejected for protesting the call" a visit in an official or professional capacity; "the pastor's calls on his parishioners"; "the salesman's call on a customer" a brief social visit; "senior professors' wives no longer make afternoon calls on newcomers"; "the characters in Henry James' novels are forever paying calls on each other, usually in the parlor of some residence" a telephone connection; "she reported several anonymous calls"; "he placed a phone call to London"; "he heard the phone ringing but didn't want to take the call" an instruction that interrupts the program being executed; "Pascal performs calls by simply giving the name of the routine to be executed" a request; "many calls for Christmas stories"; "not many calls for buggywhips" a demand especially in the phrase "the call of duty" a demand for a show of hands in a card game; "after two raises there was a call" rouse somebody from sleep with a call; "I was called at 5 A.M. this morning" consider or regard as being; "I would not call her beautiful" challenge the sincerity or truthfulness of; "call the speaker on a question of fact" utter in a loud voice or announce; "He called my name"; "The auctioneer called the bids" order, summon, or request for a specific duty or activity, work, role; "He was already called 4 times for jury duty"; "They called him to active military duty" order or request or give a command for; "The unions called a general strike for Sunday" lure by imitating the characteristic call of an animal; "Call ducks" get or try to get into communication (with someone) by telephone; "I tried to call you all night"; "Take two aspirin and call me in the morning" order, request, or command to come; "She was called into the director's office"; "Call the police!" declare in the capacity of an umpire or referee; "call a runner out" challenge (somebody) to make good on a statement; charge with or censure for an offense; "He deserves to be called on that" require the presentation of for redemption before maturation; "Call a bond" ascribe a quality to or give a name of a common noun that reflects a quality; "He called me a bastard"; "She called her children lazy and ungrateful" utter a characteristic note or cry; "bluejays called to one another" send a message or attempt to reach someone by radio, phone, etc.; make a signal to in order to transmit a message; "Hawaii is calling!"; "A transmitter in Samoa was heard calling" read aloud to check for omissions or absentees; "Call roll" indicate a decision in regard to; "call balls and strikes behind the plate" give the calls (to the dancers) for a square dance demand payment of (a loan); "Call a loan" call a meeting; invite or command to meet; "The Wannsee Conference was called to discuss the `Final Solution'"; "The new dean calls meetings every week" make a stop in a harbour; "The ship will call in Honolulu tomorrow" stop or postpone because of adverse conditions, such as bad weather; "call a football game" co-option the act of appointing summarily (with or without the appointee's consent) the selection of a new member (usually by a vote of the existing membership) delegacy the appointment of a delegate ordination the act of ordaining; the act of conferring (or receiving) holy orders; "the rabbi's family was present for his ordination" the status of being ordained to a sacred office recognition designation by the chair granting a person the right to speak in a deliberative body; "he was unable to make his motion because he couldn't get recognition by the chairman" the process of recognizing something or someone by remembering; "a politician whose recall of names was as remarkable as his recognition of faces"; "experimental psychologists measure the elapsed time from the onset of the stimulus to its recognition by the observer" an acceptance (as of a claim) as true and valid; "the recognition of the Rio Grande as a boundary between Mexico and the United States" approval; "give her recognition for trying"; "he was given credit for his work"; "give her credit for trying" the explicit and formal acknowledgement of a government or of the national independence of a country; "territorial disputes were resolved in Guatemala's recognition of Belize in 1991" (biology) the ability of one molecule to attach to another molecule that has a complementary shape; "molecular recognition drives all of biology, for instance, hormone and receptor or antibody-antigen interactions or the organization of molecules into larger biologically active entities" the state or quality of being recognized or acknowledged; "the partners were delighted with the recognition of their work"; "she seems to avoid much in the way of recognition or acknowledgement of feminist work prior to her own" laying on of hands laying hands on a person's head to invoke spiritual blessing in Christian ordination the application of a faith healer's hands to the patient's body move the act of deciding to do something; "he didn't make a move to help"; "his first move was to hire a lawyer" (game) a player's turn to take some action permitted by the rules of the game the act of changing your residence or place of business; "they say that three moves equal one fire" go or proceed from one point to another; "the debate moved from family values to the economy" progress by being changed; "The speech has to go through several more drafts"; "run through your presentation before the meeting" propose formally; in a debate or parliamentary meeting have a turn; make one's move in a game; "Can I go now?" arouse sympathy or compassion in; "Her fate moved us all" move so as to change position, perform a nontranslational motion; "He moved his hand slightly to the right" cause to move or shift into a new position or place, both in a concrete and in an abstract sense; "Move those boxes into the corner, please"; "I'm moving my money to another bank"; "The director moved more responsibilities onto his new assistant" change residence, affiliation, or place of employment; "We moved from Idaho to Nebraska"; "The basketball player moved from one team to another" dispose of by selling; "The chairman of the company told the salesmen to move the computers" live one's life in a specified environment; "she moves in certain circles only" chess move the act of moving a chess piece castle interchanging the positions of the king and a rook a large building formerly occupied by a ruler and fortified against attack (chess) the piece that can move any number of unoccupied squares in a direction parallel to the sides of the chessboard move the king two squares toward a rook and in the same move the rook to the square next past the king en passant (chess) a chess pawn that is moved two squares can be captured by an opponent's pawn commanding the square that was passed exchange (chess) the capture by both players (usually on consecutive moves) of pieces of equal value; "the endgame began after the exchange of queens" (chess) gaining (or losing) a rook in return for a knight or bishop; "black lost the exchange" reciprocal transfer of equivalent sums of money (especially the currencies of different countries); "he earns his living from the interchange of currency" the act of giving something in return for something received; "deductible losses on sales or exchanges of property are allowable" the act of changing one thing for another thing; "Adam was promised immortality in exchange for his disobedience"; "there was an interchange of prisoners" a workplace for buying and selling; open only to members a mutual expression of views (especially an unpleasant one); "they had a bitter exchange" chemical process in which one atom or ion or group changes places with another give to, and receive from, one another; "Would you change places with me?"; "We have been exchanging letters for a year" hand over one and receive another, approximately equivalent; "exchange prisoners"; "exchange employees between branches of the company" discovered check a check on the opponent's king that is delivered by moving a piece out of the line of attack by a queen or rook or bishop checkmate a chess move constituting an inescapable and indefensible attack on the opponent's king complete victory place an opponent's king under an attack from which it cannot escape and thus ending the game; "Kasparov checkmated his opponent after only a few moves" gambit a chess move early in the game in which the player sacrifices minor pieces in order to obtain an advantageous position an opening remark intended to secure an advantage for the speaker demarche a move or step or maneuver in political or diplomatic affairs parking the act of maneuvering a vehicle into a location where it can be left temporarily space in which vehicles can be parked; "there is plenty of parking behind the store" flit a secret move (to avoid paying debts); "they did a moonlight flit" a sudden quick movement move along rapidly and lightly; skim or dart; "The hummingbird flitted among the branches" downshift a change to a lower gear in a car or bicycle a change from a financially rewarding but stressful career to a less well paid but more fulfilling one bank a flight maneuver; aircraft tips laterally about its longitudinal axis (especially in turning); "the plane went into a steep bank" a building in which the business of banking transacted; "the bank is on the corner of Nassau and Witherspoon" an arrangement of similar objects in a row or in tiers; "he operated a bank of switches" a long ridge or pile; "a huge bank of earth" sloping land (especially the slope beside a body of water); "they pulled the canoe up on the bank"; "he sat on the bank of the river and watched the currents" a slope in the turn of a road or track; the outside is higher than the inside in order to reduce the effects of centrifugal force the funds held by a gambling house or the dealer in some gambling games; "he tried to break the bank at Monte Carlo" a supply or stock held in reserve for future use (especially in emergencies) cover with ashes so to control the rate of burning; "bank a fire" enclose with a bank; "bank roads" tip laterally; "the pilot had to bank the aircraft" be in the banking business act as the banker in a game or in gambling do business with a bank or keep an account at a bank; "Where do you bank in this town?" vertical bank a bank so steep that the plane's lateral axis approaches the vertical chandelle a flight maneuver consisting of a steep climbing turn executed to gain altitude while changing direction climb suddenly and steeply; "The airplane chandelled" loop a flight maneuver; aircraft flies a complete circle in the vertical plane an intrauterine device in the shape of a loop a computer program that performs a series of instructions repeatedly until some specified condition is satisfied the basic pattern of the human fingerprint an inner circle of advisors (especially under President Reagan); "he's no longer in the loop" anything with a round or oval shape (formed by a curve that is closed and does not intersect itself) fasten or join with a loop; "He looped the watch through his belt" make a loop in; "loop a rope" fly loops, perform a loop; "the stunt pilot looped his plane" move in loops; "The bicycle looped around the tree" inside loop a loop consisting of a climb followed by inverted flight followed by a dive that returns to horizontal flight outside loop a loop consisting of a dive followed by inverted flight followed by a climb that returns to horizontal flight barrel roll a roll in which the plane follows a spiral course snap roll a fast roll flight maneuver a maneuver executed by an aircraft straight-arm (American football) the act of warding off a tackler by holding the arm fully extended with the hand against the opponent device any clever maneuver; "he would stoop to any device to win a point"; "it was a great sales gimmick"; "a cheap promotions gimmick for greedy businessmen" an instrumentality invented for a particular purpose; "the device is small enough to wear on your wrist"; "a device intended to conserve water" an emblematic design (especially in heraldry); "he was recognized by the device on his shield" any ornamental pattern or design (as in embroidery) something in an artistic work designed to achieve a particular effect mnemonic a device (such as a rhyme or acronym) used to aid recall of or relating to or involved the practice of aiding the memory; "mnemonic device" trick a cunning or deceitful action or device; "he played a trick on me"; "he pulled a fast one and got away with it" an attempt to get you to do something foolish or imprudent; "that offer was a dirty trick" (card games) in a single round, the sequence of cards played by all the players; the high card is the winner a period of work or duty shtik (Yiddish) a devious trick; a bit of cheating; "how did you ever fall for a shtik like that?" (Yiddish) a prank or piece of clowning; "his shtik made us laugh" (Yiddish) a contrived and often used bit of business that a performer uses to steal attention; "play it straight with no shtik" (Yiddish) a little; a piece; "give him a shtik cake"; "he's a shtik crazy"; "he played a shtik Beethoven" feint any distracting or deceptive maneuver (as a mock attack) deceive by a mock action; "The midfielder feinted to shoot" juke (football) a deceptive move made by a football player a small roadside establishment in the southeastern United States where you can eat and drink and dance to music provided by a jukebox footwork skillful maneuvering or dealing; "she needs some fancy footwork to cover all those lies" the manner of using the feet ploy a maneuver in a game or conversation ruse a deceptive maneuver (especially to avoid capture) means thing or person that acts to produce a particular effect or achieve an end; "a means of control"; "an example is the best agency of instruction"; "the true way to success" an instrumentality for accomplishing some end considerable capital (wealth or income); "he is a man of means" dint interchangeable with `means' in the expression `by means of' fast track a rapid means of achieving a goal; "they saw independence as the fast track to democracy"; "he took a fast track to the top of the corporate ladder"; "the company went off the fast track when the stock market dropped" instrument the means whereby some act is accomplished; "my greed was the instrument of my destruction"; "science has given us new tools to fight disease" a device that requires skill for proper use a person used by another to gain an end address a legal document to write an instrumental score for equip with instruments for measuring, recording, or controlling road a way or means to achieve something; "the road to fame" an open way (generally public) for travel or transportation royal road an auspicious way or means to achieve something; "the royal road to success" stepping stone any means of advancement; "the job was just a stepping stone on his way to fame and riches" a stone in a marsh or shallow water that can be stepped on in crossing countermeasure an action taken to offset another action bear hug a takeover bid so attractive that the directors of the target company must approve it or risk shareholder protest a wrestling hold with arms locked tightly around the opponent proxy fight a measure used by an acquirer to gain control of a takeover target; acquirer tries to persuade other shareholders that the management of the target should be replaced leveraged buyout a buyout using borrowed money; the target company's assets are usually security for the loan; "a leveraged buyout by upper management can be used to combat hostile takeover bids" bust-up takeover a leveraged buyout in which the target company's assets are sold to repay the loan that financed the takeover shark repellent a measure undertaken by a corporation to discourage unwanted takeover attempts golden parachute giving top executives lucrative benefits that must be paid by the acquirer if they are discharged after a takeover greenmail (corporation) the practice of purchasing enough shares in a firm to threaten a takeover and thereby forcing the owners to buy those shares back at a premium in order to stay in business pac-man strategy the target company defends itself by threatening to take over its acquirer poison pill the target company defends itself by making its stock less attractive to an acquirer suicide pill a poison pill with potentially catastrophic implications for the company it is intended to protect safe harbor the target company defends itself by acquiring a company so onerously regulated that it makes the target less attractive; "the acquisition gave the company a safe harbor" scorched-earth policy the target company defends itself by selling off its crown jewels diagnostic procedure a procedure followed in making a medical diagnosis expedient a means to an end; not necessarily a principled or ethical one serving to promote your interest; "was merciful only when mercy was expedient" appropriate to a purpose; practical; "in the circumstances it was expedient to express loyalty" backstop a precaution in case of an emergency; "he acted as a backstop in case anything went wrong" (baseball) a fence or screen (as behind home plate) to prevent the ball from traveling out of the playing field act as a backstop emergency procedure (medicine) a procedure adopted to meet an emergency (especially a medical emergency) experimental procedure the specific techniques used in conducting a particular experiment double-blind procedure an experimental procedure in which neither the subjects of the experiment nor the persons administering the experiment know the critical aspects of the experiment; "a double-blind procedure is used to guard against both experimenter bias and placebo effects" makeshift something contrived to meet an urgent need or emergency crutch anything that serves as an expedient; "he uses drugs as a psychological crutch" a wooden or metal staff that fits under the armpit and reaches to the ground; used by disabled person while walking improvisation an unplanned expedient a creation spoken or written or composed extemporaneously (without prior preparation) pis aller an expedient adopted only in desperation; "`pis aller' is French for `worst going'" desperate measure desperate actions taken as a means to an end; "he had to resort to desperate measures" open sesame any very successful means of achieving a result a magical command; used by Ali Baba tooth a means of enforcement; "the treaty had no teeth in it" toothlike structure in invertebrates found in the mouth or alimentary canal or on a shell something resembling the tooth of an animal one of a number of uniform projections on a gear hard bonelike structures in the jaws of vertebrates; used for biting and chewing or for attack and defense voice a means or agency by which something is expressed or communicated; "the voice of the law"; "the Times is not the voice of New York"; "conservatism has many voices" the distinctive quality or pitch or condition of a person's speech; "A shrill voice sounded behind us" the ability to speak; "he lost his voice" the sound made by the vibration of vocal folds modified by the resonance of the vocal tract; "a singer takes good care of his voice"; "the giraffe cannot make any vocalizations" something suggestive of speech in being a medium of expression; "the wee small voice of conscience"; "the voice of experience"; "he said his voices told him to do it" a sound suggestive of a vocal utterance; "the noisy voice of the waterfall"; "the incessant voices of the artillery" (metonymy) a singer; "he wanted to hear trained voices sing it" (linguistics) the grammatical relation (active or passive) of the grammatical subject of a verb to the action that the verb denotes give voice to; "He voiced his concern" utter with vibrating vocal chords wings a means of flight or ascent; "necessity lends wings to inspiration" stylized bird wings worn as an insignia by qualified pilots or air crew members casting lots making a chance decision by using lots (straws or pebbles etc.) that are thrown or drawn adoption the act of accepting with approval; favorable reception; "its adoption by society"; "the proposal found wide acceptance" a legal proceeding that creates a parent-child relation between persons not related by blood; the adopted child is entitled to all privileges belonging to a natural child of the adoptive parents (including the right to inherit) embrace a close affectionate and protective acceptance; "his willing embrace of new ideas"; "in the bosom of the family" the act of clasping another person in the arms (as in greeting or affection) the state of taking in or encircling; "an island in the embrace of the sea" hold (someone) tightly in your arms, usually with fondness; "Hug me, please"; "They embraced"; "He hugged her close to him" include in scope; include as part of something broader; have as one's sphere or territory; "This group encompasses a wide range of people from different backgrounds"; "this should cover everyone in the group" election the act of selecting someone or something; the exercise of deliberate choice; "her election of medicine as a profession" a vote to select the winner of a position or political office; "the results of the election will be announced tonight" the predestination of some individuals as objects of divine mercy (especially as conceived by Calvinists) the status or fact of being elected; "they celebrated his election" reelection election again; "he did not run for reelection" plebiscite a vote by the electorate determining public opinion on a question of national importance referendum a legislative act is referred for final approval to a popular vote by the electorate vote the opinion of a group as determined by voting; "they put the question to a vote" a choice that is made by counting the number of people in favor of each alternative; "there were only 17 votes in favor of the motion"; "they allowed just one vote per person" the total number of voters who participated; "they are expecting a large vote" a body of voters who have the same interests; "he failed to get the Black vote" express one's preference for a candidate or for a measure or resolution; cast a vote; "He voted for the motion"; "None of the Democrats voted last night" bring into existence or make available by vote; "They voted aid for the underdeveloped countries in Asia" express a choice or opinion; "I vote that we all go home"; "She voted for going to the Chinese restaurant" express one's choice or preference by vote; "vote the Democratic ticket" be guided by in voting; "vote one's conscience" general election a national or state election; candidates are chosen in all constituencies primary a preliminary election where delegates or nominees are chosen one of the main flight feathers projecting along the outer edge of a bird's wing (astronomy) a celestial body (especially a star) relative to other objects in orbit around it not derived from or reducible to something else; basic; "a primary instinct" of first rank or importance or value; direct and immediate rather than secondary; "primary goals"; "a primary effect"; "primary sources"; "a primary interest" direct primary a primary where voters directly select the candidates who will run for office closed primary a primary in which only registered members of a particular political party can vote; "closed primaries strengthen party unity" open primary a primary in which any registered voter can vote (but must vote for candidates of only one party) by-election a special election between regular elections runoff a final election to resolve an earlier election that did not produce a winner block vote a vote proportional in magnitude to the number of people that a delegate represents cumulative vote an election in which each person has as many votes as there are positions to be filled and they can all be cast for one candidate or can be distributed in any manner secret ballot a vote in which each person's choice is secret but the totaled votes are public split ticket a ballot cast by a voter who votes for candidates from more than one party straight ticket a ballot cast by a voter who votes for all the candidates of one party multiple voting the act of voting in more than one place by the same person at the same election (illegal in U.S.) casting vote the deciding vote cast by the presiding officer to resolve a tie reconciliation getting two things to correspond; "the reconciliation of his checkbook and the bank statement" the reestablishing of cordial relations equation the act of regarding as equal a mathematical statement that two expressions are equal breech delivery delivery of an infant whose feet or buttocks appear first frank breech position of a fetus in which the buttocks are present at the maternal pelvic outlet cesarean delivery the delivery of a fetus by surgical incision through the abdominal wall and uterus (from the belief that Julius Caesar was born that way) forceps delivery delivery in which forceps are inserted through the vagina and used to grasp the head of the fetus and pull it through the birth canal; since the forceps can injure the fetus this procedure has generally given way to cesarean deliveries midwifery assisting women at childbirth score the act of scoring in a game or sport; "the winning score came with less than a minute left to play" the facts about an actual situation; "he didn't know the score" a written form of a musical composition; parts for different instruments appear on separate staves on large pages; "he studied the score of the sonata" a set of twenty members; "a score were sent out but only one returned" grounds; "don't do it on my account"; "the paper was rejected on account of its length"; "he tried to blame the victim but his success on that score was doubtful" a number that expresses the accomplishment of a team or an individual in a game or contest; "the score was 7 to 0" a slight surface cut (especially a notch that is made to keep a tally) an amount due (as at a restaurant or bar); "add it to my score and I'll settle later" make underscoring marks gain points in a game; "The home team scored many times"; "He hit a home run"; "He hit .300 in the past season" get a certain number or letter indicating quality or performance; "She scored high on the SAT"; "He scored a 200" make small marks into the surface of; "score the clay before firing it" write a musical score for bowling score the score in a bowling match bull's eye in target shooting: a score made by hitting the center of the target; "in repeated sets of five shots his numbers of bull's-eyes varied" the center of a target goal a successful attempt at scoring; "the winning goal came with less than a minute left to play" game equipment consisting of the place toward which players of a game try to advance a ball or puck in order to score points the state of affairs that a plan is intended to achieve and that (when achieved) terminates behavior intended to achieve it; "the ends justify the means" own goal (soccer) a goal that results when a player inadvertently knocks the ball into the goal he is defending; "the own goal cost them the game" spare a score in tenpins; knocking down all ten after rolling two balls use frugally or carefully give up what is not strictly needed; "he asked if they could spare one of their horses to speed his journey" refrain from harming save or relieve from an experience or action; "I'll spare you from having to apologize formally" thin and fit; "the spare figure of a marathon runner"; "a body kept trim by exercise" kept in reserve especially for emergency use; "a reserve supply of food"; "a spare tire"; "spare parts" not taken up by scheduled activities; "a free hour between classes"; "spare time on my hands" open frame any frame in which a bowler fails to make a strike or spare; "the break in the eighth frame cost him the match" audible a football play is changed orally after both teams have assumed their positions at the line of scrimmage heard or perceptible by the ear; "he spoke in an audible whisper" football score the score in a football game touchback (American football) a play in which the opposing team has kicked the football into your end zone safety a score in American football; a player is tackled behind his own goal line a safe place; "He ran to safety" the state of being certain that adverse effects will not be caused by some agent under defined conditions; "insure the safety of the children"; "the reciprocal of safety is risk" touchdown a score in American football; being in possession of the ball across the opponents' goal line a landing (as the wheels touch the landing field); especially of airplanes field goal a score in American football; a score made by kicking the ball between the opponents' goal posts point after in American football a point awarded for a successful place kick following a touchdown baseball score the score of a baseball game run a score in baseball made by a runner touching all four bases safely; "the Yankees scored 3 runs in the bottom of the 9th"; "their first tally came in the 3rd inning" the act of running; traveling on foot at a fast pace; "he broke into a run"; "his daily run keeps him fit" a regular trip; "the ship made its run in record time" a short trip; "take a run into town" (American football) a play in which a player attempts to carry the ball through or past the opposing team; "the defensive line braced to stop the run"; "the coach put great emphasis on running" an unbroken chronological sequence; "the play had a long run on Broadway"; "the team enjoyed a brief run of victories" a row of unravelled stitches; "she got a run in her stocking" the production achieved during a continuous period of operation (of a machine or factory etc.); "a daily run of 100,000 gallons of paint" unrestricted freedom to use; "he has the run of the house" the continuous period of time during which something (a machine or a factory) operates or continues in operation; "the assembly line was on a 12-hour run" become undone; "the sweater unraveled" cause to perform; "run a subject"; "run a process" change from one state to another; "run amok"; "run rogue"; "run riot" be operating, running or functioning; "The car is still running--turn it off!" carry out; "run an errand" cover by running; run a certain distance; "She ran 10 miles that day" move fast by using one's feet, with one foot off the ground at any given time; "Don't run--you'll be out of breath"; "The children ran to the store" travel rapidly, by any (unspecified) means; "Run to the store!"; "She always runs to Italy, because she has a lover there" run with the ball; in such sports as football keep company; "the heifers run with the bulls to produce offspring" sail before the wind be diffused; "These dyes and colors are guaranteed not to run" move along, of liquids; "Water flowed into the cave"; "the Missouri feeds into the Mississippi" cause an animal to move fast; "run the dogs" move about freely and without restraint, or act as if running around in an uncontrolled way; "who are these people running around in the building?"; "She runs around telling everyone of her troubles"; "let the dogs run free" deal in illegally, such as arms or liquor set animals loose to graze make without a miss carry out a process or program, as on a computer or a machine; "Run the dishwasher"; "run a new program on the Mac"; "the computer executed the instruction" occur persistently; "Musical talent runs in the family" extend or continue for a certain period of time; "The film runs 5 hours" stretch out over a distance, space, time, or scope; run or extend between two points or beyond a certain point; "Service runs all the way to Cranbury"; "His knowledge doesn't go very far"; "My memory extends back to my fourth year of life"; "The facts extend beyond a consideration of her personal assets" cause something to pass or lead somewhere; "Run the wire behind the cabinet" be affected by; be subjected to; "run a temperature"; "run a risk" have a particular form; "the story or argument runs as follows"; "as the saying goes..." earned run a run that was not scored as the result of an error by the other team unearned run a run that was scored as a result of an error by the other team run batted in a run that is the result of the batter's performance; "he had more than 100 rbi last season" basketball score the score in a basketball game basket a score in basketball made by throwing the ball through the hoop a container that is usually woven and has handles horizontal circular metal hoop supporting a net through which players try to throw the basketball the quantity contained in a basket hat trick (sports) three consecutive scores by one player or three scores in one game (as in cricket or ice hockey etc.) solution the successful action of solving a problem; "the solution took three hours" a method for solving a problem; "the easy solution is to look it up in the handbook" a statement that solves a problem or explains how to solve the problem; "they were trying to find a peaceful solution"; "the answers were in the back of the book"; "he computed the result to four decimal places" the set of values that give a true statement when substituted into an equation a homogeneous mixture of two or more substances; frequently (but not necessarily) a liquid solution; "he used a solution of peroxide and water" Russian roulette a stunt in which you spin the cylinder of a revolver that is loaded with only one bullet and then point the muzzle at your head and pull the trigger change the action of changing something; "the change of government had no impact on the economy"; "his change on abortion cost him the election" a different or fresh set of clothes; "she brought a change in her overnight bag" a thing that is different; "he inspected several changes before selecting one" an event that occurs when something passes from one state or phase to another; "the change was intended to increase sales"; "this storm is certainly a change for the worse"; "the neighborhood had undergone few modifications since his last visit years ago" the result of alteration or modification; "there were marked changes in the lining of the lungs"; "there had been no change in the mountains" money received in return for its equivalent in a larger denomination or a different currency; "he got change for a twenty and used it to pay the taxi driver" the balance of money received when the amount you tender is greater than the amount due; "I paid with a twenty and pocketed the change" coins of small denomination regarded collectively; "he had a pocketful of change" a relational difference between states; especially between states before and after some event; "he attributed the change to their marriage" undergo a change; become different in essence; losing one's or its original nature; "She changed completely as she grew older"; "The weather changed last night" become different in some particular way, without permanently losing one's or its former characteristics or essence; "her mood changes in accordance with the weather"; "The supermarket's selection of vegetables varies according to the season" cause to change; make different; cause a transformation; "The advent of the automobile may have altered the growth pattern of the city"; "The discussion has changed my thinking about the issue" exchange or replace with another, usually of the same kind or category; "Could you convert my dollars into pounds?"; "He changed his name"; "convert centimeters into inches"; "convert holdings into shares" remove or replace the coverings of; "Father had to learn how to change the baby"; "After each guest we changed the bed linens" change clothes; put on different clothes; "Change before you go to the opera" filtration the act of changing a fluid by passing it through a filter the process whereby fluids pass through a filter or a filtering medium percolation the filtration of a liquid for extraction or purification the act of making coffee in a percolator the slow passage of a liquid through a filtering medium; "the percolation of rainwater through the soil"; "the infiltration of seawater through the lava" reduction the act of reducing complexity any process in which electrons are added to an atom or ion (as by removing oxygen or adding hydrogen); always occurs accompanied by oxidation of the reducing agent schematization the act of reducing to a scheme or formula providing a chart or outline of a system economy an act of economizing; reduction in cost; "it was a small economy to walk to work every day"; "there was a saving of 50 cents" frugality in the expenditure of money or resources; "the Scots are famous for their economy" the efficient use of resources; "economy of effort" the system of production and distribution and consumption retrenchment the reduction of expenditures in order to become financially stable entrenchment consisting of an additional interior fortification to prolong the defense economy of scale the saving in cost of production that is due to mass production accommodation (physiology) the automatic adjustment in focal length of the natural lens of the eye the act of providing something (lodging or seat or food) to meet a need living quarters provided for public convenience; "overnight accommodations are available" in the theories of Jean Piaget: the modification of internal representations in order to accommodate a changing knowledge of reality a settlement of differences; "they reached an accommodation with Japan" adaptation (physiology) the responsive adjustment of a sense organ (as the eye) to varying conditions (as of light) a written work (as a novel) that has been recast in a new form; "the play is an adaptation of a short novel" the process of adapting to something (such as environmental conditions) dark adaptation the process of adjusting the eyes to low levels of illumination; cones adapt first; rods continue to adapt for up to four hours light adaptation the process of adjusting the eyes to relatively high levels of illumination; the pupil constricts and the cones system is operative take-up the action of taking up as by tightening or absorption or reeling in any of various devices for reducing slack (as in a sewing machine) or taking up motion (as in a loom); "a take-up that winds photographic film on a spool" readjustment the act of adjusting again (to changed circumstances) domestication accommodation to domestic life; "her explorer husband resisted all her attempts at domestication" adaptation to intimate association with human beings decimalization the act of changing to a decimal system; "the decimalization of British currency" metrification the act of changing from imperial units of measurement to metric units: meters, grams, seconds writing a metrical composition (or the metrical structure of a composition) habituation a general accommodation to unchanging environmental conditions variation an activity that varies from a norm or standard; "any variation in his routine was immediately reported" the act of changing or altering something slightly but noticeably from the norm or standard; "who is responsible for these variations in taxation?" an artifact that deviates from a norm or standard; "he patented a variation on the sandal" a repetition of a musical theme in which it is modified or embellished an instance of change; the rate or magnitude of change (astronomy) any perturbation of the mean motion or orbit of a planet or satellite (especially a perturbation of the earth's moon) the process of varying or being varied turning act of changing in practice or custom; "the law took many turnings over the years" the activity of shaping something on a lathe the end-product created by shaping something on a lathe a movement in a new direction; "the turning of the wind" a shaving created when something is produced by turning it on a lathe diversification the act of introducing variety (especially in investments or in the variety of goods and services offered); "my broker recommended a greater diversification of my investments"; "he limited his losses by diversification of his product line" the condition of being varied; "that restaurant's menu lacks diversification; every day it is the same" flux in constant change; "his opinions are in flux"; "the newness and flux of the computer industry" a flow or discharge a state of uncertainty about what should be done (usually following some important event) preceding the establishment of a new direction of action; "the flux following the death of the emperor" excessive discharge of liquid from a cavity or organ (as in watery diarrhea) a substance added to molten metals to bond with impurities that can then be readily removed the rate of flow of energy or particles across a given surface switch the act of changing one thing or position for another; "his switch on abortion cost him the election" a basketball maneuver; two defensive players shift assignments so that each guards the player usually guarded by the other a flexible implement used as an instrument of punishment control consisting of a mechanical or electrical or electronic device for making or breaking or changing the connections in a circuit railroad track having two movable rails and necessary connections; used to turn a train from one track to another or to store rolling stock hairpiece consisting of a tress of false hair; used by women to give shape to a coiffure make a shift in or exchange of; "First Joe led; then we switched" lay aside, abandon, or leave for another; "switch to a different brand of beer"; "She switched psychiatrists"; "The car changed lanes" flog with or as if with a flexible rod switcheroo a sudden unexpected switch substitution the act of putting one thing or person in the place of another: "he sent Smith in for Jones but the substitution came too late to help" an event in which one thing is substituted for another; "the replacement of lost blood by a transfusion of donor blood" novation (law) the replacement of one obligation by another by mutual agreement of both parties; usually the replacement of one of the original parties to a contract with the consent of the remaining party pitching change replacing a pitcher in baseball superannuation the act of discharging someone because of age (especially to cause someone to retire from service on a pension) supersedure act of replacing one person or thing by another especially one held to be superior supplanting act of taking the place of another especially using underhanded tactics replacement the act of furnishing an equivalent person or thing in the place of another; "replacing the star will not be easy" subrogation (law) the act of substituting of one creditor for another weaning the act of substituting other food for the mother's milk in the diet of a child or young mammal promotion act of raising in rank or position a message issued in behalf of some product or cause or idea or person or institution; "the packaging of new ideas" encouragement of the progress or growth or acceptance of something preferment the act of preferring; "the preferment went to the younger candidate" the act of making accusations; "preferment of charges" demotion act of lowering in rank or position investment the ceremonial act of clothing someone in the insignia of an office; the formal promotion of a person to an office or rank the act of putting on robes or vestments outer layer or covering of an organ or part or organism the commitment of something other than money (time, energy, or effort) to a project with the expectation of some worthwhile result; "this job calls for the investment of some hard thinking"; "he made an emotional investment in the work" money that is invested with an expectation of profit change of state the act of changing something into something different in essential characteristics alteration the act of making something different (as e.g. the size of a garment) distraction the act of distracting; drawing someone's attention away from something; "conjurers are experts at misdirection" mental turmoil; "he drives me to distraction" an obstacle to attention aeration the act of charging a liquid with a gas making it effervescent the process of exposing to air (so as to purify); "the aeration of the soil" modulation the act of modifying or adjusting according to due measure and proportion (as with regard to artistic effect) (electronics) the transmission of a signal by using it to vary a carrier wave; changing the carrier's amplitude or frequency or phase a manner of speaking in which the loudness or pitch or tone of the voice is modified qualification the act of modifying or changing the strength of some idea; "his new position involves a qualification of his party's platform" an attribute that must be met or complied with and that fits a person for something; "her qualifications for the job are excellent"; "one of the qualifications for admission is an academic degree"; "she has the makings of fine musician" reorganization an extensive alteration of the structure of a corporation or government; "after the takeover there was a thorough reorganization"; "the reorganization was prescribed by federal bankruptcy laws" the imposition of a new organization; organizing differently (often involving extensive and drastic changes); "a committee was appointed to oversee the reorganization of the curriculum"; "top officials were forced out in the cabinet shakeup" passage the act of passing from one state or place to the next a journey usually by ship; "the outward passage took 10 days" the act of passing something to another person a bodily reaction of changing from one place or stage to another; "the passage of air from the lungs"; "the passing of flatus" a way through or along which someone or something may pass a path or channel or duct through or along which something may pass; "the nasal passages" a section of text; particularly a section of medium length a short section of a musical composition fossilization becoming inflexible or out of date the process of fossilizing a plant or animal that existed in some earlier age; the process of being turned to stone segue the act of changing smoothly from one state or situation to another proceed without interruption; in music or talk; "He segued into another discourse" meddling the act of altering something secretly or improperly transfer the act of transfering something from one form to another; "the transfer of the music from record to tape suppressed much of the background noise" transferring ownership application of a skill learned in one situation to a different but similar situation a ticket that allows a passenger to change conveyances someone who transfers or is transferred from one position to another; "the best student was a transfer from LSU" transfer from one place or period to another; "The ancient Greek story was transplanted into Modern America" move around; "transfer the packet from his trouser pockets to a pocket in his jacket" change from one vehicle or transportation line to another; "She changed in Chicago on her way to the East coast" cause to change ownership; "I transferred my stock holdings to my children" move from one place to another; "transfer the data"; "transmit the news"; "transfer the patient to another hospital" transfer somebody to a different position or location of work prohibition the action of prohibiting or inhibiting or forbidding (or an instance thereof); "they were restrained by a prohibition in their charter"; "a medical inhibition of alcoholic beverages"; "he ignored his parents' forbiddance" a law forbidding the sale of alcoholic beverages; "in 1920 the 18th amendment to the Constitution established prohibition in the US" a decree that prohibits something refusal to approve or assent to the period from 1920 to 1933 when the sale of alcoholic beverages was prohibited in the United States by a constitutional amendment resistance the action of opposing something that you disapprove or disagree with; "he encountered a general feeling of resistance from many citizens"; "despite opposition from the newspapers he went ahead" the military action of resisting the enemy's advance; "the enemy offered little resistance" group action in opposition to those in power (psychiatry) an unwillingness to bring repressed feelings into conscious awareness the degree of unresponsiveness of a disease-causing microorganism to antibiotics or other drugs (as in penicillin-resistant bacteria) any mechanical force that tends to retard or oppose motion the capacity of an organism to defend itself against harmful environmental agents; "these trees are widely planted because of their resistance to salt and smog" lockout a management action resisting employee's demands; employees are barred from entering the workplace until they agree to terms reaction doing something in opposition to another way of doing it that you don't like; "his style of painting was a reaction against cubism" a bodily process occurring due to the effect of some antecedent stimulus or agent; "a bad reaction to the medicine"; "his responses have slowed with age" an idea evoked by some experience; "his reaction to the news was to start planning what to do" extreme conservatism in political or social matters; "the forces of reaction carried the election" a response that reveals a person's feelings or attitude; "he was pleased by the audience's reaction to his performance"; "John feared his mother's reaction when she saw the broken lamp" (mechanics) the equal and opposite force that is produced when any force is applied to a body; "every action has an equal and opposite reaction" backlash an adverse reaction to some political or social occurrence; "there was a backlash of intolerance" whitelash backlash by white racists against black civil rights advances rejection the act of rejecting something; "his proposals were met with rejection" the speech act of rejecting (medicine) an immunological response that refuses to accept substances or organisms that are recognized as foreign; "rejection of the transplanted liver" the state of being rejected brush-off a curt or disdainful rejection avoidance deliberately avoiding; keeping away from or preventing from happening aversion the act of turning yourself (or your gaze) away; "averting her gaze meant that she was angry" near thing something that barely avoids failure or disaster apostasy the act of abandoning a party for cause the state of having rejected your religious beliefs or your political party or a cause (often in favor of opposing beliefs or causes) bolt a sudden abandonment (as from a political party) a screw that screws into a nut to form a fastener the part of a lock that is engaged or withdrawn with a key a sliding bar in a breech-loading firearm that ejects an empty cartridge and replaces it and closes the breech a roll of cloth or wallpaper of a definite length make or roll into bolts; "bolt fabric" swallow hastily secure or lock with a bolt; "bolt the door" move or jump suddenly; "She bolted from her seat" renunciation the act of renouncing; sacrificing or giving up or surrendering (a possession or right or title or privilege etc.) an act (spoken or written) declaring that something is surrendered or disowned nonacceptance the act of refusing an offer; "the turndown was polite but very firm" forsaking the act of forsaking abnegation renunciation of your own interests in favor of the interests of others the denial and rejection of a doctrine or belief; "abnegation of the Holy Trinity" forfeit the act of losing or surrendering something as a penalty for a mistake or fault or failure to perform etc. a penalty for a fault or mistake that involves losing or giving up something; "the contract specified forfeits if the work was not completed on time" something that is lost or surrendered as a penalty lose (s.th.) or lose the right to (s.th.) by some error, offense, or crime; "you've forfeited your right to name your successor"; "forfeited property" boycott a group's refusal to have commercial dealings with some organization in protest against its policies refuse to sponsor; refuse to do business with banishment rejection by means of an act of banishing or proscribing someone the state of being banished or ostracized (excluded from society by general consent); "the association should get rid of its elderly members--not by euthanasia, of course, but by Coventry" anathematization the formal act of pronouncing (someone or something) accursed disbarment the act of expelling a lawyer from the practice of law ejection the act of forcing out someone or something; "the ejection of troublemakers by the police"; "the child's expulsion from school" deportation the expulsion from a country of an undesirable alien ostracism the act of excluding someone from society by general consent barring the act of excluding someone by a negative vote or veto exile the act of expelling a person from their native land; "men in exile dream of hope"; "his deportation to a penal colony"; "the expatriation of wealthy farmers"; "the sentence was one of transportation for life" a person who is expelled from home or country by authority a person who is voluntarily absent from home or country; "American expatriates" Babylonian Captivity the deportation of the Jews to Babylonia by Nebuchadnezzar in 586 BC excommunication the act of banishing a member of a church from the communion of believers and the privileges of the church; cutting a person off from a religious society the state of being excommunicated relegation mild banishment; consignment to an inferior position; "he has been relegated to a post in Siberia" the act of assigning (someone or something) to a particular class or category rustication banishment into the country temporary dismissal of a student from a university the action of retiring to and living in the country the construction of masonry or brickwork in a rustic manner the condition naturally attaching to life in the country ouster the act of ejecting someone or forcing them out a wrongful dispossession a person who ousts or supplants someone else deposition the act of deposing someone; removing a powerful person from a position or office (law) a pretrial interrogation of a witness; usually conducted in a lawyer's office the natural process of laying down a deposit of something suspension a temporary debarment (from a privilege or position etc) the act of suspending something (hanging it from above so it moves freely); "there was a small ceremony for the hanging of the portrait" a mechanical system of springs or shock absorbers connecting the wheels and axles to the chassis of a wheeled vehicle an interruption in the intensity or amount of something a mixture in which fine particles are suspended in a fluid where they are supported by buoyancy displacement act of removing from office or employment to move something from its natural environment (psychiatry) a defense mechanism that transfers affect or reaction from the original object to some more acceptable one (chemistry) a reaction in which an elementary substance displaces and sets free a constituent element from a compound veto a vote that blocks a decision the power or right to prohibit or reject a proposed or intended act (especially the power of a chief executive to reject a bill passed by the legislature) vote against; refuse to endorse; refuse to assent; "The President vetoed the bill" pocket veto indirect veto of legislation by refusing to sign it write-in a vote cast by writing in the name of a candidate who is not listed on the ballot termination the act of ending something; "the termination of the agreement" a coming to an end of a contract period; "the expiry of his driver's license" finish the act of finishing; "his best finish in a major tournament was third"; "the speaker's finishing was greeted with applause" (wine tasting) the taste of a wine on the back of the tongue (as it is swallowed); "the wine has a nutty flavor and a pleasant finish" the downfall of someone (as of persons on one side of a conflict); "booze will be the finish of him"; "it was a fight to the finish" designated event that concludes a contest (especially a race); "excitement grew as the finish neared"; "my horse was several lengths behind at the finish"; "the winner is the team with the most points at the finish" the place designated as the end (as of a race or journey); "a crowd assembled at the finish"; "he was nearly exhausted as their destination came into view" cause to finish a relationship with somebody; "That finished me with Mary" provide with a finish; "The carpenter finished the table beautifully"; "this shirt is not finished properly" finale the concluding part of any performance the closing section of a musical composition release (music) the act or manner of terminating a musical phrase or tone a formal written statement of relinquishment activity that frees or expresses creative energy or emotion; "she had no other outlet for her feelings"; "he gave vent to his anger" merchandise issued for sale or public showing (especially a record or film); "a new release from the London Symphony Orchestra" a device that when pressed will release part of a mechanism a process that liberates or discharges something; "there was a sudden release of oxygen"; "the release of iodine from the thyroid gland" release (gas or energy) as a result of a chemical reaction or physical decomposition part with a possession or right; "I am relinquishing my bedroom to the long-term house guest"; "resign a claim to the throne" completion a concluding action (American football) a successful forward pass in football finalization the act of finalizing follow-through carrying some project or intention to full completion; "I appreciated his follow-through on his promise" the act of carrying a stroke to its natural completion; "his follow-through was straight down the line toward the target"; "squash can be dangerous if your opponent has a long follow-through" graduation the successful completion of a program of study a line (as on a vessel or ruler) that marks a measurement; "the ruler had 16 graduations per inch" hibernation the act of retiring into inactivity; "he emerged from his hibernation to make his first appearance in several years" cessation from or slowing of activity during the winter; especially slowing of metabolism in some animals the torpid or resting state in which some animals pass the winter swan song a final performance or effort (especially before retirement) relinquishment the act of giving up and abandoning a struggle or task etc. a verbal act of renouncing a claim or right or position etc. cession the act of ceding handover act of relinquishing property or authority etc; "the handover of occupied territory" surrender the delivery of a principal into lawful custody give up or agree to forgo to the power or possession of another; "The last Taleban fighters finally surrendered" relinquish possession or control over; "The squatters had to surrender the building after the police moved in" extradition the surrender of an accused or convicted person by one state or country to another (usually under the provisions of a statute or treaty) exemption an act exempting someone; "he was granted immunity from prosecution" a deduction allowed to a taxpayer because of his status (having certain dependents or being blind or being over 65 etc.); "additional exemptions are allowed for each dependent" immunity from an obligation or duty fix an exemption granted after influence (e.g., money) is brought to bear; "collusion resulted in tax fixes for gamblers" something craved, especially an intravenous injection of a narcotic drug; "she needed a fix of chocolate" informal terms for a difficult situation; "he got into a terrible fix"; "he made a muddle of his marriage" make ready or suitable or equip in advance for a particular purpose or for some use, event, etc; "Get the children ready for school!"; "prepare for war"; "I was fixing to leave town after I paid the hotel bill" kill, preserve, and harden (tissue) in order to prepare for microscopic study set or place definitely; "Let's fix the date for the party!" influence an event or its outcome by illegal means; "fix a race" official immunity personal immunity accorded to a public official from liability to anyone injured by actions that are the consequence of exerting official authority sovereign immunity an exemption that precludes bringing a suit against the sovereign government without the government's consent; "the doctrine of sovereign immunity originated with the maxim that the king can do no wrong" transactional immunity a broader form of use immunity that also protects the witness from any prosecution brought about relating to transactions to which they gave testimony use immunity an exemption that displaces the privilege against self-incrimination; neither compelled testimony or any fruits of it can be used against the witness who therefore can no longer fear self-incrimination dissolution the termination or disintegration of a relationship (between persons or nations) separation into component parts splitsville separation or breakup or divorce; "after 15 years together they are headed for splitsville" overthrow the termination of a ruler or institution (especially by force) cause the downfall of; of rulers; "The Czar was overthrown"; "subvert the ruling class" subversion the act of subverting; as overthrowing or destroying a legally constituted government adjournment the termination of a meeting the act of postponing to another time or place dismissal the termination of someone's employment (leaving them free to depart) permission to go; the sending away of someone official notice that you have been fired from your job conge an abrupt and unceremonious dismissal formal permission to depart; "he gave me his conge" (architecture) a concave molding removal dismissal from office the act of removing; "he had surgery for the removal of a malignancy" purge an abrupt or sudden removal of a person or group from an organization or place; "he died in a purge by Stalin" an act of removing by cleansing; ridding of sediment or other undesired elements the act of clearing yourself (or another) from some stigma or charge excrete or evacuate (someone's bowels or body); "The doctor decided that the patient must be purged" rid of impurities; "purge the water"; "purge your mind" clear of a charge oust politically; "Deng Xiao Ping was purged several times throughout his lifetime" destruction the termination of something by causing so much damage to it that it cannot be repaired or no longer exists an event (or the result of an event) that completely destroys something disaster an act that has disastrous consequences kill the destruction of an enemy plane or ship or tank or missile; "the pilot reported two kills during the mission" the body of an animal, or bodies of animals, killed by a person or another animal destroy a vitally essential quality of or in; "Eating artichokes kills the taste of all other foods" cause to cease operating; "kill the engine" tire out completely; "The daily stress of her work is killing her" mark for deletion, rub off, or erase; "kill these lines in the President's speech" cause to die; put to death, usually intentionally or knowingly; "This man killed several people when he tried to rob a bank"; "The farmer killed a pig for the holidays" cause the death of, without intention; "She was killed in the collision of three cars" deprive of life; "AIDS has killed thousands in Africa" hit with great force; "He killed the ball" hit with so much force as to make a return impossible, in racket games; "She killed the ball" overwhelm with hilarity, pleasure, or admiration; "The comedian was so funny, he was killing me!" be the source of great pain for; "These new shoes are killing me!" thwart the passage of; "kill a motion"; "he shot down the student's proposal" be fatal; "cigarettes kill"; "drunken driving kills" laying waste destruction achieved by causing something to be wrecked or ruined razing complete destruction of a building the event of a structure being completely demolished and leveled annihilation destruction by annihilating something total destruction; "bomb tests resulted in the annihilation of the atoll" decimation destroying or killing a large part of the population (literally every tenth person as chosen by lot) atomization annihilation by reducing something to atoms separating something into fine particles pulverization annihilation by pulverizing something vaporization annihilation by vaporizing something the process of becoming a vapor killing the act of terminating a life an event that causes someone to die a very large profit very funny; "a killing joke"; "sidesplitting antics" deathblow the blow that kills (usually mercifully) death the act of killing; "he had two deaths on his conscience" the event of dying or departure from life; "her death came as a terrible shock"; "upon your decease the capital will pass to your grandchildren" the permanent end of all life functions in an organism or part of an organism; "the animal died a painful death" the absence of life or state of being dead; "he seemed more content in death than he had ever been in life" the time at which life ends; continuing until dead; "she stayed until his death"; "a struggle to the last" the time when something ends; "it was the death of all his plans"; "a dying of old hopes" drive-by killing homicide committed by shooting from a moving automobile euthanasia the act of killing someone painlessly (especially someone suffering from an incurable illness) homicide the killing of a human being by another human being honor killing an ancient tradition still sometimes observed; a male member of the family kills a female relative for tarnishing the family image manslaughter homicide without malice aforethought murder unlawful premeditated killing of a human being by a human being kill intentionally and with premeditation; "The mafia boss ordered his enemies murdered" assassination murder of a public figure by surprise attack bloodshed the shedding of blood resulting in murder; "he avenged the bloodshed of his kinsmen" chance-medley an unpremeditated killing of a human being in self defense contract killing a murder carried out on agreement with a hired killer parricide the murder of your own father or mother someone who kills his or her parent mariticide the murder of a husband by his wife matricide the murder of your mother a person who murders their mother patricide the murder of your father a person who murders their father fratricide the murder of your sibling a person who murders their brother or sister uxoricide the murder of a wife by her husband a husband who murders his wife filicide the murder of your own son or daughter a parent who murders his own son or daughter fell the act of felling something (as a tree) seam made by turning under or folding together and stitching the seamed materials to avoid rough edges cause to fall by or as if by delivering a blow; "strike down a tree"; "Lightning struck down the hikers" sew a seam by folding the edges suicide the act of killing yourself; "it is a crime to commit suicide" a person who kills himself intentionally self-destruction the act of destroying yourself; "his insistence was pure self-destruction" assisted suicide suicide of a terminally ill person that involves an assistant who serves to make dying as painless and dignified as possible physician-assisted suicide assisted suicide where the assistant is a physician felo-de-se an act of deliberate self destruction harakiri ritual suicide by self-disembowelment on a sword; practiced by samurai in the traditional Japanese society suttee the act of a Hindu widow willingly cremating herself on the funeral pyre of her dead husband elimination the murder of a competitor the act of removing or getting rid of something the act of removing an unknown mathematical quantity by combining equations analysis of a problem into alternative possibilities followed by the systematic rejection of unacceptable alternatives the bodily process of discharging waste matter slaughter the killing of animals (as for food) the savage and excessive killing of many people bloodbath indiscriminate slaughter; "a bloodbath took place when the leaders of the plot surrendered"; "ten days after the bloodletting Hitler gave the action its name"; "the valley is no stranger to bloodshed and murder"; "a huge prison battue was ordered" lynching putting a person to death by mob action without due process of law poisoning the act of giving poison to a person or animal with the intent to kill the physiological state produced by a poison or other toxic substance gassing the deliberate act of poisoning some person or animal with gas the process of interacting with gas regicide the act of killing a king someone who commits regicide; the killer of a king drive-by shooting shooting someone from a car as it is driven past the victim wing shooting shooting game birds that are flying (on the wing) suffocation killing by depriving of oxygen the condition of being deprived of oxygen (as by having breathing stopped); "asphyxiation is sometimes used as a form of torture" choking the act of suffocating (someone) by constricting the windpipe; "no evidence that the choking was done by the accused" a condition caused by blocking the airways to the lungs (as with food or swelling of the larynx) spasm (pathology) sudden constriction of a hollow organ (as a blood vessel) a painful and involuntary muscular contraction squeeze the act of forcing yourself (or being forced) into or through a restricted space; "getting through that small opening was a tight squeeze" the act of gripping and pressing firmly; "he gave her cheek a playful squeeze" a twisting squeeze; "gave the wet cloth a wring" (slang) a person's girlfriend or boyfriend; "she was his main squeeze" a situation in which increased costs cannot be passed on to the customer; "increased expenses put a squeeze on profits" press firmly; "He squeezed my hand" bronchospasm a spasm of the bronchi that makes exhalation difficult and noisy; associated with asthma and bronchitis cardiospasm a spasm of the cardiac sphincter (between the esophagus and the stomach); if the cardiac sphincter does not relax during swallowing the passage of food into the stomach is obstructed laryngismus laryngeal spasm caused by the sudden contraction of laryngeal muscles strangulation (pathology) constriction of a body part so as to cut off the flow of blood or other fluid; "strangulation of the intestine" the condition of having respiration stopped by compression of the air passage carjacking the violent theft of an occupied car hecatomb a great sacrifice; an ancient Greek or Roman sacrifice of 100 oxen immolation killing or offering as a sacrifice electrocution killing by electric shock execution by electricity decapitation killing by cutting off the head execution by cutting off the victim's head abolition the act of abolishing a system or practice or institution (especially abolishing slavery); "the abolition of capital punishment" liquidation termination of a business operation by using its assets to discharge its liabilities viatical settlement sale of an insurance policy by a terminally ill policy holder cash derived from sale of an insurance policy by a terminally ill policy holder cold turkey complete and abrupt withdrawal of all addictive drugs or anything else on which you have become dependent; "he quit smoking cold turkey"; "she quit her job cold turkey" a blunt expression of views; "I told him cold turkey" closure termination of operations; "they regretted the closure of the day care center" a Gestalt principle of organization holding that there is an innate tendency to perceive incomplete objects as complete and to close or fill gaps and to perceive asymmetric stimuli as symmetric a rule for limiting or ending debate in a deliberative body terminate debate by calling for a vote; "debate was closured"; "cloture the discussion" plant closing act of shutting down operation of a plant bank closing act of closing down a bank because of a fiscal emergency or failure layoff the act of laying off an employee or a work force extinction the act of extinguishing; causing to stop burning; "the extinction of the lights" a conditioning process in which the reinforcer is removed and a conditioned response becomes independent of the conditioned stimulus complete annihilation; "they think a meteor cause the extinction of the dinosaurs" the reduction of the intensity of radiation as a consequence of absorption and radiation no longer in existence; "the extinction of a species" no longer active; extinguished; "the extinction of the volcano" fade gradually ceasing to be visible become less clearly visible or distinguishable; disappear gradually or seemingly; "The scene begins to fade"; "The tree trunks are melting into the forest at dusk" lose freshness, vigor, or vitality; "Her bloom was fading" abortion termination of pregnancy spontaneous abortion a natural loss of the products of conception habitual abortion repeated spontaneous abortion (often for no known reason) imminent abortion the appearance of symptoms that signal the impending loss of the products of conception incomplete abortion termination of pregnancy without expulsion of all of the products of conception induced abortion a deliberate termination of pregnancy aborticide the act of destroying a fetus therapeutic abortion a legally induced abortion for medical reasons (as when the mother's life is threatened) nullification the act of nullifying; making null and void; counteracting or overriding the effect or force of something the states'-rights doctrine that a state can refuse to recognize or to enforce a federal law passed by the United States Congress abrogation the act of abrogating; an official or legal cancellation derogation (law) the partial taking away of the effectiveness of a law; a partial repeal or abolition of a law; "any derogation of the common law is to be strictly construed" cancellation the act of cancelling; calling off some arrangement the speech act of revoking or annulling or making void write-off the act of cancelling from an account a bad debt or a worthless asset (accounting) reduction in the book value of an asset attainder cancellation of civil rights recission (law) the act of rescinding; the cancellation of a contract and the return of the parties to the positions they would have had if the contract had not been made; "recission may be brought about by decree or by mutual consent" vitiation nullification by the destruction of the legal force; rendering null; "the vitiation of the contract" neutralization action intended to nullify the effects of some previous action action intended to keep a country politically neutral or exclude it from a possible war; "the neutralization of Belgium" (euphemism) the removal of a threat by killing or destroying it (especially in a covert operation or military operation) a chemical reaction in which an acid and a base interact with the formation of a salt; with strong acids and bases the essential reaction is the combination of hydrogen ions with hydroxyl ions to form water deactivation the act of deactivating or making ineffective (as a bomb) breaking up a military unit (by transfers or discharges) honorable discharge a discharge from the armed forces with a commendable record dishonorable discharge a discharge from the armed forces for a grave offense (as sabotage or espionage or cowardice or murder) Section Eight a discharge from the US Army based on unfitness or character traits deemed undesirable a soldier who received a Section Eight discharge as unfit for military service reversal a change from one state to the opposite state; "there was a reversal of autonomic function" a judgment by a higher court that the judgment of a lower court was incorrect and should be set aside a decision to reverse an earlier decision turning in an opposite direction or position; "the reversal of the image in the lens" undoing an act that makes a previous act of no effect (as if not done) regression returning to a former state the relation between selected values of x and observed values of y (from which the most probable value of y can be predicted for any value of x) (psychiatry) a defense mechanism in which you flee from reality by assuming a more infantile state beginning the act of starting something; "he was responsible for the beginning of negotiations" the first part or section of something; "`It was a dark and stormy night' is a hackneyed beginning for a story" the event consisting of the start of something; "the beginning of the war" the place where something begins, where it springs into being; "the Italian beginning of the Renaissance"; "Jupiter was the origin of the radiation"; "Pittsburgh is the source of the Ohio River"; "communism's Russian root" the time at which something is supposed to begin; "they got an early start"; "she knew from the get-go that he was the man for her" springboard a beginning from which an enterprise is launched; "he uses other people's ideas as a springboard for his own"; "reality provides the jumping-off point for his illusions"; "the point of departure of international comparison cannot be an institution but must be the function it carries out" a flexible board for jumping upward accession the act of attaining or gaining access to a new office or right or position (especially the throne); "Elizabeth's accession in 1558" agreeing with or consenting to (often unwillingly); "accession to such demands would set a dangerous precedent"; "assenting to the Congressional determination" something added to what you already have; "the librarian shelved the new accessions"; "he was a new addition to the staff" (civil law) the right to all of that which your property produces whether by growth or improvement a process of increasing by addition (as to a collection or group); "the art collection grew through accession" make a record of additions to a collection, such as a library activation making active and effective (as a bomb) stimulation of activity in an organism or chemical attack a decisive manner of beginning a musical tone or phrase an offensive move in a sport or game; "they won the game with a 10-hit attack in the 9th inning" the act of attacking; "attacks on women increased last year"; "they made an attempt on his life" (military) an offensive against an enemy (using weapons); "the attack began at dawn" strong criticism; "he published an unexpected attack on my work" the onset of a corrosive or destructive process (as by a chemical agent); "the film was sensitive to attack by acids"; "open to attack by the elements" a sudden occurrence of an uncontrollable condition; "an attack of diarrhea" begin to injure; "The cancer cells are attacking his liver"; "Rust is attacking the metal" set to work upon; turn one's energies vigorously to a task; "I attacked the problem as soon as I got out of bed" attack in speech or writing; "The editors of the left-leaning paper attacked the new House Speaker" take the initiative and go on the offensive; "The Serbs attacked the village at night"; "The visiting team started to attack" launch an attack or assault on; begin hostilities or start warfare with; "Hitler attacked Poland on September 1, 1939 and started World War II"; "Serbian forces assailed Bosnian towns all week" constitution the act of forming or establishing something; "the constitution of a PTA group last year"; "it was the establishment of his reputation"; "he still remembers the organization of the club" the way in which someone or something is composed re-establishment restoration to a previous state; "regular exercise resulted in the re-establishment of his endurance" Creation (theology) God's act of bringing the universe into existence introduction the act of beginning something new; "they looked forward to the debut of their new product line" the first section of a communication a basic or elementary instructional text a new proposal; "they resisted the introduction of impractical alternatives" induction of labor (obstetrics) inducing the childbirth process artificially by administering oxytocin or by puncturing the amniotic sac induction the act of bringing about something (especially at an early time); "the induction of an anesthetic state" an electrical phenomenon whereby an electromotive force (EMF) is generated in a closed circuit by a change in the flow of current hypnogenesis the induction of sleep or hypnosis product introduction the introduction (usually by an advertising campaign) of a new product or product line face-off (ice hockey) the method of starting play; a referee drops the puck between two opposing players first step the first of a series of actions groundbreaking the ceremonial breaking of the ground to formally begin a construction project housing start the act of starting to construct a house icebreaker a beginning that relaxes a tense or formal atmosphere; "he told jokes as an icebreaker" a ship with a reinforced bow to break up ice and keep channels open for navigation inauguration the act of starting a new operation or practice; "he opposed the inauguration of fluoridation"; "the startup of the new factory was delayed by strikes" the ceremonial induction into a position; "the new president obviously enjoyed his inauguration" initiation the act of starting something for the first time; introducing something new; "she looked forward to her initiation as an adult"; "the foundation of a new scientific society" a formal entry into an organization or position or office; "his initiation into the club"; "he was ordered to report for induction into the army"; "he gave a speech as part of his installation into the hall of fame" authorship the act of initiating a new idea or theory or writing; "the authorship of the theory is disputed" installation the act of installing something (as equipment); "the telephone installation took only a few minutes" jump ball (basketball) the way play begins or resumes when possession is disputed; an official tosses the ball up between two players who jump in an effort to tap it to a teammate kickoff (football) a kick from the center of the field to start a football game or to resume it after a score a start given to contestants; "I was there with my parents at the kickoff" start a turn to be a starter (in a game at the beginning); "he got his start because one of the regular pitchers was in the hospital"; "his starting meant that the coach thought he was one of their best linemen" the advantage gained by beginning early (as in a race); "with an hour's start he will be hard to catch" the beginning of anything; "it was off to a good start" a line indicating the location of the start of a race or a game play in the starting lineup get off the ground; "Who started this company?"; "We embarked on an exciting enterprise"; "I start my day with a good breakfast"; "We began the new semester"; "The afternoon session begins at 4 PM"; "The blood shed started when the partisans launched a surprise attack" get going or set in motion; "We simply could not start the engine"; "start up the computer" begin or set in motion; "I start at eight in the morning"; "Ready, set, go!" bulge outward; "His eyes popped" begin work or acting in a certain capacity, office or job; "Take up a position"; "start a new job" resumption beginning again scrum (rugby) the method of beginning play in which the forwards of each team crouch side by side with locked arms; play starts when the ball is thrown in between them and the two sides compete for possession startup the act of setting in operation; "repeated shutdowns and startups are expensive" unionization act of forming labor unions; "the issue underlying the strike was unionization" arousal the act of arousing; "the purpose of art is the arousal of emotions" awakening from sleep a state of heightened physiological activity reveille a signal to get up in the morning; in the military it is a bugle call at sunrise (military) signal to wake up ushering in the introduction of something new; "it signalled the ushering in of a new era" curtain raiser any preliminary activity a short play presented before the main play first base the initial stage in accomplishing something; "we didn't get to first base with that approach" the fielding position of the player on a baseball team who is stationed at first of the bases in the infield (counting counterclockwise from home plate) the base that must be touched first by a base runner in baseball peace initiative opening move in negotiating a peace treaty cooking the act of preparing something (as food) by the application of heat; "cooking can be a great art"; "people are needed who have experience in cookery"; "he left the preparation of meals to his wife" baking cooking by dry heat in an oven making bread or cake or pastry etc. as hot as if in an oven shirring baking shelled eggs toasting cooking to a brown crispiness over a fire or on a grill; "proper toasting should brown both sides of a piece of bread" broil cooking by direct exposure to radiant heat (as over a fire or under a grill) cook under a broiler; "broil fish" heat by a natural force; "The sun broils the valley in the summer" frying cooking in fat or oil in a pan or griddle fusion cooking cooking that combines ingredients and techniques and seasonings from different cuisines braising cooking slowly in fat in a closed pot with little moisture poaching cooking in simmering liquid roasting cooking (meat) by dry heat in an oven (usually with fat added); "the slow roasting took several hours" barbecuing roasting a large piece of meat on a revolving spit out of doors over an open fire boiling cooking in a liquid that has been brought to a boil the application of heat to change something from a liquid to a gas extremely; "boiling mad" basting moistening a roast as it is cooking tenderization the act of making meat tender by pounding or marinating it seasoning the act of adding a seasoning to food salting the act of adding salt to food sweetening the act of adding a sweetener to food something added to foods to make them taste sweeter infusion the act of infusing or introducing a certain modifying element or quality; "the team's continued success is attributable to a steady infusion of new talent" (medicine) the passive introduction of a substance (a fluid or drug or electrolyte) into a vein or between tissues (as by gravitational force) the process of extracting certain active properties (as a drug from a plant) by steeping or soaking (usually in water) a solution obtained by steeping or soaking a substance (usually in water) improvement the act of improving something; "their improvements increased the value of the property" a change for the better; progress in development a condition superior to an earlier condition; "the new school represents a great improvement" advancement gradual improvement or growth or development; "advancement of knowledge"; "great progress in the arts" stride significant progress (especially in the phrase `make strides'); "they made big strides in productivity" cover or traverse by taking long steps; "She strode several miles towards the woods" walk with long steps; "He strode confidently across the hall" work flow progress (or rate of progress) in work being done development act of improving by expanding or enlarging or refining; "he congratulated them on their development of a plan to meet the emergency"; "they funded research and development" (music) the section of a composition or movement (especially in sonata form) where the major musical themes are developed and elaborated a recent event that has some relevance for the present situation; "recent developments in Iraq"; "what a revolting development!" a district that has been developed to serve some purpose; "such land is practical for small park developments" processing a photosensitive material in order to make an image visible; "the development and printing of his pictures took only two hours" a process in which something passes by degrees to a different stage (especially a more advanced or mature stage); "the development of his ideas took many years"; "the evolution of Greek civilization"; "the slow development of her skill as a writer" a state in which things are improving; the result of developing (as in the early part of a game of chess); "after he saw the latest development he changed his mind and became a supporter"; "in chess your should take care of your development before moving your queen" broadening the action of making broader; "the broadening of travel" elaboration developing in intricate and painstaking detail product development improving an existing product or developing new kinds of products cleaning the act of making something clean; "he gave his shoes a good cleaning" disinfestation the activity of getting rid of vermin spring-cleaning the activity of cleaning a house thoroughly at the end of winter scrub the act of cleaning a surface by rubbing it with a brush and soap and water dense vegetation consisting of stunted trees or bushes wash thoroughly; "surgeons must scrub prior to an operation" clean with hard rubbing; "She scrubbed his back" (of domestic animals) not selectively bred swabbing cleaning with a mop; "he gave it a good mopping" dry cleaning the act of cleaning (fabrics) with a solvent other than water sweeping the act of cleaning with a broom ignoring distinctions; "sweeping generalizations"; "wholesale destruction" taking in or moving over (or as if over) a wide area; often used in combination; "a sweeping glance"; "a wide-sweeping view of the river" purification the act of purging of sin or guilt; moral or spiritual cleansing; "purification through repentance" a ceremonial cleansing from defilement or uncleanness by the performance of appropriate rites the act of cleaning by getting rid of impurities catharsis (psychoanalysis) purging of emotional tensions purging the body by the use of a cathartic to stimulate evacuation of the bowels high colonic an enema that injects large amounts of fluid high into the colon for cleansing purposes sterilization the procedure of making some object free of live bacteria or other microorganisms (usually by heat or chemical means) the act of making an organism barren or infertile (unable to reproduce) pasteurization partial sterilization of foods at a temperature that destroys harmful microorganisms without major changes in the chemistry of the food sanitation making something sanitary (free of germs) as by sterilizing the state of being clean and conducive to health depilation the act of removing hair (as from an animal skin) shave the act of removing hair with a razor remove body hair with a razor touch the surface of lightly; "His back shaved the counter in passing" cut closely; "trim my beard" make shavings of or reduce to shavings; "shave the radish" cut the price of tonsure shaving the crown of the head by priests or members of a monastic order the shaved crown of a monk's or priest's head shave the head of a newly inducted monk electrolysis removing superfluous or unwanted hair by passing an electric current through the hair root (chemistry) a chemical decomposition reaction produced by passing an electric current through a solution containing ions washup the act of washing yourself (or another person) ablution the ritual washing of a priest's hands or of sacred vessels dishwashing the act of washing dishes wash the work of cleansing (usually with soap and water) any enterprise in which losses and gains cancel out; "at the end of the year the accounting department showed that it was a wash" a watercolor made by applying a series of monochrome washes one over the other a thin coat of water-base paint the dry bed of an intermittent stream (as at the bottom of a canyon) to cleanse (itself or another animal) by licking; "The cat washes several times a day" cleanse (one's body) with soap and water form by erosion; "The river washed a ravine into the mountainside" remove by the application of water or other liquid and soap or some other cleaning agent; "he washed the dirt from his coat"; "The nurse washed away the blood"; "Can you wash away the spots on the windows?"; "he managed to wash out the stains" apply a thin coating of paint, metal, etc., to clean with some chemical process cleanse with a cleaning agent, such as soap, and water; "Wash the towels, please!" separate dirt or gravel from (precious minerals) move by or as if by water; "The swollen river washed away the footbridge" admit to testing or proof; "This silly excuse won't wash in traffic court" be capable of being washed; "Does this material wash?" washing-up the washing of dishes etc after a meal window-washing the activity of washing windows rinse washing lightly without soap the act of giving a light tint to the hair the removal of soap with clean water in the final stage of washing a liquid preparation used on wet hair to give it a tint wash off soap or remaining dirt soak washing something by allowing it to soak the process of becoming softened and saturated as a consequence of being immersed in water (or other liquid); "a good soak put life back in the wagon" heat a metal prior to working it fill, soak, or imbue totally; "soak the bandage with disinfectant" beat severely submerge in a liquid; "I soaked in the hot tub for an hour" comb the act of drawing a comb through hair; "his hair needed a comb" the fleshy red crest on the head of the domestic fowl and other gallinaceous birds ciliated comb-like swimming plate of a ctenophore a flat device with narrow pointed teeth on one edge; disentangles or arranges hair any of several tools for straightening fibers smoothen and neaten with or as with a comb; "comb your hair before dinner"; "comb the wool" search thoroughly; "They combed the area for the missing child" straighten with a comb; "comb your hair" shampoo the act of washing your hair with shampoo cleansing agent consisting of soaps or detergents used for washing the hair use shampoo on (hair) hair care care for the hair: the activity of washing or cutting or curling or arranging the hair hairweaving the act of interweaving a hairpiece with your own hair shower washing yourself by standing upright under water sprayed from a nozzle; "he took a shower after the game" a plumbing fixture that sprays water over you; "they installed a shower in the bathroom" a sudden downpour (as of tears or sparks etc) likened to a rain shower; "a little shower of rose petals"; "a sudden cascade of sparks" a party of friends assembled to present gifts (usually of a specified kind) to a person; "her friends organized a baby shower for her when she was expecting" a brief period of precipitation; "the game was interrupted by a brief shower" take a shower; wash one's body in the shower; "You should shower after vigorous exercise" provide abundantly with; "He showered her with presents" spray or sprinkle with; "The guests showered rice on the couple" rain abundantly; "Meteors showered down over half of Australia" bath a soaking and washing in a bathtub; "he has a good bath every morning" a vessel containing liquid in which something is immersed (as to process it or to maintain it at a constant temperature or to lubricate it); "she soaked the etching in an acid bath" an ancient Hebrew liquid measure equal to about 10 gallons bubble bath a bath in which you add something to foam and scent the bath water mikvah (Hebrew) a ritual purification and cleansing bath that Orthodox Jews take on certain occasions (as before Sabbath or after menstruation) mud bath a bath in warm mud (as for treating rheumatism) sponge bath you wash your body with a sponge or washcloth instead of in a bathtub Turkish bath you sweat in a steam room before getting a rubdown and cold shower a steam room where facilities are available for a bath followed by a shower and massage rubdown the act of rubbing down, usually for relaxation or medicinal purposes correction the act of offering an improvement to replace a mistake; setting right treatment of a specific defect; "the correction of his vision with eye glasses" a drop in stock market activity or stock prices following a period of increases; "market runups are invariably followed by a correction" something substituted for an error a rebuke for making a mistake a quantity that is added or subtracted in order to increase the accuracy of a scientific measure redress act of correcting an error or a fault or an evil salve anything that remedies or heals or soothes; "he needed a salve for his conscience" apply a salve to, usually for the purpose of healing retribution the act of correcting for your wrongdoing a justly deserved penalty recompense the act of compensating for service or loss or injury payment or reward (as for service rendered) indemnification an act of compensation for actual loss or damage or for trouble and annoyance optimization the act of rendering optimal; "the simultaneous optimization of growth and profitability"; "in an optimization problem we seek values of the variables that lead to an optimal value of the function that is to be optimized"; "to promote the optimization and diversification of agricultural products" perfection the act of making something perfect the state of being without a flaw or defect reform a change for the better as a result of correcting abuses; "justice was for sale before the reform of the law courts" self-improvement in behavior or morals by abandoning some vice; "the family rejoiced in the drunkard's reform" a campaign aimed to correct abuses or malpractices; "the reforms he proposed were too radical for the politicians" change for the better; "The lazy student promised to reform"; "the habitual cheater finally saw the light" make changes for improvement in order to remove abuse and injustices; "reform a political system" improve by alteration or correction of errors or defects and put into a better condition; "reform the health system in this country" break up the molecules of; "reform oil" produce by cracking; "reform gas" bring, lead, or force to abandon a wrong or evil course of life, conduct, and adopt a right one; "The Church reformed me"; "reform your conduct" land reform a redistribution of agricultural land (especially by government action) amelioration the act of relieving ills and changing for the better self-improvement the act of improving yourself beautification the act of making something more beautiful beauty treatment enhancement of someone's personal beauty glamorization the act of glamorizing; making something or someone more beautiful (often in a superficial way) decoration the act of decorating something (in the hope of making it more attractive) something used to beautify an award for winning a championship or commemorating some other event adornment the action of decorating yourself with something colorful and interesting a decoration of color or interest that is added to relieve plainness ornamentation the act of adding extraneous decorations to something the state of being ornamented window dressing the decoration of shop windows trimming the act of adding decoration; "the children had to be in bed before it was time for the trimming of the tree" a decoration or adornment on a garment; "the trimming on a hat"; "the trim on a shirt" tessellation the act of adorning with mosaic the careful juxtaposition of shapes in a pattern; "a tessellation of hexagons" figuration decorating with a design representing figuratively as by emblem or allegory tattoo the practice of making a design on the skin by pricking and staining a design on the skin made by tattooing a drumbeat or bugle call that signals the military to return to their quarters stain (skin) with indelible color titivation sprucing up; making decorative additions to marking the act of making a visible mark on a surface evaluation of performance by assigning a grade or score; "what he disliked about teaching was all the grading he had to do" a pattern of marks lineation the act of marking or outlining with lines mottling the act of coloring with areas of different shades striping the act of marking with stripes clearing the act of removing solid particles from a liquid the act of freeing from suspicion a tract of land with few or no trees in the middle of a wooded area enrichment act of making fuller or more meaningful or rewarding a gift that significantly increases the recipient's wealth fortification the addition of an ingredient for the purpose of enrichment (as the addition of alcohol to wine or the addition of vitamins to food) defensive structure consisting of walls or mounds built around a stronghold to strengthen it the art or science of strengthening defenses humanization the act of making more human modernization making modern in appearance or behavior; "the modernization of Nigeria will be a long process" a modernized version (as of a play) renovation the act of improving by renewing and restoring; "they are pursuing a general program of renovation to the entire property"; "a major overhaul of the healthcare system was proposed" the state of being restored to its former good condition; "the inn was a renovation of a Colonial house" face lift a renovation that improves the outward appearance (as of a building) but usually does not involve major changes; "give your home a facelift"; "more than a facelift, the new model marks a fundamental change of direction" plastic surgery to remove wrinkles and other signs of aging from your face; an incision is made near the hair line and skin is pulled back and excess tissue is excised; "some actresses have more than one face lift" moralization the act of making moral (or more moral); "for years she worked toward the moralization of English literature" enhancement an improvement that makes something more agreeable upturn an upward movement or trend as in business activity worsening changing something with the result that it becomes worse changing for the worse; "worried by the worsening storm" downturn a worsening of business or economic activity; "the market took a downturn" downspin a swift and dangerous downturn ventilation the act of supplying fresh air and getting rid of foul air a mechanical system in a building that provides fresh air; "she was continually adjusting the ventilation" repair the act of putting something in working order again a formal way of referring to the condition of something; "the building was in good repair" restore by replacing a part or putting together what is torn or broken; "She repaired her TV set"; "Repair my shoes please" move, travel, or proceed toward some place; "He repaired to his cabin in the woods" darning the act of mending a hole in a garment with crossing threads patching the act of mending a hole in a garment by sewing a patch over it care activity involved in maintaining something in good working order; "he wrote the manual on car care" the work of providing treatment for or attending to someone or something; "no medical care was required"; "the old car needs constant attention" attention and management implying responsibility for safety; "he is in the care of a bodyguard" a cause for feeling concern; "his major care was the illness of his wife" feel concern or interest; "I really care about my work"; "I don't care" provide care for; "The nurse was caring for the wounded" camera care keeping a camera in good working order car care keeping a car in good working order oil change replacing dirty oil with clean overhaul periodic maintenance on a car or machine; "it was time for an overhaul on the tractor" make repairs, renovations, revisions or adjustments to; "You should overhaul your car engine"; "overhaul the health care system" interim overhaul an overhaul between the regular times for overhauling band aid hurried repair restoration the act of restoring something or someone to a satisfactory state a model that represents the landscape of a former geological age or that represents and extinct animal etc. some artifact that has been restored or reconstructed; "the restoration looked exactly like the original" gentrification the restoration of run-down urban areas by the middle class (resulting in the displacement of low-income residents) reconstruction the activity of constructing something again recall that is hypothesized to work by storing abstract features which are then used to construct the memory during recall an interpretation formed by piecing together bits of evidence anastylosis the archeological reassembly of ruined monuments from fallen or decayed fragments (incorporating new materials when necessary) makeover a complete reconstruction and renovation of something; "the blighted neighborhood underwent a total makeover" an overall beauty treatment (involving a person's hair style and cosmetics and clothing) intended to change or improve a person's appearance reassembly assembling again re-formation forming again (especially with improvements or removal of defects); renewing and reconstituting rebuilding building again pump priming introducing water into a pump to improve the seal and start the water flowing scheduled maintenance maintenance at a regularly scheduled time steam fitting care (installation and maintenance) of equipment for ventilating or heating or refrigerating coaching the job of a professional coach engagement employment for performers or performing groups that lasts for a limited period of time; "the play had bookings throughout the summer" the act of sharing in the activities of a group; "the teacher tried to increase his students' engagement in class activities" contact by fitting together; "the engagement of the clutch"; "the meshing of gears" gig a booking for musicians; "they played a gig in New Jersey" small two-wheeled horse-drawn carriage; with two seats and no hood tender that is a light ship's boat; often for personal use of captain long and light rowing boat; especially for racing a cluster of hooks (without barbs) that is drawn through a school of fish to hook their bodies; used when fish are not biting degradation changing to a lower state (a less respected state) dehumanization the act of degrading people with respect to their best qualities; "science has been blamed for the dehumanization of modern life" brutalization an act that makes people cruel or lacking normal human qualities the activity of treating someone savagely or viciously the condition of being treated in a cruel and savage manner barbarization an act that makes people primitive and uncivilized bastardization an act that debases or corrupts declaring or rendering bastard; "the annulment of their marriage resulted in the bastardization of their children" demoralization destroying the moral basis for a doctrine or policy depression resulting from an undermining of your morale a state of disorder and confusion; "his inconsistency resulted in the demoralization of his staff" stultification the act of making something futile and useless (as by routine) derision of someone or something as foolish or absurd or inconsistent popularization the act of making something attractive to the general public an interpretation that easily understandable and acceptable profanation degradation of something worthy of respect; cheapening blasphemous behavior; the act of depriving something of its sacred character; "desecration of the Holy Sabbath" humiliation depriving one of self-esteem an instance in which you are caused to lose your prestige or self-respect; "he had to undergo one humiliation after another" state of disgrace or loss of self-respect comedown decline to a lower status or level change of color an act that changes the light that something reflects whitening changing to a lighter color bleach the act of whitening something by bleaching it (exposing it to sunlight or using a chemical bleaching agent) the whiteness that results from removing the color from something; "a complete bleach usually requires several applications" make whiter or lighter; "bleach the laundry" remove color from; "The sun bleached the red shirt" etiolation (botany) the act of causing a plant to develop without chlorophyll by growing it without exposure to sunlight; "the etiolation of celery" the act of weakening by stunting the growth or development of something; "the etiolation of the critical tradition" a pale and sickly appearance; "his etiolation signaled years in prison" blackening changing to a darker color obfuscation darkening or obscuring the sight of something discoloration the act of changing the natural color of something by making it duller or dingier or unnatural or faded coloring the act or process of changing the color of something a digestible substance used to give color to food; "food color made from vegetable dyes" tinting the act of adding a tinge of color; "the hairdresser gave her hair a modest tinting" hair coloring the act of dyeing or tinting one's hair coloring of the hair; "her hair-coloring was unusual: a very pale gold" dyeing the use of dye to change the color of something permanently staining (histology) the use of a dye to color specimens for microscopic study the act of spotting or staining something Gram's method a staining technique used to classify bacteria; bacteria are stained with gentian violet and then treated with Gram's solution; after being decolorized with alcohol and treated with safranine and washed in water, those that retain the gentian violet are Gram-positive and those that do not retain it are Gram-negative environmentalism the activity of protecting the environment from pollution or destruction the philosophical doctrine that environment is more important than heredity in determining intellectual growth fixation (histology) the preservation and hardening of a tissue sample to retain as nearly as possible the same relations they had in the living body the activity of fastening something firmly in position soiling the act of soiling something contamination the act of contaminating or polluting; including (either intentionally or accidentally) unwanted substances or factors the state of being contaminated dust contamination the act of contaminating with dust particles state of being contaminated with dust wetting the act of making something wet submersion the act of wetting something by submerging it drenching the act of making something completely wet; "he gave it a good drenching" moistening the act of making something slightly wet splash the act of scattering water about haphazardly a patch of bright color; "her red hat gave her outfit a splash of color" the sound like water splashing mark or overlay with patches of contrasting color or texture; cause to appear splashed or spattered; "The mountain was splashed with snow" strike and dash about in a liquid; "The boys splashed around in the pool" soil or stain with a splashed liquid make a splashing sound; "water was splashing on the floor" watering wetting with water; "the lawn needs a great deal of watering" sprinkle the act of sprinkling or splashing water; "baptized with a sprinkling of holy water"; "a sparge of warm water over the malt" scatter with liquid; wet lightly; "Sprinkle the lawn" cause (a liquid) to spatter about, especially with force; "She splashed the water around her" rain gently; "It has only sprinkled, but the roads are slick" chew biting and grinding food in your mouth so it becomes soft enough to swallow a wad of something chewable as tobacco chew (food); to bite and grind with the teeth; "He jawed his bubble gum"; "Chew your food and don't swallow it!"; "The cows were masticating the grass" chomping the act of chewing noisily mumbling ineffectual chewing (as if without teeth) indistinct enunciation bruxism involuntarily or unconsciously clenching or grinding the teeth, typically during sleep defoliation causing the leaves of trees and other plants to fall off (as by the use of chemicals) the loss of foliage motion the act of changing location from one place to another; "police controlled the motion of the crowd"; "the movement of people from the farms to the cities"; "his move put him directly in my path" a change of position that does not entail a change of location; "the reflex motion of his eyebrows revealed his surprise"; "movement is a sign of life"; "an impatient move of his hand"; "gastrointestinal motility" a formal proposal for action made to a deliberative assembly for discussion and vote; "he made a motion to adjourn"; "she called for the question" a state of change; "they were in a state of steady motion" movement the act of changing the location of something; "the movement of cargo onto the vessel" the driving and regulating parts of a mechanism (as of a watch or clock); "it was an expensive watch with a diamond movement" a major self-contained part of a symphony or sonata; "the second movement is slow and melodic" a natural event that involves a change in the position or location of something a group of people with a common ideology who try together to achieve certain general goals; "he was a charter member of the movement"; "politicians have to respect a mass movement"; "he led the national liberation front" approach the act of drawing spatially closer to something; "the hunter's approach scattered the geese" a relatively short golf shot intended to put the ball onto the putting green; "he lost the hole when his approach rolled over the green" ideas or actions intended to deal with a problem or situation; "his approach to every problem is to draw up a list of pros and cons"; "an attack on inflation"; "his plan of attack was misguided" a close approximation; "the nearest approach to genius" the temporal property of becoming nearer in time; "the approach of winter" the event of one object coming closer to another make advances to someone, usually with a proposal or suggestion; "I was approached by the President to serve as his adviser in foreign matters" come near in time; "Winter is approaching"; "approaching old age" move towards; "We were approaching our destination"; "They are drawing near"; "The enemy army came nearer and nearer" access the act of approaching or entering; "he gained access to the building" a way of entering or leaving; "he took a wrong turn on the access to the bridge" (computer science) the operation of reading or writing stored information the right to obtain or make use of or take advantage of something (as services or membership) a code (a series of characters or digits) that must be entered in some way (typed or dialed or spoken) to get the use of something (a telephone line or a computer or a local area network etc.) reach or gain access to; "How does one access the attic in this house?"; "I cannot get to the T.V. antenna, even if I climb on the roof" obtain or retrieve from a storage device; as of information on a computer back door a secret or underhand means of access (to a place or a position); "he got his job through the back door" an entrance at the rear of a building an undocumented way to get access to a computer system or the data it contains closing approaching a particular destination; a coming closer; a narrowing of a gap; "the ship's rapid rate of closing gave them little time to avoid a collision" final or ending; "the closing stages of the election"; "the closing weeks of the year"; "the closing scene of the film"; "closing remarks" landing approach the approach to a landing field by an airplane overshoot an approach that fails and gives way to another attempt aim too high; "The plan overshoots its aim" shoot beyond or over (a target) progress the act of moving forward (as toward a goal) a movement forward; "he listened for the progress of the troops" develop in a positive way; "He progressed well in school"; "My plants are coming along"; "Plans are shaping up" career the general progression of your working or professional life; "the general had had a distinguished career"; "he had a long career in the law" the particular occupation for which you are trained move headlong at high speed; "The cars careered down the road"; "The mob careered through the streets" march a steady advance; "the march of science"; "the march of time" the act of marching; walking with regular steps (especially in a procession of some kind); "it was a long march"; "we heard the sound of marching" a procession of people walking together; "the march went up Fifth Avenue" walk fast, with regular or measured steps; walk with a stride; "He marched into the classroom and announced the exam"; "The soldiers marched across the border" march in a procession; "They processed into the dining room" force to march; "The Japanese marched their prisoners through Manchuria" cause to march or go at a marching pace; "They marched the mules into the desert" plain sailing easy unobstructed progress; "after we solved that problem the rest was plain sailing" locomotion self-propelled movement the power or ability to move brachiation swinging by the arms from branch to branch walk the act of traveling by foot; "walking is a healthy form of exercise" the act of walking somewhere; "he took a walk after lunch" a slow gait of a horse in which two feet are always on the ground a path set aside for walking; "after the blizzard he shoveled the front walk" manner of walking; "he had a funny walk" obtain a base on balls give a base on balls to take a walk; go for a walk; walk for pleasure; "The lovers held hands while walking"; "We like to walk every Sunday" use one's feet to advance; advance by steps; "Walk, don't run!"; "We walked instead of driving"; "She walks with a slight limp"; "The patient cannot walk yet"; "Walk over to the cabinet" make walk; "He walks the horse up the mountain"; "Walk the dog twice a day" accompany or escort; "I'll walk you to your car" traverse or cover by walking; "Walk the tightrope"; "Paul walked the streets of Damascus"; "She walks 3 miles every day" walk at a pace; "The horses walked across the meadow" be or act in association with; "We must walk with our dispossessed brothers and sisters"; "Walk with God" live or behave in a specified manner; "walk in sadness" ambulation walking about; "the hospital encouraged early ambulation" amble a leisurely walk (usually in some public place) walk leisurely ramble an aimless amble on a winding course constitutional a regular walk taken as a form of exercise sanctioned by or consistent with or operating under the law determining the fundamental political principles of a government; "the constitutional right of free speech"; "constitutional government"; "constitutional guarantees" of benefit to or intended to benefit your physical makeup; "constitutional walk" foot travel by walking; "he followed on foot"; "the swiftest of foot" any of various organs of locomotion or attachment in invertebrates a support resembling a pedal extremity; "one foot of the chair was on the carpet" the part of the leg of a human being below the ankle joint; "his bare feet projected from his trousers"; "armored from head to foot" the lower part of anything; "curled up on the foot of the bed"; "the foot of the page"; "the foot of the list"; "the foot of the mountain" a member of a surveillance team who works on foot or rides as a passenger a linear unit of length equal to 12 inches or a third of a yard; "he is six feet tall" add a column of numbers walk; "let's hoof it to the disco" pay for something; "pick up the tab"; "pick up the burden of high-interest mortgages"; "foot the bill" sleepwalking walking by a person who is asleep sleep talking uttering speech while asleep step the act of changing location by raising the foot and setting it down; "he walked with unsteady steps" support consisting of a place to rest the foot while ascending or descending a stairway; "he paused on the bottom step" a solid block joined to the beams in which the heel of a ship's mast or capstan is fixed a short distance; "it's only a step to the drugstore" move or proceed as if by steps into a new situation; "She stepped into a life of luxury"; "he won't step into his father's footsteps" place (a ship's mast) in its step shift or move by taking a step; "step back" put down or press the foot, place the foot; "For fools rush in where angels fear to tread"; "step on the brake" walk a short distance to a specified place or in a specified manner; "step over to the blackboard" move with one's feet in a specific manner; "step lively" furnish with steps; "The architect wants to step the terrace" cause (a computer) to execute a single command pace a step in walking or running the relative speed of progress or change; "he lived at a fast pace"; "he works at a great rate"; "the pace of events accelerated" the rate of moving (especially walking or running) measure (distances) by pacing; "step off ten yards" regulate or set the pace of; "Pace your efforts" walk with slow or fast paces; "He paced up and down the hall" go at a pace; "The horse paced" pas (ballet) a step in dancing (especially in classical ballet) sidestep a step to one side (as in boxing or dancing) gait a person's manner of walking a horse's manner of moving hitch the uneven manner of walking that results from an injured leg a knot that can be undone by pulling against the strain that holds it; a temporary knot a connection between a vehicle and the load that it pulls to hook or entangle; "One foot caught in the stirrup" connect to a vehicle: "hitch the trailer to the car" rack a rapid gait of a horse in which each foot strikes the ground separately a form of torture in which pain is inflicted by stretching the body a support for displaying various articles; "the newspapers were arranged on a rack" framework for holding objects an instrument of torture that stretches or disjoints or mutilates victims rib section of a forequarter of veal or pork or especially lamb or mutton torture on the rack seize together, as of parallel ropes of a tackle in order to prevent running through the block work on a rack; "rack leather" stretch to the limits; "rack one's brains" draw off from the lees; "rack wine" fly in high wind put on a rack and pinion; "rack a camera" jog trot an easy gait of a horse; midway between a walk and a trot trot a gait faster than a walk; diagonally opposite legs strike the ground together run at a moderately swift pace cause to trot; "She trotted the horse home" ride at a trot rising trot the rider rises from the saddle every second stride sitting trot the rider sits still in the saddle dressage maneuvers of a horse in response to body signals by the rider curvet a light leap by a horse in which both hind legs leave the ground before the forelegs come down perform a leap where both hind legs come off the ground, of a horse piaffe a cadenced trot executed by the horse in one spot canter a smooth three-beat gait; between a trot and a gallop ride at a canter; "The men cantered away" ride at a cantering pace; "He cantered the horse across the meadow" go at a canter, of horses gallop a fast gait of a horse; a two-beat stride during which all four legs are off the ground simultaneously ride at a galloping pace; "He was galloping down the road" cause to move at full gallop; "Did you gallop the horse just now?" go at galloping speed; "The horse was galloping along" footstep the act of taking a step in walking the distance covered by a step; "he stepped off ten paces from the old tree and began to dig" hike a long walk usually for exercise or pleasure; "she enjoys a hike in her spare time" walk a long way, as for pleasure or physical exercise; "We were hiking in Colorado"; "hike the Rockies" increase; "The landlord hiked up the rents" trudge a long difficult walk flounce the act of walking with exaggerated jerky motions walk emphatically lurch an unsteady uneven gait the act of moving forward suddenly abrupt up-and-down motion (as caused by a ship or other conveyance); "the pitching and tossing was quite exciting" a decisive defeat in a game (especially in cribbage) defeat by a lurch move abruptly; "The ship suddenly lurched to the left" move slowly and unsteadily; "The truck lurched down the road" pacing walking with slow regular strides saunter a careless leisurely gait; "he walked with a kind of saunter as if he hadn't a care in the world" skip a gait in which steps and hops alternate bound off one point after another stalk a stiff or threatening gait the act of following prey stealthily a hunt for game carried on by following it stealthily or waiting in ambush a slender or elongated structure that supports a plant or fungus or a plant part or plant organ walk stiffly go through (an area) in search of prey; "stalk the woods for deer" strut a proud stiff pompous gait brace consisting of a bar or rod used to resist longitudinal compression waddle walking with short steps and the weight tilting from one foot to the other; "ducks walk with a waddle" countermarch (military) a march in the reverse direction or back along the same route change the order of soldiers during a march march back along the same way goose step a manner of marching with legs straight and swinging high march in a military fashion last mile the last walk of a condemned person to the execution place lockstep a manner of marching in file in which each person's leg moves with and behind the corresponding leg of the person ahead; "the prisoner's ankles were so chained together that they could only march in lockstep" a standard procedure that is followed mindlessly; "the union's support had been in lockstep for years" promenade a march of all the guests at the opening of a formal dance a square dance figure; couples march counterclockwise in a circle a public area set aside as a pedestrian walk a formal ball held for a school class toward the end of the academic year take a leisurely walk; "The ladies promenaded along the beach" quick march marching at quick time routemarch a long training march for troops plodding the act of walking with a slow heavy gait; "I could recognize his plod anywhere" prowl the act of prowling (walking about in a stealthy manner) move about in or as if in a predatory manner; "The suspicious stranger prowls the streets of the town" loiter about, with no apparent aim moonwalk an exploratory walk by an astronaut on the surface of the moon a kind of dance step in which the dancer seems to be sliding on the spot; "Michael Jackson perfected the moonwalk in the 1980s" perambulation a walk around a territory (a parish or manor or forest etc.) in order to officially assert and record its boundaries turn taking a short walk out and back; "we took a turn in the park" the act of turning away or in the opposite direction; "he made an abrupt turn away from her" the act of changing or reversing the direction of the course; "he took a turn to the right" (game) the activity of doing something in an agreed succession; "it is my turn"; "it is still my play" a favor for someone; "he did me a good turn" an unforeseen development; "events suddenly took an awkward turn" (sports) a division during which one team is on the offensive pass into a condition gradually, take on a specific property or attribute; become; "The weather turned nasty"; "She grew angry" become officially one year older; "She is turning 50 this year" change color; "In Vermont, the leaves turn early" direct at someone; "She turned a smile on me"; "They turned their flashlights on the car" alter the functioning or setting of; "turn the dial to 10"; "turn the heat down" let (something) fall or spill from a container; "turn the flour onto a plate" shape by rotating on a lathe or cutting device or a wheel; "turn the legs of the table"; "turn the clay on the wheel" change orientation or direction, also in the abstract sense; "Turn towards me"; "The mugger turned and fled before I could see his face"; "She turned from herself and learned to listen to others' needs" pass to the other side of; "turn the corner"; "move around the obstacle" channel one's attention, interest, thought, or attention toward or away from something; "The pedophile turned to boys for satisfaction"; "people turn to mysticism at the turn of a millennium" to send or let go; "They turned away the crowd at the gate of the governor's mansion" cause to move around a center so as to show another side of; "turn a page of a book" cause to move around or rotate; "turn a key"; "turn your palm this way" cause to move along an axis or into a new direction; "turn your face to the wall"; "turn the car around"; "turn your dance partner around" move around an axis or a center; "The wheels are turning" get by buying and selling; "the company turned a good profit after a year" accomplish by rotating; "turn a somersault"; "turn cartwheels" cause to change or turn into something different;assume new characteristics; "The princess turned the frog into a prince by kissing him"; "The alchemists tried to turn lead into gold" shamble walking with a slow dragging motion without lifting your feet; "from his shambling I assumed he was very old" space walk any kind of physical activity outside a spacecraft by one of the crew wading walking with your feet in shallow water walkabout nomadic excursions into the bush made by an Aborigine a public stroll by a celebrity to meet people informally a walking trip or tour walk-through the act of walking in order to view something; "the realtor took her on a walk-through of the apartment" a first perfunctory rehearsal of a theatrical production in which actors read their lines from the script and move as directed a pedestrian passageway through the ground floor of a building a thorough explanation (usually accompanied by a demonstration) of each step in a procedure or process; "she gave me a walk-through of my new duties" jog a slow pace of running a sharp change in direction; "there was a jog in the road" stimulate to remember; "jog my memory" give a slight push to run for exercise; "jog along the canal" dogtrot a steady trot like that of a dog dash a quick run the act of moving with great haste; "he made a dash for the door" distinctive and stylish elegance; "he wooed her with the confident dash of a cavalry officer" the longer of the two telegraphic signals used in Morse code a footrace run at top speed; "he is preparing for the 100-yard dash" add an enlivening or altering element to; "blue paint dashed with white" destroy or break; "dashed ambitions and hopes" fast break (basketball) a rapid dash to get a shot as soon as possible after taking possession of the ball crawl a slow mode of locomotion on hands and knees or dragging the body; "a crawl was all that the injured man could manage"; "the traffic moved at a creep" a very slow movement; "the traffic advanced at a crawl" a swimming stroke; arms are moved alternately overhead accompanied by a flutter kick move slowly; in the case of people or animals with the body near the ground; "The crocodile was crawling along the riverbed" swim by doing the crawl; "European children learn the breast stroke; they often don't know how to crawl" be full of; "The old cheese was crawling with maggots" feel as if crawling with insects; "My skin crawled--I was terrified" lap movement once around a course; "he drove an extra lap just for insurance" a flap that lies over another part; "the lap of the shingles should be at least ten inches" the part of a piece of clothing that covers the thighs; "his lap was covered with food stains" the upper side of the thighs of a seated person; "he picked up the little girl and plopped her down in his lap" an area of control or responsibility; "the job fell right in my lap" take up with the tongue; "The cat lapped up the milk"; "the cub licked the milk from its mother's breast" move with or cause to move with a whistling or hissing sound; "The bubbles swoshed around in the glass"; "The curtain swooshed open" lie partly over or alongside of something or of one another pace lap the first lap of a car race that prepares the cars for a fast start victory lap a lap by the winning person or team run to celebrate the victory travel the act of going from one place to another; "he enjoyed selling but he hated the travel" change location; move, travel, or proceed, also metaphorically; "How fast does your new car go?"; "We travelled from Rome to Naples by bus"; "The policemen went from door to door looking for the suspect"; "The soldiers moved towards the city in an attempt to take it before night fell"; "news travelled fast" undergo transportation as in a vehicle; "We travelled North on Rte. 508" make a trip for pleasure undertake a journey or trip travel upon or across; "travel the oceans" travel from place to place, as for the purpose of finding work, preaching, or acting as a judge circumnavigation traveling around something (by ship or plane); "Magellan's circumnavigation of the earth proved that it is a globe" peregrination traveling or wandering around procession the group action of a collection of people or animals or vehicles moving ahead in more or less regular formation; "processions were forbidden" traversal travel across taking a zigzag path on skis wandering travelling about without any clear destination; "she followed him in his wanderings and looked after him" wayfaring traveling (especially on foot) drifting aimless wandering from place to place crossing traveling across a voyage across a body of water (usually across the Atlantic Ocean) a path (often marked) where something (as a street or railroad) can be crossed to get from one side to the other a point where two lines (paths or arcs etc.) intersect ford the act of crossing a stream or river by wading or in a car or on a horse a shallow area in a stream that can be forded cross a river where it's shallow shallow fording fording at a shallow place deep fording fording at a deep place in the stream tourism the business of providing services to tourists; "Tourism is a major business in Bermuda" ecotourism tourism to exotic or threatened ecosystems to observe wildlife or to help preserve nature driving the act of controlling and steering the movement of a vehicle or animal having the power of driving or impelling; "a driving personal ambition"; "the driving force was his innate enthusiasm"; "an impulsive force" acting with vigor; "responsibility turned the spoiled playboy into a driving young executive" motoring the act of driving an automobile riding travel by being carried on horseback the sport of sitting on the back of a horse while controlling its movements roping capturing cattle or horses with a lasso bronco busting breaking a bronco to saddle endurance riding riding for long hours over long distances pack riding riding with a pack trail riding riding along a roughly blazed path calf roping capturing a calf with a lasso and binding its feet steer roping capturing a steer with a lasso air travel travel via aircraft; "air travel involves too much waiting in airports"; "if you've time to spare go by air" flight a scheduled trip by plane between designated airports; "I took the noon flight to Chicago" an instance of traveling by air; "flying was still an exciting adventure for him" a stairway (set of steps) between one floor or landing and the next passing above and beyond ordinary bounds; "a flight of fancy"; "flights of rhetoric"; "flights of imagination" an air force unit smaller than a squadron a formation of aircraft in flight a flock of flying birds fly in a flock; "flighting wild geese" shoot a bird in flight connecting flight a flight with an intermediate stop and a change of aircraft (possibly a change of airlines) direct flight a flight with one or more intermediate stops but no change of aircraft domestic flight a flight that begins and ends in the same country international flight a flight that takes off in one country and lands in another nonstop flight a flight made without intermediate stops between source and destination; "how many nonstops are there to Dallas?" redeye a night flight from which the passengers emerge with eyes red from lack of sleep; "he took the redeye in order to get home the next morning" acrobatics the performance of stunts while in flight in an aircraft the gymnastic moves of an acrobat blind flying using only instruments for flying an aircraft because you cannot see through clouds or mists etc. ballooning flying in a balloon flyover a flight at a low altitude (usually of military aircraft) over spectators on the ground glide the activity of flying a glider move smoothly and effortlessly cause to move or pass silently, smoothly, or imperceptibly fly in or as if in a glider plane hang gliding gliding in a hang glider skydiving performing acrobatics in free fall before pulling the ripcord of a parachute maiden flight the first flight of its kind; "the Stealth bomber made its maiden flight in 1989" parasailing gliding in a parasail overflight a flight by an aircraft over a particular area (especially over an area in foreign territory) solo a flight in which the aircraft pilot is unaccompanied any activity that is performed alone without assistance a musical composition for one voice or instrument (with or without accompaniment) perform a piece written for a single instrument fly alone, without a co-pilot or passengers composed or performed by a single voice or instrument; "a passage for solo clarinet" sortie (military) an operational flight by a single aircraft (as in a military operation) a military action in which besieged troops burst forth from their position aircraft landing landing an aircraft ground-controlled approach aircraft landing in bad weather in which the pilot is talked down by ground control using precision approach radar crash landing an emergency landing under circumstances where a normal landing is impossible (usually damaging the aircraft) three-point landing a landing in which all three wheels of the aircraft touch the ground at the same time instrument landing an aircraft landing made entirely by means of instruments splashdown a landing of a spacecraft in the sea at the end of a space flight takeoff a departure; especially of airplanes the initial ascent of an airplane as it becomes airborne tailspin rapid descent of an aircraft in a steep spiral loss of emotional control often resulting in emotional collapse terrain flight flight at very low altitudes journey the act of traveling from one place to another stage a section or portion of a journey or course; "then we embarked on the second stage of our Caribbean cruise" a large platform on which people can stand and can be seen by an audience; "he clambered up onto the stage and got the actors to help him into the box" a small platform on a microscope where the specimen is mounted for examination the theater as a profession (usually `the stage'); "an early movie simply showed a long kiss by two actors of the contemporary stage" any scene regarded as a setting for exhibiting or doing something; "All the world's a stage"--Shakespeare; "it set the stage for peaceful negotiations" plan, organize, and carry out (an event); "the neighboring tribe staged an invasion" perform (a play), especially on a stage; "we are going to stage `Othello'" leg (nautical) the distance traveled by a sailing vessel on a single tack a cloth covering consisting of the part of a pair of trousers that covers a person's leg one of the supports for a piece of furniture a human limb; commonly used to refer to a whole limb but technically only the part of the limb between the knee and ankle a structure in animals that is similar to a human leg and used for locomotion the limb of an animal used for food fare-stage a section along the route of a bus for which the fare is the same commute a regular journey of some distance to and from your place of work; "there is standing room only on the high-speed commute" exchange a penalty for a less severe one exchange positions without a change in value; "These operators commute with each other" travel back and forth regularly, as between one's place of work and home long haul a journey over a long distance; "it's a long haul from New York to Los Angeles" mush a journey by dogsled cornmeal boiled in water drive (a team of dogs or a dogsled) odyssey a long wandering and eventful journey junket a trip taken by an official at public expense dessert made of sweetened milk coagulated with rennet round trip a trip to some place and back again joyride a ride in a car taken solely for pleasure; "they took their girlfriends for joyrides in stolen cars" ride in a car with no particular goal and just for the pleasure of it; "We tooled down the street" expedition a journey organized for a particular purpose a military campaign designed to achieve a specific objective in a foreign country an organized group of people undertaking a journey for a particular purpose; "an expedition was sent to explore Mars" scouting trip an expedition undertaken to gain information campaign an overland journey by hunters (especially in Africa) a series of actions advancing a principle or tending toward a particular end; "he supported populist campaigns"; "they worked in the cause of world peace"; "the team was ready for a drive toward the pennant"; "the movement to end slavery"; "contributed to the war effort" several related operations aimed at achieving a particular goal (usually within geographical and temporal constraints) go on a campaign; go off to war run, stand, or compete for an office or a position; "Who's running for treasurer this year?" exploration to travel for the purpose of discovery a careful systematic search a systematic consideration; "he called for a careful exploration of the consequences" digression wandering from the main path of a journey a message that departs from the main subject trek any long and difficult trip a journey by ox wagon (especially an organized migration by a group of settlers) make a long and difficult journey; "They trekked towards the North Pole with sleds and skis" journey on foot, especially in the mountains; "We spent the summer trekking in the foothills of the Himalayas" schlep a tedious or difficult journey tour a journey or route all the way around a particular place or area; "they took an extended tour of Europe"; "we took a quick circuit of the park"; "a ten-day coach circuit of the island" make a tour of a certain place; "We toured the Provence this summer" grand tour a sightseeing tour of a building or institution an extended cultural tour of Europe taken by wealthy young Englishmen (especially in the 18th century) as part of their education itineration journeying from place to place preaching or lecturing; a preaching tour or lecturing tour on the road travelling about; "they took the show on the road"; "they lost all their games on the road" pilgrimage a journey to a sacred place excursion a journey taken for pleasure; "many summer excursions to the shore"; "it was merely a pleasure trip"; "after cautious sashays into the field" junketing taking an excursion for pleasure airing a short excursion (a walk or ride) in the open air; "he took the dogs for an airing" field trip a group excursion (to a museum or the woods or some historic place) for firsthand examination voyage a journey to some distant place travel on water propelled by wind or by other means; "The QE2 will sail to Southampton tomorrow" way a journey or passage; "they are on the way" a course of conduct; "the path of virtue"; "we went our separate ways"; "our paths in life led us apart"; "genius usually follows a revolutionary path" any artifact consisting of a road or path affording passage from one place to another; "he said he was looking for the way out" the property of distance in general; "it's a long way to Moscow"; "he went a long ways" doing as one pleases or chooses; "if I had my way" a general category of things; used in the expression `in the way of'; "they didn't have much in the way of clothing" a portion of something divided into shares; "they split the loot three ways" the condition of things generally; "that's the way it is"; "I felt the same way" to a great degree or by a great distance; very much (`right smart' is regional in the United States); "way over budget"; "way off base"; "the other side of the hill is right smart steeper than the side we are on" ocean trip an act of traveling by water cruise an ocean trip taken for pleasure sail or travel about for pleasure, relaxation, or sightseeing; "We were cruising in the Caribbean" travel at a moderate speed; "Please keep your seat belt fastened while the plane is reaching cruising altitude" drive around aimlessly but ostentatiously and at leisure; "She cruised the neighborhood in her new convertible" look for a sexual partner in a public place; "The men were cruising the park" maiden voyage the first voyage of its kind; "in 1912 the ocean liner Titanic sank on its maiden voyage" lockage passage through a lock in a canal or waterway a system of locks in a canal or waterway a fee charged for passage through a lock in a canal or waterway spaceflight a voyage outside the Earth's atmosphere water travel travel by water luff the act of sailing close to the wind (nautical) the forward edge of a fore-and-aft sail that is next to the mast flap when the wind is blowing equally on both sides; "the sails luffed" sail close to the wind beat the act of beating to windward; sailing as close as possible to the direction from which the wind is blowing a stroke or blow; "the signal was two beats on the steam pipe" a regular rate of repetition; "the cox raised the beat" the sound of stroke or blow; "he heard the beat of a drum" a regular route for a sentry or policeman; "in the old days a policeman walked a beat and knew all his people by name" a single pulsation of an oscillation produced by adding two waves of different frequencies; has a frequency equal to the difference between the two oscillations come out better in a competition, race, or conflict; "Agassi beat Becker in the tennis championship"; "We beat the competition"; "Harvard defeated Yale in the last football game" give a beating to; subject to a beating, either as a punishment or as an act of aggression; "Thugs beat him up when he walked down the street late at night"; "The teacher used to beat the students" hit repeatedly; "beat on the door"; "beat the table with his shoe" strike (water or bushes) repeatedly to rouse animals for hunting strike (a part of one's own body) repeatedly, as in great emotion or in accompaniment to music; "beat one's breast"; "beat one's foot rhythmically" stir vigorously; "beat the egg whites"; "beat the cream" shape by beating; "beat swords into ploughshares" produce a rhythm by striking repeatedly; "beat the drum" make by pounding or trampling; "beat a path through the forest" move rhythmically; "Her heart was beating fast" indicate by beating, as with the fingers or drumsticks; "Beat the rhythm" sail with much tacking or with difficulty; "The boat beat in the strong wind" move with a flapping motion; "The bird's wings were flapping" move with a thrashing motion; "The bird flapped its wings"; "The eagle beat its wings and soared high into the sky" glare or strike with great intensity; "The sun was beating down on us" avoid paying; "beat the subway fare" be superior; "Reading beats watching television"; "This sure beats work!" ministry the work of a minister of religion; "he is studying for the ministry" building where the business of a government ministry is transacted religious ministers collectively (especially Presbyterian) a government department under the direction of a minister of state tack sailing a zigzag course (nautical) the act of changing tack a short nail with a sharp point and a large head the heading or position of a vessel relative to the trim of its sails fasten with tacks; "tack the notice on the board" turn into the wind; "The sailors decided to tack the boat"; "The boat tacked" seafaring the work of a sailor cabotage navigation in coastal waters the exclusive right of a country to control the air traffic within its borders boating water travel for pleasure bareboating boating by chartering a bareboat and providing your own crew and provisions; "we saved money by bareboating" commutation the travel of a commuter (law) the reduction in severity of a punishment imposed by law a warrant substituting a lesser punishment for a greater one transportation the act of moving something from one location to another the commercial enterprise of moving goods and materials transshipment the transfer from one conveyance to another for shipment airlift transportation of people or goods by air (especially when other means of access are unavailable) fly people or goods to or from places not accessible by other means; "Food is airlifted into Bosnia" Berlin airlift airlift in 1948 that supplied food and fuel to citizens of west Berlin when the Russians closed off land access to Berlin connection shifting from one form of transportation to another; "the plane was late and he missed his connection in Atlanta" an instrumentality that connects; "he soldered the connection"; "he didn't have the right connector between the amplifier and the speakers" a supplier (especially of narcotics) (usually plural) a person who is influential and to whom you are connected in some way (as by family or friendship); "he has powerful connections" a relation between things or events (as in the case of one causing the other or sharing features with it); "there was a connection between eating that pickle and having that nightmare" a connecting shape the state of being connected; "the connection between church and state is inescapable" cattle drive driving a bovine herd (as cows or bulls or steers) airdrop delivery of supplies or equipment or personnel by dropping them by parachute from an aircraft; "until then, front line troops will be supplied by airdrop" consignment the delivery of goods for sale or disposal post the delivery and collection of letters and packages; "it came by the first post"; "if you hurry you'll catch the post" an upright consisting of a piece of timber or metal fixed firmly in an upright position; "he set a row of posts in the ground and strung barbwire between them" a pole or stake set up to mark something (as the start or end of a race track); "a pair of posts marked the goal"; "the corner of the lot was indicated by a stake" the position where someone (as a guard or sentry) stands or is assigned to stand; "a soldier manned the entrance post"; "a sentry station" publicize with, or as if with, a poster; "I'll post the news on the bulletin board" display, as of records in sports games mark or expose as infamous; "She was branded a loose woman" place so as to be noticed; "post a sign"; "post a warning at the dump" affix in a public place or for public notice; "post a warning" ride Western style and bob up and down in the saddle in rhythm with a horse's trotting gait transfer (entries) from one account book to another assign to a post; put into a post; "The newspaper posted him in Timbuktu" enter on a public list relay the act of passing something along from one person or group to another; "the relay was successful" electrical device such that current flowing through it in one circuit can switch on and off a current in a second circuit a race between teams; each member runs or swims part of the distance a fresh team to relieve weary draft animals a crew of workers who relieve another crew pass along; "Please relay the news to the villagers" control or operate by relay carry the act of carrying something continue or extend; "The civil war carried into the neighboring province"; "The disease extended into the remote mountain provinces" include, as on a list; "How many people are carried on the payroll?" sing or play against other voices or parts; "He cannot carry a tune" serve as a means for expressing something; "The painting of Mary carries motherly love"; "His voice carried a lot of anger" pass on a communication; "The news was carried to every village in the province" be successful in; "She lost the game but carried the match" win in an election; "The senator carried his home state" secure the passage or adoption (of bills and motions); "The motion carried easily" cover a certain distance or advance beyond; "The drive carried to the green" have a certain range; "This rifle carries for 3,000 feet" be able to feed; "This land will carry ten cows to the acre" drink alcohol without showing ill effects; "He can hold his liquor"; "he had drunk more than he could carry" bear or be able to bear the weight, pressure,or responsibility of; "His efforts carried the entire project"; "How many credits is this student carrying?"; "We carry a very large mortgage" propel or give impetus to; "The sudden gust of air propelled the ball to the other side of the fence" bear (a crop); "this land does not carry olives" include as the content; broadcast or publicize; "We ran the ad three times"; "This paper carries a restaurant review"; "All major networks carried the press conference" pursue a line of scent or be a bearer; "the dog was taught to fetch and carry" transfer (a number, cipher, or remainder) to the next column or unit's place before or after, in addition or multiplication; "put down 5 and carry 2" capture after a fight; "The troops carried the town after a brief fight" have on the surface or on the skin; "carry scars" take further or advance; "carry a cause" compensate for a weaker partner or member by one's own performance; "I resent having to carry her all the time" extend to a certain degree; "carry too far"; "She carries her ideas to the extreme" win approval or support for; "Carry all before one"; "His speech did not sway the voters" be equipped with (a mast or sail); "This boat can only carry a small sail" be necessarily associated with or result in or involve; "This crime carries a penalty of five years in prison" have or possess something abstract; "I carry her image in my mind's eye"; "I will carry the secret to my grave"; "I carry these thoughts in the back of my head"; "I carry a lot of life insurance" keep up with financial support; "The Federal Government carried the province for many years" have with oneself; have on one's person; "She always takes an umbrella"; "I always carry money"; "She packs a gun when she goes into the mountains" be conveyed over a certain distance; "Her voice carries very well in this big opera house" have as an inherent or characteristic feature or have as a consequence; "This new washer carries a two year guarantee"; "The loan carries a high interest rate"; "this undertaking carries many dangers"; "She carries her mother's genes"; "These bonds carry warrants"; "The restaurant carries an unusual name" pickup the act of taking aboard passengers or freight the act or process of picking up or collecting from various places; "garbage pickup is on Mondays and Thursdays" a light truck with an open body and low sides and a tailboard anything with restorative powers; "she needed the pickup that coffee always gave her" the attribute of being capable of rapid acceleration; "his car has a lot of pickup" a warrant to take someone into custody; "put out a pickup on that man" a casual acquaintance; often made in hope of sexual relationships packing carrying something in a pack on the back; "the backpacking of oxygen is essential for astronauts" the enclosure of something in a package or box piggyback the act of carrying something piggyback bring into alignment with; "an amendment to piggyback the current law" support on the back and shoulders; "He piggybacked her child so she could see the show" haul by railroad car haul truck trailers loaded with commodities on railroad cars ride on someone's shoulders or back on the back or shoulder or astraddle on the hip; "she carried her child piggyback" on a railroad flatcar; "the trailer rode piggyback across the country" fireman's carry the act of carrying a person over your shoulder portage carrying boats and supplies overland overland track between navigable waterways the cost of carrying or transporting porterage the transportation of burdens by porters the charge for carrying burdens by porters pursuit the act of pursuing in an effort to overtake or capture; "the culprit started to run and the cop took off in pursuit" a search for an alternative that meets cognitive criteria; "the pursuit of love"; "life is more than the pursuance of fame"; "a quest for wealth" trailing the pursuit (of a person or animal) by following tracks or marks they left behind shadowing the act of following someone secretly wild-goose chase the fruitless pursuit of something unattainable insertion the act of putting one thing into another cannulation the insertion of a cannula or tube into a hollow body organ catheterization the operation of introducing a catheter into the body instillation the introduction of a liquid (by pouring or injection) drop by drop a liquid that is instilled drop by drop enclosure the act of enclosing something inside something else a structure consisting of an area that has been enclosed for some purpose something (usually a supporting document) that is enclosed in an envelope with a covering letter a naturally enclosed space encasement the act of enclosing something in a case injection the forceful insertion of a substance under pressure the act of putting a liquid into the body by means of a syringe; "the nurse gave him a flu shot" any solution that is injected (as into the skin) epidural injection injection of an anesthetic substance into the epidural space of the spinal cord in order to produce epidural anesthesia intradermal injection an injection into the skin intramuscular injection an injection into a muscle intravenous injection an injection into a vein subcutaneous injection an injection under the skin exchange transfusion slow removal of a person's blood and its replacement with equal amounts of a donor's blood transfusion the action of pouring a liquid from one vessel to another the introduction of blood or blood plasma into a vein or artery perfusion pumping a liquid into an organ or tissue (especially by way of blood vessels) rise the act of changing location in an upward direction an increase in cost; "they asked for a 10% rise in rates" a growth in strength or number or importance a movement upward; "they cheered the rise of the hot-air balloon" increase in value or to a higher point; "prices climbed steeply"; "the value of our house rose sharply last year" rise in rank or status; "Her new novel jumped high on the bestseller list" exert oneself to meet a challenge; "rise to a challenge"; "rise to the occasion" become heartened or elated; "Her spirits rose when she heard the good news" move upward; "The fog lifted"; "The smoke arose from the forest fire"; "The mist uprose from the meadows" come up, of celestial bodies; "The sun also rises"; "The sun uprising sees the dusk night fled..."; "Jupiter ascends" increase in volume; "the dough rose slowly in the warm room" rise up; "The building rose before them" levitation the act of raising (a body) from the ground by presumably spiritualistic means movement upward in virtue of lightness the phenomenon of a person or thing rising into the air by apparently supernatural means funambulism walking on a tightrope or slack rope climb the act of climbing something; "it was a difficult climb to the top" an event that involves rising to a higher point (as in altitude or temperature or intensity etc.) improve one's social status; "This young man knows how to climb the social ladder" go upward with gradual or continuous progress; "Did you ever climb up the hill behind your house?" move with difficulty, by grasping slope upward; "The path climbed all the way to the top of the hill" scaling ascent by or as if by a ladder act of measuring or arranging or adjusting according to a scale the act of arranging in a graduated series clamber an awkward climb; "reaching the crest was a real clamber" climb awkwardly, as if by scrambling escalade an act of scaling by the use of ladders (especially the walls of a fortification) climb up and over; "They had to escalade canyons to reach their destination" mountain climbing the activity of climbing a mountain Alpinism mountain climbing (not restricted to the Alps) rock climbing the sport or pastime of scaling rock masses on mountain sides (especially with the help of ropes and special equipment) soar the act of rising upward into the air go or move upward; "The stock market soared after the cease-fire was announced" fly upwards or high in the sky rise rapidly; "the dollar soared against the yen" descent the act of changing your location in a downward direction a movement downward a downward slope or bend the kinship relation between an individual and the individual's progenitors dive a steep nose-down descent by an aircraft a headlong plunge into water swim under water; "the children enjoyed diving and looking for shells" plunge into water; "I was afraid to dive from the board into the pool" drop steeply; "the stock market plunged" rappel (mountaineering) a descent of a vertical cliff or wall made by using a doubled rope that is fixed to a higher point and wrapped around the body descend by means of a rappel; "The ascent was easy--roping down the mountain would be much more difficult and dangerous"; "You have to learn how to abseil when you want to do technical climbing" swoop a swift descent through the air a very rapid raid (music) rapid sliding up or down the musical scale; "the violinist was indulgent with his swoops and slides" seize or catch with a swooping motion move with a sweep, or in a swooping arc power dive a dive of an airplane that is accelerated both by gravity and by the power of the engine crash dive a rapid descent by a submarine drop the act of dropping something; "they expected the drop would be successful" a central depository where things can be left or picked up a sudden sharp decrease in some quantity; "a drop of 57 points on the Dow Jones index"; "there was a drop in pressure in the pulmonary artery"; "a dip in prices"; "when that became known the price of their stock went into free fall" a free and rapid descent by the force of gravity; "it was a miracle that he survived the drop from that height" a predetermined hiding place for the deposit and distribution of illicit goods (such as drugs or stolen property) a small indefinite quantity (especially of a liquid); "he had a drop too much to drink"; "a drop of each sample was analyzed"; "there is not a drop of pity in that man"; "years afterward, they would pay the blood-money, driblet by driblet"--Kipling a shape that is spherical and small; "he studied the shapes of low-viscosity drops"; "beads of sweat on his forehead" give birth; used for animals; "The cow dropped her calf this morning" fall or sink into a state of exhaustion or death; "shop til you drop" stop pursuing or acting; "drop a lawsuit"; "knock it off!" go down in value; "Stock prices dropped" change from one level to another; "She dropped into army jargon" omit (a letter or syllable) in speaking or writing; "New Englanders drop their post-vocalic r's" utter with seeming casualness; "drop a hint"; "drop names" lose (a game); "The Giants dropped 11 of their first 13" take (a drug, especially LSD), by mouth; "She dropped acid when she was a teenager" remove (cargo, people, etc.) from and leave; "unload the cargo"; "drop off the passengers at the hotel" to fall vertically; "the bombs are dropping on enemy targets" let fall to the ground; "Don't drop the dishes" terminate an association with; "drop him from the Republican ticket" flop the act of throwing yourself down; "he landed on the bed with a great flop" a complete failure; "the play was a dismal flop" someone who is unsuccessful fall suddenly and abruptly fall loosely; "He flopped into a chair" with a flopping sound; "he tumbled flop into the mud" lowering the act of causing something to move to a lower level the act of causing to become less swing changing location by moving back and forth a square dance figure; a pair of dancers join hands and dance around a point between them a sweeping blow or stroke; "he took a wild swing at my head" mechanical device used as a plaything to support someone swinging back and forth a style of jazz played by big bands popular in the 1930s; flowing rhythms but less complex than later styles of jazz a state of steady vigorous action that is characteristic of an activity; "the party went with a swing"; "it took time to get into the swing of things" alternate dramatically between high and low values; "his mood swings"; "the market is swinging up and down" hit or aim at with a sweeping arm movement; "The soccer player began to swing at the referee" engage freely in promiscuous sex, often with the husband or wife of one's friends; "There were many swinging couples in the 1960's" make a big sweeping gesture or movement play with a subtle and intuitively felt sense of rhythm move or walk in a swinging or swaying manner; "He swung back" change direction with a swinging motion; turn; "swing back"; "swing forward" move in a curve or arc, usually with the intent of hitting; "He swung his left fist"; "swing a bat" be a social swinger; socialize a lot influence decisively; "This action swung many votes over to his side" live in a lively, modern, and relaxed style; "The Woodstock generation attempted to swing freely" have a certain musical rhythm; "The music has to swing" reentry the act of entering again remand the act of sending an accused person back into custody to await trial (or the continuation of the trial) slide the act of moving smoothly along a surface while remaining in contact with it; "his slide didn't stop until the bottom of the hill"; "the children lined up for a coast down the snowy slope" a transparency mounted in a frame; viewed with a slide projector a small flat rectangular piece of glass on which specimens can be mounted for microscopic study plaything consisting of a sloping chute down which children can slide (geology) the descent of a large mass of earth or rocks or snow etc. move smoothly along a surface; "He slid the money over to the other gambler" slippage failing to hold or slipping out of place; "the knots allowed no slippage" a decrease of transmitted power in a mechanical system caused by slipping decline from a standard level of performance or achievement skid an unexpected slide one of a pair of planks used to make a track for rolling or sliding objects move obliquely or sideways, usually in an uncontrolled manner; "the wheels skidded against the sidewalk" slide without control; "the car skidded in the curve on the wet road" apply a brake or skid to elevate onto skids flow the act of flowing or streaming; continuous progression the motion characteristic of fluids (liquids or gases) any uninterrupted stream or discharge the amount of fluid that flows in a given time cover or swamp with water move or progress freely as if in a stream; "The crowd flowed out of the stadium" cause to flow; "The artist flowed the washes on the paper" be abundantly present; "The champagne flowed at the wedding" snowboarding the act of sliding down a snow-covered slope while standing on a snowboard flood a large flow the act of flooding; filling to overflowing light that is a source of artificial illumination having a broad beam; used in photography the rising of a body of water and its overflowing onto normally dry land; "plains fertilized by annual inundations" an overwhelming number or amount; "a flood of requests"; "a torrent of abuse" cover with liquid, usually water; "The swollen river flooded the village"; "The broken vein had flooded blood in her eyes" become filled to overflowing; "Our basement flooded during the heavy rains" supply with an excess of; "flood the market with tennis shoes"; "Glut the country with cheap imports from the Orient" effusion flow under pressure an unrestrained expression of emotion speed changing location rapidly a rate (usually rapid) at which something happens; "the project advanced with gratifying speed" distance travelled per unit time travel at an excessive or illegal velocity; "I got a ticket for speeding" acceleration the act of accelerating; increasing the speed an increase in rate of change; "modern science caused an acceleration of cultural change" (physics) a rate of increase of velocity deceleration the act of decelerating; decreasing the speed; "he initiated deceleration by braking" a decrease in rate of change; "the deceleration of the arms race" (physics) a rate of decrease in velocity scud the act of moving along swiftly (as before a gale) run before a gale translation the act of uniform movement rewording something in less technical terminology a written communication in a second language having the same meaning as the written communication in a first language a uniform movement without rotation (genetics) the process whereby genetic information coded in messenger RNA directs the formation of a specific protein at a ribosome in the cytoplasm (mathematics) a transformation in which the origin of the coordinate system is moved to another position but the direction of each axis remains the same transplant the act of removing something from one location and introducing it in another location; "the transplant did not flower until the second year"; "too frequent transplanting is not good for families"; "she returned to Alabama because she could not bear transplantation" an operation moving an organ from one organism (the donor) to another (the recipient); "he had a kidney transplant"; "the long-term results of cardiac transplantation are now excellent"; "a child had a multiple organ transplant two months ago" place the organ of a donor into the body of a recipient lift and reset in another soil or situation; "Transplant the young rice plants" be transplantable; "These delicate plants do not transplant easily" troop movement movement of military units to a new location shift the act of moving from one place to another; "his constant shifting disrupted the class" an event in which something is displaced without rotation a crew of workers who work for a specific period of time the time period during which you are at work move and exchange for another; "shift the date for our class reunion" change gears; "you have to shift when you go down a steep hill" move from one setting or context to another; "shift the emphasis"; "shift one's attention" change in quality; "His tone shifted" change phonetically as part of a systematic historical change; "Grimm showed how the consonants shifted" use a shift key on a keyboard; "She could not shift so all her letters are written in lower case" change place or direction; "Shift one's position" abduction (physiology) moving of a body part away from the central axis of the body the criminal act of capturing and carrying away by force a family member; if a man's wife is abducted it is a crime against the family relationship and against the wife adduction (physiology) moving of a body part toward the central axis of the body agitation the act of agitating something; causing it to move around (usually vigorously) disturbance usually in protest the feeling of being agitated; not calm a state of agitation or turbulent change or development; "the political ferment produced new leadership"; "social unrest" a mental state of extreme emotional disturbance body English a motion of the body by a player as if to make an object already propelled go in the desired direction circumduction a circular movement of a limb or eye disturbance the act of disturbing something or someone; setting something in motion a disorderly outburst or tumult; "they were amazed by the furious disturbance they had caused" an unhappy and worried mental state; "there was too much anger and disturbance"; "she didn't realize the upset she caused me" fetal movement motion of a fetus within the uterus (usually detected by the 16th week of pregnancy) gesture motion of hands or body to emphasize or help to express a thought or feeling something done as an indication of intention; "a political gesture"; "a gesture of defiance" the use of movements (especially of the hands) to communicate familiar or prearranged signals headshake the act of turning your head left and right to signify denial or disbelief or bemusement; "I could tell from their headshakes that they didn't believe me" mudra ritual hand movement in Hindu religious dancing inclination the act of inclining; bending forward; "an inclination of his head indicated his agreement" an attitude of mind especially one that favors one alternative over others; "he had an inclination to give up too easily"; "a tendency to be too strict" that toward which you are inclined to feel a liking; "her inclination is for classical music" (geometry) the angle formed by the x-axis and a given line (measured counterclockwise from the positive half of the x-axis) (astronomy) the angle between the plane of the orbit and the plane of the ecliptic stated in degrees inversion the act of turning inside out turning upside down; setting on end a term formerly used to mean taking on the gender role of the opposite sex (counterpoint) a variation of a melody or part in which ascending intervals are replaced by descending intervals and vice versa (genetics) a kind of mutation in which the order of the genes in a section of a chromosome is reversed the layer of air near the earth is cooler than an overlying layer a chemical process in which the direction of optical rotation of a substance is reversed from dextrorotatory to levorotary or vice versa abnormal condition in which an organ is turned inward or inside out (as when the upper part of the uterus is pulled into the cervical canal after childbirth) jerk an abrupt spasmodic movement raising a weight from shoulder height to above the head by straightening the arms a dull stupid fatuous person (mechanics) the rate of change of acceleration throw or toss with a quick motion; "flick a piece of paper across the table"; "jerk his head" move with abrupt, seemingly uncontrolled motions; "The patient's legs were jerkings" bob a short abrupt inclination (as of the head); "he gave me a short bob of acknowledgement" a small float usually made of cork; attached to a fishing line a hanging weight, especially a metal ball on a string a hair style for women and children; a short haircut all around cut hair in the style of a bob; "Bernice bobs her hair these days!" move up and down repeatedly; "her rucksack bobbed gently on her back" nod the act of nodding the head a sign of assent or salutation or command be almost asleep; "The old man sat nodding by the fireplace" let the head fall forward through drowsiness; "The old man was nodding in his chair" lower and raise the head, as to indicate assent or agreement or confirmation; "The teacher nodded when the student gave the right answer" express or signify by nodding; "He nodded his approval" sway gently back and forth, as in a nodding motion; "the flowers were nodding in the breeze" nutation uncontrolled nodding stoop an inclination of the top half of the body forward and downward small porch or set of steps at the front entrance of a house carry oneself, often habitually, with head, shoulders, and upper back bent forward; "The old man was stooping but he could walk around without a cane" sag, bend, bend over or down; "the rocks stooped down over the hiking path" descend swiftly, as if on prey; "The eagle stooped on the mice in the field" kneel supporting yourself on your knees rest one's weight on one's knees; "In church you have to kneel during parts of the service" eye movement the movement of the eyes nystagmus involuntary movements of the eyeballs; its presence or absence is used to diagnose a variety of neurological and visual disorders physiological nystagmus small involuntary tremors of the eyeballs; when it is eliminated by stabilizing the image on the retina, visual perception fades rapidly from fatigue of the retinal receptors rotational nystagmus nystagmus caused by the body rotating rapidly; large slow movements of the eyeballs are in the direction of rotation saccade a rapid, jerky movement of the eyes between positions of rest post-rotational nystagmus nystagmus caused by suddenly stopping the rapid rotation of the body; large slow movements of the eyeballs are in the direction opposite to the direction of rotation opening the act of opening something; "the ray of light revealed his cautious opening of the door" becoming open or being made open; "the opening of his arms was the sign I was waiting for" a recognized sequence of moves at the beginning of a game of chess; "he memorized all the important chess openings" a vacant or unobstructed space that is man-made; "they left a small opening for the cat at the bottom of the door" the initial part of the introduction; "the opening established the basic theme" the first performance (as of a theatrical production); "the opening received good critical reviews" a ceremony accompanying the start of some enterprise an open or empty space in or between things; "there was a small opening between the trees"; "the explosion made a gap in the wall" opportunity especially for employment or promotion; "there is an opening in the sales department" first or beginning; "the memorable opening bars of Beethoven's Fifth"; "the play's opening scene" rearrangement changing an arrangement musical chairs a rearrangement that has no practical effect or significance; "the company is looking for stability after years of musical chairs with directors"; "shareholders don't want the company playing musical chairs with their investment" a child's game in which players march to music around a group of chairs that contains one chair less than the number of players; when the music abruptly stops the players scramble to sit and the player who does not find a chair is eliminated; then a chair is removed and the march resumes until only the winner is seated reordering a rearrangement in a different order permutation act of changing the lineal order of objects in a group complete change in character or condition; "the permutations...taking place in the physical world"- Henry Miller the act of changing the arrangement of a given number of elements shuffle the act of mixing cards haphazardly mix so as to make a random order or arrangement; "shuffle the cards" walk by dragging one's feet; "he shuffled out of the room"; "We heard his feet shuffling down the hall" move about, move back and forth; "He shuffled his funds among different accounts in various countries so as to avoid the IRS" reshuffle shuffling again; "the gambler demanded a reshuffle" a redistribution of something; "there was a reshuffle of cabinet officers" reorganize and assign posts to different people; "The new Prime Minister reshuffled his cabinet" shuffle again; "So as to prevent cheating, he was asked to reshuffle the cards" riffle shuffling by splitting the pack and interweaving the two halves at their corners shuffle (playing cards) by separating the deck into two parts and riffling with the thumbs so the cards intermix twiddle a series of small (usually idle) twists or turns manipulate, as in a nervous or unconscious manner; "He twiddled his thumbs while waiting for the interview" prostration the act of assuming a prostrate position abject submission; the emotional equivalent of prostrating your body reach the act of physically reaching or thrusting out be in or establish communication with; "Our advertisements reach millions"; "He never contacted his children after he emigrated to Australia" move forward or upward in order to touch; also in a metaphorical sense; "Government reaches out to the people" reach a point in time, or a certain state or level; "The thermometer hit 100 degrees"; "This car can reach a speed of 140 miles per hour" reach a destination, either real or abstract; "We hit Detroit by noon"; "The water reached the doorstep"; "We barely made it to the finish line"; "I have to hit the MAC machine before the weekend starts" reach a goal; "make the first team"; "We made it!"; "She may not make the grade" to extend as far as; "The sunlight reached the wall"; "Can he reach?"; "The chair must not touch the wall" reciprocation alternating back-and-forth movement the act of making or doing something in return reclining the act of assuming or maintaining a reclining position retraction the act of pulling or holding or drawing a part back; "the retraction of the landing gear"; "retraction of the foreskin" a disavowal or taking back of a previous assertion retroflection the act of bending backward an articulatory gesture made by turning the tip of the tongue back against the roof of the mouth rotation the act of rotating as if on an axis; "the rotation of the dancer kept time with the music" a planned recurrent sequence (of crops or personnel etc.); "crop rotation makes a balanced demand on the fertility of the soil"; "the manager had only four starting pitchers in his rotation" a single complete turn (axial or orbital); "the plane made three rotations before it crashed"; "the revolution of the earth about the sun takes one year" (mathematics) a transformation in which the coordinate axes are rotated by a fixed angle about the origin circumvolution the act of turning or winding or folding around a central axis feather turning an oar parallel to the water between pulls the light horny waterproof structure forming the external covering of birds turn the oar, while rowing turn the paddle; in canoeing cover or fit with feathers join tongue and groove, in carpentry gyration the act of rotating in a circle or spiral pivot the act of turning on (or as if on) a pivot; "the golfer went to the driving range to practice his pivot" axis consisting of a short shaft that supports something that turns the person in a rank around whom the others wheel and maneuver turn on a pivot pronation rotation of the hands and forearms so that the palms face downward spiral flying downward in a helical path with a large radius ornament consisting of a curve on a plane that winds around a center with an increasing distance from the center a continuously accelerating change in the economy a plane curve traced by a point circling about the center but at increasing distances from the center form a spiral; "The path spirals up the mountain" pirouette (ballet) a rapid spin of the body (especially on the toes as in ballet) do a pirouette, usually as part of a dance birling rotating a log rapidly in the water (as a competitive sport) shutting the act of closing something sitting the act of assuming or maintaining a seated position; "he read the mystery at one sitting" (photography) the act of assuming a certain position (as for a photograph or portrait); "he wanted his portrait painted but couldn't spare time for the sitting" a session as of a legislature or court not moving and therefore easy to attack; "a sitting target" snap the act of snapping the fingers; movement of a finger from the tip to the base of the thumb on the same hand; "he gave his fingers a snap" a fastener used on clothing; fastens with a snapping sound; "children can manage snaps better than buttons" a sudden breaking the noise produced by the rapid movement of a finger from the tip to the base of the thumb on the same hand; "servants appeared at the snap of his fingers" a spell of cold weather; "a cold snap in the middle of May" break suddenly and abruptly, as under tension; "The pipe snapped" close with a snapping motion; "The lock snapped shut" utter in an angry, sharp, or abrupt tone; "The sales clerk snapped a reply at the angry customer"; "The guard snarled at us" cause to make a snapping sound; "snap your fingers" put in play with a snap; "snap a football" bring the jaws together; "he snapped indignantly" move or strike with a noise; "he clicked on the light"; "his arm was snapped forward" move with a snapping sound; "bullets snapped past us" make a sharp sound; "his fingers snapped" squat the act of assuming or maintaining a crouching position with the knees bent and the buttocks near the heels sit on one's heels; "In some cultures, the women give birth while squatting"; "The children hunkered down to protect themselves from the sandstorm" occupy (a dwelling) illegally be close to the earth, or be disproportionately wide; "The building squatted low" having a low center of gravity; built low to the ground sweep a movement in an arc; "a sweep of his arm" a long oar used in an open boat a wide scope; "the sweep of the plains" win an overwhelming victory in or on; "Her new show dog swept all championships" sweep with a broom or as if with a broom; "Sweep the crumbs off the table"; "Sweep under the bed" clean by sweeping; "Please sweep the floor" move with sweeping, effortless, gliding motions; "The diva swept into the room"; "Shreds of paper sailed through the air"; "The searchlights swept across the sky" cover the entire range of supination rotation of the hands and forearms so that the palms face upward twist turning or twisting around (in place); "with a quick twist of his head he surveyed the room" social dancing in which couples vigorously twist their hips and arms in time to the music; was popular in the 1960s; "they liked to dance the twist" a jerky pulling movement twist suddenly so as to sprain; "wrench one's ankle"; "The wrestler twisted his shoulder"; "the hikers sprained their ankles when they fell"; "I turned my ankle and couldn't walk for several days" form into twists; "Twist the strips of dough" practice sophistry; change the meaning of or be vague about in order to mislead or deceive; "Don't twist my words" turn in the opposite direction; "twist one's head" form into a spiral shape; "The cord is all twisted" do the twist wind the act of winding or twisting; "he put the key in the old clock and gave it a good wind" breath; "the collision knocked the wind out of him" empty rhetoric or insincere or exaggerated talk; "that's a lot of wind"; "don't give me any of that jazz" a tendency or force that influences events; "the winds of change" air moving (sometimes with considerable force) from an area of high pressure to an area of low pressure; "trees bent under the fierce winds"; "when there is no wind, row"; "the radioactivity was being swept upwards by the air current and out into the atmosphere" coil the spring of (some mechanical device) by turning a stem; "wind your watch" arrange or or coil around; "roll your hair around your finger"; "Twine the thread around the spool"; "She wrapped her arms around the child" extend in curves and turns; "The road winds around the lake"; "the path twisted through the forest" toss an abrupt movement; "a toss of his head" agitate; "toss the salad" vibration the act of vibrating a distinctive emotional aura experienced instinctively; "that place gave me bad vibrations"; "it gave me a nostalgic vibe" wave a movement like that of a sudden occurrence or increase in a specified phenomenon; "a wave of settlers"; "troops advancing in waves" a hairdo that creates undulations in the hair the act of signaling by a movement of the hand (physics) a movement up and down or back and forth one of a series of ridges that moves across the surface of a liquid (especially across a large body of water) something that rises rapidly; "a wave of emotion swept over him"; "there was a sudden wave of buying before the market closed"; "a wave of conservatism in the country led by the hard right" a persistent and widespread unusual weather condition (especially of unusual temperatures); "a heat wave" an undulating curve set waves in; "she asked the hairdresser to wave her hair" change of direction the act of changing the direction in which something is oriented reversion turning in the opposite direction (genetics) a return to a normal phenotype (usually resulting from a second mutation) (law) an interest in an estate that reverts to the grantor (or his heirs) at the end of some period (e.g., the death of the grantee) u-turn complete reversal of direction of travel shaking the act of causing something to move up and down (or back and forth) with quick movements a shaky motion; "the shaking of his fingers as he lit his pipe" joggle a slight irregular shaking motion fasten or join with a joggle stirring agitating a liquid with an implement; "constant stirring prevents it from burning on the bottom of the pan" exciting strong but not unpleasant emotions; "a stirring speech" wag causing to move repeatedly from side to side a witty amusing person who makes jokes move from side to side; "The happy dog wagged his tail" worrying the act of moving something by repeated tugs or pushes; "vigorous worrying finally loosened the saw" rock pitching dangerously to one side a lump or mass of hard consolidated mineral matter; "he threw a rock at me" (figurative) someone who is strong and stable and dependable; "he was her rock during the crisis"; "Thou art Peter, and upon this rock I will build my church"--Gospel According to Matthew material consisting of the aggregate of minerals like those making up the Earth's crust; "that mountain is solid rock"; "stone is abundant in New England and there are many quarries" move back and forth or sideways; "the ship was rocking"; "the tall building swayed"; "She rocked back and forth on her feet" cause to move back and forth; "rock the cradle"; "rock the baby"; "the wind swayed the trees gently" upset the act of upsetting something; "he was badly bruised by the upset of his sled at a high speed" the act of disturbing the mind or body; "his carelessness could have caused an ecological upset"; "she was unprepared for this sudden overthrow of their normal way of living" a tool used to thicken or spread metal (the end of a bar or a rivet etc.) by forging or hammering or swaging disturb the balance or stability of; "The hostile talks upset the peaceful relations between the two countries" defeat suddenly and unexpectedly; "The foreign team upset the local team" cause to lose one's composure mildly physically distressed; "an upset stomach" waver the act of moving back and forth someone who communicates by waving sway from side to side tremor an involuntary vibration (as if from illness or fear) a small earthquake shaking or trembling (usually resulting from weakness or stress or disease) shake with seismic vibrations; "The earth was quaking" outreach the act of reaching out; "the outreach toward truth of the human spirit" standing the act of assuming or maintaining an erect upright position an ordered listing of scores or results showing the relative positions of competitors (individuals or teams) in a sporting event social or financial or professional status or reputation; "of equal standing"; "a member in good standing" (of persons) on the feet; having the torso in an erect position supported by straight legs; "standing room only" permanent; "a standing army" keystroke the stroke of a key; one depression of a key on a keyboard; "the number of keystrokes was used as a measure of work" wiggle the act of wiggling change of course a change in the direction that you are moving diversion a turning aside (of your course or attention or concern); "a diversion from the main highway"; "a digression into irrelevant details"; "a deflection from his goal" an activity that diverts or amuses or stimulates; "scuba diving is provided as a diversion for tourists"; "for recreation he wrote poetry and solved crossword puzzles"; "drug abuse is often regarded as a form of recreation" an attack calculated to draw enemy defense away from the point of the principal attack red herring any diversion intended to distract attention from the main issue a dried and smoked herring having a reddish color right a turn toward the side of the body that is on the south when the person is facing east; "take a right at the corner" anything in accord with principles of justice; "he feels he is in the right"; "the rightfulness of his claim" an abstract idea of that which is due to a person or governmental body by law or tradition or nature; "they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights"; "Certain rights can never be granted to the government but must be kept in the hands of the people"- Eleanor Roosevelt; "a right is not something that somebody gives you; it is something that nobody can take away" the hand that is on the right side of the body; "he writes with his right hand but pitches with his left"; "hit him with quick rights to the body" those who support political or social or economic conservatism; those who believe that things are better left unchanged location near or direction toward the right side; i.e. the side to the south when a person or object faces east; "he stood on the right" (frequently plural) the interest possessed by law or custom in some intangible thing; "mineral rights"; "film rights" regain an upright or proper position; "The capsized boat righted again" put in or restore to an upright position; "They righted the sailboat that had capsized" make reparations or amends for; "right a wrongs done to the victims of the Holocaust" correct in opinion or judgment; "time proved him right" having the axis perpendicular to the base; "a right angle" of or belonging to the political or intellectual right being or located on or directed toward the side of the body to the east when facing north; "my right hand"; "right center field"; "a right-hand turn"; "the right bank of a river is the bank on your right side when you are facing downstream" in conformance with justice or law or morality; "do the right thing and confess" in or into a satisfactory condition; "things are right again now"; "put things right" exactly; "he fell flop on his face" immediately; "she called right after dinner" an interjection expressing agreement precisely, exactly; "stand right here!" toward or on the right; also used figuratively; "he looked right and left"; "the party has moved right" left a turn toward the side of the body that is on the north when the person is facing east; "take a left at the corner" the hand that is on the left side of the body; "jab with your left" those who support varying degrees of social or political or economic change designed to promote the public welfare location near or direction toward the left side; i.e. the side to the north when a person or object faces east; "she stood on the left" of or belonging to the political or intellectual left being or located on or directed toward the side of the body to the west when facing north; "my left hand"; "left center field"; "the left bank of a river is bank on your left side when you are facing downstream" toward or on the left; also used figuratively; "he looked right and left"; "the political party has moved left" change of magnitude the act of changing the amount or size of something decrease the act of decreasing or reducing something the amount by which something decreases a change downward; "there was a decrease in his temperature as the fever subsided"; "there was a sharp drop-off in sales" a process of becoming smaller or shorter decrease in size, extent, or range; "The amount of homework decreased towards the end of the semester"; "The cabin pressure fell dramatically"; "her weight fell to under a hundred pounds"; "his voice fell to a whisper" make smaller; "He decreased his staff" budget cut the act of reducing budgeted expenditures pay cut the act of reducing a salary cost cutting the act of cutting costs price cutting cutting the price of merchandise to one lower than the usual or advertised price spending cut the act of reducing spending tax cut the act of reducing taxation; "the new administration's large tax cut was highly controversial" moderation the action of lessening in severity or intensity; "the object being control or moderation of economic depressions" quality of being moderate and avoiding extremes tapering the act of gradually lowering the size or amount; "the doctor prescribed the tapering of the dose" cutback a reduction in quantity or rate service cutback the act of reducing service devaluation the reduction of something's value or worth an official lowering of a nation's currency; a decrease in the value of a country's currency relative to that of foreign countries devitalization the act of reducing the vitality of something evisceration altering something (as a legislative act or a statement) in such a manner as to reduce its value; "the adoption of their amendments would have amounted to an evisceration of the act" surgical removal of an organ (or the contents of an organ) from a patient extenuation to act in such a way as to cause an offense to seem less serious a partial excuse to mitigate censure; an attempt to represent an offense as less serious than it appears by showing mitigating circumstances spasmolysis the relaxation or relief of muscle spasms easing the act of reducing something unpleasant (as pain or annoyance); "he asked the nurse for relief from the constant pain" a change for the better de-escalation (war) a reduction in intensity (of a crisis or a war) detente the easing of tensions or strained relations (especially between nations) palliation easing the severity of a pain or a disease without removing the cause liberalization the act of making less strict minimization the act of reducing something to the least possible amount or degree or position depletion the act of decreasing something markedly the state of being depleted consumption the act of consuming something the process of taking food into the body through the mouth (as by eating) (economics) the utilization of economic goods to satisfy needs or in manufacturing; "the consumption of energy has increased steadily" burnup the amount of fuel used up (as in a nuclear reactor) a high-speed motorcycle race on a public road exhaustion the act of exhausting something entirely extreme fatigue compression applying pressure encoding information while reducing the bandwidth or bits required the process or result of becoming smaller or pressed together; "the contraction of a gas on cooling" pinch a squeeze with the fingers an injury resulting from getting some body part squeezed a painful or straitened circumstance; "the pinch of the recession" irritate as if by a nip, pinch, or tear; "smooth surfaces can vellicate the teeth"; "the pain is as if sharp points pinch your back" squeeze tightly between the fingers; "He pinched her behind"; "She squeezed the bottle" decompression relieving pressure (especially bringing a compressed person gradually back to atmospheric pressure) restoring compressed information to its normal form for use or display condensing the act of increasing the density of something thickening the act of thickening any material used to thicken; "starch is used in cooking as a thickening" becoming more intricate or complex; "a thickening plot" crush the act of crushing a dense crowd of people break into small pieces; "The car crushed the toy" become injured, broken, or distorted by pressure; "The plastic bottle crushed against the wall" humiliate or depress completely; "She was crushed by his refusal of her invitation"; "The death of her son smashed her" grind the act of grinding to a powder or dust the grade of particle fineness to which a substance is ground; "a coarse grind of coffee" reduce to small pieces or particles by pounding or abrading; "grind the spices in a mortar"; "mash the garlic" shape or form by grinding; "grind lenses for glasses and cameras" created by grinding; "grind designs into the glass bowl" dance by rotating the pelvis in an erotically suggestive way, often while in contact with one's partner such that the dancers' legs are interlaced expression the act of forcing something out by squeezing or pressing; "the expression of milk from her breast" the feelings expressed on a person's face; "a sad expression"; "a look of triumph"; "an angry face" expression without words; "tears are an expression of grief"; "the pulse is a reflection of the heart's condition" the communication (in speech or writing) of your beliefs or opinions; "expressions of good will"; "he helped me find verbal expression for my ideas"; "the idea was immediate but the verbalism took hours" (genetics) the process of expressing a gene extrusion squeezing out by applying pressure; "an unexpected extrusion of toothpaste from the bottom of the tube"; "the expulsion of pus from the pimple" shortening act of decreasing in length; "the dress needs shortening" fat such as butter or lard used in baked goods abbreviation shortening something by omitting parts of it a shortened form of a word or phrase severance the act of severing haircut the act of cutting the hair the style in which hair has been cut trim cutting down to the desired size or shape attitude of an aircraft in flight when allowed to take its own orientation a state of arrangement or appearance; "in good trim" adjust (sails on a ship) so that the wind is optimally used decorate (food), as with parsley or other ornamental foods decorate, as with ornaments; "trim the christmas tree"; "trim a shop window" be in equilibrium during a flight; "The airplane trimmed" balance in flight by regulating the control surfaces; "trim an airplane" pruning the act of trimming a plant something that has been pruned off of a plant shearing removing by cutting off or clipping sheepshearing act of shearing sheep a festival held at the time sheep are normally sheared the time or season when sheep are sheared shrinking the act of becoming less process or result of becoming less or smaller; "the material lost 2 inches per yard in shrinkage" miniaturization act of making on a greatly reduced scale subtraction the act of subtracting (removing a part from the whole); "he complained about the subtraction of money from their paychecks" an arithmetic operation in which the difference between two numbers is calculated; "the subtraction of three from four leaves one"; "four minus three equals one" bite a portion removed from the whole; "the government's weekly bite from my paycheck" the act of gripping or chewing off with the teeth and jaws (angling) an instance of a fish taking the bait; "after fishing for an hour he still had not had a bite" a light informal meal a wound resulting from biting by an animal or a person penetrate or cut, as with a knife; "The fork bit into the surface" to grip, cut off, or tear with or as if with the teeth or jaws; "Gunny invariably tried to bite her" cause a sharp or stinging pain or discomfort; "The sun burned his face" withholding the act of deducting from an employee's salary the act of holding back or keeping within your possession or control; "I resented his withholding permission"; "there were allegations of the withholding of evidence" abatement the act of abating; "laws enforcing noise abatement" abatement of a nuisance (law) the removal or termination or destruction of something that has been found to be a nuisance asbestos abatement the removal of asbestos from a public building attrition the act of rubbing together; wearing something down by friction a wearing down to weaken or destroy; "a war of attrition" sorrow for sin arising from fear of damnation deflation the act of letting the air out of something a contraction of economic activity resulting in a decline of prices (geology) the erosion of soil as a consequence of sand and dust and loose rocks being removed by the wind; "a constant deflation of the desert landscape" discount the act of reducing the selling price of merchandise give a reduction in price on; "I never discount these books-they sell like hot cakes" rollback reducing prices back to some earlier level the act of forcing the enemy to withdraw weakening the act of reducing the strength of something becoming weaker moderating by making pain or sorrow weaker wilt causing to become limp or drooping any plant disease characterized by drooping and shriveling; usually caused by parasites attacking the roots become limp; "The flowers wilted" lose strength; "My opponent was wilting" dilution weakening (reducing the concentration) by the addition of water or a thinner a diluted solution cutting the act of diluting something; "the cutting of whiskey with water"; "the thinning of paint with turpentine" a piece cut off from the main part of something a part (sometimes a root or leaf or bud) removed from a plant to propagate a new plant through rooting or grafting painful as if caused by a sharp instrument; "a cutting wind"; "keen winds"; "knifelike cold"; "piercing knifelike pains"; "piercing cold"; "piercing criticism"; "a stabbing pain"; "lancinating pain" (of speech) harsh or hurtful in tone or character; "cutting remarks"; "edged satire"; "a stinging comment" increase the act of increasing something; "he gave me an increase in salary" the amount by which something increases; "they proposed an increase of 15 percent in the fare" a change resulting in an increase; "the increase is scheduled for next month" a process of becoming larger or longer or more numerous or more important; "the increase in unemployment"; "the growth of population" make bigger or more; "The boss finally increased her salary"; "The university increased the number of students it admitted" become bigger or greater in amount; "The amount of work increased" addition the act of adding one thing to another; "the addition of flowers created a pleasing effect"; "the addition of a leap day every four years" a component that is added to something to improve it; "the addition of a bathroom was a major improvement"; "the addition of cinnamon improved the flavor" a suburban area laid out in streets and lots for a future residential area a quantity that is added; "there was an addition to property taxes this year"; "they recorded the cattle's gain in weight over a period of weeks" retrofit the act of adding a component or accessory to something that did not have it when it was manufactured; "the court ordered a retrofit on all automobiles" a component or accessory added to something after it has been manufactured substitute new or modernized parts or equipment for older ones; "The laboratory retrofitted to meet the safety codes" fit in or on an existing structure, such as an older house; "The mansion was retrofitted with modern plumbing" provide with parts, devices, or equipment not available or in use at the time of the original manufacture; "They car companies retrofitted all the old models with new carburetors" advance increase in price or value; "the news caused a general advance on the stock market" an amount paid before it is earned rise in rate or price; "The stock market gained 24 points today" develop further; "We are advancing technology every day" bring forward for consideration or acceptance; "advance an argument" move forward, also in the metaphorical sense; "Time marches on" cause to move forward; "Can you move the car seat forward?" move forward; "we have to advance clocks and watches when we travel eastward" pay in advance; "Can you advance me some money?" appreciation an increase in price or value; "an appreciation of 30% in the value of real estate" understanding of the nature or meaning or quality or magnitude of something; "he has a good grasp of accounting practices" an expression of gratitude; "he expressed his appreciation in a short note" depreciation a decrease in price or value; "depreciation of the dollar against the yen" decrease in value of an asset due to obsolescence or use surge a sudden or abrupt strong increase; "stimulated a surge of speculation"; "an upsurge of emotion"; "an upsurge in violent crime" see one's performance improve; "He levelled the score and then surged ahead" fluoridation the addition of a fluoride to the water supply (to prevent dental decay) augmentation the act of augmenting the statement of a theme in notes of greater duration (usually twice the length of the original) the amount by which something increases amplification (electronics) the act of increasing voltage or power or current addition of extra material or illustration or clarifying detail; "a few remarks added in amplification and defense"; "an elaboration of the sketch followed" the amount of increase in signal power or voltage or current expressed as the ratio of output to input contraction the act of decreasing (something) in size or volume or quantity or scope (physiology) a shortening or tensing of a part or organ (especially of a muscle or muscle fiber) a word formed from two or more words by omitting or combining some sounds; "`won't' is a contraction of `will not'"; "`o'clock' is a contraction of `of the clock'" expansion the act of increasing (something) in size or volume or quantity or scope adding information or detail a discussion that provides additional information a function expressed as a sum or product of terms; "the expansion of (a+b)^2 is a^2 + 2ab + b^2" dilation the act of expanding an aperture; "the dilation of the pupil of the eye" a lengthy discussion (spoken or written) on a particular topic vasodilation dilation of blood vessels (especially the arteries) distention the act of expanding by pressure from within stretching act of expanding by lengthening or widening tension the action of stretching something tight; "tension holds the belt in the pulleys" (physics) a stress that produces an elongation of an elastic physical body; "the direction of maximum tension moves asymptotically toward the direction of the shear" a balance between and interplay of opposing elements or tendencies (especially in art or literature); "there is a tension created between narrative time and movie time"; "there is a tension between these approaches to understanding history" (psychology) a state of mental or emotional strain or suspense; "he suffered from fatigue and emotional tension"; "stress is a vasoconstrictor" the physical condition of being stretched or strained; "it places great tension on the leg muscles"; "he could feel the tenseness of her body" escalation an increase to counteract a perceived discrepancy; "higher wages caused an escalation of prices"; "there was a gradual escalation of hostilities" maximization the act of raising to the highest possible point or condition or position the mathematical process of finding the maximum value of a function inflation the act of filling something with air (cosmology) a brief exponential expansion of the universe (faster than the speed of light) postulated to have occurred shortly after the big bang a general and progressive increase in prices; "in inflation everything gets more valuable except money" magnification the act of expanding something in apparent size the ratio of the size of an image to the size of the object exaggeration the act of making something more noticeable than usual; "the dance involved a deliberate exaggeration of his awkwardness" making to seem more important than it really is extension act of expanding in scope; making more widely available; "extension of the program to all in need" act of stretching or straightening out a flexed limb an educational opportunity provided by colleges and universities to people who are not enrolled as regular students an additional telephone set that is connected to the same telephone line amount or degree or range to which something extends; "the wire has an extension of 50 feet" the ability to raise the working leg high in the air; "the dancer was praised for her uncanny extension"; "good extension comes from a combination of training and native ability" a string of characters beginning with a period and followed by one or more letters; the optional second part of a PC computer filename; "most applications provide extensions for the files they create"; "most BASIC files use the filename extension .BAS" a mutually agreed delay in the date set for the completion of a job or payment of a debt; "they applied for an extension of the loan" spread act of extending over a wider scope or expanse of space or time the expansion of a person's girth (especially at middle age); "she exercised to avoid that middle-aged spread" two facing pages of a book or other publication process or result of distributing or extending over a wide expanse of space a tasty mixture to be spread on bread or crackers or used in preparing other dishes distribute or disperse widely; "The invaders spread their language all over the country" become distributed or widespread; "the infection spread"; "Optimism spread among the population" distribute over a surface in a layer; "spread cheese on a piece of bread" cover by spreading something over; "spread the bread with cheese" strew or distribute over an area; "He spread fertilizer over the lawn"; "scatter cards across the table" spread across or over; "A big oil spot spread across the water" prepared or arranged for a meal; especially having food set out; "a table spread with food" circulation the spread or transmission of something (as news or money) to a wider group or area the dissemination of copies of periodicals (as newspapers or magazines) free movement or passage (as of cytoplasm within a cell or sap through a plant); "ocean circulation is an important part of global climate"; "a fan aids air circulation" movement through a circuit; especially the movement of blood through the heart and blood vessels number of copies of a newspaper or magazine that are sold; "by increasing its circulation the newspaper hoped to increase its advertising" (library science) the count of books that are loaned by a library over a specified period recirculation circulation again dispersion the act of dispersing or diffusing something; "the dispersion of the troops"; "the diffusion of knowledge" spreading widely or driving off crop-dusting the dispersion of fungicides or insecticides or fertilizer on growing crops (often from a low-flying aircraft) scatter the act of scattering a haphazard distribution in all directions distribute loosely; "He scattered gun powder under the wagon" sow by scattering; "scatter seeds" contracture an abnormal and usually permanent contraction of a muscle hyperextension greater than normal extension tetanus a sustained muscular contraction resulting from a rapid series of nerve impulses an acute and serious infection of the central nervous system caused by bacterial infection of open wounds; spasms of the jaw and laryngeal muscles may occur during the late stages truncation the act of cutting short; "it is an obvious truncation of the verse"; "they were sentenced to a truncation of their limbs" the replacement of an edge or solid angle (as in cutting a gemstone) by a plane (especially by a plane that is equally inclined to the adjacent faces) uterine contraction a rhythmic tightening in labor of the upper uterine musculature that contracts the size of the uterus and pushes the fetus toward the birth canal Braxton-Hicks contraction painless contractions of the muscles of the uterus that continue throughout pregnancy with increasing frequency vaginismus muscular contraction that causes the vagina to close; usually an anxiety reaction before coitus or pelvic examination stretch extension to or beyond the ordinary limit; "running at full stretch"; "by no stretch of the imagination"; "beyond any stretch of his understanding" exercise designed to extend the limbs and muscles to their full extent a straightaway section of a racetrack the capacity for being stretched a large and unbroken expanse or distance; "a stretch of highway"; "a stretch of clear water" an unbroken period of time during which you do something; "there were stretches of boredom"; "he did a stretch in the federal penitentiary" extend one's limbs or muscles, or the entire body; "Stretch your legs!"; "Extend your right arm above your head" extend one's body or limbs; "Let's stretch for a minute--we've been sitting here for over 3 hours" become longer by being stretched and pulled; "The fabric stretches" extend the scope or meaning of; often unduly; "Stretch the limits"; "stretch my patience"; "stretch the imagination" pull in opposite directions; "During the Inquisition, the torturers would stretch their victims on a rack" lie down comfortably; "To enjoy the picnic, we stretched out on the grass" occupy a large, elongated area; "The park stretched beneath the train line" easily stretched; "stretch hosiery" annotation the act of adding notes supplementation the act of supplementing accumulation the act of accumulating (finance) profits that are not paid out as dividends but are added to the capital base of the corporation buildup the act of building up an accumulation; "I envied his rapid buildup of assets"; "a military buildup in preparation for the invasion" highly favorable publicity and praise; "his letter of recommendation gave her a terrific buildup" the result of the process of accumulation; "the buildup of leaves blocked the drain pipes" deposit the act of putting something somewhere a payment given as a guarantee that an obligation will be met the phenomenon of sediment or gravel accumulating money given as security for an article acquired for temporary use; "his deposit was refunded when he returned the car" money deposited in a bank or some similar institution put into a bank account; "She deposits her paycheck every month" repositing depositing in a warehouse; "they decided to reposition their furniture in a recommended repository in Brooklyn"; "my car is in storage"; "publishers reduced print runs to cut down the cost of warehousing" stockpiling accumulating and storing a reserve supply; "the stockpiling of war materials" inclusion the act of including the relation of comprising something; "he admired the inclusion of so many ideas in such a short work" the state of being included incorporation including by incorporating consolidating two or more things; union in (or into) one body aggrandizement the act of increasing the wealth or prestige or power or scope of something; "the aggrandizement of the king"; "his elevation to cardinal" self-aggrandizement an act undertaken to increase your own power and influence or to draw attention to your own importance strengthening the act of increasing the strength of something becoming stronger intensification action that makes something stronger or more extreme the act of increasing the contrast of (a photographic film) roughness harsh or severe speech or behavior; "men associate the roughness of nonstandard working-class speech with masculinity"; "the roughness of her voice was a signal to keep quiet" a texture of a surface or edge that is not smooth but is irregular and uneven aggravation action that makes a problem or a disease (or its symptoms) worse; "the aggravation of her condition resulted from lack of care" unfriendly behavior that causes anger or resentment an exasperated feeling of annoyance concentration strengthening the concentration (as of a solute in a mixture) by removing diluting material bringing together military forces the strength of a solution; number of molecules of a substance in a given volume the spatial property of being crowded together complete attention; intense mental effort increase in density pervaporation the concentration of a colloidal solution whose colloid will not pass through a semipermeable membrane; solution is placed in a bag of the membrane and the solvent is evaporated off focalization the act of bringing into focus the confinement of an infection to a limited area refocusing focusing again change of integrity the act of changing the unity or wholeness of something breakage the act of breaking something; "the breakage was unavoidable" reimbursement for goods damaged while in transit or in use the quantity broken; "the total breakage was huge" rupture the act of making a sudden noisy break a personal or social separation (as between opposing factions); "they hoped to avoid a break in relations" state of being torn or burst open smashing the act of breaking something into small pieces fracture the act of cracking something breaking of hard tissue such as bone; "it was a nasty fracture"; "the break seems to have been caused by a fall" fracture a bone of; "I broke my foot while playing hockey" break (a bone); "She broke her clavicle" become fractured; "The tibia fractured from the blow of the iron pipe" violate or abuse; "This writer really fractures the language" break into pieces; "The pothole fractured a bolt on the axle" interrupt, break, or destroy; "fracture the balance of power" chip the act of chipping something (golf) a low running approach shot electronic equipment consisting of a small crystal of a silicon semiconductor fabricated to carry out a number of electronic functions in an integrated circuit a small disk-shaped counter used to represent money when gambling a triangular wooden float attached to the end of a log line a thin crisp slice of potato fried in deep fat a piece of dried bovine dung break a small piece off from; "chip the glass"; "chip a tooth" break off (a piece from a whole); "Her tooth chipped" form by chipping; "They chipped their names in the stone" play a chip shot explosion the act of exploding or bursting; "the explosion of the firecrackers awoke the children"; "the burst of an atom bomb creates enormous radiation aloft" a golf shot from a bunker that typically moves sand as well as the golf ball a sudden outburst; "an explosion of laughter"; "an explosion of rage" a violent release of energy caused by a chemical or nuclear reaction the noise caused by an explosion; "the explosion was heard a mile away" a sudden great increase; "the population explosion"; "the information explosion" detonation the act of detonating an explosive percussion the act of exploding a percussion cap the act of playing a percussion instrument tapping a part of the body for diagnostic purposes fulmination the act of exploding with noise and violence; "his fulminations frightened the horses" thunderous verbal attack burning the act of burning something; "the burning of leaves was prohibited by a town ordinance" a form of torture in which cigarettes or cigars or other hot implements are used to burn the victim's skin execution by fire arson malicious burning to destroy property; "the British term for arson is fire-raising" ignition the act of setting something on fire the mechanism that ignites the fuel in an internal-combustion engine the process of initiating combustion or catching fire incineration the act of burning something completely; reducing it to ashes cremation the incineration of a dead body combination the act of combining things to form a new whole the act of arranging elements into specified groups without regard to order a collection of things that have been combined; an assemblage of separate parts or qualities an alliance of people or corporations or countries for a special purpose (formerly to achieve some antisocial end but now for general political or economic purposes) a group of people (often temporary) having a common purpose; "they were a winning combination" a sequence of numbers or letters that opens a combination lock; "he forgot the combination to the safe" a coordinated sequence of chess moves attachment the act of attaching or affixing something faithful support for a cause or political party or religion; "attachment to a formal agenda"; "adherence to a fat-free diet"; "the adhesion of Seville was decisive" a supplementary part or accessory a connection that fastens things together a writ authorizing the seizure of property that may be needed for the payment of a judgment in a judicial proceeding a feeling of affection for a person or an institution graft the act of grafting something onto something else (surgery) tissue or organ transplanted from a donor to a recipient; in some cases the patient can be both donor and recipient cause to grow together parts from different plants; "graft the cherry tree branch onto the plum tree" babel a confusion of voices and other sounds mix the act of mixing together; "paste made by a mix of flour and water"; "the mixing of sound channels in the recording studio" an event that combines things in a mixture; "a gradual mixture of cultures" a commercially prepared mixture of dry ingredients add as an additional element or part; "mix water into the drink" combine (electronic signals); "mixing sounds" to bring or combine together or with something else; "resourcefully he mingled music and dance" fusion the act of fusing (or melting) together correction of an unstable part of the spine by joining two or more vertebrae; usually done surgically but sometimes done by traction or immobilization the combining of images from the two eyes to form a single visual percept an occurrence that involves the production of a union a nuclear reaction in which nuclei combine to form more massive nuclei with the simultaneous release of energy the merging of adjacent sounds or syllables or words blend the act of blending components together thoroughly a new word formed by joining two others and combining their meanings; "`smog' is a blend of `smoke' and `fog'"; "`motel' is a portmanteau word made by combining `motor' and `hotel'"; "`brunch' is a well-known portmanteau" an occurrence of thorough mixing mix together different elements; "The colors blend well" combine into one; "blend the nuts and raisins together"; "he blends in with the crowd"; "We don't intermingle much" blend or harmonize; "This flavor will blend with those in your dish"; "This sofa won't go with the chairs" confluence a flowing together a place where things merge or flow together (especially rivers); "Pittsburgh is located at the confluence of the Allegheny and Monongahela rivers" homogenization the act of making something homogeneous or uniform in composition; "the homogenization of cream"; "the network's homogenization of political news" interspersion the act of combining one thing at intervals among other things; "the interspersion of illustrations in the text" temperance the act of tempering the trait of avoiding excesses union the act of making or becoming a single unit; "the union of opposing factions"; "he looked forward to the unification of his family for the holidays" a device on a national flag emblematic of the union of two or more sovereignties (typically in the upper inner corner) the occurrence of a uniting of separate parts; "lightning produced an unusual union of the metals" a set containing all and only the members of two or more given sets; "let C be the union of the sets A and B" an organization of employees formed to bargain with the employer; "you have to join the union in order to get a job" a political unit formed from previously independent people or organizations; "the Soviet Union" healing process involving the growing together of the edges of a wound or the growing together of broken bones the state of being joined or united or linked; "there is strength in union" of trade unions; "the union movement"; "union negotiations"; "a union-shop clause in the contract" coalescence the union of diverse things into one body or form or group; the growing together of parts reunion the act of coming together again; "monetary unification precipitated the reunification of the German state in October 1990" a party of former associates who have come together again tribalization the act of making tribal; unification on a tribal basis detribalization the decline or termination of tribal organization the act of causing tribal people to abandon their customs and adopt urban ways of living umbrella having the function of uniting a group of similar things; "the Democratic Party is an umbrella for many liberal groups"; "under the umbrella of capitalism" a formation of military planes maintained over ground operations or targets; "an air umbrella over England" a lightweight handheld collapsible canopy covering or applying simultaneously to a number of similar items or elements or groups; "an umbrella organization"; "umbrella insurance coverage" homecoming an annual school or university reunion for graduates separation the act of dividing or disconnecting the social act of separating or parting company; "the separation of church and state" sorting one thing from others; "the separation of wheat from chaff"; "the separation of mail by postal zones" the termination of employment (by resignation or dismissal) coming apart the space where a division or parting occurs; "he hid in the separation between walls" the state of lacking unity cut-in (film) a still picture that is introduced and that interrupts the action of a film (broadcasting) a local announcement inserted into a network program avulsion a forcible tearing or surgical separation of one body part from another an abrupt change in the course of a stream that forms the boundary between two parcels of land resulting in the loss of part of the land of one landowner and a consequent increase in the land of another dissociation the act of removing from association (chemistry) the temporary or reversible process in which a molecule or ion is broken down into smaller molecules or ions a state in which some integrated part of a person's life becomes separated from the rest of the personality and functions independently secession formal separation from an alliance or federation an Austrian school of art and architecture parallel to the French art nouveau in the 1890s Secession the withdrawal of eleven southern states from the Union in 1860 which precipitated the American Civil War breakaway the act of breaking away or withdrawing from; "there was a breakaway by the discontented members"; "a breaking away from family and neighborhood" having separated or advocating separation from another entity or policy or attitude; "a breakaway faction" disunion the termination or destruction of union disconnection the act of breaking a connection division the act or process of dividing the act of dividing or partitioning; separation by the creation of a boundary that divides or keeps apart an arithmetic operation that is the inverse of multiplication; the quotient of two numbers is computed discord that splits a group an army unit large enough to sustain combat; "two infantry divisions were held in reserve" a group of ships of similar type a unit of the United States Air Force usually comprising two or more wings an administrative unit in government or business (botany) taxonomic unit of plants corresponding to a phylum (biology) a group of organisms forming a subdivision of a larger category parcellation the division into parcels; "the increasing parcellation of land with every generation" cleavage the act of cleaving or splitting the line formed by a groove between two parts (especially the separation between a woman's breasts) (embryology) the repeated division of a fertilised ovum the breaking of a chemical bond in a molecule resulting in smaller molecules the state of being split or cleft; "there was a cleavage between the liberal and conservative members" bisection dividing into two equal parts quartering dividing into four equal parts living accommodations (especially those assigned to military personnel) a coat of arms that occupies one quarter of an escutcheon; combining four coats of arms on one shield usually represented intermarriages schism division of a group into opposing factions; "another schism like that and they will wind up in bankruptcy" the formal separation of a church into two churches or the withdrawal of one group over doctrinal differences dissection cutting so as to separate into pieces detailed critical analysis or examination one part at a time (as of a literary work) a minute and critical analysis scission the act of dividing by cutting or splitting slicing the act of cutting into slices undercut a cut made underneath to remove material a notch cut in the trunk of tree in order to determine the direction of its fall the material removed by a cut made underneath cut obliquely into (a tree) below the main cut and on the side toward which the tree will fall strike (the ball) in golf, tennis, or hockey obliquely downward so as to give a backspin or elevation to the shot cut away the underpart of; "undercut a vein of ore" cut away material from the underside of (an object) so as to leave an overhanging portion in relief notch a small cut a V-shaped or U-shaped indentation carved or scratched into a surface; "there were four notches in the handle of his revolver" a V-shaped indentation; "mandibular notch" notch a surface to record something cut or make a notch into; "notch the rope" slash a strong sweeping cut made with a sharp instrument an open tract of land in a forest that is strewn with debris from logging (or fire or wind) cut drastically; "Prices were slashed" cut open; "she slashed her wrists" cut with sweeping strokes; as with an ax or machete branching the act of branching out or dividing into branches resembling the branches of a tree bifurcation the act of splitting into two branches the place where something divides into two branches a bifurcating branch (one or both of them) trifurcation the act of splitting into three branches divarication branching at a wide angle fibrillation act or process of forming fibrils muscular twitching involving individual muscle fibers acting without coordination dichotomization the act of dividing into two sharply different categories quantization the act of dividing into quanta or expressing in terms of quantum theory fractionation separation into portions a process that uses heat to separate a substance into its components pairing the act of grouping things or people in pairs buddy system a cooperative practice of pairing two or more people together for mutual assistance or safety (especially in recreational swimming) match-up the pairing of people or things as for comparison or competition; "it was a good match-up but the home team won"; "we need a matchup of the best teachers with the neediest schools" punctuation the use of certain marks to clarify meaning of written material by grouping words grammatically into sentences and clauses and phrases the marks used to clarify meaning by indicating separation of words into sentences and clauses and phrases something that makes repeated and regular interruptions or divisions hyphenation connecting syllables and words by hyphens syllabication forming or dividing words into syllables word division division of a word especially at the end of a line on a page detachment the act of releasing from an attachment or connection a small unit of troops of special composition tear the act of tearing; "he took the manuscript in both hands and gave it a mighty tear" a drop of the clear salty saline solution secreted by the lacrimal glands; "his story brought tears to her eyes" fill with tears or shed tears; "Her eyes were tearing" to separate or be separated by force; "planks were in danger of being torn from the crossbars" separate or cause to separate abruptly; "The rope snapped"; "tear the paper" move quickly and violently; "The car tore down the street"; "He came charging into my office" laceration the act of lacerating a torn ragged wound rent the act of rending or ripping or splitting something; "he gave the envelope a vigorous rip" a payment or series of payments made by the lessee to an owner for use of some property, facility, equipment, or service let for money; "We rented our apartment to friends while we were abroad" hold under a lease or rental agreement; of goods and services drawing act of getting or draining something such as electricity or a liquid from a source; "the drawing of water from the well" the creation of artistic pictures or diagrams; "he learned drawing from his father" a representation of forms or objects on a surface by means of lines; "drawings of abstract forms"; "he did complicated pen-and-ink drawings like medieval miniatures" an illustration that is drawn by hand and published in a book, magazine, or newspaper; "it is shown by the drawing in Fig. 7" derivation the act of deriving something or obtaining something from a source or origin drawing off water from its main channel as for irrigation drawing of fluid or inflammation away from a diseased part of the body a line of reasoning that shows how a conclusion follows logically from accepted propositions the source or origin from which something derives (i.e. comes or issues); "he prefers shoes of Italian derivation"; "music of Turkish derivation" (descriptive linguistics) the process whereby new words are formed from existing words or bases by affixation; "`singer' from `sing' or `undo' from `do' are examples of derivations" abscission the act of cutting something off shedding of flowers and leaves and fruit following formation of scar tissue in a plant extraction the action of taking out something (especially using effort or force); "the dentist gave her a local anesthetic prior to the extraction" the process of obtaining something from a mixture or compound by chemical or physical or mechanical means threshing the separation of grain or seeds from the husks and straw; "they used to do the threshing by hand but now there are machines to do it" ablation surgical removal of a body part or tissue the erosive process that reduces the size of glaciers autotomy spontaneous removal or casting off of a body part (as the tail of a lizard or claw of a lobster) especially when the organism is injured or under attack decontamination the removal of contaminants deletion the act of deleting something written or printed the omission that is made when an editorial change shortens a written passage; "an editor's deletions frequently upset young authors"; "both parties agreed on the excision of the proposed clause" (genetics) the loss or absence of one or more nucleotides from a chromosome denudation the removal of covering dermabrasion removal of scars or tattoos by anesthetizing the skin surface and then sanding or scraping off some of the outer skin layer dislodgment forced removal from a position of advantage circumcision the act of circumcising; surgical removal of the foreskin of males the act of circumcising performed on males eight days after birth as a Jewish and Muslim religious rite emptying the act of removing the contents of something drain emptying something accomplished by allowing liquid to run out of it a gradual depletion of energy or resources; "a drain on resources"; "a drain of young talent by emigration" a pipe through which liquid is carried away tube inserted into a body cavity (as during surgery) to remove unwanted material empty of liquid; drain the liquid from; "We drained the oil tank" deplete of resources; "The exercise class drains me of energy" flow off gradually; "The rain water drains into this big vat" bank withdrawal the withdrawal of money from your account at a bank bank run the concerted action of depositors who try to withdraw their money from a bank because they think it will fail disinvestment the withdrawal of capital from a country or corporation bowdlerization the act of deleting or modifying all passages considered to be indecent written material that has been bowdlerized expurgation the deletion of objectionable parts from a literary work censoring deleting parts of publications or correspondence or theatrical performances counterintelligence achieved by banning or deleting any information of value to the enemy Bowdlerism censorship in the form of prudish expurgation Comstockery censorship because of perceived obscenity or immorality expunction deletion by an act of expunging or erasing subdivision the act of subdividing; division of something previously divided an area composed of subdivided lots septation the division or partitioning of a cavity into parts by a septum transformation the act of changing in form or shape or appearance; "a photograph is a translation of a scene onto a two-dimensional surface" (genetics) modification of a cell or bacterium by the uptake and incorporation of exogenous DNA a rule describing the conversion of one syntactic structure into another related syntactic structure a qualitative change (mathematics) a function that changes the position or direction of the axes of a coordinate system revision the act of revising or altering (involving reconsideration and modification); "it would require a drastic revision of his opinion" the act of rewriting something transfiguration the act of transforming so as to exalt or glorify a striking change in appearance or character or circumstances; "the metamorphosis of the old house into something new and exciting" transmogrification the act of changing into a different form or appearance (especially a fantastic or grotesque one); "the transmogrification of the prince into a porcupine" afforestation the conversion of bare or cultivated land into forest (originally for the purpose of hunting) reforestation the restoration (replanting) of a forest that had been reduced by fire or cutting rehabilitation the restoration of someone to a useful place in society the treatment of physical disabilities by massage and electrotherapy and exercises vindication of a person's character and the re-establishment of that person's reputation correctional rehabilitation providing penal custody or probation or parole for convicted offenders physical rehabilitation providing help for disabled persons; the removal or reduction of disabilities urban renewal the clearing and rebuilding and redevelopment of urban slums vocational rehabilitation providing training in a specific trade with the aim of gaining employment reinstatement the act of restoring someone to a previous position; "we insisted on the reinstatement of the colonel" the condition of being reinstated; "her reinstatement to her former office followed quickly" rejuvenation the act of restoring to a more youthful condition the phenomenon of vitality and freshness being restored; "the annual rejuvenation of the landscape" refreshment activity that refreshes and recreates; activity that renews your health and spirits by enjoyment and relaxation; "time for rest and refreshment by the pool"; "days of joyous recreation with his friends" snacks and drinks served as a light meal metamorphosis a complete change of physical form or substance especially as by magic or witchcraft the marked and rapid transformation of a larva into an adult that occurs in some animals filling the act of filling something (dentistry) a dental appliance consisting of any of various substances (as metal or plastic) inserted into a prepared cavity in a tooth; "when he yawned I could see the gold fillings in his teeth"; "an informal British term for `filling' is `stopping'" a food mixture used to fill pastry or sandwiches etc. flow into something (as a container) any material that fills a space or container; "there was not enough fill for the trench" saturation the act of soaking thoroughly with a liquid chromatic purity: freedom from dilution with white and hence vivid in hue a condition in which a quantity no longer responds to some external influence hardening the act of making something harder (firmer or tighter or more compact) the process of becoming hard or solid by cooling or drying or crystallization; "the hardening of concrete"; "he tested the set of the glue" abnormal hardening or thickening of tissue annealing hardening something by heat treatment damage the act of damaging something or someone loss of military equipment the occurrence of a change for the worse inflict damage upon; "The snow damaged the roof"; "She damaged the car when she hit the tree" suffer or be susceptible to damage; "These fine china cups damage easily" impairment damage that results in a reduction of strength or quality defacement the act of damaging the appearance or surface of something; "the defacement of an Italian mosaic during the Turkish invasion"; "he objected to the dam's massive disfigurement of the landscape" wound the act of inflicting a wound a casualty to military personnel resulting from combat a figurative injury (to your feelings or pride); "he feared that mentioning it might reopen the wound"; "deep in her breast lives the silent wound"; "The right reader of a good poem can tell the moment it strikes him that he has taken an immortal wound--that he will never get over it"--Robert Frost an injury to living tissue (especially an injury involving a cut or break in the skin) put in a coil burn damage inflicted by fire a place or area that has been burned (especially on a person's body) an injury caused by exposure to heat or chemicals or radiation pain that feels hot as if it were on fire damage by burning with heat, fire, or radiation; "The iron burnt a hole in my dress" undergo combustion; "Maple wood burns well" cause to undergo combustion; "burn garbage"; "The car burns only Diesel oil" destroy by fire; "They burned the house and his diaries" feel strong emotion, especially anger or passion; "She was burning with anger"; "He was burning to try out his new skies" feel hot or painful; "My eyes are burning" spend (significant amounts of money); "He has money to burn" execute by tying to a stake and setting alight; "Witches were burned in Salem" cause to burn or combust; "The sun burned off the fog"; "We combust coal and other fossil fuels" shine intensely, as if with heat; "The coals were glowing in the dark"; "The candles were burning" scald the act of burning with steam or hot water a burn cause by hot liquid or steam burn with a hot liquid or steam; "She scalded her hands when she turned on the faucet and hot water came out" heat to the boiling point; "scald the milk" treat with boiling water; "scald tomatoes so that they can be peeled" updating the act of changing something to bring it up to date (usually by adding something); "criminal records need regular updating" change of shape an action that changes the shape of something contortion the act of twisting or deforming the shape of something (e.g., yourself) convolution the action of coiling or twisting or winding together angulation the act of making angulate (having corners) the precise measurement of angles bending the act of bending something movement that causes the formation of a curve flexion act of bending a joint; especially a joint between the bones of a limb so that the angle between them is decreased flex the act of flexing; "he gave his biceps a flex to impress the ladies" cause (a plastic object) to assume a crooked or angular form; "bend the rod"; "twist the dough into a braid"; "the strong man could turn an iron bar" bend a joint; "flex your wrists"; "bend your knees" contract; "flex a muscle" exhibit the strength of; "The victorious army flexes its invincibility" crouch the act of bending low with the limbs close to the body bend one's back forward from the waist on down; "he crouched down"; "She bowed before the Queen"; "The young man stooped to pick up the girl's purse" dorsiflexion the act of bending backward (of the body or a body part) elongation the act of lengthening something an addition to the length of something the quality of being elongated hunch the act of bending yourself into a humped position round one's back by bending forward and drawing the shoulders forward incurvation the action of creating a curved shape involution the action of enfolding something a long and intricate and complicated grammatical construction reduction in size of an organ or part (as in the return of the uterus to normal size after childbirth) corrugation the act of shaping into parallel ridges and grooves a ridge on a corrugated surface fold the act of folding; "he gave the napkins a double fold" a pen for sheep a folded part (as in skin or muscle) a geological process that causes a bend in a stratum of rock an angular or rounded shape made by folding; "a fold in the napkin"; "a crease in his trousers"; "a plication on her blouse"; "a flexure of the colon"; "a bend of his elbow" incorporate a food ingredient into a mixture by repeatedly turning it over without stirring or beating; "Fold the egg whites into the batter" become folded or folded up; "The bed folds in a jiffy" bend or lay so that one part covers the other; "fold up the newspaper"; "turn up your collar" plication the act of folding in parallel folds indentation the act of cutting into an edge with toothlike notches or angular incisions the space left between the margin and the start of an indented line a concave cut into a surface or edge (as in a coastline) protrusion the act of projecting out from something widening the act of making something wider an increase in width narrowing the act of making something narrower an instance of becoming narrow a decrease in width activity any specific behavior; "they avoided all recreational activity" (chemistry) the capacity of a substance to take part in a chemical reaction; "catalytic activity" domesticity domestic activities or life; "making a hobby of domesticity" the quality of being domestic or domesticated; "a royal family living in unpretentious domesticity" operation the activity of operating something (a machine or business etc.); "her smooth operation of the vehicle gave us a surprisingly comfortable ride" a planned activity involving many people performing various actions; "they organized a rescue operation"; "the biggest police operation in French history"; "running a restaurant is quite an operation"; "consolidate the companies various operations" a process or series of acts especially of a practical or mechanical nature involved in a particular form of work; "the operations in building a house"; "certain machine tool operations" a medical procedure involving an incision with instruments; performed to repair damage or arrest disease in a living body; "they will schedule the operation as soon as an operating room is available"; "he died while undergoing surgery" activity by a military or naval force (as a maneuver or campaign); "it was a joint operation of the navy and air force" a business especially one run on a large scale; "a large-scale farming operation"; "a multinational operation"; "they paid taxes on every stage of the operation"; "they had to consolidate their operations" (computer science) data processing in which the result is completely specified by a rule (especially the processing that results from a single instruction); "it can perform millions of operations per second" process or manner of functioning or operating; "the power of its engine determines its operation"; "the plane's operation in high winds"; "they compared the cooking performance of each oven"; "the jet's performance conformed to high standards" the state of being in effect or being operative; "that rule is no longer in operation" rescue operation an operation organized to free from danger or confinement sting operation designed to catch a person committing a criminal act; "the police conducted a sting operation" a painful wound caused by the thrust of an insect's stinger into skin a kind of pain; something as sudden and painful as being stung; "the sting of death"; "he felt the stinging of nettles" deliver a sting to; "A bee stung my arm yesterday" cause an emotional pain, as if by stinging; "His remark stung her" undercover operation an operation involving secret work within a community or institution buy-and-bust operation an undercover operation by narcotics detectives to catch unsuspecting drug dealers practice a customary way of operation or behavior; "it is their practice to give annual raises"; "they changed their dietary pattern" translating an idea into action; "a hard theory to put into practice"; "differences between theory and praxis of communism" the exercise of a profession; "the practice of the law"; "I took over his practice when he retired" knowledge of how something is usually done; "it is not the local practice to wear shorts to dinner" avail oneself to; "apply a principle"; "practice a religion"; "use care when going down the stairs"; "use your common sense"; "practice non-violent resistance" carry out or practice; as of jobs and professions; "practice law" biologism use of biological principles in explaining human especially social behavior cooperation the practice of cooperating; "economic cooperation"; "they agreed on a policy of cooperation" joint operation or action; "their cooperation with us was essential for the success of our mission" featherbedding the practice (usually by a labor union) of requiring an employer to hire more workers than are required formalism the practice of scrupulous adherence to prescribed or external forms the doctrine that formal structure rather than content is what should be represented (philosophy) the philosophical theory that formal (logical or mathematical) statements have no meaning but that its symbols (regarded as physical entities) exhibit a form that has useful applications mycophagy the practice of eating fungi (especially mushrooms collected in the wild) one-upmanship the practice of keeping one jump ahead of a friend or competitor pluralism the practice of one person holding more than one benefice at a time the doctrine that reality consists of several basic substances or elements a social organization in which diversity of racial or religious or ethnic or cultural groups is tolerated symbolism the practice of investing things with symbolic meaning a system of symbols and symbolic representations an artistic movement in the late 19th century that tried to express abstract or mystical ideas through the symbolic use of images modernism practices typical of contemporary life or thought genre of art and literature that makes a self-conscious break with previous genres occult supernatural practices and techniques; "he is a student of the occult" hide from view; "The lids were occulting her eyes" become concealed or hidden from view or have its light extinguished; "The beam of light occults every so often" hidden and difficult to see; "an occult fracture"; "occult blood in the stool" ornamentalism the practice of ornamental display cannibalism the practice of eating the flesh of your own kind anthropophagy human cannibalism; the eating of human flesh careerism the practice of advancing your career at the expense of your personal integrity custom accepted or habitual practice habitual patronage; "I have given this tailor my custom for many years" a specific practice of long standing Americanism a custom that is peculiar to the United States or its citizens loyalty to the United States and its institutions an expression that is characteristic of English as spoken by Americans Anglicism a custom that is peculiar to England or its citizens an expression that is used in Great Britain (especially as contrasted with American English) consuetude a custom or usage that has acquired the force of law couvade a custom among some peoples whereby the husband of a pregnant wife is put to bed at the time of bearing the child Germanism a custom that is peculiar to Germany or its citizens habit (psychology) an automatic pattern of behavior in reaction to a specific situation; may be inherited or acquired through frequent repetition; "owls have nocturnal habits"; "she had a habit twirling the ends of her hair"; "long use had hardened him to it" a distinctive attire worn by a member of a religious order attire that is typically worn by a horseback rider (especially a woman's attire) an established custom; "it was their habit to dine at 7 every evening" the general form or mode of growth (especially of a plant or crystal); "a shrub of spreading habit" put a habit on hijab the custom in some Islamic societies of women dressing modestly outside the home; "she observes the hijab and does not wear tight clothing" a headscarf worn by Muslim women; conceals the hair and neck and usually has a face veil that covers the face ritual stereotyped behavior any customary observance or practice the prescribed procedure for conducting religious ceremonies of or relating to or employed in social rites or rituals; "a ritual dance of Haiti"; "sedate little colonial tribe with its ritual tea parties"- Nadine Gordimer of or relating to or characteristic of religious rituals; "ritual killing" second nature acquired behavior that is practiced so long it seems innate habitude habitual mode of behavior round the usual activities in your day; "the doctor made his rounds" (often plural) a series of professional calls (usually in a set order); "the doctor goes on his rounds first thing every morning"; "the postman's rounds"; "we enjoyed our round of the local bars" a charge of ammunition for a single shot an outburst of applause; "there was a round of applause" a partsong in which voices follow each other; one voice starts and others join in one after another until all are singing different parts of the song at the same time; "they enjoyed singing rounds" a cut of beef between the rump and the lower leg a serving to each of a group (usually alcoholic); "he ordered a second round" the course along which communications spread; "the story is going the rounds in Washington" become round, plump, or shapely; "The young woman is fleshing out" make round; "round the edges" pronounce with rounded lips wind around; move along a circular course; "round the bend" (mathematics) expressed to the nearest integer, ten, hundred, or thousand; "in round numbers" having the shape or form of a circle from beginning to end; throughout; "It rains all year round on Skye"; "frigid weather the year around" fashion characteristic or habitual practice consumer goods (especially clothing) in the current mode the latest and most admired style in clothes and cosmetics and behavior make out of components (often in an improvising manner); "She fashioned a tent out of a sheet and a few sticks" lobbyism the practice of lobbying; the activities of a lobbyist slavery the practice of owning slaves work done under harsh conditions for little or no pay peonage the practice of making a debtor work for his creditor until the debt is discharged the condition of a peon ambages (archaic) roundabout or mysterious ways of action primrose path a life of ease and pleasure straight and narrow the way of proper and honest behavior; "he taught his children to keep strictly to the straight and narrow" Sunnah (Islam) the way of life prescribed as normative for Muslims on the basis of the teachings and practices of Muhammad and interpretations of the Koran warpath a course leading to warfare or battle hostile or belligerent mood; "the chief is on the warpath today" line of least resistance the easiest way; "In marrying him she simply took the path of least resistance" unwritten law law based on customary behavior lynch law the practice of punishing people by hanging without due process of law chokehold a restraining hold; someone loops the arm around the neck of another person in a tight grip, usually from behind; "he grabbed the woman in a chokehold, demanded her cash and jewelry, and then fled" cuddle a close and affectionate (and often prolonged) embrace move or arrange oneself in a comfortable and cozy position; "We cuddled against each other to keep warm"; "The children snuggled into their sleeping bags" hold (a person or thing) close, as for affection, comfort, or warmth; "I cuddled the baby" hug a tight or amorous embrace; "come here and give me a big hug" fit closely or tightly; "The dress hugged her hips" mistreatment the practice of treating (someone or something) badly; "he should be punished for his mistreatment of his mother" nonconformism the practice of nonconformity annoyance the act of troubling or annoying someone something or someone that causes trouble; a source of unhappiness; "washing dishes was a nuisance before we got a dish washer"; "a bit of a bother"; "he's not a friend, he's an infliction" anger produced by some annoying irritation disregard willful lack of care and attention lack of attention and due care despite contemptuous disregard; "she wanted neither favor nor despite" exploitation an act that exploits or victimizes someone (treats them unfairly); "capitalistic exploitation of the working class"; "paying Blacks less and charging them more is a form of victimization" the act of making some area of land or water more profitable or productive or useful; "the development of Alaskan resources"; "the exploitation of copper deposits" blaxploitation the exploitation of black people (especially with regard to stereotyped roles in movies) sexploitation the commercial exploitation of sex or sexuality or explicit sexual material; "sexploitation by advertisers is notorious" harassment the act of tormenting by continued persistent attacks and criticism a feeling of intense annoyance caused by being tormented; "so great was his harassment that he wanted to destroy his tormentors" maltreatment cruel or inhumane treatment; "the child showed signs of physical abuse" child abuse the physical or emotional or sexual mistreatment of children child neglect failure of caretakers to provide adequate emotional and physical care for a child persecution the act of persecuting (especially on the basis of race or religion) repression the act of repressing; control by holding down; "his goal was the repression of insolence" (psychiatry) the classical defense mechanism that protects you from impulses or ideas that would cause anxiety by preventing them from becoming conscious a state of forcible subjugation; "the long repression of Christian sects" impalement the act of piercing with a sharpened stake as a form of punishment or torture oppression the act of subjugating by cruelty; "the tyrant's oppression of the people" a feeling of being oppressed the state of being kept down by unjust use of force or authority: "after years of oppression they finally revolted" pogrom organized persecution of an ethnic group (especially Jews) torture the deliberate, systematic, or wanton infliction of physical or mental suffering by one or more persons in an attempt to force another person to yield information or to make a confession or for any other reason; "it required unnatural torturing to extract a confession" unbearable physical pain subject to torture; "The sinners will be tormented in Hell, according to the Bible" bastinado a form of torture in which the soles of the feet are beaten with whips or cudgels a cudgel used to give someone a beating on the soles of the feet beat somebody on the soles of the feet boot a form of foot torture in which the feet are encased in iron and slowly crushed footwear that covers the whole foot and lower leg an instrument of torture that is used to heat or crush the foot and leg protective casing for something that resembles a leg cause to load (an operating system) and start the initial processes; "boot your computer" kick; give a boot to crucifixion the infliction of extremely painful punishment or suffering the act of executing by a method widespread in the ancient world; the victim's hands and feet are bound or nailed to a cross genital torture blunt or penetrating trauma or rape (vaginal or anal) judicial torture torture that is sanctioned by the state and executed by duly accredited officials; "the English renounced judicial torture in 1640" kia quen a form of foot torture used by the Chinese in which the victim's foot was placed between three pieces of bamboo and systematically squeezed kittee a form of torture used by American Indians in which sensitive parts of the body were squeezed between two boards until the victim could bear no more nail pulling a form of torture in which the fingernails or toenails are removed picket a form of military punishment used by the British in the late 17th century in which a soldier was forced to stand on one foot on a pointed stake a wooden strip forming part of a fence a vehicle performing sentinel duty a detachment of troops guarding an army from surprise attack a protester posted by a labor organization outside a place of work fasten with a picket; "picket the goat" serve as pickets or post pickets; "picket a business to protest the layoffs" prolonged interrogation a form of psychological torture inflicted by questioning the victim for hours sensory deprivation a form of psychological torture inflicted by depriving the victim of all sensory input sleep deprivation a form of psychological torture inflicted by depriving the victim of sleep strappado a form of torture in which the hands are tied behind a person's back and they are lifted off the ground by a rope tied to their wrists, then allowed to drop until their fall is checked with a jerk by the rope cruelty a cruel act; a deliberate infliction of pain and suffering the quality of being cruel and causing tension or annoyance feelings of extreme heartlessness atrocity an act of atrocious cruelty the quality of being shockingly cruel and inhumane brutality a brutal barbarous savage act outrage a wantonly cruel act baiting harassment especially of a tethered animal badgering the act of harassing someone exasperation actions that cause great irritation (or even anger) red flag something that irritates or demands immediate action; "doing that is like waving a red flag in front of a bull" the emblem of socialist revolution a flag that serves as a warning signal; "we didn't swim at the beach because the red flag was up" sexual harassment unwelcome sexual behavior by a supervisor toward an employee tease the act of harassing someone playfully or maliciously (especially by ridicule); provoking someone with persistent annoyances; "he ignored their teases"; "his ribbing was gentle but persistent" someone given to teasing (as by mocking or stirring curiosity) ruffle (one's hair) by combing the ends towards the scalp, for a full effect harass with persistent criticism or carping; "The children teased the new teacher"; "Don't ride me so hard over my failure"; "His fellow workers razzed him when he wore a jacket and tie" mock or make fun of playfully; "the flirting man teased the young woman" separate the fibers of; "tease wool" disentangle and raise the fibers of; "tease wool" raise the nap of (fabrics) tear into pieces; "tease tissue for microscopic examinations" annoy persistently; "The children teased the boy because of his stammer" to arouse hope, desire, or curiosity without satisfying them; "The advertisement is intended to tease the customers"; "She has a way of teasing men with her flirtatious behavior" witch-hunt searching out and harassing dissenters McCarthyism unscrupulously accusing people of disloyalty (as by saying they were Communists) colonialism exploitation by a stronger country of weaker one; the use of the weaker country's resources to strengthen and enrich the stronger country neocolonialism control by a powerful country of its former colonies (or other less developed countries) by economic pressures antic a ludicrous or grotesque act done for fun and amusement ludicrously odd; "Hamlet's assumed antic disposition"; "fantastic Halloween costumes"; "a grotesque reflection in the mirror" bathing immersing the body in water or sunshine celebration any joyous diversion the public performance of a sacrament or solemn ceremony with all appropriate ritual; "the celebration of marriage" a joyful occasion for special festivities to mark some happy event dancing taking a series of rhythmical steps (and movements) in time to music entertainment an activity that is diverting and that holds the attention escapade any carefree episode eurythmy the interpretation in harmonious bodily movements of the rhythm of musical compositions; used to teach musical understanding fun activities that are enjoyable or amusing; "I do it for the fun of it"; "he is fun to have around" violent and excited activity; "she asked for money and then the fun began" verbal wit or mockery (often at another's expense but not to be taken seriously); "he became a figure of fun"; "he said it in sport" gambling the act of playing for stakes in the hope of winning (including the payment of a price for a chance to win a prize); "his gambling cost him a fortune"; "there was heavy play at the blackjack table" game an amusement or pastime; "they played word games"; "he thought of his painting as a game that filled his empty time"; "his life was all fun and games" a contest with rules to determine a winner; "you need four people to play this game" a single play of a sport or other contest; "the game lasted two hours" frivolous or trifling behavior; "for actors, memorizing lines is no game"; "for him, life is all fun and games" your occupation or line of work; "he's in the plumbing game"; "she's in show biz" animal hunted for food or sport the game equipment needed in order to play a particular game; "the child received several games for his birthday" the flesh of wild animals that is used for food (games) the score at a particular point or the score needed to win; "the game is 6 all"; "he is serving for the game" (tennis) a division of play during which one player serves willing to face danger jest activity characterized by good humor nightlife the activity of people seeking nighttime diversion (as at the theater, a nightclub, etc.); "in the summer the nightlife shifts to the dance clubs" the entertainment available to people seeking nighttime diversion; "a futile search for intelligent nightlife" pastime a diversion that occupies one's time and thoughts (usually pleasantly); "sailing is her favorite pastime"; "his main pastime is gambling"; "he counts reading among his interests"; "they criticized the boy for his limited pursuits" house play in which children take the roles of father or mother or children and pretend to interact like adults; "the children were playing house" a dwelling that serves as living quarters for one or more families; "he has a house on Cape Cod"; "she felt she had to get out of the house" a building in which something is sheltered or located; "they had a large carriage house" aristocratic family line; "the House of York" an official assembly having legislative powers; "a bicameral legislature has two houses" the audience gathered together in a theatre or cinema; "the house applauded"; "he counted the house" the members of a religious community living together the management of a gambling house or casino; "the house gets a percentage of every bet" provide housing for; "The immigrants were housed in a new development outside the town" contain or cover; "This box houses the gears" doctor children take the roles of physician or patient or nurse and pretend they are at the physician's office; "the children explored each other's bodies by playing the game of doctor" a licensed medical practitioner; "I felt so bad I went to see my doctor" a person who holds Ph.D. degree (or the equivalent) from an academic institution; "she is a doctor of philosophy in physics" give medical treatment to fireman play in which children pretend to put out a fire a member of a fire department who tries to extinguish fires avocation an auxiliary activity cup of tea an activity that you like or at which you are superior; "chemistry is not my cup of tea"; "his bag now is learning to play golf"; "marriage was scarcely his dish" confectionery the occupation and skills of a confectioner a confectioner's shop candy and other sweets considered collectively; "the business decided to concentrate on confectionery and soft drinks" sport the occupation of athletes who compete for pay an active diversion requiring physical exertion and competition someone who engages in sports a person known for the way she (or he) behaves when teased or defeated or subjected to trying circumstances; "a good sport"; "a poor sport" (Maine colloquial) a temporary summer resident of Maine wear or display in an ostentatious or proud manner; "she was sporting a new hat" contact sport a sport that necessarily involves body contact between opposing players outdoor sport a sport that is played outdoors gymnastics a sport that involves exercises intended to display strength and balance and agility backbend an acrobatic feat in which the trunk is bent backward from a standing position until the hands touch the floor back circle a feat in which an acrobat arches the back from a prone position and bends the knees until the toes touch the head walkover backbends combined with handstands cartwheel acrobatic revolutions with the body turned sideways and the arms and legs outstretched like the spokes of a wheel a wheel that has wooden spokes and a metal rim do cartwheels: perform an acrobatic movement using both hands and feet crucifix a gymnastic exercise performed on the rings when the gymnast supports himself with both arms extended horizontally representation of the cross on which Jesus died dip a gymnastic exercise on the parallel bars in which the body is lowered and raised by bending and straightening the arms a brief swim in water a candle that is made by repeated dipping in a pool of wax or tallow a brief immersion tasty mixture or liquid into which bite-sized foods are dipped (physics) the angle that a magnetic needle makes with the plane of the horizon a depression in an otherwise level surface; "there was a dip in the road" stain an object by immersing it in a liquid go down momentarily; "Prices dipped" scoop up by plunging one's hand or a ladle below the surface; "dip water out of a container" plunge (one's hand or a receptacle) into a container; "He dipped into his pocket" immerse in a disinfectant solution; "dip the sheep" place (candle wicks) into hot, liquid wax dip into a liquid; "He dipped into the pool" slope downwards; "Our property dips towards the river" appear to move downward; "The sun dipped below the horizon"; "The setting sun sank below the tree line" lower briefly; "She dipped her knee" take a small amount from; "I had to dip into my savings to buy him this present" double leg circle a gymnastic exercise performed on the pommel horse when the gymnast (with legs together) swings his legs in a circle while alternating hands on the pommels grand circle a gymnastic exercise performed on the horizontal bar by swinging around it with the body fully extended cardiopulmonary exercise exercise intended to strengthen the circulatory system gymnastic exercise (gymnastics) an exercise designed to develop and display strength and agility and balance (usually performed with or on some gymnastic apparatus) handstand the act of supporting yourself by your hands alone in an upside down position hang a gymnastic exercise performed on the rings or horizontal bar or parallel bars when the gymnast's weight is supported by the arms the way a garment hangs; "he adjusted the hang of his coat" suspend (meat) in order to get a gamey taste; "hang the venison for a few days" cause to be hanging or suspended; "Hang that picture on the wall" place in position as by a hinge so as to allow free movement in one direction; "hang a door" be placed in position as by a hinge; "This cabinet door doesn't hang right!" be suspended or poised; "Heavy fog hung over the valley" be suspended or hanging; "The flag hung on the wall" fall or flow in a certain way; "This dress hangs well"; "Her long black hair flowed down her back" decorate or furnish with something suspended; "Hang wallpaper" let drop or droop; "Hang one's head in shame" kill by hanging; "The murderer was hanged on Friday" prevent from reaching a verdict, of a jury be menacing, burdensome, or oppressive; "This worry hangs on my mind"; "The cloud of suspicion hangs over her" be exhibited; "Picasso hangs in this new wing of the museum" bent hang a hang performed with the elbows bent inverted hang a hang performed on the rings with the body upside down lever hang a hang performed on the rings with the body stationary in a horizontal position reverse hang a hang with the arms extended in back straight hang a hang performed on the rings or parallel bars with the body erect and the arms at the sides piked reverse hang a reverse hang performed on the rings kick up raising the feet backward with the hands on the ground; a first movement in doing a handstand cause to rise by kicking; "kick up dust" handspring an acrobatic feat in which a person goes from a standing position to a handstand and back again headstand an acrobatic feat in which a person balances on the head (usually with the help of the hands) tumble an acrobatic feat of rolling or turning end over end do gymnastics, roll and turn skillfully suffer a sudden downfall, overthrow, or defeat put clothes in a tumbling barrel, where they are whirled about in hot air, usually with the purpose of drying; "Wash in warm water and tumble dry" fall suddenly and sharply; "Prices tumbled after the devaluation of the currency" throw together in a confused mass; "They tumbled the teams with no apparent pattern" roll over and over, back and forth fall down, as if collapsing; "The tower of the World Trade Center tumbled after the plane hit it" split extending the legs at right angles to the trunk (one in front and the other in back) an increase in the number of outstanding shares of a corporation without changing the shareholders' equity; "they announced a two-for-one split of the common stock" (tenpin bowling) a divided formation of pins left standing after the first bowl; "he was winning until he got a split in the tenth frame" a dessert of sliced fruit and ice cream covered with whipped cream and cherries and nuts a lengthwise crack in wood; "he inserted the wedge into a split in the log" a promised or claimed share of loot or money; "he demanded his split before they disbanded" a bottle containing half the usual amount (especially of wood) cut or ripped longitudinally with the grain; "we bought split logs for the fireplace" acrobatic stunt a stunt performed by an acrobat kip a gymnastic exercise performed starting from a position with the legs over the upper body and moving to an erect position by arching the back and swinging the legs out and down while forcing the chest upright the basic unit of money in Laos sleep; "roused him from his kip" long fly a gymnastic exercise involving a long leap from a vaulting horse scissors a gymnastic exercise performed on the pommel horse when the gymnast moves his legs as the blades of scissors move a wrestling hold in which you wrap your legs around the opponents body or head and put your feet together and squeeze an edge tool having two crossed pivoting blades reverse split a decrease in the number of outstanding shares of a corporation without changing the shareholders' equity somersault an acrobatic feat in which the feet roll over the head (either forward or backward) and return do a somersault flip-flop a backward somersault an electronic circuit that can assume either of two stable states a backless sandal held to the foot by a thong between the big toe and the second toe track and field participating in athletic sports performed on a running track or on the field associated with it track the act of participating in an athletic competition involving running on a track any road or path affording passage especially a rough one a bar or pair of parallel bars of rolled steel making the railway along which railroad cars or other vehicles can roll a pair of parallel rails providing a runway for wheels a groove on a phonograph recording (computer science) one of the circular magnetic paths on a magnetic disk that serve as a guide for writing and reading data an endless metal belt on which tracked vehicles move over the ground make tracks upon carry on the feet and deposit; "track mud into the house" observe or plot the moving path of something; "track a missile" jumping the act of participating in an athletic competition in which you must jump broad jump the act of jumping as far as possible from a running start high jump the act of jumping as high as possible over a horizontal bar a competition that involves jumping as high as possible over a horizontal bar Fosbury flop jumping over the bar backwards and head first skiing a sport in which participants must travel on skis cross-country skiing the sport of skiing across the countryside (rather than downhill) ski jumping the act of performing a jump on skis from a high ramp overhanging a snow covered slope kick turn a standing turn made in skiing; one ski is raised to the vertical and pivoted backward to become parallel with the other ski but headed in the opposite direction and then the other ski is aligned with the first stem turn a turn made in skiing; the back of one ski is forced outward and the other ski is brought parallel to it telemark a turn made in skiing; the outside ski is placed ahead and turned gradually inwards water sport sports that involve bodies of water swimming the act of swimming; "it was the swimming they enjoyed most"; "they took a short swim in the pool" bathe the act of swimming for pleasure or recreation; "the Englishman said he had a good bathe" cleanse the entire body; "bathe daily" suffuse or envelope with something; "The room was bathed in sunlight"; "I was bathed in a cold sweat"; "veal bathed in a rich creamy sauce" swim for pleasure or recreation sea bathing bathing in the sea or ocean skinny-dip a naked swim bathe in the nude; "The young people were skinny-dipping in the pond" sun bathing immersing the body in sunlight floating the act of someone who floats on the water borne up by or suspended in a liquid; "the ship is still floating"; "floating logs"; "floating seaweed" inclined to move or be moved about; "a floating crap game" dead-man's float a floating position with the face down and arms stretched forward belly flop a dive in which the abdomen bears the main force of impact with the water cliff diving diving into the water from a steep overhanging cliff flip a dive in which the diver somersaults before entering the water the act of flipping a coin a sudden, quick movement; "with a flip of the wrist"; "the fish flipped over" hot or cold alcoholic mixed drink containing a beaten egg go mad, go crazy; "He flipped when he heard that he was being laid off" react in an excited, delighted, or surprised way; "he flipped when he heard that he was accepted into Princeton University" turn upside down, or throw so as to reverse; "flip over the pork chop"; "turn over the pancakes" move with a flick or light motion throw or toss with a light motion; "flip me the beachball"; "toss me newspaper" lightly throw to see which side comes up; "I don't know what to do--I may as well flip a coin!" cause to move with a flick; "he flicked his Bic" toss with a sharp movement so as to cause to turn over in the air gainer a dive in which the diver throws the feet forward to complete a full backward somersault and enters the water feet first and facing away from the diving board a person who gains (gains an advantage or gains profits); "she was clearly the gainer in that exchange" a person who gains weight half gainer a dive in which the diver throws the feet forward and up to complete a half backward somersault and enters the water facing the diving board jackknife a dive in which the diver bends to touch the ankles before straightening out dive into the water bending the body at the waist at a right angle, like a jackknife swan dive a dive in which the diver arches the back with arms outstretched before entering the water skin diving underwater swimming without any more breathing equipment than a snorkel scuba diving skin diving with scuba apparatus snorkeling skin diving with a snorkel surfing the sport of riding a surfboard toward the shore on the crest of a wave water-skiing skiing on water while being towed by a motorboat rowing the act of rowing as a sport crab a stroke of the oar that either misses the water or digs too deeply; "he caught a crab and lost the race" decapod having eyes on short stalks and a broad flattened carapace with a small abdomen folded under the thorax and pincers the edible flesh of any of various crabs a quarrelsome grouch fish for crab scurry sideways like a crab direct (an aircraft) into a crosswind sculling rowing by a single oarsman in a racing shell boxing fighting with the fists professional boxing boxing for money in-fighting boxing at close quarters conflict between members of the same organization (usually concealed from outsiders) fight a boxing or wrestling match; "the fight was on television last night" the act of fighting; any contest or struggle; "a fight broke out at the hockey game"; "there was fighting in the streets"; "the unhappy couple got into a terrible scrap" an intense verbal dispute; "a violent fight over the bill is expected in the Senate" fight against or resist strongly; "The senator said he would oppose the bill"; "Don't fight it!" make a strenuous or labored effort; "She struggled for years to survive without welfare"; "He fought for breath" rope-a-dope a boxing tactic: pretending to be trapped against the ropes while your opponent wears himself out throwing punches spar making the motions of attack and defense with the fists and arms; a part of training for a boxer a stout rounded pole of wood or metal used to support rigging any of various nonmetallic minerals (calcite or feldspar) that are light in color and transparent or translucent and cleavable fight verbally; "They were sparring all night" box lightly fight with spurs; "the gamecocks were sparring" furnish with spars archery the sport of shooting arrows with a bow sledding the sport of riding on a sled or sleigh tobogganing riding on a long light sled with low handrails luging riding a light one-man toboggan bobsledding riding on a bobsled wrestling the sport of hand-to-hand struggle between unarmed contestants who try to throw each other down flying mare a wrestling maneuver Greco-Roman wrestling a style of wrestling where the wrestlers are forbidden to tackle or trip or use holds below the waist professional wrestling wrestling for money sumo a Japanese form of wrestling; you lose if you are forced out of a small ring or if any part of your body (other than your feet) touches the ground skating the sport of gliding on skates ice skating skating on ice figure skating ice skating where the skates trace outlines of selected figures rollerblading skating using Rollerblades roller skating skating on wheels skateboarding the sport of skating on a skateboard speed skating competitive skating on speed skates (usually around an oval course) racing the sport of engaging in contests of speed auto racing the sport of racing automobiles boat racing the sport of racing boats hydroplane racing racing in high-speed motor boats camel racing the sport of racing camels greyhound racing the sport of racing greyhounds horse racing the sport of racing horses thoroughbred racing the sport of racing thoroughbred horses equestrian sport a sport that tests horsemanship pony-trekking a sport in which people ride across country on ponies showjumping riding horses in competitions over set courses to demonstrate skill in jumping over obstacles cross-country riding riding horses across country over obstructions to demonstrate horsemanship cycling the sport of traveling on a bicycle or motorcycle bicycling riding a bicycle motorcycling riding a motorcycle; "motorcycling is a dangerous sport" dune cycling bicycling or motorcycling on sand dunes blood sport sport that involves killing animals (especially hunting) bullfighting the activity at a bullfight cockfighting participation in the sport of matching gamecocks in a cockfight hunt the pursuit and killing or capture of wild animals regarded as a sport the work of finding and killing or capturing animals for food or pelts an instance of searching for something; "the hunt for submarines" an association of huntsmen who hunt for sport pursue for food or sport (as of wild animals); "Goering often hunted wild boars in Poland"; "The dogs are running deer"; "The Duke hunted in these woods" search (an area) for prey; "The King used to hunt these forests" seek, search for; "She hunted for her reading glasses but was unable to locate them" oscillate about a desired speed, position, or state to an undesirable extent; "The oscillator hunts about the correct frequency" yaw back and forth about a flight path; "the plane's nose yawed" chase away, with as with force; "They hunted the unwanted immigrants out of the neighborhood" battue a hunt in which beaters force the game to flee in the direction of the hunter beagling hunting rabbits with beagles canned hunt a hunt for animals that have been raised on game ranches until they are mature enough to be killed for trophy collections coursing hunting with dogs (usually greyhounds) that are trained to chase game (such as hares) by sight instead of by scent deer hunting hunting deer ducking hunting ducks fox hunting mounted hunters follow hounds in pursuit of a fox pigsticking the sport of hunting wild boar with spears farming agriculture considered as an occupation or way of life; "farming is a strenuous life"; "there's no work on the land any more" the practice of cultivating the land or raising stock fishing the act of someone who fishes as a diversion the occupation of catching fish for a living angling fishing with a hook and line (and usually a pole) fly-fishing angling with an artificial fly as a lure troll angling by drawing a baited line through the water a fisherman's lure that is used in trolling; "he used a spinner as his troll" (Scandanavian folklore) a supernatural creature (either a dwarf or a giant) that is supposed to live in caves or in the mountains speak or recite rapidly or in a rolling voice praise or celebrate in song; "All tongues shall troll you" sing loudly and without inhibition angle with a hook and line drawn through the water sing the parts of (a round) in succession cause to move round and round; "The child trolled her hoop" circulate, move around bait casting the single-handed rod casting of a relatively heavy (artificial) bait fly casting casting an artificial fly as a lure overcast a cast that falls beyond the intended spot a long whipstitch or overhand stitch overlying an edge to prevent raveling sew with an overcast stitch from one section to the next; "overcast books" sew over the edge of with long slanting wide stitches make overcast or cloudy; "Fall weather often overcasts our beaches" surf casting casting (artificial) bait far out into the ocean (up to 200 yards) with the waves breaking around you day game a game played in daylight night game a game played under artificial illumination at night away game a game played away from home home game a game played at home exhibition game a game whose outcome is not recorded in the season's standing follow-on an immediate second innings forced on a cricket team scoring a prescribed number of runs fewer than its opponents in the first innings innings the batting turn of a cricket player or team counterattack (chess) an attack that is intended to counter the opponent's advantage in another part of the board an attack by a defending force against an attacking enemy force in order to regain lost ground or cut off enemy advance units etc. make a counterattack down (American football) a complete play to advance the football; "you have four downs to gain ten yards" soft fine feathers fine soft dense hair (as the fine short hair of cattle or deer or the wool of sheep or the undercoat of certain dogs) (usually plural) a rolling treeless highland with little soil bring down or defeat (an opponent) cause to come or go down; "The policeman downed the heavily armed suspect"; "The mugger knocked down the old lady after she refused to hand over her wallet" shoot at and force to come down; "the enemy landed several of our aircraft" not functioning (temporarily or permanently); "we can't work because the computer is down" shut; "the shades were down" understood perfectly; "had his algebra problems down" being or moving lower in position or less in some value; "lay face down"; "the moon is down"; "our team is down by a run"; "down by a pawn"; "the stock market is down today" spatially or metaphorically from a higher to a lower level or position; "don't fall down"; "rode the lift up and skied down"; "prices plunged downward" away from a more central or a more northerly place; "was sent down to work at the regional office"; "worked down on the farm"; "came down for the wedding"; "flew down to Florida" paid in cash at time of purchase; "put ten dollars down on the necklace" in an inactive or inoperative state; "the factory went down during the strike"; "the computer went down again" to a lower intensity; "he slowly phased down the light until the stage was completely black" from an earlier time; "the story was passed down from father to son" bat (baseball) a turn trying to get a hit; "he was at bat when it happened"; "he got four hits in four at-bats" nocturnal mouselike mammal with forelimbs modified to form membranous wings and anatomical adaptations for echolocation by which they navigate a club used for hitting a ball in various games wink briefly; "bat one's eyelids" strike with, or as if with a baseball bat; "bat the ball" use a bat; "Who's batting?" have a turn at bat; "Jones bats first, followed by Martinez" party game a game to amuse guests at a party computer game a game played against a computer virtual reality a hypothetical three-dimensional visual world created by a computer; user wears special goggles and fiber optic gloves etc., and can enter and move about in this world and interact with objects as if inside it pinball a game played on a sloping board; the object is to propel marbles against pins or into pockets pachinko a Japanese pinball game played on a vertical board guessing game a game in which participants compete to identify some obscurely indicated thing charades guessing game in which one player pantomimes a word or phrase for others to guess ducks and drakes a game in which a flat stone is bounced along the surface of calm water paper chase an outdoor game; one group of players (the hares) start off on a long run scattering bits of paper (the scent) and pursuers (the hounds) try to catch them before they reach a designated spot ring-around-the-rosy a children's game in which the players dance around in a circle and at a given signal all squat prisoner's base a children's game; two teams capture opposing players by tagging them and taking them to their own base treasure hunt a game in which players try to find hidden articles by using a series of clues nightcap the final game of a double header a cloth cap worn in bed an alcoholic drink taken at bedtime; often alcoholic twin bill two games instead of one (especially in baseball when the same two teams play two games on the same day) playoff game one game in the series of games constituting a playoff cup tie an eliminating game between teams in a cup competition war game a simulation of a military operation intended to train military commanders or to demonstrate a situation or to test a proposed strategy curling a game played on ice in which heavy stones with handles are slid toward a target frame one of the ten divisions into which bowling is divided a framework that supports and protects a picture or a mirror; "the frame enhances but is not itself the subject of attention"; "the frame was much more valuable than the miror it held" the framework for a pair of eyeglasses a single one of a series of still transparent pictures forming a cinema, television or video film an application that divides the user's display into two or more windows that can be scrolled independently a single drawing in a comic strip make up plans or basic details for; "frame a policy" formulate in a particular style or language; "I wouldn't put it that way"; "She cast her request in very polite language" enclose in or as if in a frame; "frame a picture" construct by fitting or uniting parts together enclose in a frame, as of a picture tenpins bowling down an alley at a target of ten wooden pins ninepins a bowling game that is played by rolling a bowling ball down a bowling alley at a target of nine wooden pins duckpins a bowling game using a pin smaller than a tenpin but proportionately wider candlepins a bowling game using slender bowling pins lawn bowling a bowling game played on a level lawn with biased wooden balls that are rolled at a jack bocce Italian bowling played on a long narrow dirt court pall-mall a 17th century game; a wooden ball was driven along an alley with a mallet athletic game a game involving athletic activity ice hockey a game played on an ice rink by two opposing teams of six skaters each who try to knock a flat round puck into the opponents' goal with angled hockey sticks goalkeeper the defensive position on an ice hockey or soccer or lacrosse team who stands in front of the goal and tries to prevent opposing players from scoring the soccer or hockey player assigned to protect the goal tetherball a game with two players who use rackets to strike a ball that is tethered to the top of a pole; the object is to wrap the string around the pole water polo a game played in a swimming pool by two teams of swimmers who try to throw an inflated ball into the opponents' goal outdoor game an athletic game that is played outdoors golf a game played on a large open course with 9 or 18 holes; the object is use as few strokes as possible in playing all the holes play golf professional golf playing golf for money round of golf the activity of playing 18 holes of golf; "a round of golf takes about 4 hours" medal play golf scoring by total strokes taken match play golf scoring by holes won miniature golf a novelty version of golf played with golf balls and putters on a miniature course featuring many obstacles croquet a game in which players hit a wooden ball through a series of hoops; the winner is the first to traverse all the hoops and hit a peg play a game in which players hit a wooden ball through a series of hoops drive away by hitting with one's ball; "croquet the opponent's ball" paintball a game that simulates military combat; players on one team try to eliminate players on the opposing team by shooting capsules of paint at them a capsule filled with water-soluble dye used as a projectile in playing the game of paintball quoits a game in which iron rings (or open iron rings) are thrown at a stake in the ground in the hope of encircling it shuffleboard a game in which players use long sticks to shove wooden disks onto the scoring area marked on a smooth surface field game an outdoor game played on a field of specified dimensions field hockey a game resembling ice hockey that is played on an open field; two opposing teams use curved hockey sticks try to drive a ball into the opponents' net shinny a simple version of hockey played by children on the streets (or on ice or on a field) using a ball or can as the puck football any of various games played with a ball (round or oval) in which two teams try to kick or carry or propel the ball into each other's goal the inflated oblong ball used in playing American football American football a game played by two teams of 11 players on a rectangular field 100 yards long; teams try to get possession of the ball and advance it across the opponents goal line in a series of (running or passing) plays professional football football played for pay touch football a version of American football in which the ball carrier is touched rather than tackled hurling a traditional Irish game resembling hockey; played by two teams of 15 players each rugby a form of football played with an oval ball knock on (rugby) knocking the ball forward while trying to catch it (a foul) ball game a field game played with a ball (especially baseball) baseball a ball game played with a bat and ball between two teams of nine players; teams take turns at bat trying to score runs; "he played baseball in high school"; "there was a baseball game on every empty lot"; "there was a desire for National League ball in the area"; "play ball!" a ball used in playing baseball professional baseball playing baseball for money hardball baseball as distinguished from softball a no-nonsense attitude in business or politics; "they play hardball in the Senate" perfect game a game in which a pitcher does not allow any opposing player to reach base no-hit game a game in which a pitcher allows the opposing team no hits one-hitter a game in which a pitcher allows the opposing team only one hit two-hitter a game in which a pitcher allows the opposing team only 2 hits three-hitter a game in which a pitcher allows the opposing team only 3 hits four-hitter a game in which a pitcher allows the opposing team 4 hits five-hitter a game in which a pitcher allows the opposing team 5 hits softball a game closely resembling baseball that is played on a smaller diamond and with a ball that is larger and softer ball used in playing softball rounders an English ball game similar to baseball stickball a form of baseball played in the streets with a rubber ball and broomstick handle cricket a game played with a ball and bat by two teams of 11 players; teams take turns trying to score runs leaping insect; male makes chirping noises by rubbing the forewings together play cricket run-up the approach run during which an athlete gathers speed Chinaman a ball bowled by a left-handed bowler to a right-handed batsman that spins from off to leg googly a cricket ball bowled as if to break one way that actually breaks in the opposite way no ball unlawfully delivered ball in cricket; "the umpire called it a no ball" lacrosse a game invented by American Indians; now played by two teams who use long-handled rackets to catch and carry and throw the ball toward the opponents' goal polo a game similar to field hockey but played on horseback using long-handled mallets and a wooden ball pushball a game using a leather ball six feet in diameter; the two side try to push it across the opponents' goal ultimate frisbee a game between two teams whose players try to toss a Frisbee to one another until they cross the opponents goal; possession changes hands when the Frisbee is intercepted or touches the ground or goes out of bounds soccer a football game in which two teams of 11 players try to kick or head a ball into the opponents' goal dribble the propulsion of a ball by repeated taps or kicks propel; "Carry the ball"; "dribble the ball" let or cause to fall in drops; "dribble oil into the mixture" double dribble an illegal dribble in basketball (the player uses both hands to dribble or the player starts to dribble a second time after coming to a stop) court game an athletic game played on a court handball a game played in a walled court or against a single wall by two or four players who strike a rubber ball with their hands a small rubber ball used in playing the game of handball racquetball a game played on a handball court with short-handled rackets the ball used in playing the game of racquetball fives a game resembling handball; played on a court with a front wall and two side walls squash a game played in an enclosed court by two or four players who strike the ball with long-handled rackets edible fruit of a squash plant; eaten as a vegetable any of numerous annual trailing plants of the genus Cucurbita grown for their fleshy edible fruits to compress with violence, out of natural shape or condition; "crush an aluminum can"; "squeeze a lemon" volleyball a game in which two teams hit an inflated ball over a high net using their hands an inflated ball used in playing volleyball jai alai a Basque or Spanish game played in a court with a ball and a wickerwork racket badminton a game played on a court with light long-handled rackets used to volley a shuttlecock over a net battledore an ancient racket game basketball a game played on a court by two opposing teams of 5 players; points are scored by throwing the ball through an elevated horizontal hoop an inflated ball used in playing basketball tip-off the act of starting a basketball game with a jump ball inside information that something is going to happen professional basketball playing basketball for money deck tennis game played mainly on board ocean liners; players toss a ring back and forth over a net that is stretched across a small court netball a team game that resembles basketball; a soccer ball is to be thrown so that it passes through a ring on the top of a post tennis a game played with rackets by two or four players who hit a ball back and forth over a net that divides the court equalizer a score that makes the match even electronic equipment that reduces frequency distortion professional tennis playing tennis for money singles tennis played with one person on each side badminton played with one person on each side doubles tennis played with two players on each side badminton played with two players on each side royal tennis an ancient form of tennis played in a four-walled court pallone an Italian game similar to tennis child's game a game enjoyed by children blindman's bluff a children's game in which a blindfolded player tries to catch and identify other players cat and mouse a game for children in which the players form a circle and join hands; they raise their hands to let a player inside the circle or lower their hands to bar a second player who is chasing the first cat's cradle a game played with string looped over the fingers hide-and-seek a game in which a child covers his eyes while the other players hide then tries to find them hopscotch a game in which a child tosses a stone into an area drawn on the ground and then hops through it and back to regain the stone jacks a game in which jackstones are thrown and picked up in various groups between bounces of a small rubber ball jackstraws a game in which players try to pick each jackstraw (or spillikin) off of a pile without moving any of the others jump rope a child's game or a cardiopulmonary exercise in which the player jumps over a swinging rope a length of rope (usually with handles on each end) that is swung around while someone jumps over it double Dutch the difficult version of jump rope in which players jump over two ropes that are swung in a crisscross manner by two turners an incomprehensible talk leapfrog a game in which one child bends down and another leaps over advancing as if in the child's game, by leaping over obstacles or competitors; "the company still believes the chip is a leapfrog in integration and will pay huge dividends" progress by large jumps instead of small increments jump across; "He leapfrogged his classmates" marbles a children's game played with little balls made of a hard substance (as glass) mumblety-peg a game in which players throw or flip a jackknife in various ways so that the knife sticks in the ground peekaboo a game played with young children; you hide your face and suddenly reveal it as you say boo! pillow fight a child's game of fighting with pillows post office a children's game in which kisses are exchanged for pretended letters a local branch where postal services are available spin the bottle a game in which a player spins a bottle and kisses the person that it points to when it stops spinning spin the plate a game in which something round (as a plate) is spun on edge and the name of a player is called; the named player must catch the spinning object before it falls or pay a forfeit tiddlywinks a game in which players try to flip plastic disks into a cup by pressing them on the side sharply with a larger disk card game a game played with playing cards all fours card games in which points are won for taking the high or low or jack or game baccarat a card game played in casinos in which two or more punters gamble against the banker; the player wins who holds 2 or 3 cards that total closest to nine beggar-my-neighbor a card game for two players in which the object is to win all of the other player's cards blackjack a gambling game using cards; the object is to hold cards having a higher count than those dealt to the banker up to but not exceeding 21 a piece of metal covered by leather with a flexible handle; used for hitting people bridge any of various card games based on whist for four players a structure that allows people or vehicles to cross an obstacle such as a river or canal or railway etc. an upper deck where a ship is steered and the captain stands the link between two lenses; rests on the nose a denture anchored to teeth on either side of missing teeth a wooden support that holds the strings up a circuit consisting of two branches (4 arms arranged in a diamond configuration) across which a meter is connected the hard ridge that forms the upper part of the nose; "her glasses left marks on the bridge of her nose" something resembling a bridge in form or function; "his letters provided a bridge across the centuries" make a bridge across; "bridge a river" cross over on a bridge connect or reduce the distance between bridge whist the earliest form of bridge; the dealer could name the trump suit contract a variety of bridge in which the bidder receives points toward game only for the number of tricks he bid a binding agreement between two or more persons that is enforceable by law (contract bridge) the highest bid becomes the contract setting the number of tricks that the bidder must make be stricken by an illness, fall victim to an illness; "He got AIDS"; "She came down with pneumonia"; "She took a chill" enter into a contractual arrangement make smaller; "The heat contracted the woollen garment" no-trump a version of contract bridge in which no suit is designated as trump for the duration of the hand casino a card game in which cards face up on the table are taken with eligible cards in the hand a public building for gambling and entertainment cribbage a card game (usually for two players) in which each player is dealt six cards and discards one or two crib the cards discarded by players at cribbage baby bed with high sides made of slats a bin or granary for storing grains line with beams or planks; "crib a construction hole" take unauthorized (intellectual material) use a crib, as in an exam ecarte a card game for 2 players; played with 32 cards and king high euchre a card game similar to ecarte; each player is dealt 5 cards and the player making trump must take 3 tricks to win a hand fantan a card game in which you play your sevens and other cards in sequence in the same suit as the sevens; you win if you are the first to use all your cards a Chinese gambling game; a random number of counters are placed under a bowl and you gamble on how many will be left (0, 1, 2, or 3 modulo 4) faro a card game in which players bet against the dealer on the cards he will draw from a dealing box Go Fish a card game for two players who try to assemble books of cards by asking the opponent for particular cards monte a gambling card game of Spanish origin; 3 or 4 cards are dealt face up and players bet that one of them will be matched before the others as the cards are dealt from the pack one at a time Michigan a gambling card game in which chips are placed on the ace and king and queen and jack of separate suits (taken from a separate deck); a player plays the lowest card of a suit in his hand and successively higher cards are played until the sequence stops; the player who plays a card matching one in the layout wins all the chips on that card a midwestern state in north central United States in the Great Lakes region Napoleon a card game similar to whist; usually played for stakes French general who became emperor of the French (1769-1821) old maid a card game using a pack of cards from which one queen has been removed; players match cards and the player holding the unmatched queen at the end of the game is the loser (or `old maid') the loser in a game of old maid pinochle a card game played with a pack of forty-eight cards (two of each suit for high cards); play resembles whist piquet a card game for two players using a reduced pack of 32 cards pisha paysha (Yiddish) a card game for two players one of whom is usually a child; the deck is place face down with one card face upward; players draw from the deck alternately hoping to build up or down from the open card; the player with the fewest cards when the deck is exhausted is the winner poker any of various card games in which players bet that they hold the highest-ranking hand fire iron consisting of a metal rod with a handle; used to stir a fire rouge et noir a card game in which two rows of cards are dealt and players can bet on the color of the cards or on which row will have a count nearer some number rummy a card game based on collecting sets and sequences; the winner is the first to meld all their cards solitaire a card game played by one person a dull grey North American thrush noted for its beautiful song extinct flightless bird related to the dodo a gem (usually a diamond) in a setting by itself canfield a form of solitaire that involves gambling klondike a form of solitaire that begins with seven piles of cards with the top cards facing up; descending sequences of cards of alternating colors are built on these piles; as aces become available they are placed above the seven piles; the object is to build sequences in suit from ace to king as the remaining cards are dealt out one at a time whist a card game for four players who form two partnerships; a pack of 52 cards is dealt and each side scores one point for each trick it takes in excess of six dummy whist a form of whist with three players; four hands are dealt with the hand opposite the dealer being face up hearts a form of whist in which players avoid winning tricks containing hearts or the queen of spades Russian bank solitaire with two players using separate packs gin a form of rummy in which a player can go out if the cards remaining in their hand total less than 10 points strong liquor flavored with juniper berries trap with a snare; "gin game" separate the seeds from (cotton) with a cotton gin canasta a form of rummy using two decks of cards and four jokers; jokers and deuces are wild; the object is to form groups of the same rank bolivia a form of canasta in which sequences can be melded samba a form of canasta using three decks of cards and six jokers a lively ballroom dance from Brazil music composed for dancing the samba dance the samba high-low poker in which the high and low hands split the pot penny ante poker played for small stakes a business deal on a trivial scale straight poker poker in which each player gets 5 cards face down and bets are made without drawing any further cards strip poker poker in which a player's losses are paid by removing an article of clothing stud poker in which each player receives hole cards and the remainder are dealt face up; bets are placed after each card is dealt adult male horse kept for breeding ornament consisting of a circular rounded protuberance (as on a vault or shield or belt) a man who is virile and sexually active provide with or construct with studs; "stud the wall" cinch a form of all fours in which the players bid for the privilege of naming trumps any undertaking that is easy to do; "marketing this product will be no picnic" stable gear consisting of a band around a horse's belly that holds the saddle in place get a grip on; get mastery of make sure of tie a cinch around; "cinch horses" seven-up a form of all fours in which a total of seven points is game royal casino a form of casino in which face cards have extra point values spade casino a form of casino in which spades have the value of one point table game a game that is played on a table table tennis a game (trademark Ping-Pong) resembling tennis but played on a table with paddles and a light hollow ball dominoes any of several games played with small rectangular blocks nim game in which matchsticks are arranged in rows and players alternately remove one or more of them; in some versions the object is to take the last remaining matchstick on the table and in other versions the object is to avoid taking the last remaining matchstick on the table billiards any of several games played on rectangular cloth-covered table (with cushioned edges) in which long tapering cue sticks are used to propel ivory (or composition) balls carom a shot in billiards in which the cue ball contacts one object ball and then the other make a carom rebound after hitting; "The car caromed off several lampposts" masse a shot in billiards made by hitting the cue ball with the cue held nearly vertically; the cue ball spins around another ball before hitting the object ball miscue a faulty shot in billiards; the cue tip slips off the cue ball pool any of various games played on a pool table having 6 pockets an excavation that is (usually) filled with water an organization of people or resources that can be shared; "a car pool"; "a secretarial pool"; "when he was first hired he was assigned to the pool" something resembling a pool of liquid; "he stood in a pool of light"; "his chair sat in a puddle of books and magazines" a small body of standing water (rainwater) or other liquid; "there were puddles of muddy water in the road after the rain"; "the body lay in a pool of blood" the combined stakes of the betters any communal combination of funds; "everyone contributed to the pool" join or form a pool of people combine into a common fund; "We pooled resources" snooker a form of pool played with 15 red balls and six balls of other colors and a cue ball leave one's opponent unable to take a direct shot fool or dupe; "He was snookered by the con-man's smooth talk" bagatelle a table game in which short cues are used to knock balls into holes that are guarded by wooden pegs; penalties are incurred if the pegs are knocked over something of little value or significance a light piece of music for piano parlor game a game suitable for playing in a parlor word game any game involving the formation or alteration or discovery of words anagrams a game whose object is to form words from a group of randomly chosen letters Scrabble a board game in which words are formed from letters in patterns similar to a crossword puzzle; each letter has a value and those values are used to score the game board game a game played on a specially designed board backgammon a board game for two players; pieces move according to throws of the dice checkers a checkerboard game for two players who each have 12 pieces; the object is to jump over and so capture the opponent's pieces chess a board game for two players who move their 16 pieces according to specific rules; the object is to checkmate the opponent's king weedy annual native to Europe but widely distributed as a weed especially in wheat Chinese checkers a board game in which each player tries to move a set of marbles through a set of holes from one point of a six-pointed star to the opposite point darts a game in which small pointed missiles are thrown at a dartboard go a board game for two players who place counters on a grid; the object is to surround and so capture the opponent's counters a time period for working (after which you will be relieved by someone else); "it's my go"; "a spell of work" be abolished or discarded; "These ugly billboards have to go!"; "These luxuries all had to go under the Khmer Rouge" be spent; "All my money went for food and rent" move away from a place into another direction; "Go away before I start to cry"; "The train departs at noon" follow a procedure or take a course; "We should go farther in this matter"; "She went through a lot of trouble"; "go about the world in a certain manner"; "Messages must go through diplomatic channels" pass, fare, or elapse; of a certain state of affairs or action; "How is it going?"; "The day went well until I got your call" be or continue to be in a certain condition; "The children went hungry that day" be awarded; be allotted; "The first prize goes to Mary"; "Her money went on clothes" lead, extend, or afford access; "This door goes to the basement"; "The road runs South" be sounded, played, or expressed; "How does this song go again?" be contained in; "How many times does 18 go into 54?" be ranked or compare; "This violinist is as good as Juilliard-trained violinists go" functioning correctly and ready for action; "all systems are go" halma a board game in which players try to move their pieces into their opponent's bases lotto a game in which numbered balls are drawn at random and players cover the corresponding numbers on their cards tombola a lottery in which tickets are drawn from a revolving drum ludo a simple board game in which players move counters according to the throw of dice Mah-Jongg Chinese game played by 4 people with 144 tiles Monopoly a board game in which players try to gain a monopoly on real estate as pieces advance around the board according to the throw of a die pachisi an ancient board game resembling backgammon; played on a cross-shaped board Parcheesi a modern board game based on pachisi shogi a form of chess played on a board of 81 squares; each player has 20 pieces shovel board a game in which coins or discs are slid by hand across a board toward a mark snakes and ladders a board game for children who use dice to move counters up ladders and down snakes ticktacktoe a game in which two players alternately put crosses and circles in one of the compartments of a square grid of nine spaces; the object is to get a row of three crosses or three circles before the opponent does sporting life active interest in gambling on sports events bet the act of gambling; "he did it on a bet" maintain with or as if with a bet; "I bet she will be there!" stake on the outcome of an issue; "I bet $100 on that new horse"; "She played all her money on the dark horse" daily double a single bet on two horse races in the same day exacta a bet that you can pick the first and second finishers in the right order parimutuel betting where winners share the total amount wagered parlay a series of wagers in which the winnings from one wager are used as a stake for the subsequent wagers stake winnings from one bet on a subsequent wager place bet a bet that a horse will finish a race no worse than second superfecta a bet that you can pick the first four finishers in a race in the right order game of chance a game that involves gambling lottery players buy (or are given) chances and prizes are distributed by casting lots something that is regarded as a chance event; "the election was just a lottery to them" numbers pool an illegal daily lottery raffle a lottery in which the prizes are goods rather than money dispose of in a lottery; "We raffled off a trip to the Bahamas" sweepstakes a lottery in which the prize consists of the money paid by the participants craps a gambling game played with two dice; a first throw of 7 or 11 wins and a first throw of 2, 3, or 12 loses and a first throw of any other number must be repeated to win before a 7 is thrown, which loses the bet and the dice expressions used when when two dice are thrown and both come up showing one spot crap shooting playing craps roulette a gambling game in which players bet on which compartment of a revolving wheel a small ball will come to rest in a wheel with teeth for making a row of perforations a line generated by a point on one figure rolling around a second figure banking game any gambling game in which bets are laid against the gambling house or the dealer zero-sum game a game in which the total of all the gains and losses is zero merrymaking a boisterous celebration; a merry festivity jinks noisy and mischievous merrymaking revel unrestrained merrymaking celebrate noisily, often indulging in drinking; engage in uproarious festivities; "The members of the wedding party made merry all night"; "Let's whoop it up--the boss is gone!" sexcapade a sexual escapade; an illicit affair spree a brief indulgence of your impulses engage without restraint in an activity and indulge, as when shopping spending spree a brief period of extravagant spending bust an occasion for excessive eating or drinking; "they went on a bust that lasted three days" a sculpture of the head and shoulders of a person piss-up vulgar expression for a bout of heavy drinking carouse revelry in drinking; a merry drinking party engage in boisterous, drunken merrymaking; "They were out carousing last night" orgy a wild gathering involving excessive drinking and promiscuity secret rite in the cults of ancient Greek or Roman deities involving singing and dancing and drinking and sexual activity any act of immoderate indulgence; "an orgy of shopping"; "an emotional binge"; "a splurge of spending" carnival a festival marked by merrymaking and processions a traveling show; having sideshows and rides and games of skill etc. Dionysia an orgiastic festival in ancient Greece in honor of Dionysus (= Bacchus) caper a playful leap or hop a crime (especially a robbery); "the gang pulled off a bank job in St. Louis" pickled flower buds used as a pungent relish in various dishes and sauces any of numerous plants of the genus Capparis jump about playfully capriole (dressage) a vertical jump of a trained horse with a kick of the hind legs at the top of the jump perform a capriole, in ballet perform a capriole, of horses in dressage flirt playful behavior intended to arouse sexual interest folly foolish or senseless behavior the trait of acting stupidly or rashly the quality of being rash and foolish; "trying to drive through a blizzard is the height of folly"; "adjusting to an insane society is total foolishness" meshugaas (Yiddish) craziness; senseless behavior or activity buffoonery acting like a clown or buffoon horseplay rowdy or boisterous play teasing playful vexation; "the parody was just a form of teasing" arousing sexual desire without intending to satisfy it; "her lazy teasing smile" word play playing on words or speech sounds dirty trick an unkind or aggressive trick practical joke a prank or trick played on a person (especially one intended to make the victim appear foolish) April fool a practical joke or trick played on the first day of April the butt of a prank played on April 1st hotfoot a practical joke that involves inserting a match surreptitiously between the sole and upper of the victim's shoe and then lighting it without delay; speedily; "sent ambassadors hotfoot to the Turks"- Francis Hackett; "drove hotfoot for Boston" rag a boisterous practical joke (especially by college students) a small piece of cloth or paper a week at British universities during which side-shows and processions of floats are organized to raise money for charities break into lumps before sorting; "rag ore" play in ragtime; "rag that old tune" snipe hunt an elaborate practical joke in which the unsuspecting victim hunts a snipe and is typically left in the dark holding a bag and waiting for the snipe to run into it; "in the South a snipe hunt is practically a rite of passage" drollery a quaint and amusing jest a comic incident or series of incidents leg-pull as a joke: trying to make somebody believe something that is not true pleasantry an agreeable or amusing remark; "they exchange pleasantries" beguilement an entertainment that provokes pleased interest and distracts you from worries and vexations edutainment entertainment that is intended to be educational extravaganza any lavishly staged or spectacular entertainment militainment entertainment with military themes in which the Department of Defense is celebrated Isthmian Games the ancient Panhellenic games held biennially on the Isthmus of Corinth in the first and third years of each Olympiad Nemean Games the ancient Panhellenic games held biennially at Nemea in the second and fourth years of each Olympiad Olympian Games the ancient Panhellenic celebration at Olympia in honor of Zeus; held every 4 years beginning in 776 BC Pythian Games the ancient Panhellenic celebration at Delphi held every four years in the third year of the Olympiad in honor of Apollo Royal National Eisteddfod an eisteddfod with competitions in music and drama and poetry and the fine arts eisteddfod any of several annual Welsh festivals involving artistic competitions (especially in singing) film festival a cinematic festival that features films (usually films produced during the past year) feria (in Spanish speaking regions) a local festival or fair, usually in honor of some patron saint a weekday on which no festival or holiday is celebrated; "in the middle ages feria was used with a prefixed ordinal number to designate the day of the week, so `secunda feria' meant Monday, but Sunday and Saturday were always called by their names, Dominicus and Sabbatum, and so feria came to mean an ordinary weekday" festival an organized series of acts and performances (usually in one place); "a drama festival" a day or period of time set aside for feasting and celebration jazz festival a festival that features performances by jazz artists Kwanzaa a festival featuring African-American culture; celebrated between Christmas and New Year Oktoberfest an autumn festival that involves merrymaking and drinking beer a strong lager made originally in Germany for the Oktoberfest celebration; sweet and copper-colored Saturnalia an orgiastic festival in ancient Rome in honor of Saturn gala a gay festivity Ludi Saeculares the centennial rites and games of ancient Rome that marked the commencement of a new generation (100 years representing the longest life in a generation); observances may have begun as early as the 5th century BC and lasted well into the Christian era victory celebration a celebration following a victory in a battle or sports competition whoopee noisy and boisterous revelry dog show a competitive exhibition of dogs horseshow a competitive exhibition of horses raree-show a street show circus a performance given by a traveling company of acrobats, clowns, and trained animals; "the children always love to go to the circus" a frenetic disorganized (and often comic) disturbance suggestive of a large public entertainment; "it was so funny it was a circus"; "the whole occasion had a carnival atmosphere" an arena consisting of an oval or circular area enclosed by tiers of seats and usually covered by a tent; "they used the elephants to help put up the circus" (antiquity) an open-air stadium for chariot races and gladiatorial games a travelling company of entertainers; including trained animals; "he ran away from home to join the circus" three-ring circus a circus with simultaneous performances in three rings Mardi Gras a carnival held in some countries on Shrove Tuesday (the last day before Lent) but especially in New Orleans the last day before Lent show the act of publicly exhibiting or entertaining; "a remarkable show of skill" a social event involving a public performance or entertainment; "they wanted to see some of the shows on Broadway" give evidence of, as of records; "The diary shows his distress that evening" finish third or better in a horse or dog race; "he bet $2 on number six to show" make visible or noticeable; "She showed her talent for cooking"; "Show me your etchings, please" be or become visible or noticeable; "His good upbringing really shows"; "The dirty side will show" give an exhibition of to an interested audience; "She shows her dogs frequently"; "We will demo the new software in Washington" cabaret a series of acts at a night club a spot that is open late at night and that provides entertainment (as singers or dancers) as well as dancing and food and drink; "don't expect a good meal at a cabaret"; "the gossip columnist got his information by visiting nightclubs every night"; "he played the drums at a jazz club" ice show any entertainment performed by ice skaters interlude a brief show (music or dance etc) inserted between the sections of a longer performance an intervening period or episode perform an interlude; "The guitar player interluded with a beautiful improvisation" parade a visible display; "she made a parade of her sorrows" a ceremonial procession including people marching an extended (often showy) succession of persons or things; "a parade of strollers on the mall"; "a parade of witnesses" march in a procession; "the veterans paraded down the street" walk ostentatiously; "She parades her new husband around town" display something shown to the public; "the museum had many exhibits of oriental art" a visual representation of something an electronic device that represents information in visual form something intended to communicate a particular impression; "made a display of strength"; "a show of impatience"; "a good show of looking interested" exhibiting openly in public view; "a display of courage" behavior that makes your feelings public; "a display of emotion" attract attention by displaying some body part or posing; of animals light show a display of colored lights moving in shifting patterns presentation a show or display; the act of presenting something to sight or view; "the presentation of new data"; "he gave the customer a demonstration" the activity of formally presenting something (as a prize or reward); "she gave the trophy but he made the presentation" (obstetrics) position of the fetus in the uterus relative to the birth canal; "Cesarean sections are sometimes the result of abnormal presentations" the act of making something publicly available; presenting news or other information by broadcasting or printing it; "he prepared his presentation carefully in advance" the act of presenting a proposal formally making a person known to another or to the public demonstration a show of military force or preparedness; "he confused the enemy with feints and demonstrations" a public display of group feelings (usually of a political nature); "there were violent demonstrations against the war" proof by a process of argument or a series of proposition proving an asserted conclusion a visual presentation showing how something works; "the lecture was accompanied by dramatic demonstrations"; "the lecturer shot off a pistol as a demonstration of the startle response" exhibition the act of exhibiting; "a remarkable exhibition of musicianship" a collection of things (goods or works of art etc.) for public display repudiation the exposure of falseness or pretensions; "the debunking of religion has been too successful" refusal to acknowledge or pay a debt or honor a contract (especially by public authorities); "the repudiation of the debt by the city" rejecting or disowning or disclaiming as invalid; "Congressional repudiation of the treaty that the President had negotiated" production (law) the act of exhibiting in a court of law; "the appellate court demanded the production of all documents" the act or process of producing something; "Shakespeare's production of poetry was enormous"; "the production of white blood cells" the creation of value or wealth by producing goods and services (economics) manufacturing or mining or growing something (usually in large quantities) for sale; "he introduced more efficient methods of production" a presentation for the stage or screen or radio or television; "have you seen the new production of Hamlet?" a display that is exaggerated or unduly complicated; "she tends to make a big production out of nothing" rodeo an exhibition of cowboy skills an enclosure for cattle that have been rounded up road show a show on tour sideshow a minor show that is part of a larger one (as at the circus) a subordinate incident of little importance relative to the main event; "instruction is not an educational sideshow" Wild West Show a spectacular show organized in 1883 by William F. Cody that featured horseback riding and marksmanship on a large scale; toured the United States and Europe adagio a slow section of a pas de deux requiring great skill and strength by the dancers (music) a composition played in adagio tempo (slowly and gracefully); "they played the adagio too quickly" (of tempo) leisurely slowly; "here you must play adagio" break dancing a form of solo dancing that involves rapid acrobatic moves in which different parts of the body touch the ground; normally performed to the rhythm of rap music courante a court dance of the 16th century; consisted of short advances and retreats nautch an intricate traditional dance in India performed by professional dancing girls pavane a stately court dance of the 16th and 17th centuries music composed for dancing the pavane phrase dance movements that are linked in a single choreographic sequence an expression consisting of one or more words forming a grammatical constituent of a sentence a short musical passage divide, combine, or mark into phrases; "phrase a musical passage" saraband a stately court dance of the 17th and 18th centuries; in slow time music composed for dancing the saraband skank a rhythmic dance to reggae music performed by bending forward and extending the hands while bending the knees dance the skank slam dancing a form of dancing in which dancers slam into one another; normally performed to punk rock step dancing dancing in which the steps are more important than gestures or postures tap dancing a dance step tapped out audibly with the feet toe dancing a dance performed on tiptoe soft-shoe tap dancing wearing shoes that have soft soles buck-and-wing a solo tap dance emphasizing sharp taps stage dancing a show involving artistic dancing ballet a theatrical representation of a story that is performed to music by trained dancers music written for a ballet pas seul (ballet) a solo dance or dance figure pas de deux (ballet) a dance for two people (usually a ballerina and a danseur noble) pas de trois (ballet) a dance for three people pas de quatre (ballet) a dance for four people classical ballet a style of ballet based on precise conventional steps performed with graceful and flowing movements modern ballet a style of ballet that admits a wider variety of movements comedy ballet a ballet that stresses the drama with features of comedy modern dance a style of theatrical dancing that is not as restricted as classical ballet; movements are expressive of feelings clog dance a dance performed while wearing shoes with wooden soles; has heavy stamping steps apache dance a violent fast dance in French vaudeville (an apache is a member of the French underworld) belly dance a Middle Eastern dance in which the dancer makes sensuous movements of the hips and abdomen perform a belly dance bolero a Spanish dance in triple time accompanied by guitar and castanets a short jacket; worn mostly by women music written in the rhythm of the bolero dance cancan a high-kicking dance of French origin performed by a female chorus line nude dancing erotic dancing with little or no clothing fan dance a solo dance in which large fans are manipulated to suggest or reveal nakedness strip a form of erotic entertainment in which a dancer gradually undresses to music; "she did a strip right in front of everyone" artifact consisting of a narrow flat piece of material thin piece of wood or metal a relatively long narrow piece of something; "he felt a flat strip of muscle" remove (someone's or one's own) clothes; "The nurse quickly undressed the accident victim"; "She divested herself of her outdoor clothes"; "He disinvested himself of his garments" draw the last milk (of cows) take off or remove; "strip a wall of its wallpaper" remove a constituent from a liquid remove the thread (of screws) remove the surface from; "strip wood" strip the cured leaves from; "strip tobacco" bubble dance a solo dance similar to a fan dance except large balloons are used instead of fans interpretive dance a form of modern dance in which the dancer's movements depict an emotion or tell a story social dancing dancing as part of a social occasion jitterbug a jerky American dance that was popular in the 1940s do the jitterbug lindy an energetic American dance that was popular in the 1930s (probably named for the aviator Charles Lindbergh) fandango a provocative Spanish courtship dance in triple time; performed by a man and a woman playing castanets farandole a lively dance from Provence; all the dancers join hands and execute various figures flamenco a style of dancing characteristic of the Andalusian Gypsies; vigorous and rhythmic with clapping and stamping of feet guitar music composed for dancing the flamenco gavotte an old formal French dance in quadruple time music composed in quadruple time for dancing the gavotte habanera a Cuban dance in duple time music composed in duple time for dancing the habanera shag a lively dance step consisting of hopping on each foot in turn a fabric with long coarse nap; "he bought a shag rug" a matted tangle of hair or fiber; "the dog's woolly shag" a strong coarse tobacco that has been shredded dance the shag shimmy lively dancing (usually to ragtime music) with much shaking of the shoulders and hips an abnormal wobble in a motor vehicle (especially in the front wheels); "he could feel the shimmy in the steering wheel" dance a shimmy tremble or shake; "His voice wobbled with restrained emotion" stomp a dance involving a rhythmical stamping step walk heavily; "The men stomped through the snow in their heavy boots" tarantella a lively whirling Italian dance for two persons music composed in six-eight time for dancing the tarantella dance step a sequence of foot movements that make up a particular dance; "he taught them the waltz step" chasse (ballet) quick gliding steps with one foot always leading perform a chasse step, in ballet glissade (ballet) a gliding or sliding step in ballet perform a glissade, in ballet turnout (ballet) the outward rotation of a dancer's leg from the hip attendance for a particular event or purpose (as to vote in an election); "the turnout for the rally" a part of a road that has been widened to allow cars to pass or park the group that gathers together for a particular occasion; "a large turnout for the meeting" ballroom dancing any of a variety of social dances performed by couples in a ballroom beguine a ballroom dance that originated in the French West Indies; similar to the rumba music written in the bolero rhythm of the beguine dance carioca a lively ballroom dance that resembles the samba music composed for dancing the carioca cha-cha a modern ballroom dance from Latin America; small steps and swaying movements of the hips dance the cha-cha one-step an early ballroom dance; precursor to the fox-trot dance the one-step turkey trot an early ragtime one-step fox-trot a ballroom dance in quadruple time; combines short and long and fast and slow steps fixed sequences two-step a ballroom dance in duple meter; marked by sliding steps dance the two-step bunny hug a syncopated ballroom dance formerly popular in the US Charleston an American ballroom dance in syncopated rhythm; popular early in the 20th century a port city in southeastern South Carolina state capital of West Virginia in the central part of the state on the Kanawha river dance the Charleston conga a Latin American dance of 3 steps and a kick by people in single file music composed for dancing the conga dance the conga cotillion a lively dance originating in France in the 18th century a ball at which young ladies are presented to society minuet a stately court dance in the 17th century a stately piece of music composed for dancing the minuet; often incorporated into a sonata or suite paso doble a ballroom dance in fast duple time music in march time composed for dancing the paso doble; often played at bull fights quickstep a ballroom dance with both quick and slow steps military march accompanying quick time perform a quickstep rumba a ballroom dance based on the Cuban folk dance a folk dance in duple time that originated in Cuba with Spanish and African elements; features complex footwork and violent movement syncopated music in duple time for dancing the rumba round dance a ballroom dance characterized by revolving movement a folk dance; dancers form a circle tango a ballroom dance of Latin-American origin music written in duple time for dancing the tango dance a tango waltz a ballroom dance in triple time with a strong accent on the first beat music composed in triple time for waltzing dance a waltz folk dancing a style of dancing that originated among ordinary people (not in the royal courts) mazurka a Polish national dance in triple time music composed for dancing the mazurka polka a Bohemian dance with 3 steps and a hop in fast time music performed for dancing the polka dance a polka schottische a German round dance resembling a slow polka music performed for dancing the schottische morris dance any of various English folk dances performed by dancers in costume sword dance any of various dances by men who step nimbly over swords or flourish them in the air mambo a Latin American dance similar in rhythm to the rumba dance a mambo highland fling a vigorous Scottish reel hornpipe a British solo dance performed by sailors an ancient (now obsolete) single-reed woodwind; usually made of bone music for dancing the hornpipe jig any of various old rustic dances involving kicking and leaping a device that holds a piece of machine work and guides the tools operating on it a fisherman's lure with one or more hooks that is jerked up and down in the water music in three-four time for dancing a jig dance a quick dance with leaping and kicking motions country-dance a type of folk dance in which couples are arranged in sets or face one another in a line longways country dancing performed with couples in two long lines facing each other Virginia reel an American country dance which starts with the couples facing each other in two lines square dance American country dancing in which couples form squares dance in formation reel a lively dance of Scottish Highlanders; marked by circular moves and gliding steps winder consisting of a revolving spool with a handle; attached to a fishing rod a roll of photographic film holding a series of frames to be projected by a movie projector music composed for dancing a reel wind onto or off a reel eightsome a Scottish reel for eight dancers quadrille a square dance of 5 or more figures for 4 or more couples music for dancing the quadrille lancers a quadrille for 8 or 16 couples do-si-do a square-dance figure; two dancers approach each other and circle back to back before returning to their original places sashay a square dance figure; partners circle each other taking sideways steps landler a moderately slow Austrian country dance in triple time; involves spinning and clapping music in triple time for dancing the landler ritual dancing a dance that is part of a religious ritual apache devil dance a ritual dance of the Apache corn dance a rain dance of Amerindians danse macabre a medieval dance in which a skeleton representing death leads a procession of others to the grave ghost dance a religious dance of Native Americans looking for communication with the dead hula a Polynesian rain dance performed by a woman pyrrhic an ancient Greek dance imitating the motions of warfare a metrical unit with unstressed-unstressed syllables of or relating to or resembling Pyrrhus or his exploits (especially his sustaining staggering losses in order to defeat the Romans); "a Pyrrhic victory" of or relating to or containing a metrical foot of two unstressed syllables; "pyrrhic verses" of or relating to a war dance of ancient Greece; "pyrrhic dance movements" rain dance a ritual dance intended to bring rain snake dance a ceremonial dance (as by the Hopi) in which snakes are handled or invoked a group advancing in a single-file serpentine path sun dance a ceremonial dance performed by Amerindians at the summer solstice war dance a ceremonial dance performed before a battle or after a victory music musical activity (singing or whistling etc.); "his music was his central interest" punishment for one's actions; "you have to face the music"; "take your medicine" any agreeable (pleasing and harmonious) sounds; "he fell asleep to the music of the wind chimes" (music) the sounds produced by singers or musical instruments (or reproductions of such sounds) an artistic form of auditory communication incorporating instrumental or vocal tones in a structured and continuous manner bell ringing playing a set of bells that are (usually) hung in a tower the sound of someone playing a set of bells change ringing ringing tuned bells in a fixed order that is continually changing instrumental music music produced by playing a musical instrument music intended to be performed by a musical instrument or group of instruments intonation the production of musical tones (by voice or instrument); especially the exactitude of the pitch relations the act of singing in a monotonous tone singing by a soloist of the opening piece of plainsong rise and fall of the voice pitch drumming the act of playing drums; "he practiced his drumming several hours every day" vocal music music that is vocalized (as contrasted with instrumental music) music intended to be performed by one or more singers, usually with instrumental accompaniment singing the act of singing vocal music a cappella singing singing without instrumental accompaniment bel canto a style of operatic singing coloratura singing with florid ornamentation a lyric soprano who specializes in coloratura vocal music song the act of singing; "with a shout and a song they marched up to the gates" a short musical composition with words; "a successful musical must have at least three good songs" a distinctive or characteristic sound; "the song of bullets was in the air"; "the song of the wind"; "the wheels sang their song as the train rocketed ahead" a very small sum; "he bought it for a song" carol a joyful song (usually celebrating the birth of Christ) joyful religious song celebrating the birth of Christ sing carols; "They went caroling on Christmas Day" lullaby the act of singing a quiet song to lull a child to sleep a quiet song intended to lull a child to sleep caroling singing joyful religious songs (especially at Christmas) crooning the act of singing popular songs in a sentimental manner singing in a soft low tone; "her crooning soon put the child to sleep" scat singing jazz; the singer substitutes nonsense syllables for the words of the song and tries to sound like a musical instrument flee; take to one's heels; cut and run; "If you see this man, run!"; "The burglars escaped before the police showed up" whistling the act of whistling a tune; "his cheerful whistling indicated that he enjoyed his work" bow a stroke with a curved piece of wood with taut horsehair strands that is used in playing stringed instruments a slightly curved piece of resilient wood with taut horsehair strands; used in playing certain stringed instruments a weapon for shooting arrows, composed of a curved piece of resilient wood with a taut cord to propel the arrow front part of a vessel or aircraft; "he pointed the bow of the boat toward the finish line" a knot with two loops and loose ends; used to tie shoelaces a decorative interlacing of ribbons an appearance by actors or performers at the end of the concert or play in order to acknowledge the applause of the audience bending the head or body or knee as a sign of reverence or submission or shame or greeting something curved in shape bend one's knee or body, or lower one's head; "He bowed before the King"; "She bowed her head in shame" play on a stringed instrument with a bow bend the head or the upper part of the body in a gesture of respect or greeting; "He bowed before the King" down-bow a downward stroke from the heel to the tip of the bow up-bow an upward stroke from the tip to the heel of the bow officiation the performance of a religious or ceremonial or public duty acting the performance of a part or role in a drama portrayal acting the part of a character on stage; dramatically representing the character by speech and action and gesture a word picture of a person's appearance and character impersonation imitating the mannerisms of another person apery the act of mimicking; imitative behavior parody humorous or satirical mimicry a composition that imitates or misrepresents somebody's style, usually in a humorous way make a spoof of or make fun of method acting an acting technique introduced by Stanislavsky in which the actor recalls emotions or reactions from his or her own life and uses them to identify with the character being portrayed mime a performance using gestures and body movements without words an actor who communicates entirely by gesture and facial expression act out without words but with gestures and bodily movements only; "The acting students mimed eating an apple" panto an abbreviation of pantomime business incidental activity performed by an actor for dramatic effect; "his business with the cane was hilarious" the volume of commercial activity; "business is good today"; "show me where the business was today" a rightful concern or responsibility; "it's none of your business"; "mind your own business" an immediate objective; "gossip was the main business of the evening" business concerns collectively; "Government and business could not agree" a commercial or industrial enterprise and the people who constitute it; "he bought his brother's business"; "a small mom-and-pop business"; "a racially integrated business concern" program a performance (or series of performances) at a public presentation; "the program lasted more than two hours" a system of projects or services intended to meet a public need; "he proposed an elaborate program of public works"; "working mothers rely on the day care program" (computer science) a sequence of instructions that a computer can interpret and execute; "the program required several hundred lines of code" an announcement of the events that will occur as part of a theatrical or sporting event; "you can't tell the players without a program" arrange a program of or for; "program the 80th birthday party" write a computer program bill the entertainment offered at a public presentation a brim that projects to the front to shade the eyes; "he pulled down the bill of his cap and trudged ahead" a cutting tool with a sharp edge; "he used a bill to prune branches off of the tree" a list of particulars (as a playbill or bill of fare) an itemized statement of money owed for goods shipped or services rendered; "he paid his bill and left"; "send me an account of what I owe" a statute in draft before it becomes law; "they held a public hearing on the bill" a piece of paper money (especially one issued by a central bank); "he peeled off five one-thousand-zloty notes" advertise especially by posters or placards; "He was billed as the greatest tenor since Caruso" skit a short theatrical episode hamming poor acting by a ham actor heroics ostentatious or vainglorious or extravagant or melodramatic conduct; "heroics are for those epic films they make in Hollywood" reenactment performing a role in an event that occurred at an earlier time; "the reenactment of the battle of Princeton" roleplaying acting a particular role (as in psychotherapy) card trick a trick performed with playing cards prestidigitation manual dexterity in the execution of tricks liveliness general activity and motion animation and energy in action or expression; "it was a heavy play and the actors tried in vain to give life to it" brouhaha a confused disturbance far greater than its cause merits disorganization the disturbance of a systematic arrangement causing disorder and confusion; "the disorganization of the enemy troops by a flank attack" a condition in which an orderly system has been disrupted disruption the act of causing disorder dislocation the act of disrupting an established order so it fails to continue; "the social dislocations resulting from government policies"; "his warning came after the breakdown of talks in London" an event that results in a displacement or discontinuity a displacement of a part (especially a bone) from its normal position (as in the shoulder or the vertebral column) surprise the act of surprising someone a sudden unexpected event the astonishment you feel when something totally unexpected happens to you cause to be surprised; "The news really surprised me" come upon or take unawares; "She surprised the couple"; "He surprised an interesting scene" commotion the act of making a noisy disturbance furor a sudden outburst (as of protest) havoc violent and needless disturbance melee a noisy riotous fight outburst a sudden violent disturbance a sudden intense happening; "an outburst of heavy rain"; "a burst of lightning" rampage violently angry and destructive behavior act violently, recklessly, or destructively wilding an outrageous rampage usually involving sexual attacks by men on women a wild uncultivated plant (especially a wild apple or crabapple tree) bustle a rapid active commotion a framework worn at the back below the waist for giving fullness to a woman's skirt move or cause to move energetically or busily; "The cheerleaders bustled about excitingly before their performance" burst a sudden flurry of activity (often for no obvious reason); "a burst of applause"; "a fit of housecleaning" come open suddenly and violently, as if from internal pressure; "The bubble burst" break open or apart suddenly and forcefully; "The dam burst" emerge suddenly; "The sun burst into view" move suddenly, energetically, or violently; "He burst out of the house into the cool night" fits and starts repeated bursts of activity; "they worked in fits and starts" haste the act of moving hurriedly and in a careless manner; "in his haste to leave he forgot his book" overly eager speed (and possible carelessness); "he soon regretted his haste" scamper rushing about hastily in an undignified way takeaway the act of taking the ball or puck away from the team on the offense (as by the interception of a pass) a concession made by a labor union to a company that is trying to lower its expenditures figure a predetermined set of movements in dancing or skating; "she made the best score on compulsory figures" a model of a bodily form (especially of a person); "he made a figure of Santa Claus" the impression produced by a person; "he cut a fine figure"; "a heroic figure" a unitary percept having structure and coherence that is the object of attention and that stands out against a ground a diagram or picture illustrating textual material; "the area covered can be seen from Figure 2" an amount of money expressed numerically; "a figure of $17 was suggested" a combination of points and lines and planes that form a visible palpable shape understand; "He didn't figure her" be or play a part of or in; "Elections figure prominently in every government program"; "How do the elections figure in the current pattern of internal politics?" figure eight a skating figure that carves an 8 in the ice a knot having the shape of the numeral 8; tied in a rope that has been passed through a hole or pulley and that prevents the rope from coming loose a two-dimensionsal figure having the shape of the number eight spread eagle a skating figure executed with the skates heel to heel in a straight line an emblem (an eagle with wings and legs spread) on the obverse of the Great Seal of the United States ball hawking a skillful maneuver in catching balls or in stealing the ball from the opposing team assist (sports) the act of enabling another player to make a good play act as an assistant in a subordinate or supportive function icing (ice hockey) the act of shooting the puck from within your own defensive area the length of the rink beyond the opponent's goal power play (ice hockey) a play in which one team has a numerical advantage over the other as a result of penalties; "the team was unable to capitalize on the power play" a play in which there is a concentration of players in one location on the field of play; "they used a power play to return the kickoff" an aggressive attempt to compel acquiescence by the concentration or manipulation of power; "she laughed at this sexual power play and walked away" football play (American football) a play by the offensive team end run (American football) an attempt to advance the ball by running around the end of the line reverse (American football) a running play in which a back running in one direction hands the ball to a back running in the opposite direction the gears by which the motion of a machine can be reversed the side of a coin or medal that does not bear the principal design an unfortunate happening that hinders or impedes; something that is thwarting or frustrating a relation of direct opposition; "we thought Sue was older than Bill but just the reverse was true" of the transmission gear causing backward movement in a motor vehicle; "in reverse gear" double reverse (American football) a running play in which a first reverse is followed by a second reverse rush (American football) an attempt to advance the ball by running into the line; "the linebackers were ready to stop a rush" a sudden burst of activity; "come back after the rush" a sudden forceful flow grasslike plants growing in wet places and having cylindrical often hollow stems urge to an unnatural speed; "Don't rush me, please!" act or move at high speed; "We have to rush!"; "hurry--it's late!" attack suddenly move hurridly; "He rushed down the hall to receive his guests"; "The cars raced down the street" run with the ball, in football handoff (American football) a play in which one player hands the ball to a teammate forward pass a pass to a receiver downfield from the passer flare pass a short forward pass to a back who is running toward the sidelines; "he threw a flare to the fullback who was tackled for a loss" screen pass a short forward pass in which the receiver is protected by a screen of blockers lateral pass a pass to a receiver upfield from the passer spot pass a pass to a designated spot on the field; the receiver should arrive at that spot the same time the ball does tackle (American football) grasping an opposing player with the intention of stopping by throwing to the ground (American football) a position on the line of scrimmage; "it takes a big man to play tackle" the person who plays that position on a football team; "the right tackle is a straight A student" seize and throw down an opponent player, who usually carries the ball jugglery the performance of a juggler artful trickery designed to achieve an end; "the senator's tax program was mere jugglery" obstruction getting in someone's way the act of obstructing; "obstruction of justice" any structure that makes progress difficult the physical condition of blocking or filling a passage with an obstruction blocking the act of obstructing or deflecting someone's movements interference (American football) blocking a player's path with your body; "he ran interference for the quarterback" trap block (American football) an illegal block crosscheck an illegal check (chopping at an opponent's arms or stick) an instance of confirming something by considering information from several sources poke check knocking the puck away by jabbing at it with the hockey stick razzle-dazzle any exciting and complex play intended to confuse (dazzle) the opponent basketball play a play executed by a basketball team pick a basketball maneuver; obstructing an opponent with one's body; "he was called for setting an illegal pick" a heavy iron tool with a wooden handle and a curved head that is pointed on both ends; "they used picks and sledges to break the rocks" a thin sharp implement used for removing unwanted material; "he used a pick to clean the dirt out of the cracks" a small thin device (of metal or plastic or ivory) used to pluck a stringed instrument remove in small bits; "pick meat from a bone" select carefully from a group; "She finally picked her successor"; "He picked his way carefully" look for and gather; "pick mushrooms"; "pick flowers" attack with or as if with a pickaxe of ice or rocky ground, for example; "Pick open the ice" provoke; "pick a fight or a quarrel" pilfer or rob; "pick pockets" give-and-go a basketball maneuver; one offensive player passes the ball to another, then runs toward the basket to take a return pass baseball play (baseball) a play executed by a baseball team double play the act of getting two players out on one play triple play the act of getting three players out on one play pick-off a baseball play in which a base runner is caught off base and tagged out squeeze play a baseball play in which a runner on third base tries to score as the batter bunts the pitch suicide squeeze play the runner on third base starts home as the pitcher delivers the ball safety squeeze play the runner on third base waits to start home until the batter has bunted successfully swipe a sweeping stroke or blow strike with a swiping motion tennis stroke the act of hitting a tennis ball with a tennis racket backhand a return made with the back of the hand facing the direction of the stroke hit a tennis ball backhand (of handwriting) having the letters slanting backward drop shot a soft return so that the tennis ball drops abruptly after crossing the net forehand (sports) a return made with the palm of the hand facing the direction of the stroke (as in tennis or badminton or squash) forehand drive (sports) hard straight return made on the forehand side (as in tennis or badminton or squash) get a return on a shot that seemed impossible to reach and would normally have resulted in a point for the opponent cause to move; cause to be in a certain position or condition; "He got his squad on the ball"; "This let me in for a big surprise"; "He got a girl into trouble" reach by calculation; "What do you get when you add up these numbers?" communicate with a place or person; establish communication with, as if by telephone; "Bill called this number and he got Mary"; "The operator couldn't get Kobe because of the earthquake" succeed in catching or seizing, especially after a chase; "We finally got the suspect"; "Did you catch the thief?" reach with a blow or hit in a particular spot; "the rock caught her in the back of the head"; "The blow got him in the back"; "The punch caught him in the stomach" overcome or destroy; "The ice storm got my hibiscus"; "the cat got the goldfish" evoke an emotional response; "Brahms's `Requiem' gets me every time" irritate; "Her childish behavior really get to me"; "His lying really gets me" reach and board; "She got the bus just as it was leaving" receive as a retribution or punishment; "He got 5 years in prison" purchase; "What did you get at the toy store?" come into the possession of something concrete or abstract; "She got a lot of paintings from her uncle"; "They acquired a new pet"; "Get your results the next day"; "Get permission to take a few days off from work" acquire as a result of some effort or action; "You cannot get water out of a stone"; "Where did she get these news?" backhand drive a hard straight return made on the backhand side two-handed backhand a backhand shot made holding the racquet in both hands ground stroke a tennis return made by hitting the ball after it has bounced once serve (sports) a stroke that puts the ball in play; "his powerful serves won the game" put the ball into play; "It was Agassi's turn to serve" do duty or hold offices; serve in a specific function; "He served as head of the department for three years"; "She served in Congress for two terms" provide (usually but not necessarily food); "We serve meals for the homeless"; "She dished out the soup at 8 P.M."; "The entertainers served up a lively show" help to some food; help with food or drink; "I served him three times, and after that he helped himself" mate with; "male animals serve the females for breeding purposes" deliver a warrant or summons to someone; "He was processed by the sheriff" do military service; "She served in Vietnam"; "My sons never served, because they are short-sighted" work for or be a servant to; "May I serve you?"; "She attends the old lady in the wheelchair"; "Can you wait on our table, please?"; "Is a salesperson assisting you?"; "The minister served the King for many years" devote (part of) one's life or efforts to, as of countries, institutions, or ideas; "She served the art of music"; "He served the church"; "serve the country" contribute or conduce to; "The scandal served to increase his popularity" promote, benefit, or be useful or beneficial to; "Art serves commerce"; "Their interests are served"; "The lake serves recreation"; "The President's wisdom has served the country well" serve a purpose, role, or function; "The tree stump serves as a table"; "The female students served as a control group"; "This table would serve very well"; "His freedom served him well"; "The table functions as a desk" spend time in prison or in a labor camp; "He did six years for embezzlement" ace a serve that the receiver is unable to reach one of four playing cards in a deck having a single pip on its face someone who is dazzlingly skilled in any field serve an ace against (someone) play (a hole) in one stroke score an ace against; "He aced his opponents" of the highest quality; "an ace reporter"; "a crack shot"; "a first-rate golfer"; "a super party"; "played top-notch tennis"; "an athlete in tiptop condition"; "she is absolutely tops" fault (sports) a serve that is illegal (e.g., that lands outside the prescribed area); "he served too many double faults" responsibility for a bad situation or event; "it was John's fault" (electronics) equipment failure attributable to some defect in a circuit (loose connection or insulation failure or short circuit etc.); "it took much longer to find the fault than to fix it" (geology) a crack in the earth's crust resulting from the displacement of one side with respect to the other; "they built it right over a geological fault"; "he studied the faulting of the earth's crust" let a serve that strikes the net before falling into the receiver's court; the ball must be served again leave unchanged; "let it be" actively cause something to happen; "I let it be known that I was not interested" make it possible through a specific action or lack of action for something to happen; "This permits the water to rush in"; "This sealed door won't allow the water come into the basement"; "This will permit the rain to run off" half volley a tennis return made by hitting the ball immediately after it bounces overhead a hard return hitting the tennis ball above your head (nautical) the top surface of an enclosed space on a ship located or originating from above; "an overhead crossing" above the head; over the head; "bring the legs together overhead" above your head; in the sky; "planes were flying overhead" passing shot a tennis return that passes an opponent who has approached the net volley a tennis return made by hitting the ball before it bounces utter rapidly; "volley a string of curses" make a volley discharge in, or as if in, a volley; "the attackers volleyed gunshots at the civilians" hit before it touches the ground; "volley the tennis ball" be dispersed in a volley; "gun shots volleyed at the attackers" swimming stroke a method of moving the arms and legs to push against the water and propel the swimmer forward dog paddle an elementary swimming stroke imitating a swimming dog sidestroke a swimming stroke in which the arms move forward and backward while the legs do a scissors kick butterfly a swimming stroke in which the arms are thrown forward together out of the water while the feet kick up and down diurnal insect typically having a slender body with knobbed antennae and broad colorful wings cut and spread open, as in preparation for cooking; "butterflied shrimp" flutter like a butterfly breaststroke a swimming stroke; the arms are extended together in front of the head and swept back on either side accompanied by a frog kick swim with the face down and extend the arms forward and outward while kicking with the leg backstroke a swimming stroke that resembles the crawl except the swimmer lies on his or her back swim on one's back baseball swing in baseball; a batter's attempt to hit a pitched ball; "he took a vicious cut at the ball" golf stroke the act of swinging a golf club at a golf ball and (usually) hitting it downswing a swing downward of a golf club slice a golf shot that curves to the right for a right-handed golfer; "he took lessons to cure his slicing" a spatula for spreading paint or ink a thin flat piece cut off of some object a share of something; "a slice of the company's revenue" hit a ball so that it causes a backspin cut into slices; "Slice the salami, please" hit a ball and put a spin on it so that it travels in a different direction putt hitting a golf ball that is on the green using a putter; "his putting let him down today; he didn't sink a single putt over three feet" strike (a golf ball) lightly, with a putter; "he putted the ball several feet past the hole" hit a putt; "he lost because he putted so poorly" clock golf a form of golf in which you putt from positions arranged on the circumference of a circle around the hole sclaff a poor golf stroke in which the club head hits the ground before hitting the ball strike (the ground) in making a sclaff strike (a golf ball) such that the ground is scraped first shank a poor golf stroke in which the heel of the club hits the ball the narrow part of the shoe connecting the heel and the wide part of the sole cylinder forming the part of a bit by which it is held in the drill cylinder forming the part of a bolt between the thread and the head cylinder forming a long narrow part of something the part of the human leg between the knee and the ankle a cut of meat (beef or veal or mutton or lamb) from the upper part of the leg hit (a golf ball) with the heel of a club, causing the ball to veer in the wrong direction teeoff the act of hitting a golf ball from the teeing ground at the start of each hole swimming kick a movement of the legs in swimming flutter kick a swimming kick; the legs are moved rapidly up and down without bending the knees frog kick a swimming kick; knees are drawn upward and outward so the legs can be brought together when fully extended dolphin kick a swimming kick; an up and down kick of the feet together scissors kick a kick used in the sidestroke; legs are brought together in a scissoring motion thrash a swimming kick used while treading water give a thrashing to; beat hard beat the seeds out of a grain move data into and out of core rather than performing useful computation; "The system is thrashing again!" beat so fast that (the heart's) output starts dropping until (it) does not manage to pump out blood at all treading water a stroke that keeps the head above water by thrashing the legs and arms doddle an easy task work activity directed toward making or doing something; "she checked several points needing further work" a product produced or accomplished through the effort or activity or agency of a person or thing; "it is not regarded as one of his more memorable works"; "the symphony was hailed as an ingenious work"; "he was indebted to the pioneering work of John Dewey"; "the work of an active imagination"; "erosion is the work of wind or water over time" (physics) a manifestation of energy; the transfer of energy from one physical system to another expressed as the product of a force and the distance through which it moves a body in the direction of that force; "work equals force times distance" arrive at a certain condition through repeated motion; "The stitches of the hem worked loose after she wore the skirt many times" move into or onto; "work the raisins into the dough"; "the student worked a few jokes into his presentation"; "work the body onto the flatbed truck" shape, form, or improve a material; "work stone into tools"; "process iron"; "work the metal" gratify and charm, usually in order to influence; "the political candidate worked the crowds" move in an agitated manner; "His fingers worked with tension" provoke or excite; "The rock musician worked the crowd of young girls into a frenzy" proceed towards a goal or along a path or through an activity; "work your way through every problem or task"; "She was working on her second martini when the guests arrived"; "Start from the bottom and work towards the top" cause to work; "he is working his servants hard" be employed; "Is your husband working again?"; "My wife never worked"; "Do you want to work after the age of 60?"; "She never did any work because she inherited a lot of money"; "She works as a waitress to put herself through college" exert oneself by doing mental or physical work for a purpose or out of necessity; "I will work hard to improve my grades"; "she worked hard for better living conditions for the poor" cause to operate or function; "This pilot works the controls"; "Can you work an electric drill?" operate in or through; "Work the phones" have an effect or outcome; often the one desired or expected; "The voting process doesn't work as well as people thought"; "How does your idea work in practice?"; "This method doesn't work"; "The breaks of my new car act quickly"; "The medicine works only if you take it with a lot of water" operate in a certain place, area, or specialty; "She works the night clubs"; "The salesman works the Midwest"; "This artist works mostly in acrylics" behave in a certain way when handled; "This dough does not work easily"; "The soft metal works well" job a damaging piece of work; "dry rot did the job of destroying the barn"; "the barber did a real job on my hair" the performance of a piece of work; "she did an outstanding job as Ophelia"; "he gave it up as a bad job" the responsibility to do something; "it is their job to print the truth" a specific piece of work required to be done as a duty or for a specific fee; "estimates of the city's loss on that job ranged as high as a million dollars"; "the job of repairing the engine took several hours"; "the endless task of classifying the samples"; "the farmer's morning chores" a workplace; as in the expression `on the job' an object worked on; a result produced by working; "he held the job in his left hand and worked on it with his right" (computer science) a program application that may consist of several steps but is a single logical unit work occasionally; "As a student I jobbed during the semester breaks" profit privately from public office and official business works performance of moral or religious acts; "salvation by deeds"; "the reward for good works" the internal mechanism of a device consulting service service provided by a professional advisor (e.g., a lawyer or doctor or CPA etc.) advisory service a consulting service in which a CPA develops findings and conclusions and recommendations that are presented to the client for consideration and decision making attestation service a consulting service in which a CPA expresses a conclusion about the reliability of a written statement that is the responsibility of someone else financial audit an attestation that the client's financial statement is accurate facility a service that an organization or a piece of equipment offers you; "a cell phone with internet facility" something designed and created to serve a particular function and to afford a particular convenience or service; "catering facilities"; "toilet facilities"; "educational facilities" a building or place that provides a particular service or is used for a particular industry; "the assembly plant is an enormous facility" a natural effortlessness; "they conversed with great facility"; "a happy readiness of conversation"--Jane Austen laundering washing clothes and bed linens shining the work of making something smooth and shiny by rubbing or waxing it; "the shining of shoes provided a meager living"; "every Sunday he gave his car a good polishing" marked by exceptional merit; "had shining virtues and few faults"; "a shining example" shoeshine the act of shining shoes; "he charged a dollar for a shoeshine" a shiny finish put on shoes with polish and buffing; "his trousers had a sharp crease and you could see your reflection in his shoeshine" national service compulsory service in the military during peacetime utility the service (electric power or water or transportation) provided by a public utility; "the cost of utilities never decreases"; "all the utilities were lost after the hurricane" a facility composed of one or more pieces of equipment connected to or part of a structure and designed to provide a service such as heat or electricity or water or sewage disposal; "the price of the house included all utilities" the quality of being of practical use a company that performs a public service; subject to government regulation (economics) a measure that is to be maximized in any situation involving choice socage land tenure by agricultural service or payment of rent; not burdened with military service military service land tenure by service in the lord's army a force that is a branch of the armed forces knight's service land tenure by service to the lord as a knight heavy lifting difficult work; "the boss hoped the plan would succeed but he wasn't willing to do the heavy lifting" housecleaning the act of cleaning the rooms and furnishings of a house; "efficient housecleaning should proceed one room at a time" (figurative) the act of reforming by the removal of unwanted personnel or practices or conditions; "more housecleaning is in store at other accounting firms"; "many employees were discharged in a general housecleaning by the new owners" housewifery the work of a housewife housework the work of cleaning and running a house ironing the work of using heat to smooth washed clothes in order to remove any wrinkles garments (clothes or linens) that are to be (or have been) ironed; "there was a basketful of ironing to do" workload work that a person is expected to do in a specified time case load the number of cases handled in a given period of time (as by a court or agency) piecework work paid for according to the quantity produced busywork active work of little value; "while he was waiting he filled the days with busywork" logging the work of cutting down trees for timber loose end work that is left incomplete nightwork work to be done at night paperwork work that involves handling papers: forms or letters or reports etc. welfare work an organized activity to improve the condition of disadvantaged people in society specialization the special line of work you have adopted as your career; "his specialization is gastroenterology" the act of specializing; making something suitable for a special purpose (biology) the structural adaptation of some body part for a particular function; "cell differentiation in the developing embryo" spiritualization the act of making something spiritual; infusing it with spiritual content lifework the principal work of your career walk of life careers in general; "it happens in all walks of life" employment the occupation for which you are paid; "he is looking for employment"; "a lot of people are out of work" the act of giving someone a job the state of being employed or having a job; "they are looking for employment"; "he was in the employ of the city" telecommuting employment at home while communicating with the workplace by phone or fax or modem services performance of duties or provision of space and equipment helpful to others; "the mayor tried to maintain city services"; "the medical services are excellent" public service employment within a government system (especially in the civil service) minister the job of a head of a government department a diplomat representing one government to another; ranks below ambassador a person appointed to a high office in the government; "Minister of Finance" work as a minister; "She is ministering in an old parish" attend to the wants and needs of others; "I have to minister to my mother all the time" cabinet minister the job of a senior minister who is a member of the cabinet a person who is a member of the cabinet academicianship the position of member of an honorary academy accountantship the position of accountant admiralty the office of admiral the department in charge of the navy (as in Great Britain) ambassadorship the post of ambassador apostleship the position of apostle apprenticeship the position of apprentice associateship the position of associate (as in an office or academy) attorneyship the position of attorney bailiffship the office of bailiff baronetage the state of a baronet the collective body of baronets bishopry the office and dignity of a bishop cadetship the position of cadet caliphate the office of a caliph the territorial jurisdiction of a caliph captainship the post of captain cardinalship the office of cardinal; "following the scandal, the cardinal resigned his cardinalate" chairmanship the position of chairman chancellorship the office of chancellor chaplaincy the position of chaplain chieftaincy the position of chieftain clerkship the job of clerk commandership the position or office of commander comptrollership the position of comptroller consulship the post of consul controllership the position of controller councillorship the position of council member counselorship the position of counselor curacy the position of a curate curatorship the position of curator custodianship the position of custodian deanship the position or office of a dean directorship the position of a director of a business concern discipleship the position of disciple editorship the position of editor eldership the office of elder emirate the office of an emir the domain controlled by an emir fatherhood the status of a father the status of a religious leader the kinship relation between an offspring and the father foremanship the position of foreman generalship the office and authority of a general the leadership ability of a military general governorship the office of governor headmastership the position of headmaster headmistressship the position of headmistress headship the position of head the position of headmaster or headmistress hot seat a difficult position where you are subjected to stress and criticism incumbency the office of an incumbent a duty that is incumbent upon you inspectorship the office of inspector instructorship the position of instructor internship the position of a medical intern judgeship the position of judge khanate the position of a khan the realm of a khan lectureship the post of lecturer legation the post or office of legate a permanent diplomatic mission headed by a minister legislatorship the office of legislator librarianship the position of librarian lieutenancy the position of a lieutenant magistracy the position of magistrate managership the position of manager manhood the status of being a man the state of being a man; manly qualities marshalship the post of marshall mastership the position of master the skill of a master mayoralty the position of mayor messiahship the position of messiah moderatorship the position of moderator overlordship the position of overlord pastorship the position of pastor peasanthood the state of being a peasant; "the same homely dress she wore in the days of her peasanthood" plum a highly desirable position or assignment; "a political plum" any of numerous varieties of small to medium-sized round or oval fruit having a smooth skin and a single pit any of several trees producing edible oval fruit having a smooth skin and a single hard stone praetorship the office of praetor precentorship the position of precentor preceptorship the position of preceptor prefecture the office of prefect the district administered by a prefect (as in France or Japan or the Roman Empire) prelacy the office or station of a prelate prelates collectively premiership the office of premier presidency the office and function of president; "Andrew Jackson expanded the power of the presidency beyond what was customary before his time" the tenure of a president; "things were quiet during the Eisenhower administration" President of the United States the office of the United States head of state; "a President is elected every four years" the person who holds the office of head of state of the United States government; "the President likes to jog every morning" primateship the office of primate principalship the post of principal priorship the office of prior proconsulship the position of proconsul proctorship the position of proctor professorship the position of professor; "he was awarded an endowed chair in economics" protectorship the position of protector public office a position concerning the people as a whole bully pulpit a public office of sufficiently high rank that it provides the holder with an opportunity to speak out and be listened to on any matter; "the American presidency is a bully pulpit" rabbinate the office or function of a rabbi rabbis collectively receivership the office of a receiver a court action that places property under the control of a receiver during litigation so that it can be preserved for the benefit of all the state of property that is in the hands of a receiver; "the business is in receivership" rectorship the office or station of a rector regency the office of a regent the period of time during which a regent governs residency the position of physician who is receiving special training in a hospital (usually after completing an internship) the act of dwelling in a place rulership the position of ruler sainthood the status and dignity of a saint saints collectively secretaryship the position of secretary Attorney General the position of the head of the Justice Department and the chief law enforcement officer of the United States; "the post of Attorney General was created in 1789" the person who holds the position of secretary of the Justice Department; "Edmund Randolph was the first Attorney General, appointed by President Washington" Secretary of Agriculture the position of the head of the Department of Agriculture; "the post of Secretary of Agriculture was established in 1889" the person who holds the secretaryship of the Department of Agriculture; "the first Secretary of Agriculture was Norman J. Colman, who was appointed by Cleveland" Secretary of Commerce the position of the head of the Department of Commerce; "the position of Commerce Secretary was created in 1913" the person who holds the secretaryship of the Department of Commerce; "the first Commerce Secretary was William C. Redfield who was appointed by Wilson" Secretary of Defense the position of the head of the Department of Defense; "the position of Defense Secretary was created in 1947" the person who holds the secretaryship of the Defense Department; "the first Defense Secretary was James V. Forrestal who was appointed by Truman" Secretary of Education the position of the head of the Education Department; "the post of Education Secretary was created in 1979" the person who holds the secretaryship of the Department of Education; "Carter appointed Shirley Hufstedler as the first Secretary of Education" Secretary of Energy the position of the head of the Department of Energy; "the post of Energy Secretary was created in 1977" the person who holds the secretaryship of the Department of Energy; "the first Secretary of Energy was James R. Schlesinger who was appointed by Carter" Secretary of Health and Human Services the position of the head of the Department of Health and Human Services; "the post of Secretary of Health and Human Services was created by Congress in 1979" the person who holds the secretaryship of the Department of Health and Human Services; "the first Secretary of Health and Human Services was Patricia Roberts Harris who was appointed by Carter" Secretary of Housing and Urban Development the position of the head of the Department of Housing and Urban Development; "the position of Secretary of Housing and Urban Development was created in 1966" the person who holds the secretaryship of the Department of Housing and Urban Development; "the first Secretary of Housing and Urban Development was Robert C. Weaver who was appointed by Johnson" Secretary of Labor the position of the head of the Department of Labor; "the post of Labor Secretary was created in 1913" the person who holds the secretaryship of the Department of Labor; "the first Labor Secretary was William B. Wilson who was appointed by President Wilson" Secretary of State the position of the head of the State Department; "the position of Secretary of State was established in 1789" the person who holds the secretaryship of the Department of State; "the first Secretary of State was Thomas Jefferson" Secretary of the Interior the position of the head of the Department of the Interior; "the position of Interior Secretary was created in 1849" the person who holds the secretaryship of the Interior Department; "President Taylor appointed Thomas Ewing as the first Secretary of the Interior" Secretary of the Treasury the position of the head of the Treasury Department; "the position of Treasury Secretary was created in 1789" the person who holds the secretaryship of the Treasury Department; "Alexander Hamilton was the first Secretary of the Treasury" Secretary of Transportation the position of the head of the Department of Transportation; "the post of Transportation Secretary was created in 1966" the person who holds the secretaryship of the Department of Transportation; "Johnson appointed Alan S. Boyd as the first Transportation Secretary" Secretary of Veterans Affairs the position of the head of the Department of Veterans Affairs; "the post of Secretary of Veterans Affairs was created in 1989" the person who holds the secretaryship of the Department of Veterans Affairs; "Bush appointed Edward J. Derwinski as the first Secretary of Veterans Affairs" Secretary of War head of a former executive department; combined with the Navy Secretary to form the Defense Secretary in 1947 Secretary of the Navy head of a former executive department; combined with the War Secretary to form the Defense Secretary in 1947 Secretary of Commerce and Labor head of a former executive department created in 1903 and divided into two departments in 1913 Secretary of Health Education and Welfare head of a former executive department created in 1953 and divided into two departments in 1979 seigniory the position and authority of a feudal lord seismography the measurement of tremors and shocks and undulatory movements of earthquakes senatorship the office of senator sinecure an office that involves minimal duties a benefice to which no spiritual or pastoral duties are attached solicitorship the position of solicitor speakership the position of Speaker stewardship the position of steward studentship the position of student teachership the position of teacher thaneship the position of thane throne the position and power of an exalted person (a sovereign or bishop) who is entitled to sit in a chair of state on ceremonial occasions the chair of state for a monarch, bishop, etc.; "the king sat on his throne" sit on the throne as a ruler treasurership the position of treasurer tribuneship the position of tribune trusteeship the position of trustee vice-presidency the office and function of a vice president the tenure of a vice president viceroyship the position of viceroy viziership the position of vizier wardenship the position of warden wardership the position of warder womanhood the status of a woman women as a class; "it's an insult to American womanhood"; "woman is the glory of creation"; "the fair sex gathered on the veranda" the state of being an adult woman treadmill a job involving drudgery and confinement a mill that is powered by men or animals walking on a circular belt or climbing steps an exercise device consisting of an endless belt on which a person can walk or jog without changing place business life a career in industrial or commercial or professional activities trade the skilled practice of a practical occupation; "he learned his trade as an apprentice" the commercial exchange (buying and selling on domestic or international markets) of goods and services; "Venice was an important center of trade with the East"; "they are accused of conspiring to constrain trade" the business given to a commercial establishment by its customers; "even before noon there was a considerable patronage" exchange or give (something) in exchange for turn in as payment or part payment for a purchase; "trade in an old car for a new one" engage in the trade of; "he is merchandising telephone sets" be traded at a certain price or under certain conditions; "The stock traded around $20 a share" airplane mechanics the craft of building and repairing airplanes auto mechanics the craft of building and repairing automobiles basketry the craft of basket making bookbinding the craft of binding books bricklaying the craft of laying bricks cabinetwork the craft of making furniture (especially furniture of high quality) woodwork finished by hand by a cabinetmaker carpentry the craft of a carpenter: making things out of wood drafting the craft of drawing blueprints writing a first version to be filled out and polished later dressmaking the craft of making dresses electrical work the craft of an electrician interior decoration the trade or act of decorating the interior of a building or room, especially with regard to color combination, paint, fabrics, carpeting, etc. decoration consisting of the layout and furnishings of a livable interior furnishing the act of providing a house or room with furniture and other removable items such as shelves, carpets, appliances, etc. (usually plural) the instrumentalities (furniture and appliances and other movable accessories including curtains and rugs) that make a home (or other area) livable (usually plural) accessory wearing apparel lighting the craft of providing artificial light; "an interior decorator must understand lighting" apparatus for supplying artificial light effects for the stage or a film lumbering the trade of cutting or preparing or selling timber masonry the craft of a mason structure built of stone or brick by a mason oculism the craft of an oculist painting the occupation of a house painter; "house painting was the only craft he knew" the act of applying paint to a surface; "you can finish the job of painting faster with a roller than with a brush" creating a picture with paints; "he studied painting and sculpture for many years" graphic art consisting of an artistic composition made by applying paints to a surface; "a small painting by Picasso"; "he bought the painting as an investment"; "his pictures hang in the Louvre" papermaking the craft of making paper piloting the occupation of a pilot plumbing the occupation of a plumber (installing and repairing pipes and fixtures for water or gas or sewage in a building) utility consisting of the pipes and fixtures for the distribution of water or gas in a building and for the disposal of sewage pottery the craft of making earthenware ceramic ware made from clay and baked in a kiln a workshop where clayware is made profession an occupation requiring special education (especially in the liberal arts or sciences) affirmation of acceptance of some religion or faith; "a profession of Christianity" an open avowal (true or false) of some belief or opinion; "a profession of disagreement" the body of people in a learned occupation; "the news spread rapidly through the medical profession"; "they formed a community of scientists" metier an occupation for which you are especially well suited; "in law he found his true metier" learned profession one of the three professions traditionally believed to require advanced learning and high principles literature the profession or art of a writer; "her place in literature is secure" the humanistic study of a body of literature; "he took a course in Russian lit" creative writing of recognized artistic value published writings in a particular style on a particular subject; "the technical literature"; "one aspect of Waterloo has not yet been treated in the literature" architecture the profession of designing buildings and environments with consideration for their esthetic effect an architectural product or work the discipline dealing with the principles of design and construction and ornamentation of fine buildings; "architecture and eloquence are mixed arts whose end is sometimes beauty and sometimes use" law the learned profession that is mastered by graduate study in a law school and that is responsible for the judicial system; "he studied law at Yale" a rule or body of rules of conduct inherent in human nature and essential to or binding upon human society a generalization that describes recurring facts or events in nature; "the laws of thermodynamics" legal document setting forth rules governing a particular kind of activity; "there is a law against kidnapping" the collection of rules imposed by authority; "civilization presupposes respect for the law"; "the great problem for jurisprudence to allow freedom while enforcing order" education the profession of teaching (especially at a school or college or university) the activities of educating or instructing; activities that impart knowledge or skill; "he received no formal education"; "our instruction was carefully programmed"; "good classroom teaching is seldom rewarded" the result of good upbringing (especially knowledge of correct social behavior); "a woman of breeding and refinement" the gradual process of acquiring knowledge; "education is a preparation for life"; "a girl's education was less important than a boy's" knowledge acquired by learning and instruction; "it was clear that he had a very broad education" journalism the profession of reporting or photographing or editing news stories for one of the media newspapers and magazines collectively newspapering journalism practiced for the newspapers politics the profession devoted to governing and to political affairs the activities and affairs involved in managing a state or a government; "unemployment dominated the politics of the inter-war years"; "government agencies multiplied beyond the control of representative politics" the study of government of states and other political units the opinion you hold with respect to political questions social relations involving intrigue to gain authority or power; "office politics is often counterproductive" medicine the learned profession that is mastered by graduate training in a medical school and that is devoted to preventing or alleviating or curing diseases and injuries; "he studied medicine at Harvard" (medicine) something that treats or prevents or alleviates the symptoms of disease the branches of medical science that deal with nonsurgical techniques preventive medicine the branch of medicine concerned with preventing disease; "the medical establishment doesn't profit from preventive medicine" alternative medicine the practice of medicine without the use of drugs; may involve herbal medicines or self-awareness or biofeedback or acupuncture herbal medicine the use of medicinal herbs to prevent or treat disease or promote health a medicine made from plants and used to prevent or treat disease or promote health complementary medicine the practice of medicine that combines traditional medicine with alternative medicine theology the learned profession acquired by specialized courses in religion (usually taught at a college or seminary); "he studied theology at Oxford" the rational and systematic study of religion and its influences and of the nature of religious truth a particular system or school of religious beliefs and teachings; "Jewish theology"; "Roman Catholic theology" writing the activity of putting something in written form; "she did the thinking while he did the writing" the act of creating written works; "writing was a form of therapy for him"; "it was a matter of disputed authorship" letters or symbols that are written or imprinted on a surface to represent the sounds or words of a language; "he turned the paper over so the writing wouldn't show"; "the doctor's writing was illegible" the work of a writer; anything expressed in letters of the alphabet (especially when considered from the point of view of style and effect); "the writing in her novels is excellent"; "that editorial was a fine piece of writing" (usually plural) the collected work of an author; "the idea occurs with increasing frequency in Hemingway's writings" cryptography act of writing in code or cipher handwriting the activity of writing by hand; "handwriting can be slow and painful for one with arthritis" something written by hand; "she recognized his handwriting"; "his hand was illegible" inscription the activity of inscribing (especially carving or engraving) letters or words letters inscribed (especially words engraved or carved) on something notation the activity of representing something by a special system of marks or characters a technical system of symbols used to represent special things superscription the activity of superscribing an inscription written above something else stenography the act or art of writing in shorthand subscription the act of signing your name; writing your signature (as on a document); "the deed was attested by the subscription of his signature" a pledged contribution agreement expressed by (or as if expressed by) signing your name a payment for consecutive issues of a newspaper or magazine for a given period of time encoding the activity of converting data or information into code image compression the compression of graphics for storage or transmission MPEG a set of standards adopted by the moving pictures experts group for the compression of digital video and audio data or a file of data compressed according to those standards data encryption (computer science) the encryption of data for security purposes recoding converting from one code to another decoding the activity of making clear or converting from code into plain text; "a secret key or password is required for decryption" triangulation a method of surveying; the area is divided into triangles and the length of one side and its angles with the other two are measured, then the lengths of the other sides can be calculated a trigonometric method of determining the position of a fixed point from the angles to it from two fixed points a known distance apart; useful in navigation cabinetmaking the craft of a joiner pyrotechnics the craft of making fireworks (music) brilliance of display (as in the performance of music) shoemaking the shoemaker's trade roofing the craft of a roofer material used to construct a roof sheet-metal work the craft of doing sheet metal work (as in ventilation systems) shingling the laying on of shingles; "shingling is a craft very different from carpentry" (geology) sediment in which flat pebbles are uniformly tilted in the same direction tailoring the occupation of a tailor tool-and-die work the craft of making special tools and dies couture high fashion designing and dressmaking accountancy the occupation of maintaining and auditing records and preparing financial reports for a business cost accounting keeping account of the costs of items in production costing cost accounting bookkeeping the activity of recording business transactions single entry a simple bookkeeping system; transactions are entered in only one account double entry bookkeeper debits the transaction to one account and credits it to another inventory accounting accounting that controls and evaluates inventory inventory control supervision of the supply and storage and accessibility of items in order to insure an adequate supply without excessive oversupply first in first out inventory accounting in which the oldest items (those first acquired) are assumed to be the first sold last in first out inventory accounting in which the most recently acquired items are assumed to be the first sold butchery the business of a butcher photography the occupation of taking and printing photographs or making movies the act of taking and printing photographs the process of producing images of objects on photosensitive surfaces labor productive work (especially physical work done for wages); "his labor did not require a great deal of skill" a social class comprising those who do manual labor or work for wages; "there is a shortage of skilled labor in this field" undergo the efforts of childbirth work hard; "She was digging away at her math homework"; "Lexicographers drudge all day long" strikebreaking confrontational activities intended to break up a strike by workers corvee unpaid labor (as for the maintenance of roads) required by a lord of his vassals in lieu of taxes drudgery hard monotonous routine work effort use of physical or mental energy; hard work; "he got an A for effort"; "they managed only with great exertion" struggle strenuous effort; "the struggle to get through the crowd exhausted her" an energetic attempt to achieve something; "getting through the crowd was a real struggle"; "he fought a battle for recognition" to exert strenuous effort against opposition; "he struggled to get free from the rope" wrestle the act of engaging in close hand-to-hand combat; "they had a fierce wrestle"; "we watched his grappling and wrestling with the bully" engage in deep thought, consideration, or debate; "I wrestled with this decision for years" combat to overcome an opposing tendency or force; "He wrestled all his life with his feeling of inferiority" engage in a wrestling match; "The children wrestled in the garden" hackwork professional work done according to formula haymaking cutting grass and curing it to make hay taking full advantage of an opportunity while it lasts manual labor labor done with the hands overwork the act of working too much or too long; "he became ill from overwork" use too much; "This play has been overworked" work excessively hard; "he is exploiting the students" subbing working as a substitute for someone who is ill or on leave of absence trouble an effort that is inconvenient; "I went to a lot of trouble"; "he won without any trouble"; "had difficulty walking"; "finished the test only with great difficulty" a source of difficulty; "one trouble after another delayed the job"; "what's the problem?" an event causing distress or pain; "what is the trouble?"; "heart trouble" an unwanted pregnancy; "he got several girls in trouble" cause bodily suffering to and make sick or indisposed to cause inconvenience or discomfort to; "Sorry to trouble you, but..." the devil something difficult or awkward to do or deal with; "it will be the devil to solve" tsuris (Yiddish) aggravating trouble; "the frustrating tsuris he subjected himself to" least effort the least effortful way to do something strain an intense or violent exertion (physics) deformation of a physical body under the action of applied forces injury to a muscle (often caused by overuse); results in swelling and pain (psychology) nervousness resulting from mental stress; "his responsibilities were a constant strain"; "the mental strain of staying alert hour after hour was too much for him" use to the utmost; exert vigorously or to full capacity; "He really extended himself when he climbed Kilimanjaro"; "Don't strain your mind too much" become stretched or tense or taut; "the bodybuilder's neck muscles tensed"; "the rope strained when the weight was attached" conditioner exercise that conditions the body; "farm work can be a good conditioner" a substance used in washing (clothing or hair) to make things softer a trainer of athletes set several exercises intended to be done in series; "he did four sets of the incline bench press" the act of putting something in position; "he gave a final set to his hat" any electronic equipment that receives or transmits radio or tv signals; "the early sets ran on storage batteries" (psychology) being temporarily ready to respond in a particular way; "the subjects' set led them to solve problems the familiar way and to overlook the simpler solution"; "his instructions deliberately gave them the wrong set" the descent of a heavenly body below the horizon; "before the set of sun" a group of things of the same kind that belong together and are so used; "a set of books"; "a set of golf clubs"; "a set of teeth" (mathematics) an abstract collection of numbers or symbols; "the set of prime numbers is infinite" an unofficial association of people or groups; "the smart set goes there"; "they were an angry lot" a unit of play in tennis or squash; "they played two sets of tennis after dinner" set to a certain position or cause to operate correctly; "set clocks or instruments" put into a certain state; cause to be in a certain state; "set the house afire" establish as the highest level or best performance; "set a record" give a fine, sharp edge to a knife or razor insert (a nail or screw below the surface, as into a countersink) fix in a border; "The goldsmith set the diamond" put into a position that will restore a normal state; "set a broken bone" apply or start; "set fire to a building" locate; "The film is set in Africa" disappear beyond the horizon; "the sun sets early these days" aerobics exercise that increases the need for oxygen bodybuilding exercise that builds muscles through tension weightlift bodybuilding by exercise that involves lifting weights bench press a weightlift in which you lie on your back on a bench and press weights upward a small punch press mounted on a workbench incline bench press a bench press performed on an inclined bench clean and jerk a weightlift in which the barbell is lifted to shoulder height and then jerked overhead snatch a weightlift in which the barbell is lifted overhead in one rapid motion a small fragment; "overheard snatches of their conversation" to make grasping motions; "the cat snatched at the butterflies" to grasp hastily or eagerly; "Before I could stop him the dog snatched the ham bone" weight gaining bodybuilding that increases muscle mass and body weight calisthenics light exercises designed to promote general fitness; "several different calisthenics were illustrated in the video" the practice of calisthenic exercises; "calisthenics is recommended for general good health" isometrics muscle-building exercises (or a system of musclebuilding exercises) involving muscular contractions against resistance without movement (the muscles contracts but the length of the muscle does not change) isotonic exercise exercise in which opposing muscles contract and there is controlled movement (tension is constant while the lengths of the muscles change); "the classic isotonic exercise is lifting free weights" jogging running at a jog trot as a form of cardiopulmonary exercise Kegel exercises exercises for women designed to improve the ability to hold urine pandiculation yawning and stretching (as when first waking up) power walking a form of cardiopulmonary exercise consisting of rapid walking accompanied by vigorous swinging of the arms arm exercise exercise designed to strengthen the arm muscles pushup an arm exercise performed lying face to the floor and pushing the body up and down with the arms widegrip pushup a pushup with the arms widely separated pull-up an arm exercise performed by pulling yourself up on a horizontal bar until your chin is level with the bar back exercise exercise designed to strengthen the back muscles leg exercise exercise designed to strengthen the leg muscles knee bend exercising by repeatedly assuming a crouching position with the knees bent; strengthens the leg muscles leg curl an exercise designed to strengthen the flexor muscles of the leg leg extensor an exercise designed to strengthen the extensor muscles of the leg neck exercise exercise designed to strengthen the neck muscles stomach exercise an exercise designed to strengthen the abdominal muscles sit-up a stomach exercise in which a person sits up from a supine position without using the arms for leverage yoga a system of physical, breathing and meditation exercises practiced to promote control of the body and mind discipline aimed at training the consciousness for a state of perfect spiritual insight and tranquility that is achieved through the three paths of actions and knowledge and devotion hatha yoga yogic exercises (popular in the West) that combine difficult postures (which force the mind to withdraw from the outside world) with controlled breathing consultancy the practice of giving expert advice within a particular field; "a business management consultancy" cosmetology the practice of beautifying the face and hair and skin dental practice the practice of dentistry law practice the practice of law medical practice the practice of medicine family practice medical practice that provides health care regardless of age or sex while placing emphasis on the family unit group practice (medicine) the practice of medicine by a group of physicians who share their premises and other resources optometry the practice of an optometrist private practice the practice of a profession independently and not as an employee; "he teaches at the medical school but his fortune came from private practice"; "lawyers in private practice are in business and must make a profit to survive" quackery medical practice and advice based on observation and experience in ignorance of scientific findings overkill any effort that seems to go farther than would be necessary to achieve its goal the capability to obliterate a target with more weapons (especially nuclear weapons) than are required supererogation an effort above and beyond the call of duty overexertion excessive exertion; so much exertion that discomfort or injury results investigation the work of inquiring into something thoroughly and systematically analysis an investigation of the component parts of a whole and their relations in making up the whole the abstract separation of a whole into its constituent parts in order to study the parts and their relations a branch of mathematics involving calculus and the theory of limits; sequences and series and integration and differentiation a form of literary criticism in which the structure of a piece of writing is analyzed the use of closed-class words instead of inflections: e.g., `the father of the bride' instead of `the bride's father' count the act of counting; reciting numbers in ascending order; "the counting continued for several hours" a nobleman (in various countries) having rank equal to a British earl the total number counted; "a blood count" include as if by counting; "I can count my colleagues in the opposition" have faith or confidence in; "you can count on me to help you any time"; "Look to your friends for support"; "You can bet on that!"; "Depend on your family in times of crisis" name or recite the numbers in ascending order; "The toddler could count to 100" determine the number or amount of; "Can you count the books on your shelf?"; "Count your change" have weight; have import, carry weight; "It does not matter much" put into a group; "The academy counts several Nobel Prize winners among its members" have a certain value or carry a certain weight; "each answer counts as three points" police work the investigation of criminal activities forensics scientific tests or techniques used in the investigation of crimes roundup the systematic gathering up of suspects by the police; "a mass roundup of suspects" the activity of gathering livestock together so that they can be counted or branded or sold a summary list; as in e.g. "a news roundup" empiricism the application of empirical methods in any art or science (philosophy) the doctrine that knowledge derives from experience examination the act of examining something closely (as for mistakes) the act of giving students or candidates a test (as by questions) to determine what they know or have learned a set of questions or exercises evaluating skill or knowledge; "when the test was stolen the professor had to make a new set of questions" inquiry a systematic investigation of a matter of public interest a search for knowledge; "their pottery deserves more research than it has received" research systematic investigation to establish facts inquire into; "the students had to research the history of the Second World War for their history project"; "He searched for information on his relatives on the web"; "Scientists are exploring the nature of consciousness" attempt to find out in a systematically and scientific manner; "The student researched the history of that word" eleven-plus (formerly in Britain) an examination taken by 11 and 12 year old students to select suitable candidates for grammar school search an investigation seeking answers; "a thorough search of the ledgers revealed nothing"; "the outcome justified the search" boarding and inspecting a ship on the high seas; "right of search" the activity of looking thoroughly in order to find something or someone the examination of alternative hypotheses; "his search for a move that would avoid checkmate was unsuccessful" an operation that determines whether one or more of a set of items has a specified property; "they wrote a program to do a table lookup" try to locate or discover, or try to establish the existence of; "The police are searching for clues"; "They are searching for the missing man in the entire county" subject to a search; "The police searched the suspect"; "We searched the whole house for the missing keys" search or seek; "We looked all day and finally found the child in the forest"; "Look elsewhere for the perfect gift!" operations research research designed to determine most efficient way to do something means test an inquiry into the financial position of someone applying for financial aid inquest an inquiry into the cause of an unexpected death big science scientific research that requires massive capital investment but is expected to yield very significant results biological research scientific research conducted by biologists cloning a general term for the research activity that creates a copy of some biological entity (a gene or organism or cell) reproductive cloning making a full living copy of an organism; requires a surrogate mother human reproductive cloning the reproductive cloning of a sentient human being; generally considered ethically unacceptable somatic cell nuclear transplantation moving a cell nucleus and its genetic material from one cell to another therapeutic cloning nuclear transplantation of a patient's own cells to make an oocyte from which immune-compatible cells (especially stem cells) can be derived for transplant stem-cell research research on stem cells and their use in medicine embryonic stem-cell research biological research on stem cells derived from embryos and on their use in medicine experiment the act of conducting a controlled test or investigation a venture at something new or different; "as an experiment he decided to grow a beard" the testing of an idea; "it was an experiment in living"; "not all experimentation is done in laboratories" to conduct a test or investigation; "We are experimenting with the new drug in order to fight this disease" try something new, as in order to gain experience; "Students experiment sexually"; "The composer experimented with a new style" field work an investigation carried out in the field rather than in a laboratory or headquarters testing the act of subjecting to experimental test in order to determine how well something works; "they agreed to end the testing of atomic weapons" an examination of the characteristics of something; "there are laboratories for commercial testing"; "it involved testing thousands of children for smallpox" marketing research research that gathers and analyzes information about the moving of good or services from producer to consumer market analysis marketing research that yields information about the marketplace product research marketing research that yields information about desired characteristics of the product or service consumer research marketing research that yields information about the motives and needs of different classes of consumers microscopy research with the use of microscopes electron microscopy microscopy with the use of electron microscopes electron spin resonance microwave spectroscopy in which there is resonant absorption of radiation by a paramagnet trial and error experimenting until a solution is found probe an investigation conducted using a flexible surgical instrument to explore an injury or a body cavity an exploratory action or expedition a flexible slender surgical instrument with a blunt end that is used to explore wounds or body cavities an inquiry into unfamiliar or questionable activities; "there was a congressional probe into the scandal" question or examine thoroughly and closely examine physically with or as if with a probe; "probe an anthill" Human Genome Project an international study of the entire human genetic material scientific research research into questions posed by scientific theories and hypotheses endoscopy visual examination of the interior of a hollow body organ by use of an endoscope celioscopy endoscopic examination of the abdomen through the abdominal wall colonoscopy visual examination of the colon (with a colonoscope) from the cecum to the rectum; requires sedation culdoscopy endoscopic examination of a woman's pelvic organs by the insertion of a culdoscope through the vagina gastroscopy visual examination of the stomach by means of a gastroscope inserted through the esophagus hysteroscopy visual examination of the uterus and uterine lining using an endoscope inserted through the vagina proctoscopy visual examination of the rectum and the end of the colon by means of a proctoscope sigmoidoscopy visual examination (with a sigmoidoscope) of the lower third of the colon in a search for polyps gonioscopy an examination of the front part of the eye to check the angle where the iris meets the cornea; it is used to distinguish between open-angle glaucoma and closed-angle glaucoma keratoscopy examination of the cornea with a keratoscope to detect irregularities in its anterior surface rhinoscopy examination of the nasal passages (either through the anterior nares or with a rhinoscope through the nasopharynx) scan the act of scanning; systematic examination of a prescribed region; "he made a thorough scan of the beach with his binoculars" an image produced by scanning; "he analyzed the brain scan"; "you could see the tumor in the CAT scan" read metrically; "scan verses" make a wide, sweeping search of; "The beams scanned the night sky" move a light beam over; in electronics, to reproduce an image examine hastily; "She scanned the newspaper headlines while waiting for the taxi" examine minutely or intensely; "the surgeon scanned the X-ray" conform to a metrical pattern scanning the act of systematically moving a finely focused beam of light or electrons over a surface in order to produce an image of it for analysis or transmission the process of translating photographs into a digital form that can be recognized by a computer survey a detailed critical inspection consider in a comprehensive way; "He appraised the situation carefully before acting" plot a map of (land) make a survey of; for statistical purposes look over carefully or inspect; "He surveyed his new classmates" screening testing objects or persons in order to identify those with particular characteristics fabric of metal or plastic mesh the display of a motion picture genetic screening analyzing a group of people to determine genetic susceptibility to a particular disease; "genetic screening of infants for phenylketonuria" time and motion study an analysis of a specific job in an effort to find the most efficient method in terms of time and effort dark ground illumination a form of microscopic examination of living material by scattered light; specimens appear luminous against a dark background fluorescence microscopy light microscopy in which the specimen is irradiated at wavelengths that excite fluorochromes indirect immunofluorescence a method of using fluorescence microscopy to detect the presence of an antigen indirectly anatomy a detailed analysis; "he studied the anatomy of crimes" the branch of morphology that deals with the structure of animals urinalysis (medicine) the chemical analysis of urine (for medical diagnosis) scatology (medicine) the chemical analysis of excrement (for medical diagnosis or for paleontological purposes) a preoccupation with obscenity (especially that dealing with excrement or excretory functions) case study a detailed analysis of a person or group from a social or psychological or medical point of view a careful study of some social unit (as a corporation or division within a corporation) that attempts to determine what factors led to its success or failure chemical analysis the act of decomposing a substance into its constituent elements polarography an electrochemical method of chemical analysis quantitative analysis chemical analysis to determine the amounts of each element in the substance colorimetry quantitative chemical analysis by color using a colorimeter volumetric analysis quantitative analysis by the use of definite volumes of standard solutions or reagents determination of the volume of gases (or changes in their volume) during combination acidimetry volumetric analysis using standard solutions of acids to measure the amount of a base present alkalimetry volumetric analysis using standard solutions of alkali to measure the amount of acid present titration a measured amount of a solution of unknown concentration is added to a known volume of a second solution until the reaction between them is just complete; the concentration of the unknown solution (the titer) can then be calculated gravimetric analysis quantitative analysis by weight cost analysis breaking down the costs of some operation and reporting on each factor separately fundamental analysis (stock exchange) the use of fundamentals as an investment strategy technical analysis (stock exchange) analysis of past price changes in the hope of forecasting future price changes spectroscopy the use of spectroscopes to analyze spectra dialysis separation of substances in solution by means of their unequal diffusion through semipermeable membranes apheresis a procedure in which blood is drawn and separated into its components by dialysis; some are retained and the rest are returned to the donor by transfusion plasmapheresis plasma is separated from whole blood and the rest is returned to the donor plateletpheresis platelets are separated from whole blood and the rest is returned to the donor hemodialysis dialysis of the blood to remove toxic substances or metabolic wastes from the bloodstream; used in the case of kidney failure mass spectroscopy the use of spectroscopy to determine the masses of small electrically charged particles microwave spectroscopy the use of spectroscopy to study atomic or molecular resonances in the microwave spectrum likening the act of comparing similarities analogy drawing a comparison in order to show a similarity in some respect; "the operation of a computer presents and interesting analogy to the working of the brain"; "the models show by analogy how matter is built up" an inference that if things agree in some respects they probably agree in others collation careful examination and comparison to note points of disagreement assembling in proper numerical or logical sequence confrontation a focussed comparison; bringing together for a careful comparison the act of hostile groups opposing each other; "the government was not ready for a confrontation with the unions"; "the invaders encountered stiff opposition" a hostile disagreement face-to-face discord resulting from a clash of ideas or opinions a bold challenge contrast the act of distinguishing by comparing differences the range of optical density and tone on a photographic negative or print (or the extent to which adjacent areas on a television screen differ in brightness) the perceptual effect of the juxtaposition of very different colors the opposition or dissimilarity of things that are compared; "in contrast to"; "by contrast" put in opposition to show or emphasize differences; "The middle school teacher contrasted her best student's work with that of her weakest student" to show differences when compared; be different; "the students contrast considerably in their artistic abilities" lighterage the transportation of goods on a lighter the fee charged for carrying goods in lighters visitation an official visit for inspection or supervision; "the commissioner made visitations to all the precinct stations"; "the recent visitation of the bishop to his diocese" any disaster or catastrophe; "a visitation of the plague" site visit a visit in an official capacity to examine a site to determine its suitability for some enterprise surveillance close observation of a person or group (usually by the police) tabulation the act of putting into tabular form; "the tabulation of the results" information set out in tabular form blood count the act of estimating the number of red and white corpuscles in a blood sample the number of red and white corpuscles in a blood sample complete blood count counting the number of white and red blood cells and the number of platelets in 1 cubic millimeter of blood differential blood count counting the number of specific types of white blood cells found in 1 cubic millimeter of blood; may be included as part of a complete blood count census a periodic count of the population conduct a census; "They censused the deer in the forest" countdown counting backward from an arbitrary number to indicate the time remaining before some event (such as launching a space vehicle) miscount an inaccurate count count wrongly poll the counting of votes (as in an election) a tame parrot the part of the head between the ears an inquiry into public opinion conducted by interviewing a random sample of people convert into a pollard; "pollard trees" get the opinions (of people) by asking specific questions get the votes of vote in an election at a polling station recount an additional (usually a second) count; especially of the votes in a close election count again; "We had to recount all the votes after an accusation of fraud was made" sperm count the act of estimating the number of spermatozoa in an ejaculate the number of sperm in an ejaculate; "the sperm count is used as an indicator of male fertility" spying the act of keeping a secret watch for intelligence purposes keeping a secret or furtive watch wiretap the act of tapping a telephone or telegraph line to get information tap a telephone or telegraph wire to get information; "The FBI was tapping the phone line of the suspected spy"; "Is this hotel room bugged?" espionage the systematic use of spies to get military or political secrets counterespionage spying on the spies electronic surveillance surveillance by electronic means (e.g. television) maternalism motherly care; behavior characteristic of a mother; the practice of acting as a mother does toward her children babysitting the work of a baby sitter; caring for children when their parents are not home pet sitting the work of a pet sitter; caring for pets in their own home while their owners are away from home primary care the medical care received on first contact with the medical system (before being referred elsewhere) aftercare care and treatment of a convalescent patient dental care care for the teeth first aid emergency care given before regular medical aid can be obtained eyedrop a method of irrigating the eye used by ophthalmologists a drop from an eye dropper adrenergic agonist eyedrop a treatment for glaucoma; the eyedrops reduce intraocular pressure by decreasing the production of aqueous humor and increasing its drainage through the uveoscleral pathway beta blocker eyedrop a treatment for glaucoma; the eyedrops reduce intraocular pressure by reducing the production of aqueous humor miotic eyedrop a treatment for glaucoma; the eyedrops increase the outflow of aqueous humor by constricting the pupil topical prostaglandin eyedrop a treatment for glaucoma; the eyedrops increase the outflow of aqueous humor through the uveoscleral pathway medical care professional treatment for illness or injury treatment care provided to improve a situation (especially medical procedures or applications that are intended to relieve illness or injury) the management of someone or something; "the handling of prisoners"; "the treatment of water sewage"; "the right to equal treatment in the criminal justice system" a manner of dealing with something artistically; "his treatment of space borrows from Italian architecture" hospitalization placing in medical care in a hospital the condition of being treated as a patient in a hospital; "he hoped to avoid the expense of hospitalization" a period of time when you are confined to a hospital; "now they try to shorten the patient's hospitalization" incubation maintaining something at the most favorable temperature for its development (pathology) the phase in the development of an infection between the time a pathogen enters the body and the time the first symptoms appear livery the care (feeding and stabling) of horses for pay uniform worn by some menservants and chauffeurs massage kneading and rubbing parts of the body to increase circulation and promote relaxation give a massage to; "She massaged his sore back" manually manipulate (someone's body), usually for medicinal or relaxation purposes; "She rubbed down her child with a sponge" cardiac massage an emergency procedure that employs rhythmic compression of the heart (either through the chest wall or, during surgery, directly to the heart) in an attempt to maintain circulation during cardiac arrest effleurage a rhythmic stroking; "effleurage of the abdomen is used in the Lamaze method of childbirth" petrissage massage of the skin which is gently lifted and squeezed reflexology massage to relieve tension by finger pressure; based on the belief that there are reflex points on the feet, hands, and head that are connected to every part of the body the study of reflex action as it relates to the behavior of organisms Swedish massage massage combined with a system of active and passive exercises for the muscles and joints tapotement massage in which the body is tapped rhythmically with the fingers or with short rapid movements of the sides of the hand; used to loosen mucus on the chest walls of patients with bronchitis manicure professional care for the hands and fingernails care for (one's hand) by cutting and shaping the nails, etc. trim carefully and neatly; "manicure fingernails" pedicure professional care for the feet and toenails care for one's feet by cutting and shaping the nails, etc. therapy (medicine) the act of caring for someone (as by medication or remedial training etc.); "the quarterback is undergoing treatment for a knee injury"; "he tried every treatment the doctors suggested"; "heat therapy gave the best relief" modality a method of therapy that involves physical or electrical therapeutic treatment a particular sense a classification of propositions on the basis of whether they claim necessity or possibility or impossibility diathermy a method of physical therapy that involves generating local heat in body tissues by high-frequency electromagnetic currents aromatherapy the therapeutic use of aromatic plant extracts and essential oils in baths or massage chemotherapy the use of chemical agents to treat or control disease (or mental illness) electrotherapy the therapeutic application of electricity to the body (as in the treatment of various forms of paralysis) heliotherapy therapeutic exposure to sunlight hormone replacement therapy hormones (estrogen and progestin) are given to postmenopausal women; believed to protect them from heart disease and osteoporosis immunotherapy therapy designed to produce immunity to a disease or to enhance resistance by the immune system infrared therapy the use of infrared radiation (as by infrared lamps or heating pads or hot water bottles) to relieve pain and increase circulation to a particular area of the body inflation therapy therapy in which water or oxygen or a drug is introduced into the respiratory tract with inhaled air iontophoresis therapy that uses a local electric current to introduce the ions of a medicine into the tissues medication the act of treating with medicines or remedies antipyresis medication with antipyretics to treat a fever megavitamin therapy therapy based on a theory that taking very large doses of vitamins will prevent or cure physical or psychological disorders occupational therapy therapy based on engagement in meaningful activities of daily life, especially to enable or encourage participation in such activities in spite of impairments or limitations in physical or mental functions nourishment the act of nourishing; "her nourishment of the orphans saved many lives" nursing care care by a skilled nurse nursing the work of caring for the sick or injured or infirm nourishing at the breast the profession of a nurse tender loving care considerate and solicitous care; "young children need lots of TLC" nurturance physical and emotional care and nourishment personal care care for someone who is disabled or is otherwise unable to care for themselves; can including bathing and cooking and managing bodily functions skin care care for the skin facial care for the face that usually involves cleansing and massage and the application of cosmetic creams cranial nerve that supplies facial muscles of or pertaining to the outside surface of an object of or concerning the face; "a facial massage"; "facial hair"; "facial expression" adenoidectomy surgical removal of the adenoids; commonly performed along with tonsillectomy adrenalectomy surgical removal of one or both adrenal glands appendectomy surgical removal of the vermiform appendix amputation a surgical removal of all or part of a limb a condition of disability resulting from the loss of one or more limbs angioplasty an operation to repair a damaged blood vessel or unblock a coronary artery arthrodesis the surgical fixation of a joint which is intended to result in bone fusion arthroplasty surgical reconstruction or replacement of a malformed or degenerated joint arthroscopy a minimally invasive operation to repair a damaged joint; the surgeon examines the joint with an arthroscope while making repairs through a small incision autoplasty surgical repair by using tissue from another part of the patient's own body brain surgery any surgical procedure involving the brain psychosurgery brain surgery on human patients intended to relieve severe and otherwise intractable mental or behavioral problems split-brain technique brain surgery on animals in which the corpus callosum (and sometimes the optic chiasm) is severed so that communication between the cerebral hemispheres is interrupted castration surgical removal of the testes or ovaries (usually to inhibit hormone secretion in cases of breast cancer in women or prostate cancer in men); "bilateral castration results in sterilization" neutering a male animal by removing the testicles cautery the act of coagulating blood and destroying tissue with a hot iron or caustic agent or by freezing an instrument or substance used to destroy tissue for medical reasons (eg removal of a wart) by burning it with a hot iron or an electric current or a caustic or by freezing it chemosurgery use of chemical to destroy diseased or malignant tissue; used in treatment of skin cancer colostomy a surgical operation that creates an opening from the colon to the surface of the body to function as an anus craniotomy a surgical opening through the skull cryosurgery the use of extreme cold (usually liquid nitrogen) to destroy unwanted tissue (warts or cataracts or skin cancers) cholecystectomy surgical removal of the gall bladder (usually for relief of gallstone pain) clitoridectomy excision of the clitoris laparoscopic cholecystectomy removal of the gall bladder through small punctures in the abdomen to permit the insertion of a laparoscope and surgical instruments curettage surgery to remove tissue or growths from a bodily cavity (as the uterus) by scraping with a curette suction curettage a method of induced abortion; prior to the 14th week of gestation the embryo and placenta are removed by applying suction to the dilated cervix debridement surgical removal of foreign material and dead tissue from a wound in order to prevent infection and promote healing decortication removal of the outer covering of an organ or part dilation and curettage a surgical procedure usually performed under local anesthesia in which the cervix is dilated and the endometrial lining of the uterus is scraped with a curet; performed to obtain tissue samples or to stop prolonged bleeding or to remove small tumors or to remove fragments of placenta after childbirth or as a method of abortion disembowelment the act of removing the bowels or viscera; the act of cutting so as to cause the viscera to protrude electrosurgery surgery performed with electrical devices (as in electrocautery) enterostomy surgical operation that creates a permanent opening through the abdominal wall into the intestine enucleation surgical removal of something without cutting into it; "the enucleation of the tumor" wrong-site surgery a surgical operation performed on the wrong part of the body embolectomy surgical removal of an embolus (usually from an artery) endarterectomy surgical removal of the inner lining of an artery that is clogged with atherosclerosis enervation surgical removal of a nerve lack of vitality; "an enervation of mind greater than any fatigue" exenteration surgical removal of the organs within a body cavity (as those of the pelvis) eye operation any surgical procedure involving the eyes fenestration surgical procedure that creates a new fenestra to the cochlea in order to restore hearing lost because of osteosclerosis the arrangement of windows in a building gastrectomy surgical removal of all or part of the stomach gastroenterostomy surgical creation of an opening between the stomach wall and the small intestines; performed when the normal opening has been eliminated gastrostomy surgical creation of an opening through the abdominal wall into the stomach (as for gastrogavage) heart surgery any surgical procedure involving the heart closed-heart surgery heart surgery in which a small incision is made (the chest cavity is not opened) open-heart surgery heart surgery in which the rib cage is spread open, the heart is stopped and blood is detoured through a heart-lung machine while a heart valve or coronary artery is surgically repaired coronary bypass open-heart surgery in which the rib cage is opened and a section of a blood vessel is grafted from the aorta to the coronary artery to bypass the blocked section of the coronary artery and improve the blood supply to the heart port-access coronary bypass surgery heart surgery in which a coronary bypass is performed by the use of small instruments and tiny cameras threaded through small incisions while the heart is stopped and blood is pumped through a heart-lung machine minimally invasive coronary bypass surgery heart surgery in which a coronary bypass is performed on the beating heart by the use of small instruments and cameras threaded through small incisions hemorrhoidectomy surgical procedure for tying hemorrhoids and excising them hemostasis surgical procedure of stopping the flow of blood (as with a hemostat) hypophysectomy surgical removal of the pituitary gland hysterectomy surgical removal of the uterus hysterotomy surgical incision into the uterus (as in cesarean section) radical hysterectomy surgical removal of the uterus and the ovaries and oviducts and cervix and related lymph nodes total hysterectomy surgical removal of the uterus and cervix gastromy surgical incision into the stomach implantation a surgical procedure that places something in the human body; "the implantation of radioactive pellets in the prostate gland" the act of planting or setting in the ground (embryology) the organic process whereby a fertilized egg becomes implanted in the lining of the uterus of placental mammals incision the cutting of or into body tissues or organs (especially by a surgeon as part of an operation) a depression scratched or carved into a surface cataract surgery eye surgery that involves removing all or part of the lens and replacing it with an intraocular lens implant intracapsular surgery cataract surgery in which the entire lens is removed extracapsular surgery cataract surgery in which only the front of the lens is removed; the back of the lens capsule remains intact and provides support for the lens implant cyclodestructive surgery an eye operation that treats glaucoma by destroying the ciliary body with a laser phacoemulsification extracapsular surgery for cataracts in which ultrasonic sound breaks the cortex and nucleus of the lens into small fragments that are then vacuumed away through a small tube filtration surgery eye surgery that opens a passage allowing excess aqueous humor to drain into surrounding tissues; a treatment for glaucoma iridectomy an eye operation that treats closed-angle glaucoma by surgical removal of part of the iris of the eye iridotomy a surgical procedure that makes an incision in the iris of the eye in order to enlarge the pupil or to treat closed-angle glaucoma keratotomy surgical incision into the cornea radial keratotomy radial pattern of incisions in the cornea that cause the cornea to bulge; performed to correct myopia laser-assisted subepithelial keratomileusis a refractive surgery procedure that reshapes the cornea laser trabecular surgery eye surgery that makes many tiny laser burns in an area that will increase the drainage of aqueous humor laser-assisted in situ keratomileusis a refractive surgery procedure that reshapes the cornea vitrectomy a surgical procedure that removes the vitreous humor and replace it with saline solution perineotomy surgical incision into the perineum episiotomy surgical incision of the perineum to enlarge the vagina and so facilitate delivery during childbirth ileostomy surgical procedure that creates an opening from the ileum through the abdominal wall to function as an anus; performed in cases of cancer of the colon or ulcerative colitis intestinal bypass surgical operation that shortens the small intestine; used in treating obesity jejunostomy surgical creation of an opening between the jejunum and the anterior abdominal wall; will allow artificial feeding keratoplasty a surgical procedure in which part or all of a damaged or diseased cornea is replaced by healthy corneal tissue from a donor epikeratophakia using a piece of donated corneal tissue to repair the eye of someone who has had a cataract removed; "epikeratophakia gave her a living contact lens" lipectomy plastic surgery involving the breakdown and removal of fatty tissue liposuction lipectomy (especially for cosmetic purposes) in which excess fatty tissue is removed from under the skin by suction mastopexy plastic surgery to lift or reshape the breasts neuroplasty plastic surgery of the nerves otoplasty reconstructive surgery of the auricle of the external ear laminectomy surgical removal of the bony arches on one or more vertebrae laparotomy surgical incision into the abdominal wall; often done to examine abdominal organs laparoscopy laparotomy performed with a laparoscope that makes a small incision to examine the abdominal cavity (especially the ovaries and Fallopian tubes) laryngectomy surgical removal of part or all of the larynx (usually to treat cancer of the larynx) lithotomy surgical removal of a stone (calculus) cholelithotomy removal of gallstone through an incision in the gallbladder lobectomy surgical removal of a lobe from any organ of the body (as the lung or brain) amygdalotomy psychosurgery in which amygdaloid fibers that mediate limbic system activity are severed (in cases of extreme uncontrollable violence) callosotomy severing the corpus callosum so that communication between the cerebral hemispheres is interrupted (in cases of severe intractable epilepsy) lobotomy surgical interruption of nerve tracts to and from the frontal lobe of the brain; often results in marked cognitive and personality changes transorbital lobotomy a method of performing prefrontal lobotomy in which the surgical knife is inserted above the eyeball and moved to cut brain fibers lumpectomy surgical removal of a tumor without removing much of the surrounding tissue or lymph nodes; performed in some cases of breast cancer major surgery any surgical procedure that involves anesthesia or respiratory assistance microsurgery surgery using operating microscopes and miniaturized precision instruments to perform intricate procedures on very small structures robotic telesurgery microsurgery in which the surgeon performs surgery by manipulating the hands of a robot minor surgery any surgical procedure that does not involve anesthesia or respiratory assistance mastectomy surgical removal of a breast to remove a malignant tumor modified radical mastectomy removal of a breast and the pectoralis minor and some lymph nodes in the adjacent armpit radical mastectomy removal of a breast and the underlying muscles (pectoralis major and pectoralis minor) and lymph nodes in the adjacent armpit simple mastectomy removal of a breast leaving the underlying muscles and the lymph nodes intact mastoidectomy surgical removal of some or all of the mastoid process meniscectomy surgical removal of the meniscus of the knee nephrectomy surgical removal of a kidney neurectomy surgical removal of all or part of a nerve oophorectomy surgical removal of one of both ovaries oophorosalpingectomy surgical removal of one or both ovaries and the corresponding Fallopian tubes ophthalmectomy surgical removal of an eye orchidectomy surgical removal of one or both testicles pancreatectomy surgical removal of part or all of the pancreas pneumonectomy surgical removal of a lung (usually to treat lung cancer) prostatectomy surgical removal of part or all of the prostate gland salpingectomy surgical removal of one or both Fallopian tubes septectomy surgical removal of all or part of a septum (especially the nasal septum or atrial septum) sigmoidectomy surgical removal of part or all of the sigmoid colon (usually to remove a malignant tumor) splenectomy surgical removal of the spleen stapedectomy surgical removal of the stapes of the middle ear sympathectomy surgical interruption of a nerve pathway in the sympathetic nervous system thrombectomy surgical removal of a blood clot (thrombus) from a blood vessel thyroidectomy surgical removal of the thyroid gland tonsillectomy surgical removal of the palatine tonsils; commonly performed along with adenoidectomy myotomy surgical incision or division of a muscle myringectomy surgical removal of the eardrum myringoplasty surgical repair of a perforated eardrum with a tissue graft myringotomy surgical incision into the eardrum (to relieve pressure or release pus from the middle ear) neurosurgery any surgery that involves the nervous system (brain or spinal cord or peripheral nerves) nose job cosmetic surgery to improve the appearance of your nose orchiopexy operation to bring an undescended testicle into the scrotum orchotomy surgical incision into the testis to obtain material for analysis (as in cases of abnormally low sperm count) osteotomy surgical sectioning of bone ostomy surgical procedure that creates an artificial opening for the elimination of bodily wastes palatopharyngoplasty surgical resection of unnecessary palatal and oropharyngeal tissue to open the airway; intended to cure extreme cases of snoring (with or without sleep apnea) phalloplasty reconstructive surgery on the penis to repair congenital abnormality or injury phlebectomy surgical removal or all or part of a vein; sometimes done in cases of severe varicose veins photocoagulation surgical procedure that uses an intense laser beam to destroy diseased retinal tissue or to make a scar that will hold the retina in cases of detached retina plastic surgery surgery concerned with therapeutic or cosmetic reformation of tissue polypectomy surgical removal of a polyp proctoplasty reconstructive surgery of the anus or rectum resection surgical removal of part of a structure or organ rhinotomy surgical procedure in which an incision is made in the nose to drain accumulated pus rhizotomy surgical procedure in which spinal nerve roots are cut; done (anterior roots) to relieve intractable pain or (posterior roots) to stop severe muscle spasms sclerotomy surgical incision of the sclerotic coat of the eye sex-change operation surgical procedures and hormonal treatments designed to alter a person's sexual characteristics so that the resemble those of the opposite sex Shirodkar's operation a surgical procedure in which a suture is used to close the cervix in a pregnant woman; is performed when the cervix has failed to retain previous pregnancies neutering the sterilization of an animal; "they took him to the vet for neutering" spaying neutering a female by removing the ovaries strabotomy the surgical operation of cutting a muscle or tendon of the eye in order to correct strabismus taxis the surgical procedure of manually restoring a displaced body part a locomotor response toward or away from an external stimulus by a motile (and usually simple) organism Michelson-Morley experiment a celebrated experiment conducted by Albert Michelson and Edward Morley; their failure to detect any influence of the earth's motion on the velocity of light was the starting point for Einstein's theory of relativity tracheostomy a surgical operation that creates an opening into the trachea with a tube inserted to provide a passage for air; performed when the pharynx is obstructed by edema or cancer or other causes transurethral resection of the prostate removal of significant amounts of prostate tissue (as in cases of benign prostatic hyperplasia) trephination an operation that removes a circular section of bone from the skull tympanoplasty surgical correction or repair of defects or injuries in the eardrum or the bones of the middle ear uranoplasty surgical correction of a defect of the palate justice judgment involved in the determination of rights and the assignment of rewards and punishments the quality of being just or fair administration the act of meting out justice according to the law the act of administering medication a method of tending to or managing the affairs of a some group of people (especially the group's business affairs) the persons (or committees or departments etc.) who make up a body for the purpose of administering something; "he claims that the present administration is corrupt"; "the governance of an association is responsible to its members"; "he quickly became recognized as a member of the establishment" drip feed the administration of a solution (blood or saline or plasma etc.) one drop at a time sedation the administration of a sedative agent or drug a state of reduced excitement or anxiety that is induced by the administrative of a sedative agent irrigation (medicine) cleaning a wound or body organ by flushing or washing out with water or a medicated solution supplying dry land with water by means of ditches etc douche irrigation with a jet of water or medicated solution into or around a body part (especially the vagina) to treat infections or cleanse from odorous contents a small syringe with detachable nozzles; used for vaginal lavage and enemas direct a spray of water into a bodily cavity, for cleaning enema an injection of a liquid through the anus to stimulate evacuation; sometimes used for diagnostic purposes colonic irrigation a water enema given to flush out the colon barium enema enema in which a contrast medium (usually barium sulfate) is injected into the rectum and X-rays are taken to search for lesions lavage washing out a hollow organ (especially the stomach) by flushing with water gastric lavage washing out the stomach with sterile water or a saltwater solution; removes blood or poisons; "when the doctor ordered a gastric lavage the hospital pumped out my stomach" dressing the act of applying a bandage the activity of getting dressed; putting on clothes processes in the conversion of rough hides into leather a cloth covering for a wound or sore savory dressings for salads; basically of two kinds: either the thin French or vinaigrette type or the creamy mayonnaise type holistic medicine medical care of the whole person considered as subject to personal and social as well as organic factors; "holistic medicine treats the mind as well as the body" hospice a program of medical and emotional care for the terminally ill a lodging for travelers (especially one kept by a monastic order) cryocautery application of a substance that destroys tissue by freezing it an instrument for destroying tissue by freezing it electrocautery application of a needle heated by an electric current to destroy tissue (as to remove warts) thermocautery cautery (destruction of tissue) by heat bloodletting formerly used as a treatment to reduce excess blood (one of the four humors of medieval medicine) nephrotomy incision into a kidney (usually to remove a kidney stone) thoracotomy surgical incision into the chest walls opening up the pleural cavity valvotomy incision into a stenosed cardiac valve to relieve the obstruction venesection surgical incision into a vein; used to treat hemochromatosis cupping a treatment in which evacuated cups are applied to the skin to draw blood through the surface defibrillation treatment by stopping fibrillation of heart muscles (usually by electric shock delivered by a defibrillator) detoxification treatment for poisoning by neutralizing the toxic properties (normally a function of the liver) a treatment for addiction to drugs or alcohol intended to remove the physiological effects of the addictive substances faith healing care provided through prayer and faith in God physical therapy therapy that uses physical agents: exercise and massage and other modalities phytotherapy the use of plants or plant extracts for medicinal purposes (especially plants that are not part of the normal diet) psychotherapy the treatment of mental or emotional problems by psychological means the branch of psychiatry concerned with psychological methods behavior therapy psychotherapy that seeks to extinguish or inhibit abnormal or maladaptive behavior by reinforcing desired behavior and extinguishing undesired behavior assertiveness training a method of psychotherapy that reinforces you for stating negative and positive feelings directly aversion therapy any technique of behavior modification that uses unpleasant stimuli in a controlled fashion to alter behavior in a therapeutic way; primarily used for alcoholism or drug abuse (but with little success) desensitization technique a technique used in behavior therapy to treat phobias and other behavior problems involving anxiety; client is exposed to the threatening situation under relaxed conditions until the anxiety reaction is extinguished exposure therapy a form of behavior therapy in which a survivor confronts feelings or phobias or anxieties about a traumatic event and relives it in the therapy situation implosion therapy a technique used in behavior therapy; client is flooded with experiences of a particular kind until becoming either averse to them or numbed to them reciprocal inhibition a method of behavior therapy based on the inhibition of one response by the occurrence of another response that is mutually incompatible with it; a relaxation response might be conditioned to a stimulus that previously evoked anxiety token economy a form of behavior therapy that has been used in some mental institutions; patients are rewarded with tokens for appropriate behavior and the tokens may be cashed in for valued rewards client-centered therapy a method of psychotherapy developed by Carl Rogers in which the client determines the focus and pace of each session crisis intervention psychotherapy that focuses on acute critical situations (depressive episodes or attempted suicides or drug overdoses) with the aim of restoring the person to the level of functioning before the crisis group therapy psychotherapy in which a small group of individuals meet with a therapist; interactions among the members are considered to be therapeutic family therapy any of several therapeutic approaches in which a family is treated as a whole hypnotherapy the use of hypnosis in psychotherapy play therapy form of psychotherapy for children that uses play situations for diagnosis or treatment psychoanalysis a set of techniques for exploring underlying motives and a method of treating various mental disorders; based on the theories of Sigmund Freud; "his physician recommended psychoanalysis" hypnoanalysis the use of hypnosis in conjunction with psychoanalysis self-analysis the application of psychotherapeutic principles to the analysis of your own personality radiotherapy (medicine) the treatment of disease (especially cancer) by exposure to a radioactive substance phototherapy the use of strong light to treat acne or hyperbilirubinemia of the newborn radium therapy the use of radium in radiation therapy X-ray therapy the therapeutic use of X rays chrysotherapy the use of chemicals containing gold for treating diseases (such as rheumatoid arthritis) shock therapy treatment of certain psychotic states by the administration of shocks that are followed by convulsions electroconvulsive therapy the administration of a strong electric current that passes through the brain to induce convulsions and coma insulin shock the administration of sufficient insulin to induce convulsions and coma hypoglycemia produced by excessive insulin in the system causing coma metrazol shock the administration of sufficient Metrazol to induce convulsions and coma speech therapy any therapy intended to correct a disorder of speech refrigeration deliberately lowering the body's temperature for therapeutic purposes; "refrigeration by immersing the patient's body in a cold bath" the process of cooling or freezing (e.g., food) for preservative purposes thermotherapy the use of heat to treat a disease or disorder; heating pads or hot compresses or hot-water bottles are used to promote circulation in peripheral vascular disease or to relax tense muscles thrombolytic therapy therapy consisting of the administration of a pharmacological agent to cause thrombolysis of an abnormal blood clot chiropractic a method of treatment that manipulates body structures (especially the spine) to relieve low back pain or even headache or high blood pressure naturopathy a method of treating disease using food and exercise and heat to assist the natural healing process naprapathy a drugless method of treatment based on the belief that disease symptoms arise from problems with ligaments and connective tissues orthodontic treatment dental treatment that corrects irregularities of the teeth or of the relation of the teeth to surrounding anatomy; treatment is usually by braces or mechanical aids; "orthodontic treatment of facial abnormalities" orthoptics treatment of defects of binocular vision (such as strabismus and amblyopia) by nonsurgical measures (especially by exercises to strengthen the eye muscles) osteopathy therapy based on the assumption that restoring health is best accomplished by manipulating the skeleton and muscles osteoclasis treatment of a skeletal deformity by intentionally fracturing a bone disinfection treatment to destroy harmful microorganisms chlorination disinfection of water by the addition of small amounts of chlorine or a chlorine compound the addition or substitution of chlorine in organic compounds digitalization the administration of digitalis for the treatment of certain heart disorders anticoagulation the administration of an anticoagulant drug to retard coagulation of the blood acupuncture treatment of pain or disease by inserting the tips of needles at specific points on the skin acupressure treatment of symptoms by applying pressure with the fingers to specific pressure points on the body autogenic therapy training patients in self-induced relaxation allopathy the usual method of treating disease with remedies that produce effects differing from those produced by the disease itself homeopathy a method of treating disease with small amounts of remedies that, in large amounts in healthy people, produce symptoms similar to those being treated hydropathy the internal and external use of water in the treatment of disease intensive care close monitoring and constant medical care of patients with life-threatening conditions rest-cure rest as a medical treatment for stress or anxiety etc. deerstalking stalking deer birdnesting hunting for birds' nests to get the eggs predation the act of preying by a predator who kills and eats the prey friction effort expended in moving one object over another with pressure the resistance encountered when one body is moved in contact with another anointing the act of applying oil or an oily liquid fumigation the application of a gas or smoke to something for the purpose of disinfecting it foliation the work of coating glass with metal foil the production of foil by cutting or beating metal into thin leaves (architecture) leaf-like architectural ornament (geology) the arrangement of leaflike layers in a rock (botany) the process of forming leaves galvanization either the work of covering with metal by the use of a galvanic current or the coating of iron with zinc to protect it from rusting stimulation that arouses a person to lively action; "the unexpected news produced a kind of galvanization of the whole team" stimulation with a galvanic current bodywork the work of making or repairing vehicle bodies the exterior body of a motor vehicle materials handling act of loading and unloading and moving goods within e.g. a factory especially using mechanical devices loading the labor of putting a load of something on or in a vehicle or ship or container etc.; "the loading took 2 hours" the ratio of the gross weight of an airplane to some factor determining its lift unloading the labor of taking a load of something off of or out of a vehicle or ship or container etc. picking the act of picking (crops or fruit or hops etc.) the quantity of a crop that is harvested; "he sent the first picking of berries to the market"; "it was the biggest peach pick in years" pickings the act of someone who picks up or takes something; "the pickings were easy"; "clothing could be had for the taking" planking the work of covering an area with planks (nautical) a covering or flooring constructed of planks (as on a ship) planks collectively; a quantity of planks wiring the work of installing the wires for an electrical system or device a circuit of wires for the distribution of electricity handicraft a craft that requires skillful hands a work produced by hand labor sewing joining or attaching by stitches needlework on which you are working with needle and thread; "she put her sewing back in the basket" blind stitching stitching that is not easily seen or noticed suturing surgical joining of two surfaces vasectomy surgical procedure that removes all or part of the vas deferens (usually as a means of sterilization); is sometimes reversible vasotomy surgical incision into or division of the vas deferens vasovasostomy a surgical procedure that attempts to restore the function of the vas deferens after a vasectomy vulvectomy surgical removal of part or all of the vulva vivisection the act of operating on living animals (especially in scientific research) lubrication an application of a lubricant to something the condition of having been made smooth or slippery by the application of a lubricant paving the act of applying paving materials to an area material used to pave an area spraying the application of a liquid in the form of small particles ejected from a sprayer spray painting applying paint with a sprayer spatter the act of splashing a (liquid) substance on a surface the noise of something spattering or sputtering explosively; "he heard a spatter of gunfire" dash a liquid upon or against; "The mother splashed the baby's face with water" spot, splash, or soil; "The baby spattered the bib with food" finger-painting painting by using the fingers to spread the paint a painting produced by spreading paint with the fingers tinning the application of a protective layer of tin the application of a thin layer of soft solder to the ends of wires before soldering them; "careful tinning of the ends of wires results in a better joint when you solder them" papering the application of wallpaper pargeting ornamental plastering ornamental plasterwork plastering the application of plaster plating the application of a thin coat of metal (as by electrolysis) a thin coating of metal deposited on a surface scumble the application of very thin coat of color over the surface of a picture tiling the application of tiles to cover a surface waxing the application of wax to a surface a gradual increase in magnitude or extent; "the waxing of the moon" (of the moon) pertaining to the period during which the visible surface of the moon increases; "the waxing moon passes from new to full" duty work that you are obliged to perform for moral or legal reasons; "the duties of the job" the social force that binds you to the courses of action demanded by that force; "we must instill a sense of duty in our children"; "every right implies a responsibility; every opportunity, an obligation; every possession, a duty"- John D.Rockefeller Jr a government tax on imports or exports; "they signed a treaty to lower duties on trade between their countries" ball-buster a job or situation that is demanding and arduous and punishing; "Vietnam was a ball-breaker" a demanding woman who destroys men's confidence paper route the job of delivering newspapers regularly the route taken when delivering newspapers every day stint an individual's prescribed share of work; "her stint as a lifeguard exhausted her" supply sparingly and with restricted quantities; "stint with the allowance" function the actions and activities assigned to or required or expected of a person or group; "the function of a teacher"; "the government must do its part"; "play its role" what something is used for; "the function of an auger is to bore holes"; "ballet is beautiful but what use is it?" a formal or official social gathering or ceremony; "it was a black-tie function" a relation such that one thing is dependent on another; "height is a function of age"; "price is a function of supply and demand" (mathematics) a mathematical relation such that each element of a given set (the domain of the function) is associated with an element of another set (the range of the function) perform as expected when applied; "The washing machine won't go unless it's plugged in"; "Does this old car still run well?"; "This old radio doesn't work anymore" capacity a specified function; "he was employed in the capacity of director"; "he should be retained in his present capacity at a higher salary" the maximum production possible; "the plant is working at 80 per cent capacity" tolerance for alcohol; "he had drunk beyond his capacity" capability to perform or produce; "among his gifts is his capacity for true altruism"; "limited runway capacity"; "a great capacity for growth" the power to learn or retain knowledge; in law, the ability to understand the facts and significance of your behavior (computer science) the amount of information (in bytes) that can be stored on a disk drive; "the capacity of a hard disk drive is usually expressed in megabytes" the amount that can be contained; "the gas tank has a capacity of 12 gallons" hat an informal term for a person's role; "he took off his politician's hat and talked frankly" headdress that protects the head from bad weather; has shaped crown and usually a brim put on or wear a hat; "He was unsuitably hatted" furnish with a hat portfolio the role of the head of a government department; "he holds the portfolio for foreign affairs" a large, flat, thin case for carrying loose papers or drawings or maps; usually leather; "he remembered her because she was carrying a large portfolio" a list of the financial assets held by an individual or a bank or other financial institution; "they were disappointed by the poor returns on their stock portfolio" a set of pieces of creative work collected to be shown to potential customers or employers; "the artist had put together a portfolio of his work"; "every actor has a portfolio of photographs" stead the post or function properly or customarily occupied or served by another; "can you go in my stead?"; "took his place"; "in lieu of" behalf as the agent of or on someone's part (usually expressed as `on behalf of' rather than `in behalf of'); "the guardian signed the contract on behalf of the minor child"; "this letter is written on behalf of my client" for someone's benefit (usually expressed as `in behalf' rather than `on behalf' and usually with a possessive); "in your behalf"; "campaigning in his own behalf"; "spoke a good word in his friend's behalf" second fiddle a secondary role or function; "he hated to play second fiddle to anyone" someone who serves in a subordinate capacity or plays a secondary role role normal or customary activity of a person in a particular social setting; "what is your role on the team?" gender role the overt expression of attitudes that indicate to others the degree of your maleness or femaleness; "your gender role is the public expression of your gender identity" pitcher the position on a baseball team of the player who throws the ball for a batter to try to hit; "he has played every position except pitcher"; "they have a southpaw on the mound" an open vessel with a handle and a spout for pouring (baseball) the person who does the pitching; "our pitcher has a sore arm" (botany) a leaf that that is modified in such a way as to resemble a pitcher or ewer the quantity contained in a pitcher catcher the position on a baseball team of the player who is stationed behind home plate and who catches the balls that the pitcher throws; "a catcher needs a lot of protective equipment"; "a catcher plays behind the plate" (baseball) the person who plays the position of catcher second base the fielding position of the player on a baseball team who is stationed near the second of the bases in the infield the base that must be touched second by a base runner in baseball shortstop the fielding position of the player on a baseball team who is stationed between second and third base (baseball) the person who plays the shortstop position third base the fielding position of the player on a baseball team who is stationed near the third of the bases in the infield (counting counterclockwise from home plate); "he is playing third" the base that must be touched third by a base runner in baseball; "he was cut down on a close play at third" left field the fielding position of the player on a baseball team who is expected to field balls in the left third of the outfield (looking from home plate) the piece of ground in the outfield on the catcher's left; "the batter flied out to left" center field the fielding position of the player on a baseball team who is expected to field balls in the central third of the outfield the piece of ground in the outfield directly ahead of the catcher; "he hit the ball to deep center" right field the fielding position of the player on a baseball team who is expected to field balls in the right third of the outfield (looking from home plate) the piece of ground in the outfield on the catcher's right steal a stolen base; an instance in which a base runner advances safely during the delivery of a pitch (without the help of a hit or walk or passed ball or wild pitch) steal a base move stealthily; "The ship slipped away in the darkness" take without the owner's consent; "Someone stole my wallet on the train"; "This author stole entire paragraphs from my dissertation" forward a position on a basketball, soccer, or hockey team the person who plays the position of forward in certain games, such as basketball, soccer, or hockey send or ship onward from an intermediate post or station in transit; "forward my mail" at or near or directed toward the front; "the forward section of the aircraft"; "a forward plunge down the stairs"; "forward motion" of the transmission gear causing forward movement in a motor vehicle; "in a forward gear" used of temperament or behavior; lacking restraint or modesty; "a forward child badly in need of discipline" at or to or toward the front; "he faced forward"; "step forward"; "she practiced sewing backward as well as frontward on her new sewing machine"; (`forrad' and `forrard' are dialectal variations) center a position on a basketball team of the player who participates in the jump that starts the game (American football) the position of the player on the line of scrimmage who puts the ball in play; "it is a center's responsibility to get the football to the quarterback" the position on a hockey team of the player who participates in the face off at the beginning of the game a building dedicated to a particular activity; "they were raising money to build a new center for research" a cluster of nerve cells governing a specific bodily process; "in most people the speech center is in the left hemisphere" the object upon which interest and attention focuses; "his stories made him the center of the party" the sweet central portion of a piece of candy that is enclosed in chocolate or some other covering politically moderate persons; centrists the middle of a military or naval formation; "they had to reinforce the center" a place where some particular activity is concentrated; "they received messages from several centers" a point equidistant from the ends of a line or the extremities of a figure an area that is approximately central within some larger region; "it is in the center of town"; "they ran forward into the heart of the struggle"; "they were in the eye of the storm" (football) the person who plays center on the line of scrimmage and snaps the ball to the quarterback; "the center fumbled the handoff" (basketball) the person who plays center on a basketball team (ice hockey) the person who plays center on a hockey team move into the center; "That vase in the picture is not centered" of or belonging to neither the right nor the left politically or intellectually guard a position on a basketball team (American football) a position on the line of scrimmage; "guards must be good blockers" a device designed to prevent injury or accidents a posture of defence in boxing or fencing; "keep your guard up" a military unit serving to protect some place or person the person who plays that position on a football team; "the left guard was injured on the play" a person who keeps watch over something or someone the person who plays the position of guard on a basketball team watch over or shield from danger or harm; protect; "guard my possessions while I'm away" to keep watch over; "there would be men guarding the horses" take precautions in order to avoid some unwanted consequence; "guard against becoming too friendly with the staff"; "guard against infection" back (American football) the position of a player on a football team who is stationed behind the line of scrimmage a support that you can lean against while sitting; "the back of the dental chair was adjustable" the part of a garment that covers the back of your body; "they pinned a `kick me' sign on his back" the posterior part of a human (or animal) body from the neck to the end of the spine; "his back was nicely tanned" the part of something that is furthest from the normal viewer; "he stood at the back of the stage"; "it was hidden in the rear of the store" (football) a person who plays in the backfield strengthen by providing with a back or backing establish as valid or genuine; "Can you back up your claims?" shift to a counterclockwise direction; "the wind backed" travel backward; "back into the driveway"; "The car backed up and hit the tree" cause to travel backward; "back the car into the parking spot" support financial backing for; "back this enterprise" be behind; approve of; "He plumped for the Labor Party"; "I backed Kennedy in 1960" be in back of; "My garage backs their yard" in or to or toward a past time; "set the clocks back an hour"; "never look back"; "lovers of the past looking fondly backward" at or to or toward the back or rear; "he moved back"; "tripped when he stepped backward"; "she looked rearward out the window of the car" in repayment or retaliation; "we paid back everything we had borrowed"; "he hit me and I hit him back"; "I was kept in after school for talking back to the teacher" in or to or toward a former location; "she went back to her parents' house" in or to or toward an original condition; "he went back to sleep" in reply; "he wrote back three days later" lineman (American football) the position of a player on a football team who is stationed on the line of scrimmage one of the players on the line of scrimmage the surveyor who marks positions with a range pole linebacker (American football) the position of a defensive football player who plays close behind the line of scrimmage a defensive football player who takes a position close behind the linemen quarterback (American football) the position of the football player in the backfield who directs the offensive play of his team; "quarterback is the most important position on the team" (football) the person who plays quarterback play the quarterback fullback (American football) an offensive position in the backfield (football) the running back who plays the fullback position on the offensive team play the fullback halfback (American football) an offensive back usually positioned behind the quarterback and to the side of the fullback (football) the running back who plays the offensive halfback position tailback (American football) the position of the offensive back on a football team who lines up farthest from the line of scrimmage (American football) the person who plays tailback wingback (American football) the position of the offensive back who lines up behind or outside the end (football) the person who plays wingback end (American football) a position on the line of scrimmage; "no one wanted to play end" the part you are expected to play; "he held up his end" a piece of cloth that is left over after the rest has been used or sold a final part or section; "we have given it at the end of the section since it involves the calculus"; "Start at the beginning and go on until you come to the end" the final stage or concluding parts of an event or occurrence; "the end was exciting"; "I had to miss the last of the movie" a boundary marking the extremities of something; "the end of town" either extremity of something that has length; "the end of the pier"; "she knotted the end of the thread"; "they rode to the end of the line"; "the terminals of the anterior arches of the fornix" the surface at either extremity of a three-dimensional object; "one end of the box was marked `This side up'" one of two places from which people are communicating to each other; "the phone rang at the other end"; "both ends wrote at the same time" (football) the person who plays at one end of the line of scrimmage; "the end managed to hold onto the pass" a final state; "he came to a bad end"; "the so-called glorious experiment came to an inglorious end" the point in time at which something ends; "the end of the year"; "the ending of warranty period" bring to an end or halt; "She ended their friendship when she found out that he had once been convicted of a crime"; "The attack on Poland terminated the relatively peaceful period after WW I" put an end to; "The terrible news ended our hopes that he had survived" have an end, in a temporal, spatial, or quantitative sense; either spatial or metaphorical; "the bronchioles terminate in a capillary bed"; "Your rights stop where you infringe upon the rights of other"; "My property ends by the bushes"; "The symphony ends in a pianissimo" be the end of; be the last or concluding part of; "This sad scene ended the movie" mid-off the fielding position in cricket closest to the bowler on the off side mid-on the fielding position in cricket closest to the bowler on the on side school assignment a school task performed by a student to satisfy the teacher classroom project a school task requiring considerable effort classwork the part of a student's work that is done in the classroom homework preparatory school work done outside school (especially at home) lesson a task assigned for individual study; "he did the lesson for today" a unit of instruction; "he took driving lessons" language lesson a period of instruction learning a language French lesson instruction in the French language German lesson instruction in the German language Hebrew lesson instruction in the Hebrew language reading assignment the reading of a passage assigned by the teacher guard duty the duty of serving as a sentry; "he was on guard that night" fatigue duty labor of a nonmilitary kind done by soldiers (cleaning or digging or draining or so on); "the soldiers were put on fatigue to teach them a lesson"; "they were assigned to kitchen fatigues" mission the organized work of a religious missionary a special assignment that is given to a person or group; "a confidential mission to London"; "his charge was deliver a message" an operation that is assigned by a higher headquarters; "the planes were on a bombing mission" an organization of missionaries in a foreign land sent to carry on religious work da'wah missionary work for Islam fool's errand a fruitless mission mission impossible an extremely dangerous or difficult mission suicide mission killing or injuring others while annihilating yourself; usually accomplished with a bomb errand a short trip that is taken in the performance of a necessary task or mission reassignment assignment to a different duty secondment the detachment of a person from their regular organization for temporary assignment elsewhere sea-duty naval service aboard a ship at sea shore duty naval service at land bases scut work trivial, unrewarding, tedious, dirty, and disagreeable chores; "the hospital hired him to do scut work" wrongdoing activity that transgresses moral or civil law; "he denied any wrongdoing" trespass entry to another's property without right or permission a wrongful interference with the possession of property (personal property as well as realty), or the action instituted to recover damages break the law make excessive use of; "You are taking advantage of my good will!"; "She is trespassing upon my privacy" enter unlawfully on someone's property; "Don't trespass on my land!" inroad an encroachment or intrusion; "they made inroads in the United States market" an invasion or hostile attack tort (law) any wrongdoing for which an action for damages may be brought alienation of affection a tort based on willful and malicious interference with the marriage relation by a third party without justification or excuse invasion of privacy the wrongful intrusion by individuals or the government into private affairs with which the public has no concern continuing trespass trespass that is not transient or intermittent but continues as long as the offending object remains; "dumping his garbage on my land was a case of continuing trespass" trespass de bonis asportatis an action brought to recover damages from a person who has taken goods or property from its rightful owner trespass on the case an action brought to recover damages from a person whose actions have resulted indirectly in injury or loss; "a person struck by a log as it was thrown onto a road could maintain trespass against the thrower but one who was hurt by stumbling over it could maintain and action on the case" trespass quare clausum fregit the defendant unlawfully enters the land of the plaintiff trespass viet armis trespass with force and arms resulting in injury to another's person or property malversation misconduct in public office misbehavior improper or wicked or immoral behavior delinquency an antisocial misdeed in violation of the law by a minor a tendency to be negligent and uncaring; "he inherited his delinquency from his father"; "his derelictions were not really intended as crimes"; "his adolescent protest consisted of willful neglect of all his responsibilities" nonpayment of a debt when due mischief reckless or malicious behavior that causes discomfort or annoyance in others hell noisy and unrestrained mischief; "raising blazes" a cause of difficulty and suffering; "war is hell"; "go to blazes" any place of pain and turmoil; "the hell of battle"; "the inferno of the engine room"; "when you're alone Christmas is the pits" monkey business mischievous or deceitful behavior ruffianism violent lawless behavior familiarity an act of undue intimacy close or warm friendship; "the absence of fences created a mysterious intimacy in which no one knew privacy" usualness by virtue of being familiar or well known abnormality behavior that breaches the rule or etiquette or custom or morality marked strangeness as a consequence of being abnormal retardation sufficient to fall outside the normal range of intelligence an abnormal physical condition resulting from defective genes or developmental deficiencies deviation deviate behavior the error of a compass due to local magnetic disturbances the difference between an observed value and the expected value of a variable or function a variation that deviates from the standard or norm; "the deviation from the mean" indecency an indecent or improper act the quality of being indecent paraphilia abnormal sexual activity exhibitionism the perverse act of exposing and attracting attention to your own genitals extravagant and conspicuous behavior intended to attract attention to yourself fetishism sexual arousal or gratification resulting from handling a fetish (or a specific part of the body other than the sexual organs) a belief in the magical power of fetishes (or the worship of a fetish) pedophilia a sexual attraction to children voyeurism a perversion in which a person receives sexual gratification from seeing the genitalia of others or witnessing others' sexual behavior zoophilia a sexual attraction to animals obscenity an obscene act the trait of behaving in an obscene manner an offensive or indecent word or phrase indiscretion a petty misdeed the trait of being injudicious infantilism infantile behavior in mature persons an abnormal condition in which an older child or adult retains infantile characteristics dereliction willful negligence nonfeasance a failure to act when under an obligation to do so; a refusal (without sufficient excuse) to do that which it is your legal duty to do negligence failure to act with the prudence that a reasonable person would exercise under the same circumstances the trait of neglecting responsibilities and lacking concern comparative negligence (law) negligence allocated between the plaintiff and the defendant with a corresponding reduction in damages paid to the plaintiff concurrent negligence (law) negligence of two of more persons acting independently; the plaintiff may sue both together or separately contributory negligence (law) behavior by the plaintiff that contributes to the harm resulting from the defendant's negligence; "in common law any degree of contributory negligence would bar the plaintiff from collecting damages" criminal negligence (law) recklessly acting without reasonable caution and putting another person at risk of injury or death (or failing to do something with the same consequences) neglect of duty (law) breach of a duty escape mechanism a form of behavior that evades unpleasant realities malingering evading duty or work by pretending to be incapacitated; "they developed a test to detect malingering" shirking the evasion of work or duty circumvention the act of evading by going around tax evasion the deliberate failure to pay taxes (usually by making a false report) malfeasance wrongful conduct by a public official misfeasance doing a proper act in a wrongful or injurious manner malpractice a wrongful act that the actor had no right to do; improper professional conduct; "he charged them with electoral malpractices" professional wrongdoing that results in injury or damage; "the widow sued his surgeon for malpractice" perversion the action of perverting something (turning it to a wrong use); "it was a perversion of justice" an aberrant sexual practice a curve that reverses the direction of something; "the tendrils of the plant exhibited perversion"; "perversion also shows up in kinky telephone cords" waste useless or profitless activity; using or expending or consuming thoughtlessly or carelessly; "if the effort brings no compensating gain it is a waste"; "mindless dissipation of natural resources" (law) reduction in the value of an estate caused by act or neglect any materials unused and rejected as worthless or unwanted; "they collect the waste once a week"; "much of the waste material is carried off in the sewers" become physically weaker; "Political prisoners are wasting away in many prisons all over the world" cause to grow thin or weak; "The treatment emaciated him" use inefficiently or inappropriately; "waste heat"; "waste a joke on an unappreciative audience" run off as waste; "The water wastes back into the ocean" get rid of; "We waste the dirty water by channeling it into the sewer" spend thoughtlessly; throw away; "He wasted his inheritance on his insincere friends"; "You squandered the opportunity to get and advanced degree" waste of effort a useless effort waste of material a useless consumption of material waste of money money spent for inadequate return; "the senator said that the project was a waste of money" waste of time the devotion of time to a useless activity; "the waste of time could prove fatal" extravagance excessive spending the trait of spending extravagantly the quality of exceeding the appropriate limits of decorum or probability or truth; "we were surprised by the extravagance of his description" squandering spending resources lavishly and wastefully; "more wasteful than the squandering of time" squandermania prodigious squandering (usually by a government) wrong any harm or injury resulting from a violation of a legal right that which is contrary to the principles of justice or law; "he feels that you are in the wrong" treat unjustly; do wrong to based on or acting or judging in error; "it is wrong to think that way" used of the side of cloth or clothing intended to face inward; "socks worn wrong side out" not in accord with established usage or procedure; "the wrong medicine"; "the wrong way to shuck clams"; "it is incorrect for a policeman to accept gifts" contrary to conscience or morality or law; "it is wrong for the rich to take advantage of the poor"; "cheating is wrong"; "it is wrong to lie" injury wrongdoing that violates another's rights and is unjustly inflicted an act that causes someone or something to receive physical damage an accident that results in physical damage or hurt any physical damage to the body caused by violence or accident or fracture etc. injustice an unjust act the practice of being unjust or unfair infliction an act causing pain or damage transgression the action of going beyond or overstepping some boundary or limit the act of transgressing; the violation of a law or a duty or moral principle; "the boy was punished for the transgressions of his father" the spreading of the sea over land as evidenced by the deposition of marine strata over terrestrial strata abomination an action that is vicious or vile; an action that arouses disgust or abhorrence; "his treatment of the children is an abomination" a person who is loathsome or disgusting evil morally objectionable behavior the quality of being morally wrong in principle or practice; "attempts to explain the origin of evil in the world" that which causes harm or destruction or misfortune; "the evil that men do lives after them; the good is oft interred with their bones"- Shakespeare morally bad or wrong; "evil purposes"; "an evil influence"; "evil deeds" having the nature of vice villainy a criminal or vicious act the quality of evil by virtue of villainous behavior deviltry wicked and cruel behavior enormity an act of extreme wickedness the quality of extreme wickedness vastness of size or extent; "in careful usage the noun enormity is not used to express the idea of great size"; "universities recognized the enormity of their task" foul play unfair or dishonest behavior (especially involving violence) irreverence a disrespectful act an irreverent mental attitude sexual immorality the evil ascribed to sexual acts that violate social conventions; "sexual immorality is the major reason for last year's record number of abortions" depravity a corrupt or depraved or degenerate act or practice; "the various turpitudes of modern society" vice a specific form of evildoing; "vice offends the moral standards of the community" pornography creative activity (writing or pictures or films etc.) of no literary or artistic value other than to stimulate sexual desire child pornography the illegal use of children in pornographic pictures or films intemperance excess in action and immoderate indulgence of bodily appetites, especially in passion or indulgence; "the intemperance of their language" consumption of alcoholic drinks the quality of being intemperate prostitution offering sexual intercourse for pay profligacy dissolute indulgence in sensual pleasure drink the act of drinking alcoholic beverages to excess; "drink was his downfall" a single serving of a beverage; "I asked for a hot drink"; "likes a drink before dinner" any large deep body of water; "he jumped into the drink and had to be rescued" take in liquids; "The patient must drink several liters each day"; "The children like to drink soda" drink excessive amounts of alcohol; be an alcoholic; "The husband drinks and beats his wife" drinking bout a long period of drinking package tour a tour arranged by a travel agent; transportation and food and lodging are all provided at an inclusive price pub crawl a tour of bars or public houses (usually taking one drink at each stop) whistle-stop tour a tour by a candidate as part of a political campaign in which a series of small towns are visited; "in 1948 Truman crossed the country several times on his whistle-stop tours" jag a bout of drinking or drug taking a flap along the edge of a garment; used in medieval clothing a slit in a garment that exposes material of a different color underneath; used in Renaissance clothing a sharp projection on an edge or surface; "he clutched a jag of the rock" cut teeth into; make a jagged cutting edge dishonesty lack of honesty; acts of lying or cheating or stealing the quality of being dishonest treachery an act of deliberate betrayal double cross an act of betrayal; "he gave us the old double cross"; "I could no longer tolerate his impudent double-crossing" betray by double-dealing sellout a betrayal of one's principles principles, country, cause, etc. the selling of an entire stock of something; "the latest Xbox game is so popular, shops are warning of a probable sellout before Christmas" an event for which all tickets are sold; "get your tickets for the concert early, it is sure to be a sellout" someone who has sold out charlatanism the dishonesty of a charlatan plagiarism the act of plagiarizing; taking someone's words or ideas as if they were your own a piece of writing that has been copied from someone else and is presented as being your own work frame-up an act that incriminates someone on a false charge equivocation falsification by means of vague or ambiguous language intentionally vague or ambiguous lying the deliberate act of deviating from the truth fibbing a trivial act of lying or being deliberately unclear fakery the act of faking (or the product of faking) deception the act of deceiving indirection deceitful action that is not straightforward; "he could see through the indirections of diplomats" indirect procedure or action; "he tried to find out by indirection" trickery the use of tricks to deceive someone (usually to extract money from them) verbal misrepresentation intended to take advantage of you in some way duplicity acting in bad faith; deception by pretending to entertain one set of intentions while acting under the influence of another sophistication falsification by the use of sophistry; misleading by means of specious fallacies; "he practiced the art of sophistication upon reason" the quality or character of being intellectually sophisticated and worldly through cultivation or experience or disillusionment being expert or having knowledge of some technical subject; "understanding affine transformations requires considerable mathematical sophistication" fraud something intended to deceive; deliberate trickery intended to gain an advantage intentional deception resulting in injury to another person goldbrick anything that is supposed to be valuable but turns out to be worthless a brick-shaped block that looks like gold but is not an idle worthless person a soldier who performs his duties without proper care or effort scam a fraudulent business scheme cheat a deception for profit to yourself defeat someone through trickery or deceit deprive somebody of something by deceit; "The con-man beat me out of $50"; "This salesman ripped us off!"; "we were cheated by their clever-sounding scheme"; "They chiseled me out of my money" engage in deceitful behavior; practice trickery or fraud; "Who's chiseling on the side?" gerrymander an act of gerrymandering (dividing a voting area so as to give your own party an unfair advantage) divide unfairly and to one's advantage; of voting districts delusion the act of deluding; deception by creating illusory ideas a mistaken or unfounded opinion or idea; "he has delusions of competence"; "his dreams of vast wealth are a hallucination" (psychology) an erroneous belief that is held in the face of evidence to the contrary pretense the act of giving a false appearance; "his conformity was only pretending" imaginative intellectual play pretending with intention to deceive make-believe the enactment of a pretense; "it was just pretend" imagined as in a play; "the make-believe world of theater"; "play money"; "dangling their legs in the water to catch pretend fish" affectation a deliberate pretense or exaggerated display attitude a theatrical pose created for effect; "the actor struck just the right attitude" a complex mental state involving beliefs and feelings and values and dispositions to act in certain ways; "he had the attitude that work was fun" position of aircraft or spacecraft relative to a frame of reference (the horizon or direction of motion) radical chic an affectation of radical left-wing views and the fashionable dress and lifestyle that goes with them masquerade making a false outward show; "a beggar's masquerade of wealth" a party of guests wearing costumes and masks pretend to be someone or something that you are not; "he is masquerading as an expert on the internet"; "This silly novel is masquerading as a serious historical treaty" take part in a masquerade imposture pretending to be another person obscurantism a deliberate act intended to make something obscure a policy of opposition to enlightenment or the spread of knowledge bluff the act of bluffing in poker; deception by a false show of confidence in the strength of your cards pretense that your position is stronger than it really is; "his bluff succeeded in getting him accepted" a high steep bank (usually formed by river erosion) frighten someone by pretending to be stronger than one really is deceive an opponent by a bold bet on an inferior hand with the result that the opponent withdraws a winning hand bluntly direct and outspoken but good-natured; "a bluff but pleasant manner"; "a bluff and rugged natural leader" very steep; having a prominent and almost vertical front; "a bluff headland"; "where the bold chalk cliffs of England rise"; "a sheer descent of rock" take-in the act of taking in as by fooling or cheating or swindling someone fall a lapse into sin; a loss of innocence or of chastity; "a fall from virtue" a movement downward; "the rise and fall of the tides" a sudden decline in strength or number or importance; "the fall of the House of Hapsburg" when a wrestler's shoulders are forced to the mat the season when the leaves fall from the trees; "in the fall of 1973" pass suddenly and passively into a state of body or mind; "fall into a trap"; "She fell ill"; "They fell out of favor"; "Fall in love"; "fall asleep"; "fall prey to an imposter"; "fall into a strange way of thinking"; "she fell to pieces after she lost her work" come as if by falling; "Night fell"; "Silence fell" go as if by falling; "Grief fell from our hearts" occur at a specified time or place; "Christmas falls on a Monday this year"; "The accent falls on the first syllable" begin vigorously; "The prisoners fell to work right away" be born, used chiefly of lambs; "The lambs fell in the afternoon" come out; issue; "silly phrases fell from her mouth" be cast down; "his eyes fell" assume a disappointed or sad expression; "Her face fell when she heard that she would be laid off"; "his crest fell" descend in free fall under the influence of gravity; "The branch fell from the tree"; "The unfortunate hiker fell into a crevasse" drop oneself to a lower or less erect position; "She fell back in her chair"; "He fell to his knees" lose an upright position suddenly; "The vase fell over and the water spilled onto the table"; "Her hair fell across her forehead" slope downward; "The hills around here fall towards the ocean" move in a specified direction; "The line of men fall forward" be inherited by; "The estate fell to my sister"; "The land returned to the family"; "The estate devolved to an heir that everybody had assumed to be dead" fall to somebody by assignment or lot; "The task fell to me"; "It fell to me to notify the parents of the victims" be captured; "The cities fell to the enemy" to be given by assignment or distribution; "The most difficult task fell on the youngest member of the team"; "The onus fell on us"; "The pressure to succeed fell on the youngest student" to be given by right or inheritance; "The estate fell to the oldest daughter" lose office or power; "The government fell overnight"; "The Qing Dynasty fell with Sun Yat-sen" suffer defeat, failure, or ruin; "We must stand or fall"; "fall by the wayside" yield to temptation or sin; "Adam and Eve fell" lose one's chastity; "a fallen woman" touch or seem as if touching visually or audibly; "Light fell on her face"; "The sun shone on the fields"; "The light struck the golden necklace"; "A strange sound struck my ears" die, as in battle or in a hunt; "Many soldiers fell at Verdun"; "Several deer have fallen to the same gun"; "The shooting victim fell dead" be due; "payments fall on the 1st of the month" come under, be classified or included; "fall into a category"; "This comes under a new heading" sin an act that is regarded by theologians as a transgression of God's will estrangement from god the 21st letter of the Hebrew alphabet commit a sin; violate a law of God or a moral law actual sin a sin committed of your own free will (as contrasted with original sin) original sin a sin said to be inherited by all descendants of Adam; "Adam and Eve committed the original sin when they ate the forbidden fruit in the Garden of Eden" mortal sin an unpardonable sin entailing a total loss of grace; "theologians list seven mortal sins" venial sin a pardonable sin regarded as entailing only a partial loss of grace pride unreasonable and inordinate self-esteem (personified as one of the deadly sins) the trait of being spurred on by a dislike of falling below your standards a feeling of self-respect and personal worth satisfaction with your (or another's) achievements; "he takes pride in his son's success" a group of lions be proud of; "He prides himself on making it into law school" envy spite and resentment at seeing the success of another (personified as one of the deadly sins) a feeling of grudging admiration and desire to have something that is possessed by another be envious of; set one's heart on feel envious towards; admire enviously avarice reprehensible acquisitiveness; insatiable desire for wealth (personified as one of the deadly sins) extreme greed for material wealth sloth apathy and inactivity in the practice of virtue (personified as one of the deadly sins) any of several slow-moving arboreal mammals of South America and Central America; they hang from branches back downward and feed on leaves and fruits a disinclination to work or exert yourself wrath belligerence aroused by a real or supposed wrong (personified as one of the deadly sins) intense anger (usually on an epic scale) gluttony eating to excess (personified as one of the deadly sins) habitual eating to excess lust self-indulgent sexual desire (personified as one of the deadly sins) terror the use of extreme fear in order to coerce people (especially for political reasons); "he used terror to make them confess" a very troublesome child a person who inspires fear or dread; "he was the terror of the neighborhood" terrorism the calculated use of violence (or the threat of violence) against civilians in order to attain goals that are political or religious or ideological in nature; this is done through intimidation or coercion or instilling fear bioterrorism terrorism using the weapons of biological warfare chemical terrorism terrorism using the chemical agents of chemical warfare; can undermine the personal security of citizens; "a good agent for chemical terrorism should be colorless and odorless and inexpensive and readily available and not detectable until symptoms are experienced" cyber-terrorism an assault on electronic communication networks domestic terrorism terrorism practiced in your own country against your own people; "the 1995 bombing of a federal building in Oklahoma City was an instance of domestic terrorism" ecoterrorism violence carried out to further the political or social objectives of the environmentalists international terrorism terrorism practiced in a foreign country by terrorists who are not native to that country narcoterrorism the financing of terrorist activities by participation in the drug trade nuclear terrorism the use of a nuclear device by a terrorist organization to cause massive devastation or the use (or threat of use) of fissionable radioactive materials; "assaults on nuclear power plants is one form of nuclear terrorism" state-sponsored terrorism terrorism practiced by a government against its own people or in support of international terrorism theoterrorism terrorism for a religious purpose terrorization an act of terrorism the act of inspiring with fear barratry the offense of vexatiously persisting in inciting lawsuits and quarrels (maritime law) a fraudulent breach of duty by the master of a ship that injures the owner of the ship or its cargo; includes every breach of trust such as stealing or sinking or deserting the ship or embezzling the cargo the crime of a judge whose judgment is influenced by bribery champerty an unethical agreement between an attorney and client that the attorney would sue and pay the costs of the client's suit in return for a portion of the damages awarded; "soliciting personal injury cases may constitute champerty" maintenance the unauthorized interference in a legal action by a person having no interest in it (as by helping one party with money or otherwise to continue the action) so as to obstruct justice or promote unnecessary litigation or unsettle the peace of the community; "unlike champerty, criminal maintenance does not necessarily involve personal profit" means of maintenance of a family or group offense a transgression that constitutes a violation of what is judged to be right the action of attacking an enemy the team that has the ball (or puck) and is trying to score crime (criminal law) an act punishable by law; usually considered an evil act; "a long record of crimes" an evil act not necessarily punishable by law; "crimes of the heart" inside job some transgression committed with the assistance of someone trusted by the victim; "the police decided that the crime was an inside job" assault a threatened or attempted physical attack by someone who appears to be able to cause bodily harm if not stopped close fighting during the culmination of a military attack aggravated assault a reckless attack with intent to injure seriously (as with a deadly weapon) battery an assault in which the assailant makes physical contact a device that produces electricity; may have several primary or secondary cells arranged in parallel or series a series of stamps operated in one mortar for crushing ores a collection of related things intended for use together; "took a battery of achievement tests" a unit composed of the pitcher and catcher group of guns or missile launchers operated together at one place capital offense a crime so serious that capital punishment is considered appropriate cybercrime crime committed using a computer and the internet to steal a person's identity or sell contraband or stalk victims or disrupt operations with malevolent programs felony a serious crime (such as murder or arson) forgery criminal falsification by making or altering an instrument with intent to defraud Had crime (Islam) serious crimes committed by Muslims and punishable by punishments established in the Koran; "Had crimes include apostasy from Islam and murder and theft and adultery" hijack seizure of a vehicle in transit either to rob it or divert it to an alternate destination seize control of; "they hijacked the judicial process" mayhem the willful and unlawful crippling or mutilation of another person misdemeanor a crime less serious than a felony violation an act that disregards an agreement or a right; "he claimed a violation of his rights under the Fifth Amendment" copyright infringement a violation of the rights secured by a copyright foul an act that violates the rules of a sport become soiled and dirty make unclean; "foul the water" spot, stain, or pollute; "The townspeople defiled the river by emptying raw sewage into it" commit a foul; break the rules hit a foul ball (of a baseball) not hit between the foul lines personal foul a foul that involves unnecessarily rough contact (as in basketball or football) technical foul (basketball) a foul that can be assessed on a player or a coach or a team for unsportsmanlike conduct; does not usually involve physical contact during play patent infringement violation of the rights secured by a patent disorderly conduct any act of molesting, interrupting, hindering, agitating, or arousing from a state of repose or otherwise depriving inhabitants of the peace and quiet to which they are entitled false pretense (law) an offense involving intent to defraud and false representation and obtaining property as a result of that misrepresentation indecent exposure vulgar and offensive nakedness in a public place perjury criminal offense of making false statements under oath resisting arrest physical efforts to oppose a lawful arrest; the resistance is classified as assault and battery upon the person of the police officer attempting to make the arrest sedition an illegal action inciting resistance to lawful authority and tending to cause the disruption or overthrow of the government molestation the act of subjecting someone to unwanted or improper sexual advances or activity (especially women or children) perpetration the act of committing a crime rape the crime of forcing a person to submit to sexual intercourse against his or her will the act of despoiling a country in warfare Eurasian plant cultivated for its seed and as a forage crop destroy and strip of its possession; "The soldiers raped the beautiful country" force (someone) to have sex against their will; "The woman was raped on her way home at night" date rape rape in which the rapist is known to the victim (as when they are on a date together) mugging assault with intent to rob sexual assault a statutory offense that provides that it is a crime to knowingly cause another person to engage in an unwanted sexual act by force or threat; "most states have replaced the common law definition of rape with statutes defining sexual assault" Tazir crime (Islam) minor crimes committed by Muslims; crimes that are not mentioned in the Koran so judges are free to punish the offender in any appropriate way; "in some Islamic nations Tazir crimes are set by legislation" statutory offense crimes created by statutes and not by common law thuggery violent or brutal acts as of thugs bigamy the offense of marrying someone while you have a living spouse from whom no valid divorce has occurred the state of having two spouses at the same time kidnapping (law) the unlawful act of capturing and carrying away a person against their will and holding them in false imprisonment racket an illegal enterprise (such as extortion or fraud or drug peddling or prostitution) carried on for profit a sports implement (usually consisting of a handle and an oval frame with a tightly interlaced network of strings) used to strike a ball (or shuttlecock) in various games a loud and disturbing noise hit (a ball) with a racket make loud and annoying noises racketeering engaging in a racket bribery the practice of offering something (usually money) in order to gain an illicit advantage commercial bribery bribery of a purchasing agent in order to induce the agent to enter into a transaction embezzlement the fraudulent appropriation of funds or property entrusted to your care but actually owned by someone else identity theft the co-option of another person's personal information (e.g., name, Social Security number, credit card number, passport) without that person's knowledge and the fraudulent use of such knowledge raid an attempt by speculators to defraud investors search for something needed or desired; "Our babysitter raided our refrigerator" take over (a company) by buying a controlling interest of its stock; "T. Boone Pickens raided many large companies" search without warning, make a sudden surprise attack on; "The police raided the crack house" plunderage the act of plundering (especially the embezzlement of goods on shipboard) mail fraud use of the mails to defraud someone election fraud misrepresentation or alteration of the true results of an election constructive fraud comprises all acts or omissions or concealments involving breach of equitable or legal duty or trust or confidence extrinsic fraud fraud that prevents a party from knowing their rights or from having a fair opportunity of presenting them at trial fraud in fact actual deceit; concealing something or making a false representation with an evil intent to cause injury to another fraud in law fraud that is presumed from the circumstances although the one who commits it need not have had any evil intent fraud in the factum fraud that arises from a disparity between the instrument intended to be executed and the instrument actually executed; e.g., leading someone to sign the wrong contract fraud in the inducement fraud which intentionally causes a person to execute an instrument or make an agreement or render a judgment; e.g., misleading someone about the true facts intrinsic fraud fraud (as by use of forged documents or false claims or perjury) that misleads a court or jury and induces a finding for the one perpetrating the fraud bunco a swindle in which you cheat at gambling or persuade a person to buy worthless property gyp (sometimes offensive) an act of swindling or cheating (sometimes offensive) to cheat or swindle; "the cashier gypped me when he gave me too little change" sting operation a complicated confidence game planned and executed with great care (especially an operation implemented by undercover agents to apprehend criminals) pyramiding a fraudulent business practice involving some form of pyramid scheme e.g., the chain of distribution is artificially expanded by an excessive number of distributors selling to other distributors at progressively higher wholesale prices until retail prices are unnecessarily inflated swindle the act of swindling by some fraudulent scheme; "that book is a fraud" holdout the act of hiding playing cards in a gambling game so they are available for personal use later a refusal by a negotiator to come to terms in the hope of obtaining a better deal a negotiator who hopes to gain concessions by refusing to come to terms; "their star pitcher was a holdout for six weeks" swiz British slang for a swindle shell game a swindling sleight-of-hand game; victim guesses which of three things a pellet is under larceny the act of taking something from someone unlawfully; "the thieving is awful at Kennedy International" pilferage the act of stealing small amounts or small articles shoplifting the act of stealing goods that are on display in a store; "shrinkage is the retail trade's euphemism for shoplifting" robbery larceny by threat of violence armed robbery robbery at gunpoint treason a crime that undermines the offender's government disloyalty by virtue of subversive behavior vice crime a vice that is illegal victimless crime an act that is legally a crime but that seem to have no victims; "he considers prostitution to be a victimless crime" war crime a crime committed in wartime; violation of rules of war biopiracy biological theft; illegal collection of indigenous plants by corporations who patent them for their own use dacoity robbery by a gang of armed dacoits heist the act of stealing highjacking robbery of a traveller or vehicle in transit or seizing control of a vehicle by the use of force highway robbery robbery of travellers on or near a public road an exorbitant price; "what they are asking for gas these days is highway robbery" piracy hijacking on the high seas or in similar contexts; taking a ship or plane away from the control of those who are legally entitled to it; "air piracy" rolling the act of robbing a helpless person; "he was charged with rolling drunks in the park" grand larceny larceny of property having a value greater than some amount (the amount varies by locale) petit larceny larceny of property having a value less than some amount (the amount varies by locale) skimming failure to declare income in order to avoid paying taxes on it the act of removing floating material from the surface of a liquid extortion the felonious act of extorting money (as by threats of violence) unjust exaction (as by the misuse of authority); "the extortion by dishonest officials of fees for performing their sworn duty" an exorbitant charge blackmail extortion of money by threats to divulge discrediting information obtain through threats exert pressure on someone through threats protection payment extorted by gangsters on threat of violence; "every store in the neighborhood had to pay him protection" the activity of protecting someone or something; "the witnesses demanded police protection" the imposition of duties or quotas on imports in order to protect domestic industry against foreign competition; "he made trade protection a plank in the party platform" the condition of being protected; "they were huddled together for protection"; "he enjoyed a sense of peace and protection in his new home" shakedown extortion of money (as by blackmail) a very thorough search of a person or a place; "a shakedown by the police uncovered the drugs" initial adjustments to improve the functioning or the efficiency and to bring to a more satisfactory state; "the new industry's economic shakedown" intended to test a new system under operating conditions and to familiarize the operators with the system; "a shakedown cruise" burglary entering a building unlawfully with intent to commit a felony or to steal valuable property housebreaking trespassing for an unlawful purpose; illegal entrance into premises with criminal intent home invasion burglary of a dwelling while the residents are at home joint venture a venture by a partnership or conglomerate designed to share risk or expertise; "a joint venture between the film companies to produce TV shows" foreign direct investment a joint venture between a foreign company and a United States company investing in United States businesses by foreign citizens (often involves stock ownership of the business) forlorn hope a hopeless or desperate enterprise attempt earnest and conscientious activity intended to do or accomplish something; "made an effort to cover all the reading material"; "wished him luck in his endeavor"; "she gave it a good try" bid an attempt to get something; "they made a futile play for power"; "he made a bid to gain attention" (bridge) the number of tricks a bridge player is willing to contract to make a formal proposal to buy at a specified price ask for or request earnestly; "The prophet bid all people to become good persons" make a serious effort to attain something; "His campaign bid for the attention of the poor population" make a demand, as for a card or a suit or a show of hands; "He called his trump" crack a usually brief attempt; "he took a crack at it"; "I gave it a whirl" a purified and potent form of cocaine that is smoked rather than snorted; highly addictive a blemish resulting from a break without complete separation of the parts; "there was a crack in the mirror" a sudden sharp noise; "the crack of a whip"; "he heard the cracking of the ice"; "he can hear the snap of a twig" a long narrow opening break into simpler molecules by means of heat; "The petroleum cracked" reduce (petroleum) to a simpler compound by cracking become fractured; break or crack on the surface only; "The glass cracked when it was heated" cause to become cracked; "heat and light cracked the back of the leather chair" break partially but keep its integrity; "The glass cracked" tell spontaneously; "crack a joke" hit forcefully; deal a hard blow, making a cracking noise; "The teacher cracked him across the face with a ruler" make a very sharp explosive sound; "His gun cracked" gain unauthorized access computers with malicious intentions; "she cracked my password"; "crack a safe" essay a tentative attempt an analytic or interpretive literary composition foray an initial attempt (especially outside your usual areas of competence); "scientists' forays into politics" a sudden short attack briefly enter enemy territory contribution the effort contributed by a person in bringing about a result; "I am proud of my contribution in advancing the project"; "they all did their share of the work" act of giving in common with others for a common purpose especially to a charity a writing for publication especially one of a collection of writings as an article or story an amount of money contributed; "he expected his contribution to be repaid with interest" a voluntary gift (as of money or service or ideas) made to some worthwhile cause mug's game a futile or unprofitable endeavor seeking an attempt to acquire or gain something shot informal words for any attempt or effort; "he gave it his best shot"; "he took a stab at forecasting" an attempt to score in a game a blow hard enough to cause injury; "he is still recovering from a shot to his leg"; "I caught him with a solid shot to the chin" a solid missile discharged from a firearm; "the shot buzzed past his ear" an explosive charge used in blasting sports equipment consisting of a heavy metal ball used in the shot put; "he trained at putting the shot" an aggressive remark directed at a person like a missile and intended to have a telling effect; "his parting shot was `drop dead'"; "she threw shafts of sarcasm"; "she takes a dig at me every chance she gets" a person who shoots (usually with respect to their ability to shoot); "he is a crack shot"; "a poor shooter" a chance to do something; "he wanted a shot at the champion" striving an effortful attempt to attain a goal duel any struggle between two skillful opponents (individuals or groups) a prearranged fight with deadly weapons by two people (accompanied by seconds) in order to settle a quarrel over a point of honor fight a duel, as over one's honor or a woman; "In the 19th century, men often dueled over small matters" scramble an unceremonious and disorganized struggle make unintelligible; "scramble the message so that nobody can understand it" bring into random order to move hurriedly; "The friend scrambled after them" buyout acquisition of a company by purchasing a controlling percentage of its stock strategic buyout an acquisition based on analysis of the benefits of consolidation in anticipation of increased earning power takeover a change by sale or merger in the controlling interest of a corporation anti-takeover defense resistance to or defense against a hostile takeover takeover attempt an attempt to take control of a corporation takeover bid an offer to buy shares in order to take over the company two-tier bid a takeover bid where the acquirer offers to pay more for the shares needed to gain control than for the remaining shares any-and-all bid a takeover bid where the acquirer offers to buy any and all shares outstanding hostile takeover a takeover that is resisted by the management of the target company friendly takeover a takeover that is welcomed by the management of the target company test the act of testing something; "in the experimental trials the amount of carbon was measured separately"; "he called each flip of the coin a new trial" the act of undergoing testing; "he survived the great test of battle"; "candidates must compete in a trial of skill" any standardized procedure for measuring sensitivity or memory or intelligence or aptitude or personality etc; "the test was standardized on a large sample of students" a hard outer covering as of some amoebas and sea urchins undergo a test; "She doesn't test well" determine the presence or properties of (a substance) achieve a certain score or rating on a test; "She tested high on the LSAT and was admitted to all the good law schools" put to the test, as for its quality, or give experimental use to; "This approach has been tried with good results"; "Test this recipe" show a certain characteristic when tested; "He tested positive for HIV" assay a quantitative or qualitative test of a substance (especially an ore or a drug) to determine its components; frequently used to test for the presence or concentration of infectious agents or antibodies etc. an appraisal of the state of affairs; "they made an assay of the contents"; "a check on its dependability under stress" a written report of the results of an analysis of the composition of some substance a substance that is undergoing an analysis of its components analyze (chemical substances) enzyme-linked-immunosorbent serologic assay an assay that relies on an enzymatic conversion reaction and is used to detect the presence of specific substances (such as enzymes or viruses or antibodies or bacteria) immunohistochemistry an assay that shows specific antigens in tissues by the use of markers that are either fluorescent dyes or enzymes (such as horseradish peroxidase) clinical trial a rigorously controlled test of a new drug or a new invasive medical device on human subjects; in the United States it is conducted under the direction of the FDA before being made available for general clinical use phase I clinical trial a clinical trial on a few persons to determine the safety of a new drug or invasive medical device; for drugs, dosage or toxicity limits should be obtained phase II clinical trial a clinical trial on more persons than in phase I; intended to evaluate the efficacy of a treatment for the condition it is intended to treat; possible side effects are monitored phase III clinical trial a large clinical trial of a treatment or drug that in phase I and phase II has been shown to be efficacious with tolerable side effects; after successful conclusion of these clinical trials it will receive formal approval from the FDA phase IV clinical trial sometimes the FDA approves a drug for general use but requires the manufacturer to continue to monitor its effects; during this phase the drug may be tried on slightly different patient populations than those studied in earlier trials double blind a test procedure in which the identity of those receiving the intervention is concealed from both the administrators and the subjects until after the test is completed; designed to reduce or eliminate bias in the results preclinical trial a laboratory test of a new drug or a new invasive medical device on animal subjects; conducted to gather evidence justifying a clinical trial audition a test of the suitability of a performer perform in order to get a role; "She auditioned for a role on Broadway" screen test a filmed audition of an actor or actress field trial a test of young hunting dogs to determine their skill in pointing and retrieving a test of the performance of some new product under the conditions in which it will be used a contest between gun dogs to determine their proficiency in pointing and retrieving fitting putting clothes on to see whether they fit a small and often standardized accessory to a larger system being precisely fitting and right; "it is only meet that she should be seated first" in harmony with the spirit of particular persons or occasion; "a decent burial"; "We have come to dedicate a portion of that field...It is altogether fitting and proper that we should do this" MOT a compulsory annual test of older motor vehicles for safety and exhaust fumes pilot project activity planned as a test or trial; "they funded a pilot project in six states" spadework dull or routine preliminary work preparing for an undertaking timework work paid for at a rate per unit of time undertaking any piece of work that is undertaken or attempted; "he prepared for great undertakings" the trade of a funeral director written assignment an assignment to write something adventure a wild and exciting undertaking (not necessarily lawful) baby a project of personal concern to someone; "this project is his baby" a very young mammal; "baby rabbits" the youngest member of a group (not necessarily young); "the baby of the family"; "the baby of the Supreme Court" a very young child (birth to 1 year) who has not yet begun to walk or talk; "the baby began to cry again"; "she held the baby in her arms"; "it sounds simple, but when you have your own baby it is all so different" an unborn child; a human fetus; "I felt healthy and very feminine carrying the baby"; "it was great to feel my baby moving about inside" enterprise a purposeful or industrious undertaking (especially one that requires effort or boldness); "he had doubts about the whole enterprise" readiness to embark on bold new ventures an organization created for business ventures; "a growing enterprise must have a bold leader" labor of love productive work performed voluntarily without material reward or compensation marathon any long and arduous undertaking a footrace of 26 miles 385 yards no-brainer anything that requires little thought proposition a task to be dealt with; "securing adequate funding is a time-consuming proposition" (logic) a statement that affirms or denies something and is either true or false an offer for a private bargain (especially a request for sexual favors) suggest sex to; "She was propositioned by a stranger at the party" tall order a formidable task or requirement; "finishing in time was a tall order but we did it" venture any venturesome undertaking especially one with an uncertain outcome a commercial undertaking that risks a loss but promises a profit proceed somewhere despite the risk of possible dangers; "We ventured into the world of high-tech and bought a supercomputer" put at risk; "I will stake my good reputation for this" speleology the pastime of exploring caves the scientific study of caves advertising campaign an organized program of advertisements anti-war movement a campaign against entering or continuing a war charm campaign a campaign of flattery and friendliness (by a company, politician, etc.) to become more popular and gain support consumerism a movement advocating greater protection of the interests of consumers the theory that an increasing consumption of goods is economically beneficial campaigning the campaign of a candidate to be elected front-porch campaigning a campaign in which the candidate makes speeches but does not travel; "William McKinley's dignified front-porch campaign won him the presidency in 1896"; "her approach was the opposite of a passive front-porch campaign" hustings the activities involved in political campaigning (especially speech making) fund-raising campaign a campaign to raise money for some cause feminist movement the movement aimed at equal rights for women gay liberation movement the movement aimed at liberating homosexuals from legal or social or economic oppression lost cause a defeated cause or a cause for which defeat is inevitable war a concerted campaign to end something that is injurious; "the war on poverty"; "the war against crime" the waging of armed conflict against an enemy; "thousands of people were killed in the war" an active struggle between competing entities; "a price war"; "a war of wits"; "diplomatic warfare" a legal state created by a declaration of war and ended by official declaration during which the international rules of war apply; "war was declared in November but actual fighting did not begin until the following spring" make or wage war youth movement political or religious or social reform movement or agitation consisting chiefly of young people whispering campaign the organized dissemination of derogatory rumors designed to discredit a candidate stumping campaigning for something by making political speeches (stump speeches) sales campaign an advertising campaign intended to promote sales public-relations campaign an advertising campaign intended to improve public relations sally a venture off the beaten path; "a sally into the wide world beyond his home" self-help the act of helping or improving yourself without relying on anyone else risk a venture undertaken without regard to possible loss or injury; "he saw the rewards but not the risks of crime"; "there was a danger he would do the wrong thing" the probability of being exposed to an infectious agent the probability of becoming infected given that exposure to an infectious agent has occurred expose to a chance of loss or damage; "We risked losing a lot of money in this venture"; "Why risk your life?"; "She laid her job on the line when she told the boss that he was wrong" chance a risk involving danger; "you take a chance when you let her drive" be the case by chance; "I chanced to meet my old friend in the street" crapshoot a risky and uncertain venture; "getting admitted to the college of your choice has become a crapshoot" gamble a risky act or venture money that is risked for possible monetary gain play games for money take a risk in the hope of a favorable outcome; "When you buy these stocks you are gambling" long shot a venture that involves great risk but promises great rewards a contestant that is unlikely to win raise increasing the size of a bet (as in poker); "I'll see your raise and double it" the amount a salary is increased; "he got a 3% raise"; "he got a wage hike" raise the level or amount of something; "raise my salary"; "raise the price of bread" invigorate or heighten; "lift my spirits"; "lift his ego" bring (a surface or a design) into relief and cause to project; "raised edges" multiply (a number) by itself a specified number of times: 8 is 2 raised to the power 3 establish radio communications with; "They managed to raise Hanoi last night" activate or stir up; "raise a mutiny" cause to be heard or known; express or utter; "raise a shout"; "raise a protest"; "raise a sad cry" pronounce (vowels) by bringing the tongue closer to the roof of the mouth; "raise your `o'" put forward for consideration or discussion; "raise the question of promotions"; "bring up an unpleasant topic" bet more than the previous player bid (one's partner's suit) at a higher level summon into action or bring into existence, often as if by magic; "raise the specter of unemployment"; "he conjured wild birds in the air"; "call down the spirits from the mountain" construct, build, or erect; "Raise a barn" create a disturbance, especially by making a great noise; "raise hell"; "raise the roof"; "raise Cain" raise from a lower to a higher position; "Raise your hands"; "Lift a load" cause to puff up with a leaven; "unleavened bread" collect funds for a specific purpose; "The President raised several million dollars for his college" doubling raising the stakes in a card game by a factor of 2; "I decided his double was a bluff" increase by a factor of two; "doubling with a computer took no time at all" control the activity of managing or exerting control over something; "the control of the mob by the police was admirable" (physiology) regulation or maintenance of a function or action or reflex etc; "the timing and control of his movements were unimpaired"; "he had lost control of his sphincters" a mechanism that controls the operation of a machine; "the speed controller on his turntable was not working properly"; "I turned the controls over to her" power to direct or determine; "under control" the economic policy of controlling or limiting or curbing prices or wages etc.; "they wanted to repeal all the legislation that imposed economic controls" a spiritual agency that is assumed to assist the medium during a seance a relation of constraint of one entity (thing or person or group) by another; "measures for the control of disease"; "they instituted controls over drinking on campus" verify by using a duplicate register for comparison; "control an account" exercise authoritative control or power over; "control the budget"; "Command the military forces" lessen the intensity of; temper; hold in restraint; hold or keep within limits; "moderate your alcohol intake"; "hold your tongue"; "hold your temper"; "control your anger" check or regulate (a scientific experiment) by conducting a parallel experiment or comparing with another standard; "Are you controlling for the temperature?" crowd control activity of controlling a crowd damage control an effort to minimize or curtail damage or loss federalization the act of being put under federal control the state of being under federal control; "the federalization of postal service" flight control control from ground stations of airplanes in flight by means of messages transmitted to the pilot electronically flood control (engineering) the art or technique of trying to control rivers with dams etc in order to minimize the occurrence of floods imperialism any instance of aggressive extension of authority a political orientation that advocates imperial interests a policy of extending your rule over foreign countries regulation the act of controlling or directing according to rule; "fiscal regulations are in the hands of politicians" the act of bringing to uniformity; making regular an authoritative rule (embryology) the ability of an early embryo to continue normal development after its structure has been somehow damaged or altered the state of being controlled or governed prescribed by or according to regulation; "regulation army equipment" deregulation the act of freeing from regulation (especially from governmental regulations) gun control efforts to regulate or control sales of guns indexation a system of economic regulation: wages and interest are tied to the cost-of-living index in order to reduce the effects of inflation internal control an accounting procedure or system designed to promote efficiency or assure the implementation of a policy or safeguard assets or avoid fraud and error etc. management control an internal control performed by one or more managers quality control maintenance of standards of quality of manufactured goods acceptance sampling a statistical procedure for accepting or rejecting a batch of merchandise or documents; involves determining the maximum number of defects discovered in a sample before the entire batch is rejected timing the regulation of occurrence, pace, or coordination to achieve a desired effect (as in music, theater, athletics, mechanics) the time when something happens coordination the regulation of diverse elements into an integrated and harmonious operation being of coordinate importance, rank, or degree the skillful and effective interaction of movements the grammatical relation of two constituents having the same grammatical form synchronization coordinating by causing to indicate the same time; "the synchronization of their watches was an important preliminary" an adjustment that causes something to occur or recur in unison load-shedding cutting off the electric current on certain lines when the demand becomes greater than the supply proration the proportional limitation of production or distribution of something (e.g. crude oil or natural gas) to some fractional part of the total capacity of each producer limitation an act of limiting or restricting (as by regulation) the quality of being limited or restricted; "it is a good plan but it has serious limitations" (law) a time period after which suits cannot be brought; "statute of limitations" arms control a limitation on the size and armament of the armed forces of a country hold-down a limitation or constraint; "taxpayers want a hold-down on government spending" freeze fixing (of prices or wages etc) at a particular level; "a freeze on hiring" an interruption or temporary suspension of progress or movement; "a halt in the arms race"; "a nuclear freeze" weather cold enough to cause freezing the withdrawal of heat to change something from a liquid to a solid suddenly behave coldly and formally; "She froze when she saw her ex-husband" anesthetize by cold be cold; "I could freeze to death in this office when the air conditioning is turned on" prohibit the conversion or use of (assets); "Blocked funds"; "Freeze the assets of this hostile government" stop a process or a habit by imposing a freeze on it; "Suspend the aid to the war-torn country" change to ice; "The water in the bowl froze" cause to freeze; "Freeze the leftover food" change from a liquid to a solid when cold; "Water freezes at 32 degrees Fahrenheit" stop moving or become immobilized; "When he saw the police car he froze" be very cold, below the freezing point; "It is freezing in Kalamazoo" clampdown sudden restriction on an activity hire the act of hiring something or someone; "he signed up for a week's car hire" a newly hired employee; "the new hires need special training" engage or hire for work; "They hired two new secretaries in the department"; "How many people has she employed?" hiring freeze a freeze on hiring price freeze a freeze of prices at a given level wage freeze a freeze of wages at a given level actual possession (law) immediate and direct physical control over property constructive possession (law) having the power and intention to have and control property but without direct control or actual presence upon it criminal possession (law) possession for which criminal sanctions are provided because the property may not lawfully be possessed or may not be possessed under certain circumstances illegal possession possession of controlled substances retention the act of retaining something power trip (slang) a self-aggrandizing action undertaken simply for the pleasure of exercising control over other people defecation reflex normal response to the presence of feces in the rectum storage the act of storing something the commercial enterprise of storing goods and materials (computer science) the process of storing information in a computer memory or on a magnetic tape or disk filing preservation and methodical arrangement as of documents and papers etc.; "I have some filing to do" the act of using a file (as in shaping or smoothing an object) the entering of a legal document into the public record; "he filed a complaint"; "he filed his tax return" a fragment rubbed off by the use of a file cold storage refrigerated storage for preservation in a state of abeyance or postponement stowage the act of packing or storing away the charge for stowing goods tankage the act of storing in tanks the charge for storing something in tanks the quantity contained in (or the capacity of) a tank or tanks riot control the measures taken to control a riot grasping the act of gripping something firmly with the hands (or the tentacles) understanding with difficulty; "the lecture was beyond his most strenuous graspings" clasp the act of grasping; "he released his clasp on my arm"; "he has a strong grip for an old man"; "she kept a firm hold on the railing" a fastener (as a buckle or hook) that is used to hold two things together hold firmly and tightly grasp firmly; "The child clasped my hands" wrestling hold a hold used in the sport of wrestling nelson any of several wrestling holds in which an arm is passed under the opponent's arm from behind and the hand exerts pressure on the back of the neck full nelson a wrestling hold in which the holder puts both arms under the opponent's arms and exerts pressure on the back of the neck (illegal in amateur wrestling) half nelson a wrestling hold in which the holder puts an arm under the opponent's arm and exerts pressure on the back of the neck hammerlock a wrestling hold in which the opponent's arm is twisted up behind his back headlock a wrestling hold in which the opponent's head is locked between the crook of your elbow and the side of your body Japanese stranglehold a wrestling hold in which the opponent's arms are crossed in front of his own neck to exert pressure on his windpipe lock any wrestling hold in which some part of the opponent's body is twisted or pressured a fastener fitted to a door or drawer to keep it firmly closed a restraint incorporated into the ignition switch to prevent the use of a vehicle by persons who do not have the key enclosure consisting of a section of canal that can be closed to control the water level; used to raise or lower vessels that pass through it a mechanism that detonates the charge of a gun a strand or cluster of hair become rigid or immoveable; "The therapist noticed that the patient's knees tended to lock in this exercise" fasten with a lock; "lock the bike to the fence" hold in a locking position; "He locked his hands around her neck" build locks in order to facilitate the navigation of vessels hold fast (in a certain state); "He was locked in a laughing fit" pass by means through a lock in a waterway stranglehold a wrestling hold in which the arms are pressed against the opponent's windpipe complete power over a person or situation; "corporations have a stranglehold on the media"; "the president applied a chokehold to labor disputes that inconvenienced the public" toehold a wrestling hold in which the toe is held and the leg is twisted against the joints a small foothold used in climbing a relatively insignificant position from which future progress might be made; "American diplomacy provided a toehold on which to proceed toward peace talks"; "his father gave him a toehold in the oil business" steering the act of steering a ship the act of setting and holding a course; "a new council was installed under the direction of the king" aim the action of directing something at an object; "he took aim and fired" the goal intended to be attained (and which is believed to be attainable); "the sole object of her trip was to see her children" propose or intend; "I aim to arrive at noon" direct (a remark) toward an intended goal; "She wanted to aim a pun" point or cause to go (blows, weapons, or objects such as photographic equipment) towards; "Please don't aim at your little brother!"; "He trained his gun on the burglar"; "Don't train your camera on the women"; "Take a swipe at one's opponent" navigation the guidance of ships or airplanes from place to place ship traffic; "the channel will be open to navigation as soon as the ice melts" instrument flying navigation of an airplane solely by instruments celestial navigation navigating according to the positions of the stars celestial guidance a method of controlling the flight of a missile or spacecraft by reference to the positions of celestial bodies inertial guidance a method of controlling the flight of a missile by devices that respond to inertial forces command guidance a method of controlling the flight of a missile by commands originating from the ground or from another missile terrestrial guidance a method of controlling the flight of a missile by devices that respond to the strength and direction of the earth's gravitational field dead reckoning navigation without the aid of celestial observations fire watching (during World War II in Britain) watching for fires started by bombs that dropped from the sky air cover the use of military aircraft to provide protection against attack by enemy aircraft during ground or naval operations shielding the act of shielding from harm a shield of lead or concrete intended as a barrier to radiation emitted in nuclear decay shield consisting of an arrangement of metal mesh or plates designed to protect electronic equipment from ambient electromagnetic interference guardianship the responsibility of a guardian or keeper; "he left his car in my keeping" hands (with `in') guardianship over; in divorce cases it is the right to house and care for and discipline a child; "my fate is in your hands"; "too much power in the president's hands"; "your guests are now in my custody"; "the mother was awarded custody of the children" preservation the activity of protecting something from loss or danger a process that saves organic substances from decay the condition of being (well or ill) preserved conservation the preservation and careful management of the environment and of natural resources (physics) the maintenance of a certain quantities unchanged during chemical reactions or physical transformations an occurrence of improvement by virtue of preventing loss or injury or other change conservancy the official conservation of trees and soil and rivers etc. a commission with jurisdiction over fisheries and navigation in a port or river soil conservation protection of soil against erosion or deterioration oil conservation the conservation of petroleum resources water conservation the conservation of water resources self-preservation preservation of yourself from harm; a natural or instinctive tendency reservation the act of keeping back or setting aside for some future occasion something reserved in advance (as a hotel accommodation or a seat on a plane etc.) a statement that limits or restricts some claim; "he recommended her without any reservations" the written record or promise of an arrangement by which accommodations are secured in advance a district that is reserved for particular purpose Manhattan Project code name for the secret United States project set up in 1942 to develop atomic bombs for use in World War II a former United States executive agency that was responsible for developing atomic bombs during World War II embalmment preservation (of a dead body) by treating with balsams and drugs and other chemicals mummification embalmment and drying a dead body and wrapping it as a mummy a condition resembling that of a mummy; "bureaucratic mummification in red tape" momism excessive protection security intelligence intelligence on the identity and capability and intentions of hostile individuals or organizations that may be engaged in espionage or sabotage or subversion or terrorism military censorship all types of censorship conducted by personnel of the armed forces civil censorship military censorship of civilian communications (correspondence or printed matter of films) entering or leaving of circulating within territories controlled by armed forces field press censorship security review of news (including all information or material intended for dissemination to the public) subject to the jurisdiction of the armed forces prisoner of war censorship military censorship of communication to and from prisoners of war and civilian internees held by the armed forces armed forces censorship military censorship of personal communications to or from persons in the armed forces primary censorship armed forces censorship performed by personnel of a military unit on the personal communications of persons assigned to that unit secondary censorship armed forces censorship of the personal communications of officers or civilian employees or enlisted personnel not subject to primary censorship national censorship censorship under civil authority of communications entering or leaving or crossing the borders of the United States or its territories or possessions precaution a precautionary measure warding off impending danger or damage or injury etc.; "he put an ice pack on the injury as a precaution"; "an insurance policy is a good safeguard"; "we let our guard down" the trait of practicing caution in advance security measures taken as a precaution against theft or espionage or sabotage etc.; "military security has been stepped up since the recent uprising" a guarantee that an obligation will be met freedom from anxiety or fear; "the watch dog gave her a feeling of security" a department responsible for the security of the institution's property and workers; "the head of security was a former policeman" defense against financial failure; financial independence; "his pension gave him security in his old age"; "insurance provided protection against loss of wages due to illness" property that your creditor can claim in case you default on your obligation; "bankers are reluctant to lend without good security" a formal declaration that documents a fact of relevance to finance and investment; the holder has a right to receive interest or dividends; "he held several valuable securities" the state of being free from danger or injury; "we support the armed services in the name of national security" defense the act of defending someone or something against attack or injury; "a good boxer needs a good defense"; "defense against hurricanes is an urgent problem" protection from harm; "sanitation is the best defense against disease" (military) military action or resources protecting a country against potential enemies; "they died in the defense of Stalingrad"; "they were developed for the defense program" a defendant's answer or plea denying the truth of the charges against him; "he gave evidence for the defense" the justification for some act or belief; "he offered a persuasive defense of the theory" an organization of defenders that provides resistance against attack; "he joined the defense against invasion" the defendant and his legal advisors collectively; "the defense called for a mistrial" (sports) the team that is trying to prevent the other team from scoring; "his teams are always good on defense" inoculation taking a vaccine as a precaution against contracting a disease inoculating the act of protecting against disease by introducing a vaccine into the body to induce immunity; "doctors examined the recruits but nurses did the inoculating" ring vaccination administering vaccine only to people in close contact with an isolated infected patient; prevents the spread of a highly infectious disease by surrounding the patient with a ring of immunization variolation the obsolete process of inoculating a susceptible person with material taken from a vesicle of a person who has smallpox patrol the activity of going around or through an area at regular intervals for security purposes a detachment used for security or reconnaissance a group that goes through a region at regular intervals for the purpose of security maintain the security of by carrying out a patrol airborne patrol a patrol provided by aircraft round-the-clock patrol a continuous nonstop patrol self-defense the act of defending yourself aikido a Japanese martial art employing principles similar to judo martial art any of several Oriental arts of weaponless self-defense; usually practiced as a sport; "he had a black belt in the martial arts" judo a sport adapted from jujitsu (using principles of not resisting) and similar to wrestling; developed in Japan jujutsu a method of self-defense without weapons that was developed in China and Japan; holds and blows are supplemented by clever use of the attacker's own weight and strength ninjutsu the traditional Japanese method of espionage; involves stealthy movements and the use of camouflage karate a traditional Japanese system of unarmed combat; sharp blows and kicks are given to pressure-sensitive points on the body of the opponent kung fu a Chinese martial art tae kwon do a Korean martial art similar to karate t'ai chi a Chinese system of slow meditative physical exercise designed for relaxation and balance and health insulation the act of protecting something by surrounding it with material that reduces or prevents the transmission of sound or heat or electricity the state of being isolated or detached; "the insulation of England was preserved by the English Channel" lining the act of attaching an inside lining (to a garment or curtain etc.) providing something with a surface of a different material a protective covering that protects an inside surface babbitting lining a surface or bearing with Babbitt metal locking the act of locking something up to protect it escort the act of accompanying someone or something in order to protect them an attendant who is employed to accompany someone accompany as an escort; "She asked her older brother to escort her to the ball" convoy the act of escorting while in transit a collection of merchant ships with an escort of warships a procession of land vehicles traveling together escort in transit; "the trucks convoyed the cars across the battle zone"; "the warships convoyed the merchant ships across the Pacific" covering the act of protecting something by covering it an artifact that covers something else (usually to protect or shelter or conceal it) a natural object that covers or envelops; "under a covering of dust"; "the fox was flushed from its cover" primping careful or finicky grooming; "the primping alone took more than an hour" toilet the act of dressing and preparing yourself; "he made his morning toilet and went to breakfast" a room or building equipped with one or more toilets a plumbing fixture for defecation and urination immunization the act of making immune (especially by inoculation) sensitizing rendering an organism sensitive to a serum by a series of injections making susceptible or sensitive to either physical or emotional stimuli ruggedization the act of making a piece of equipment rugged (strengthening to resist wear or abuse) waterproofing the act of treating something to make it repel water a coating capable of making a surface waterproof wear the act of having on your person as a covering or adornment; "she bought it for everyday wear" impairment resulting from long use; "the tires showed uneven wear" have or show an appearance of; "wear one's hair in a certain way" have on one's person; "He wore a red ribbon"; "bear a scar" put clothing on one's body; "What should I wear today?"; "He put on his best suit for the wedding"; "The princess donned a long blue dress"; "The queen assumed the stately robes"; "He got into his jeans" be dressed in; "She was wearing yellow that day" deteriorate through use or stress; "The constant friction wore out the cloth" last and be usable; "This dress wore well for almost ten years" have in one's aspect; wear an expression of one's attitude or personality; "He always wears a smile" motor control control of muscles respiration the metabolic processes whereby certain organisms obtain energy from organic molecules; processes that take place in the cells and tissues during which energy is released and carbon dioxide is produced and absorbed by the blood to be transported to the lungs a single complete act of breathing in and out; "thirty respirations per minute" breathing the bodily process of inhalation and exhalation; the process of taking in oxygen from inhaled air and releasing carbon dioxide by exhalation passing or able to pass air in and out of the lungs normally; sometimes used in combination; "the boy was disappointed to find only skeletons instead of living breathing dinosaurs"; "the heavy-breathing person on the telephone" artificial respiration an emergency procedure whereby breathing is maintained artificially cardiography diagnostic procedure consisting of recording the activity of the heart electronically with a cardiograph (and producing a cardiogram) echocardiography a noninvasive diagnostic procedure that uses ultrasound to study to structure and motions of the heart echoencephalography a noninvasive diagnostic procedure that uses ultrasound to study the anatomy of the brain cardiopulmonary resuscitation an emergency procedure consisting of external cardiac massage and artificial respiration; the first treatment for a person who has collapsed and has no pulse and has stopped breathing; attempts to restore circulation of the blood and prevent death or brain damage due to lack of oxygen Heimlich maneuver an emergency procedure to help someone who is choking because food is lodged in the trachea abdominal breathing breathing in which most of the respiratory effort is done by the abdominal muscles; "abdominal breathing is practiced by singers" eupnea normal relaxed breathing hyperpnea energetic (deep and rapid) respiration that occurs normally after exercise or abnormally with fever or various disorders hypopnea slow or shallow breathing hyperventilation an increased depth and rate of breathing greater than demanded by the body needs; can cause dizziness and tingling of the fingers and toes and chest pain if continued panting breathing heavily (as after exertion) any fabric used to make trousers periodic breathing abnormal respiration in which periods of shallow and deep breathing alternate puffing an act of forcible exhalation blowing tobacco smoke out into the air; "they smoked up the room with their ceaseless puffing" smoke the act of smoking tobacco or other substances; "he went outside for a smoke"; "smoking stinks" something with no concrete substance; "his dreams all turned to smoke"; "it was just smoke and mirrors" an indication of some hidden activity; "with all that smoke there must be a fire somewhere" a cloud of fine particles suspended in a gas a hot vapor containing fine particles of carbon being produced by combustion; "the fire produced a tower of black smoke that could be seen for miles" inhale and exhale smoke from cigarettes, cigars, pipes; "We never smoked marijuana"; "Do you smoke?" breath the process of taking in and expelling air during breathing; "he took a deep breath and dived into the pool"; "he was fighting to his last breath" a slight movement of the air; "there wasn't a breath of air in the room" the air that is inhaled and exhaled in respiration; "his sour breath offended her" a short respite exhalation the act of expelling air from the lungs blow forceful exhalation through the nose or mouth; "he gave his nose a loud blow"; "he blew out all the candles with a single puff" a powerful stroke with the fist or a weapon; "a blow on the head" an impact (as from a collision); "the bump threw him off the bicycle" exhale hard; "blow on the soup to cool it down" free of obstruction by blowing air through; "blow one's nose" burst suddenly; "The tire blew"; "We blew a tire" shape by blowing; "Blow a glass vase" allow to regain its breath; "blow a horse" cause to be revealed and jeopardized; "The story blew their cover"; "The double agent was blown by the other side" lay eggs; "certain insects are said to blow" spout moist air from the blowhole; "The whales blew" cause to move by means of an air current; "The wind blew the leaves around in the yard" cause air to go in, on, or through; "Blow my hair dry" play or sound a wind instrument; "She blew the horn" make a sound as if blown; "The whistle blew" sound by having air expelled through a tube; "The trumpets blew" spend lavishly or wastefully on; "He blew a lot of money on his new home theater" be blowing or storming; "The wind blew from the West" insufflation an act of blowing or breathing on or into something (medicine) blowing air or medicated powder into the lungs (or into some other body cavity) snore the act of snoring or producing a snoring sound the rattling noise produced when snoring breathe noisily during one's sleep; "she complained that her husband snores" snuffle the act of breathing heavily through the nose (as when the nose is congested) snuff up mucus through the nose wheeze breathing with a husky or whistling sound (Briticism) a clever or amusing scheme or trick; "a clever wheeze probably succeeded in neutralizing the German espionage threat" breathe with difficulty second wind the return of relatively easy breathing after initial exhaustion during continuous exertion renewed energy or strength to continue an undertaking; "She had dinner and got a second wind to finish painting"; "the employers, initially taken by surprise at the pace of developments, regained their second wind" inhalation the act of inhaling; the drawing in of air (or other gases) as in breathing gasp a short labored intake of breath with the mouth open; "she gave a gasp and fainted" yawn an involuntary intake of breath through a wide open mouth; usually triggered by fatigue or boredom; "he could not suppress a yawn"; "the yawning in the audience told him it was time to stop"; "he apologized for his oscitancy" utter a yawn, as from lack of oxygen or when one is tired; "The child yawned during the long performance" puff a slow inhalation (as of tobacco smoke); "he took a puff on his pipe"; "he took a drag on his cigarette and expelled the smoke slowly" exaggerated praise (as for promotional purposes) a light inflated pastry or puff shell a short light gust of air blow hard and loudly; "he huffed and puffed as he made his way up the mountain" to swell or cause to enlarge; "Her faced puffed up from the drugs"; "puffed out chests" speak in a blustering or scornful manner; "A puffing kind of man" praise extravagantly; "The critics puffed up this Broadway production" smoke and exhale strongly; "puff a cigar"; "whiff a pipe" suck in or take (air); "draw a deep breath"; "draw on a cigarette" make proud or conceited; "The sudden fame puffed her ego" gathered for protruding fullness; "puff sleeves" toke a puff of a marijuana or hashish cigarette; "the boys took a few tokes on a joint" eating the act of consuming food browse the act of feeding by continual nibbling reading superficially or at random vegetation (such as young shoots, twigs, and leaves) that is suitable for animals to eat; "a deer needs to eat twenty pounds of browse every day" eat lightly, try different dishes; "There was so much food at the party that we quickly got sated just by browsing" look around casually and randomly, without seeking anything in particular; "browse a computer directory"; "surf the internet or the world wide web" coprophagy eating feces; in human a symptom of some kinds of insanity electric shock a reflex response to the passage of electric current through the body; "subjects received a small electric shock when they made the wrong response"; "electricians get accustomed to occasional shocks" the use of electricity to administer punishment or torture; "they used cattle prods to administer electric shocks" trauma caused by the passage of electric current through the body (as from contact with high voltage lines or being struck by lightning); usually involves burns and abnormal heart rhythm and unconsciousness fart a reflex that expels intestinal gas through the anus expel intestinal gases through the anus swallow the act of swallowing; "one swallow of the liquid was enough"; "he took a drink of his beer and smacked his lips" small long-winged songbird noted for swift graceful flight and the regularity of its migrations a small amount of liquid food; "a sup of ale" believe or accept without questioning or challenge; "Am I supposed to swallow that story?" keep from expressing; "I swallowed my anger and kept quiet" take back what one has said; "He swallowed his words" utter indistinctly; "She swallowed the last words of her speech" engulf and destroy; "The Nazis swallowed the Baltic countries" pass through the esophagus as part of eating or drinking; "Swallow the raw fish--it won't kill you!" aerophagia swallowing air (usually followed by belching and discomfort and flatulence) gulp a large and hurried swallow; "he finished it at a single gulp" a spasmodic reflex of the throat made as if in swallowing utter or make a noise, as when swallowing too quickly; "He gulped for help after choking on a big piece of meat" to swallow hurriedly or greedily or in one draught; "The men gulped down their beers" dining the act of eating dinner engorgement eating ravenously or voraciously to satiation congestion with blood; "engorgement of the breast" feasting eating an elaborate meal (often accompanied by entertainment) geophagy eating earth, clay, chalk; occurs in some primitive tribes, sometimes in cases of nutritional deficiency or obsessive behavior graze the act of grazing a superficial abrasion scrape gently; "graze the skin" break the skin (of a body part) by scraping; "She was grazed by the stray bullet" lunching the act of eating lunch munch a large bite; "he tried to talk between munches on the sandwich" Dutch treat a dinner where each person pays for his own repletion eating until excessively full the state of being satisfactorily full and unable to take on more supping ingestion of liquid food with a spoon or by drinking tasting taking a small amount into the mouth to test its quality; "cooking was fine but it was the savoring that he enjoyed most" a small amount (especially of food or wine) nibble gentle biting eat intermittently; take small bites of; "He pieced at the sandwich all morning"; "She never eats a full meal--she just nibbles" bite gently; "The woman tenderly nibbled at her baby's ear" bite off very small pieces; "She nibbled on her cracker" nip a small sharp bite or snip a tart spicy quality a small drink of liquor; "he poured a shot of whiskey" give a small sharp bite to; "The Queen's corgis always nip at her staff's ankles" sever or remove by pinching or snipping; "nip off the flowers" necrophagia feeding on corpses or carrion omophagia the eating of raw food scatophagy the eating of excrement or other filth sucking the act of sucking suckling feeding an infant by giving suck at the breast a young mammal that has not been weaned drinking the act of consuming liquids gulping the drinking of large mouthfuls rapidly sip a small drink drink in sips; "She was sipping her tea" potation the act of drinking (especially an alcoholic drink) bondage sexual practice that involves physically restraining (by cords or handcuffs) one of the partners the state of being under the control of another person the state of being under the control of a force or influence or abstract power; "he was in bondage to fear"; "he sought release from his bondage to Satan"; "a self freed from the bondage of time" outercourse sexual stimulation without vaginal penetration; "since pregnancy cannot happen if sperm are kept out of the vagina, outercourse is one method of birth control" safe sex sexual activity (especially sexual intercourse) with the use of measures (such as latex condoms) to avoid the transmission of disease (especially AIDS) sexual activity activities associated with sexual intercourse; "they had sex in the back seat" conception the act of becoming pregnant; fertilization of an ovum by a spermatozoon defloration the act of depriving a woman of her virginity (especially by rupturing the hymen through sexual intercourse) an act that despoils the innocence or beauty of something insemination the introduction of semen into the genital tract of a female the act of sowing (of seeds in the ground or, figuratively, of germs in the body or ideas in the mind, etc.) artificial insemination the introduction of semen into the oviduct or uterus by some means other than sexual intercourse sexual intercourse sexual activity between individuals, especially the insertion of a man's penis into a woman's vagina until orgasm and ejaculation occur fuck slang for sexual intercourse pleasure sexual gratification; "he took his pleasure of her" an activity that affords enjoyment; "he puts duty before pleasure" a formal expression; "he serves at the pleasure of the President" a fundamental feeling that is hard to define but that people desire to experience; "he was tingling with pleasure" hank panky illicit sexual intercourse sexual love sexual activities (often including sexual intercourse) between two people; "his lovemaking disgusted her"; "he hadn't had any love in months"; "he has a very complicated love life" statutory rape sexual intercourse with a person (girl or boy) who has not reached the age of consent (even if both parties participate willingly) carnal abuse any lascivious contact by an adult with the sexual organs of a child (especially not involving sexual intercourse) coupling the act of pairing a male and female for reproductive purposes; "the casual couplings of adolescents"; "the mating of some species occurs only in the spring" a mechanical device that serves to connect the ends of adjacent objects assortative mating mating of individuals having more traits in common than likely in random mating disassortative mating mating of individuals having traits more dissimilar than likely in random mating unlawful carnal knowledge forbidden or tabu sexual intercourse between individuals extramarital sex sexual intercourse between individuals who are not married to one another adultery extramarital sex that willfully and maliciously interferes with marriage relations; "adultery is often cited as grounds for divorce" fornication voluntary sexual intercourse between persons not married to each other incest sexual intercourse between persons too closely related to marry (as between a parent and a child) coitus interruptus a method of birth control in which coitus is initiated but the penis is deliberately withdrawn before ejaculation sodomy intercourse via the anus, committed by a man with a man or woman reproduction the sexual activity of conceiving and bearing offspring the act of making copies; "Gutenberg's reproduction of holy texts was far more efficient" recall that is hypothesized to work by storing the original stimulus input and reproducing it during recall the process of generating offspring miscegenation reproduction by parents of different races (especially by white and non-white persons) generation the act of producing offspring or multiplying by such production the production of heat or electricity; "dams were built for the generation of electricity" group of genetically related organisms constituting a single step in the line of descent the normal time between successive generations; "they had to wait a generation for that prejudice to fade" a stage of technological development or innovation; "the third generation of computers" biogenesis the production of living organisms from other living organisms hybridization (genetics) the act of mixing different species or varieties of animals or plants and thus to produce hybrids dihybrid cross hybridization using two traits with two alleles each monohybrid cross hybridization using a single trait with two alleles (as in Mendel's experiments with garden peas) reciprocal cross hybridization involving a pair of crosses that reverse the sexes associated with each genotype testcross a cross between an organism whose genotype for a certain trait is unknown and an organism that is homozygous recessive for that trait so the unknown genotype can be determined from that of the offspring inbreeding the act of mating closely related individuals natural family planning any of several methods of family planning that do not involve sterilization or contraceptive devices or drugs; coitus is avoided during the fertile time of a woman's menstrual cycle birth control limiting the number of children born contraception birth control by the use of devices (diaphragm or intrauterine device or condom) or drugs or surgery oral contraception contraception achieved by taking oral contraceptive pills basal body temperature method of family planning natural family planning in which the fertile period of the woman's menstrual cycle is inferred by noting the rise in basal body temperature that typically occurs with ovulation ovulation method of family planning natural family planning in which the fertile period is inferred from changes in the character and quantity of cervical mucus; ovulation is marked by an increase in mucus that becomes sticky and then clearer and slippery rhythm method of birth control natural family planning in which ovulation is assumed to occur 14 days before the onset of a period (the fertile period would be assumed to extend from day 10 through day 18 of her cycle) surgical contraception contraception by surgical sterilization servicing the act of mating by male animals; "the bull was worth good money in servicing fees" foreplay mutual sexual fondling prior to sexual intercourse caressing affectionate play (or foreplay without contact with the genital organs) snogging (British informal) cuddle and kiss feel manual stimulation of the genital area for sexual pleasure; "the girls hated it when he tried to sneak a feel" an intuitive awareness; "he has a feel for animals"; "it's easy when you get the feel of it" be conscious of a physical, mental, or emotional state; "My cold is gone--I feel fine today"; "She felt tired after the long hike"; "She felt sad after her loss" have a feeling or perception about oneself in reaction to someone's behavior or attitude; "She felt small and insignificant"; "You make me feel naked"; "I made the students feel different about themselves" examine by touch; "Feel this soft cloth!"; "The customer fingered the sweater" pass one's hands over the sexual organs of; "He felt the girl in the movie theater" undergo an emotional sensation or be in a particular state of mind; "She felt resentful"; "He felt regret" perceive by a physical sensation, e.g., coming from the skin or muscles; "He felt the wind"; "She felt an object brushing her arm"; "He felt his flesh crawl"; "She felt the heat when she got out of the car" undergo passive experience of; "We felt the effects of inflation"; "her fingers felt their way through the string quartet"; "she felt his contempt of her" grope or feel in search of something; "He felt for his wallet" produce a certain impression; "It feels nice to be home again" find by testing or cautious exploration; "He felt his way around the dark room" be felt or perceived in a certain way; "The ground feels shaky"; "The sheets feel soft" oral sex oral stimulation of the genitals; "they say he gives good head" cunnilingus oral stimulation of the vulva or clitoris fellatio oral stimulation of the penis cock sucking slang for fellatio soixante-neuf oral sex practiced simultaneously by two people autoeroticism using you own body as a sexual object masturbation manual stimulation of the genital organs (of yourself or another) for sexual pleasure self-stimulation manual stimulation of your own genital organ for sexual pleasure frottage masturbation by rubbing against another person (as in a crowd) jacking off slang for masturbation promiscuity indulging in promiscuous (casual and indiscriminate) sexual relations lechery unrestrained indulgence in sexual activity homosexuality a sexual attraction to (or sexual relations with) persons of the same sex bisexuality sexual activity with both men and women lesbianism female homosexuality tribadism a form of lesbianism that simulates heterosexual intercourse heterosexuality a sexual attraction to (or sexual relations with) persons of the opposite sex pederasty sexual relations between a man and a boy (usually anal intercourse with the boy as a passive partner) bestiality sexual activity between a person and an animal the stupid brutal quality of a beast sleeping the suspension of consciousness and decrease in metabolic rate the state of being asleep nap sleeping for a short period of time (usually not in bed) a soft or fuzzy surface texture take a siesta; "She naps everyday after lunch for an hour" siesta a nap in the early afternoon (especially in hot countries) zizz a nap; "Arthur's taking a short zizz" a buzzing or whizzing sound; "a nasty zizz in the engine" doze a light fitful sleep automatism any reaction that occurs automatically without conscious thought or reflection (especially the undirected behavior seen in psychomotor epilepsy) overreaction an excessive reaction; a reaction with inappropriate emotional behavior galvanic skin response a change in the electrical properties of the skin in response to stress or anxiety; can be measured either by recording the electrical resistance of the skin or by recording weak currents generated by the body immune response a bodily defense reaction that recognizes an invading substance (an antigen: such as a virus or fungus or bacteria or transplanted organ) and produces antibodies specific against that antigen anamnestic response renewed rapid production of an antibody on the second (or subsequent) encounter with the same antigen humoral immune response an immune response (chiefly against bacterial invasion) that is mediated by B cells cell-mediated immune response an immune response (chiefly against viral or fungal invasions or transplanted tissue) that involves T cells complement fixation an immune response in which an antigen-antibody combination inactivates a complement (so it is unavailable to participate in a second antigen-antibody combination) tropism an involuntary orienting response; positive or negative reaction to a stimulus source ergotropism an affinity for work geotropism an orienting response to gravity heliotropism an orienting response to the sun meteortropism an effect of climate on biological processes (as the effect on joint pains etc.) neurotropism an affinity for neural tissues phototropism an orienting response to light trophotropism an orienting response to food thermotropism an orienting response to warmth chemotaxis movement by a cell or organism in reaction to a chemical stimulus negative chemotaxis movement away from a chemical stimulus positive chemotaxis movement toward a chemical stimulus kinesis a movement that is a response to a stimulus but is not oriented with respect to the source of stimulation double take a delayed reaction indicating surprise reflex an automatic instinctive unlearned reaction to a stimulus conditional reflex an acquired response that is under the control of (conditional on the occurrence of) a stimulus learned reaction a reaction that has been acquired by learning conditioned avoidance a conditioned response that anticipates the occurrence of an aversive stimulus knee jerk a reflex extension of the leg resulting from a sharp tap on the patellar tendon startle response a complicated involuntary reaction to a sudden unexpected stimulus (especially a loud noise); involves flexion of most skeletal muscles and a variety of visceral reactions startle reflex a normal reflex of young infants; a sudden loud noise causes the child to stretch out the arms and flex the legs wince a reflex response to sudden pain the facial expression of sudden pain make a face indicating disgust or dislike; "She winced when she heard his pompous speech" light reflex reflex contraction of the sphincter muscle of the iris in response to a bright light (or certain drugs) causing the pupil to become smaller mydriasis reflex pupillary dilation as a muscle pulls the iris outward; occurs in response to a decrease in light or certain drugs micturition reflex relaxation of the urethral sphincter in response to increased pressure in the bladder pharyngeal reflex normal reflex consisting of retching; may be produced by touching the soft palate in the back of the mouth pilomotor reflex reflex erection of hairs of the skin in response to cold or emotional stress or skin irritation plantar reflex flexion of the toes when the sole of the foot is stroked firmly on the outer side from the heel to the front in persons over the age of 2 years; under 2 years the results should be extension of the toes (Babinski reflex) rooting reflex reflex consisting of head-turning and sucking movements elicited in a normal infant by gently stroking the side of the mouth or cheek startle a sudden involuntary movement; "he awoke with a start" to stimulate to action; "the loud noise startled him awake"; "galvanized into action" move or jump suddenly, as if in surprise or alarm; "She startled when I walked into the room" stretch reflex reflex contraction of a muscle when an attached tendon is pulled; important in maintaining erect posture suckling reflex reflex behavior in newborn mammals; includes finding and grasping the nipple in the mouth and sucking on it and swallowing the milk tremble a reflex motion caused by cold or fear or excitement move or jerk quickly and involuntarily up and down or sideways; "His hands were trembling when he signed the document" crying the process of shedding tears (usually accompanied by sobs or other inarticulate sounds); "I hate to hear the crying of a child"; "she was in tears" snivel whining in a tearful manner cry or whine with snuffling; "Stop snivelling--you got yourself into this mess!" talk in a tearful manner sob convulsive gasp made while weeping weep convulsively; "He was sobbing inconsolably" wailing loud cries made while weeping calculation the procedure of calculating; determining something by mathematical or logical methods planning something carefully and intentionally; "it was the deliberation of his act that was insulting" problem solving that involves numbers or quantities number crunching performing complex and lengthy numerical calculations mathematical process (mathematics) calculation by mathematical methods; "the problems at the end of the chapter demonstrated the mathematical processes involved in the derivation"; "they were learning the basic operations of arithmetic" recalculation the act of calculating again (usually to eliminate errors or to include additional data); "recalculation yielded a much larger value" differentiation the mathematical process of obtaining the derivative of a function a discrimination between things as different and distinct on the basis of their characteristics or attributes; "it is necessary to make a distinction between love and infatuation" long division the operation of division in which the sequence of steps are indicated in detail short division the operation of division in which the sequence of steps is performed without writing them out integration an operation used in the calculus whereby the integral of a function is determined the action of incorporating a racial or religious group into a community multiplication an arithmetic operation that is the inverse of division; the product of two numbers is computed; "the multiplication of four by three gives twelve"; "four times three equals twelve" a multiplicative increase; "repeated copying leads to a multiplication of errors"; "this multiplication of cells is a natural correlate of growth" summation the arithmetic operation of summing; calculating the sum of two or more numbers; "the summation of four and three gives seven"; "four plus three equals seven" a concluding summary (as in presenting a case before a law court) (physiology) the process whereby multiple stimuli can produce a response (in a muscle or nerve or other part) that one stimulus alone does not produce exponentiation the process of raising a quantity to some assigned power arithmetic operation a mathematical operation involving numbers matrix operation a mathematical operation involving matrices matrix addition the addition of matrices matrix multiplication the multiplication of matrices matrix inversion determination of a matrix that when multiplied by the given matrix will yield a unit matrix matrix transposition the interchange of each row of a square matrix with the corresponding column construction drawing a figure satisfying certain conditions as part of solving a problem or proving a theorem; "the assignment was to make a construction that could be used in proving the Pythagorean theorem" the act of constructing something; "during the construction we had to take a detour"; "his hobby was the building of boats" the commercial activity involved in repairing old structures or constructing new ones; "their main business is home construction"; "workers in the building trades" the creation of a construct; the process of combining ideas into a congruous object of thought a group of words that form a constituent of a sentence and are considered as a single unit; "I concluded from his awkward constructions that he was a foreigner" an interpretation of a text or action; "they put an unsympathetic construction on his conduct" quadrature the construction of a square having the same area as some other figure relaxation a method of solving simultaneous equations by guessing a solution and then reducing the errors that result by successive approximations until all the errors are less than some specified amount an occurrence of control or strength weakening; "the relaxation of requirements"; "the loosening of his grip"; "the slackening of the wind" (physics) the exponential return of a system to equilibrium after a disturbance (physiology) the gradual lengthening of inactive muscle or muscle fibers judgment the act of judging or assessing a person or situation or event; "they criticized my judgment of the contestants" (law) the determination by a court of competent jurisdiction on matters submitted to it the capacity to assess situations or circumstances shrewdly and to draw sound conclusions the cognitive process of reaching a decision or drawing conclusions an opinion formed by judging something; "he was reluctant to make his judgment known"; "she changed her mind" adjudication the final judgment in a legal proceeding; the act of pronouncing judgment based on the evidence presented disapproval the act of disapproving or condemning the expression of disapproval a feeling of disliking something or what someone is doing evaluation act of ascertaining or fixing the value or worth of an appraisal of the value of something; "he set a high valuation on friendship" estimate a judgment of the qualities of something or somebody; "many factors are involved in any estimate of human life"; "in my estimation the boy is innocent" an approximate calculation of quantity or degree or worth; "an estimate of what it would cost"; "a rough idea how long it would take" the respect with which a person is held; "they had a high estimation of his ability" a statement indicating the likely cost of some job; "he got an estimate from the car repair shop" judge tentatively or form an estimate of (quantities or time); "I estimate this chicken to weigh three pounds" appraisal an expert estimation of the quality, quantity, and other characteristics of someone or something the classification of someone or something with respect to its worth a document appraising the value of something (as for insurance or taxation) logistic assessment a judgment of the logistic support required for some particular military operation value judgment an assessment that reveals more about the values of the person making the assessment than about the reality of what is assessed moralism judgments about another person's morality; "he could not stand her hectoring moralism" a moral maxim succussion shaking a person to determine whether a large amount of liquid is present in a body cavity auscultation listening to sounds within the body (usually with a stethoscope) sensory activity activity intended to achieve a particular sensory result sensing becoming aware of something via the senses look the act of directing the eyes toward something and perceiving it visually; "he went out to have a look"; "his look was fixed on her eyes"; "he gave it a good looking at"; "his camera does his looking for him" physical appearance; "I don't like the looks of this place" have a certain outward or facial expression; "How does she look?"; "The child looks unhappy"; "She looked pale after the surgery" convey by one's expression; "She looked her devotion to me" perceive with attention; direct one's gaze towards; "She looked over the expanse of land"; "Look at your child!"; "Look--a deer in the backyard!" give a certain impression or have a certain outward aspect; "She seems to be sleeping"; "This appears to be a very difficult problem"; "This project looks fishy"; "They appeared like people who had not eaten or slept for a long time" accord in appearance with; "You don't look your age!" glance a quick look hit at an angle throw a glance at; take a brief look at; "She only glanced at the paper"; "I only peeked--I didn't see anything interesting" eye-beaming a radiant glance of the eye; "he pretended profundity by eye-beamings at people" side-glance a glance sideways; "she shot him an impatient side-glance" scrutiny a prolonged intense look peek a secret look squint the act of squinting; looking with the eyes partly closed cross one's eyes as if in strabismus; "The children squinted so as to scare each other" partly close one's eyes, as when hit by direct blinding light; "The driver squinted as the sun hit his windshield" be cross-eyed; have a squint or strabismus stare a fixed look with eyes open wide fixate one's eyes; "The ancestor in the painting is staring down menacingly" gaze a long fixed look; "he fixed his paternal gaze on me" look at with fixed eyes; "The students stared at the teacher with amazement" glare an angry stare a light within the field of vision that is brighter than the brightness to which the eyes are adapted; "a glare of sunlight" shine intensely; "The sun glared down on us" be sharply reflected; "The moon glared back at itself from the lake's surface" contemplation a long and thoughtful observation a calm, lengthy, intent consideration gape a stare of amazement (usually with the mouth open) an expression of openmouthed astonishment be wide open; "the deep gaping canyon" evil eye a look that is believed to have the power of inflicting harm inspection a formal or official examination; "the platoon stood ready for review"; "we had to wait for the inspection before we could use the elevator" resurvey a new survey or study sightseeing going about to look at places of interest observation the act of observing; taking a patient look the act of making and recording a measurement facts learned by observing; "he reported his observations to the mayor" a remark expressing careful consideration monitoring the act of observing something (and sometimes keeping a record of it); "the monitoring of enemy communications plays an important role in war times" sighting the act of observing; "several sightings of enemy troops were reported" landfall the first sighting of land from the sea after a voyage (or flight over water) the seacoast first sighted on a voyage (or flight over water) stargazing observation of the stars watch a purposeful surveillance to guard or observe a small portable timepiece a period of time (4 or 2 hours) during which some of a ship's crew are on duty the period during which someone (especially a guard) is on duty observe with attention; "They watched as the murderer was executed" observe or determine by looking; "Watch how the dog chases the cats away" look attentively; "watch a basketball game" see or watch; "view a show on television"; "This program will be seen all over the world"; "view an exhibition"; "Catch a show on Broadway"; "see a movie" be vigilant, be on the lookout or be careful; "Watch out for pickpockets!" follow with the eyes or the mind; "Keep an eye on the baby, please!"; "The world is watching Sarajevo"; "She followed the men with the binoculars" stakeout surveillance of some place or some person by the police (as in anticipation of a crime) surveillance of disease the ongoing systematic collection and analysis of data about an infectious disease that can lead to action being taken to control or prevent the disease listening watch a watch established for the reception of traffic of interest to the unit maintaining the watch lookout the act of looking out a structure commanding a wide view of its surroundings an elevated post affording a wide view a person employed to keep watch for some anticipated event view the act of looking or seeing or observing; "he tried to get a better view of it"; "his survey of the battlefield was limited" outward appearance; "they look the same in outward view" the visual percept of a region; "the most desirable feature of the park are the beautiful views" purpose; the phrase `with a view to' means `with the intention of' or `for the purpose of'; "he took the computer with a view to pawning it" the range of the eye; "they were soon out of view" look at carefully; study mentally; "view a problem" eyeful a full view; a good look; "they wanted to see violence and they got an eyeful" a strikingly beautiful woman; "she was a statuesque redheaded eyeful" dekko British slang for a look listening the act of hearing attentively; "you can learn a lot by just listening"; "they make good music--you should give them a hearing" relistening the act of hearing again lipreading perceiving what a person is saying by observing the movements of the lips taste a kind of sensing; distinguishing substances by means of the taste buds; "a wine tasting" the faculty of distinguishing sweet, sour, bitter, and salty properties in the mouth; "his cold deprived him of his sense of taste" the sensation that results when taste buds in the tongue and throat convey information about the chemical composition of a soluble stimulus; "the candy left him with a bad taste"; "the melon had a delicious taste" delicate discrimination (especially of aesthetic values); "arrogance and lack of taste contributed to his rapid success"; "to ask at that particular time was the ultimate in bad taste" a brief experience of something; "he got a taste of life on the wild side"; "she enjoyed her brief taste of independence" a small amount eaten or drunk; "take a taste--you'll like it" experience briefly; "The ex-slave tasted freedom shortly before she died" perceive by the sense of taste; "Can you taste the garlic?" distinguish flavors; "We tasted wines last night" have flavor; taste of something smell the act of perceiving the odor of something the faculty that enables us to distinguish scents the sensation that results when olfactory receptors in the nose are stimulated by particular chemicals in gaseous form; "she loved the smell of roses" become aware of not through the senses but instinctively; "I sense his hostility"; "I smell trouble"; "smell out corruption" emit an odor; "The soup smells good" smell bad; "He rarely washes, and he smells" inhale the odor of; perceive by the olfactory sense sniff sensing an odor by inhaling through the nose inhale audibly through the nose; "the sick student was sniffling in the back row" perceive by inhaling through the nose; "sniff the perfume" coeducation education of men and women in the same institutions continuing education a program of instruction designed primarily for adult students who participate part-time coursework work assigned to and done by a student during a course of study; usually it is evaluated as part of the student's grade in the course adult education a course (via lectures or correspondence) for adults who are not otherwise engaged in formal study art class a class in which you learn to draw or paint childbirth-preparation class a course that teaches pregnant women to use breathing and concentration and exercise techniques to use during labor life class an art class using a live human model elementary education education in elementary subjects (reading and writing and arithmetic) provided to young students at a grade school extracurricular activity educational activities not falling within the scope of the regular curriculum dramatics participation in theatrical productions as an extracurricular activity athletics participation in sports events as an extracurricular activity higher education education provided by a college or university secondary education education beyond the elementary grades; provided by a high school or college preparatory school spectator sport a sport that many people find entertaining to watch teaching the profession of a teacher; "he prepared for teaching while still in college"; "pedagogy is recognized as an important profession" a doctrine that is taught; "the teachings of religion"; "he believed all the Christian precepts" team sport a sport that involves competition between teams of players; "baseball is a team sport by golf is not" team teaching a method of coordinated classroom teaching involving a team of teachers working together with a single group of students catechesis oral religious instruction (as before baptism or confirmation) catechetical instruction teaching religious principles by questions and answers language teaching teaching people to speak and understand a foreign language teaching reading teaching beginners to read phonics teaching reading by training beginners to associate letters with their sound values whole-word method teaching reading by training beginners to associate printed words with spoken words schooling the act of teaching at school the training of an animal (especially the training of a horse for dressage) indoctrination teaching someone to accept doctrines uncritically brainwashing forcible indoctrination into a new set of attitudes and beliefs inculcation teaching or impressing upon the mind by frequent instruction or repetition tutelage teaching pupils individually (usually by a tutor hired privately) dance lesson a lesson in dancing music lesson a lesson in performing music piano lesson a lesson in playing the piano violin lesson a lesson in playing the violin tennis lesson a lesson in playing tennis golf lesson a lesson in playing golf history lesson a lesson in the facts of history correspondence course a course offered (by mail) by a correspondence school course of lectures a series of lectures dealing with a subject directed study a course of study that is supervised and controlled by a specialist in the subject; "he registered for directed study"; "he got credit for directed study"; "he did directed study" elective course a course that the student can select from among alternatives extension course a course offered as part of an extension service work-study program an educational plan in which students alternate between paid employment and formal study home study a course of study carried out at home rather than in a classroom industrial arts a course in the methods of using tools and machinery as taught in secondary schools and technical schools orientation course a course introducing a new situation or environment propaedeutic a course that provides an introduction to an art or science (or to more advanced study generally) refresher course a course that reviews and updates a topic for those who have not kept abreast of developments required course a course that all students are required to take seminar a course offered for a small group of advanced students any meeting for an exchange of ideas shop class a course of instruction in a trade (as carpentry or electricity); "I built a birdhouse in shop" workshop a brief intensive course for a small group; emphasizes problem solving small workplace where handcrafts or manufacturing are done sleep-learning teaching during sleep (as by using recordings to teach a foreign language to someone who is asleep) spoonfeeding teaching in an overly simplified way that discourages independent thought feeding someone (as a baby) from a spoon lecture teaching by giving a discourse on some subject (typically to a class) a lengthy rebuke; "a good lecture was my father's idea of discipline"; "the teacher gave him a talking to" a speech that is open to the public; "he attended a lecture on telecommunications" deliver a lecture or talk; "She will talk at Rutgers next week"; "Did you ever lecture at Harvard?" lecture demonstration presentation of an example of what the lecturer is discoursing about talk the act of giving a talk to an audience; "I attended an interesting talk on local history" an exchange of ideas via conversation; "let's have more work and less talk around here" discussion; (`talk about' is a less formal alternative for `discussion of'); "his poetry contains much talk about love and anger" idle gossip or rumor; "there has been talk about you lately" express in speech; "She talks a lot of nonsense"; "This depressed patient does not verbalize" exchange thoughts; talk with; "We often talk business"; "Actions talk louder than words" chalk talk a talk that uses a blackboard and chalk athletic training the course of practice and exercise and diet undertaken by an athlete fartlek a method of athletic training (especially for runners) in which strenuous effort and normal effort alternate in a continuous exercise discipline training to improve strength or self-control the act of disciplining; "the offenders deserved the harsh discipline they received" the trait of being well behaved; "he insisted on discipline among the troops" a system of rules of conduct or method of practice; "he quickly learned the discipline of prison routine"; "for such a plan to work requires discipline" a branch of knowledge; "in what discipline is his doctorate?"; "teachers should be well trained in their subject"; "anthropology is the study of human beings" punish in order to gain control or enforce obedience; "The teacher disciplined the pupils rather frequently" develop (a child's or animal's) behavior by instruction and practice; especially to teach self-control; "Parents must discipline their children"; "Is this dog trained?" training activity leading to skilled behavior drill (military) the training of soldiers to march (as in ceremonial parades) or to perform the manual of arms similar to the mandrill but smaller and less brightly colored a tool with a sharp point and cutting edges for making holes in hard materials (usually rotating rapidly or by repeated blows) train in the military, e.g., in the use of weapons undergo military training or do military exercises learn by repetition; "We drilled French verbs every day"; "Pianists practice scales" teach by repetition fire drill an exercise intended to train people in duties and escape procedures to be followed in case of fire manual of arms (military) a prescribed drill in handling a rifle order arms a position in the manual of arms; the rifle is held vertically on the right side with the butt on the ground; often used as a command military training training soldiers in military procedures basic training the initial period of training for new military personnel; involves intense physical activity and behavioral discipline retraining training for a new occupation skull session teaching strategy to an athletic team a session (as of executives or advisors) to discuss policy or strategy or to solve problems or exchange ideas toilet training training a young child to use the toilet military drill training in marching and the use of weapons close-order drill (military) military drill of troops in standard marching (shoulder-to-shoulder) square-bashing drill on a barracks square rehearsal (psychology) a form of practice; repetition of information (silently or aloud) in order to keep it in short-term memory a practice session in preparation for a public performance (as of a play or speech or concert); "he missed too many rehearsals"; "a rehearsal will be held the day before the wedding" dress rehearsal a full uninterrupted rehearsal in costumes shortly before the first performance run-through an uninterrupted rehearsal review practice intended to polish performance or refresh the memory (law) a judicial reexamination of the proceedings of a court (especially by an appellate court) an essay or article that gives a critical evaluation (as of a book or play) a periodical that publishes critical essays on current affairs or literature or art (accounting) a service (less exhaustive than an audit) that provides some assurance to interested parties as to the reliability of financial data look at again; examine again; "let's review your situation" look back upon (a period of time, sequence of events); remember; "she reviewed her achievements with pride" hold a review (of troops) refresh one's memory; "I reviewed the material before the test" appraise critically; "She reviews books for the New York Times"; "Please critique this performance" rub up a review that refreshes your memory; "I need a rub up on my Latin" scrimmage (American football) practice play between a football team's squads practice playing (a sport) shadowboxing sparring with an imaginary opponent (for exercise or training) target practice practice in shooting at targets representation an activity that stands as an equivalent of something or results in an equivalent the act of representing; standing in for someone or some group and speaking with authority in their behalf a creation that is a visual or tangible rendering of someone or something the right of being represented by delegates who have a voice in some legislative body a presentation to the mind in the form of an idea or image a statement of facts and reasons made in appealing or protesting; "certain representations were made concerning police brutality" a factual statement made by one party in order to induce another party to enter into a contract; "the sales contract contains several representations by the vendor" a body of legislators that serve in behalf of some constituency; "a Congressional vacancy occurred in the representation from California" the state of serving as an official and authorized delegate or agent model the act of representing something (usually on a smaller scale) representation of something (sometimes on a smaller scale) a type of product; "his car was an old model" a hypothetical description of a complex entity or process; "the computer program was based on a model of the circulatory and respiratory systems" a representative form or pattern; "I profited from his example" a person who poses for a photographer or painter or sculptor; "the president didn't have time to be a model so the artist worked from photos" someone worthy of imitation; "every child needs a role model" form in clay, wax, etc; "model a head with clay" construct a model of; "model an airplane" create a representation or model of; "The pilots are trained in conditions simulating high-altitude flights" plan or create according to a model or models display (clothes) as a mannequin; "model the latest fashion" assume a posture as for artistic purposes; "We don't know the woman who posed for Leonardo so often" simulation the act of imitating the behavior of some situation or some process by means of something suitably analogous (especially for the purpose of study or personnel training) (computer science) the technique of representing the real world by a computer program; "a simulation should imitate the internal processes and not merely the results of the thing being simulated" dramatization a dramatic representation conversion into dramatic form; "the play was a dramatization of a short story" guerrilla theater dramatization of a social issue; enacted outside in a park or on the street puppetry a stilted dramatic performance (as if by puppets) the art of making puppets and presenting puppet shows pageant an elaborate representation of scenes from history etc; usually involves a parade with rich costumes a rich and spectacular ceremony symbolizing the act of representing something with a symbol pictorial representation visual representation as by photography or painting typification the act of representing by a type or symbol; the action of typifying a representational or typifying form or model depiction representation by drawing or painting etc portraiture the activity of making portraits imaging (medicine) obtaining pictures of the interior of the body X-raying obtaining images by the use of X rays computerized tomography a method of examining body organs by scanning them with X rays and using a computer to construct a series of cross-sectional scans along a single axis sonography using the reflections of high-frequency sound waves to construct an image of a body organ (a sonogram); commonly used to observe fetal growth or study bodily organs A-scan ultrasonography the use of ultrasonography to measure the length of the eyeball B-scan ultrasonography the use of ultrasonography to view structure in the back of the eye positron emission tomography using a computerized radiographic technique to examine the metabolic activity in various tissues (especially in the brain) magnetic resonance imaging the use of nuclear magnetic resonance of protons to produce proton density images functional magnetic resonance imaging a form of magnetic resonance imaging of the brain that registers blood flow to functioning areas of the brain blood-oxygenation level dependent functional magnetic resonance imaging functional magnetic resonance imaging that relies on intrinsic changes in hemoglobin oxygenation fluoroscopy examination of body structures using a fluoroscope radioscopy (radiology) examination of the inner structure of opaque objects using X rays or other penetrating radiation radiography photography that uses other kinds of radiation than visible light the process of making a radiograph; producing an image on a radiosensitive surface by radiation other than visible light roentgenography radiography that uses X-rays to produce a roentgenogram xerography forming an image by the action of light on a specially coated charged plate; the latent image is developed with powders that adhere only to electrically charged areas; "edge enhancement is intrinsic in xerography" xeroradiography radiography using X-rays and xerographic (rather than roentgenographic) techniques angiography roentgenographic examination of blood vessels after injection of a radiopaque contrast medium; produces an angiogram lymphangiography roentgenographic examination of lymph nodes and lymph vessels after injection of a radiopaque contrast medium; produces a lymphangiogram arteriography roentgenographic examination of arteries arthrography roentgenographic examination of a joint after injection of radiopaque contrast medium; produces an arthrogram venography roentgenographic examination of veins cholangiography roentgenographic examination of the bile ducts after a contrast medium has been injected encephalography roentgenography of the brain after spinal fluid has been replaced by a gas (usually oxygen); produces an encephalogram myelography roentgenography of the spinal cord to detect possible lesions (usually after injection of a contrast medium into the subarachnoid space) pyelography roentgenography of the kidney and ureters (usually after injection with a radiopaque dye) intravenous pyelography performing pyelography with intravenous injection of a contrast medium telephotography photography using a telephoto lens transmission and reproduction of photographs and charts and pictures over a distance radiophotography transmission of photographs by radio waves time exposure exposure of a film for a relatively long time (more than half a second) a photograph produced with a relatively long exposure time filming the act of making a film take the act of photographing a scene or part of a scene without interruption ascertain or determine by measuring, computing or take a reading from a dial; "take a pulse"; "A reading was taken of the earth's tremors" be seized or affected in a specified way; "take sick"; "be taken drunk" interpret something in a certain way; convey a particular meaning or impression; "I read this address as a satire"; "How should I take this message?" accept or undergo, often unwillingly; "We took a pay cut" obtain by winning; "Winner takes all"; "He took first prize" get into one's hands, take physically; "Take a cookie!"; "Can you take this bag, please" have sex with; archaic use; "He had taken this woman when she was most vulnerable" travel or go by means of a certain kind of transportation, or a certain route; "He takes the bus to work"; "She takes Route 1 to Newark" head into a specified direction; "The escaped convict took to the hills"; "We made for the mountains" experience or feel or submit to; "Take a test"; "Take the plunge" to get into a position of having, e.g., safety, comfort; "take shelter from the storm" take into one's possession; "We are taking an orphan from Romania"; "I'll take three salmon steaks" take by force; "Hitler took the Baltic Republics"; "The army took the fort on the hill" buy, select; "I'll take a pound of that sausage" make use of or accept for some purpose; "take a risk"; "take an opportunity" require (time or space); "It took three hours to get to work this morning"; "This event occupied a very short time" develop a habit; "He took to visiting bars" carry out; "take action"; "take steps"; "take vengeance" retake a shot or scene that is photographed again photograph again; "Please retake that scene" animation the making of animated cartoons quality of being active or spirited or alive and vigorous the property of being able to survive and grow; "the vitality of a seed" the condition of living or the state of being alive; "while there's life there's hope"; "life depends on many chemical and physical processes" creation the human act of creating an artifact that has been brought into existence by someone the event that occurred at the beginning of something; "from its creation the plan was doomed to failure" re-creation the act of creating again creating from raw materials the act of creating something that is different from the materials that went into it spinning creating thread weaving creating fabric netting creating nets knitting creating knitted wear crocheting creating a garment of needlework lace making the act or art of making handmade lace mintage act or process of minting coins fee paid to a mint by the government for minting a coin molding the act of creating something by casting it in a mold a decorative recessed or relieved surface on an edge a decorative strip used for ornamentation or finishing needlework work (such as sewing or embroidery) that is done with a needle a creation created or assembled by needle and thread recording the act of making a record (especially an audio record); "she watched the recording from a sound-proof booth" a signal that encodes something (e.g., picture or sound) that has been recorded a storage device on which information (sounds or images) have been recorded lip synchronization combining audio and video recording in such a way that the sound is perfectly synchronized with the action that produced it; especially synchronizing the movements of a speaker's lips with the sound of his speech mastering the act of making a master recording from which copies can be made; "he received a bill for mastering the concert and making 100 copies" becoming proficient in the use of something; having mastery of; "his mastering the art of cooking took a long time" bricolage construction of something by whatver material are available crenelation the action of constructing ramparts with gaps for firing guns or arrows erecting the act of building or putting up house-raising construction by a group of neighbors fabrication the act of constructing something (as a piece of machinery) the act of making something (a product) from raw materials; "the synthesis and fabrication of single crystals"; "an improvement in the manufacture of explosives"; "manufacturing is vital to Great Britain" writing in a fictional form a deliberately false or improbable account dry walling the activity of building stone walls without mortar dismantling the act of taking something apart (as a piece of machinery); "Russia and the United States discussed the dismantling of their nuclear weapons" grading changing the ground level to a smooth horizontal or gently sloping surface road construction the construction of roads shipbuilding the construction of ships cottage industry small-scale industry that can be carried on at home by family members using their own equipment mass production the production of large quantities of a standardized article (often using assembly line techniques) overproduction too much production or more than expected underproduction inadequate production or less than expected output production of a certain amount what is produced in a given time period the quantity of something (as a commodity) that is created (usually within a given period of time); "production was up in the second quarter" to create or manufacture a specific amount; "the computer is outputting the data from the job I'm running" breeding the production of animals or plants by inbreeding or hybridization helping someone grow up to be an accepted member of the community; "they debated whether nature or nurture was more important" elegance by virtue of fineness of manner and expression producing offspring or set aside especially for producing offspring; "the breeding population"; "retained a few bulls for breeding purposes" brewing the production of malt beverages (as beer or ale) from malt and hops by grinding and boiling them and fermenting the result with yeast autosexing (especially of domestic fowl) breeding to reveal differential sex characteristics at hatching cattle breeding breeding cattle dog breeding breeding dogs horse breeding breeding horses cultivation (agriculture) production of food by preparing the land to grow crops (especially on a large scale) the act of raising or growing plants (especially on a large scale) socialization through training and education to develop one's mind or manners; "her cultivation was remarkable" the process of fostering the growth of something; "the cultivation of bees for honey" aquaculture rearing aquatic animals or cultivating aquatic plants for food beekeeping the cultivation of bees on a commercial scale for the production of honey animal husbandry breeding and caring for farm animals arboriculture the tending of and caring for trees culture the raising of plants or animals; "the culture of oysters" (biology) the growing of microorganisms in a nutrient medium (such as gelatin or agar); "the culture of cells in a Petri dish" the tastes in art and manners that are favored by a social group the attitudes and behavior that are characteristic of a particular social group or organization; "the developing drug culture"; "the reason that the agency is doomed to inaction has something to do with the FBI culture" a particular society at a particular time and place; "early Mayan civilization" grow in a special preparation; "the biologist grows microorganisms" cranberry culture the cultivation of cranberries monoculture the cultivation of a single crop (on a farm or area or country) tillage the cultivation of soil for raising crops dairying the business of a dairy gardening the cultivation of plants plowing tilling the land with a plow; "he hired someone to do the plowing for him" tilling cultivation of the land in order to raise crops hydroponics a technique of growing plants (without soil) in water containing dissolved nutrients drip culture a hydroponic method of growing plants by allowing nutrient solutions to drip slowly onto an inert medium in which the plants are growing mixed farming growing crops and feed and livestock all on the same farm planting putting seeds or young plants in the ground to grow; "the planting of corn is hard work" the act of fixing firmly in place; "he ordered the planting of policemen outside every doorway" a collection of plants (trees or shrubs or flowers) in a particular area; "the landscape architect suggested a small planting in the northwest corner" stratification the placing of seeds in damp sand or sawdust or peat moss in order to preserve them or promote germination the act or process or arranging persons into classes or social strata a layered configuration forming or depositing in layers the condition of being arranged in social strata or classes within a group ranching farming for the raising of livestock (particularly cattle) strip cropping cultivation of crops in strips following the contours of the land to minimize erosion subsistence farming farming that provides for the basic needs of the farmer without surpluses for marketing starter a culture containing yeast or bacteria that is used to start the process of fermentation or souring in making butter or cheese or dough; "to make sourdough you need a starter" an electric motor for starting an engine the official who signals the beginning of a race or competition a contestant in a team sport who is in the game at the beginning landscaping working as a landscape gardener a garden laid out for esthetic effect; "they spent a great deal of money on the landscaping" market gardening the growing of vegetables or flowers for market flower gardening the cultivation of flowering plants tree surgery treatment of damaged or decaying trees harvest the season for gathering crops the gathering of a ripened crop the consequence of an effort or activity; "they gathered a harvest of examples"; "a harvest of love" remove from a culture or a living or dead body, as for the purposes of transplantation; "Should one harvest organs from dead people for transplants?" haying the season for cutting and drying and storing grass as fodder the harvesting of hay rainmaking activity intended to produce rain mining the act of extracting ores or coal etc from the earth laying explosive mines in concealed places to destroy enemy personnel and equipment placer mining mining valuable minerals from a placer by washing or dredging strip mining the mining of ore or coal from an open mine quarrying the extraction of building stone or slate from an open surface quarry boring the act of drilling a hole in the earth in the hope of producing petroleum so lacking in interest as to cause mental weariness; "a boring evening with uninteresting people"; "the deadening effect of some routine tasks"; "a dull play"; "his competent but dull performance"; "a ho-hum speaker who couldn't capture their attention"; "what an irksome task the writing of long letters is"- Edmund Burke; "tedious days on the train"; "the tiresome chirping of a cricket"- Mark Twain; "other people's dreams are dreadfully wearisome" sericulture the production of raw silk by raising silkworms raising silkworms in order to obtain raw silk industry the organized action of making of goods and services for sale; "American industry is making increased use of computers to control production" the people or companies engaged in a particular kind of commercial enterprise; "each industry has its own trade publications" industrialization the development of industry on an extensive scale devising the act that results in something coming to be; "the devising of plans"; "the fashioning of pots and pans"; "the making of measurements"; "it was already in the making" mapmaking the making of maps and charts moviemaking the production of movies formation the act of fabricating something in a particular shape creation by mental activity; "the formation of sentences"; "the formation of memories" a particular spatial arrangement an arrangement of people or things acting as a unit; "a defensive formation"; "a formation of planes" natural process that causes something to form; "the formation of gas in the intestine"; "the formation of crystals"; "the formation of pseudopods" forging shaping metal by heating and hammering metalworking the activity of making things out of metal in a skillful manner granulation the act of forming something into granules or grains; "the granulation of medicines" new connective tissue and tiny blood vessels that form on the surfaces of a wound during the healing process grooving the cutting of spiral grooves on the inside of the barrel of a firearm newspeak deliberately ambiguous and contradictory language used to mislead and manipulate the public; "the welfare state brought its own newspeak" prefabrication the manufacture of sections of a building at the factory so they can be easily and rapidly assembled at the building site confection the act of creating something (a medicine or drink or soup etc.) by compounding or mixing a variety of components lamination bonding thin sheets together a layered structure tanning making leather from rawhide process in which skin pigmentation darkens as a result of exposure to ultraviolet light veneering the act of applying veneer creating by mental acts the act of creating something by thinking affixation formation of a word by means of an affix the result of adding an affix to a root word prefixation formation of a word by means of a prefix suffixation formation of a word by means of a suffix design the act of working out the form of something (as by making a sketch or outline or plan); "he contributed to the design of a new instrument" a decorative or artistic work; "the coach had a design on the doors" a preliminary sketch indicating the plan for something; "the design of a building" an arrangement scheme; "the awkward design of the keyboard made operation difficult"; "it was an excellent design for living"; "a plan for seating guests" intend or have as a purpose; "She designed to go far in the world of business" plan something for a specific role or purpose or effect; "This room is not designed for work" conceive or fashion in the mind; invent; "She designed a good excuse for not attending classes that day" make a design of; plan out in systematic, often graphic form; "design a better mousetrap"; "plan the new wing of the museum" create the design for; create or execute in an artistic or highly skilled manner; "Chanel designed the famous suit" create designs; "Dupont designs for the house of Chanel" planning the act or process of drawing up plans or layouts for some project or enterprise an act of formulating a program for a definite course of action; "the planning was more fun than the trip itself" the cognitive process of thinking about what you will do in the event of something happening; "his planning for retirement was hindered by several uncertainties" city planning determining and drawing up plans for the future physical arrangement and condition of a community zoning dividing an area into zones or sections reserved for different purposes such as residence and business and manufacturing etc programming creating a sequence of instructions to enable the computer to do something logic programming creating a program that enables the computer to reason logically object-oriented programming creating a program that can use and support objects verbal creation creating something by the use of speech and language adoxography fine writing in praise of trivial or base subjects; "Elizabethan schoolboys were taught adoxography, the art of eruditely praising worthless things"; "adoxography is particularly useful to lawyers" historiography the writing of history a body of historical literature novelization converting something into the form of a novel redaction the act of putting something in writing lexicography the act of writing dictionaries objectification the act of representing an abstraction as a physical thing a concrete representation of an abstract idea or principle depersonalization representing a human being as a physical thing deprived of personal qualities or individuality; "according to Marx, treating labor as a commodity exemplified the reification of the individual" (existentialism) a loss of personal identity; a feeling of being an anonymous cog in an impersonal social machine emotional dissociative disorder in which there is loss of contact with your own personal reality accompanied by feelings of unreality and strangeness externalization embodying in an outward form attributing to outside causes hypostatization regarding something abstract as a material thing embodiment giving concrete form to an abstract concept a new personification of a familiar idea; "the embodiment of hope"; "the incarnation of evil"; "the very avatar of cunning" soul the human embodiment of something; "the soul of honor" a secular form of gospel that was a major Black musical genre in the 1960s and 1970s; "soul was politically significant during the Civil Rights movement" deep feeling or emotion the immaterial part of a person; the actuating cause of an individual life personification the act of attributing human characteristics to abstract ideas etc. representing an abstract quality or idea as a person or creature a person who represents an abstract quality; "she is the personification of optimism" art the creation of beautiful or significant things; "art does not need to be innovative to be good"; "I was never any good at art"; "he said that architecture is the art of wasting space beautifully" the products of human creativity; works of art collectively; "an art exhibition"; "a collection of fine art" a superior skill that you can learn by study and practice and observation; "the art of conversation"; "it's quite an art" arts and crafts the arts of decorative design and handicraft; "they sponsored arts and crafts in order to encourage craftsmanship in an age of mass production" ceramics the art of making and decorating pottery decalcomania the art of transfering designs from specially prepared paper to a wood or glass or metal surface decantation the act of gently pouring off a clear liquor (as from its original bottle) without disturbing the lees decoupage the art of decorating a surface with shapes or pictures and then coating it with varnish or lacquer art produced by decorating a surface with cutouts and then coating it with several layers of varnish or lacquer glyptography carving or engraving (especially on stones) gastronomy the art and practice of choosing and preparing and eating good food a particular style of cookery (as of a region); "New England gastronomy" origami the Japanese art of folding paper into shapes representing objects (e.g., flowers or birds) distemper a method of painting in which the pigments are mixed with water and a binder; used for painting posters or murals or stage scenery a painting created with paint that is made by mixing the pigments with water and a binder paint made by mixing the pigments with water and a binder any of various infectious viral diseases of animals paint with distemper fresco a durable method of painting on a wall by using watercolors on wet plaster a mural done with watercolors on wet plaster paint onto wet plaster on a wall impasto painting that applies the pigment thickly so that brush or palette knife marks are visible perfumery the art of making perfumes an establishment where perfumes are made store where perfumes are sold perfumes in general printmaking artistic design and manufacture of prints as woodcuts or silkscreens sculpture creating figures or designs in three dimensions a three-dimensional work of plastic art modeling a preliminary sculpture in wax or clay from which a finished work can be copied topiary making decorative shapes by trimming shrubs or trees a garden having shrubs clipped or trimmed into decorative shapes especially of animals pyrography the act of producing drawings on wood or leather by using heated tools or a fine flame oil painting the art or method of painting with oil paints a picture painted with oil paints watercolor the art or technique of painting with watercolors a painting produced with watercolors a water-base paint (with water-soluble pigments); used by artists water-soluble pigment engraving making engraved or etched plates and printing designs from them a block or plate or other hard surface that has been engraved a print made from an engraving steel engraving the act of engraving on a steel plate engraving on a steel plate an impression taken from an engraved steel plate aquatint a method of etching that imitates the broad washes of a water color an etching made by a process that makes it resemble a water color etch in aquatint serigraphy the act of making a print by the silkscreen method lithography the act of making a lithographic print a method of planographic printing from a metal or stone surface composing musical creation arrangement the act of arranging and adapting a piece of music an organized structure for arranging or classifying; "he changed the arrangement of the topics"; "the facts were familiar but it was in the organization of them that he was original"; "he tried to understand their system of classification" an orderly grouping (of things or persons) considered as a unit; the result of arranging; "a flower arrangement" orchestration the act of arranging a piece of music for an orchestra and assigning parts to the different musical instruments an arrangement of events that attempts to achieve a maximum effect; "the skillful orchestration of his political campaign" an arrangement of a piece of music for performance by an orchestra or band recapitulation (music) the repetition of themes introduced earlier (especially when one is composing the final part of a movement) a summary at the end that repeats the substance of a longer discussion (music) the section of a composition or movement (especially in sonata form) in which musical themes that were introduced earlier are repeated invention the act of inventing a creation (a new device or process) resulting from study and experimentation the creation of something in the mind neologism the act of inventing a word or phrase a newly invented word or phrase devisal the act of devising something conceptualization inventing or contriving an idea or explanation and formulating it mentally an elaborated concept framing formulation of the plans and important details; "the framing of judicial decrees" avenue a line of approach; "they explored every avenue they could think of"; "it promises to open new avenues to understanding" a wide street or thoroughfare creating by removal the act of creating by removing something excavation the act of digging; "there's an interesting excavation going on near Princeton" a hole in the ground made by excavating carving removing parts from hard material to create a desired pattern or shape a sculpture created by removing material (as wood or ivory or stone) in order to create a desired shape petroglyph a carving or line drawing on rock (especially one made by prehistoric people) drilling the act of drilling gouge the act of gouging and edge tool with a blade like a trough for cutting channels or grooves force with the thumb; "gouge out his eyes" puncture the act of puncturing or perforating a small hole made by a sharp object loss of air pressure in a tire when a hole is made by some sharp object be pierced or punctured; "The tire punctured" cause to lose air pressure or collapse by piercing; "puncture an air balloon" pierce with a pointed object; make a hole into; "puncture a tire" make by piercing; "puncture a hole" centesis (surgery) the act of puncturing a body cavity or organ with a hollow needle in order to draw out fluid abdominocentesis centesis of the belly to remove fluid for diagnosis amniocentesis (pregnancy) extraction by centesis of amniotic fluid from a pregnant woman (after the 15th week of pregnancy) to aid in the diagnosis of fetal abnormalities arthrocentesis removal of fluid from a joint by centesis celiocentesis removal of fluid from the abdomen by centesis lumbar puncture removal by centesis of fluid from the subarachnoid space of the lumbar region of the spinal cord for diagnostic or therapeutic purposes thoracocentesis removal of fluid from the chest by centesis for diagnostic or therapeutic purposes fetoscopy prenatal diagnosis that allows direct observation of a fetus in the uterus and the withdrawal of fetal blood perforation the act of punching a hole (especially a row of holes as for ease of separation) a line of small holes for tearing at a particular place a hole made in something; "a perforation of the eardrum" prick the act of puncturing with a small point; "he gave the balloon a small prick" to cause a sharp emotional pain; "The thought of her unhappiness pricked his conscience" cause a stinging pain; "The needle pricked his skin" venipuncture (medicine) puncture of a vein through the skin in order to withdraw blood for analysis or to start an intravenous drip or to inject medication or a radiopaque dye film editing the activity of selecting the scenes to be shown and putting them together to create a film foraging the act of searching for food and provisions frisk the act of searching someone for concealed weapons or illegal drugs; "he gave the suspect a quick frisk" search as for concealed weapons by running the hands rapidly over the clothing and through the pockets; "The police frisked everyone at the airport" strip search searching someone for concealed weapons or illegal drugs by having them remove their clothes looking the act of searching visually appearing to be as specified; usually used as combining forms; "left their clothes dirty looking"; "a most disagreeable looking character"; "angry-looking"; "liquid-looking"; "severe-looking policemen on noble horses"; "fine-sounding phrases"; "taken in by high-sounding talk" manhunt an organized search (by police) for a person (charged with a crime) quest the act of searching for something; "a quest for diamonds" seek alms, as for religious purposes search the trail of (game); "The dog went off and quested" make a search (for); "Things that die with their eyes open and questing"; "The animal came questing through the forest" ransacking a thorough search for something (often causing disorder or confusion); "he gave the attic a good rummage but couldn't find his skis" use the act of using; "he warned against the use of narcotic drugs"; "skilled in the utilization of computers" a particular service; "he put his knowledge to good use"; "patrons have their uses" (law) the exercise of the legal right to enjoy the benefits of owning property; "we were given the use of his boat" use up, consume fully; "The legislature expended its time on school questions" put into service; make work or employ for a particular purpose or for its inherent or natural purpose; "use your head!"; "we only use Spanish at home"; "I can't use this tool"; "Apply a magnetic field here"; "This thinking was applied to many projects"; "How do you utilize this tool?"; "I apply this rule to get good results"; "use the plastic bags to store the food"; "He doesn't know how to use a computer" take or consume (regularly or habitually); "She uses drugs rarely" habitually do something or be in a certan state or place (use only in the past tense); "She used to call her mother every week but now she calls only occasionally"; "I used to get sick when I ate in that dining hall"; "They used to vacation in the Bahamas"; "she used to be his best friend and now they are enemies" seek or achieve an end by using to one's advantage; "She uses her influential friends to get jobs"; "The president's wife used her good connections" misuse improper or excessive use; "alcohol abuse"; "the abuse of public funds" substance abuse excessive use of drugs alcohol abuse excessive use of alcohol and alcoholic drinks land development making an area of land more useful water development making an area of water more useful recycling the act of processing used or abandoned materials for use in creating new products used or abandoned materials for use in creating new products; "Every Monday, we put our recycling out on the curb for pick-up" bottle collection collecting bottles for reuse the activity of collecting bottles; "bottle collection is a hobby of hers" a collection of bottles; "her bottle collection is arranged on glass shelves in the window" misapplication wrong use or application technology the application of the knowledge and usage of tools (such as machines or utensils) and techniques to control one's environment; "the mastery of fire was a huge advance in human technology" machinery and equipment developed from engineering or other applied sciences engineering the practical application of technical and scientific knowledge to commerce or industry a room (as on a ship) in which the engine is located the discipline dealing with the art or science of applying scientific knowledge to practical problems; "he had trouble deciding which branch of engineering to study" aeronautical engineering the activity of designing and constructing aircraft the branch of engineering science concerned with the design and construction of aircraft automotive technology the activity of designing and constructing automobiles chemical engineering the activity of applying chemistry to the solution of practical problems the branch of engineering that is concerned with the design and construction and operation of the plants and machinery used in industrial chemical processes communications technology the activity of designing and constructing and maintaining communication systems digital communications technology the design and construction of communications technology that transmits information in digital form computer technology the activity of designing and constructing and programming computers high technology highly advanced technological development (especially in electronics) rail technology the activity of designing and constructing and operating railroads magnetic levitation high-speed rail technology; train is suspended on a magnetic cushion above a magnetized track and so travels free of friction overexploitation exploitation to the point of diminishing returns commercialization the act of commercializing something; involving something in commerce; "my father considered the commercialization of Christmas to be a sacrilege"; "the government tried to accelerate the commercialization of this development"; "both companies will retain control over the commercialization of their own products" market capitalization an estimation of the value of a business that is obtained by multiplying the number of shares outstanding by the current price of a share electrification the act of providing electricity; "the electrification of rural Tennessee" the activity of thrilling or markedly exciting some person or group unitization the joint development of a petroleum resource that straddles territory controlled by different companies conversion of an investment trust into a unit investment trust the act of packaging cargo into unit loads (psychology) the configuration of smaller units of information into large coordinated units military action a military engagement; "he saw action in Korea" limited war a war whose objective is less than the unconditional defeat of the enemy psychological warfare the use of psychological tactics to destroy the opponents' morale battle a hostile meeting of opposing military forces in the course of a war; "Grant won a decisive victory in the battle of Chickamauga"; "he lost his romantic ideas about war when he got into a real engagement" battle or contend against in or as if in a battle; "The Kurds are combating Iraqi troops in Northern Iraq"; "We must combat the prejudices against other races"; "they battled over the budget" blockade a war measure that isolates some area of importance to the enemy prevents access or progress impose a blockade on obstruct access to electronic warfare military action involving the use of electromagnetic energy to determine or exploit or reduce or prevent hostile use of the electromagnetic spectrum combined operation a military operation carried out cooperatively by two or more allied nations or a military operation carried out by coordination of sea, land, and air forces police action a local military action without declaration of war; against violators of international peace and order saber rattling the ostentatious display of military power (with the implied threat that it might be used) Armageddon any catastrophically destructive battle; "they called the first World War an Armageddon" (New Testament) the scene of the final battle between the kings of the Earth at the end of the world pitched battle a fierce battle fought in close combat between troops in predetermined positions at a chosen time and place naval battle a pitched battle between naval fleets conflict an open clash between two opposing groups (or individuals); "the harder the conflict the more glorious the triumph"--Thomas Paine; "police tried to control the battle between the pro- and anti-abortion mobs" an incompatibility of dates or events; "he noticed a conflict in the dates of the two meetings" opposition between two simultaneous but incompatible feelings; "he was immobilized by conflict and indecision" opposition in a work of drama or fiction between characters or forces (especially an opposition that motivates the development of the plot); "this form of conflict is essential to Mann's writing" a state of opposition between persons or ideas or interests; "his conflict of interest made him ineligible for the post"; "a conflict of loyalties" go against, as of rules and laws; "He ran afoul of the law"; "This behavior conflicts with our rules" be in conflict; "The two proposals conflict!" close-quarter fighting hand-to-hand fighting at close quarters contretemps an awkward clash; "he tried to smooth over his contretemps with the policeman" class struggle conflict between social or economic classes (especially between the capitalist and proletariat classes) air defense defensive measures designed to destroy attacking enemy aircraft or missiles or to nullify their effectiveness active air defense air defense by the use aircraft or missiles or artillery or electronic countermeasures passive air defense air defense by the use of deception or dispersion or protective construction civil defense activities organized by civilians for their own protection in time of war or disaster stand a defensive effort; "the army made a final stand at the Rhone" a stop made by a touring musical or theatrical group to give a performance; "a one-night stand" tiered seats consisting of a structure (often made of wood) where people can sit to watch an event (game or parade) a small table for holding articles of various kinds; "a bedside stand" an interruption of normal activity a growth of similar plants (usually trees) in a particular area; "they cut down a stand of trees" the position where a thing or person stands have or maintain a position or stand on an issue; "Where do you stand on the War?" be available for stud services; "male domestic animals such as stallions serve selected females" be standing; be upright; "We had to stand for the entire performance!" put into an upright position; "Can you stand the bookshelf up?" be in some specified state or condition; "I stand corrected" hold one's ground; maintain a position; be steadfast or upright; "I am standing my ground and won't give in!" be tall; have a height of; copula; "She stands 6 feet tall" be in effect; be or remain in force; "The law stands!" remain inactive or immobile; "standing water" occupy a place or location, also metaphorically; "We stand on common ground" repulsion the act of repulsing or repelling an attack; a successful defensive stand the force by which bodies repel one another hasty defense a defense organized while in contact with the enemy or when time is limited deliberate defense a defense organized before contact is made with the enemy and while time for organization is available; usually includes a fortified zone (with pillboxes) and communication systems biological defense procedures involved in taking defensive measures against attacks using biological agents chemical defense procedures involved in taking defensive measures against attacks using chemical agents rebellion organized opposition to authority; a conflict in which one faction tries to wrest control from another refusal to accept some authority or code or convention; "each generation must have its own rebellion"; "his body was in rebellion against fatigue" civil war a war between factions in the same country revolution the overthrow of a government by those who are governed a drastic and far-reaching change in ways of thinking and behaving; "the industrial revolution was also a cultural revolution" counterrevolution a revolution whose aim is to reverse the changes introduced by a previous revolution insurgency an organized rebellion aimed at overthrowing a constituted government through the use of subversion and armed conflict intifada an uprising by Palestinian Arabs (in both the Gaza Strip and the West Bank) against Israel in the late 1980s and again in 2000; "the first intifada ended when Israel granted limited autonomy to the Palestine National Authority in 1993" pacification actions taken by a government to defeat insurgency the act of appeasing someone or causing someone to be more favorably inclined; "a wonderful skill in the pacification of crying infants"; "his unsuccessful mollification of the mob" mutiny open rebellion against constituted authority (especially by seamen or soldiers against their officers) engage in a mutiny against an authority Peasant's Revolt a widespread rebellion in 1381 against poll taxes and other inequities that oppressed the poorer people of England; suppressed by Richard II combat an engagement fought between two military forces aggression violent action that is hostile and usually unprovoked deliberately unfriendly behavior the act of initiating hostilities a disposition to behave aggressively a feeling of hostility that arouses thoughts of attack hostilities fighting; acts of overt warfare; "the outbreak of hostilities" trench warfare a type of armed combat in which the opposing troops fight from trenches that face each other; "instead of the war ending quickly, it became bogged down in trench warfare" a struggle (usually prolonged) between competing entities in which neither side is able to win; "the hope that his superior campaigning skills would make a difference evaporated in the realization that electioneering had become a form of trench warfare" meat grinder any action resulting in injury or destruction; "the meat grinder of politics destroyed his reputation"; "allied forces crumbled before the Wehrmacht meat grinder" a mill for grinding meat violence an act of aggression (as one against a person who resists); "he may accomplish by craft in the long run what he cannot do by force and violence in the short one" a turbulent state resulting in injuries and destruction etc. domestic violence violence or physical abuse directed toward your spouse or domestic partner or other members of a household plundering the act of stealing valuable things from a place; "the plundering of the Parthenon"; "his plundering of the great authors" given to taking by force what is desired banditry the practice of plundering in gangs rustling the stealing of cattle looting plundering during riots or in wartime spoil the act of stripping and taking by force the act of spoiling something by causing damage to it; "her spoiling my dress was deliberate" (usually plural) valuables taken by violence (especially in war); "to the victor belong the spoils of the enemy" become unfit for consumption or use; "the meat must be eaten before it spoils" ravaging plundering with excessive damage and destruction ruinously destructive and wasting; "a ravaging illness" depredation an act of plundering and pillaging and marauding sack the plundering of a place by an army or mob; usually involves destruction and slaughter; "the sack of Rome" a bag made of paper or plastic for holding customer's purchases a woman's full loose hiplength jacket any of various light dry strong white wine from Spain and Canary Islands (including sherry) the quantity contained in a sack put in a sack; "The grocer sacked the onions" plunder (a town) after capture; "the barbarians sacked Rome" chemical warfare warfare using chemical agents to kill or injure or incapacitate the enemy biological warfare the use of bacteria or viruses or toxins to destroy men and animals or food biological warfare defense defense against biological warfare Crusade any of the more or less continuous military expeditions in the 11th to 13th centuries when Christian powers of Europe tried to recapture the Holy Land from the Muslims First Crusade a Crusade from 1096 to 1099; captured Jerusalem and created a theocracy there Second Crusade a Crusade from 1145 to 1147 that failed because of internal disagreements among the crusaders and led to the loss of Jerusalem in 1187 Third Crusade a Crusade from 1189 to 1192 led by Richard I and the king of France that failed because an army torn by dissensions and fighting on foreign soil could not succeed against forces united by religious zeal Fourth Crusade a Crusade from 1202 to 1204 that was diverted into a battle for Constantinople and failed to recapture Jerusalem Fifth Crusade a Crusade under papal control from 1218 to 1221 that achieved military victories but failed when dissension arose over accepting the terms they had been offered Sixth Crusade a Crusade from 1228 to 1229 led by the Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II who fell ill and was excommunicated by the Pope; by negotiation Frederick II was able to crown himself king of Jerusalem Seventh Crusade a Crusade initiated in 1248 after the loss of Jerusalem in 1244 and defeated in 1249 naval campaign an operation conducted primarily by naval forces in order to gain or extend or maintain control of the sea combat mission a mission to capture or defend something search mission a mission to discover something search and destroy mission an operation developed for United States troops in Vietnam; troops would move through a designated area destroying troops as they found them support a military operation (often involving new supplies of men and materiel) to strengthen a military force or aid in the performance of its mission; "they called for artillery support" the act of bearing the weight of or strengthening; "he leaned against the wall for support" aiding the cause or policy or interests of; "the president no longer has the support of his own party"; "they developed a scheme of mutual support" the activity of providing for or maintaining by supplying with money or necessities; "his support kept the family together"; "they gave him emotional support during difficult times" any device that bears the weight of another thing; "there was no place to attach supports for a shelf" supporting structure that holds up or provides a foundation; "the statue stood on a marble support" something providing immaterial assistance to a person or cause or interest; "the policy found little public support"; "his faith was all the support he needed"; "the team enjoyed the support of their fans" the financial means whereby one lives; "each child was expected to pay for their keep"; "he applied to the state for support"; "he could no longer earn his own livelihood" financial resources provided to make some project possible; "the foundation provided support for the experiment" play a subordinate role to (another performer); "Olivier supported Gielgud beautifully in the second act" support materially or financially; "he does not support his natural children"; "The scholarship supported me when I was in college" give moral or psychological support, aid, or courage to; "She supported him during the illness"; "Her children always backed her up" dogfight a violent fight between dogs (sometimes organized illegally for entertainment and gambling) an aerial engagement between fighter planes a fiercely disputed contest; "their rancor dated from a political dogfight between them"; "a real dogfight for third place"; "a prolonged dogfight over their rival bids for the contract" engage in an aerial battle with another fighter plane arrange for an illegal dogfight close support close-in firing by one unit against an enemy engaged by another unit direct support a mission requiring one force to support another specific force and authorizing it to answer directly the supported force's request for assistance amphibious demonstration an amphibious operation conducted for the purpose of deceiving the enemy and leading him into a course of action unfavorable to him diversionary landing an amphibious diversionary attack air raid an attack by armed planes on a surface target ground attack an attack by ground troops storm a direct and violent assault on a stronghold a violent weather condition with winds 64-72 knots (11 on the Beaufort scale) and precipitation and thunder and lightning a violent commotion or disturbance; "the storms that had characterized their relationship had died away"; "it was only a tempest in a teapot" attack by storm; attack suddenly take by force; "Storm the fort" blow hard; "It was storming all night" rain, hail, or snow hard and be very windy, often with thunder or lightning; "If it storms, we'll need shelter" charge an impetuous rush toward someone or something; "the wrestler's charge carried him past his adversary"; "the battle began with a cavalry charge" a quantity of explosive to be set off at one time; "this cartridge has a powder charge of 50 grains" heraldry consisting of a design or image depicted on a shield (criminal law) a pleading describing some wrong or offense; "he was arrested on a charge of larceny" request for payment of a debt; "they submitted their charges at the end of each month" a person committed to your care; "the teacher led her charges across the street" the quantity of unbalanced electricity in a body (either positive or negative) and construed as an excess or deficiency of electrons; "the battery needed a fresh charge" the price charged for some article or service; "the admission charge" financial liabilities (such as a tax); "the charges against the estate" saturate; "The room was charged with tension and anxiety" energize a battery by passing a current through it in the direction opposite to discharge; "I need to charge my car battery" cause formation of a net electrical charge in or on; "charge a conductor" set or ask for a certain price; "How much do you charge for lunch?"; "This fellow charges $100 for a massage" instruct or command with authority; "The teacher charged the children to memorize the poem" instruct (a jury) about the law, its application, and the weighing of evidence impose a task upon, assign a responsibility to; "He charged her with cleaning up all the files over the weekend" blame for, make a claim of wrongdoing or misbehavior against; "he charged the director with indifference" make an accusatory claim; "The defense attorney charged that the jurors were biased" file a formal charge against; "The suspect was charged with murdering his wife" to make a rush at or sudden attack upon, as in battle; "he saw Jess charging at him with a pitchfork" direct into a position for use; "point a gun"; "He charged his weapon at me" fill or load to capacity; "charge the wagon with hay" place a heraldic bearing on; "charge all weapons, shields, and banners" lie down on command, of hunting dogs pay with a credit card; pay with plastic money; postpone payment by recording a purchase as a debt; "Will you pay cash or charge the purchase?" demand payment; "Will I get charged for this service?"; "We were billed for 4 nights in the hotel, although we stayed only 3 nights" enter a certain amount as a charge; "he charged me $15" countercharge a retaliatory charge a charge brought by an accused person against the accuser banzai attack a mass attack of troops without concern for casualties; originated by Japanese who accompanied it with yells of `banzai' blitz a swift and violent military offensive with intensive aerial bombardment attack suddenly and without warning; "Hitler blitzed Poland" safety blitz (American football) defensive players try to break through the offensive line mousetrap (American football) a play in which a defensive player is allowed to cross the line of scrimmage and then blocked off as the runner goes through the place the lineman vacated a trap for catching mice invasion the act of invading; the act of an army that invades for conquest or plunder (pathology) the spread of pathogenic microorganisms or malignant cells to new sites in the body; "the tumor's invasion of surrounding structures" any entry into an area not previously occupied; "an invasion of tourists"; "an invasion of locusts" infiltration a process in which individuals (or small groups) penetrate an area (especially the military penetration of enemy positions without detection) first strike the initial use of nuclear weapons to attack a country that also has nuclear weapons; considered feasible only when the attacker can destroy the other country's ability to retaliate; "the Pakistani president promised no first strike against India" surgical strike an attack (usually without prior warning) intended to deal only with a specific target preventive strike a strike that is carried out in order to deter expected aggression by hostile forces bombing an attack by dropping bombs the use of bombs for sabotage; a tactic frequently used by terrorists bombardment the act (or an instance) of subjecting a body or substance to the impact of high-energy particles (as electrons or alpha rays) bombing run that part of the flight that begins with the approach to the target; includes target acquisition and ends with the release of the bombs carpet bombing an extensive and systematic bombing intended to devastate a large target dive-bombing a bombing run in which the bomber releases the bomb while flying straight toward the target loft bombing a bombing run in which the bomber approaches the target at a low altitude and pulls up just before releasing the bomb over-the-shoulder bombing a special case of loft bombing in which the bomb is released past the vertical so it is tossed back to the target suicide bombing a terrorist bombing carried out by someone who does not hope to survive it counteroffensive a large scale offensive (more than a counterattack) undertaken by a defending force to seize the initiative from an attacking force dirty war an offensive conducted by secret police or the military of a regime against revolutionary and terrorist insurgents and marked by the use of kidnapping and torture and murder with civilians often being the victims; "thousands of people disappeared and were killed during Argentina's dirty war in the late 1970s" peacekeeping the activity of keeping the peace by military forces (especially when international military forces enforce a truce between hostile groups or nations) of or relating to the preservation of peace between hostile groups by international military forces; "a peacekeeping force" amphibious operation a military operation by both land and sea forces amphibious assault an amphibious operation attacking a land base that is carried out by troops that are landed by naval ships information gathering the act of collecting information intelligence the operation of gathering information about an enemy the ability to comprehend; to understand and profit from experience secret information about an enemy (or potential enemy); "we sent out planes to gather intelligence on their radar coverage" a unit responsible for gathering and interpreting information about an enemy current intelligence intelligence of all types and forms of immediate interest; usually disseminated without delays for evaluation or interpretation tactical intelligence intelligence that is required for the planning and conduct of tactical operations terrain intelligence tactical intelligence on the natural and man-made characteristics of an area strategic intelligence intelligence that is required for forming policy and military plans at national and international levels signals intelligence intelligence information gathered from communications intelligence or electronics intelligence or telemetry intelligence electronics intelligence intelligence derived from electromagnetic radiations from foreign sources (other than radioactive sources) communications intelligence technical and intelligence information derived from foreign communications by other than the intended recipients telemetry intelligence intelligence derived from the interception and processing and analysis of foreign telemetry clandestine operation an intelligence operation so planned and executed as to insure concealment exfiltration operation a clandestine rescue operation to bring a defector or refugee or an operative and family out of danger psychological operation military actions designed to influence the perceptions and attitudes of individuals, groups, and foreign governments covert operation an intelligence operation so planned as to permit plausible denial by the sponsor black operation a covert operation not attributable to the organization carrying it out overt operation the collection of intelligence openly without concealment reconnaissance the act of reconnoitring (especially to gain information about an enemy or potential enemy); "an exchange of fire occurred on a reconnaissance mission" recce reconnaissance (by shortening) scouting exploring in order to gain information; "scouting in enemy territory is very dangerous" air reconnaissance reconnaissance either by visual observation from the air or through the use of airborne sensors reconnaissance by fire a method of reconnaissance in which fire is placed on a suspected enemy position in order to cause the enemy to disclose his presence by moving or returning fire reconnaissance in force an offensive operation designed to discover or test the enemy's strength (or to obtain other information) shufti a quick look around (originally military slang); "take a shufti while you're out there" electronic reconnaissance the detection and identification and evaluation and location of foreign electromagnetic radiations (other than radioactive) counterintelligence intelligence activities concerned with identifying and counteracting the threat to security posed by hostile intelligence organizations or by individuals engaged in espionage or sabotage or subversion or terrorism countersubversion the aspect of counterintelligence designed to detect and prevent subversive activities counter-sabotage counterintelligence designed to detect and counteract sabotage fire the act of firing weapons or artillery at an enemy; "hold your fire until you can see the whites of their eyes"; "they retreated in the face of withering enemy fire" a fireplace in which a relatively small fire is burning; "they sat by the fire and talked" intense adverse criticism; "Clinton directed his fire at the Republican Party"; "the government has come under attack"; "don't give me any flak" the event of something burning (often destructive); "they lost everything in the fire" a severe trial; "he went through fire and damnation" the process of combustion of inflammable materials producing heat and light and (often) smoke; "fire was one of our ancestors' first discoveries" fuel that is burning and is used as a means for cooking; "put the kettle on the fire"; "barbecue over an open fire" once thought to be one of four elements composing the universe (Empedocles) bake in a kiln so as to harden; "fire pottery" start or maintain a fire in; "fire the furnace" become ignited; "The furnace wouldn't fire" cause to go off; "fire a gun"; "fire a bullet" go off or discharge; "The gun fired" generate an electrical impulse; "the neurons fired fast" drive out or away by or as if by fire; "The soldiers were fired"; "Surrender fires the cold skepticism" antiaircraft fire firing at enemy aircraft barrage the heavy fire of artillery to saturate an area rather than hit a specific target; "they laid down a barrage in front of the advancing troops"; "the shelling went on for hours without pausing" the rapid and continuous delivery of linguistic communication (spoken or written); "a barrage of questions"; "a bombardment of mail complaining about his mistake" broadside the simultaneous firing of all the armament on one side of a warship the whole side of a vessel from stem to stern; "the ship was broadside to the dock" all of the armament that is fired from one side of a warship collide with the broad side of; "her car broad-sided mine" toward a full side; "a broadside attack" with a side facing an object; "the train hit the truck broadside"; "the wave caught the canoe broadside and capsized it" fusillade rapid simultaneous discharge of firearms; "our fusillade from the left flank caught them by surprise" attack with fusillade call fire fire delivered on a specific target in response to a request from the supported unit close supporting fire fire on enemy troops or weapons or positions that are near the supported unit and are the most immediate and serious threat to it cover fire that makes it difficult for the enemy to fire on your own individuals or formations; "artillery provided covering fire for the withdrawal" the act of concealing the existence of something by obstructing the view of it; "the cover concealed their guns from enemy aircraft" a false identity and background (especially one created for an undercover agent); "her new name and passport are cover for her next assignment" a recording of a song that was first recorded or made popular by somebody else; "they made a cover of a Beatles' song" clothe, as if for protection from the elements; "cover your head!" protect by insurance; "The insurance won't cover this" maintain a check on; especially by patrolling; "The second officer covered the top floor" act on verbally or in some form of artistic expression; "This book deals with incest"; "The course covered all of Western Civilization"; "The new book treats the history of China" hold within range of an aimed firearm protect or defend (a position in a game); "he covered left field" be responsible for guarding an opponent in a game play a higher card than the one previously played; "Smith covered again" form a cover over; "The grass covered the grave" provide with a covering or cause to be covered; "cover her face with a handkerchief"; "cover the child with a blanket"; "cover the grave with flowers" spread over a surface to conceal or protect; "This paint covers well" hide from view or knowledge; "The President covered the fact that he bugged the offices in the White House" be sufficient to meet, defray, or offset the charge or cost of; "Is this enough to cover the check?" to take an action to protect against future problems; "Count the cash in the drawer twice just to cover yourself" help out by taking someone's place and temporarily assuming his responsibilities; "She is covering for our secretary who is ill this week" invest with a large or excessive amount of something; "She covered herself with glory" make up for shortcomings or a feeling of inferiority by exaggerating good qualities; "he is compensating for being a bad father" provide for; "The grant doesn't cover my salary" span an interval of distance, space or time; "The war extended over five years"; "The period covered the turn of the century"; "My land extends over the hills on the horizon"; "This farm covers some 200 acres"; "The Archipelago continues for another 500 miles" deep supporting fire fire on objectives not in the immediate vicinity of your forces but with the objective of destroying enemy reserves and weapons and interfering with the enemy command and supply and communications direct supporting fire fire delivered in support of part of a force (as opposed to general supporting fire delivered in support of the force as a whole) concentrated fire fire from two or more weapons directed at a single target or area (as fire by batteries of two or more warships) counterfire fire intended to neutralize or destroy enemy weapons counterbattery fire fire delivered to neutralize or destroy indirect fire weapon systems counterbombardment bombardment intended to destroy or neutralize enemy weapons countermortar fire mortar fire intended to destroy or neutralize enemy weapons counterpreparation fire intensive prearranged fire delivered when the immanence of enemy attack is discovered crossfire fire from two or more points so that the lines of fire cross a lively or heated interchange of ideas and opinions destruction fire fire delivered for the sole purpose of destroying material objects direct fire fire delivered on a target that is visible to the person aiming it distributed fire fire dispersed so as to engage effectively an area target friendly fire fire that injures or kills an ally hostile fire fire that injures or kills an enemy grazing fire fire approximately parallel to the ground; the center of the cone of fire does rise above 1 meter from the ground harassing fire fire designed to disturb the rest of enemy troops and to curtail movement and to lower enemy morale indirect fire fire delivered on a target that is not itself used as the point of aim for the weapons interdiction fire fire directed to an area to prevent the enemy from using that area neutralization fire fire that is delivered in order to render the target ineffective or unusable observed fire fire for which the point of impact (the burst) can be seen by an observer; fire can be adjusted on the basis of the observations preparation fire fire delivered on a target in preparation for an assault radar fire gunfire aimed a target that is being tracked by radar dating use of chemical analysis to estimate the age of geological specimens potassium-argon dating geological dating that relies on the proportions of radioactive potassium in a rock sample and its decay product, argon radiocarbon dating a chemical analysis used to determine the age of organic materials based on their content of the radioisotope carbon 14; believed to be reliable up to 40,000 years rubidium-strontium dating geological dating based on the proportions of radioactive rubidium into its decay product strontium; radioactive rubidium has a half-life of 47,000,000,000 years registration fire fire delivered to obtain accurate data for subsequent effective engagement of targets scheduled fire prearranged fire delivered at a predetermined time scouring moving over territory to search for something; "scouring the entire area revealed nothing" searching fire fire distributed in depth by successive changes in the elevation of the gun supporting fire fire delivered by supporting units to protect or assist a unit in combat suppressive fire fire on or about a weapon system to degrade its performance below what is needed to fulfill its mission objectives unobserved fire fire for which the point of impact (the bursts) cannot be observed artillery fire fire delivered by artillery cannonade intense and continuous artillery fire attack with cannons or artillery high-angle fire fire from a cannon that is fired at an elevation greater than that for the maximum range mortar fire artillery fire delivered by a mortar zone fire artillery or mortar fire delivered in a constant direction at several quadrant elevations electronic countermeasures electronic warfare undertaken to prevent or reduce an enemy's effective use of the electromagnetic spectrum electronic counter-countermeasures electronic warfare undertaken to insure effective friendly use of the electromagnetic spectrum in spite of the enemy's use of electronic warfare electronic warfare-support measures electronic warfare undertaken under direct control of an operational commander to locate sources of radiated electromagnetic energy for the purpose of immediate threat recognition electromagnetic intrusion the deliberate insertion of electromagnetic energy into transmission paths with the objective of confusing or deceiving operators germ warfare the use of harmful bacteria as a weapon information warfare the use of information or information technology during a time of crisis or conflict to achieve or promote specific objectives over a specific adversary or adversaries; "not everyone agrees that information warfare is limited to the realm of traditional warfare" jihad a holy struggle or striving by a Muslim for a moral or spiritual or political goal world war a war in which the major nations of the world are involved measurement the act or process of assigning numbers to phenomena according to a rule; "the measurements were carefully done"; "his mental measurings proved remarkably accurate" actinometry measuring the intensity of electromagnetic radiation (especially of the sun's rays) algometry measuring sensitivity to pain or pressure anemography recording anemometrical measurements anemometry measuring wind speed and direction anthropometry measurement and study of the human body and its parts and capacities arterial blood gases measurement of the pH level and the oxygen and carbon dioxide concentrations in arterial blood; important in diagnosis of many respiratory diseases audiometry measuring sensitivity of hearing bathymetry measuring the depths of the oceans calibration the act of checking or adjusting (by comparison with a standard) the accuracy of a measuring instrument; "the thermometer needed calibration" tuning (music) calibrating something (an instrument or electronic circuit) to a standard frequency adjustment the act of adjusting something to match a standard making or becoming suitable; adjusting to circumstances alignment the act of adjusting or aligning the parts of a device in relation to each other the spatial property possessed by an arrangement or position of things in a straight line or in parallel lines collimation the accurate adjustment of the line of sight of a telescope temperament an adjustment of the intervals (as in tuning a keyboard instrument) so that the scale can be used to play in different keys excessive emotionalism or irritability and excitability (especially when displayed openly) equal temperament the division of the scale based on an octave that is divided into twelve exactly equal semitones; "equal temperament is the system commonly used in keyboard instruments" tune the adjustment of a radio receiver or other circuit to a required frequency the property of producing accurately a note of a given pitch; "he cannot sing in tune"; "the clarinet was out of tune" a succession of notes forming a distinctive sequence; "she was humming an air from Beethoven" adjust the pitches of (musical instruments); "My piano needs to be tuned" adjust for (better) functioning; "tune the engine" tune-up adjustments made to an engine to improve its performance camber the alignment of the wheels of a motor vehicle closer together at the bottom than at the top a slight convexity (as of the surface of a road) curve upward in the middle toe-in the alignment of the front wheels of a motor vehicle closer together at the front than at the back voicing the act of adjusting an organ pipe (or wind instrument) so that it conforms to the standards of tone and pitch and color calorimetry measurement of quantities of heat cephalometry measurement of human heads densitometry measuring the optical density of a substance by shining light on it and measuring its transmission dosimetry measuring the dose of radiation emitted by a radioactive source fetometry measurement of a fetus (especially the diameter of the head) hydrometry the measurement of specific gravity hypsometry measurement of the elevation of land above sea level mental measurement a generic term used to cover any application of measurement techniques to the quantification of mental functions micrometry measuring with a micrometer pelvimetry measurement of the dimensions of the bony birth canal (to determine whether vaginal birth is possible) photometry measurement of the properties of light (especially luminous intensity) cytophotometry the study of chemical compounds inside a cell by means of a cytophotometer quantification the act of discovering or expressing the quantity of something a limitation imposed on the variables of a proposition (as by the quantifiers `some' or `all' or `no') gradation the act of arranging in grades relative position in a graded series; "always a step behind"; "subtle gradations in color"; "keep in step with the fashions" shading a gradation involving small or imperceptible differences between grades graded markings that indicate light or shaded areas in a drawing or painting divergence the act of moving away in different direction from a common point; "an angle is formed by the divergence of two straight lines" an infinite series that has no limit radioactive dating measurement of the amount of radioactive material (usually carbon 14) that an object contains; can be used to estimate the age of the object reading the act of measuring with meters or similar instruments; "he has a job meter reading for the gas company" the cognitive process of understanding a written linguistic message; "his main reading was detective stories"; "suggestions for further reading" a datum about some physical state that is presented to a user by a meter or similar instrument; "he could not believe the meter reading"; "the barometer gave clear indications of an approaching storm" written material intended to be read; "the teacher assigned new readings"; "he bought some reading material at the airport" a particular interpretation or performance; "on that reading it was an insult"; "he was famous for his reading of Mozart" sounding the act of measuring depth of water (usually with a sounding line) a measure of the depth of water taken with a sounding line making or having a sound as specified; used as a combining form; "harsh-sounding" having volume or deepness; "sounding brass and a tinkling cymbal"; "the sounding cataract haunted me like a passion"- Wordsworth sound ranging locating a source of sound (as an enemy gun) by measurements of the time the sound arrives at microphones in known positions spirometry the use of a spirometer to measure vital capacity surveying the practice of measuring angles and distances on the ground so that they can be accurately plotted on a map; "he studied surveying at college" scalage the act of scaling in weight or quantity or dimension estimation of the amount of lumber in a log electromyography diagnosis of neuromuscular disorders with the use of an electromyograph mammography a diagnostic procedure to detect breast tumors by the use of X rays thermography diagnostic technique using a thermograph to record the heat produced by different parts of the body; used to study blood flow and to detect tumors mammothermography the use of thermography to detect breast tumors (which appear as hot spots) intelligence test a psychometric test of intelligence; "they used to think that intelligence is what an intelligence test tests" Stanford-Binet test revision of the Binet-Simon Scale Binet-Simon Scale the first intelligence test personality test any test that is intended to assess personality projective test any personality test designed to yield information about someone's personality on the basis of their unrestricted response to ambiguous objects or situations Rorschach a projective tests using bilaterally symmetrical inkblots; subjects state what they see in the inkblot Thematic Apperception Test a projective technique using black-and-white pictures; subjects tell a story about each picture sub-test one of a battery of related tests organization the activity or result of distributing or disposing persons or things properly or methodically; "his organization of the work force was very efficient" the act of organizing a business or an activity related to a business; "he was brought in to supervise the organization of a new department" an ordered manner; orderliness by virtue of being methodical and well organized; "his compulsive organization was not an endearing quality"; "we can't do it unless we establish some system around here" a group of people who work together randomization a deliberately haphazard arrangement of observations so as to simulate chance systematization systematic organization; the act of organizing something according to a system or a rationale codification the act of codifying; arranging in a systematic order formalization the act of making formal (as by stating formal rules governing classes of expressions) order the act of putting things in a sequential arrangement; "there were mistakes in the ordering of items on the list" (architecture) one of original three styles of Greek architecture distinguished by the type of column and entablature used or a style developed from the original three by the Romans a degree in a continuum of size or quantity; "it was on the order of a mile"; "an explosion of a low order of magnitude" a commercial document used to request someone to supply something in return for payment and providing specifications and quantities; "IBM received an order for a hundred computers" a body of rules followed by an assembly (often plural) a command given by a superior (e.g., a military or law enforcement officer) that must be obeyed; "the British ships dropped anchor and waited for orders from London" a request for something to be made, supplied, or served; "I gave the waiter my order"; "the company's products were in such demand that they got more orders than their call center could handle" (biology) taxonomic group containing one or more families a group of person living under a religious rule; "the order of Saint Benedict" established customary state (especially of society); "order ruled in the streets"; "law and order" place in a certain order; "order the photos chronologically" bring order to or into; "Order these files" make a request for something; "Order me some flowers"; "order a work stoppage" give instructions to or direct somebody to do something with authority; "I said to him to go home"; "She ordered him to do the shopping"; "The mother told the child to get dressed" issue commands or orders for rank order an arrangement according to rank alternation successive change from one thing or state to another and back again; "a trill is a rapid alternation between the two notes" layout the act of laying out (as by making plans for something) a plan or design of something that is laid out alphabetization the act of putting in alphabetical order listing the act of making a list of items inventory making an itemized list of merchandise or supplies on hand; "an inventory may be necessary to see if anything is missing"; "they held an inventory every month" a detailed list of all the items in stock (accounting) the value of a firm's current assets including raw materials and work in progress and finished goods make or include in an itemized record or report; "Inventory all books before the end of the year" stocktake an instance of stocktaking; "the auditor did not attend the stocktake or check the valuations" roll call calling out an official list of names mail call a call of names of those receiving mail muster call a call of the names of personnel at a military assembly attendance check a call of students' names in a classroom grouping the activity of putting things together in groups a system for classifying things into groups phrasing the grouping of musical phrases in a melodic line categorization the act of distributing things into classes or categories of the same type indexing the act of classifying and providing an index in order to make items easier to retrieve reclassification classifying something again (usually in a new category) taxonomy practice of classifying plants and animals according to their presumed natural relationships (biology) study of the general principles of scientific classification a classification of organisms into groups based on similarities of structure or origin etc typology classification according to general type collection the act of gathering something together a publication containing a variety of works several things grouped together or considered as a whole agglomeration the act of collecting in a mass; the act of agglomerating a jumbled collection or mass compilation the act of compiling (as into a single book or file or list); "the job of compiling the inventory took several hours" something that is compiled (as into a single book or file) gather the act of gathering something sewing consisting of small folds or puckers made by pulling tight a thread in a line of stitching conclude from evidence; "I gather you have not done your homework" look for (food) in nature; "Our ancestors gathered nuts in the Fall" draw together into folds or puckers draw and bring closer; "she gathered her shawl around her shoulders" assemble or get together; "gather some stones"; "pull your thoughts together" centralization gathering to a center the act of consolidating power under a central control conchology the collection and study of mollusc shells garbage collection the collection and removal of garbage numismatics the collection and study of money (and coins in particular) philately the collection and study of postage stamps aerophilately the collection and study of airmail stamps tax collection the collection of taxes sorting grouping by class or kind or size territorialization the act of organizing as a territory triage sorting and allocating aid on the basis of need for or likely benefit from medical treatment or food shoring the act of propping up with shores continuance the act of continuing an activity without interruption prolongation the act of prolonging something; "there was an indefinite prolongation of the peace talks" repetition the act of doing or performing again the repeated use of the same word or word pattern as a rhetorical device echolalia (psychiatry) mechanical and meaningless repetition of the words of another person (as in schizophrenia) an infant's repetition of sounds uttered by others iteration doing or saying again; a repeated performance (computer science) executing the same set of instructions a given number of times or until a specified result is obtained; "the solution is obtained by iteration" (computer science) a single execution of a set of instructions that are to be repeated; "the solution took hundreds of iterations" redundancy repetition of an act needlessly the attribute of being superfluous and unneeded; "the use of industrial robots created redundancy among workers" (electronics) a system design that duplicates components to provide alternatives in case one component fails repetition of messages to reduce the probability of errors in transmission reduplication the act of repeating over and again (or an instance thereof) a word formed by or containing a repeated syllable or speech sound (usually at the beginning of the word) the syllable added in a reduplicated word form copying an act of copying duplication the act of copying or making a duplicate (or duplicates) of something; "this kind of duplication is wasteful" replay the immediate rebroadcast of some action (especially sports action) that has been recorded on videotape something (especially a game) that is played again play again; "We replayed the game"; "replay a point" repeat a game against the same opponent; "Princeton replayed Harvard" play (a melody) again sound reproduction the reproduction of sound high fidelity the reproduction of sound with little or no distortion headroom the capacity of a system to reproduce loud sounds without distortion vertical space available to allow easy passage under something playback the act of reproducing recorded sound; "he was allowed to hear the playback of his testimony" electronic equipment comprising the part of a tape recorder that reproduces the recorded material imitation copying (or trying to copy) the actions of someone else something copied or derived from an original the doctrine that representations of nature or human behavior should be accurate imitations echo an imitation or repetition; "the flower arrangement was created as an echo of a client's still life" a close parallel of a feeling, idea, style, etc.; "his contention contains more than an echo of Rousseau"; "Napoleon III was an echo of the mighty Emperor but an infinitely better man" the repetition of a sound resulting from reflection of the sound waves; "she could hear echoes of her own footsteps" a reflected television or radio or radar beam a reply that repeats what has just been said call to mind; "His words echoed John F. Kennedy" emulation effort to equal or surpass another (computer science) technique of one machine obtaining the same results as another ambition to equal or excel mimicry the resemblance of an animal species to another species or to natural objects; provides concealment and protection from predators perseverance the act of persisting or persevering; continuing or repeating behavior; "his perseveration continued to the point where it was no longer appropriate" abidance the act of abiding (enduring without yielding) pursuance the continuance of something begun with a view to its completion survival something that survives a natural process resulting in the evolution of organisms best adapted to the environment a state of surviving; remaining alive hangover something that has survived from the past; "a holdover from the sixties"; "hangovers from the 19th century" disagreeable aftereffects from the use of drugs (especially alcohol) discontinuance the act of discontinuing or breaking off; an interruption (temporary or permanent) disfranchisement the discontinuation of a franchise; especially the discontinuation of the right to vote disinheritance the act by a donor that terminates the right of a person to inherit phase-out the act or instance of a planned discontinuation intervention (law) a proceeding that permits a person to enter into a lawsuit already in progress; admission of person not an original party to the suit so that person can protect some right or interest that is allegedly affected by the proceedings; "the purpose of intervention is to prevent unnecessary duplication of lawsuits" the act of intervening (as to mediate a dispute, etc.); "it occurs without human intervention" a policy of intervening in the affairs of other countries procedure a mode of conducting legal and parliamentary proceedings a particular course of action intended to achieve a result; "the procedure of obtaining a driver's license"; "it was a process of trial and error" medical procedure a procedure employed by medical or dental practitioners dental procedure a procedure employed by a dentist mapping (genetics) the process of locating genes on a chromosome operating procedure a procedure for operating something or for dealing with a given situation standing operating procedure a prescribed procedure to be followed routinely; "rote memorization has been the educator's standard operating procedure for centuries" stiffening the act of becoming stiff; "stiffening his shoulders, he prepared to advance" the process of becoming stiff or rigid bureaucratic procedure needlessly time-consuming procedure objection (law) a procedure whereby a party to a suit says that a particular line of questioning or a particular witness or a piece of evidence or other matter is improper and should not be continued and asks the court to rule on its impropriety or illegality the speech act of objecting recusation (law) an objection grounded on the judge's relationship to one of the parties (law) the disqualification of a judge or jury by reason of prejudice or conflict of interest; a judge can be recused by objections of either party or judges can disqualify themselves rigmarole a long and complicated and confusing procedure; "all that academic rigmarole was a waste of time" a set of confused and meaningless statements routine an unvarying or habitual method or procedure a set sequence of steps, part of larger computer program rat race an exhausting routine that leaves no time for relaxation rut a settled and monotonous routine that is hard to escape; "they fell into a conversational rut" a groove or furrow (especially one in soft earth caused by wheels) be in a state of sexual excitement; of male mammals ceremony any activity that is performed in an especially solemn elaborate or formal way; "the ceremony of smelling the cork and tasting the wine"; "he makes a ceremony of addressing his golf ball"; "he disposed of it without ceremony" the proper or conventional behavior on some solemn occasion; "an inaugural ceremony" a formal event performed on a special occasion; "a ceremony commemorating Pearl Harbor" tea ceremony an ancient ritual for preparing and serving and drinking tea lustrum a ceremonial purification of the Roman population every five years following the census a period of five years religious ceremony a ceremony having religious meaning military ceremony a military custom performed in observance of some event or anniversary a formal ceremony performed by military personnel agape a religious meal shared as a sign of love and fellowship selfless love of one person for another without sexual implications (especially love that is spiritual in nature) (Christian theology) the love of God or Christ for mankind worship the activity of worshipping a feeling of profound love and admiration show devotion to (a deity); "Many Hindus worship Shiva" attend religious services; "They worship in the traditional manner" deification the elevation of a person (as to the status of a god) an embodiment of the qualities of a god; "the capitalists' deification of capital" the condition of being treated like a god ancestor worship worship of ancestors rite an established ceremony prescribed by a religion; "the rite of baptism" vigil the rite of staying awake for devotional purposes (especially on the eve of a religious festival) a period of sleeplessness wake a vigil held over a corpse the night before burial; "there's no weeping at an Irish wake" the wave that spreads behind a boat as it moves forward; "the motorboat's wake capsized the canoe" be awake, be alert, be there make aware of; "His words woke us to terrible facts of the situation" agrypnia a vigil before certain feasts (as e.g. Easter) last rites rites performed in connection with a death or burial popery offensive terms for the practices and rituals of the Roman Catholic Church quotation the practice of quoting from books or plays etc.; "since he lacks originality he must rely on quotation" a passage or expression that is quoted or cited a statement of the current market price of a security or commodity ritualism exaggerated emphasis on the importance of rites or ritualistic forms in worship the study of religious or magical rites and ceremonies Berith the Jewish rite of circumcision performed on a male child on the eighth day of his life nudism going without clothes as a social practice systematism the habitual practice of systematization and classification transvestism the practice of adopting the clothes or the manner or the sexual role of the opposite sex church service a service conducted in a house of worship; "don't be late for church" devotional a short religious service relating to worship; "a devotional exercise" prayer meeting a service at which people sing hymns and pray together chapel service a service conducted in a place of worship that has its own altar; "he was late for chapel" liturgy a rite or body of rites prescribed for public worship Christian liturgy the Christian worship services office a religious rite or service prescribed by ecclesiastical authorities; "the offices of the mass" place of business where professional or clerical duties are performed; "he rented an office in the new building" professional or clerical workers in an office; "the whole office was late the morning of the blizzard" (of a government or government official) holding an office means being in power; "being in office already gives a candidate a great advantage"; "during his first year in office"; "during his first year in power"; "the power of the president" Divine Office canonical prayers recited daily by priests (e.g. the breviary of the Roman Catholic Church) Little Office a Roman Catholic office honoring the Virgin Mary; similar to but shorter than the Divine Office Office of the Dead an office read or sung before a burial mass in the Roman Catholic Church committal service service committing a body to the grave; "the committal service will be held next Monday" none a service in the Roman Catholic Church formerly read or chanted at 3 PM (the ninth hour counting from sunrise) but now somewhat earlier a canonical hour that is the ninth hour of the day counting from sunrise not any; "thou shalt have none other gods before me" not at all or in no way; "seemed none too pleased with his dinner"; "shirt looked none the worse for having been slept in"; "none too prosperous"; "the passage is none too clear" vesper a late afternoon or evening worship service placebo (Roman Catholic Church) vespers of the office for the dead an innocuous or inert medication; given as a pacifier or to the control group in experiments on the efficacy of a drug watch night a devotional service (especially on New Year's Eve) sacrament a formal religious ceremony conferring a specific grace on those who receive it; the two Protestant ceremonies are baptism and the Lord's Supper; in the Roman Catholic Church and the Eastern Orthodox Church there are seven traditional rites accepted as instituted by Jesus: baptism and confirmation and Holy Eucharist and penance and holy orders and matrimony and extreme unction Last Supper the traditional Passover supper of Jesus with his disciples on the eve of his crucifixion Seder (Judaism) the ceremonial dinner on the first night (or both nights) of Passover Holy Eucharist a Christian sacrament commemorating the Last Supper by consecrating bread and wine Offertory the part of the Eucharist when bread and wine are offered to God Communion the act of participating in the celebration of the Eucharist; "the governor took Communion with the rest of the congregation" intercommunion participation in Holy Communion by members of more than one church (eg Catholic and Orthodox) betrothal the act of becoming betrothed or engaged a mutual promise to marry matrimony the ceremony or sacrament of marriage marriage the act of marrying; the nuptial ceremony; "their marriage was conducted in the chapel" two people who are married to each other; "his second marriage was happier than the first"; "a married couple without love" the state of being a married couple voluntarily joined for life (or until divorce); "a long and happy marriage"; "God bless this union" a close and intimate union; "the marriage of music and dance"; "a marriage of ideas" rite of passage a ritual performed in some cultures at times when an individual changes status (as from adolescence to adulthood) bridal archaic terms for a wedding or wedding feast of or pertaining to a bride; "bridal gown" of or relating to a wedding; "bridal procession"; "nuptial day"; "spousal rites"; "wedding cake"; "marriage vows" civil marriage a marriage performed by a government official rather than by a clergyman love match a marriage for love's sake; not an arranged marriage baptism a Christian sacrament signifying spiritual cleansing and rebirth; "most churches baptize infants but some insist on adult baptism" affusion the act of baptizing someone by pouring water on their head aspersion the act of sprinkling water in baptism (rare) an abusive attack on a person's character or good name a disparaging remark; "in the 19th century any reference to female sexuality was considered a vile aspersion"; "it is difficult for a woman to understand a man's sensitivity to any slur on his virility" christening giving a Christian name at baptism immersion a form of baptism in which part or all of a person's body is submerged trine immersion baptism by immersion three times (in the names in turn of the Trinity) confirmation a sacrament admitting a baptized person to full participation in the church a ceremony held in the synagogue (usually at Pentecost) to admit as adult members of the Jewish community young men and women who have successfully completed a course of study in Judaism additional proof that something that was believed (some fact or hypothesis or theory) is correct; "fossils provided further confirmation of the evolutionary theory" information that confirms or verifies penance a Catholic sacrament; repentance and confession and atonement and absolution voluntary self-punishment in order to atone for some wrongdoing confession (Roman Catholic Church) the act of a penitent disclosing his sinfulness before a priest in the sacrament of penance in the hope of absolution a written document acknowledging an offense and signed by the guilty party the document that spells out the belief system of a given church (especially the Reformation churches of the 16th century) a public declaration of your faith an admission of misdeeds or faults shrift the act of being shriven anointing of the sick a Catholic sacrament; a priest anoints a dying person with oil and prays for salvation holy order the sacrament of ordination sanctification a religious ceremony in which something is made holy beatification (Roman Catholic Church) an act of the Pope who declares that a deceased person lived a holy life and is worthy of public veneration; a first step toward canonization the action of rendering supremely blessed and extremely happy canonization (Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox Church) the act of admitting a deceased person into the canon of saints consecration (religion) sanctification of something by setting it apart (usually with religious rites) as dedicated to God; "the Cardinal attended the consecration of the church" a solemn commitment of your life or your time to some cherished purpose (to a service or a goal); "his consecration to study" communalism loyalty and commitment to the interests of your own minority or ethnic group rather than to society as a whole the practice of communal living and common ownership Oblation the act of offering the bread and wine of the Eucharist oblation the act of contributing to the funds of a church or charity; "oblations for aid to the poor" unction anointing as part of a religious ceremony or healing ritual excessive but superficial compliments given with affected charm libation the act of pouring a liquid offering (especially wine) as a religious ceremony a serving (of wine) poured out in honor of a deity (facetious) a serving of an alcoholic beverage prayer the act of communicating with a deity (especially as a petition or in adoration or contrition or thanksgiving); "the priest sank to his knees in prayer" a fixed text used in praying reverent petition to a deity someone who prays to God Mass (Roman Catholic Church and Protestant Churches) the celebration of the Eucharist a sequence of prayers constituting the Christian Eucharistic rite; "the priest said Mass" a musical setting for a Mass; "they played a Mass composed by Beethoven" High Mass a solemn and elaborate Mass with music Low Mass a Mass recited without music Requiem a Mass celebrated for the dead a musical setting for a Mass celebrating the dead devotion (usually plural) religious observance or prayers (usually spoken silently); "he returned to his devotions" religious zeal; the willingness to serve God commitment to some purpose; "the devotion of his time and wealth to science" feelings of ardent love; "their devotion to each other was beautiful" bhakti (Hinduism) loving devotion to a deity leading to salvation and nirvana; open to all persons independent of caste or sex novena a Roman Catholic devotion consisting of prayers on nine consecutive days Stations (Roman Catholic Church) a devotion consisting of fourteen prayers said before a series of fourteen pictures or carvings representing successive incidents during Jesus' passage from Pilate's house to his crucifixion at Calvary blessing the act of praying for divine protection the formal act of approving; "he gave the project his blessing"; "his decision merited the approval of any sensible person" a desirable state; "enjoy the blessings of peace"; "a spanking breeze is a boon to sailors" idolization the act of worshiping blindly and to excess adoration the worship given to God alone the act of admiring strongly idolatry the worship of idols; the worship of physical objects or images as gods bardolatry the idolization of William Shakespeare iconolatry the worship of sacred images idiolatry the worship of yourself bibliolatry the worship of the Bible verbolatry the worship of words symbolatry the worship of symbols anthropolatry the worship of human beings gyneolatry the worship of women lordolatry the worship of a lord because of his rank or title thaumatolatry the worship of miracles topolatry the worship of places arborolatry the worship of trees astrolatry the worship of planets or stars cosmolatry the worship of the cosmos diabolatry the acts or rites of worshiping devils pyrolatry the worship of fire hagiolatry the worship of saints heliolatry the worship of the sun zoolatry the worship of animals ichthyolatry the worship of fish monolatry the worship of a single god but without claiming that it is the only god ophiolatry the worship of snakes moon-worship the worship of the moon energizing the activity of causing to have energy and be active supplying motive force; "the complex civilization of which Rome was the kinetic center"- H.O.Taylor revival bringing again into activity and prominence; "the revival of trade"; "a revival of a neglected play by Moliere"; "the Gothic revival in architecture" an evangelistic meeting intended to reawaken interest in religion rebirth the revival of learning and culture regeneration the activity of spiritual or physical renewal (biology) growth anew of lost tissue or destroyed parts or organs resurrection a revival from inactivity and disuse; "it produced a resurrection of hope" resuscitation the act of reviving a person and returning them to consciousness; "although he was apparently drowned, resuscitation was accomplished by artificial respiration" vivification the activity of giving vitality and vigour to something concealment the activity of keeping something secret disguise the act of concealing the identity of something by modifying its appearance; "he is a master of disguise" any attire that modifies the appearance in order to conceal the wearer's identity an outward semblance that misrepresents the true nature of something; "the theatrical notion of disguise is always associated with catastrophe in his stories" make unrecognizable; "The herb masks the garlic taste"; "We disguised our faces before robbing the bank" mask activity that tries to conceal something; "no mask could conceal his ignorance"; "they moved in under a mask of friendship" a covering to disguise or conceal the face a protective covering worn over the face put a mask on or cover with a mask; "Mask the children for Halloween" shield from light cover with a sauce; "mask the meat" cover-up concealment that attempts to prevent something scandalous from becoming public blue wall of silence the secrecy of police officers who lie or look the other way to protect other police officers; "the blue wall cracked when some officers refused to take part in the cover-up" burying concealing something under the ground reburying the act of burying again smoke screen an action intended to conceal or confuse or obscure; "requesting new powers of surveillance is just a smokescreen to hide their failures" (military) screen consisting of a cloud of smoke that obscures movements stealth avoiding detection by moving carefully money laundering concealing the source of illegally gotten money juxtaposition the act of positioning close together (or side by side); "it is the result of the juxtaposition of contrasting colors" a side-by-side position interposition the act or fact of interposing one thing between or among others orientation the act of orienting a person's awareness of self with regard to position and time and place and personal relationships an integrated set of attitudes and beliefs position or alignment relative to points of the compass or other specific directions repositioning the act of placing in a new position superposition the placement of one thing on top of another (geometry) the placement of one object ideally in the position of another one in order to show that the two coincide (geology) the deposition of one geological stratum on another stay continuing or remaining in a place or state; "they had a nice stay in Paris"; "a lengthy hospital stay"; "a four-month stay in bankruptcy court" (nautical) brace consisting of a heavy rope or wire cable used as a support for a mast or spar a thin strip of metal or bone that is used to stiffen a garment (e.g. a corset) a judicial order forbidding some action until an event occurs or the order is lifted; "the Supreme Court has the power to stay an injunction pending an appeal to the whole Court" stay the same; remain in a certain state; "The dress remained wet after repeated attempts to dry it"; "rest assured"; "stay alone"; "He remained unmoved by her tears"; "The bad weather continued for another week" stop or halt; "Please stay the bloodshed!" fasten with stays stay put (in a certain place); "We are staying in Detroit; we are not moving to Cincinnati"; "Stay put in the corner here!"; "Stick around and you will learn something!" remain behind; "I had to stay at home and watch the children" stop a judicial process; "The judge stayed the execution order" continue in a place, position, or situation; "After graduation, she stayed on in Cambridge as a student adviser"; "Stay with me, please"; "despite student protests, he remained Dean for another year"; "She continued as deputy mayor for another year" lodging the act of lodging occupancy an act of being a tenant or occupant inhabitancy the act of dwelling in or living permanently in a place (said of both animals and men); "he studied the creation and inhabitation and demise of the colony" cohabitation the act of living together and having a sexual relationship (especially without being married) concubinage cohabitation without being legally married camping the act of encamping and living in tents in a camp sojourn a temporary stay (e.g., as a guest) spend a certain length of time; reside temporarily visiting the activity of making visits; "the purpose was to promote homes, clubs, visiting, and other services" stop a brief stay in the course of a journey; "they made a stopover to visit their friends" the act of stopping something; "the third baseman made some remarkable stops"; "his stoppage of the flow resulted in a flood" (music) a knob on an organ that is pulled to change the sound quality from the organ pipes; "the organist pulled out all the stops" the event of something ending; "it came to a stop at the bottom of the hill" a spot where something halts or pauses; "his next stop is Atlanta" cause to stop; "stop a car"; "stop the thief" come to a halt, stop moving; "the car stopped"; "She stopped in front of a store window" interrupt a trip; "we stopped at Aunt Mary's house"; "they stopped for three days in Florence" stop from happening or developing; "Block his election"; "Halt the process" night-stop a break in a journey for the night pit stop a brief stop at a pit during an automobile race to take on fuel or service the car a stop during an automobile trip for rest and refreshment provision the activity of supplying or providing something a stipulated condition; "he accepted subject to one provision" a store or supply of something (especially of food or clothing or arms) supply with provisions feeding the act of supplying food and nourishment infant feeding feeding an infant demand feeding feeding a baby or animal whenever it shows a need forced feeding feeding that consists of the delivery of a nutrient solution (as through a nasal tube) to someone who cannot or will not eat nasogastric feeding feeding consisting of delivering liquid nutrients through a tube passing through the nose and into the stomach gastrogavage feeding a nutrient solution into the stomach through a tube through a surgically created opening intravenous feeding administration of nutrients through a vein overfeeding excessive feeding schedule feeding feeding a baby or animal according to a fixed schedule (e.g., every 4 hours) total parenteral nutrition administration of a nutritionally adequate solution through a catheter into the vena cava; used in cases of long-term coma or severe burns or severe gastrointestinal syndromes fueling the activity of supplying or taking on fuel healthcare the preservation of mental and physical health by preventing or treating illness through services offered by the health profession healthcare delivery the provision of health care issue the act of providing an item for general use or for official purposes (usually in quantity); "a new issue of stamps"; "the last issue of penicillin was over a month ago" the act of issuing printed materials an important question that is in dispute and must be settled; "the issue could be settled by requiring public education for everyone"; "politicians never discuss the real issues" one of a series published periodically; "she found an old issue of the magazine in her dentist's waiting room" supplies (as food or clothing or ammunition) issued by the government come out of; "Water issued from the hole in the wall"; "The words seemed to come out by themselves" bring out an official document (such as a warrant) circulate or distribute or equip with; "issue a new uniform to the children"; "supply blankets for the beds" stock issue (corporation law) the authorization and delivery of shares of stock for sale to the public or the shares thus offered at a particular time logistics handling an operation that involves providing labor and materials be supplied as needed purveyance the act of supplying something stocking the activity of supplying a stock of something; "he supervised the stocking of the stream with trout" close-fitting hosiery to cover the foot and leg; come in matched pairs (usually used in the plural) subvention the act or process of providing aid or help of any sort grant of financial aid as from a government to an educational institution demand the act of demanding; "the kidnapper's exorbitant demands for money" an urgent or peremptory request; "his demands for attention were unceasing" the ability and desire to purchase goods and services; "the automobile reduced the demand for buggywhips"; "the demand exceeded the supply" request urgently and forcefully; "The victim's family is demanding compensation"; "The boss demanded that he be fired immediately"; "She demanded to see the manager" claim as due or just; "The bank demanded payment of the loan" ask to be informed of; "I demand an explanation" summon to court lay legal claim to exaction act of demanding or levying by force or authority; "exaction of tribute"; "exaction of various dues and fees" claim demand for something as rightful or due; "they struck in support of their claim for a shorter work day" an informal right to something; "his claim on her attentions"; "his title to fame" an assertion of a right (as to money or property); "his claim asked for damages" an assertion that something is true or factual; "his claim that he was innocent"; "evidence contradicted the government's claims" take as an undesirable consequence of some event or state of affairs; "the accident claimed three lives"; "The hard work took its toll on her" assert or affirm strongly; state to be true or existing; "He claimed that he killed the burglar" lay claim to; as of an idea; "She took credit for the whole idea" ask for legally or make a legal claim to, as of debts, for example; "They claimed on the maximum allowable amount" demand as being one's due or property; assert one's right or title to; "He claimed his suitcases at the airline counter"; "Mr. Smith claims special tax exemptions because he is a foreign resident" insurance claim demand for payment in accordance with an insurance policy brain drain depletion or loss of intellectual and technical personnel inactivity being inactive; being less active pause temporary inactivity a time interval during which there is a temporary cessation of something cease an action temporarily; "We pause for station identification"; "let's break for lunch" respite a pause from doing something (as work); "we took a 10-minute break"; "he took time out to recuperate" a pause for relaxation; "people actually accomplish more when they take time for short rests" spring break a week or more of recess during the spring term at school hesitation the act of pausing uncertainly; "there was a hesitation in his speech" indecision in speech or action intermission the act of suspending activity temporarily wait the act of waiting (remaining inactive in one place while expecting something); "the wait was an ordeal for him" serve as a waiter or waitress in a restaurant; "I'm waiting on tables at Maxim's" stay in one place and anticipate or expect something; "I had to wait on line for an hour to get the tickets" wait before acting; "the scientists held off announcing their results until they repeated the experiment" rest freedom from activity (work or strain or responsibility); "took his repose by the swimming pool" a support on which things can be put; "the gun was steadied on a special rest" a musical notation indicating a silence of a specified duration euphemisms for death (based on an analogy between lying in a bed and in a tomb); "she was laid to rest beside her husband"; "they had to put their family pet to sleep" a state of inaction; "a body will continue in a state of rest until acted upon" be at rest take a short break from one's activities in order to relax give a rest to; "He rested his bad leg"; "Rest the dogs for a moment" not move; be in a resting position put something in a resting position, as for support or steadying; "Rest your head on my shoulder" be inactive, refrain from acting; "The committee is resting over the summer" be inherent or innate in bedrest confinement to bed continuously (as in the case of some sick or injured persons) laziness relaxed and easy activity; "the laziness of the day helped her to relax" lie-in a long stay in bed in the morning quiescence quiet and inactive restfulness vegetation inactivity that is passive and monotonous, comparable to the inactivity of plant life; "their holiday was spent in sleep and vegetation" an abnormal growth or excrescence (especially a warty excrescence on the valves of the heart) all the plant life in a particular region or period; "Pleistocene vegetation"; "the flora of southern California"; "the botany of China" the process of growth in plants leisure freedom to choose a pastime or enjoyable activity; "he lacked the leisure for golf" time available for ease and relaxation; "his job left him little leisure" idleness having no employment dolce far niente carefree idleness free time time that is free from duties or responsibilities vacationing the act of taking a vacation busman's holiday a holiday where you do the same things you do at work caravanning the practice of taking holidays in a caravan delay the act of delaying; inactivity resulting in something being put off until a later time time during which some action is awaited; "instant replay caused too long a delay"; "he ordered a hold in the action" cause to be slowed down or delayed; "Traffic was delayed by the bad weather"; "she delayed the work that she didn't want to perform" act later than planned, scheduled, or required; "Don't delay your application to graduate school or else it won't be considered" demurrage detention of a ship or freight car or other cargo beyond its scheduled time of departure a charge required as compensation for the delay of a ship or freight car or other cargo beyond its scheduled time of departure forbearance a delay in enforcing rights or claims or privileges; refraining from acting; "his forbearance to reply was alarming" postponement act of putting off to a future time prorogation discontinuation of the meeting (of a legislative body) without dissolving it procrastination the act of procrastinating; putting off or delaying or defering an action to a later time slowdown the act of slowing down or falling behind dalliance the deliberate act of delaying and playing instead of working filibuster (law) a tactic for delaying or obstructing legislation by making long speeches a legislator who gives long speeches in an effort to delay or obstruct legislation that he (or she) opposes obstruct deliberately by delaying interjection the action of interjecting or interposing an action or remark that interrupts tarriance the act of tarrying breaking off an instance of sudden interruption heckling shouting to interrupt a speech with which you disagree abstinence act or practice of refraining from indulging an appetite the trait of abstaining (especially from alcohol) asceticism rigorous self-denial and active self-restraint the doctrine that through renunciation of worldly pleasures it is possible to achieve a high spiritual or intellectual state chastity abstaining from sexual relations (as because of religious vows) mortification (Christianity) the act of mortifying the lusts of the flesh by self-denial and privation (especially by bodily pain or discomfort inflicted on yourself) self-denial the act of denying yourself; controlling your impulses sobriety abstaining from excess moderation in or abstinence from alcohol or other drugs teetotaling abstaining from alcohol fast abstaining from food abstain from eating; "Before the medical exam, you must fast" abstain from certain foods, as for religious or medical reasons; "Catholics sometimes fast during Lent" (of a photographic lens or emulsion) causing a shortening of exposure time; "a fast lens" acting or moving or capable of acting or moving quickly; "fast film"; "on the fast track in school"; "set a fast pace"; "a fast car" at a rapid tempo; "the band played a fast fox trot" (used of timepieces) indicating a time ahead of or later than the correct time; "my watch is fast" securely fixed in place; "the post was still firm after being hit by the car" resistant to destruction or fading; "fast colors" (of surfaces) conducive to rapid speeds; "a fast road"; "grass courts are faster than clay" quickly or rapidly (often used as a combining form); "how fast can he get here?"; "ran as fast as he could"; "needs medical help fast"; "fast-running rivers"; "fast-breaking news"; "fast-opening (or fast-closing) shutters" firmly or closely; "held fast to the rope"; "her foot was stuck fast"; "held tight" diet the act of restricting your food intake (or your intake of particular foods) the usual food and drink consumed by an organism (person or animal) a prescribed selection of foods a legislative assembly in certain countries (e.g., Japan) eat sparingly, for health reasons or to lose weight follow a regimen or a diet, as for health reasons; "He has high blood pressure and must stick to a low-salt diet" traffic control control of the flow of traffic in a building or a city point duty the control of traffic by a policeman stationed at an intersection price-fixing control (by agreement among producers or by government) of the price of a commodity in interstate commerce inhibition (psychology) the conscious exclusion of unacceptable thoughts or desires the quality of being inhibited (physiology) the process whereby nerves can retard or prevent the functioning of an organ or part; "the inhibition of the heart by the vagus nerve" tolerance the act of tolerating something the power or capacity of an organism to tolerate unfavorable environmental conditions willingness to recognize and respect the beliefs or practices of others lenience lightening a penalty or excusing from a chore by judges or parents or teachers mercifulness as a consequence of being lenient or tolerant clemency leniency and compassion shown toward offenders by a person or agency charged with administering justice; "he threw himself on the mercy of the court" luxuriation an activity that affords excessive pleasure and enjoyment enjoyment act of receiving pleasure from something the pleasure felt when having a good time lamentation the passionate and demonstrative activity of expressing grief laughter the activity of laughing; the manifestation of joy or mirth or scorn; "he enjoyed the laughter of the crowd" satisfaction act of fulfilling a desire or need or appetite; "the satisfaction of their demand for better services" the contentment one feels when one has fulfilled a desire, need, or expectation; "the chef tasted the sauce with great satisfaction" (law) the payment of a debt or fulfillment of an obligation; "the full and final satisfaction of the claim" gratification the act or an instance of satisfying state of being gratified or satisfied; "dull repetitious work gives no gratification"; "to my immense gratification he arrived on time" satiation the act of achieving full gratification self-gratification the act of satisfying your own desires and giving yourself pleasure pleasing the act of one who pleases pleasant or agreeable to the senses; "a pleasing aroma" giving pleasure and satisfaction; "a pleasing piece of news" overindulgence excessive indulgence; "the child was spoiled by overindulgence" hindrance the act of hindering or obstructing or impeding any obstruction that impedes or is burdensome something immaterial that interferes with or delays action or progress antagonism (biochemistry) interference in or inhibition of the physiological action of a chemical substance by another having a similar structure an actively expressed feeling of dislike and hostility the relation between opposing principles or forces or factors; "the inherent antagonism of capitalism and socialism" blockage the act of blocking an obstruction in a pipe or tube; "we had to call a plumber to clear out the blockage in the drainpipe" naval blockade the interdiction of a nation's lines of communication at sea by the use of naval power siege the action of an armed force that surrounds a fortified place and isolates it while continuing to attack relief the act of freeing a city or town that has been besieged; "he asked for troops for the relief of Atlanta" aid for the aged or indigent or handicapped; "he has been on relief for many years" assistance in time of difficulty; "the contributions provided some relief for the victims" sculpture consisting of shapes carved on a surface so as to stand out from the surrounding background the feeling that comes when something burdensome is removed or reduced; "as he heard the news he was suddenly flooded with relief" (law) redress awarded by a court; "was the relief supposed to be protection from future harm or compensation for past injury?" the condition of being comfortable or relieved (especially after being relieved of distress); "he enjoyed his relief from responsibility"; "getting it off his conscience gave him some ease" stall a tactic used to mislead or delay a booth where articles are displayed for sale a compartment in a stable where a single animal is confined and fed seating in the forward part of the main level of a theater a malfunction in the flight of an aircraft in which there is a sudden loss of lift that results in a downward plunge; "the plane went into a stall and I couldn't control it" deliberately delay an event or action; "she doesn't want to write the report, so she is stalling" come to a stop; "The car stalled in the driveway" cause an engine to stop; "The inexperienced driver kept stalling the car" cause an airplane to go into a stall experience a stall in flight, of airplanes put into, or keep in, a stall; "Stall the horse" stonewalling stalling or delaying especially by refusing to answer questions or cooperate complication the act or process of complicating a development that complicates a situation; "the court's decision had many unforeseen ramifications" a situation or condition that is complex or confused; "her coming was a serious complication" any disease or disorder that occurs during the course of (or because of) another disease; "bed sores are a common complication in cases of paralysis" deterrence the act or process of discouraging actions or preventing occurrences by instilling fear or doubt or anxiety discouragement the act of discouraging; "the discouragement of petty theft" the expression of opposition and disapproval the feeling of despair in the face of obstacles nuclear deterrence the military doctrine that an enemy will be deterred from using nuclear weapons as long as he can be destroyed as a consequence; "when two nations both resort to nuclear deterrence the consequence could be mutual destruction" countermine (military) a tunnel dug to defeat similar activities by the enemy destroy enemy mines with one's own mines; "We countermined the banks of the river" prevention the act of preventing; "there was no bar against leaving"; "money was allocated to study the cause and prevention of influenza" averting the act of preventing something from occurring; "averting danger was his responsibility" debarment the act of prevention by legal means; "they achieved his debarment from holding public office" the state of being debarred (excluded from enjoying certain possessions or rights or practices) disqualification the act of preventing someone from participating by finding them unqualified unfitness that bars you from participation nonproliferation the prevention of something increasing or spreading (especially the prevention of an increase in the number of countries possessing nuclear weapons); "they protested that the nonproliferation treaty was just a plot to maintain the hegemony of those who already had nuclear weapons"; "nuclear disarmament and nonproliferation are closely related goals" obviation the act of preventing something by anticipating and disposing of it effectively prophylaxis the prevention of disease save (sports) the act of preventing the opposition from scoring; "the goalie made a brilliant save"; "the relief pitcher got credit for a save" make unnecessary an expenditure or effort; "This will save money"; "I'll save you the trouble"; "This will save you a lot of time" to keep up and reserve for personal or special use; "She saved the old family photographs in a drawer" accumulate money for future use; "He saves half his salary" spend less; buy at a reduced price spend sparingly, avoid the waste of; "This move will save money"; "The less fortunate will have to economize now" bring into safety; "We pulled through most of the victims of the bomb attack" suppression forceful prevention; putting down by power or authority; "the suppression of heresy"; "the quelling of the rebellion"; "the stifling of all dissent" the act of withholding or withdrawing some book or writing from publication or circulation; "a suppression of the newspaper" the failure to develop some part or organ tax avoidance the minimization of tax liability by lawful methods group action action taken by a group of people social activity activity considered appropriate on social occasions confederation the act of forming an alliance or confederation a union of political organizations association the act of consorting with or joining with others; "you cannot be convicted of criminal guilt by association" the process of bringing ideas or events together in memory or imagination; "conditioning is a form of learning by association" (ecology) a group of organisms (plants and animals) that live together in a certain geographical region and constitute a community with a few dominant species a formal organization of people or groups of people; "he joined the Modern Language Association" (chemistry) any process of combination (especially in solution) that depends on relatively weak chemical bonding a relation resulting from interaction or dependence; "flints were found in association with the prehistoric remains of the bear"; "the host is not always injured by association with a parasite" the state of being connected together as in memory or imagination; "his association of his father with being beaten was too strong to break" fraternization associating with others in a brotherly or friendly way; especially with an enemy affiliation the act of becoming formally connected or joined; "welcomed the affiliation of the research center with the university" a social or business relationship; "a valuable financial affiliation"; "he was sorry he had to sever his ties with other members of the team"; "many close associations with England" reaffiliation affiliation anew mingling the action of people mingling and coming into contact; "all the random mingling and idle talk made him hate literary parties" decolonization the action of changing from colonial to independent status disbandment the act of disbanding; "the orchestra faced the prospect of disbandment" disestablishment the act terminating an established state of affairs; especially ending a connection with the Church of England distribution the act of distributing or spreading or apportioning the commercial activity of transporting and selling goods from a producer to a consumer the spatial or geographic property of being scattered about over a range, area, or volume; "worldwide in distribution"; "the distribution of nerve fibers"; "in complementary distribution" (statistics) an arrangement of values of a variable showing their observed or theoretical frequency of occurrence redistribution distributing again; "the revolution resulted in a redistribution of wealth" dispensation the act of dispensing (giving out in portions) an exemption from some rule or obligation a share that has been dispensed or distributed allotment the act of distributing by allotting or apportioning; distribution according to a plan; "the apportionment of seats in the House of Representatives is based on the relative population of each state" a share set aside for a specific purpose reallotment a new apportionment (especially a new apportionment of congressional seats in the United States on the basis of census results) deal the act of apportioning or distributing something; "the captain was entrusted with the deal of provisions" the act of distributing playing cards; "the deal was passed around the table clockwise" a particular instance of buying or selling; "it was a package deal"; "I had no further trade with him"; "he's a master of the business deal" the type of treatment received (especially as the result of an agreement); "he got a good deal on his car" a plank of softwood (fir or pine board) do business; offer for sale as for one's livelihood; "She deals in gold"; "The brothers sell shoes" sell; "deal hashish" distribute cards to the players in a game; "Who's dealing?" give (a specific card) to a player; "He dealt me the Queen of Spades" take action with respect to (someone or something); "How are we going to deal with this problem?"; "The teacher knew how to deal with these lazy students" behave in a certain way towards others; "He deals fairly with his employees" new deal a reapportioning of something rationing the act of rationing; "during the war the government imposed rationing of food and gasoline" parcel the allotment of some amount by dividing something; "death gets more than its share of attention from theologians" make into a wrapped container cover with strips of canvas; "parcel rope" divide into parts; "The developers parceled the land" misdeal an incorrect deal deal cards wrongly revenue sharing distribution of part of the federal tax income to states and municipalities sharing a distribution in shares having in common; "the sharing of electrons creates molecules" using or enjoying something jointly with others unselfishly willing to share with others; "a warm and sharing friend" generosity acting generously the trait of being willing to give your money or time bestowal the act of conferring an honor or presenting a gift a gift that is bestowed or conferred accordance the act of granting rights; "the accordance to Canada of rights of access" endowment the act of endowing with a permanent source of income; "his generous endowment of the laboratory came just in the nick of time" natural abilities or qualities the capital that provides income for an institution social welfare governmental provision of economic assistance to persons in need; "she lives on welfare" social insurance government provision for unemployed, injured, or aged people; financed by contributions from employers and employees as well as by government revenue national insurance social insurance program in Britain; based on contributions from employers and employees; provides payments to unemployed and sick and retired people as well as medical services supplementary benefit benefits paid to bring incomes up to minimum levels established by law Social Security social welfare program in the U.S.; includes old-age and survivors insurance and some unemployment insurance and old-age assistance dole money received from the state a share of money or food or clothing that has been charitably given unemployment compensation payment by a United States agency to unemployed people old-age insurance insurance paid to the elderly survivors insurance insurance paid to surviving spouses disability insurance social insurance for the disabled health care social insurance for the ill and injured Medicare health care for the aged; a federally administered system of health insurance available to persons aged 65 and over Medicaid health care for the needy; a federally and state-funded program primary health care health care that is provided by a health care professional in the first contact of a patient with the health care system philanthropy voluntary promotion of human welfare charity an activity or gift that benefits the public at large a kindly and lenient attitude toward people an institution set up to provide help to the needy a foundation created to promote the public good (not for assistance to any particular individuals) alms money or goods contributed to the poor alms-giving making voluntary contributions to aid the poor handout giving money or food or clothing to a needy person an announcement distributed to members of the press in order to supplement or replace an oral presentation commerce transactions (sales and purchases) having the objective of supplying commodities (goods and services) social exchange, especially of opinions, attitudes, etc. fair trade trade that is conducted legally trade that satisfies certain criteria on the supply chain of the goods involved, usually including fair payment for producers; often with other social and environmental considerations free trade international trade free of government interference North American Free Trade Agreement an agreement for free trade between the United States and Canada and Mexico; became effective in 1994 for ten years e-commerce commerce conducted electronically (as on the internet) lending disposing of money or property with the expectation that the same thing (or an equivalent) will be returned usury the act of lending money at an exorbitant rate of interest an exorbitant or unlawful rate of interest arbitrage a kind of hedged investment meant to capture slight differences in price; when there is a difference in the price of something on two different markets the arbitrageur simultaneously buys at the lower price and sells at the higher price practice arbitrage, as in the stock market risk arbitrage arbitrage involving risk; as in the simultaneous purchase of stock in a target company and sale of stock in its potential acquirer; if the takeover fails the arbitrageur may lose a great deal of money initial public offering a corporation's first offer to sell stock to the public commercial enterprise the activity of providing goods and services involving financial and commercial and industrial aspects; "computers are now widely used in business" an enterprise connected with commerce business activity activity undertaken as part of a commercial enterprise land-office business very large and profitable volume of commercial activity field a particular kind of commercial enterprise; "they are outstanding in their field" the area that is visible (as through an optical instrument) all the competitors in a particular contest or sporting event all of the horses in a particular horse race (mathematics) a set of elements such that addition and multiplication are commutative and associative and multiplication is distributive over addition and there are two elements 0 and 1; "the set of all rational numbers is a field" (computer science) a set of one or more adjacent characters comprising a unit of information a region in which active military operations are in progress; "the army was in the field awaiting action"; "he served in the Vietnam theater for three years" somewhere (away from a studio or office or library or laboratory) where practical work is done or data is collected; "anthropologists do much of their work in the field" a piece of land cleared of trees and usually enclosed; "he planted a field of wheat" a geographic region (land or sea) under which something valuable is found; "the diamond fields of South Africa" the space around a radiating body within which its electromagnetic oscillations can exert force on another similar body not in contact with it select (a team or individual player) for a game; "The Buckeyes fielded a young new quarterback for the Rose Bowl" answer adequately or successfully; "The lawyer fielded all questions from the press" play as a fielder catch or pick up (balls) in baseball or cricket market the world of commercial activity where goods and services are bought and sold; "without competition there would be no market"; "they were driven from the marketplace" the securities markets in the aggregate; "the market always frustrates the small investor" the customers for a particular product or service; "before they publish any book they try to determine the size of the market for it" engage in the commercial promotion, sale, or distribution of; "The company is marketing its new line of beauty products" deal in a market buy household supplies; "We go marketing every Saturday" black market an illegal market in which goods or currencies are bought and sold in violation of rationing or controls people who engage in illicit trade buyer's market a market in which more people want to sell than want to buy grey market an unofficial market in which goods are bought and sold at prices lower than the official price set by a regulatory agency seller's market a market in which more people want to buy than want to sell labor market the market in which workers compete for jobs and employers compete for workers employee-owned enterprise a commercial enterprise owned by the people who work for it finance the commercial activity of providing funds and capital the management of money and credit and banking and investments the branch of economics that studies the management of money and other assets obtain or provide money for; "Can we finance the addition to our home?" sell or provide on credit corporate finance the financial activities of corporation financing the act of financing high finance large and complex financial transactions (often used with the implication that those individuals or institutions who engage in them are unethical) investing the act of investing; laying out money or capital in an enterprise with the expectation of profit leverage investing with borrowed money as a way to amplify potential gains (at the risk of greater losses) strategic advantage; power to act effectively; "relatively small groups can sometimes exert immense political leverage" the mechanical advantage gained by being in a position to use a lever provide with leverage; "We need to leverage this company" supplement with leverage; "leverage the money that is already available" flotation financing a commercial enterprise by bond or stock shares the phenomenon of floating (remaining on the surface of a liquid without sinking) banking transacting business with a bank; depositing or withdrawing funds or requesting a loan etc. engaging in the business of keeping money for savings and checking accounts or for exchange or for issuing loans and credit etc. home banking banking in which transactions are conducted by means of electronic communication (via telephone or computer) cooperative a jointly owned commercial enterprise (usually organized by farmers or consumers) that produces and distributes goods and services and is run for the benefit of its owners an association formed and operated for the benefit of those using it done with or working with others for a common purpose or benefit; "a cooperative effort" discount business the business of selling merchandise at a discount real-estate business the business of selling real estate advertising the business of drawing public attention to goods and services hard sell forceful and insistent advertising soft sell suggestive or persuasive advertising circularization circulating printed notices as a means of advertising publication the business of issuing printed matter for sale or distribution the communication of something to the public; making information generally known a copy of a printed work offered for distribution desktop publishing (computer science) the use of microcomputers with graphics capacity to produce printed materials republication the act of publishing again something that has been published again; a fresh publication (as of a literary work) serialization publication in serial form typography the craft of composing type and printing from it art and technique of printing with movable type printing the business of producing printed material for sale or distribution text handwritten in the style of printed matter reproduction by applying ink to paper as for publication gravure the act of intaglio printing an intaglio print produced by gravure a printing plate used in the process of gravure photogravure using photography to produce a plate for printing printing from an intaglio plate prepared by photographic methods packaging the business of packing; "his business is packaging for transport" material used to make packages meatpacking wholesale packaging of meat for future sale (including slaughtering and processing and distribution to retailers) catering providing food and services agribusiness a large-scale farming enterprise truck farming growing vegetables for the market jerry-building construction of inferior buildings for a quick profit slating the act of laying slates for a roof a severely critical attack; "the reviewers gave his book a sound slating" air transportation transportation by air hauling the activity of transporting goods by truck cartage the work of taking something away in a cart or truck and disposing of it freight transporting goods commercially at rates cheaper than express rates the charge for transporting something by common carrier; "we pay the freight"; "the freight rate is usually cheaper" load with goods for transportation transport commercially as cargo express rapid transport of goods public transport consisting of a fast train or bus that makes only a few scheduled stops; "he caught the express to New York" mail that is distributed by a rapid and efficient system articulate; either verbally or with a cry, shout, or noise; "She expressed her anger"; "He uttered a curse" give expression to; "She showed her disappointment" send by rapid transport or special messenger service; "She expressed the letter to Florida" indicate through a symbol, formula, etc.; "Can you express this distance in kilometers?" manifest the effects of (a gene or genetic trait); "Many of the laboratory animals express the trait" not tacit or implied; "her express wish" without unnecessary stops; "an express train"; "an express shipment" by express; "please send the letter express" ferry transport by boat or aircraft a boat that transports people or vehicles across a body of water and operates on a regular schedule travel by ferry transport by ferry transport from one place to another carriage trade trade from upper-class customers transaction the act of transacting within or between groups (as carrying on commercial activities); "no transactions are possible without him"; "he has always been honest is his dealings with me" affairs transactions of professional or public interest; "news of current affairs"; "great affairs of state" world affairs affairs between nations; "you can't really keep up with world affairs by watching television" operations financial transactions at a brokerage; having to do with the execution of trades and keeping customer records conveyance act of transferring property title from one person to another something that serves as a means of transportation the transmission of information document effecting a property transfer quitclaim act of transferring a title or right or claim to another document transferring title or right or claim to another bailment the delivery of personal property in trust by the bailor to the bailee lend-lease the transfer of goods and services to an ally to aid in a common cause; "lend-lease during World War II was extremely generous" secularization transfer of property from ecclesiastical to civil possession the activity of changing something (art or education or society or morality etc.) so it is no longer under the control or influence of religion barter an equal exchange; "we had no money so we had to live by barter" exchange goods without involving money horse trade the swapping of horses (accompanied by much bargaining) logrolling act of exchanging favors for mutual gain; especially trading of influence or votes among legislators to gain passage of certain projects arms deal a deal to provide military arms downtick a transaction in the stock market at a price below the price of the preceding transaction uptick a transaction in the stock market at a price above the price of the preceding transaction pawn borrowing and leaving an article as security for repayment of the loan (chess) the least powerful piece; moves only forward and captures only to the side; it can be promoted to a more powerful piece if it reaches the 8th rank an article deposited as security leave as a guarantee in return for money; "pawn your grandfather's gold watch" rental the act of paying for the use of something (as an apartment or house or car) of or relating to rent; "rental agreement"; "rental charges" available to rent or lease; "a rental car" Seward's Folly the transaction in 1867 in which the United States Secretary of State William Henry Seward purchased Alaska from Russia importing the commercial activity of buying and bringing in goods from a foreign country exporting the commercial activity of selling and shipping goods to a foreign country smuggling secretly importing prohibited goods or goods on which duty is due gunrunning the smuggling of guns and ammunition into a country secretly and illegally direct marketing marketing via a promotion delivered directly to the individual prospective customer neuromarketing marketing based on studies of consumers' sensorimotor, cognitive, and affective responses selling the exchange of goods for an agreed sum of money distribution channel a way of selling a company's product either directly or via distributors; "possible distribution channels are wholesalers or small retailers or retail chains or direct mailers or your own stores" traffic buying and selling; especially illicit trade the amount of activity over a communication system during a given period of time; "heavy traffic overloaded the trunk lines"; "traffic on the internet is lightest during the night" the aggregation of things (pedestrians or vehicles) coming and going in a particular locality during a specified period of time trade or deal a commodity; "They trafficked with us for gold" deal illegally; "traffic drugs" drug traffic traffic in illegal drugs simony traffic in ecclesiastical offices or preferments slave trade traffic in slaves; especially in Black Africans transported to America in the 16th to 19th centuries retail the selling of goods to consumers; usually in small quantities and not for resale sell on the retail market be sold at the retail level; "These gems retail at thousands of dollars each" at a retail price; "I'll sell it to you retail only" wholesale the selling of goods to merchants; usually in large quantities for resale to consumers sell in large quantities on a large scale without careful discrimination; "I buy food wholesale" at a wholesale price; "I can sell it to you wholesale" sale a particular instance of selling; "he has just made his first sale"; "they had to complete the sale before the banks closed" the general activity of selling; "they tried to boost sales"; "laws limit the sale of handguns" an occasion (usually brief) for buying at specially reduced prices; "they held a sale to reduce their inventory"; "I got some great bargains at their annual sale" an agreement (or contract) in which property is transferred from the seller (vendor) to the buyer (vendee) for a fixed price in money (paid or agreed to be paid by the buyer); "the salesman faxed the sales agreement to his home office" the state of being purchasable; offered or exhibited for selling; "you'll find vitamin C for sale at most pharmacies"; "the new line of cars will soon be on sale" divestiture the sale by a company of a product line or a subsidiary or a division an order to an offending party to rid itself of property; it has the purpose of depriving the defendant of the gains of wrongful behavior; "the court found divestiture to be necessary in preventing a monopoly" sell the activity of persuading someone to buy; "it was a hard sell" persuade somebody to accept something; "The French try to sell us their image as great lovers" give up for a price or reward; "She sold her principles for a successful career" exchange or deliver for money or its equivalent; "He sold his house in January"; "She sells her body to survive and support her drug habit" be sold at a certain price or in a certain way; "These books sell like hot cakes" be responsible for the sale of; "All her publicity sold the products" be approved of or gain acceptance; "The new idea sold well in certain circles" syndication selling (an article or cartoon) for publication in many magazines or newspapers at the same time; "he received a comfortable income from the syndication of his work" organizing into or administering as a syndicate dumping selling goods abroad at a price below that charged in the domestic market dutch auction a method of selling in which the price is reduced until a buyer is found retailing the activities involved in selling commodities directly to consumers telemarketing the use of the telephone as an interactive medium for promotion and sales telemetry automatic transmission and measurement of data from remote sources by wire or radio or other means thermometry the measurement of temperature thermogravimetry the measurement of changes in weight as a function of changes in temperature used as a technique of chemically analyzing substances tonometry the measurement of intraocular pressure by determining the amount of force needed to make a slight indentation in the cornea telephone order receiving orders via telephone vending the act of selling goods for a living viscometry the measurement of viscosity resale the selling of something purchased bazaar a sale of miscellany; often for charity; "the church bazaar" a shop where a variety of goods are sold a street of small shops (especially in Orient) book fair bazaar at which books are sold or auctioned off in order to raise funds for a worthy cause fair organized by publishers or booksellers to promote the sale of books craft fair a fair at which objects made by craftsmen are offered for sale car boot sale an outdoor sale at which people sell things from the trunk of their car clearance sale a sale to reduce inventory closeout a sale intended to dispose of all remaining stock fire sale a sale of merchandise supposedly damaged by fire a sale of assets at very low prices typically when the seller faces bankruptcy garage sale an outdoor sale of used personal or household items held on the seller's premises going-out-of-business sale a sale of all the tangible assets of a business that is about to close; "during the Great Depression going-out-of-business sales were very common" rummage sale a sale of donated articles selloff a sale of a relatively large number of assets (stocks or bonds or commodities) at a low price typically done to dispose of them rather than as normal trade white sale a sale of household linens upholstery the craft of upholstering covering (padding and springs and webbing and fabric) on a piece of furniture payment the act of paying money a sum of money paid or a claim discharged amortization payment of an obligation in a series of installments or transfers the reduction of the value of an asset by prorating its cost over a period of years fee splitting payment (usually by doctors or lawyers) of part of the fee in return for the referral overpayment the act of paying too much a payment larger than needed or expected prepayment payment in advance refund the act of returning money received previously money returned to a payer pay back; "Please refund me my money" remuneration the act of paying for goods or services or to recompense for losses; "adequate remuneration for his work" rendering giving in acknowledgment of obligation perspective drawing of an architect's design a coat of stucco applied to a masonry wall spending the act of spending or disbursing money tribute payment by one nation for protection by another something given or done as an expression of esteem underpayment the act of paying less than required a payment smaller than needed or expected expending the act of spending money for goods or services deficit spending spending money raised by borrowing; used by governments to stimulate their economy migration the movement of persons from one country or locality to another the periodic passage of groups of animals (especially birds or fishes) from one region to another for feeding or breeding (chemistry) the nonrandom movement of an atom or radical from one place to another within a molecule a group of people migrating together (especially in some given time period) gold rush a large migration of people to a newly discovered gold field stampede a headlong rush of people on a common impulse; "when he shouted `fire' there was a stampede to the exits" a wild headlong rush of frightened animals (horses or cattle) run away in a stampede cause to run in panic; "Thunderbolts can stampede animals" act, usually en masse, hurriedly or on an impulse; "Companies will now stampede to release their latest software" cause a group or mass of people to act on an impulse or hurriedly and impulsively; "The tavern owners stampeded us into overeating" social control control exerted (actively or passively) by group action auto limitation social control achieved as a manifestation of self-will or general consent sanction a mechanism of social control for enforcing a society's standards the act of final authorization; "it had the sanction of the church" formal and explicit approval; "a Democrat usually gets the union's endorsement" give religious sanction to, such as through on oath; "sanctify the marriage" give authority or permission to population control control over the growth of population; a government program government the act of governing; exercising authority; "regulations for the governing of state prisons"; "he had considerable experience of government" (government) the system or form by which a community or other political unit is governed; "tyrannical government" the organization that is the governing authority of a political unit; "the government reduced taxes"; "the matter was referred to higher authorities" misgovernment government that is inefficient or dishonest legislation the act of making or enacting laws law enacted by a legislative body criminalization legislation that makes something illegal; "the criminalization of marijuana" decriminalization legislation that makes something legal that was formerly illegal trust busting (law) government activities seeking to dissolve corporate trusts and monopolies (especially under the United States antitrust laws) winemaking the craft and science of growing grapes and making wine viticulture the cultivation of grapes and grape vines; grape growing enactment the passing of a law by a legislative body enforcement the act of enforcing; ensuring observance of or obedience to coercion the act of compelling by force of authority execution the act of accomplishing some aim or executing some order; "the agency was created for the implementation of the policy" putting a condemned person to death a routine court order that attempts to enforce the judgment that has been granted to a plaintiff by authorizing a sheriff to carry it out (law) the completion of a legal instrument (such as a contract or deed) by signing it (and perhaps sealing and delivering it) so that it becomes legally binding and enforceable (computer science) the process of carrying out an instruction by a computer imposition the act of imposing something (as a tax or an embargo) an uncalled-for burden; "he listened but resented the imposition" law enforcement ensuring obedience to the laws vigilantism the actions of a vigilance committee in trying to enforce the laws domination social control by dominating power to dominate or defeat; "mastery of the seas" bossism domination of a political organization by a party boss mastery the act of mastering or subordinating someone monopolization domination (of a market or commodity) to the exclusion of others socialization the adoption of the behavior patterns of the surrounding culture; "the socialization of children to the norms of their culture" the act of meeting for social purposes; "there was too much socialization with the enlisted men" the action of establishing on a socialist basis; "the socialization of medical services" moral obligation an obligation arising out of considerations of right and wrong; "he did it out of a feeling of moral obligation" noblesse oblige the obligation of those of high rank to be honorable and generous (often used ironically) burden of proof the duty of proving a disputed charge civic duty the responsibilities of a citizen jury duty the civic duty to serve on a jury filial duty duty of a child to its parents imperative some duty that is essential and urgent requiring attention or action; "as nuclear weapons proliferate, preventing war becomes imperative"; "requests that grew more and more imperative" relating to verbs in the imperative mood legal duty acts which the law requires be done or forborne fiduciary duty the legal duty of a fiduciary to act in the best interests of the beneficiary due care the care that a reasonable man would exercise under the circumstances; the standard for determining legal duty foster care supervised care for delinquent or neglected children usually in an institution or substitute home great care more attention and consideration than is normally bestowed by prudent persons; "the pilot exercised great care in landing" providence the guardianship and control exercised by a deity; "divine providence" the prudence and care exercised by someone in the management of resources a manifestation of God's foresightful care for his creatures slight care such care as a careless or inattentive person would exercise line of duty all that is normally required in some area of responsibility white man's burden the supposed responsibility of the white race to provide care for their non-white subjects obedience behavior intended to please your parents; "their children were never very strong on obedience"; "he went to law school out of respect for his father's wishes" the act of obeying; dutiful or submissive behavior with respect to another person the trait of being willing to obey management the act of managing something; "he was given overall management of the program"; "is the direction of the economy a function of government?" those in charge of running a business conducting the direction of an orchestra or choir; "he does not use a baton for conducting" the way of administering a business database management creation and maintenance of a database homemaking the management of a household misconduct bad or dishonest management by persons supposed to act on another's behalf mismanagement management that is careless or inefficient; "he accomplished little due to the mismanagement of his energies" screwup the complete mismanagement or mishandling of a situation; "a typical bureaucratic screwup" bioremediation the act of treating waste or pollutants by the use of microorganisms (as bacteria) that can break down the undesirable substances the branch of biotechnology that uses biological process to overcome environmental problems dealing method or manner of conduct in relation to others; "honest dealing" supervision management by overseeing the performance or operation of a person or group invigilation keeping watch over examination candidates to prevent cheating line management administration of the activities contributing directly to an organization's output running the act of administering or being in charge of something; "he has responsibility for the running of two companies at the same time" the state of being in operation; "a running engine" administrivia the tiresome but essential details that must be taken care of and tasks that must be performed in running an organization; "he sets policy and leaves all the administrivia to his assistant" polity shrewd or crafty management of public affairs; "we was innocent of stratagems and polity" a politically organized unit nonprofit organization an organization chartered for other than profit-making activities rationalization the organization of a business according to scientific principles of management in order to increase efficiency (mathematics) the simplification of an expression or equation by eliminating radicals without changing the value of the expression or the roots of the equation the cognitive process of making something seem consistent with or based on reason (psychiatry) a defense mechanism by which your true motivation is concealed by explaining your actions and feelings in a way that is not threatening self-organization organizing yourself (especially organizing your own labor union) authorization the act of conferring legality or sanction or formal warrant license the act of giving a formal (usually written) authorization a legal document giving official permission to do something freedom to deviate deliberately from normally applicable rules or practices (especially in behavior or speech) excessive freedom; lack of due restraint; "when liberty becomes license dictatorship is near"- Will Durant; "the intolerable license with which the newspapers break...the rules of decorum"- Edmund Burke authorize officially; "I am licensed to practice law in this state" benefit of clergy sanction by a religious rite; "they are living together without benefit of clergy" name by the sanction or authority of; "halt in the name of the law" a language unit by which a person or thing is known; "his name really is George Washington"; "those are two names for the same thing" a defamatory or abusive word or phrase family based on male descent; "he had no sons and there was no one to carry on his name" a well-known or notable person; "they studied all the great names in the history of France"; "she is an important figure in modern music" a person's reputation; "he wanted to protect his good name" mention and identify by name; "name your accomplices!" give the name or identifying characteristics of; refer to by name or some other identifying characteristic property; "Many senators were named in connection with the scandal"; "The almanac identifies the auspicious months" assign a specified (usually proper) proper name to; "They named their son David"; "The new school was named after the famous Civil Rights leader" charge with a function; charge to be; "She was named Head of the Committee"; "She was made president of the club" nihil obstat authoritative approval the phrase used by the official censor of the Roman Catholic Church to say that a publication has been examined and contains nothing offensive to the church certification the act of certifying or bestowing a franchise on disenfranchisement the act of withdrawing certification or terminating a franchise accreditation the act of granting credit or recognition (especially with respect to educational institution that maintains suitable standards); "a commission is responsible for the accreditation of medical schools" commission the act of granting authority to undertake certain functions an official document issued by a government and conferring on the recipient the rank of an officer in the armed forces a formal statement of a command or injunction to do something; "the judge's charge to the jury" a fee for services rendered based on a percentage of an amount received or collected or agreed to be paid (as distinguished from a salary); "he works on commission" the state of being in good working order and ready for operation; "put the ships into commission"; "the motor was out of commission" charge with a task put into commission; equip for service; of ships place an order for mandate the commission that is given to a government and its policies through an electoral victory a document giving an official instruction or command a territory surrendered by Turkey or Germany after World War I and put under the tutelage of some other European power until they are able to stand by themselves assign authority to make mandatory; "the new director of the school board mandated regular tests" assign under a mandate; "mandate a colony" delegating authorizing subordinates to make certain decisions devolution the delegation of authority (especially from a central to a regional government) loan approval formal authorization to get a loan (usually from a bank) rubber stamp routine authorization of an action without questions clearance permission to proceed; "the plane was given clearance to land" the distance by which one thing clears another; the space between them allowance the act of allowing; "He objected to the allowance of smoking in the dining room" a permissible difference; allowing some freedom to move within limits an amount added or deducted on the basis of qualifying circumstances; "an allowance for profit" an amount allowed or granted (as during a given period); "travel allowance"; "my weekly allowance of two eggs"; "a child's allowance should not be too generous" a sum granted as reimbursement for expenses put on a fixed allowance, as of food variance an official dispensation to act contrary to a rule or regulation (typically a building regulation); "a zoning variance" the second moment around the mean; the expected value of the square of the deviations of a random variable from its mean value toleration official recognition of the right of individuals to hold dissenting opinions (especially in religion) a disposition to tolerate or accept people or situations; "all people should practice toleration and live together in peace" channelization management through specified channels of communication canalization the production of a canal or a conversion to canals preparation the activity of putting or setting in order in advance of some act or purpose; "preparations for the ceremony had begun" (music) a note that produces a dissonant chord is first heard in a consonant chord; "the resolution of one dissonance is often the preparation for another dissonance" warm up performing mild exercises to prepare for some more strenuous activity; "the singers have to warm up"; "the marathon runner did not warm up and hurt himself" cause to do preliminary exercises so as to stretch the muscles; "The coach warmed up the players before the game" become more friendly or open; "She warmed up after we had lunch together" run until the normal working temperature is reached; "We warmed up the car for a few minutes" deployment the distribution of forces in preparation for battle or work groundwork preliminary preparation as a basis or foundation; "we are prepared today because of groundwork that was done ten years ago" redeployment the withdrawal and redistribution of forces in an attempt to use them more effectively makeready final preparation and adjustments priming the act of making something ready scheduling setting an order and time for planned events turnaround act or process of unloading and loading and servicing a vessel or aircraft for a return trip an area sufficiently large for a vehicle to turn around time need to prepare a vessel or ship for a return trip warm-up exercising in preparation for strenuous activity guidance the act of guiding or showing the way something that provides direction or advice as to a decision or course of action coup d'etat a sudden and decisive change of government illegally or by force countercoup a sudden and decisive overthrow of a government that gained power by a coup d'etat restraint the act of controlling by restraining someone or something; "the unlawful restraint of trade" a device that retards something's motion; "the car did not have proper restraints fitted" discipline in personal and social activities; "he was a model of polite restraint"; "she never lost control of herself" a rule or condition that limits freedom; "legal restraints"; "restraints imposed on imports" collar a figurative restraint; "asked for a collar on program trading in the stock market"; "kept a tight leash on his emotions"; "he's always gotten a long leash" a band that fits around the neck and is usually folded over a band of leather or rope that is placed around an animal's neck as a harness or to identify it the stitching that forms the rim of a shoe or boot a short ring fastened over a rod or shaft to limit, guide, or secure a machine part anything worn or placed about the neck; "the thief was forced to wear a heavy wooden collar"; "a collar of flowers was placed about the neck of the winning horse" (zoology) an encircling band or marking around the neck of any animal take into custody; "the police nabbed the suspected criminals" furnish with a collar; "collar the dog" seize by the neck or collar damper a depressing restraint; "rain put a damper on our picnic plans" a device that decreases the amplitude of electronic, mechanical, acoustical, or aerodynamic oscillations a movable iron plate that regulates the draft in a stove or chimney or furnace bridle the act of restraining power or action or limiting excess; "his common sense is a bridle to his quick temper" headgear for a horse; includes a headstall and bit and reins to give the rider or driver control respond to the reins, as of horses put a bridle on; "bridle horses" anger or take offense; "She bridled at his suggestion to elope" immobilization the act of limiting movement or making incapable of movement; "the storm caused complete immobilization of the rescue team" fixation (as by a plaster cast) of a body part in order to promote proper healing; "immobilization of the injured knee was necessary" confinement the act of restraining of a person's liberty by confining them the state of being confined; "he was held in confinement" imprisonment the act of confining someone in a prison (or as if in a prison) putting someone in prison or in jail as lawful punishment lockdown the act of confining prisoners to their cells (usually to regain control during a riot) house arrest confinement to your own home false imprisonment (law) confinement without legal authority custody holding by the police; "the suspect is in custody" containment the act of containing; keeping something from spreading; "the containment of the AIDS epidemic"; "the containment of the rebellion" (physics) a system designed to prevent the accidental release of radioactive material from a reactor a policy of creating strategic alliances in order to check the expansion of a hostile power or ideology or to force it to negotiate peacefully; "containment of communist expansion was a central principle of United States' foreign policy from 1947 to the 1975" ring containment a strategy of defense in cases of bioterrorism; vaccination only of people exposed and others who are in contact with them; "ring containment is a proven method of halting a smallpox epidemic" crackdown severely repressive actions regimentation the imposition of order or discipline reimposition imposition again restraint of trade any act that tends to prevent free competition in business restriction the act of keeping something within specified bounds (by force if necessary); "the restriction of the infection to a focal area" a principle that limits the extent of something; "I am willing to accept certain restrictions on my movements" classification restriction imposed by the government on documents or weapons that are available only to certain authorized people the basic cognitive process of arranging into classes or categories a group of people or things arranged by class or category declassification reduction or removal by the government of restrictions on a classified document or weapon stipulation a restriction that is insisted upon as a condition for an agreement (law) an agreement or concession made by parties in a judicial proceeding (or by their attorneys) relating to the business before the court; must be in writing unless they are part of the court record; "a stipulation of fact was made in order to avoid delay" circumscription the act of circumscribing constraint the act of constraining; the threat or use of force to control the thoughts or behavior of others the state of being physically constrained; "dogs should be kept under restraint" swaddling clothes restrictions placed on the immature a garment (a gown or narrow strips of cloth) for an infant constriction the action or process of compressing a tight feeling in some part of the body; "he felt a constriction in her chest"; "she felt an alarming tightness in her chest"; "emotion caused a constriction of his throat" tight or narrow compression a narrowing that reduces the flow through a channel vasoconstriction decrease in the diameter of blood vessels privation act of depriving someone of food or money or rights; "nutritional privation"; "deprivation of civil rights" a state of extreme poverty pauperization the act of making someone poor starvation the act of depriving of food or subjecting to famine; "the besiegers used starvation to induce surrender"; "they were charged with the starvation of children in their care" a state of extreme hunger resulting from lack of essential nutrients over a prolonged period appeasement the act of appeasing (as by acceding to the demands of) placation the act of placating and overcoming distrust and animosity internationalization the act of bringing something under international control nationalization changing something from private to state ownership or control the action of rendering national in character the action of forming or becoming a nation denationalization changing something from state to private ownership or control collectivization the organization of a nation or economy on the basis of collectivism communization the organization of a nation of the basis of communism a change from private property to public property owned by the community federation the act of constituting a political unity out of a number of separate states or colonies or provinces so that each member retains the management of its internal affairs an organization formed by merging several groups or parties discrimination unfair treatment of a person or group on the basis of prejudice the cognitive process whereby two or more stimuli are distinguished patronage (politics) granting favors or giving contracts or making appointments to office in return for political support support by being a patron of nomenklatura the system of patronage in communist countries; controlled by committees in the Communist Party ableism discrimination in favor of the able-bodied ageism discrimination on the basis of a person's age cronyism favoritism shown to friends and associates (as by appointing them to positions without regard for their qualifications) fattism discrimination against people who are overweight heterosexism discrimination in favor of heterosexual and against homosexual people nepotism favoritism shown to relatives or close friends by those in power (as by giving them jobs) racism discriminatory or abusive behavior towards members of another race the prejudice that members of one race are intrinsically superior to members of other races racial profiling a form of racism consisting of the (alleged) policy of policemen who stop and search vehicles driven by persons belonging to particular racial groups rollover the act of changing the institution that invests your pension plan without incurring a tax penalty sexism discriminatory or abusive behavior towards members of the opposite sex male chauvinism activity indicative of belief in the superiority of men over women sexual discrimination discrimination (usually in employment) that excludes one sex (usually women) to the benefit of the other sex mobilization act of assembling and putting into readiness for war or other emergency: "mobilization of the troops" act of marshaling and organizing and making ready for use or action; "mobilization of the country's economic resources" arming the act of equiping with weapons in preparation for war outfitting the act of renovating and fitting out a ship refit outfitting a ship again (by repairing or replacing parts) fit out again rearmament the act of arming again; "he opposed the rearmament of Japan after World War II" disarming act of reducing or depriving of arms; "the disarmament of the aggressor nations must be complete" capable of allaying hostility conscription compulsory military service levy the act of drafting into military service a charge imposed and collected impose and collect; "levy a fine" demobilization act of changing from a war basis to a peace basis including disbanding or discharging troops; "demobilization of factories"; "immediate demobilization of the reserves" remilitarization the act of militarizing again standardization the imposition of standards or regulations; "a committee was appointed to recommend terminological standardization" the condition in which a standard has been successfully established; "standardization of nuts and bolts had saved industry millions of dollars" stabilization the act of stabilizing something or making it more stable; "he worked for price stabilization for farm products"; "wage stabilization is necessary for industrial peace"; "stabilization means that the product can be handled under atmospheric conditions" the act of making something (as a vessel or aircraft) less likely to overturn destabilization the action of destabilizing; making something less stable (especially of a government or country or economy) an event that causes a loss of equilibrium (as of a ship or aircraft) stylization the act of stylizing; causing to conform to a particular style conventionalization the act of conventionalizing; conforming to a conventional style taxation the imposition of taxes; the practice of the government in levying taxes on the subjects of a state punishment the act of punishing beating the act of inflicting corporal punishment with repeated blows the act of overcoming or outdoing castigation verbal punishment a severe scolding corporal punishment the infliction of physical injury on someone convicted of committing a crime cruel and unusual punishment punishment prohibited by the 8th amendment to the U.S. Constitution; includes torture or degradation or punishment too severe for the crime committed detention a punishment in which a student must stay at school after others have gone home; "the detention of tardy pupils" a state of being confined (usually for a short time); "his detention was politically motivated"; "the prisoner is on hold"; "he is in the custody of police" economic strangulation punishment of a group by cutting off commercial dealings with them; "the economic strangulation of the Jews by the Nazi Party" self-flagellation self-punishment inflicted by whipping self-punishment punishment inflicted on yourself spanking the act of slapping on the buttocks; "he gave the brat a good spanking" stick threat of a penalty; "the policy so far is all stick and no carrot" an implement consisting of a length of wood; "he collected dry sticks for a campfire"; "the kid had a candied apple on a stick" a long thin implement resembling a length of wood; "cinnamon sticks"; "a stick of dynamite" a lever used by a pilot to control the ailerons and elevators of an airplane a long implement (usually made of wood) that is shaped so that hockey or polo players can hit a puck or ball a rectangular quarter pound block of butter or margarine a small thin branch of a tree saddle with something disagreeable or disadvantageous; "They stuck me with the dinner bill"; "I was stung with a huge tax bill" pierce or penetrate or puncture with something pointed; "He stuck the needle into his finger" pierce with a thrust using a pointed instrument; "he stuck the cloth with the needle" fasten into place by fixing an end or point into something; "stick the corner of the sheet under the mattress" fasten with or as with pins or nails; "stick the photo onto the corkboard" fasten with an adhesive material like glue; "stick the poster onto the wall" cover and decorate with objects that pierce the surface; "stick some feathers in the turkey before you serve it" endure; "The label stuck to her for the rest of her life" be or become fixed; "The door sticks--we will have to plane it" whipping beating with a whip or strap or rope as a form of punishment flagellation beating as a source of erotic or religious stimulation horsewhipping the act of whipping with a horsewhip; "that villain needs a good horsewhipping" gauntlet a form of punishment in which a person is forced to run between two lines of men facing each other and armed with clubs or whips to beat the victim a glove with long sleeve a glove of armored leather; protects the hand to offer or accept a challenge; "threw down the gauntlet"; "took up the gauntlet" kick in the butt punishment inflicted by kicking the victim in the behind stoning the act of pelting with stones; punishment inflicted by throwing stones at the victim (even unto death) auto-da-fe the burning to death of heretics (as during the Spanish Inquisition) hanging a form of capital punishment; victim is suspended by the neck from a gallows or gibbet until dead; "in those days the hanging of criminals was a public entertainment" decoration that is hung (as a tapestry) on a wall or over a window; "the cold castle walls were covered with hangings" commitment the official act of consigning a person to confinement (as in a prison or mental hospital) the act of binding yourself (intellectually or emotionally) to a course of action; "his long commitment to public service"; "they felt no loyalty to a losing team" an engagement by contract involving financial obligation; "his business commitments took him to London" a message that makes a pledge corrections the social control of offenders through a system of imprisonment and rehabilitation and probation and parole the department of local government that is responsible for managing the treatment of convicted offenders; "for a career in corrections turn to the web site of the New Jersey Department of Corrections" tradeoff an exchange that occurs as a compromise; "I faced a tradeoff between eating and buying my medicine" submission the act of submitting; usually surrendering power to another (law) a contention presented by a lawyer to a judge or jury as part of the case he is arguing an agreement between parties in a dispute to abide by the decision of an arbiter a legal document summarizing an agreement between parties in a dispute to abide by the decision of an arbiter something (manuscripts or architectural plans and models or estimates or works of art of all genres etc.) submitted for the judgment of others (as in a competition); "several of his submissions were rejected by publishers"; "what was the date of submission of your proposal?" the condition of having submitted to control by someone or something else; "the union was brought into submission"; "his submission to the will of God" truckling the act of obeying meanly (especially obeying in a humble manner or for unworthy reasons) strife bitter conflict; heated often violent dissension tug-of-war any hard struggle between equally matched groups a contest in which teams pull of opposite ends of a rope; the team dragged across a central line loses turf war a bitter struggle for territory or power or control or rights; "a turf war erupted between street gangs"; "the president's resignation was the result of a turf war with the board of directors" countercurrent actions counter to the main group activity; "political crosscurrents disrupted the conference" direct action a protest action by labor or minority groups to obtain their demands competition the act of competing as for profit or a prize; "the teams were in fierce contention for first place" a business relation in which two parties compete to gain customers; "business competition can be fiendish at times" battle of wits a contest in which intelligence rather than violence is used contest a struggle between rivals an occasion on which a winner is selected from among two or more contestants to make the subject of dispute, contention, or litigation; "They contested the outcome of the race" bidding contest a series of competing bids popularity contest competition (real or figurative) for popular support nonresistance group refusal to resort to violence even in defense against violence sales resistance resistance by potential customers to aggressive selling practices discord strife resulting from a lack of agreement disagreement among those expected to cooperate lack of agreement or harmony defiance a defiant act intentionally contemptuous behavior or attitude a hostile challenge road rage violence exhibited by drivers in traffic riot a public act of violence by an unruly mob take part in a riot; disturb the public peace by engaging in a riot; "Students were rioting everywhere in 1968" race riot a riot caused by hatred for one another of members of different races in the same community dispute coming into conflict with a disagreement or argument about something important; "he had a dispute with his wife"; "there were irreconcilable differences"; "the familiar conflict between Republicans and Democrats" fencing the art or sport of fighting with swords (especially the use of foils or epees or sabres to score points under a set of rules) set-to a brief but vigorous fight shock the violent interaction of individuals or groups entering into combat; "the armies met in the shock of battle" an unpleasant or disappointing surprise; "it came as a shock to learn that he was injured" an instance of agitation of the earth's crust; "the first shock of the earthquake came shortly after noon while workers were at lunch" a bushy thick mass (especially hair); "he had an unruly shock of black hair" a pile of sheaves of grain set on end in a field to dry; stalks of Indian corn set up in a field; "corn is bound in small sheaves and several sheaves are set up together in shocks"; "whole fields of wheat in shock" (pathology) bodily collapse or near collapse caused by inadequate oxygen delivery to the cells; characterized by reduced cardiac output and rapid heartbeat and circulatory insufficiency and pallor; "loss of blood is an important cause of shock" subject to electrical shocks collect or gather into shocks; "shock grain" collide violently strike with horror or terror; "The news of the bombing shocked her" surprise greatly; knock someone's socks off; "I was floored when I heard that I was promoted" strike with disgust or revulsion; "The scandalous behavior of this married woman shocked her friends" hassle disorderly fighting aggro (informal British usage) aggravation or aggression; "I skipped it because it was too much aggro" counterblow a return blow; a retaliatory blow fistfight a fight with bare fists fight with the fists; "The man wanted to fist-fight" stab a strong blow with a knife or other sharp pointed instrument; "one strong stab to the heart killed him" stab or pierce; "he jabbed the piece of meat with his pocket knife" lunge (fencing) an attacking thrust made with one foot forward and the back leg straight and with the sword arm outstretched forward make a thrusting forward movement parry (fencing) blocking a lunge or deflecting it with a circular motion of the sword impede the movement of (an opponent or a ball); "block an attack" remise (fencing) a second thrust made on the same lunge (as when your opponent fails to riposte) an expensive or high-class hackney riposte (fencing) a counterattack made immediately after successfully parrying the opponents lunge make a return thrust; "his opponent riposted" stinger a sharp stinging blow a sharp organ of offense or defense (as of a wasp or stingray or scorpion) often connected with a poison gland a remark capable of wounding mentally; "the unkindest cut of all" a cocktail made of made of creme de menthe and brandy thump a heavy blow with the hand a heavy dull sound (as made by impact of heavy objects) hit hard with the hand, fist, or some heavy instrument; "the salesman pounded the door knocker"; "a bible-thumping Southern Baptist" uppercut a swinging blow directed upward (especially at an opponent's chin) hammer the act of pounding (delivering repeated heavy blows); "the sudden hammer of fists caught him off guard"; "the pounding of feet on the hallway" a hand tool with a heavy rigid head and a handle; used to deliver an impulsive force by striking a power tool for drilling rocks a striker that is covered in felt and that causes the piano strings to vibrate the part of a gunlock that strikes the percussion cap when the trigger is pulled a heavy metal sphere attached to a flexible wire; used in the hammer throw beat with or as if with a hammer; "hammer the metal flat" cheap shot an illegal and unsportsmanlike act of unnecessary violence; "he called a penalty on them when the lineman took a cheap shot at the quarterback" an unnecessarily aggressive and unfair remark directed at a defenseless person wallop a severe blow defeat soundly and utterly; "We'll wallop them!" battering the act of subjecting to strong attack affray a noisy fight noisy quarrel brawl a noisy fight in a crowd to quarrel noisily, angrily or disruptively; "The bar keeper threw them out, but they continued to wrangle on down the street" knife fight fighting with knives rumble a fight between rival gangs of adolescents a servant's seat (or luggage compartment) in the rear of a carriage a loud low dull continuous noise; "they heard the rumbling of thunder" make a low noise; "rumbling thunder" single combat a fight between two people; "in all armies there were officers who needed to prove their bravery by single combat" obstructionism deliberate interference protest the act of protesting; a public (often organized) manifestation of dissent a formal and solemn declaration of objection; "they finished the game under protest to the league president"; "the senator rose to register his protest"; "the many protestations did not stay the execution" the act of making a strong public expression of disagreement and disapproval; "he shouted his protests at the umpire"; "a shower of protest was heard from the rear of the hall" utter words of protest affirm or avow formally or solemnly; "The suspect protested his innocence" express opposition through action or words; "dissent to the laws of the country" punch-up a fistfight; "the quarrel ended in a punch-up" counterdemonstration a demonstration held in opposition to another demonstration; "supporters of the president organized a counterdemonstration in his support" walkout the act of walking out (of a meeting or organization) as a sign of protest; "there was a walkout by the Black members as the chairman rose to speak" a strike in which the workers walk out Boston Tea Party demonstration (1773) by citizens of Boston who (disguised as Indians) raided three British ships in Boston harbor and dumped hundreds of chests of tea into the harbor; organized as a protest against taxes on tea peace march a protest march against (a particular) war and in favor of peace sit-in a form of civil disobedience in which demonstrators occupy seats and refuse to move work-in occasion when workers continue to work as a protest against e.g. proposed dismissal or closure of the factory protest march occasion when you can express opposition by marching (usually on some government institution) without a license insubordination an insubordinate act defiance of authority contumacy obstinate rebelliousness and insubordination; resistance to authority willful refusal to appear before a court or comply with a court order; can result in a finding of contempt of court disobedience the failure to obey the trait of being unwilling to obey civil disobedience a group's refusal to obey a law because they believe the law is immoral (as in protest against discrimination); "Thoreau wrote a famous essay justifying civil disobedience" contempt a willful disobedience to or disrespect for the authority of a court or legislative body a manner that is generally disrespectful and contemptuous open disrespect for a person or thing lack of respect accompanied by a feeling of intense dislike; "he was held in contempt"; "the despite in which outsiders were held is legendary" contempt of Congress deliberate obstruction of the operation of the federal legislative branch contempt of court disrespect for the rules of a court of law civil contempt a failure to follow a court order that benefits someone else criminal contempt an act of disrespect that impedes the administration of justice obstruction of justice impeding those who seek justice in a court (as by trying to influence or intimidate any juror or witness or officer of the court); can result in a finding of contempt of court due process (law) the administration of justice according to established rules and principles; based on the principle that a person cannot be deprived of life or liberty or property without appropriate legal procedures and safeguards legal action a judicial proceeding brought by one party against another; one party prosecutes another for a wrong done or for protection of a right or for prevention of a wrong lawsuit a comprehensive term for any proceeding in a court of law whereby an individual seeks a legal remedy; "the family brought suit against the landlord" civil suit a lawsuit alleging violations of civil law by the defendant class action a lawsuit brought by a representative member of a large group of people on behalf of all members of the group countersuit a suit brought against someone who has sued you criminal suit a lawsuit alleging violations of criminal law by the defendant moot a hypothetical case that law students argue as an exercise; "he organized the weekly moot" of no legal significance (as having been previously decided) paternity suit a lawsuit filed to determine the father of a child born out of wedlock (and to provide for the support of the child once paternity is determined) antitrust case a legal action brought against parties who are charged with limiting free competition in the market place civil action legal action to protect a private civil right or to compel a civil remedy (as distinguished from criminal prosecution) counterclaim a claim filed in opposition to another claim in a legal action set up a claim in opposition to a previous claim custody case a legal action to determine custody (usually of children following a divorce) lis pendens a pending lawsuit proceeding (law) the institution of a sequence of steps by which legal judgments are invoked appeal (law) a legal proceeding in which the appellant resorts to a higher court for the purpose of obtaining a review of a lower court decision and a reversal of the lower court's judgment or the granting of a new trial; "their appeal was denied in the superior court" attractiveness that interests or pleases or stimulates; "his smile was part of his appeal to her" request earnestly (something from somebody); ask for aid or protection; "appeal to somebody for help"; "Invoke God in times of trouble" take a court case to a higher court for review; "He was found guilty but appealed immediately" challenge (a decision); "She appealed the verdict" affirmation a judgment by a higher court that the judgment of a lower court was correct and should stand (religion) a solemn declaration that serves the same purpose as an oath (if an oath is objectionable to the person on religious or ethical grounds) the act of affirming or asserting or stating something bankruptcy a legal process intended to insure equality among the creditors of a corporation declared to be insolvent inability to discharge all your debts as they come due; "the company had to declare bankruptcy"; "fraudulent loans led to the failure of many banks" a state of complete lack of some abstract property; "spiritual bankruptcy"; "moral bankruptcy"; "intellectual bankruptcy" litigation a legal proceeding in a court; a judicial contest to determine and enforce legal rights custody battle litigation to settle custody of the children of a divorced couple vexatious litigation litigation shown to have been instituted maliciously and without probable cause; "he got an injunction against vexatious litigation by his enemies" presentment an accusation of crime made by a grand jury on its own initiative a document that must be accepted and paid by another person confession of judgment a judgment entered after a written confession by the debtor without the expense of ordinary legal proceedings default judgment a judgment entered in favor of the plaintiff when the defendant defaults (fails to appear in court) non prosequitur a judgment entered in favor of the defendant when the plaintiff has not continued his action (e.g., has not appeared in court) final judgment a judgment disposing of the case before the court; after the judgment (or an appeal from it) is rendered all that remains is to enforce the judgment conviction (criminal law) a final judgment of guilty in a criminal case and the punishment that is imposed; "the conviction came as no surprise" an unshakable belief in something without need for proof or evidence judgment in personam a judgment rendered against an individual (or corporation) for the payment of money damages judgment in rem a judgment pronounced on the status of some particular subject or property or thing (as opposed to one pronounced on persons) judgment of dismissal a judgment disposing of the matter without a trial judgment on the merits judgment rendered through analysis and adjudication of the factual issues presented summary judgment a judgment rendered by the court prior to a verdict because no material issue of fact exists and one party or the other is entitled to a judgment as a matter of law arbitration the act of deciding as an arbiter; giving authoritative judgment; "they submitted their disagreement to arbitration" (law) the hearing and determination of a dispute by an impartial referee agreed to by both parties (often used to settle disputes between labor and management) opinion the reason for a court's judgment (as opposed to the decision itself) a personal belief or judgment that is not founded on proof or certainty; "my opinion differs from yours"; "I am not of your persuasion"; "what are your thoughts on Haiti?" the legal document stating the reasons for a judicial decision; "opinions are usually written by a single judge" a message expressing a belief about something; the expression of a belief that is held with confidence but not substantiated by positive knowledge or proof; "his opinions appeared frequently on the editorial page" Bakke decision a ruling by the Supreme Court on affirmative action; the Court ruled in 1978 that medical schools are entitled to consider race as a factor in their admission policy fatwa a ruling on a point of Islamic law that is given by a recognized authority umpirage the act of umpiring; "the officiating was excellent" mediation by an umpire finding the decision of a court on issues of fact or law something that is found; "the findings in the gastrointestinal tract indicate that he died several hours after dinner"; "an area rich in archaeological findings" verdict (law) the findings of a jury on issues of fact submitted to it for decision; can be used in formulating a judgment finding of law a finding as to the applicability of a rule of law to particular facts compromise verdict a verdict resulting from improper compromises between jurors on material issues directed verdict a verdict entered by the court in a jury trial without consideration by the jury; "there cannot be a directed verdict of guilty in a criminal trial" false verdict a manifestly unjust verdict; not true to the evidence general verdict an ordinary verdict declaring which party prevails without any special findings of fact partial verdict (criminal law) a finding that the defendant is guilty of some charges but innocent of others quotient verdict an improper and unacceptable kind of compromise verdict special verdict a verdict rendered on certain specific factual issues posed by the court without finding for one party or the other acquittal a judgment of not guilty murder conviction conviction for murder rape conviction conviction for rape robbery conviction conviction for robbery eviction the expulsion of someone (such as a tenant) from the possession of land by process of law action by a landlord that compels a tenant to leave the premises (as by rendering the premises unfit for occupancy); no physical expulsion or legal process is involved actual eviction the physical ouster of a tenant from the leased premises; the tenant is relieved of any further duty to pay rent retaliatory eviction an eviction in reprisal for the tenant's good-faith complaints against the landlord; illegal in many states legalization the act of making lawful legitimation the act of rendering a person legitimate; "he has filial rights because he obtained letters of legitimation from the king"; "his parents' subsequent marriage resulted in his legitimation" trial (law) the determination of a person's innocence or guilt by due process of law; "he had a fair trial and the jury found him guilty"; "most of these complaints are settled before they go to trial" trying something to find out about it; "a sample for ten days free trial"; "a trial of progesterone failed to relieve the pain" an annoying or frustrating or catastrophic event; "his mother-in-law's visits were a great trial for him"; "life is full of tribulations"; "a visitation of the plague" (sports) a preliminary competition to determine qualifications; "the trials for the semifinals began yesterday" court-martial a trial that is conducted by a military court a military court to try members of the armed services who are accused of serious breaches of martial law subject to trial by court-martial ordeal a primitive method of determining a person's guilt or innocence by subjecting the accused person to dangerous or painful tests believed to be under divine control; escape was usually taken as a sign of innocence a severe or trying experience Scopes trial a highly publicized trial in 1925 when John Thomas Scopes violated a Tennessee state law by teaching evolution in high school; Scopes was prosecuted by William Jennings Bryan and defended by Clarence Darrow; Scopes was convicted but the verdict was later reversed show trial a trial held for show; the guilt of the accused person has been decided in advance bill of review a proceeding brought to obtain an explanation or an alteration or a reversal of a decree by the court that rendered it judicial review review by a court of law of actions of a government official or entity or of some other legally appointed person or body or the review by an appellate court of the decision of a trial court plea an answer indicating why a suit should be dismissed (law) a defendant's answer by a factual matter (as distinguished from a demurrer) double jeopardy the prosecution of a defendant for a criminal offense for which he has already been tried; prohibited in the fifth amendment to the United States Constitution prosecution the institution and conduct of legal proceedings against a defendant for criminal behavior the lawyers acting for the state to put the case against the defendant test case a representative legal action whose outcome is likely to become a precedent entrapment a defense that claims the defendant would not have broken the law if not tricked into doing it by law enforcement officials mistrial a trial that is invalid or inconclusive retrial a new trial in which issues already litigated and to which the court has already rendered a verdict or decision are reexamined by the same court; occurs when the initial trial is found to have been improper or unfair due to procedural errors hearing (law) a proceeding (usually by a court) where evidence is taken for the purpose of determining an issue of fact and reaching a decision based on that evidence the ability to hear; the auditory faculty; "his hearing was impaired" a session (of a committee or grand jury) in which witnesses are called and testimony is taken; "the investigative committee will hold hearings in Chicago" an opportunity to state your case and be heard; "they condemned him without a hearing"; "he saw that he had lost his audience" administrative hearing a hearing that takes place outside the judicial process before hearing examiners who have been granted judicial authority specifically for the purpose of conducting such hearings competence hearing a hearing to determine legal capacity (to determine whether the defendant can understand the charges and cooperate with a lawyer in preparing a defense) fair hearing a hearing that is granted in extraordinary situations where the normal judicial process would be inadequate to secure due process because the person would be harmed or denied their rights before a judicial remedy became available (as in deportation or loss of welfare benefits) quo warranto a hearing to determine by what authority someone has an office or franchise or liberty divorce the legal dissolution of a marriage get a divorce; formally terminate a marriage; "The couple divorced after only 6 months" legal separation (law) the cessation of cohabitation of man and wife (either by mutual agreement or under a court order) a judicial decree regulating the rights and responsibilities of a married couple living apart quarantine isolation to prevent the spread of infectious disease enforced isolation of patients suffering from a contagious disease in order to prevent the spread of disease place into enforced isolation, as for medical reasons; "My dog was quarantined before he could live in England" seclusion the act of secluding yourself from others cocooning retreating to the seclusion of your home (as for privacy or escape) isolation the act of isolating something; setting something apart from others a country's withdrawal from international politics; "he opposed a policy of American isolation" a feeling of being disliked and alone (psychiatry) a defense mechanism in which memory of an unacceptable act or impulse is separated from the emotion originally associated with it a state of separation between persons or groups segregation the act of segregating or sequestering; "sequestration of the jury" a social system that provides separate facilities for minority groups (genetics) the separation of paired alleles during meiosis so that members of each pair of alleles appear in different gametes separationism advocacy of a policy of strict separation of church and state brainstorming a group problem-solving technique in which members spontaneously share ideas and solutions; "we had an intense brainstorming session today" teamwork cooperative work done by a team (especially when it is effective); "it will take money, good planning and, above all, teamwork" conformity acting according to certain accepted standards; "their financial statements are in conformity with generally accepted accounting practices" correspondence in form or appearance orthodoxy in thoughts and belief formality compliance with formal rules; "courtroom formality" a manner that strictly observes all forms and ceremonies; "the formality of his voice made the others pay him close attention" a requirement of etiquette or custom; "a mere formality" line acting in conformity; "in line with"; "he got out of line"; "toe the line" something (as a cord or rope) that is long and thin and flexible; "a washing line" the road consisting of railroad track and roadbed a commercial organization serving as a common carrier a particular kind of product or merchandise; "a nice line of shoes" a conceptual separation or distinction; "there is a narrow line between sanity and insanity" a mark that is long relative to its width; "He drew a line on the chart" text consisting of a row of words written across a page or computer screen; "the letter consisted of three short lines"; "there are six lines in every stanza" persuasive but insincere talk that is usually intended to deceive or impress; "`let me show you my etchings' is a rather worn line"; "he has a smooth line but I didn't fall for it"; "that salesman must have practiced his fast line of talk" a formation of people or things one behind another; "the line stretched clear around the corner"; "you must wait in a long line at the checkout counter" a formation of people or things one beside another; "the line of soldiers advanced with their bayonets fixed"; "they were arrayed in line of battle"; "the cast stood in line for the curtain call" a spatial location defined by a real or imaginary unidimensional extent in games or sports; a mark indicating positions or bounds of the playing area a fortified position (especially one marking the most forward position of troops); "they attacked the enemy's line" a single frequency (or very narrow band) of radiation in a spectrum a length (straight or curved) without breadth or thickness; the trace of a moving point reinforce with fabric; "lined books are more enduring" fill plentifully; "line one's pockets" cover the interior of; "line the gloves"; "line a chimney" mark with lines; "sorrow had lined his face" be in line with; form a line along; "trees line the riverbank" honoring conformity with law or custom or practice etc. punctilio strict observance of formalities a fine point of etiquette or petty formality nonobservance a lack of conformity with law or custom or practice etc. nonconformity failure to conform to accepted standards of behavior unorthodoxy as a consequence of not conforming to expected standards or values a lack of orthodoxy in thoughts or beliefs lack of harmony or correspondence keeping conformity or harmony; "his behavior was not in keeping with the occasion" collaboration act of working jointly; "they worked either in collaboration or independently" act of cooperating traitorously with an enemy that is occupying your country compromise a middle way between two extremes an accommodation in which both sides make concessions; "the newly elected congressmen rejected a compromise because they considered it `business as usual'" settle by concession make a compromise; arrive at a compromise; "nobody will get everything he wants; we all must compromise" expose or make liable to danger, suspicion, or disrepute; "The nuclear secrets of the state were compromised by the spy" concurrence acting together, as agents or circumstances or events the temporal property of two things happening at the same time; "the interval determining the coincidence gate is adjustable" agreement of results or opinions a state of cooperation selflessness acting with less concern for yourself than for the success of the joint activity cultism devotion to the doctrine or a cult or to the practices of a cult hobbyism a devotion to hobbies enlistment the act of enlisting (as in a military service) a period of time spent in military service reenlistment a renewed enlistment faith loyalty or allegiance to a cause or a person; "keep the faith"; "they broke faith with their investors" complete confidence in a person or plan etc; "he cherished the faith of a good woman"; "the doctor-patient relationship is based on trust" fetish excessive or irrational devotion to some activity; "made a fetish of cleanliness" a form of sexual desire in which gratification depends to an abnormal degree on some object or item of clothing or part of the body; "common male fetishes are breasts, legs, hair, shoes, and underwear" party spirit devotion to a political party aid the activity of contributing to the fulfillment of a need or furtherance of an effort or purpose; "he gave me an assist with the housework"; "could not walk without assistance"; "rescue party went to their aid"; "offered his help in unloading" a person or thing that is a resource that helps make something easier or possible to do; "visual aids in teaching"; "his job was to give technical assistance over the phone" gift of money or other material help to support a person or cause; "economic assistance to depressed areas" facilitation act of assisting or making easier the progress or improvement of something (neurophysiology) phenomenon that occurs when two or more neural impulses that alone are not enough to trigger a response in a neuron combine to trigger an action potential the condition of being made easy (or easier); "social facilitation is an adaptive condition" hand physical assistance; "give me a hand with the chores" terminal part of the forelimb in certain vertebrates (e.g. apes or kangaroos); "the kangaroo's forearms seem undeveloped but the powerful five-fingered hands are skilled at feinting and clouting"- Springfield (Mass.) Union a rotating pointer on the face of a timepiece; "the big hand counts the minutes" the (prehensile) extremity of the superior limb; "he had the hands of a surgeon"; "he extended his mitt" ability; "he wanted to try his hand at singing" one of two sides of an issue; "on the one hand..., but on the other hand..." a round of applause to signify approval; "give the little lady a great big hand" the cards held in a card game by a given player at any given time; "I didn't hold a good hand all evening"; "he kept trying to see my hand" a position given by its location to the side of an object; "objections were voiced on every hand" a member of the crew of a ship; "all hands on deck" a unit of length equal to 4 inches; used in measuring horses; "the horse stood 20 hands" guide or conduct or usher somewhere; "hand the elderly lady into the taxi" recourse act of turning to for assistance; "have recourse to the courts"; "an appeal to his uncle was his last resort" something or someone turned to for assistance or security; "his only recourse was the police"; "took refuge in lying" thanks with the help of or owing to; "thanks to hard work it was a great success" an acknowledgment of appreciation social work any of various services designed to aid the poor and aged and to increase the welfare of children casework close sociological study of a maladjusted person or family for diagnosis and treatment disservice an act intended to help that turns out badly; "he did them a disservice" childcare a service involving care for other people's children community service an unpaid service for the benefit of the public that is performed by lawbreakers as part (or all) of their sentence a service that is performed for the benefit of the public or its institutions daycare childcare during the day while parents work help desk a service that provides information and assistance to the users of a computer network seating the service of ushering people to their seats an area that includes places where several people can sit; "there is seating for 40 students in this classroom" boost the act of giving hope or support to someone the act of giving a push; "he gave her a boost over the fence" give a boost to; be beneficial to; "The tax cut will boost the economy" increase or raise; "boost the voltage in an electrical circuit" push or shove upward, as if from below or behind; "The singer had to be boosted onto the stage by a special contraption" comfort assistance, such as that provided to an enemy or to a known criminal; "it gave comfort to the enemy" a feeling of freedom from worry or disappointment satisfaction or physical well-being provided by a person or thing; "his friendship was a comfort"; "a padded chair was one of the room's few comforts" a state of being relaxed and feeling no pain; "he is a man who enjoys his comfort"; "she longed for the comfortableness of her armchair" lessen pain or discomfort; alleviate; "ease the pain in your legs" give moral or emotional strength to morale building anything that serves to increase morale; "the sight of flowers every morning was my morale builder" consolation the act of consoling; giving relief in affliction; "his presence was a consolation to her" the comfort you feel when consoled in times of disappointment; "second place was no consolation to him" simplification elimination of superfluous details an explanation that omits superfluous details and reduces complexity oversimplification an act of excessive simplification; the act of making something seem simpler than it really is a simplification that goes too far (to the point of misrepresentation) ecclesiasticism excessive adherence to ecclesiastical forms and activities; "their ecclesiasticism overwhelmed their religion" religion appropriate to a church and to ecclesiastical principles and practices kabbalism adherence to some extreme traditional theological concept or interpretation royalism adherence or attachment to a monarchy or to the principle of monarchal government traditionalism adherence to tradition (especially in cultural or religious matters) strict adherence to traditional methods or teachings the doctrine that all knowledge was originally derived by divine revelation and that it is transmitted by traditions backing the act of providing approval and support; "his vigorous backing of the conservatives got him in trouble with progressives" something forming a back that is added for strengthening advocacy active support of an idea or cause etc.; especially the act of pleading or arguing for something drumbeat a vehement and vociferous advocacy of a cause; "the warmongers kept up their drumbeat on Iraq" (military) the beating of a drum as a signal for lowering the flag at sundown insistence the act of insisting on something; "insistence on grammatical correctness is a conservative position" continual and persistent demands urging the act of earnestly supporting or encouraging auspices kindly endorsement and guidance; "the tournament was held under the auspices of the city council" sponsorship the act of sponsoring (either officially or financially) endorsement the act of endorsing; "a star athlete can make a lot of money from endorsements" a signature that validates something; "the cashier would not cash the check without an endorsement" a promotional statement (as found on the dust jackets of books); "the author got all his friends to write blurbs for his book" reassurance the act of reassuring; restoring someone's confidence sustenance the act of sustaining life by food or providing a means of subsistence; "they were in want of sustenance"; "fishing was their main sustainment" logistic support assistance between and within military commands integrated logistic support the pooling of specific resources by subscribing nations for the support of some joint operation mutual aid arrangements made between nations to assist each other interdepartmental support provision of logistic (or administrative) support by one or more of the military services to one or more departments or agencies of the United States government inter-service support action by one military service to provide logistic (or administrative) support to another military service proportional representation representation of all parties in proportion to their popular vote shape-up a way of hiring longshoremen by the day; applicants gather around a union boss who selects those to be hired call-back the recall of an employee after a layoff a return call booking the act of reserving (a place or passage) or engaging the services of (a person or group); "wondered who had made the booking" admiration a favorable judgment; "a small token in admiration of your works" a feeling of delighted approval and liking glorification the act of glorifying (as in worship); "the glorification of God" idealization a portrayal of something as ideal; "the idealization of rural life was very misleading" something that exists only as an idea (psychiatry) a defense mechanism that splits something you are ambivalent about into two representations--one good and one bad sentimentalization the act of indulging in sentiment reward an act performed to strengthen approved behavior the offer of money for helping to find a criminal or for returning lost property payment made in return for a service rendered act or give recompense in recognition of someone's behavior or actions carrot promise of reward as in "carrot and stick"; "used the carrot of subsidized housing for the workers to get their vote" orange root; important source of carotene perennial plant widely cultivated as an annual in many varieties for its long conical orange edible roots; temperate and tropical regions deep orange edible root of the cultivated carrot plant disparagement the act of speaking contemptuously of a communication that belittles somebody or something belittling the act of belittling tending to diminish or disparage; "belittling comments"; "managed a deprecating smile at the compliment"; "deprecatory remarks about the book"; "a slighting remark" deprecation the act of expressing disapproval (especially of yourself) a prayer to avert or remove some evil or disaster detraction the act of discrediting or detracting from someone's reputation (especially by slander); "let it be no detraction from his merits to say he is plainspoken" a petty disparagement behavior manner of acting or controlling yourself (psychology) the aggregate of the responses or reactions or movements made by an organism in any situation the action or reaction of something (as a machine or substance) under specified circumstances; "the behavior of small particles can be studied in experiments" territoriality the behavior of a male animal that defines and defends its territory last straw the final irritation that stretches your patience beyond the limit exacerbation violent and bitter exasperation; "his foolishness was followed by an exacerbation of their quarrel" bitchery aggressive remarks and behavior like that of a spiteful malicious woman bullying the act of intimidating a weaker person to make them do something twit aggravation by deriding or mocking or criticizing raising hell making trouble just for the fun of it self-assertion the act of asserting yourself in an aggressive manner the act of putting forth your own opinions in a boastful or inconsiderate manner that implies you feel superior to others condemnation (law) the act of condemning (as land forfeited for public use) or judging to be unfit for use (as a food product or an unsafe building) the condition of being strongly disapproved of; "he deserved nothing but condemnation" stigmatization the act of stigmatizing bohemianism conduct characteristic of a bohemian dirty pool conduct that is unfair or unethical or unsportsmanlike dirty tricks underhand commercial or political behavior designed to discredit an opponent discourtesy a lack of politeness; a failure to show regard for others; wounding the feelings or others a manner that is rude and insulting easiness the quality of being easy in behavior or style; "there was an easiness between them"; "a natural easiness of manner" a feeling of refreshing tranquility and an absence of tension or worry; "the easiness we feel when sleeping" derision the act of deriding or treating with contempt contemptuous laughter mock the act of mocking or ridiculing; "they made a mock of him" treat with contempt; "The new constitution mocks all democratic principles" imitate with mockery and derision; "The children mocked their handicapped classmate" constituting a copy or imitation of something; "boys in mock battle" indelicacy an impolite act or expression the trait of being indelicate and offensive insolence an offensive disrespectful impudent act insult a deliberately offensive act or something producing the effect of deliberate disrespect; "turning his back on me was a deliberate insult" indignity an affront to one's dignity or self-esteem scandalization the act of scandalizing the condition of being shocked (as by improper behavior) presumption a kind of discourtesy in the form of an act of presuming; "his presumption was intolerable" audacious (even arrogant) behavior that you have no right to; "he despised them for their presumptuousness" (law) an inference of the truth of a fact from other facts proved or admitted or judicially noticed rebuff a deliberate discourteous act (usually as an expression of anger or disapproval) an instance of driving away or warding off reject outright and bluntly; "She snubbed his proposal" snub a refusal to recognize someone you know; "the snub was clearly intentional" unusually short; "a snub nose" silent treatment an aloof refusal to speak to someone you know the way of the world the manner in which people typically behave or things typically happen; "the ordinary reader is endowed with considerable wisdom and knowledge of the way of the world"; "she was well-versed in the ways of the world before she had taken the veil"; "he was amazingly innocent of the ways of the world" benevolence an act intending or showing kindness and good will an inclination to do kind or charitable acts disposition to do good cupboard love a show of affection motivated by selfishness favor an act of gracious kindness an advantage to the benefit of someone or something; "the outcome was in his favor" an inclination to approve; "that style is in favor this season" a feeling of favorable regard consider as the favorite; "The local team was favored" treat gently or carefully forgiveness the act of excusing a mistake or offense compassionate feelings that support a willingness to forgive condonation a pardon by treating the offender as if the offense had not occurred mercy alleviation of distress; showing great kindness toward the distressed; "distributing food and clothing to the flood victims was an act of mercy" something for which to be thankful; "it was a mercy we got out alive" exculpation the act of freeing from guilt or blame endearment the act of showing affection politeness the act of showing regard for others a courteous manner that respects accepted social usage reverence an act showing respect (especially a bow or curtsy) a reverent mental attitude regard with feelings of respect and reverence; consider hallowed or exalted or be in awe of; "Fear God as your father"; "We venerate genius" courtesy a courteous or respectful or considerate act a courteous manner a courteous or respectful or considerate remark beau geste a gracious (but usually meaningless) gesture attention a courteous act indicating affection; "she tried to win his heart with her many attentions" a motionless erect stance with arms at the sides and feet together; assumed by military personnel during drill or review; "the troops stood at attention" the faculty or power of mental concentration; "keeping track of all the details requires your complete attention" the process whereby a person concentrates on some features of the environment to the (relative) exclusion of others a general interest that leads people to want to know more; "She was the center of attention" gallantry polite attentiveness to women deference a courteous expression (by word or deed) of esteem or regard; "his deference to her wishes was very flattering"; "be sure to give my respects to the dean" courteous regard for people's feelings; "in deference to your wishes"; "out of respect for his privacy" court respectful deference; "pay court to the emperor" an area wholly or partly surrounded by walls or buildings; "the house was built around an inner court" a specially marked horizontal area within which a game is played; "players had to reserve a court in advance" a room in which a lawcourt sits; "television cameras were admitted in the courtroom" the residence of a sovereign or nobleman; "the king will visit the duke's court" a tribunal that is presided over by a magistrate or by one or more judges who administer justice according to the laws the sovereign and his advisers who are the governing power of a state the family and retinue of a sovereign or prince an assembly (including one or more judges) to conduct judicial business engage in social activities leading to marriage; "We were courting for over ten years" last respects the act of expressing respect for someone who has died; "he paid his last respects by standing quietly at the graveside" props proper respect; "I have to give my props to the governor for the way he handled the problem" devoir formal expression of respect consideration a considerate and thoughtful act kind and considerate regard for others; "he showed no consideration for her feelings" the process of giving careful thought to something a discussion of a topic (as in a meeting); "consideration of the traffic problem took more than an hour" assembly the social act of assembling; "they demanded the right of assembly" a group of machine parts that fit together to form a self-contained unit a unit consisting of components that have been fitted together a group of persons who are gathered together for a common purpose economic mobilization mobilization of the economy rallying the act of mobilizing for a common purpose; "the bell was a signal for the rallying of the whole neighborhood" rousing or recalling to unity and renewed effort; "a rallying cry" convocation the act of convoking a group gathered in response to a summons meeting the social act of assembling for some common purpose; "his meeting with the salesmen was the high point of his day"; "the lovers met discreetly for the purposes of sexual congress" a casual or unexpected convergence; "he still remembers their meeting in Paris"; "there was a brief encounter in the hallway" a formally arranged gathering; "next year the meeting will be in Chicago"; "the meeting elected a chairperson" a small informal social gathering; "there was an informal meeting in my living room" service call a trip made by a repairman to visit the location of something in need of service assignation a secret rendezvous (especially between lovers) rendezvous a meeting planned at a certain time and place a place where people meet; "he was waiting for them at the rendezvous" meet at a rendezvous congregation the act of congregating an assemblage of people or animals or things collected together; "a congregation of children pleaded for his autograph"; "a great congregation of birds flew over" a group of people who adhere to a common faith and habitually attend a given church convention the act of convening something regarded as a normative example; "the convention of not naming the main character"; "violence is the rule not the exception"; "his formula for impressing visitors" (diplomacy) an international agreement a large formal assembly; "political convention" session a meeting devoted to a particular activity; "a filming session"; "a gossip session" a meeting for execution of a group's functions; "it was the opening session of the legislature" course session a regularly scheduled session as part of a course of study visit the act of going to see some person in a professional capacity; "a visit to the dentist" the act of visiting in an official capacity (as for an inspection) the act of going to see some person or place or thing for a short time; "he dropped by for a visit" a meeting arranged by the visitor to see someone (such as a doctor or lawyer) for treatment or advice; "he scheduled a visit to the dentist" assail; "He was visited with a terrible illness that killed him quickly" come to see in an official or professional capacity; "The governor visited the prison"; "The grant administrator visited the laboratory" pay a brief visit; "The mayor likes to call on some of the prominent citizens" go to see a place, as for entertainment; "We went to see the Eiffel Tower in the morning" stay with as a guest; "Every summer, we visited our relatives in the country for a month" flying visit a visit that last for only a very short time; "he wanted to hear all about my flying visit to his old stamping grounds" attendance the act of being present (at a meeting or event etc.) the number of people that are present; "attendance was up by 50 per cent" the frequency with which a person is present; "a student's attendance is an important factor in her grade" presence the act of being present the impression that something is present; "he felt the presence of an evil force" the immediate proximity of someone or something; "she blushed in his presence"; "he sensed the presence of danger"; "he was well behaved in front of company" an invisible spiritual being felt to be nearby the state of being present; current existence; "he tested for the presence of radon" nonattendance the failure to attend nonappearance failure to appear (especially as at court) absence failure to be present the state of being absent; "he was surprised by the absence of any explanation" the occurrence of an abrupt, transient loss or impairment of consciousness (which is not subsequently remembered), sometimes with light twitching, fluttering eyelids, etc.; common in petit mal epilepsy the time interval during which something or somebody is away; "he visited during my absence" absenteeism habitual absence from work truancy failure to attend (especially school) answer a nonverbal reaction; "his answer to any problem was to get drunk"; "their answer was to sue me" the principal pleading by the defendant in response to plaintiff's complaint; in criminal law it consists of the defendant's plea of `guilty' or `not guilty' (or nolo contendere); in civil law it must contain denials of all allegations in the plaintiff's complaint that the defendant hopes to controvert and it can contain affirmative defenses or counterclaims a statement (either spoken or written) that is made to reply to a question or request or criticism or accusation; "I waited several days for his answer"; "he wrote replies to several of his critics" the speech act of replying to a question understand the meaning of; "The question concerning the meaning of life cannot be answered" give the correct answer or solution to; "answer a question"; "answer the riddle" react to a stimulus or command; "The steering of my new car answers to the slightest touch" respond to a signal; "answer the door"; "answer the telephone" give a defence or refutation of (a charge) or in (an argument); "The defendant answered to all the charges of the prosecution" react verbally; "She didn't want to answer"; "answer the question"; "We answered that we would accept the invitation" be satisfactory for; meet the requirements of or serve the purpose of; "This may answer her needs" match or correspond; "The drawing of the suspect answers to the description the victim gave" be liable or accountable; "She must answer for her actions" requital an act of requiting; returning in kind retaliation action taken in return for an injury or offense vengeance the act of taking revenge (harming someone in retaliation for something harmful that they have done) especially in the next life; "Vengeance is mine; I will repay, saith the Lord"--Romans 12:19; "For vengeance I would do nothing. This nation is too great to look for mere revenge"--James Garfield; "he swore vengeance on the man who betrayed him"; "the swiftness of divine retribution" reprisal a retaliatory action against an enemy in wartime feud a bitter quarrel between two parties carry out a feud; "The two professors have been feuding for years" drug war conflict between law enforcement and those who deal in illegal drugs vendetta a feud in which members of the opposing parties murder each other tit for tat an equivalent given in return democratization the action of making something democratic consolidation the act of combining into an integral whole; "a consolidation of two corporations"; "after their consolidation the two bills were passed unanimously"; "the defendants asked for a consolidation of the actions against them" combining into a solid mass something that has consolidated into a compact mass; "he dropped the consolidation into the acid bath" decentralization the spread of power away from the center to local branches or governments the social process in which population and industry moves from urban centers to outlying districts amalgamation the combination of two or more commercial companies vertical integration absorption into a single firm of several firms involved in all aspects of a product's manufacture from raw materials to distribution horizontal integration absorption into a single firm of several firms involved in the same level of production and sharing resources at that level non-engagement withdrawing from the activities of a group incurrence the act of incurring (making yourself subject to something undesirable) mediation the act of intervening for the purpose of bringing about a settlement a negotiation to resolve differences that is conducted by some impartial party matchmaking mediation in order to bring about a marriage between others group participation participation by all members of a group neutrality nonparticipation in a dispute or war pH value of 7 annulment (law) a formal termination (of a relationship or a judicial proceeding etc) dissolution of marriage an annulment of a marriage vindication the act of vindicating or defending against criticism or censure etc.; "friends provided a vindication of his position" whitewash a specious or deceptive clearing that attempts to gloss over failings and defects wash consisting of lime and size in water; used for whitening walls and other surfaces a defeat in which the losing person or team fails to score exonerate by means of a perfunctory investigation or through biased presentation of data cover with whitewash; "whitewash walls" cover up a misdemeanor, fault, or error; "Let's not whitewash the crimes of Stalin"; "She tried to gloss over her mistakes" justification the act of defending or explaining or making excuses for by reasoning; "the justification of barbarous means by holy ends"- H.J.Muller something (such as a fact or circumstance) that shows an action to be reasonable or necessary; "he considered misrule a justification for revolution" a statement in explanation of some action or belief job action a temporary action by workers to protest management decision or to make demands go-slow a form of protest by workers in which they deliberately slow down in order to cause problem from their employers work to rule a job action in which workers cause a slowdown by doing only the minimum amount required by the rules of the workplace passive resistance peaceful resistance to a government by fasting or refusing to cooperate hunger strike a voluntary fast undertaken as a means of protest Ramadan (Islam) a fast (held from sunrise to sunset) that is carried out during the Islamic month of Ramadan the ninth month of the Islamic calendar; the month of fasting; the holiest period for the Islamic faith Satyagraha the form of nonviolent resistance initiated in India by Mahatma Gandhi in order to oppose British rule and to hasten political reforms recusancy refusal to submit to established authority; originally the refusal of Roman Catholics to attend services of the Church of England sit-down a strike in which workers refuse to leave the workplace until a settlement is reached sympathy strike a strike in support of other workers who are on strike; a strike not resulting from direct grievances against the workers' employer wildcat strike a strike undertaken by workers without approval from the officials of their union unsnarling the act of releasing from a snarled or tangled condition sabotage a deliberate act of destruction or disruption in which equipment is damaged destroy property or hinder normal operations; "The Resistance sabotaged railroad operations during the war" extermination the act of exterminating genocide systematic killing of a racial or cultural group holocaust an act of mass destruction and loss of life (especially in war or by fire); "a nuclear holocaust" Holocaust the mass murder of Jews under the German Nazi regime from 1941 until 1945 cast the act of throwing dice object formed by a mold bandage consisting of a firm covering (often made of plaster of Paris) that immobilizes broken bones while they heal the actors in a play the distinctive form in which a thing is made; "pottery of this cast was found throughout the region" form by pouring (e.g., wax or hot metal) into a cast or mold; "cast a bronze sculpture" select to play,sing, or dance a part in a play, movie, musical, opera, or ballet; "He cast a young woman in the role of Desdemona" deposit; "cast a vote"; "cast a ballot" assign the roles of (a movie or a play) to actors; "Who cast this beautiful movie?" natural (craps) a first roll of 7 or 11 that immediately wins the stake a notation cancelling a previous sharp or flat someone regarded as certain to succeed; "he's a natural for the job" being talented through inherited qualities; "a natural leader"; "a born musician"; "an innate talent" in accordance with nature; relating to or concerning nature; "a very natural development"; "our natural environment"; "natural science"; "natural resources"; "natural cliffs"; "natural phenomena" existing in or produced by nature; not artificial or imitation; "a natural pearl"; "natural gas"; "natural silk"; "natural blonde hair"; "a natural sweetener"; "natural fertilizers" existing in or in conformity with nature or the observable world; neither supernatural nor magical; "a perfectly natural explanation" (of a musical note) being neither raised nor lowered by one chromatic semitone; "a natural scale"; "B natural" functioning or occurring in a normal way; lacking abnormalities or deficiencies; "it's the natural thing to happen"; "natural immunity"; "a grandparent's natural affection for a grandchild" (used especially of commodities) being unprocessed or manufactured using only simple or minimal processes; "natural yogurt"; "natural produce"; "raw wool"; "raw sugar"; "bales of rude cotton" unthinking; prompted by (or as if by) instinct; "a cat's natural aversion to water"; "offering to help was as instinctive as breathing" strafe an attack of machine-gun fire or cannon fire from a low flying airplane; "the next morning they carried out a strafe of enemy airfields" attack with machine guns or cannon fire from a low-flying plane; "civilians were strafed in an effort to force the country's surrender" surprise attack an attack without warning terrorist attack a surprise attack involving the deliberate use of violence against civilians in the hope of attaining political or religious aims ambush the act of concealing yourself and lying in wait to attack by surprise wait in hiding to attack pre-emptive strike a surprise attack that is launched in order to prevent the enemy from doing it to you dry-gulching the act of killing from ambush emancipation freeing someone from the control of another; especially a parent's relinquishing authority and control over a minor child manumission the formal act of freeing from slavery; "he believed in the manumission of the slaves" radio observation an observation made with a radio telescope stupidity a stupid mistake a poor ability to understand or to profit from experience admission the act of admitting someone to enter; "the surgery was performed on his second admission to the clinic" an acknowledgment of the truth of something readmission the act of admitting someone again; "the surgery was performed on his readmission to the clinic" matriculation admission to a group (especially a college or university) remarriage the act of marrying again renewal the act of renewing self-renewal the act of renewing yourself (or itself) replication the repetition of an experiment in order to test the validity of its conclusion; "scientists will not believe an experimental result until they have seen at least one replication" (law) a pleading made by a plaintiff in reply to the defendant's plea or answer (genetics) the process whereby DNA makes a copy of itself before cell division amnesty the formal act of liberating someone a period during which offenders are exempt from punishment grant a pardon to (a group of people) demolition the act of demolishing; "the demolition of the huge tower was quite a spectacle" spoliation (law) the intentional destruction of a document or an alteration of it that destroys its value as evidence vandalism willful wanton and malicious destruction of the property of others recession the act of ceding back the withdrawal of the clergy and choir from the chancel to the vestry at the end of a church service the state of the economy declines; a widespread decline in the GDP and employment and trade lasting from six months to a year amendment the act of amending or correcting a statement that is added to or revises or improves a proposal or document (a bill or constitution etc.) emendation a correction by emending; a correction resulting from critical editing infanticide murdering an infant a person who murders an infant shoot-down murder by shooting someone down in cold blood tyrannicide killing a tyrant thuggee murder and robbery by thugs transmutation an act that changes the form or character or substance of something (physics) the change of one chemical element into another (as by nuclear decay or radioactive bombardment); "the transmutation of base metals into gold proved to be impossible" barrage jamming electronic jamming over a wide range of frequencies simultaneously spot jamming electronic jamming of a specific channel or frequency electronic deception the deliberate use of electromagnetic energy in a manner intended to convey misleading information manipulative electronic deception actions to eliminate revealing telltale indicators that could be used by the enemy (or to convey misleading indicators) simulative electronic deception actions to represent friendly notional or actual capabilities to mislead hostile forces imitative electronic deception the introduction of electromagnetic energy into enemy systems that imitates enemy emissions colonization the act of colonizing; the establishment of colonies; "the British colonization of America" resettlement the transportation of people (as a family or colony) to a new settlement (as after an upheaval of some kind) dismount the act of dismounting (a horse or bike etc.) radiation the act of spreading outward from a central source a radial arrangement of nerve fibers connecting different parts of the brain the spread of a group of organisms into new habitats energy that is radiated or transmitted in the form of rays or waves or particles the spontaneous emission of a stream of particles or electromagnetic rays in nuclear decay emission the act of emitting; causing to flow forth the occurrence of a flow of water (as from a pipe) the release of electrons from parent atoms jamming deliberate radiation or reflection of electromagnetic energy for the purpose of disrupting enemy use of electronic devices or systems vacation the act of making something legally void leisure time away from work devoted to rest or pleasure; "we get two weeks of vacation every summer"; "we took a short holiday in Puerto Rico" spend or take a vacation harmonization singing in harmony a piece of harmonized music humming the act of singing with closed lips winnow the act of separating grain from chaff; "the winnowing was done by women" blow away or off with a current of air; "winnow chaff"; "The speaker ceased to be an amusing little gnat to be fanned away and was kicked off the forum" separate the chaff from grain by using air currents; "She stood there winnowing grain all day in the field" blow on; "The wind was winnowing her hair"; "the wind winnowed the grass" teleportation a hypothetical mode of instantaneous transportation; matter is dematerialized at one place and recreated at another cantillation liturgical chanting fixed intonation the intonation of keyboard instruments where the pitch of each note is fixed and cannot be varied by the performer karaoke singing popular songs accompanied by a recording of an orchestra (usually in bars or nightclubs) part-singing singing with three or more voice parts psalmody the act of singing psalms or hymns singalong informal group singing of popular songs solfege a voice exercise; singing scales or runs to the same syllable solmization singing using solfa syllables to denote the notes of the scale of C major a system of naming the notes of a musical scale by syllables instead of letters yodeling singing by changing back and forth between the chest voice and a falsetto lead the playing of a card to start a trick in bridge; "the lead was in the dummy" a position of being the initiator of something and an example that others will follow (especially in the phrase `take the lead'); "he takes the lead in any group"; "we were just waiting for someone to take the lead"; "they didn't follow our lead" mixture of graphite with clay in different degrees of hardness; the marking substance in a pencil thin strip of metal used to separate lines of type in printing an advantage held by a competitor in a race; "he took the lead at the last turn" evidence pointing to a possible solution; "the police are following a promising lead"; "the trail led straight to the perpetrator" the introductory section of a story; "it was an amusing lead-in to a very serious matter" a news story of major importance (baseball) the position taken by a base runner preparing to advance to the next base; "he took a long lead off first" (sports) the score by which a team or individual is winning the angle between the direction a gun is aimed and the position of a moving target (correcting for the flight time of the missile) a soft heavy toxic malleable metallic element; bluish white when freshly cut but tarnishes readily to dull grey; "the children were playing with lead soldiers" cause to undertake a certain action; "Her greed led her to forge the checks" travel in front of; go in advance of others; "The procession was headed by John" take somebody somewhere; "We lead him to our chief"; "can you take me to the main entrance?"; "He conducted us to the palace" tend to or result in; "This remark lead to further arguments among the guests" be ahead of others; be the first; "she topped her class every year" leadership the activity of leading; "his leadership inspired the team" the ability to lead; "he believed that leadership can be taught" the body of people who lead a group; "the national leadership adopted his plan" the status of a leader; "they challenged his leadership of the union" helm (figurative) a position of leadership; "the President is at the helm of the Ship of State" steering mechanism for a vessel; a mechanical device by which a vessel is steered be at or take the helm of; "helm the ship" trend setting the initiating or popularizing of a trend or fashion precession the act of preceding in time or order or rank (as in a ceremony) the motion of a spinning body (as a top) in which it wobbles so that the axis of rotation sweeps out a cone parole (law) a conditional release from imprisonment that entitles the person to serve the remainder of the sentence outside the prison as long as the terms of release are complied with a promise; "he gave his word" release a criminal from detention and place him on parole; "The prisoner was paroled after serving 10 years in prison" population the act of populating (causing to live in a place); "he deplored the population of colonies with convicted criminals" (statistics) the entire aggregation of items from which samples can be drawn; "it is an estimate of the mean of the population" a group of organisms of the same species inhabiting a given area; "they hired hunters to keep down the deer population" the people who inhabit a territory or state; "the population seemed to be well fed and clothed" the number of inhabitants (either the total number or the number of a particular race or class) in a given place (country or city etc.); "people come and go, but the population of this town has remained approximately constant for the past decade"; "the African-American population of Salt Lake City has been increasing" pounce the act of pouncing move down on as if in an attack; "The raptor swooped down on its prey"; "The teacher swooped down upon the new students" probation (law) a way of dealing with offenders without imprisoning them; a defendant found guilty of a crime is released by the court without imprisonment subject to conditions imposed by the court; "probation is part of the sentencing process" a trial period during which an offender has time to redeem himself or herself a trial period during which your character and abilities are tested to see whether you are suitable for work or for membership quarter clemency or mercy shown to a defeated opponent; "he surrendered but asked for quarter" piece of leather that comprises the part of a shoe or boot covering the heel and joining the vamp a district of a city having some distinguishing character; "the Latin Quarter" an unspecified person; "he dropped a word in the right quarter" a United States or Canadian coin worth one fourth of a dollar; "he fed four quarters into the slot machine" a quarter of a hundredweight (28 pounds) a quarter of a hundredweight (25 pounds) one of the four major division of the compass; "the wind is coming from that quarter" a fourth part of a year; three months; "unemployment fell during the last quarter" one of four periods into which the school year is divided; "the fall quarter ends at Christmas" a unit of time equal to 15 minutes or a quarter of an hour; "it's a quarter til 4"; "a quarter after 4 o'clock" (football, professional basketball) one of four divisions into which some games are divided; "both teams scored in the first quarter" divide by four; divide into quarters divide into quarters; "quarter an apple" provide housing for (military personnel) recall the act of removing an official by petition the process of remembering (especially the process of recovering information by mental effort); "he has total recall of the episode" a bugle call that signals troops to return a call to return; "the recall of our ambassador" a request by the manufacturer of a defective product to return the product (as for replacement or repair) cause one's (or someone else's) thoughts or attention to return from a reverie or digression; "She was recalled by a loud laugh" summon to return; "The ambassador was recalled to his country"; "The company called back many of the workers it had laid off during the recession" cause to be returned; "recall the defective auto tires"; "The manufacturer tried to call back the spoilt yoghurt" make unavailable; bar from sale or distribution; "The company recalled the product when it was found to be faulty" revocation the act (by someone having the authority) of annulling something previously done; "the revocation of a law" the state of being cancelled or annulled reprieve the act of reprieving; postponing or remitting punishment a warrant granting postponement (usually to postpone the execution of the death sentence) a (temporary) relief from harm or discomfort relieve temporarily postpone the punishment of a convicted criminal, such as an execution revoke the mistake of not following suit when able to do so cancel officially; "He revoked the ban on smoking"; "lift an embargo"; "vacate a death sentence" fail to follow suit when able and required to do so ruff (card games) the act of taking a trick with a trump when unable to follow suit common Eurasian sandpiper; the male has an erectile neck ruff in breeding season awakening the act of waking; "it was an early awakening"; "it was the waking up he hated most" buzz a confusion of activity and gossip; "the buzz of excitement was so great that a formal denial was issued" sound of rapid vibration; "the buzz of a bumble bee" call with a buzzer; "he buzzed the servant" fly low; "Planes buzzed the crowds in the square" make a buzzing sound; "bees were buzzing around the hive" excitation something that agitates and arouses; "he looked forward to the excitements of the day" the neural or electrical arousal of an organ or muscle or gland hair-raiser excitation that makes your hair stand up or that chills your bones; "the movie was an old-fashioned hair-raiser" thrill something that causes you to experience a sudden intense feeling or sensation; "the thrills of space travel" feel sudden intense sensation or emotion; "he was thrilled by the speed and the roar of the engine" cause to be thrilled by some perceptual input; "The men were thrilled by a loud whistle blow" incitation an act of urging on or spurring on or rousing to action or instigating; "the incitement of mutiny" inflammation arousal to violent emotion a response of body tissues to injury or irritation; characterized by pain and swelling and redness and heat inspiration arousing to a particular emotion or action a product of your creative thinking and work; "he had little respect for the inspirations of other artists"; "after years of work his brainchild was a tangible reality" a sudden intuition as part of solving a problem arousal of the mind to special unusual activity or creativity stimulation the act of arousing an organism to action any stimulating information or event; acts to arouse action (physiology) the effect of a stimulus (on nerves or organs etc.) titillation an agreeable arousal a tingling feeling of excitement (as from teasing or tickling) deforestation the removal of trees the state of being clear of trees swerve the act of turning aside suddenly turn sharply; change direction abruptly; "The car cut to the left at the intersection"; "The motorbike veered to the right" three-point turn the act of turning a vehicle around in a limited space by moving in a series of back and forward arcs face saver an act that avoids a loss of face (of dignity or prestige) recruitment the act of getting recruits; enlisting people for the army (or for a job or a cause etc.) smooth the act of smoothing; "he gave his hair a quick smooth" make smooth or smoother, as if by rubbing; "smooth the surface of the wood" free from obstructions; "smooth the way towards peace negotiations" lacking obstructions or difficulties; "the bill's path through the legislature was smooth and orderly" having a surface free from roughness or bumps or ridges or irregularities; "smooth skin"; "a smooth tabletop"; "smooth fabric"; "a smooth road"; "water as smooth as a mirror" of motion that runs or flows or proceeds without jolts or turbulence; "a smooth ride" of the margin of a leaf shape; not broken up into teeth reference the act of referring or consulting; "reference to an encyclopedia produced the answer" the most direct or specific meaning of a word or expression; the class of objects that an expression refers to; "the extension of `satellite of Mars' is the set containing only Demos and Phobos" the relation between a word or phrase and the object or idea it refers to; "he argued that reference is a consequence of conditioned reflexes" a publication (or a passage from a publication) that is referred to; "he carried an armful of references back to his desk"; "he spent hours looking for the source of that quotation" refer to; "he referenced his colleagues' work" emphasizing the act of giving special importance or significance to something last a person's dying act; the final thing a person can do; "he breathed his last" holding device shaped like a human foot that is used to fashion or repair shoes a unit of capacity for grain equal to 80 bushels a unit of weight equal to 4,000 pounds the last or lowest in an ordering or series; "he was the last to leave"; "he finished an inglorious last" persist for a specified period of time; "The bad weather lasted for three days" occurring at the time of death; "his last words"; "the last rites" lowest in rank or importance; "last prize"; "in last place" coming after all others in time or space or degree or being the only one remaining; "the last time I saw Paris"; "the last day of the month"; "had the last word"; "waited until the last minute"; "he raised his voice in a last supreme call"; "the last game of the season"; "down to his last nickel" highest in extent or degree; "to the last measure of human endurance"; "whether they were accomplices in the last degree or a lesser one was...to be determined individually" most unlikely or unsuitable; "the last person we would have suspected"; "the last man they would have chosen for the job" most recently; "I saw him last in London" the item at the end; "last, I'll discuss family values" slapshot a fast shot made with a short powerful swing of the hockey stick cornhusking the act of removing the husks from ears of corn palpebration repeated blinking or winking (especially if uncontrolled and persistent) bank examination an examination of the affairs and records of a bank by a state or federal bank examiner equilibration stabilization by bringing into equilibrium ethnic cleansing the mass expulsion and killing of one ethnic or religious group in an area by another ethnic or religious group in that area jumpstart starting an automobile engine that has a weak battery by means of jumper cables to another car; "my battery was dead so I had to get a jumpstart from my neighbor" start or re-start vigorously; "The Secretary of State intends to jumpstart the Middle East Peace Process" start (a car engine whose battery is dead) by connecting it to another car's battery mystification the activity of obscuring people's understanding, leaving them baffled or bewildered something designed to mystify or bewilder negotiation the activity or business of negotiating an agreement; coming to terms a discussion intended to produce an agreement; "the buyout negotiation lasted several days"; "they disagreed but kept an open dialogue"; "talks between Israelis and Palestinians" proclamation the formal act of proclaiming; giving public notice; "his promulgation of the policy proved to be premature" stupefaction the action of stupefying; making dull or lethargic; "the professor was noted for his stupefaction of the students" a feeling of stupefied astonishment transfusion reaction reaction of the body to a transfusion of blood that is not compatible with its own blood; an adverse reaction can range from fever and hives to renal failure and shock and death upgrade the act of improving something (especially machinery) by raising it to a higher grade (as by adding or replacing components); "the power plant received a new upgrade" hardware that provides better performance than an earlier version did the property possessed by a slope or surface that rises a reservation that is improved; "I got an upgrade to first class when coach class was full" software that provides better performance than an earlier version did to improve what was old or outdated; "I've upgraded my computer so I can run better software"; "The company upgraded their personnel" give better travel conditions to; "The airline upgraded me when I arrived late and Coach Class was full" get better travel conditions; "I upgraded to First Class when Coach Class was overbooked" rate higher; raise in value or esteem vampirism the actions or practices of a vampire belief in the existence of vampires version manual turning of a fetus in the uterus (usually to aid delivery) something a little different from others of the same type; "an experimental version of the night fighter"; "a variant of the same word"; "an emery wheel is the modern variation of a grindstone"; "the boy is a younger edition of his father" an interpretation of a matter from a particular viewpoint; "his version of the fight was different from mine" vulgarization the act of rendering something coarse and unrefined witching the use or practice of witchcraft xenotransplant a surgical procedure in which tissue or whole organs are transfered from one species to another species Actium the naval battle in which Antony and Cleopatra were defeated by Octavian's fleet under Agrippa in 31 BC an ancient town on a promontory in western Greece Aegates Isles islands west of Sicily (now known as the Egadi Islands) where the Romans won a naval victory over the Carthaginians that ended the first Punic War in 241 BC Aegospotami a river in ancient Thrace (now Turkey); in the mouth of this river the Spartan fleet under Lysander destroyed the Athenian fleet in the final battle of the Peloponnesian War (404 BC) a creek emptying into the Hellespont in present-day Turkey; at its mouth in 405 BC the Spartan fleet under Lysander defeated the Athenians and ended the Peloponnesian War Agincourt a battle in northern France in which English longbowmen under Henry V decisively defeated a much larger French army in 1415 Alamo a siege and massacre at a mission in San Antonio in 1836; Mexican forces under Santa Anna besieged and massacred American rebels who were fighting to make Texas independent of Mexico Atlanta a siege in which Federal troops under Sherman cut off the railroads supplying the city and then burned it; 1864 state capital and largest city of Georgia; chief commercial center of the southeastern United States; was plundered and burned by Sherman's army during the American Civil War Austerlitz a decisive battle during the Napoleonic campaigns (1805); the French under Napoleon defeated the Russian armies of Czar Alexander I and the Austrian armies of Emperor Francis II a town in Czech Republic; site of the battle of Austerlitz in 1805 Bannockburn a battle in which the Scots under Robert the Bruce defeated the English and assured the independence of Scotland Bataan the peninsula and island in the Philippines where Japanese forces besieged American forces in World War II; United States forces surrendered in 1942 and recaptured the area in 1945 Battle of Britain the prolonged bombardment of British cities by the German Luftwaffe during World War II and the aerial combat that accompanied it Battle of Kerbala a battle in 680 in which the grandson of Mohammed and his followers were killed; "the Battle of Kerbala is the basis for the Ta'ziyehs that are performed annually" Battle of the Ardennes Bulge a battle during World War II; in December 1944 von Rundstedt launched a powerful counteroffensive in the forest at Ardennes and caught the Allies by surprise Battle of the Marne a World War I battle in northwestern France where the Allies defeated the Germans in 1918 Bismarck Sea a naval battle in World War II; Allied land-based bombers destroyed a Japanese convoy in the Bismarck Sea in March 1943 an arm of the South Pacific to the southwest of the Bismarck Archipelago Blenheim the First Duke of Marlborough and Prince Eugene of Savoy defeated the French in 1704 during the War of the Spanish Succession Borodino Napoleon defeated the Russians in 1812 in a pitched battle at a village in western Russia west of Moscow, but irreparably weakened his army Bosworth Field the battle that ended the Wars of the Roses (1485); Richard III was killed and Henry Tudor was crowned as Henry VII Bouvines in 1214 the French under Philip Augustus defeated a coalition formed against him in one of the greatest battles of the middle ages Boyne a battle in the War of the Grand Alliance in Ireland in 1690; William III defeated the deposed James II and so ended the Catholicism that had been reintroduced in England by the Stuarts Brunanburh a battle in 937 when Athelstan defeated the Scots Buena Vista a pitched battle in the Mexican War in 1847; United States forces under Zachary Taylor defeated the Mexican forces under Santa Anna at a locality in northern Mexico Bull Run either of two battles during the American Civil War (1861 and 1862); Confederate forces defeated the Federal army in both battles a creek in northeastern Virginia where two battles were fought in the American Civil War Bunker Hill the first important battle of the American War of Independence (1775) which was fought at Breed's Hill; the British defeated the colonial forces Cannae ancient city is southeastern Italy where Hannibal defeated the Romans in 216 BC Caporetto battle of World War I (1917); Italians were defeated by the Austrian and German forces Caudine Forks a battle in the Apennines in 321 BC in which the Samnites defeated the Romans Chaeronea a battle in which Philip II of Macedon defeated the Athenians and Thebans (338 BC) and also Sulla defeated Mithridates (86 BC) Chalons the battle in which Attila the Hun was defeated by the Romans and Visigoths in 451 Chancellorsville a major battle in the American Civil War (1863); the Confederates under Robert E. Lee defeated the Union forces under Joseph Hooker a village in northeastern Virginia Chapultepec a pitched battle in the Mexican War that resulted in a major victory for American forces over Mexican forces at a locality south of Mexico City (1847) Chattanooga in the American Civil War (1863) the Union armies of Hooker, Thomas, and Sherman under the command of Ulysses S. Grant won a decisive victory over the Confederate Army under Braxton Bragg a city in eastern Tennessee Chickamauga a Confederate victory in the American Civil War (1863); Confederate forces under Braxton Bragg defeated Union forces Chino-Japanese War a war between China and Japan (1894 and 1895) over the control of the Korean Peninsula; China was overwhelmingly defeated at Port Arthur Coral Sea a Japanese defeat in World War II (May 1942); the first naval battle fought entirely by planes based on aircraft carriers an arm of the South Pacific to the northeast of Australia Cowpens battle in the American Revolution; Americans under Daniel Morgan defeated the British Crecy the first decisive battle of the Hundred Years' War; in 1346 the English under Edward III defeated the French under Philip of Valois Cunaxa battle in 401 BC when the Artaxerxes II defeated his younger brother who tried to usurp the throne Cynoscephalae the battle that ended the second Macedonian War (197 BC); the Romans defeated Philip V who lost his control of Greece the fields in Thessaly where in 197 BC the Romans defeated the Macedonians Dardanelles the unsuccessful campaign in World War I (1915) by the English and French to open a passage for aid to Russia; defeated by the Turks the strait between the Aegean and the Sea of Marmara that separates European Turkey from Asian Turkey Dien Bien Phu the French military base fell after a siege by Vietnam troops that lasted 56 days; ended the involvement of France in Indochina in 1954 Drogheda in 1649 the place was captured by Oliver Cromwell, who massacred the Catholic inhabitants Dunkirk an amphibious evacuation in World War II (1940) when 330,000 Allied troops had to be evacuated from the beaches in northern France in a desperate retreat under enemy fire a seaport in northern France on the North Sea; scene of the evacuation of British forces in 1940 during World War II a crisis in which a desperate effort is the only alternative to defeat; "the Russians had to pull off a Dunkirk to get out of there" El Alamein a pitched battle in World War II (1942) resulting in a decisive Allied victory by British troops under Montgomery over German troops under Rommel a village to the west of Alexandria on the northern coast of Egypt; the scene of a decisive Allied victory over the Germans in 1942 Eniwetok World War II (February 1944); American infantry landed and captured a Japanese stronghold an atoll in the Marshall Islands; site of an amphibious assault in World War II; later used temporarily by the United States to test atomic bombs Flodden a battle in 1513; the English defeated the invading Scots and James IV was killed a hill in Northumberland where the invading Scots were defeated by the English in 1513 Fontenoy a battle in 1745 in which the French army under Marshal Saxe defeated the English army and their allies under the duke of Cumberland Fort Ticonderoga a pitched battle in which American revolutionary troops captured Fort Ticonderoga from the British in 1775 Fredericksburg an important battle in the American Civil War (1862); the Union Army under A. E. Burnside was defeated by the Confederate Army under Robert E. Lee a town in northeastern Virginia on the Rappahannock River Gettysburg a battle of the American Civil War (1863); the defeat of Robert E. Lee's invading Confederate Army was a major victory for the Union a small town in southern Pennsylvania; site of a national cemetery Granicus the battle in which Alexander won his first major victory against the Persians (334 BC) Guadalcanal a battle in World War II in the Pacific (1942-1943); the island was occupied by the Japanese and later recaptured by American forces a mountainous island; the largest of the Solomon Islands in the independent state that is a member of the British Commonwealth Hampton Roads a naval battle of the American Civil War (1862); the indecisive battle between the Monitor and the Merrimac a channel in southeastern Virginia through which the Elizabeth River and the James River flow into Chesapeake Bay Hastings the decisive battle in which William the Conqueror (duke of Normandy) defeated the Saxons under Harold II (1066) and thus left England open for the Norman Conquest a town in East Sussex just to the south of the place where the battle of Hastings took place United States architect who formed and important architectural firm with John Merven Carrere (1860-1929) Hohenlinden a battle during the Napoleonic Wars (1800); the French defeated the Austrians a town in Bavaria (near Munich) Inchon a battle in the Korean War (1950); United States forces landed at Inchon a port city in western South Korea on the Yellow Sea Indian Mutiny discontent with British administration in India led to numerous mutinies in 1857 and 1858; the revolt was put down after several battles and sieges (notably the siege at Lucknow) Ipsus a battle between the successors of Alexander the Great (301 BC); Lysimachus and Seleucus defeated Antigonus and Demetrius Issus a battle (333 BC) in which Alexander the Great defeated the Persians under Darius III Ivry a battle (1590) in which the Huguenots under Henry IV defeated the Catholics under the duke of Mayenne Iwo a bloody and prolonged operation on the island of Iwo Jima in which American marines landed and defeated Japanese defenders (February and March 1945) Jena the battle in 1806 in which Napoleon decisively defeated the Prussians Jutland an indecisive naval battle in World War I (1916); fought between the British and German fleets off the northwestern coast of Denmark peninsula in northern Europe that forms the continental part of Denmark and a northern part of Germany Kennesaw Mountain battle of the American Civil War (1864); Union forces under William Tecumseh Sherman were repulsed by Confederate troops under Joseph Eggleston Johnston Kwajalein an amphibious assault in the Pacific in World War II (January 1944); American forces landed and captured a Japanese air base an atoll in the western Marshall Islands that was used as a Japanese air and naval base during World War II Lake Trasimenus a battle in 217 BC in which Hannibal ambushed a Roman army led by Flaminius Langside (1568) Catholic forces supporting Mary Queen of Scots were routed by Protestants Lepanto Turkish sea power was destroyed in 1571 by a league of Christian nations organized by the Pope Leuctra Thebes defeated Sparta in 371 BC; the battle ended Sparta's military supremacy in Greece Lexington the first battle of the American Revolution (April 19, 1775) a city in eastern Kentucky; noted for raising thoroughbred horses town in eastern Massachusetts near Boston where the first battle of the American Revolution was fought Leyte a battle in World War II; the return of United States troops to the Philippines began with landings on Leyte Island in October 1944; the battle marked first use of kamikaze aircraft by the Japanese Little Bighorn a battle in Montana near the Little Bighorn River between United States cavalry under Custer and several groups of Native Americans (1876); Custer was pursuing Sioux led by Sitting Bull; Custer underestimated the size of the Sioux forces (which were supported by Cheyenne warriors) and was killed along with all his command a river that flows from northern Wyoming into the Bighorn River in southern Montana; site of Custer's Last Stand Lucknow the British residents of Lucknow were besieged by Indian insurgents during the Indian Mutiny (1857) a city in northern India in Uttar Pradesh; during the Indian Mutiny its British residents were besieged by Indian insurgents Lule Burgas the principal battle of the Balkan Wars (1912); Bulgarian forces defeated the Turks Lutzen a battle in the Thirty Years' War (1632); Swedes under Gustavus Adolphus defeated the Holy Roman Empire under Wallenstein; Gustavus Adolphus was killed Macedonian War one the four wars between Macedonia and Rome in the 3rd and 2nd centuries BC, which ended in the defeat of Macedonia and its annexation as a Roman province Magenta a battle in 1859 in which the French and Sardinian forces under Napoleon III defeated the Austrians under Francis Joseph I Maldon a battle in which the Danes defeated the Saxons in 991; celebrated in an old English poem Manila Bay a naval battle in the Spanish-American War (1898); the American fleet under Admiral Dewey defeated the Spanish fleet Mantinea the site of three famous battles among Greek city-states: in 418 BC and 362 BC and 207 BC Marathon a battle in 490 BC in which the Athenians and their allies defeated the Persians Marengo a battle in 1800 in which the French under Napoleon Bonaparte won a great victory over the Austrians Marston Moor a battle in 1644 in which the Parliamentarians under the earl of Manchester defeated the Royalists under Prince Rupert a former moor in northern England Metaurus River a battle during the second Punic War (207 BC); Hannibal's brother Hasdrubal was defeated by the Romans which ended Hannibal's hopes for success in Italy Meuse an American operation in World War I (1918); American troops under Pershing drove back the German armies which were saved only by the armistice on November 11 a European river; flows into the North Sea Midway naval battle of World War II (June 1942); American planes based on land and on carriers decisively defeated a Japanese fleet on its way to invade the Midway Islands Minden a battle in the Seven Years' War (1759) in which the English forces and their allies defeated the French Monmouth Court House a pitched battle in New Jersey during the American Revolution (1778) that ended with the withdrawal of British forces Naseby a battle in 1645 that settled the outcome of the first English Civil War as the Parliamentarians won a major victory over the Royalists a village in western Northamptonshire Navarino a decisive naval battle in the War of Greek Independence (1827); the Turkish and Egyptian fleet was defeated by an allied fleet of British and French and Russian warships Okinawa a campaign in the closing days of World War II in the Pacific (April to June 1945); in savage close-quarter fighting United States marines and regular army troops took the island from the Japanese; considered the greatest victory of the Pacific campaign for the Americans the largest island of the central Ryukyu Islands Omdurman a battle (1898) in which an English and Egyptian army under Kitchener defeated the Sudanese a city of Sudan; located in the central Sudan on the White Nile opposite Khartoum Operation Desert Storm the United States and its allies defeated Iraq in a ground war that lasted 100 hours (1991) Orleans a long siege of Orleans by the English was relieved by Joan of Arc in 1429 a city on the Loire river in north central France; site of the siege of Orleans by the English (1428-1429) Panipat battle in which the ruler of Afghanistan defeated the Mahrattas in 1761 Passero a naval battle in the Mediterranean Sea off Cape Passero in which the Spanish navy was destroyed by France and England while attempting to recover Sicily and Sardinia from Italy (1719) Petersburg the final campaign of the American Civil War (1864-65); Union forces under Grant besieged and finally defeated Confederate forces under Lee a town in southeastern Virginia (south of Richmond); scene of heavy fighting during the American Civil War Pharsalus Caesar defeated Pompey in 48 BC Philippi Octavian and Mark Antony defeated Brutus and Cassius in 42 BC a city in ancient Macedonia that was important in early Christianity Philippine Sea a naval battle in World War II (1944); a decisive naval victory for the United States fleet over the Japanese who were trying to block supplies from reaching American troops on Leyte Plassey the victory in 1757 by the British under Clive over Siraj-ud-daula that established British supremacy over Bengal Plataea a defeat of the Persian army by the Greeks at Plataea in 479 BC a former town in Boeotia; site of a battle between the Greeks and Persians in 479 BC Plevna the town was taken from the Turks by the Russians in 1877 after a siege of 143 days Poitiers the battle in 1356 in which the English under the Black Prince defeated the French Port Arthur a battle in the Chino-Japanese War (1894); Japanese captured the port and fortifications from the Chinese Battle of Puebla a battle in which Mexican forces defeated the French in 1862 Pydna a major victory by the Romans over the Macedonians in 168 BC; resulted in the downfall of the ancient Macedonian kingdom Ravenna a battle between the French and an alliance of Spaniards and Swiss and Venetians in 1512 Rocroi a battle in the Thirty Years' War (1643); the French defeated the Spanish invaders Rossbach a battle in the Seven Years' War (1757); Prussian forces under Frederick the Great defeated the armies of France and Austria Saint-Mihiel a battle in the Meuse-Argonne operation in World War I (1918); the battle in which American troops launched their first offensive in France Saipan US forces captured the island from the Japanese in July 1944; it was an important air base until the end of World War II the largest island in the Northern Marianas and the administrative center of the commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands in union with the United States Salerno a battle in World War II; the port was captured by United States troops in September 1943 Santiago a naval battle in the Spanish-American War (1898); the United States fleet bottled up the Spanish ships in the harbor of Santiago de Cuba and destroyed them when they tried to escape Saratoga a battle during the American Revolution (1777); the British under Burgoyne were defeated Sempach the Swiss Confederation escaped Hapsburg domination by their victory in 1386 Shiloh the second great battle of the American Civil War (1862); the battle ended with the withdrawal of Confederate troops but it was not a Union victory Soissons a battle in World War I (May 1918); the Germans tried to attack before the American numbers were too great to defeat; the tactical success of the Germans proved to be a strategic failure Solferino an indecisive battle in 1859 between the French and Sardinians under Napoleon III and the Austrians under Francis Joseph I Somme battle in World War I (1916) battle of World War II (1944) Battle of the Spanish Armada in the English Channel a small fleet of British ships successfully defeated the large armada sent from Spain by Philip II to invade England Spotsylvania a battle between the armies of Grant and Lee during the Wilderness Campaign a village in northeastern Virginia where battles were fought during the American Civil War Syracuse the Athenian siege of Syracuse (415-413 BC) was eventually won by Syracuse the Roman siege of Syracuse (214-212 BC) was eventually won by the Romans who sacked the city (killing Archimedes) a city in southeastern Sicily that was founded by Corinthians in the 8th century BC a city in central New York Tannenberg a battle in World War I (1914); decisive German victory over the Russians Tarawa battles in World War II in the Pacific (November 1943); United States Marines took the islands from the Japanese after bitter fighting national capital of Kiribati Tertry a battle in France in 687 among the descendants of Clovis Teutoburger Wald a battle in 9 AD in which the Germans under Arminius annihilated three Roman Legions Tewkesbury the final battle of the War of the Roses in 1471 in which Edward IV defeated the Lancastrians Thermopylae a famous battle in 480 BC; a Greek army under Leonidas was annihilated by the Persians who were trying to conquer Greece Trafalgar a naval battle in 1805 off the southwest coast of Spain; the French and Spanish fleets were defeated by the English under Nelson (who was mortally wounded) Trasimeno a battle in central Italy where Hannibal defeated the Romans under Flaminius in 217 BC Tsushima a naval battle in the Russo-Japanese War (1905); the Japanese fleet defeated the Russian fleet in the Korean Strait Valmy the French defeated the Austrian and Prussian troops in 1792 (with a famous cannonade from the French artillery) Verdun a battle in World War I (1916); in some of the bloodiest fighting in World War I the German offensive was stopped Vicksburg a decisive battle in the American Civil War (1863); after being besieged for nearly seven weeks the Confederates surrendered a town in western Mississippi on bluffs above the Mississippi River to the west of Jackson; focus of an important campaign during the American Civil War as the Union fought to control the Mississippi River and so to cut the Confederacy into two halves Wagram a battle in the Napoleonic campaigns (1809); Napoleon defeated the Austrians a town in northeastern Austria Battle of Wake in December 1941 the island was captured by the Japanese after a gallant last-ditch stand by a few hundred United States marines Waterloo the battle on 18 June 1815 in which Prussian and British forces under Blucher and the Duke of Wellington routed the French forces under Napoleon a town in central Belgium where in 1815 Napoleon met his final defeat Wilderness Campaign American Civil War; a series of indecisive battles in Grant's campaign (1864) against Lee in which both armies suffered terrible losses Yalu River a battle in the Korean War (November 1950); when UN troops advanced north to the Yalu River 200,000 Chinese troops crossed the river and drove them back Yorktown in 1781 the British under Cornwallis surrendered after a siege of three weeks by American and French troops; the surrender ended the American Revolution a historic village in southeastern Virginia to the north of Newport News; site of the last battle of the American Revolution Ypres battle in World War I (1914); heavy but indecisive fighting as the Allies and the Germans both tried to break through the lines of the others battle in World War I (1915); Germans wanted to try chlorine (a toxic yellow gas) as a weapon and succeeded in taking considerable territory from the Allied salient battle in World War I (1917); an Allied offensive which eventually failed because tanks bogged down in the waterlogged soil of Flanders; Germans introduced mustard gas which interfered with the Allied artillery Zama the battle in 202 BC in which Scipio decisively defeated Hannibal at the end of the second Punic War American Civil War civil war in the United States between the North and the South; 1861-1865 American Revolution the revolution of the American Colonies against Great Britain; 1775-1783 Arab-Israeli War tension between Arabs and Israeli erupted into a brief war in June 1967; Israel emerged as a major power in the Middle East Egypt and Syria attacked Israel in October 1973 (on Yom Kippur); Israel counterattacked and drove the Syrians back and crossed the Suez Canal into Egypt Balkan Wars two wars (1912-1913) that were fought over the last of the European territories of the Ottoman Empire and that left the area around Constantinople (now Istanbul) as the only Ottoman territory in Europe Boer War either of two wars: the first when the Boers fought England in order to regain the independence they had given up to obtain British help against the Zulus (1880-1881); the second when the Orange Free State and Transvaal declared war on Britain (1899-1902) Chinese Revolution the republican revolution against the Manchu dynasty in China; 1911-1912 Crimean War a war in Crimea between Russia and a group of nations including England and France and Turkey and Sardinia; 1853-1856 Cuban Revolution the revolution led by Fidel Castro and a small band of guerrilla fighters against a corrupt dictatorship in Cuba; 1956-1959 English Civil War civil war in England between the Parliamentarians and the Royalists under Charles I; 1644-1648 English Revolution the revolution against James II; there was little armed resistance to William and Mary in England although battles were fought in Scotland and Ireland (1688-1689) Franco-Prussian War a war between France and Prussia that ended the Second Empire in France and led to the founding of modern Germany; 1870-1871 French and Indian War a war in North America between France and Britain (both aided by American Indian tribes); 1755-1760 French Revolution the revolution in France against the Bourbons; 1789-1799 Hundred Years' War the series of wars fought intermittently between France and England; 1337-1453 Iran-Iraq War a dispute over control of the waterway between Iraq and Iran broke out into open fighting in 1980 and continued until 1988, when they accepted a UN cease-fire resolution Korean War a war between North and South Korea; South Korea was aided by the United States and other members of the United Nations; 1950-1953 Mexican Revolution a revolution for agrarian reforms led in northern Mexico by Pancho Villa and in southern Mexico by Emiliano Zapata (1910-1911) Mexican War after disputes over Texas lands that were settled by Mexicans the United States declared war on Mexico in 1846 and by treaty in 1848 took Texas and California and Arizona and New Mexico and Nevada and Utah and part of Colorado and paid Mexico $15,000,000 Napoleonic Wars a series of wars fought between France (led by Napoleon Bonaparte) and alliances involving England and Prussia and Russia and Austria at different times; 1799-1815 Norman Conquest the invasion and settlement of England by the Normans following the battle of Hastings (1066) Peloponnesian War a war in which Athens and its allies were defeated by the league centered on Sparta; 431-404 BC Persian Gulf War a war fought between Iraq and a coalition led by the United States that freed Kuwait from Iraqi invaders; 1990-1991 Punic War one of the three wars between Carthage and Rome that resulted in the destruction of Carthage and its annexation by Rome; 264-241 BC, 218-201 BC, 149-146 BC Restoration the re-establishment of the British monarchy in 1660 the reign of Charles II in England; 1660-1685 Russian Revolution the revolution against the czarist government which led to the abdication of Nicholas II and the creation of a provisional government in March 1917 the coup d'etat by the Bolsheviks under Lenin in November 1917 that led to a period of civil war which ended in victory for the Bolsheviks in 1922 Russo-Japanese War Japanese victory in the war with Russia (1904-1905) gave Japan power over Korea and Manchuria Seven Years' War a war of England and Prussia against France and Austria (1756-1763); Britain and Prussia got the better of it Spanish-American War a war between the United States and Spain in 1898 Spanish Civil War civil war in Spain in which Franco succeeded in overthrowing the republican government; during the war Spain became a battleground for fascists and socialists from all countries; 1936-1939 Thirty Years' War a series of conflicts (1618-1648) between Protestants and Catholics starting in Germany and spreading until France and Denmark and Sweden were opposing the Holy Roman Empire and Spain Trojan War (Greek mythology) a great war fought between Greece and Troy; the Greeks sailed to Troy to recover Helen of Troy, the beautiful wife of Menelaus who had been abducted by Paris; after ten years the Greeks (via the Trojan Horse) achieved final victory and burned Troy to the ground; "the story of the Trojan War is told in Homer's Iliad" Vietnam War a prolonged war (1954-1975) between the communist armies of North Vietnam who were supported by the Chinese and the armies of South Vietnam who were supported by the United States War of Greek Independence the Greeks rebelled against Turkish rule in 1821; with the support of England and France and Russia they won independence in 1828 at Navarino (although the country included only half its present size) War of the Austrian Succession Prussia and Austria fought over Silesia and most of the rest of Europe took sides; 1740-1748 War of the Grand Alliance an aggressive war waged by Louis XIV against Spain and the Holy Roman Empire and England and Holland and other states (1689-1697) War of the Spanish Succession a general war in Europe (1701-1714) that broke out when Louis XIV installed his grandson on the throne of Spain; England and Holland hoped to limit Louis' power War of the Roses struggle for the English throne (1455-1485) between the house of York (white rose) and the house of Lancaster (red rose) ending with the accession of the Tudor monarch Henry VII War of 1812 a war (1812-1814) between the United States and England which was trying to interfere with American trade with France World War I a war between the allies (Russia, France, British Empire, Italy, United States, Japan, Rumania, Serbia, Belgium, Greece, Portugal, Montenegro) and the Central Powers (Germany, Austria-Hungary, Turkey, Bulgaria) from 1914 to 1918 World War II a war between the Allies (Australia, Belgium, Bolivia, Brazil, Canada, China, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Czechoslovakia, Dominican Republic, El Salvador, Ethiopia, France, Greece, Guatemala, Haiti, Honduras, India, Iran, Iraq, Luxembourg, Mexico, Netherlands, New Zealand, Nicaragua, Norway, Panama, Philippines, Poland, South Africa, United Kingdom, United States, USSR, Yugoslavia) and the Axis (Albania, Bulgaria, Finland, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Japan, Rumania, Slovakia, Thailand) from 1939 to 1945 Animalia taxonomic kingdom comprising all living or extinct animals recombinant a cell or organism in which genetic recombination has occurred of or relating to recombinant DNA conspecific an organism belonging to the same species as another organism belonging to the same species; "cultivated cabbage and wild cabbage are conspecific" carrier (genetics) an organism that possesses a recessive gene whose effect is masked by a dominant allele; the associated trait is not apparent but can be passed on to offspring a rack attached to a vehicle; for carrying luggage or skis or the like a self-propelled wheeled vehicle designed specifically to carry something; "refrigerated carriers have revolutionized the grocery business" a person or firm in the business of transporting people or goods or messages (medicine) a person (or animal) who has some pathogen to which he is immune but who can pass it on to others a boy who delivers newspapers someone whose employment involves carrying something; "the bonds were transmitted by carrier" an inactive substance that is a vehicle for a radioactive tracer of the same substance and that assists in its recovery after some chemical reaction pest any unwanted and destructive insect or other animal that attacks food or crops or livestock etc.; "he sprayed the garden to get rid of pests"; "many pests have developed resistance to the common pesticides" a persistently annoying person critter a regional term for `creature' (especially for domestic animals) creepy-crawly an animal that creeps or crawls (such as worms or spiders or insects) darter a person or other animal that moves abruptly and rapidly; "squirrels are darters" denizen a plant or animal naturalized in a region; "denizens of field and forest"; "denizens of the deep" peeper an animal that makes short high-pitched sounds an informal term referring to the eye homeotherm an animal that has a body temperature that is relatively constant and independent of the environmental temperature poikilotherm an animal whose body temperature varies with the temperature of its surroundings; any animal except birds and mammals range animal any animal that lives and grazes in the grassy open land of western North America (especially horses, cattle, sheep) vermin any of various small animals or insects that are pests; e.g. cockroaches or rats; "cereals must be protected from mice and other vermin"; "he examined the child's head for vermin"; "boys in the village have probably been shooting vermin" an irritating or obnoxious person varmint any usually predatory wild animal considered undesirable; e.g., coyote scavenger any animal that feeds on refuse and other decaying organic matter a chemical agent that is added to a chemical mixture to counteract the effects of impurities bottom-feeder a fish that lives and feeds on the bottom of a body of water a scavenger that feeds low on the food chain bottom lurkers a fish that lurks on the bottom of a body of water work animal an animal trained for and used for heavy labor beast of burden an animal such as a donkey or ox or elephant used for transporting loads or doing other heavy work draft animal an animal used for pulling heavy loads pack animal an animal (such as a mule or burro or horse) used to carry loads domestic animal any of various animals that have been tamed and made fit for a human environment feeder an animal being fattened or suitable for fattening an animal that feeds on a particular source of food; "a bark feeder"; "a mud feeder" a branch that flows into the main stream stocker a domestic animal (especially a young steer or heifer) kept as stock until fattened or matured and suitable for a breeding establishment hatchling any recently hatched animal (especially birds) head a single domestic animal; "200 head of cattle" a projection out from one end; "the head of the nail"; "a pinhead is the head of a pin" (nautical) a toilet on board a boat or ship the striking part of a tool; "the head of the hammer" (usually plural) the obverse side of a coin that usually bears the representation of a person's head; "call heads or tails!" that part of a skeletal muscle that is away from the bone that it moves the upper part of the human body or the front part of the body in animals; contains the face and brains; "he stuck his head out the window" the rounded end of a bone that fits into a rounded cavity in another bone to form a joint; "the head of the humerus" (grammar) the word in a grammatical constituent that plays the same grammatical role as the whole constituent the front of a military formation or procession; "the head of the column advanced boldly"; "they were at the head of the attack" the top of something; "the head of the stairs"; "the head of the page"; "the head of the list" the foam or froth that accumulates at the top when you pour an effervescent liquid into a container; "the beer had a large head of foam" a rounded compact mass; "the head of a comet" a user of (usually soft) drugs; "the office was full of secret heads" a person who is in charge; "the head of the whole operation" an individual person; "tickets are $5 per head" the pressure exerted by a fluid; "a head of steam" the length or height based on the size of a human or animal head; "he is two heads taller than his little sister"; "his horse won by a head" the tip of an abscess (where the pus accumulates) remove the head of; "head the fish" to go or travel towards; "where is she heading"; "We were headed for the mountains" be in charge of; "Who is heading this project?" form a head or come or grow to a head; "The wheat headed early this year" be in the front of or on top of; "The list was headed by the name of the president" be the first or leading member of (a group) and excel; "This student heads the class" take its rise; "These rivers head from a mountain range in the Himalayas" migrator an animal (especially birds and fish) that travels between different habitats at particular times of the year molter an animal (especially birds and arthropods and reptiles) that periodically shed their outer layer (feathers or cuticle or skin or hair) pet a domesticated animal kept for companionship or amusement a fit of petulance or sulkiness (especially at what is felt to be a slight) stroke or caress in an erotic manner, as during lovemaking stroke or caress gently; "pet the lamb" stayer a person or other animal having powers of endurance or perseverance; "the horse that won the race is a good stayer" pollard a usually horned animal that has either shed its horns or had them removed a tree with limbs cut back to promote a more bushy growth of foliage marine animal any of numerous animals inhabiting the sea including e.g. fishes and molluscs and many mammals by-catch unwanted marine creatures that are caught in the nets while fishing for another species; "thousands of dolphins and porpoises and whales are killed as part of the by-catch each year" amphidiploid (genetics) an organism or cell having a diploid set of chromosomes from each parent diploid (genetics) an organism or cell having the normal amount of DNA per cell; i.e., two sets of chromosomes or twice the haploid number of a cell or organism having two sets of chromosomes or twice the haploid number; "diploid somatic cells" haploid (genetics) an organism or cell having only one complete set of chromosomes of a cell or organism having a single set of chromosomes heteroploid (genetics) an organism or cell having a chromosome number that is not an even multiple of the haploid chromosome number for that species polyploid (genetics) an organism or cell having more than twice the haploid number of chromosomes of a cell or organism having more than twice the haploid number of chromosomes; "a polyploid cell"; "a polyploid species" female an animal that produces gametes (ova) that can be fertilized by male gametes (spermatozoa) a person who belongs to the sex that can have babies being the sex (of plant or animal) that produces fertilizable gametes (ova) from which offspring develop; "a female heir"; "female holly trees bear the berries" for or pertaining to or composed of women or girls; "the female lead in the play"; "a female chorus" characteristic of or peculiar to a woman; "female sensitiveness"; "female suffrage" hen female of certain aquatic animals e.g. octopus or lobster adult female bird adult female chicken flesh of an older chicken suitable for stewing male an animal that produces gametes (spermatozoa) that can fertilize female gametes (ova) a person who belongs to the sex that cannot have babies being the sex (of plant or animal) that produces gametes (spermatozoa) that perform the fertilizing function in generation; "a male infant"; "a male holly tree" for or pertaining to or composed of men or boys; "the male lead"; "the male population" characteristic of a man; "a deep male voice"; "manly sports" adult any mature animal a fully developed person from maturity onward (of animals) fully developed; "an adult animal"; "a grown woman" young any immature animal young people collectively; "rock music appeals to the young"; "youth everywhere rises in revolt" being in its early stage; "a young industry"; "the day is still young" (used of living things especially persons) in an early period of life or development or growth; "young people" orphan a young animal without a mother the first line of a paragraph that is set as the last line of a page or column a child who has lost both parents someone or something who lacks support or care or supervision deprive of parents young mammal any immature mammal pup young of any of various canines such as a dog or wolf wolf pup a young wolf puppy a young dog an inexperienced young person cub the young of certain carnivorous mammals such as the bear or wolf or lion a male child (a familiar term of address to a boy) an awkward and inexperienced youth give birth to cubs; "bears cub every year" lion cub a young lion bear cub a young bear tiger cub a young tiger kit young of any of various fur-bearing animals; "a fox kit" gear consisting of a set of articles or tools for a specified purpose a case for containing a set of articles sire male parent of an animal especially a domestic animal such as a horse a title of address formerly used for a man of rank and authority dam female parent of an animal especially domestic livestock a barrier constructed to contain the flow of water or to keep out the sea obstruct with, or as if with, a dam; "dam the gorges of the Yangtse River" thoroughbred a pedigreed animal of unmixed lineage; used especially of horses a racehorse belonging to a breed that originated from a cross between Arabian stallions and English mares a well-bred person giant any creature of exceptional size an unusually large enterprise; "Walton built a retail giant" an imaginary figure of superhuman size and strength; appears in folklore and fairy tales someone or something that is abnormally large and powerful a very large person; impressive in size or qualities vent external opening of urinary or genital system of a lower vertebrate a hole for the escape of gas or air a slit in a garment (as in the back seam of a jacket) a fissure in the earth's crust (or in the surface of some other planet) through which molten lava and gases erupt expose to cool or cold air so as to cool or freshen; "air the old winter clothes"; "air out the smoke-filled rooms" give expression or utterance to; "She vented her anger"; "The graduates gave vent to cheers" animalcule microscopic organism such as an amoeba or paramecium survivor an animal that survives in spite of adversity; "only the fittest animals were survivors of the cold winters" one who outlives another; "he left his farm to his survivors" one who lives through affliction; "the survivors of the fire were taken to a hospital" mutant an animal that has undergone mutation (biology) an organism that has characteristics resulting from chromosomal alteration tending to undergo or resulting from mutation; "a mutant gene" carnivore any animal that feeds on flesh; "Tyrannosaurus Rex was a large carnivore"; "insectivorous plants are considered carnivores" a terrestrial or aquatic flesh-eating mammal; "terrestrial carnivores have four or five clawed digits on each limb" herbivore any animal that feeds chiefly on grass and other plants; "horses are herbivores"; "the sauropod dinosaurs were apparently herbivores" insectivore any organism that feeds mainly on insects small insect-eating mainly nocturnal terrestrial or fossorial mammals acrodont an animal having teeth consolidated with the summit of the alveolar ridge without sockets pleurodont an animal having teeth fused with the inner surface of the alveolar ridge without sockets form genus an artificial taxonomic category established on the basis of morphological resemblance for organisms of obscure true relationships especially fossil forms (biology) an artificial taxonomic category for organisms of which the true relationships are obscure horn one of the bony outgrowths on the heads of certain ungulates any hard protuberance from the head of an organism that is similar to or suggestive of a horn an alarm device that makes a loud warning sound a high pommel of a Western saddle (usually metal covered with leather) a noisemaker (as at parties or games) that makes a loud noise when you blow through it a device having the shape of a horn; "horns at the ends of a new moon"; "the horn of an anvil"; "the cleat had two horns" a noise made by the driver of an automobile to give warning the material (mostly keratin) that covers the horns of ungulates and forms hooves and claws and nails stab or pierce with a horn or tusk; "the rhino horned the explorer" antler deciduous horn of a member of the deer family tuft a bunch of feathers or hair a bunch of hair or feathers or growing grass crest a showy growth of e.g. feathers or skin on the head of a bird or other animal (heraldry) in medieval times, an emblem used to decorate a helmet the top line of a hill, mountain, or wave reach a high point; "The river crested last night" topknot showy crest or knot of hair or feathers headdress consisting of a decorative ribbon or bow worn in the hair microorganism any organism of microscopic size monad (biology) a single-celled microorganism (especially a flagellate protozoan) a singular metaphysical entity from which material properties are said to derive (chemistry) an atom having a valence of one aerobe an organism (especially a bacterium) that requires air or free oxygen for life anaerobe an organism (especially a bacterium) that does not require air or free oxygen to live obligate anaerobe an organism that cannot grow in the presence of oxygen hybrid (genetics) an organism that is the offspring of genetically dissimilar parents or stock; especially offspring produced by breeding plants or animals of different varieties or breeds or species; "a mule is a cross between a horse and a donkey" a composite of mixed origin; "the vice-presidency is a hybrid of administrative and legislative offices" produced by crossbreeding dihybrid a hybrid produced by parents that differ only at two gene loci that have two alleles each monohybrid a hybrid produced by crossing parents that are homozygous except for a single gene locus that has two alleles (as in Mendel's experiments with garden peas) polymorph an organism that can assume more than one adult form as in the castes of ants or termites relative an animal or plant that bears a relationship to another (as related by common descent or by membership in the same genus) a person related by blood or marriage; "police are searching for relatives of the deceased"; "he has distant relations back in New Jersey" estimated by comparison; not absolute or complete; "a relative stranger" intestinal flora harmless microorganisms (as Escherichia coli) that inhabit the intestinal tract and are essential for its normal functioning virus (virology) ultramicroscopic infectious agent that replicates itself only within cells of living hosts; many are pathogenic; a piece of nucleic acid (DNA or RNA) wrapped in a thin coat of protein a software program capable of reproducing itself and usually capable of causing great harm to files or other programs on the same computer; "a true virus cannot spread to another computer without human assistance" a harmful or corrupting agency; "bigotry is a virus that must not be allowed to spread"; "the virus of jealousy is latent in everyone" arbovirus a large heterogeneous group of RNA viruses divisible into groups on the basis of the virions; they have been recovered from arthropods, bats, and rodents; most are borne by arthropods; they are linked by the epidemiologic concept of transmission between vertebrate hosts by arthropod vectors (mosquitoes, ticks, sandflies, midges, etc.) that feed on blood; they can cause mild fevers, hepatitis, hemorrhagic fever, and encephalitis capsid the outer covering of protein surrounding the nucleic acid of a virus virion (virology) a complete viral particle; nucleic acid and capsid (and a lipid envelope in some viruses) adenovirus any of a group of viruses including those that in humans cause upper respiratory infections or infectious pinkeye parainfluenza virus a virus that causes upper respiratory infection (including the common cold and bronchiolitis); most often in children arenavirus animal viruses belonging to the family Arenaviridae Junin virus the RNA virus that causes Argentine hemorrhagic fever; carried by rats and mice Lassa virus the RNA virus that causes Lassa fever lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus the RNA virus that causes lymphocytic choriomeningitis; infects mice and monkeys and dogs and guinea pigs and human beings Machupo virus the RNA virus that causes Bolivian hemorrhagic fever; carried by rats and mice Bunyaviridae a large family of arboviruses that affect a wide range of hosts (mainly vertebrates and arthropods) bunyavirus an animal virus belonging to the family Bunyaviridae; can be used as a bioweapon Filoviridae a family of threadlike RNA viruses that cause diseases in humans and nonhuman primates (monkeys and chimpanzees) filovirus animal viruses belonging to the family Filoviridae Ebola virus a filovirus that causes Ebola hemorrhagic fever; carried by animals; can be used as a bioweapon Marburg virus a filovirus that causes Marburg disease; carried by animals; can be used as a bioweapon Togaviridae a family of arboviruses carried by arthropods alphavirus an arbovirus of the family Togaviridae that can cause a variety of encephalitis in horses Flaviviridae a family of arboviruses carried by arthropods flavivirus animal viruses belonging to the family Flaviviridae West Nile virus the flavivirus that causes West Nile encephalitis Arenaviridae a family of arborviruses carried by arthropods Rhabdoviridae a family of arborviruses carried by arthropods vesiculovirus an animal virus that causes vesicular stomatitis Reoviridae a family of arboviruses carried by arthropods poxvirus any of a group of viruses that can cause pox diseases in vertebrates myxoma virus a poxvirus closely related to smallpox virus; causes benign gelatinous tumors in humans variola virus the virus that causes smallpox in humans; can be used as a bioweapon variola major a type of smallpox virus that has a fatality rate of up to 25 percent variola minor a type of smallpox virus that has a fatality rate of about 1 percent tobacco mosaic virus the widely studied plant virus that causes tobacco mosaic; it was the first virus discovered (1892) viroid the smallest of viruses; a plant virus with its RNA arranged in a circular chromosome without a protein coat bacteriophage a virus that is parasitic (reproduces itself) in bacteria; "phage uses the bacterium's machinery and energy to produce more phage until the bacterium is destroyed and phage is released to invade surrounding bacteria" coliphage a bacteriophage that infects the bacterium Escherichia coli typhoid bacteriophage a bacteriophage specific for the bacterium Salmonella typhi plant virus a plant pathogen that is a virus consisting of a single strand of RNA animal virus an animal pathogen that is a virus hepadnavirus a group of animal DNA viruses including viruses of ducks and woodchucks and squirrels and others as well as the virus causing hepatitis B in humans retrovirus any of a group of viruses that contain two single-strand linear RNA molecules per virion and reverse transcriptase (RNA to DNA); the virus transcribes its RNA into a cDNA provirus that is then incorporated into the host cell human T-cell leukemia virus-1 retrovirus causing T-cell leukemia human immunodeficiency virus the virus that causes acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS); it replicates in and kills the helper T cells myxovirus any of a group of RNA viruses including those that cause influenza and mumps orthomyxovirus a group of viruses including those causing influenza paramyxovirus a group of viruses including those causing mumps and measles respiratory syncytial virus a paramyxovirus that forms syncytia in tissue culture and that is responsible for severe respiratory diseases such as bronchiolitis and bronchial pneumonia (especially in children) picornavirus a group of single-strand RNA viruses with a protein coat poliovirus the virus causing poliomyelitis hepatitis A virus the virus causing hepatitis A enterovirus any of a group of picornaviruses that infect the gastrointestinal tract and can spread to other areas (especially the nervous system) coxsackievirus enterovirus causing a disease resembling poliomyelitis but without paralysis echovirus any of a group of viruses associated with various diseases including viral meningitis and mild respiratory disorders and diarrhea in newborn infants rhinovirus any of a group of picornaviruses that are responsible for many upper respiratory infections herpes any of the animal viruses that cause painful blisters on the skin viral diseases causing eruptions of the skin or mucous membrane herpes simplex a herpes virus that affects the skin and nervous system an infection caused by the herpes simplex virus; affects the skin and nervous system; produces small temporary (but sometimes painful) blisters on the skin and mucous membranes herpes simplex 1 a herpes virus that causes oral herpes herpes simplex 2 a herpes virus that can cause genital herpes herpes zoster a herpes virus that causes shingles eruptions along a nerve path often accompanied by severe neuralgia herpes varicella zoster a herpes virus that causes chickenpox and shingles Epstein-Barr virus the herpes virus that causes infectious mononucleosis; associated with specific cancers in Africa and China cytomegalovirus any of a group of herpes viruses that enlarge epithelial cells and can cause birth defects; can affect humans with impaired immunological systems varicella zoster virus the member of the herpes virus family that is responsible for chickenpox papovavirus any of a group of animal viruses associated with or causing papillomas or polyomas human papilloma virus any of a group of papovaviruses associated with genital or oral carcinomas or a group associated with benign genital tumors polyoma a virus the can initiate various kinds of tumors in mice rhabdovirus any of a group of arboviruses including those causing rabies lyssavirus a neurotropic non-arbovirus of the family Rhabdoviridae that causes rabies reovirus any of a group of non-arboviruses including the rotavirus causing infant enteritis rotavirus the reovirus causing infant enteritis parvovirus any of a group of viruses containing DNA in an icosahedral protein shell and causing disease in dogs and cattle; not known to be associated with any human disease slow virus a virus that remains dormant in the body for a long time before symptoms appear; "kuru is caused by a slow virus" onion yellow-dwarf virus the virus that produces stunting and yellowing of the leaves of onion plants potato yellow-dwarf virus the virus that produces stunting and yellowing of the leaves of potato plants Monera prokaryotic bacteria and blue-green algae and various primitive pathogens; because of lack of consensus on how to divide the organisms into phyla informal names are used for the major divisions moneran organisms that typically reproduce by asexual budding or fission and whose nutritional mode is absorption or photosynthesis or chemosynthesis of or relating to the Monera animal order the order of animals protoctist order the order of protoctists division Archaebacteria in some classifications considered a kingdom archaebacteria considered ancient life forms that evolved separately from bacteria and blue-green algae methanogen archaebacteria found in anaerobic environments such as animal intestinal tracts or sediments or sewage and capable of producing methane; a source of natural gas halophile archaebacteria requiring a salt-rich environment for growth and survival halobacteria halophiles in saline environments such as the Dead Sea or salt flats thermoacidophile archaebacteria that thrive in strongly acidic environments at high temperatures bacteria (microbiology) single-celled or noncellular spherical or spiral or rod-shaped organisms lacking chlorophyll that reproduce by fission; important as pathogens and for biochemical properties; taxonomy is difficult; often considered to be plants acidophil an organism that thrives in a relatively acid environment probiotic a beneficial bacterium found in the intestinal tract of healthy mammals; often considered to be a plant bacteroid a rodlike bacterium (especially any of the rod-shaped or branched bacteria in the root nodules of nitrogen-fixing plants) bacillus aerobic rod-shaped spore-producing bacterium; often occurring in chainlike formations; found primarily in soil Bacillus anthracis a species of bacillus that causes anthrax in humans and in animals (cattle and swine and sheep and rabbits and mice and guinea pigs); can be used a bioweapon Bacillus subtilis a species of bacillus found in soil and decomposing organic matter; some strains produce antibiotics Yersinia pestis a bacillus bacterium that causes the plague; aerosolized bacteria can be used as a bioweapon coccus any spherical or nearly spherical bacteria coccobacillus a bacterial cell intermediate in morphology between a coccus and a bacillus; a very short bacillus Brucella an aerobic Gram-negative coccobacillus that causes brucellosis; can be used as a bioweapon spirillum any flagellated aerobic bacteria having a spirally twisted rodlike form spirally twisted elongate rodlike bacteria usually living in stagnant water Heliobacter a genus of helical or curved or straight aerobic bacteria with rounded ends and multiple flagella; found in the gastric mucosa of primates (including humans) Heliobacter pylori the type species of genus Heliobacter; produces urease and is associated with several gastroduodenal diseases (including gastritis and gastric ulcers and duodenal ulcers and other peptic ulcers) bacteria order an order of bacteria bacteria family a family of bacteria bacteria genus a genus of bacteria bacteria species a species of bacteria Pseudomonas pyocanea a species of aerobic bacteria Aerobacter aerobic bacteria widely distributed in nature Aerobacter aerogenes a species of Gram-negative aerobic bacteria that produce gas and acid from sugars and are sometimes involved in the souring of milk Rhizobiaceae a small family of rod-shaped bacteria Rhizobium the type genus of Rhizobiaceae; usually occur in the root nodules of legumes; can fix atmospheric oxygen Agrobacterium small motile bacterial rods that can reduce nitrates and cause galls on plant stems Agrobacterium tumefaciens the bacteria that produce crown gall disease in plants division Eubacteria one-celled monerans having simple cells with rigid walls and (in motile types) flagella eubacteria a large group of bacteria having rigid cell walls; motile types have flagella Eubacteriales one of two usually recognized orders of true bacteria; Gram-positive spherical or rod-shaped forms; some are motile; in some classifications considered an order of Schizomycetes Bacillaceae typically rod-shaped usually Gram-positive bacteria that produce endospores genus Bacillus type genus of the Bacillaceae; includes many saprophytes important in decay of organic matter and a number of parasites genus Clostridium anaerobic or micro-aerophilic rod-shaped or spindle-shaped saprophytes; nearly cosmopolitan in soil, animal intestines, and dung clostridium spindle-shaped bacterial cell especially one swollen at the center by an endospore botulinus anaerobic bacterium producing botulin the toxin that causes botulism clostridium perfringens anaerobic Gram-positive rod bacterium that produces epsilon toxin; can be used as a bioweapon Cyanophyta prokaryotic organisms sometimes considered a class or phylum or subkingdom; coextensive with the Cyanophyceae: cyanobacteria (blue-green algae) Schizophyta former term for the Cyanophyta Schizomycetes a former classification class Cyanobacteria photosynthetic bacteria found in fresh and salt water, having chlorophyll a and phycobilins; once thought to be algae: blue-green algae cyanobacteria predominantly photosynthetic prokaryotic organisms containing a blue pigment in addition to chlorophyll; occur singly or in colonies in diverse habitats; important as phytoplankton Myxophyceae former terms for Cyanophyceae Nostocaceae blue-green algae genus Nostoc type genus of the family Nostocaceae: freshwater blue-green algae nostoc found in moist places as rounded jellylike colonies Oscillatoriaceae blue green algae genus Trichodesmium a genus of blue-green algae trichodesmium large colonial bacterium common in tropical open-ocean waters; important in carbon and nitrogen fixation phototrophic bacteria green and purple bacteria; energy for growth is derived from sunlight; carbon is derived from carbon dioxide or organic carbon purple bacteria free-living Gram-negative pink to purplish-brown bacteria containing bacteriochlorophyll Pseudomonadales one of two usually recognized orders of true bacteria; Gram-negative spiral or spherical or rod-shaped bacteria usually motile by polar flagella; some contain photosynthetic pigments Pseudomonodaceae rod-shaped Gram-negative bacteria; include important plant and animal pathogens Pseudomonas type genus of the family Pseudomonodaceae ring rot bacteria causes brown rot in tomatoes and potatoes and tobacco etc pseudomonad bacteria usually producing greenish fluorescent water-soluble pigment; some pathogenic for plants and animals Xanthomonas a genus of bacteria similar to Pseudomonas but producing a yellow pigment that is not soluble in water xanthomonad bacteria producing yellow non-water-soluble pigments; some pathogenic for plants Athiorhodaceae small motile sulphur bacteria Nitrobacteriaceae usually rod-shaped bacteria that oxidize ammonia or nitrites: nitrobacteria Nitrobacter rod-shaped soil bacteria nitric bacteria soil bacteria that convert nitrites to nitrates Nitrosomonas ellipsoidal soil bacteria nitrosobacteria soil bacteria that oxidize ammonia to nitrites Thiobacteriaceae free-living coccoid to rod-shaped bacteria that derive energy from oxidizing sulfur or sulfur compounds genus Thiobacillus a genus of bacteria thiobacillus small rod-shaped bacteria living in sewage or soil and oxidizing sulfur thiobacteria any bacterium of the genus Thiobacillus Spirillaceae rigid spirally curved elongate bacteria genus Spirillum a genus of bacteria ratbite fever bacterium a bacterium causing ratbite fever genus Vibrio a genus of bacteria vibrio curved rodlike motile bacterium comma bacillus comma-shaped bacteria that cause Asiatic cholera Vibrio fetus bacteria that cause abortion in sheep Bacteroidaceae family of bacteria living usually in the alimentary canal or on mucous surfaces of warm-blooded animals; sometimes associated with acute infective processes Bacteroides type genus of Bacteroidaceae; genus of Gram-negative rodlike anaerobic bacteria producing no endospores and no pigment and living in the gut of man and animals Calymmatobacterium a genus of bacterial rods containing only the one species that causes granuloma inguinale Calymmatobacterium granulomatis the species of bacteria that causes granuloma inguinale Francisella a genus of Gram-negative aerobic bacteria that occur as pathogens and parasite in many animals (including humans) Francisella tularensis the type species of the genus Francisella and the causal agent of tularemia in humans; can be used as a bioweapon gonococcus the pus-producing bacterium that causes gonorrhea Corynebacteriaceae a large family of mostly Gram-positive and aerobic and nonmotile rod-shaped bacteria of the order Eubacteriales corynebacterium any species of the genus Corynebacterium genus Corynebacterium the type genus of the family Corynebacteriaceae which is widely distributed in nature; the best known are parasites and pathogens of humans and domestic animals Corynebacterium diphtheriae a species of bacterium that causes diphtheria genus Listeria a genus of aerobic motile bacteria of the family Corynebacteriaceae containing small Gram-positive rods listeria any species of the genus Listeria Listeria monocytogenes the type species of the genus Listeria; can cause meningitis, encephalitis, septicemia, endocarditis, abortion, abscesses, listeriosis Enterobacteriaceae a large family of Gram-negative rod-shaped bacteria of the order Eubacteriales enteric bacteria rod-shaped Gram-negative bacteria; most occur normally or pathogenically in intestines of humans and other animals genus Escherichia a genus of bacteria escherichia a genus of enteric bacteria Escherichia coli a species of bacterium normally present in intestinal tract of humans and other animals; sometimes pathogenic; can be a threat to food safety genus Klebsiella a genus of bacteria klebsiella a genus of nonmotile rod-shaped Gram-negative enterobacteria; some cause respiratory and other infections genus Salmonella a genus of bacteria salmonella rod-shaped Gram-negative enterobacteria; cause typhoid fever and food poisoning; can be used as a bioweapon Salmonella enteritidis a form of salmonella that causes gastroenteritis in humans Salmonella typhimurium a form of salmonella that causes food poisoning in humans typhoid bacillus a form of salmonella that causes typhoid fever genus Serratia a genus of motile peritrichous bacteria that contain small Gram-negative rod Serratia marcescens the type species of the genus Serratia; a species found in water and soil and milk and foods and insects; can cause infections of the endocardium and blood and wounds and urinary tract and respiratory tract; has been tested as a bioweapon genus Shigella a genus of bacteria shigella rod-shaped Gram-negative enterobacteria; some are pathogenic for warm-blooded animals; can be used as a bioweapon shiga bacillus a bacillus that causes dysentery genus Erwinia a genus of bacteria erwinia rod-shaped motile bacteria that attack plants endospore-forming bacteria a group of true bacteria Rickettsiales pleomorphic Gram-negative microorganisms Rickettsiaceae microorganism resembling bacteria inhabiting arthropod tissues but capable of causing disease in vertebrates genus Rickettsia can cause typhus and Rocky Mountain spotted fever in humans rickettsia any of a group of very small rod-shaped bacteria that live in biting arthropods (as ticks and mites) and cause disease in vertebrate hosts; they cause typhus and other febrile diseases in human beings tumor virus a cell-free filtrate held to be a virus responsible for a specific neoplasm wound tumor virus a tumor virus transmitted by leafhoppers vector (genetics) a virus or other agent that is used to deliver DNA to a cell a variable quantity that can be resolved into components any agent (person or animal or microorganism) that carries and transmits a disease; "mosquitos are vectors of malaria and yellow fever"; "fleas are vectors of the plague"; "aphids are transmitters of plant diseases"; "when medical scientists talk about vectors they are usually talking about insects" a straight line segment whose length is magnitude and whose orientation in space is direction cosmid (genetics) a large vector that is made from a bacteriophage and used to clone genes or gene fragments Chlamydiaceae Gram-negative parasites in warm-blooded vertebrates genus Chlamydia type genus of the family Chlamydiaceae: disease-causing parasites chlamydia coccoid rickettsia infesting birds and mammals; cause infections of eyes and lungs and genitourinary tract a sexually transmitted infection caused by bacteria of the genus Chlamydia Chlamydia psittaci bacteria responsible for the sexually transmitted disease chlamydia Chlamydia trachomatis bacteria responsible for the sexually transmitted diseases chlamydia and lymphogranuloma venereum Mycoplasmatales coextensive with the family Mycoplasmataceae Mycoplasmataceae pleomorphic Gram-negative nonmotile microorganism similar to both viruses and bacteria; parasitic in mammals genus Mycoplasma type and sole genus of the family Mycoplasmataceae mycoplasma any of a group of small parasitic bacteria that lack cell walls and can survive without oxygen; can cause pneumonia and urinary tract infection pleuropneumonialike organism a mycoplasma resistant to antibiotics that causes a kind of pneumonia in humans Legionella pneumophilia the motile aerobic rod-shaped Gram-negative bacterium that thrives in central heating and air conditioning systems and can cause Legionnaires' disease nitrobacterium any of the bacteria in the soil that take part in the nitrogen cycle; they oxidize ammonium compounds into nitrites or oxidize nitrites into nitrates nitrate bacterium any of the nitrobacteria that oxidize nitrites into nitrates nitrite bacterium any of the nitrobacteria that oxidize ammonia into nitrites Actinomycetales filamentous or rod-shaped bacteria actinomycete any bacteria (some of which are pathogenic for humans and animals) belonging to the order Actinomycetales Actinomycetaceae filamentous anaerobic bacteria genus Actinomyces type genus of the family Actinomycetaceae actinomyces soil-inhabiting saprophytes and disease-producing plant and animal parasites Streptomycetaceae higher bacteria typically aerobic soil saprophytes genus Streptomyces type genus of the family Streptomycetaceae streptomyces aerobic bacteria (some of which produce the antibiotic streptomycin) Streptomyces erythreus source of the antibiotic erythromycin Streptomyces griseus source of the antibiotic streptomycin potato scab bacteria cause of a potato disease characterized by brownish corky tissue Mycobacteriaceae a family of bacteria genus Mycobacterium nonmotile Gram-positive aerobic bacteria mycobacteria rod-shaped bacteria some saprophytic or causing diseases tubercle bacillus cause of tuberculosis penicillin-resistant bacteria bacteria that are unaffected by penicillin pus-forming bacteria bacteria that produce pus rod any rod-shaped bacterium a long thin implement made of metal or wood a visual receptor cell that is sensitive to dim light streptobacillus any of various rod-shaped Gram-negative bacteria leprosy bacillus cause of leprosy order Myxobacteria an order of higher bacteria Polyangiaceae bacteria living mostly in soils and on dung Polyangium type genus of the family Polyangiaceae: myxobacteria with rounded fruiting bodies enclosed in a membrane myxobacteria bacteria that form colonies in self-produced slime; inhabit moist soils or decaying plant matter or animal waste Micrococcaceae spherical or elliptical usually aerobic eubacteria that produce yellow or orange or red pigment; includes toxin-producing forms as well as harmless commensals and saprophytes Micrococcus type genus of the family Micrococcaceae genus Staphylococcus includes many pathogenic species staphylococcus spherical Gram-positive parasitic bacteria that tend to form irregular colonies; some cause boils or septicemia or infections Lactobacillaceae lactic acid bacteria and important pathogens; bacteria that ferment carbohydrates chiefly into lactic acid genus Lactobacillus type genus of the family Lactobacillaceae lactobacillus a Gram-positive rod-shaped bacterium that produces lactic acid (especially in milk) acidophilus a bacterium that is used to make yogurt and to supplement probiotics genus Diplococcus a genus of bacteria diplococcus Gram-positive bacteria usually occurring in pairs pneumococcus bacterium causing pneumonia in mice and humans genus Streptococcus a genus of bacteria streptococcus spherical Gram-positive bacteria occurring in pairs or chains; cause e.g. scarlet fever and tonsillitis Streptococcus anhemolyticus a species of bacteria Spirochaetales higher bacteria; slender spiral rodlike forms Spirochaetaceae large coarsely spiral bacteria; free-living in fresh or salt water or commensal in bodies of oysters Spirochaeta the type genus of the family Spirochaetaceae; a bacterium that is flexible, undulating, and chiefly aquatic spirochete parasitic or free-living bacteria; many pathogenic to humans and other animals Treponemataceae small spirochetes some parasitic or pathogenic genus Treponema type genus of Treponemataceae: anaerobic spirochetes with an undulating rigid body; parasitic in warm-blooded animals treponema spirochete that causes disease in humans (e.g. syphilis and yaws) genus Borrelia small flexible parasitic spirochetes having three to five wavy spirals borrelia cause of e.g. European and African relapsing fever Borrelia burgdorferi cause of Lyme disease; transmitted primarily by ticks of genus Ixodes genus Leptospira very slender aerobic spirochetes; free-living or parasitic in mammals leptospira important pathogens causing Weil's disease or canicola fever plankton the aggregate of small plant and animal organisms that float or drift in great numbers in fresh or salt water phytoplankton photosynthetic or plant constituent of plankton; mainly unicellular algae planktonic algae unicellular algae zooplankton animal constituent of plankton; mainly small crustaceans and fish larvae nekton the aggregate of actively swimming animals in a body of water ranging from microscopic organisms to whales microbe a minute life form (especially a disease-causing bacterium); the term is not in technical use parasite an animal or plant that lives in or on a host (another animal or plant); it obtains nourishment from the host without benefiting or killing the host endoparasite any of various parasites that live in the internal organs of animals (especially intestinal worms) ectoparasite any external parasitic organism (as fleas) host an animal or plant that nourishes and supports a parasite; it does not benefit and is often harmed by the association archaic terms for army any organization that provides resources and facilities for a function or event; "Atlanta was chosen to be host for the Olympic Games" the owner or manager of an inn a person who invites guests to a social event (such as a party in his or her own home) and who is responsible for them while they are there (medicine) recipient of transplanted tissue or organ from a donor be the host of or for; "We hosted 4 couples last night" intermediate host a host that is used by a parasite in the course of its life cycle definitive host the host in which the sexual reproduction of a parasite takes place pathogen any disease-producing agent (especially a virus or bacterium or other microorganism) commensal either of two different animal or plant species living in close association but not interdependent living in a state of commensalism myrmecophile an organism such as an insect that habitually shares the nest of a species of ant Protoctista in most modern classifications, replacement for the Protista; includes: Protozoa; Euglenophyta; Chlorophyta; Cryptophyta; Heterokontophyta; Rhodophyta; unicellular protists and their descendant multicellular organisms: regarded as distinct from plants and animals protoctist any of the unicellular protists Protista eukaryotic one-celled living organisms distinct from multicellular plants and animals: protozoa, slime molds, and eukaryotic algae protist free-living or colonial organisms with diverse nutritional and reproductive modes protoctist family any of the families of Protoctista protoctist genus any genus of Protoctista Pyrrophyta a division of lower plants comprising unicellular and biflagellate algae that form starchy compounds Protozoa in some classifications considered a superphylum or a subkingdom; comprises flagellates; ciliates; sporozoans; amoebas; foraminifers protozoan any of diverse minute acellular or unicellular organisms usually nonphotosynthetic Sarcodina characterized by the formation of pseudopods for locomotion and taking food: Actinopoda; Rhizopoda sarcodinian protozoa that move and capture food by forming pseudopods Actinopoda heliozoans; radiolarians actinopod protozoa having stiff rodlike radiating pseudopods Heliozoa mostly freshwater protozoa heliozoan protozoa with spherical bodies and stiff radiating pseudopods Radiolaria marine protozoa radiolarian protozoa with amoeba-like bodies and radiating filamentous pseudopods Rhizopoda creeping protozoans: amoebas and foraminifers rhizopod protozoa characterized by a pseudopod Amoebida the animal order including amoebas genus Amoeba protozoan inhabiting moist soils or bottom vegetation in fresh or salt water Endamoebidae a large family of endoparasitic amebas that invade the digestive tract Endamoeba the type genus of the family Endamoebidae endameba any ameba of the genus Endamoeba ameba naked freshwater or marine or parasitic protozoa that form temporary pseudopods for feeding and locomotion Endamoeba histolytica the parasitic ameba that causes amebic dysentery in human beings Foraminifera foraminifers foram marine microorganism having a calcareous shell with openings where pseudopods protrude Globigerinidae a family of protoctists genus Globigerina type genus of the family Globigerinidae globigerina marine protozoan having a rounded shell with spiny processes Nummulitidae a family of fossil protoctists nummulite large fossil protozoan of the Tertiary period Testacea testacean rhizopods testacean any of various rhizopods of the order Testacea characterized by having a shell Arcellidae soil and freshwater protozoa; cosmopolitan in distribution genus Arcella type genus of the Arcellidae arcella an amoeba-like protozoan with a chitinous shell resembling an umbrella genus Difflugia genus of protozoans related to ameba difflugia a protozoan with an ovoid shell of cemented sand grains Ciliata class of protozoa having cilia or hairlike appendages on part or all of the surface during some part of the life cycle ciliate a protozoan with a microscopic appendage extending from the surface of the cell having a margin or fringe of hairlike projections Infusoria in some recent classifications, coextensive with the Ciliata: minute organisms found in decomposing infusions of organic matter infusorian any member of the subclass Infusoria genus Paramecium freshwater ciliate with an oval body and long deep oral groove paramecium any member of the genus Paramecium genus Tetrahymena protozoa having four membranous ciliary organelles tetrahymena relative of the paramecium; often used in genetics research genus Stentor trumpet-shaped protozoa with a ciliated spiral feeding funnel stentor any of several trumpet-shaped ciliate protozoans that are members of the genus Stentor a speaker with an unusually loud voice genus Vorticella ciliated protozoans that have a goblet-shaped body with a retractile stalk vorticella any of various protozoa having a transparent goblet-shaped body with a retractile stalk alga primitive chlorophyll-containing mainly aquatic eukaryotic organisms lacking true stems and roots and leaves seaweed plant growing in the sea, especially marine algae arame an edible seaweed with a mild flavor wrack dried seaweed especially that cast ashore the destruction or collapse of something; "wrack and ruin" seagrass any of various seaweeds that grow underwater in shallow beds; "seagrass provides a protective environment in which young fish can develop" sea wrack growth of marine vegetation especially of the large forms such as rockweeds and kelp chlorophyll any of a group of green pigments found in photosynthetic organisms; there are four naturally occurring forms chlorophyll a a blue-black plant pigment having a blue-green alcohol solution; found in all higher plants chlorophyll b a dark-green plant pigment having a brilliant green alcohol solution; generally characteristic of higher plants chlorophyll c the chlorophyll present in brown algae, diatoms, and flagellates chlorophyll d the chlorophyll found (together with chlorophyll a) in red algae bacteriochlorophyll a substance in photosensitive bacteria that is related to but different from chlorophyll of higher plants phycobilin water-soluble proteinaceous pigments found in red algae and cyanobacteria phycoerythrin red pigment in red algae phycocyanin blue pigment in algae Heterokontophyta algae having chlorophyll a and usually c, and flagella of unequal lengths; terminology supersedes Chrysophyta in some classifications Chrysophyta mostly freshwater eukaryotic algae having the chlorophyll masked by brown or yellow pigment; yellow-green and golden-brown algae and diatoms: Xanthophyceae, Chrysophyceae, Bacillariophyceae; some classification systems superseded or subsumed by Heterokontophyta golden algae algae having the pigments chlorophyll and carotene and xanthophyll yellow-green algae any alga of the division Chrysophyta with its chlorophyll masked by yellow pigment Chrysophyceae all the yellow-green algae having flagella of unequal length Xanthophyceae yellow-green algae Bacillariophyceae marine and freshwater eukaryotic algae: diatoms diatom microscopic unicellular marine or freshwater colonial alga having cell walls impregnated with silica Heterotrichales yellow-green algae with simple or branching filaments; comprising the single family Tribonemaceae Tribonemaceae simple filamentous freshwater yellow-green algae Tribonema type genus of Tribonemaceae conferva any of various algae of the genus Tribonema; algae with branching filaments that form scum in still or stagnant fresh water confervoid algae algae resembling confervae especially in having branching filaments Phaeophyceae brown algae; mostly marine and littoral eukaryotic algae Phaeophyta coextensive with class Phaeophyceae; in some classifications subsumed in the division Heterokontophyta brown algae algae having the chlorophyll masked by brown and yellow pigments Laminariales in some classifications coextensive with family Laminariaceae: marine brown algae of cold or polar seas Laminariaceae large family of marine brown algae including many economically important large kelps chiefly of northern waters Laminaria type genus of the family Laminariaceae: perennial brown kelps kelp large brown seaweeds having fluted leathery fronds sea tangle any of various kelps especially of the genus Laminaria tang any of various coarse seaweeds Fucales coextensive with the family Fucaceae Cyclosporeae in more recent classifications superseded by the order Fucales Fucaceae small family of brown algae: gulfweeds; rockweeds fucoid any of various algae of the family Fucaceae a fossilized cast or impression of algae of the order Fucales rockweed coarse brown seaweed growing on rocks exposed at low tide genus Fucus type genus of the family Fucaceae: cartilaginous brown algae fucus any member of the genus Fucus serrated wrack brown algae seaweed with serrated edges bladderwrack a common rockweed used in preparing kelp and as manure similar to and found with black rockweed Ascophyllum brown algae distinguished by compressed or inflated branchlets along the axis genus Sargassum a genus of protoctist gulfweed brown algae with rounded bladders forming dense floating masses in tropical Atlantic waters as in the Sargasso Sea Euglenophyta free-swimming flagellate algae Euglenophyceae coextensive with the division Euglenophyta Euglenaceae considered green algae genus Euglena type genus of the family Euglenaceae: green algae with a single flagellum euglena minute single-celled green freshwater organism having a single flagella; often classed as algae euglenoid marine and freshwater green or colorless flagellate organism Chlorophyta large division of chiefly freshwater eukaryotic algae that possess chlorophyll a and b, store food as starch, and cellulose cell walls; classes Chlorophyceae, Ulvophyceae, and Charophyceae; obviously ancestral to land plants Chlorophyceae algae distinguished chiefly by having flagella and a clear green color, their chlorophyll being masked little if at all by other pigments green algae algae that are clear green in color; often growing on wet ricks or damp wood or the surface of stagnant water Ulvophyceae alternative name for the class Chlorophyceae in some classifications Ulvales an order of protoctist Ulvaceae thin flat or tubular green algae Ulva type genus of the family Ulvaceae; green seaweed having a thallus two cells thick: sea lettuce sea lettuce seaweed with edible translucent crinkly green fronds Volvocales chiefly freshwater green algae; solitary or colonial Volvocaceae unicellular or colonial biflagellate free-swimming flagellates Volvox type genus of the Volvocaceae; minute pale green flagellates occurring in tiny spherical colonies; minute flagella rotate the colony about an axis Chlamydomonadaceae green algae some of which are colored red by hematochrome Chlamydomonas type genus of the Chlamydomonadaceae; solitary doubly-flagellated plant-like algae common in fresh water and damp soil; multiply freely; often a pest around filtration plants Zygnematales pond scums; desmids Zygnemataceae pond scums: common freshwater algae forming green slimy masses Zygnema type genus of the family Zygnemataceae pond scum free-floating freshwater green algae genus Spirogyra a genus of protoctist spirogyra freshwater algae consisting of minute filaments containing spiral chlorophyll bands Chlorococcales unicellular green algae that reproduce by spores Chlorococcum type genus of Chlorococcales; unicellular green algae occurring singly or in a layer on soil or damp rock genus Chlorella nonmotile unicellular green algae potentially important as source of high-grade protein and B-complex vitamins chlorella any alga of the genus Chlorella Oedogoniales simple or branched filamentous freshwater green algae Oedogoniaceae filamentous green algae Oedogonium type genus of Oedogoniaceae; freshwater green algae having long unbranched filaments; usually free-floating when mature Charophyceae in some classifications: contains only the order Charales Charales small order of macroscopic fresh and brackish water algae with a distinct axis: stoneworts Characeae green algae superficially resembling horsetail ferns: stoneworts stonewort any of various submerged aquatic algae of the genus Chara having nodes with whorled filamentlike branches; usually encrusted with calcium carbonate deposits Chara green algae common in freshwater lakes of limestone districts Nitella fragile branching stoneworts Desmidiaceae unicellular algae Desmidium a genus of protoctist desmid freshwater green algae Rhodophyta lower plants; mostly marine and littoral eukaryotic algae Rhodophyceae coextensive with the Rhodophyta: red algae red algae marine algae in which the chlorophyll is masked by a red or purplish pigment; source of agar and carrageenan sea moss any of various red algae having graceful rose to purple fronds (e.g. dulse or carrageen) Gigartinaceae a family of protoctist Chondrus a genus of protoctist Irish moss dark purple edible seaweed of the Atlantic coasts of Europe and North America Rhodymeniaceae a family of protoctist Rhodymenia type genus of the family Rhodymeniaceae dulse coarse edible red seaweed Bangiaceae a family of protoctist Porphyra a genus of protoctist red laver edible red seaweeds eukaryote an organism with cells characteristic of all life forms except primitive microorganisms such as bacteria; i.e. an organism with `good' or membrane-bound nuclei in its cells prokaryote a unicellular organism having cells lacking membrane-bound nuclei; bacteria are the prime example but also included are blue-green algae and actinomycetes and mycoplasma zooid one of the distinct individuals forming a colonial animal such as a bryozoan or hydrozoan Mastigophora protozoa having flagella flagellate a usually nonphotosynthetic free-living protozoan with whiplike appendages; some are pathogens of humans and other animals whip; "The religious fanatics flagellated themselves" having or resembling a lash or whip (as does a flagellum) Dinoflagellata in some classifications considered a phylum of the kingdom Protista; in others included in the plant phylum Pyrrophyta dinoflagellate chiefly marine protozoa having two flagella; a chief constituent of plankton genus Noctiluca a genus of protoctist noctiluca large bioluminescent marine protozoan Peridiniidae marine and freshwater dinoflagellates Peridinium type genus of the family Peridiniidae peridinian flagellate with a thick test composed of plates Zoomastigina in some classifications considered a phylum of the kingdom Protista; holozoic or saprozoic flagellates Leishmania flagellate protozoan that causes leishmaniasis zoomastigote flagellate protozoan lacking photosynthesis and other plant-like characteristics Hypermastigina cellulose-producing flagellates hypermastigote flagellate symbiotic in the intestines of e.g. termites Polymastigina small usually parasitic flagellates polymastigote flagellates with several flagella genus Costia a genus of flagellate protoctist costia a flagellate that is the cause of the frequently fatal fish disease costiasis genus Giardia flagellates parasitic in intestines of vertebrates giardia a suspected cause of diarrhea in humans Chilomastix flagellates parasitic in intestines of vertebrates including humans Hexamita flagellates free-living or parasitic in intestines of birds genus Trichomonas flagellates parasitic in alimentary or genitourinary tracts of vertebrates and invertebrates including humans trichomonad cause of trichomoniasis in women and cattle and birds Phytomastigina plantlike flagellates containing chlorophyll; often considered unicellular algae plantlike flagellate unicellular organisms having many characteristics of typical algae Cryptophyta a phylum in the kingdom Protoctista Cryptophyceae motile usually brownish-green protozoa-like algae cryptomonad common in fresh and salt water appearing along the shore as algal blooms Sporozoa strictly parasitic protozoans that are usually immobile; includes plasmodia and coccidia and piroplasms and malaria parasites sporozoan parasitic spore-forming protozoan sporozoite one of the minute active bodies into which sporozoans divide in one stage of their life cycle trophozoite a sporozoan in the active feeding stage of its life cycle merozoite a cell that arises from the asexual division of a parent sporozoan during its life cycle Telosporidia parasitic sporozoans that form spores containing one or more infective sporozoites Coccidia an order in the subclass Telosporidia Eimeriidae a family of protoctist in the order Coccidia genus Eimeria type genus of the family Eimeriidae; includes serious pathogens coccidium parasitic on the digestive epithelium of vertebrates and higher invertebrates Gregarinida an order in the subclass Telosporidia gregarine vermiform protozoans parasitic in insects and other invertebrates Haemosporidia an order in the subclass Telosporidia haemosporidian minute protozoans parasitic at some stage of the life cycle in blood cells of vertebrates including many pathogens Plasmodiidae malaria parasites genus Plasmodium type genus of the family Plasmodiidae plasmodium parasitic protozoan of the genus Plasmodium that causes malaria in humans multinucleate sheet of cytoplasm characteristic of some stages of such organisms as slime molds Haemoproteidae bird parasites haemoproteid related to malaria parasite and having a phase in the viscera of various birds Haemoproteus type genus of the family Haemoproteidae genus Leucocytozoon a genus of protoctist leucocytozoan parasitic in birds Babesiidae piroplasms and cattle pathogens genus Babesia type genus of the family Babesiidae piroplasm minute parasite of red blood cells of mammals transmitted by a tick and causing diseases of domestic animals Acnidosporidia a subclass of Sporozoa Sarcosporidia imperfectly known parasites of the muscles of vertebrates Sarcocystis chief genus of the order Sarcosporidia sarcosporidian parasite of the muscles of vertebrates Haplosporidia an order in the subclass Acnidosporidia haplosporidian parasite in invertebrates and lower vertebrates of no known economic importance Cnidosporidia single-host parasites of lower vertebrates and invertebrates Actinomyxidia parasites of worms actinomyxidian parasites of worms Mycrosporidia an order in the subclass Cnidosporidia microsporidian parasite of arthropods and fishes that invade and destroy host cells Myxosporidia an order in the subclass Cnidosporidia myxosporidian mostly parasitic in fishes and including various serious pathogens pseudopod temporary outgrowth used by some microorganisms as an organ of feeding or locomotion Malacopterygii an extensive group of teleost fishes having fins supported by flexible cartilaginous rays soft-finned fish any fish of the superorder Malacopterygii Ostariophysi in some classifications considered a superorder comprising the Cypriniformes and the Siluriformes fish family any of various families of fish fish genus any of various genus of fish Cypriniformes an order of animals including almost entirely freshwater fishes: characins; loaches; carp; suckers; sometimes classified as a suborder of Ostariophysi cypriniform fish a soft-finned fish of the order Cypriniformes Cobitidae loaches loach slender freshwater fishes of Eurasia and Africa resembling catfishes Cyprinidae a family of fish including: carp; tench; roach; rudd; dace cyprinid soft-finned mainly freshwater fishes typically having toothless jaws and cycloid scales of or relating to members of fish family Cyprinidae carp any of various freshwater fish of the family Cyprinidae the lean flesh of a fish that is often farmed; can be baked or braised Cyprinus type genus of the family Cyprinidae: carp domestic carp large Old World freshwater bottom-feeding fish introduced into Europe from Asia; inhabits ponds and sluggish streams and often raised for food; introduced into United States where it has become a pest leather carp scaleless domestic carp mirror carp domestic carp with some large shining scales Abramis European fishes European bream European freshwater fish having a flattened body and silvery scales; of little value as food Tinca tench tench freshwater dace-like game fish of Europe and western Asia noted for ability to survive outside water Leuciscus a genus of fish including: dace, chub dace small European freshwater fish with a slender bluish-green body chub European freshwater game fish with a thick spindle-shaped body shiner any of numerous small silvery North American cyprinid fishes especially of the genus Notropis something that shines (with emitted or reflected light) a swollen bruise caused by a blow to the eye Notropis shiners emerald shiner small blunt-nosed fish of Great Lakes and Mississippi valley with a greenish luster common shiner the common North American shiner Notemigonus golden shiners golden shiner shiner of eastern North America having golden glints; sometimes also called `bream' Rutilus roaches roach European freshwater food fish having a greenish back the butt of a marijuana cigarette a roll of hair brushed back from the forehead cut the mane off (a horse) comb (hair) into a roach Scardinius rudds rudd European freshwater fish resembling the roach Phoxinus minnows minnow very small European freshwater fish common in gravelly streams Gobio true gudgeons gudgeon small slender European freshwater fish often used as bait by anglers Carassius goldfish goldfish small golden or orange-red freshwater fishes of Eurasia used as pond or aquarium fishes silverfish a silvery variety of Carassius auratus silver-grey wingless insect found in houses feeding on book bindings and starched clothing crucian carp European carp closely resembling wild goldfish Electrophoridae small family comprising the electric eels Electrophorus type genus of the family Electrophoridae; electric eels electric eel eel-shaped freshwater fish of South America having electric organs in its body Catostomidae suckers; closely related to the family Cyprinidae catostomid a cypriniform fish of the family Catostomidae sucker mostly North American freshwater fishes with a thick-lipped mouth for feeding by suction; related to carps an organ specialized for sucking nourishment or for adhering to objects by suction flesh of any of numerous North American food fishes with toothless jaws a drinker who sucks (as at a nipple or through a straw) a shoot arising from a plant's roots Catostomus type genus of the family Catostomidae Ictiobus buffalo fishes buffalo fish any of several large suckers of the Mississippi valley black buffalo fish of the lower Mississippi Hypentelium a genus of fish in the family Catostomidae hog sucker widely distributed in warm clear shallow streams Maxostoma a genus of fish in the family Catostomidae redhorse North American sucker with reddish fins Cyprinodontidae large family of small soft-finned fishes; killifishes; flagfishes; swordtails; guppies cyprinodont any member of the family Cyprinodontidae killifish small mostly marine warm-water carp-like schooling fishes; used as bait or aquarium fishes or in mosquito control Fundulus killifish mummichog silver-and-black killifish of saltwater marshes along the Atlantic coast of the United States striped killifish black-barred fish of bays and coastal marshes of the Atlantic and Gulf Coast of the United States genus Rivulus killifish rivulus found in small streams of tropical America; often kept in aquariums; usually hermaphroditic Jordanella flagfishes flagfish a fish with a dark-blue back and whitish sides with red stripes; found in swamps and streams of Florida Xyphophorus swordtails swordtail freshwater fish of Central America having a long swordlike tail; popular aquarium fish Lebistes guppies guppy small freshwater fish of South America and the West Indies; often kept in aquariums Poeciliidae topminnows topminnow small usually brightly-colored viviparous surface-feeding fishes of fresh or brackish warm waters; often used in mosquito control Gambusia mosquitofish mosquitofish silvery topminnow with rows of black spots of tropical North America and West Indies; important in mosquito control Platypoecilus platys platy small stocky Mexican fish; popular aquarium fish Mollienesia mollies mollie popular aquarium fish Berycomorphi an order of spiny-finned fish in the superorder Acanthopterygii Holocentridae squirrelfishes and soldierfishes Holocentrus type genus of the family Holocentridae; squirrelfishes squirrelfish very small, brightly colored (especially red) nocturnal fishes of shallow waters or tropical reefs; they make sounds like a squirrel's bark reef squirrelfish on reefs from Bermuda and Florida to northern South America deepwater squirrelfish a squirrelfish found from South Carolina to Bermuda and Gulf of Mexico Holocentrus ascensionis bright red fish of West Indies and Bermuda soldierfish the larger squirrelfishes Anomalopidae a family of fish including: flashlight fishes genus Anomalops type genus of the family Anomalopidae anomalops fish having a luminous organ beneath eye; of warm waters of the western Pacific and Puerto Rico Krypterophaneron a genus of fish in the family Anomalopidae Photoblepharon a genus of fish in the family Anomalopidae flashlight fish fish of deep dark waters having a light organ below each eye Zeomorphi dories Zeidae a family of fish in the order Zeomorphi dory marine fishes widely distributed in mid-waters and deep slope waters Zeus type genus of the family Zeidae (Greek mythology) the supreme god of ancient Greek mythology; son of Rhea and Cronus whom he dethroned; husband and brother of Hera; brother of Poseidon and Hades; father of many gods; counterpart of Roman Jupiter John Dory European dory Caproidae boarfishes Capros a genus of fish in the family Caproidae boarfish fish with a projecting snout fish with large eyes and long snouts Antigonia a genus of fish in the family Caproidae Solenichthyes bellows fishes; shrimpfishes; cornetfishes; pipefishes; small order of chiefly tropical marine fishes of varied and bizarre form all having a small mouth at the end of a drawn-out tubular snout Fistulariidae cornetfishes Fistularia type genus of the family Fistulariidae cornetfish slender tropical fish with a long tubular snout and bony plates instead of scales Gasterosteidae sticklebacks stickleback small (2-4 inches) pugnacious mostly scaleless spiny-backed fishes of northern fresh and littoral waters having elaborate courtship; subjects of much research Gasterosteus type genus of the family Gasterosteidae three-spined stickleback of rivers and coastal regions ten-spined stickleback confined to rivers Syngnathidae pipefishes pipefish fish with long tubular snout and slim body covered with bony plates Syngnathus type genus of the family Syngnathidae dwarf pipefish small (4 inches) fish found off the Florida Gulf Coast Cosmocampus a genus of fish in the family Syngnathidae deepwater pipefish a fish 8 inches long; found from eastern Florida to western Caribbean Hippocampus seahorses seahorse small fish with horse-like heads bent sharply downward and curled tails; swim in upright position Macrorhamphosidae bellows fishes snipefish small bottom-dwelling fish of warm seas having a compressed body and a long snout with a toothless mouth Centriscidae shrimpfishes shrimpfish slender tropical shallow-water East Indian fish covered with transparent plates Aulostomidae trumpetfishes Aulostomus type genus of the Aulostomidae trumpetfish tropical Atlantic fish with a long snout; swims snout down cytostome mouth of a protozoan cilium a hairlike projection from the surface of a cell; provides locomotion in free-swimming unicellular organisms flagellum a lash-like appendage used for locomotion (e.g., in sperm cells and some bacteria and protozoa) flame cell organ of excretion in flatworms pellicle thin protective membrane in some protozoa embryo an animal organism in the early stages of growth and differentiation that in higher forms merge into fetal stages but in lower forms terminate in commencement of larval life (botany) a minute rudimentary plant contained within a seed or an archegonium blastocoel the fluid-filled cavity inside a blastula blastoderm a layer of cells on the inside of the blastula blastomere any cell resulting from cleavage of a fertilized egg fetus an unborn or unhatched vertebrate in the later stages of development showing the main recognizable features of the mature animal monster (medicine) a grossly malformed and usually nonviable fetus an imaginary creature usually having various human and animal parts a cruel wicked and inhuman person abortus a human fetus whose weight is less than 0.5 kilogram when removed or expelled from the mother's body egg animal reproductive body consisting of an ovum or embryo together with nutritive and protective envelopes; especially the thin-shelled reproductive body laid by e.g. female birds oval reproductive body of a fowl (especially a hen) used as food coat with beaten egg; "egg a schnitzel" throw eggs at ovipositor egg-laying tubular structure at the end of the abdomen in many female insects and some fishes chalaza one of two spiral bands of tissue connecting the egg yolk to the enclosing membrane at either end of the shell basal part of a plant ovule opposite the micropyle; where integument and nucellus are joined nit egg or young of an insect parasitic on mammals especially a sucking louse; often attached to a hair or item of clothing a luminance unit equal to 1 candle per square meter measured perpendicular to the rays from the source spawn the mass of eggs deposited by fish or amphibians or molluscs lay spawn; "The salmon swims upstream to spawn" roe the eggs or egg-laden ovary of a fish the egg mass or spawn of certain crustaceans such as the lobster eggs of female fish fish eggs or egg-filled ovary; having a grainy texture blastula early stage of an embryo produced by cleavage of an ovum; a liquid-filled sphere whose wall is composed of a single layer of cells; during this stage (about eight days after fertilization) implantation in the wall of the uterus occurs blastocyst the blastula of a placental mammal in which some differentiation of cells has occurred trophoblast the membrane that forms the wall of the blastocyst in early development; aids implantation in the uterine wall; "after implantation of the blastocyst in the uterine wall the trophoblast divides into two layers, the chorion and the placenta" gastrula double-walled stage of the embryo resulting from invagination of the blastula; the outer layer of cells is the ectoderm and the inner layer differentiates into the mesoderm and endoderm morula a solid mass of blastomeres that forms when the zygote splits; develops into the blastula archenteron central cavity of the gastrula; becomes the intestinal or digestive cavity blastopore the opening into the archenteron layer thin structure composed of a single thickness of cells a hen that lays eggs single thickness of usually some homogeneous substance; "slices of hard-boiled egg on a bed of spinach" a relatively thin sheetlike expanse or region lying over or under another make or form a layer; "layer the different colored sands" embryonic tissue tissue in an embryo germ layer (embryology) any of the 3 layers of cells differentiated in embryos following gastrulation ectoderm the outer germ layer that develops into skin and nervous tissue neural tube a tube of ectodermal tissue in the embryo from which the brain and spinal cord develop mesoderm the middle germ layer that develops into muscle and bone and cartilage and blood and connective tissue chordamesoderm the area of mesoderm that forms the notochord mesenchyme mesodermal tissue that forms connective tissue and blood and smooth muscles endoderm the inner germ layer that develops into the lining of the digestive and respiratory systems silkworm seed eggs of a silkworm yolk nutritive material of an ovum stored for the nutrition of an embryo (especially the yellow mass of a bird or reptile egg) yolk sac membranous structure enclosing the yolk of eggs in birds, reptiles, marsupials, and some fishes; circulates nutrients to the developing embryo membranous structure that functions as the circulatory system in mammalian embryos until the heart becomes functional fang hollow or grooved tooth of a venomous snake; used to inject its poison canine tooth of a carnivorous animal; used to seize and tear its prey an appendage of insects that is capable of injecting venom; usually evolved from the legs tusk a long pointed tooth specialized for fighting or digging; especially in an elephant or walrus or hog remove the tusks of animals; "tusk an elephant" Chordata comprises true vertebrates and animals having a notochord chordate any animal of the phylum Chordata having a notochord or spinal column of or relating to or characteristic of the Chordata notochord a flexible rodlike structure that forms the supporting axis of the body in the lowest chordates and lowest vertebrates and in embryos of higher vertebrates urochord a notochord of a larval tunicate typically confined to the caudal region chordate family any family in the phylum Chordata chordate genus any genus in the phylum Chordata Cephalochordata lancelets cephalochordate fish-like animals having a notochord rather than a true spinal column Amphioxidae lancelets genus Amphioxus type genus of the Amphioxidae lancelet small translucent lancet-shaped burrowing marine animal; primitive forerunner of the vertebrates Urochordata tunicates tunicate primitive marine animal having a saclike unsegmented body and a urochord that is conspicuous in the larva Ascidiaceae sometimes classified as an order: sea squirts ascidian minute sedentary marine invertebrate having a saclike body with siphons through which water enters and leaves siphon a tubular organ in an aquatic animal (especially in mollusks) through which water can be taken in or expelled a tube running from the liquid in a vessel to a lower level outside the vessel so that gravity forces the liquid through the tube move a liquid from one container into another by means of a siphon or a siphoning action; "siphon gas into the tank" convey, draw off, or empty by or as if by a siphon sea squirt ascidian that can contract its body and eject streams of water Thaliacea small class of free-swimming tunicates; sometimes classified as an order Salpidae a small family of tunicates in the class Thaliacea genus Salpa type (perhaps sole) genus of the Salpidae salp minute floating marine tunicate having a transparent body with an opening at each end Doliolidae oceanic tunicates genus Doliolum type genus of the Doliolidae doliolum free-swimming oceanic tunicate with a barrel-shaped transparent body Larvacea small free-swimming tunicates; sometimes classified as an order larvacean any member of the class Larvacea genus Appendicularia a genus of chordates in the class Larvacea appendicularia free-swimming tadpole-shaped pelagic tunicate resembling larvae of other tunicates ascidian tadpole free-swimming larva of ascidians; they have a tail like a tadpole that contains the notochord Vertebrata fishes; amphibians; reptiles; birds; mammals vertebrate animals having a bony or cartilaginous skeleton with a segmented spinal column and a large brain enclosed in a skull or cranium having a backbone or spinal column; "fishes and amphibians and reptiles and birds and mammals are verbetrate animals" Amniota higher vertebrates (reptiles, birds and mammals) possessing an amnion during development amniote any member of the Amniota amnion thin innermost membranous sac enclosing the developing embryo of higher vertebrates (reptiles, birds and mammals) chorion the outermost membranous sac enclosing the embryo in higher vertebrates (reptiles, birds and mammals) chorionic villus one of the tiny villi that stick out of the fetal chorion and combine with the mother's uterine tissue to form the placenta allantois the vascular fetal membrane that lies below the chorion and develops from the hindgut in many embryonic higher vertebrates (reptiles, birds and mammals) chorioallantois the very vascular fetal membrane composed of the fused chorion and adjacent wall of the allantois aquatic vertebrate animal living wholly or chiefly in or on water Agnatha superclass of eel-shaped chordates lacking jaws and pelvic fins: lampreys; hagfishes; some extinct forms jawless vertebrate eel-shaped vertebrate without jaws or paired appendages including the cyclostomes and some extinct forms Ostracodermi extinct group of armored jawless vertebrates; taxonomy is not clear ostracoderm extinct fish-like jawless vertebrate having a heavily armored body; of the Paleozoic Heterostraci extinct group of armored jawless fishes or fish-like vertebrate; taxonomy is not clear heterostracan extinct jawless fish with the anterior part of the body covered with bony plates; of the Silurian and Devonian Osteostraci extinct group of armored fish-like vertebrates; taxonomy is not clear osteostracan extinct jawless fish of the Devonian with armored head Anaspida extinct order of jawless vertebrates anaspid extinct small freshwater jawless fish usually having a heterocercal tail and an armored head; of the Silurian and Devonian Conodonta extinct order of primitive vertebrates; the precise taxonomy is not clear; in some classifications considered a separate phylum conodont small (2 inches long) extinct eellike fish with a finned tail and a notochord and having cone-shaped teeth containing cellular bone; late Cambrian to late Triassic; possible predecessor of the cyclostomes the tiny fossil cone-shaped tooth of a primitive vertebrate of order Conodonta Cyclostomata primitive jawless aquatic vertebrate: lampreys; hagfishes cyclostome primitive aquatic vertebrate Petromyzoniformes lampreys as distinguished from hagfishes Petromyzontidae lampreys lamprey primitive eellike freshwater or anadromous cyclostome having round sucking mouth with a rasping tongue Petromyzon typical lampreys sea lamprey large anadromous lamprey sometimes used as food; destructive of native fish fauna in the Great Lakes Myxiniformes hagfishes as distinguished from lampreys Myxinidae slime-producing marine animals: hagfishes hagfish eellike cyclostome having a tongue with horny teeth in a round mouth surrounded by eight tentacles; feeds on dead or trapped fishes by boring into their bodies Myxine type genus of the Myxinidae (typical hagfishes) Myxine glutinosa typical hagfish genus Eptatretus a genus of fossil fish of the family Myxinidae eptatretus a fossil hagfish of the genus Eptatretus Myxinikela fossil hagfishes Myxinikela siroka fossil hagfish of the Pennsylvanian period (c. 300 million years ago) that resembled modern hagfishes Gnathostomata comprising all vertebrates with upper and lower jaws gnathostome a vertebrate animal possessing true jaws Placodermi extinct group of bony-plated fishes with primitive jaws placoderm fish-like vertebrate with bony plates on head and upper body; dominant in seas and rivers during the Devonian; considered the earliest vertebrate with jaws Chondrichthyes cartilaginous fishes cartilaginous fish fishes in which the skeleton may be calcified but not ossified Holocephali chimaeras and extinct forms holocephalan fish with high compressed head and a body tapering off into a long tail Chimaeridae a family of Holocephali genus Chimaera type genus of the Chimaeridae chimaera a deep-sea fish with a tapering body, smooth skin, and long threadlike tail rabbitfish large European chimaera Elasmobranchii sharks; rays; dogfishes; skates elasmobranch any of numerous fishes of the class Chondrichthyes characterized by a cartilaginous skeleton and placoid scales: sharks; rays; skates shark any of numerous elongate mostly marine carnivorous fishes with heterocercal caudal fins and tough skin covered with small toothlike scales a person who is unusually skilled in certain ways; "a card shark" a person who is ruthless and greedy and dishonest hunt shark play the shark; act with trickery Hexanchidae primitive sharks Hexanchus a genus of Hexanchidae cow shark large primitive shark widely distributed in warm seas Lamnidae oceanic sharks Isuridae in some classifications another name for the family Lamnidae mackerel shark fierce pelagic and oceanic sharks Lamna a genus of Lamnidae porbeagle voracious pointed-nose shark of northern Atlantic and Pacific Isurus mako sharks mako powerful mackerel shark of the Atlantic and Pacific shortfin mako very swift active bluish shark found worldwide in warm waters; important game fish longfin mako similar to shortfin mako but darker blue bonito shark common blue-grey shark of southwest Pacific; sport and food fish Carcharodon man-eating sharks great white shark large aggressive shark widespread in warm seas; known to attack humans Cetorhinus comprising only the basking sharks; in some classifications considered the type genus of a separate family Cetorhinidae Cetorhinidae in some older classifications considered the family of the basking sharks basking shark large harmless plankton-eating northern shark; often swims slowly or floats at the sea surface Alopiidae thresher sharks Alopius type genus of the family Alopiidae; in some classifications considered a genus of the family Lamnidae thresher large pelagic shark of warm seas with a whiplike tail used to round up small fish on which to feed a farm machine for separating seeds or grain from the husks and straw Orectolobidae nurse sharks and carpet sharks Orectolobus carpet sharks carpet shark shark of the western Pacific with flattened body and mottled skin Ginglymostoma nurse sharks nurse shark small bottom-dwelling shark of warm shallow waters on both coasts of North America and South America and from southeast Asia to Australia Carchariidae sand sharks; in some classifications coextensive with family Carcharhinidae Carcharias type and sole genus of Carchariidae: sand sharks sand tiger shallow-water shark with sharp jagged teeth found on both sides of Atlantic; sometimes dangerous to swimmers Rhincodontidae small-toothed sharks comprising only one species Rhincodon whale sharks whale shark large spotted shark of warm surface waters worldwide; resembles a whale and feeds chiefly on plankton Scyliorhinidae small bottom-dwelling sharks cat shark small bottom-dwelling sharks with cat-like eyes; found along continental slopes Carcharhinidae largest family of living sharks; found worldwide especially in tropical waters; dorsal fin lacks spines: requiem sharks including tiger sharks and soupfin sharks requiem shark any of numerous sharks from small relatively harmless bottom-dwellers to large dangerous oceanic and coastal species Carcharhinus type genus of the Carcharhinidae bull shark a most common shark in temperate and tropical coastal waters worldwide; heavy-bodied and dangerous sandbar shark most common grey shark along coasts of middle Atlantic states; sluggish and occasionally caught by fishermen blacktip shark widely distributed shallow-water shark with fins seemingly dipped in ink whitetip shark large deep-water shark with white-tipped dorsal fin; worldwide distribution; most dangerous shark smooth dogfish of Pacific and Indian Oceans and Red Sea having white-tipped dorsal and caudal fins dusky shark relatively slender blue-grey shark; nearly worldwide in tropical and temperate waters Negaprion lemon sharks lemon shark common shallow-water schooling shark of the Atlantic from North Carolina to Brazil and off west Africa; dangerous Prionace blue sharks blue shark slender cosmopolitan, pelagic shark; blue body shades to white belly; dangerous especially during maritime disasters Galeocerdo tiger sharks tiger shark large dangerous warm-water shark with striped or spotted body Galeorhinus a genus of Carcharhinidae soupfin shark Pacific shark valued for its fins (used by Chinese in soup) and liver (rich in vitamin A) dogfish any of several small sharks Triakidae small sharks with smooth skins and lacking spines on their dorsal fins Mustelus smooth dogfishes smooth dogfish small bottom-dwelling shark found along both Atlantic coasts smoothhound smooth dogfish of European coastal waters American smooth dogfish found along the Atlantic coast of the Americas Florida smoothhound found from the northern Gulf of Mexico to Brazil Triaenodon a genus of Triakidae Squalidae dogfishes having a spine in each dorsal fin spiny dogfish small bottom-dwelling dogfishes Squalus spiny dogfishes Atlantic spiny dogfish destructive dogfish of the Atlantic coastal waters of America and Europe; widely used in anatomy classes Pacific spiny dogfish dogfish of Pacific coast of North America Sphyrnidae hammerhead sharks; bonnethead sharks Sphyrna type genus of the Sphyrnidae hammerhead medium-sized live-bearing shark with eyes at either end of a flattened hammer-shaped head; worldwide in warm waters; can be dangerous the striking part of a hammer smooth hammerhead fished for the hides and vitamin-rich liver smalleye hammerhead fished for the hide and vitamin-rich liver shovelhead small harmless hammerhead having a spade-shaped head; abundant in bays and estuaries Squatinidae bottom-dwelling ray-like sharks Squatina type genus of the Squatinidae: angel sharks angel shark sharks with broad flat bodies and winglike pectoral fins but that swim the way sharks do ray cartilaginous fishes having horizontally flattened bodies and enlarged winglike pectoral fins with gills on the underside; most swim by moving the pectoral fins any of the stiff bony spines in the fin of a fish a branch of an umbel or an umbelliform inflorescence (mathematics) a straight line extending from a point emit as rays; "That tower rays a laser beam for miles across the sky" Torpediniformes rays with bodies shaped like torpedoes Torpedinidae electric rays electric ray any sluggish bottom-dwelling ray of the order Torpediniformes having a rounded body and electric organs on each side of the head capable of emitting strong electric discharges Rajiformes fish with dorsoventrally flattened bodies; includes: rays; skates; guitarfishes; sawfishes Pristidae large primitive rays with elongated snouts sawfish primitive ray with sharp teeth on each edge of a long flattened snout Pristis type genus of the Pristidae smalltooth sawfish commonly found in tropical bays and estuaries; not aggressive Rhinobatidae primitive rays with guitar-shaped bodies guitarfish primitive tropical bottom-dwelling ray with a guitar-shaped body Dasyatidae sting rays stingray large venomous ray with large barbed spines near the base of a thin whiplike tail capable of inflicting severe wounds Dasyatis type genus of the Dasyatidae roughtail stingray one of the largest stingrays; found from Cape Cod to Cape Hatteras Gymnura butterfly rays butterfly ray a stingray with a short tail and a broad fin Myliobatidae eagle rays eagle ray powerful free-swimming tropical ray noted for `soaring' by flapping winglike fins; usually harmless but has venomous tissue near base of the tail as in stingrays Aetobatus a genus of Myliobatidae spotted eagle ray ray with back covered with white or yellow spots; widely distributed in warm seas Rhinoptera a genus of Myliobatidae cownose ray large ray found along eastern coast of North America Mobulidae large rays lacking venomous spines: mantas manta extremely large pelagic tropical ray that feeds on plankton and small fishes; usually harmless but its size make it dangerous if harpooned a blanket that is used as a cloak or shawl genus Manta a genus of Mobulidae Atlantic manta largest manta (to 22 feet across wings); found worldwide but common in Gulf of Mexico and along southern coasts of United States; primarily oceanic Mobula type genus of the Mobulidae devil ray small manta (to 4 feet) that travels in schools Rajidae bottom-dwelling tropical rays: skates skate large edible rays having a long snout and thick tail with pectoral fins continuous with the head; swim by undulating the edges of the pectoral fins sports equipment that is worn on the feet to enable the wearer to glide along and to be propelled by the alternate actions of the legs move along on skates; "The Dutch often skate along the canals in winter" Raja type genus of the family Rajidae grey skate common European skate used as food little skate most plentiful skate in North American inshore waters in summer; to 21 inches thorny skate cold-water bottom fish with spines on the back; to 40 inches barndoor skate one of the largest skates (to 5 feet); an active skate easy to hook Aves (ornithology) the class of birds bird warm-blooded egg-laying vertebrates characterized by feathers and forelimbs modified as wings the flesh of a bird or fowl (wild or domestic) used as food watch and study birds in their natural habitat dickeybird small bird; adults talking to children sometimes use these words to refer to small birds fledgling young bird that has just fledged or become capable of flying young and inexperienced; "a fledgling enterprise"; "a fledgling skier"; "an unfledged lawyer" nestling young bird not yet fledged bird family a family of warm-blooded egg-laying vertebrates characterized by feathers and forelimbs modified as wings bird genus a genus of birds breast the part of an animal's body that corresponds to a person's chest the front of the trunk from the neck to the abdomen; "he beat his breast in anger" either of two soft fleshy milk-secreting glandular organs on the chest of a woman meat carved from the breast of a fowl meet at breast level; "The runner breasted the tape" throat the part of an animal's body that corresponds to a person's throat a passage resembling a throat in shape or function; "the throat of the vase"; "the throat of a chimney" an opening in the vamp of a shoe at the instep the passage to the stomach and lungs; in the front part of the neck below the chin and above the collarbone cock adult male bird adult male chicken obscene terms for penis set the trigger of a firearm back for firing tilt or slant to one side; "cock one's head" gamecock a cock bred and trained for fighting nester a bird that has built (or is building) a nest night bird any bird associated with night: owl; nightingale; nighthawk; etc night raven any bird that cries at night bird of passage any bird that migrates seasonally genus Protoavis extinct primitive birds of the Triassic period; 70 million years before archaeopteryx protoavis most primitive avian type known; extinct bird of the Triassic having bird-like jaw and hollow limbs and breastbone with dinosaur-like tail and hind limbs Archaeornithes primitive reptile-like fossil birds of the Jurassic or early Cretaceous genus Archaeopteryx a genus of fossil birds archaeopteryx extinct primitive toothed bird of the Jurassic period having a long feathered tail and hollow bones; usually considered the most primitive of all birds genus Sinornis a genus of fossil birds Sinornis sparrow-sized fossil bird of the Jurassic period to the Cretaceous period having a keeled breastbone and vestigial tail; found in China; considered possibly the second most primitive of all birds genus Ibero-mesornis a genus of fossil bird of the subclass Archaeornithes Ibero-mesornis sparrow-sized fossil bird of the Cretaceous period having a vestigial tail; found in Spain; considered possibly the third most primitive of all birds genus Archaeornis a genus of fossil bird archaeornis extinct primitive toothed bird with a long feathered tail and three free clawed digits on each wing ratite flightless birds having flat breastbones lacking a keel for attachment of flight muscles: ostriches; cassowaries; emus; moas; rheas; kiwis; elephant birds carinate birds having keeled breastbones for attachment of flight muscles Ratitae used in former classifications to include all ratite bird orders Struthioniformes a ratite bird order: ostriches and related extinct birds; known from the Pleistocene onward Struthionidae tall terrestrial birds: ostriches Struthio type genus of the Struthionidae: African ostriches ostrich fast-running African flightless bird with two-toed feet; largest living bird a person who refuses to face reality or recognize the truth (a reference to the popular notion that the ostrich hides from danger by burying its head in the sand) Casuariiformes a ratite bird order: cassowaries and emus Casuaridae a family of large ostrich-like birds including cassowaries Casuarius type and sole genus of the Casuaridae: cassowaries cassowary large black flightless bird of Australia and New Guinea having a horny head crest Dromaius a genus of birds in the order Casuariiformes emu large Australian flightless bird similar to the ostrich but smaller Apterygiformes a ratite bird order: flightless ground birds having vestigial wings and long bills and small eyes: kiwis Apterygidae coextensive with the order Apterygiformes genus Apteryx type genus of the Apterygidae: kiwis kiwi nocturnal flightless bird of New Zealand having a long neck and stout legs; only surviving representative of the order Apterygiformes fuzzy brown egg-shaped fruit with slightly tart green flesh Rheiformes a ratite bird order: birds intermediate in characteristics between ostriches and emus: recent and extinct rheas Rheidae a family of birds coextensive with the order Rheiformes genus Rhea type genus of the Rheidae; large tall flightless South American birds similar to but smaller than ostriches rhea larger of two tall fast-running flightless birds similar to ostriches but three-toed; found from Brazil to Patagonia smaller of two tall fast-running flightless birds similar to ostriches but three-toed; found from Peru to Strait of Magellan Pterocnemia a genus of birds of the family Rheidae Aepyorniformes huge extinct flightless birds: elephant birds Aepyornidae coextensive with the order Aepyorniformes genus Aepyornis type genus of the Aepyornidae: elephant birds elephant bird huge (to 9 ft.) extinct flightless bird of Madagascar Dinornithiformes a ratite bird order: recently extinct flightless birds of New Zealand Dinornithidae moas Dinornis type genus of the Dinornithidae: large moas moa extinct flightless bird of New Zealand giant moa the largest moa; about 12 feet high genus Anomalopteryx small moas anomalopteryx the smallest moa; slender moa about the size of a large turkey Insessores a bird with feet adapted for perching (as on tree branches); this order is now generally abandoned by taxonomists Passeriformes largest order of birds comprising about half the known species; rooks; finches; sparrows; tits; warblers; robins; wrens; swallows; etc.; the four suborders are Eurylaimi and Tyranni and Menurae and Oscines or Passeres passerine perching birds mostly small and living near the ground with feet having 4 toes arranged to allow for gripping the perch; most are songbirds; hatchlings are helpless relating to or characteristic of the passeriform birds nonpasserine bird chiefly arboreal birds especially of the order Coraciiformes Oscines two names for the suborder of typical songbirds oscine passerine bird having specialized vocal apparatus of or relating to the songbirds songbird any bird having a musical call Meliphagidae honey eaters honey eater Australasian bird with tongue and bill adapted for extracting nectar Prunellidae hedge sparrow Prunella type genus of the Prunellidae small genus of perennial mostly Eurasian having terminal spikes of small purplish or white flowers accentor small sparrow-like songbird of mountainous regions of Eurasia hedge sparrow small brownish European songbird Alaudidae larks lark any of numerous predominantly Old World birds noted for their singing Alauda type genus of the Alaudidae: skylarks skylark brown-speckled European lark noted for singing while hovering at a great height Motacillidae pipits and wagtails Motacilla type genus of the Motacillidae: wagtails wagtail Old World bird having a very long tail that jerks up and down as it walks Anthus pipits pipit a songbird that lives mainly on the ground in open country; has streaky brown plumage meadow pipit a common pipit that is brown above and white below; widely distributed in northern and central Europe and in Asia Fringillidae finches: goldfinches; bullfinches; chaffinches; siskins; canaries; cardinals; grosbeaks; crossbills; linnets; buntings finch any of numerous small songbirds with short stout bills adapted for crushing seeds Fringilla type genus of the Fringillidae: chaffinch, brambling chaffinch small European finch with a cheerful song brambling Eurasian finch Carduelinae used in some classifications for a subgroup of finches Carduelis in some classifications considered the type genus of a subfamily Carduelinae of the family Fringillidae: goldfinches; siskins; redpolls; linnets goldfinch small European finch having a crimson face and yellow-and-black wings linnet small Old World finch whose male has a red breast and forehead siskin small yellow-and-black Eurasian finch with a sharp beak red siskin South American species of scarlet finch with black head and wings and tail redpoll small siskin-like finch with a red crown and a rosy breast and rump small siskin-like finch with a red crown Spinus in some classifications considered a subgenus of Carduelis: siskins and New World goldfinches New World goldfinch American finch whose male has yellow body plumage in summer pine siskin small finch of North American coniferous forests Carpodacus house finches and purple finches house finch small finch originally of the western United States and Mexico purple finch North American finch having a raspberry-red head and breast and rump Serinus Old World finches; e.g. canaries and serins canary any of several small Old World finches a female singer having the color of a canary; of a light to moderate yellow common canary native to the Canary Islands and Azores; popular usually yellow cage bird noted for its song serin any of various brown and yellow finches of parts of Europe Loxia crossbill crossbill finch with a bill whose tips cross when closed Pyrrhula bullfinches bullfinch common European finch mostly black and white with red throat and breast genus Junco American finches junco small North American finch seen chiefly in winter dark-eyed junco common North American junco having grey plumage and eyes with dark brown irises New World sparrow sparrow-like North American finches Pooecetes a genus of Fringillidae vesper sparrow common North American finch noted for its evening song Zonotrichia large New World sparrows white-throated sparrow common North American finch with a white patch on the throat and black-and-white striped crown white-crowned sparrow finch with black-and-white striped crown Spizella chipping sparrow; field sparrow; tree sparrow chipping sparrow small North American finch common in urban areas field sparrow common North American finch of brushy pasturelands tree sparrow finch common in winter in the northern U.S. Eurasian sparrow smaller than the house sparrow Melospiza American song sparrow and swamp sparrow song sparrow small songbird common in North America swamp sparrow North American finch of marshy area Emberizidae buntings and some New World sparrows bunting any of numerous seed-eating songbirds of Europe or North America a loosely woven fabric used for flags, etc. Passerina a genus of small North American finches including the New World buntings indigo bunting small deep blue North American bunting Emberiza Old World buntings ortolan brownish Old World bunting often eaten as a delicacy reed bunting European bunting inhabiting marshy areas yellowhammer European bunting the male being bright yellow yellow-breasted bunting common in Russia and Siberia Plectrophenax snow bunting snow bunting white Arctic bunting Coerebidae the honeycreepers honeycreeper small bright-colored tropical American songbird with a curved bill for sucking nectar small to medium-sized finches of the Hawaiian islands Coereba type genus of the Coerebidae banana quit any of several honeycreepers Passeridae true sparrows: Old world birds formerly considered weaverbirds sparrow any of several small dull-colored singing birds feeding on seeds or insects Passer type genus of the Passeridae English sparrow small hardy brown-and-grey bird native to Europe grosbeak any of various finches of Europe or America having a massive and powerful bill Hesperiphona evening grosbeak evening grosbeak North American grosbeak Coccothraustes large finches hawfinch a common large finch of Eurasia Pinicola a genus of Fringillidae pine grosbeak large grosbeak of coniferous forests of Old and New Worlds Richmondena cardinals cardinal crested thick-billed North American finch having bright red plumage in the male a variable color averaging a vivid red (Roman Catholic Church) one of a group of more than 100 prominent bishops in the Sacred College who advise the Pope and elect new Popes serving as an essential component; "a cardinal rule"; "the central cause of the problem"; "an example that was fundamental to the argument"; "computers are fundamental to modern industrial structure" being or denoting a numerical quantity but not order; "cardinal numbers" genus Pyrrhuloxia large showy finches related to cardinals pyrrhuloxia crested grey-and-red bird of southwest United States and Mexico towhee any of numerous long-tailed American finches Pipilo towhees chewink common towhee of eastern North America Chlorura towhees green-tailed towhee towhee of the Rocky Mountains Ploceidae weaverbirds weaver finch-like African and Asian colonial birds noted for their elaborately woven nests a craftsman who weaves cloth Ploceus type genus of the Ploceidae baya common Indian weaverbird Vidua whydahs whydah mostly black African weaverbird Padda a genus of Ploceidae Java sparrow small finch-like Indonesian weaverbird that frequents rice fields Estrilda avadavats avadavat red Asian weaverbirds often kept as cage birds Poephila grassfinches grassfinch usually brightly-colored Australian weaverbirds; often kept as cage birds zebra finch small Australian weaverbird with markings like a zebra's Drepanididae Hawaiian honeycreepers Drepanis a genus of Drepanididae mamo black honeycreepers with yellow feathers around the tail; now extinct Menurae lyrebirds and scrubbirds Menuridae lyrebirds Menura type and sole genus of the family Menuridae lyrebird Australian bird that resembles a pheasant; the courting male displays long tail feathers in a lyre shape Atrichornithidae scrubbirds Atrichornis type genus of the Atrichornithidae scrubbird small fast-running Australian bird resembling a wren and frequenting brush or scrub Eurylaimi broadbills Eurylaimidae coextensive with the suborder Eurylaimi broadbill small birds of the Old World tropics having bright plumage and short wide bills Tyranni New World flycatchers; antbirds; oven birds; woodhewers tyrannid a passerine bird of the suborder Tyranni Clamatores used in some classification systems; a suborder or superfamily nearly coextensive with suborder Tyranni; Passeriformes having relatively simple vocal organs and little power of song; clamatorial birds Tyrannidae New World tyrant flycatchers most numerous in Central America and South America but also in the United States and Canada New World flycatcher large American birds that characteristically catch insects on the wing Tyrannus type genus of the Tyrannidae: tyrant flycatchers kingbird large American flycatcher Arkansas kingbird a kingbird seen in western United States; head and back are pale grey and the breast is yellowish and the tail is black Cassin's kingbird a kingbird seen in the southwestern United States; largely grey with a yellow abdomen eastern kingbird a kingbird that breeds in North America and winters in tropical America; distinguished by a white band on the tip of the tail grey kingbird a kingbird that breeds in the southeastern United States and winters in tropical America; similar to but larger than the eastern kingbird Contopus pewees pewee small olive-colored woodland flycatchers of eastern North America western wood pewee small flycatcher of western North America Sayornis phoebes phoebe small dun-colored North American flycatcher Pyrocephalus a genus of Tyrannidae vermillion flycatcher tropical American flycatcher found as far north as southern Texas and Arizona; adult male has bright scarlet and black plumage Cotingidae cotingas; umbrella birds genus Cotinga type genus of the Cotingidae: cotingas cotinga passerine bird of New World tropics Rupicola cock of the rocks cock of the rock tropical bird of northern South America the male having brilliant red or orange plumage and an erectile disklike crest bird of the Andes similar to Rupicola rupicola Pipridae manakins Pipra type genus of the Pipridae containing the typical manakins manakin any of numerous small bright-colored birds of Central America and South America having short bills and elaborate courtship behavior Procnias bellbirds bellbird any of several tropical American birds of the genus Procnias having a bell-like call Cephalopterus a genus of Cotingidae umbrella bird black tropical American bird having a large overhanging crest and long feathered wattle Furnariidae e.g. ovenbirds Furnarius type genus of the family Furnariidae: ovenbirds ovenbird small brownish South American birds that build oven-shaped clay nests American warbler; builds a dome-shaped nest on the ground Formicariidae antbirds antbird any of various dull-colored South American birds that feeding on ants some following army ant swarms Formicarius type genus of the Formicariidae ant thrush a kind of antbird Thamnophilus a genus of Formicariidae ant shrike antbirds superficially resembling shrikes Hylophylax a genus of Formicariidae spotted antbird a kind of antbird Dendrocolaptidae woodhewers or woodcreepers Dendrocolaptes type genus of the Dendrocolaptidae woodhewer any of numerous South American and Central American birds with a curved bill and stiffened tail feathers that climb and feed like woodpeckers Pittidae pittas genus Pitta type genus of the Pittidae; a large genus of birds of southern Asia and Australia and adjacent islands pitta any bird of the genus Pitta; brilliantly colored chiefly terrestrial birds with short wings and tail and stout bills Muscivora a genus of Tyrannidae scissortail grey flycatcher of the southwestern United States and Mexico and Central America having a long forked tail and white breast and salmon and scarlet markings Muscicapidae Old World (true) flycatchers Old World flycatcher any of a large group of small songbirds that feed on insects taken on the wing Muscicapa type genus of the Muscicapidae spotted flycatcher common European woodland flycatcher with greyish-brown plumage Pachycephala arboreal insectivorous birds thickhead Australian and southeastern Asian birds with a melodious whistling call Turdidae thrushes; in some classifications considered a subfamily (Turdinae) of the family Muscicapidae Turdinae alternative classification for the thrushes thrush songbirds characteristically having brownish upper plumage with a spotted breast a woman who sings popular songs candidiasis of the oral cavity; seen mostly in infants or debilitated adults Turdus type genus of the Turdidae missel thrush large European thrush that feeds on mistletoe berries song thrush common Old World thrush noted for its song fieldfare medium-sized Eurasian thrush seen chiefly in winter redwing small European thrush having reddish flanks blackbird common black European thrush ring ouzel European thrush common in rocky areas; the male has blackish plumage with a white band around the neck robin large American thrush having a rust-red breast and abdomen small Old World songbird with a reddish breast clay-colored robin robin of Mexico and Central America Hylocichla American thrush: wood thrush; hermit thrush; veery hermit thrush North American thrush noted for its complex and appealing song veery tawny brown North American thrush noted for its song wood thrush large thrush common in eastern American woodlands; noted for its melodious song Luscinia nightingales nightingale European songbird noted for its melodious nocturnal song thrush nightingale large nightingale of eastern Europe bulbul nightingale spoken of in Persian poetry Saxicola Old World chats Old World chat songbirds having a chattering call stonechat common European chat with black plumage and a reddish-brown breast whinchat brown-and-buff European songbird of grassy meadows Myadestes solitaires Phoenicurus Old World thrushes redstart European songbird with a reddish breast and tail; related to Old World robins Oenanthe wheatears poisonous herbs: water dropworts wheatear small songbird of northern America and Eurasia having a distinctive white rump Sialia North American bluebirds bluebird blue North American songbird Erithacus Old World thrushes bluethroat songbird of northern Europe and Asia Sylviidae in some classifications considered a subfamily (Sylviinae) of the family Muscicapidae: Old World (true) warblers; American kinglets and gnatcatchers Sylviinae alternative classification for the Old World warblers warbler a small active songbird a singer; usually a singer who adds embellishments to the song Polioptila New World gnatcatchers gnatcatcher very small North American and South American warblers Regulus a genus of birds of the family Sylviidae including kinglets the brightest star in Leo kinglet small birds resembling warblers but having some of the habits of titmice goldcrest European kinglet with a black-bordered yellow crown patch gold-crowned kinglet American golden-crested kinglet ruby-crowned kinglet American kinglet with a notable song and in the male a red crown patch Old World warbler small active brownish or greyish Old World birds Silvia type genus of the Sylviidae: warblers blackcap small brownish-grey warbler with a black crown greater whitethroat greyish-brown Old World warbler with a white throat and underparts lesser whitethroat Old World warbler similar to the greater whitethroat but smaller Phylloscopus warblers wood warbler European woodland warbler with dull yellow plumage Acrocephalus a genus of Sylviidae sedge warbler small European warbler that breeds among reeds and wedges and winters in Africa Prinia a genus of Sylviidae wren warbler small Asiatic and African bird; constructs nests like those of tailorbirds Orthotomus tailorbirds tailorbird tropical Asian warbler that stitches leaves together to form and conceal its nest Timaliidae babblers Timalia type genus of the Timaliidae babbler any of various insectivorous Old World birds with a loud incessant song; in some classifications considered members of the family Muscicapidae Parulidae New World warblers New World warbler small bright-colored American songbird with a weak unmusical song Parula type genus of the Parulidae: wood warblers parula warbler small grey-blue wood warbler with yellow throat and breast; of eastern North America Wilson's warbler yellow wood warbler with a black crown Setophaga a genus of Parulidae flycatching warbler any of numerous American wood warblers that feed on insects caught on the wing American redstart flycatching warbler of eastern North America the male having bright orange on sides and wings and tail Dendroica a genus of Parulidae Cape May warbler North American wood warbler; olive green and yellow striped with black yellow warbler yellow-throated American wood warbler Blackburn black-and-white North American wood warbler having an orange-and-black head and throat Audubon's warbler common warbler of western North America myrtle warbler similar to Audubon's warbler blackpoll North American warbler having a black-and-white head Icteria New World chats New World chat birds having a chattering call yellow-breasted chat American warbler noted for imitating songs of other birds Seiurus ovenbirds and water thrushes water thrush brownish North American warbler found near streams Geothlypis yellowthroats yellowthroat small olive-colored American warblers with yellow breast and throat common yellowthroat an American warbler Paradisaeidae birds of paradise bird of paradise any of numerous brilliantly colored plumed birds of the New Guinea area ornamental plant of tropical South Africa and South America having stalks of orange and purplish-blue flowers resembling a bird a tropical flowering shrub having bright orange or red flowers; sometimes placed in genus Poinciana Ptloris a genus of Paradisaeidae riflebird velvety black Australian bird of paradise with green and purple iridescence on head and tail Icteridae American orioles; American blackbirds; bobolinks; meadowlarks New World oriole American songbird; male is black and orange or yellow Icterus type genus of the Icteridae northern oriole a kind of New World oriole Baltimore oriole eastern subspecies of northern oriole Bullock's oriole western subspecies of northern oriole orchard oriole the male is chestnut-and-black Sturnella a genus of passerine birds including the meadowlarks meadowlark North American songbirds having a yellow breast eastern meadowlark a meadowlark of eastern North America western meadowlark a meadowlark of western North America Cacicus a genus of tropical American orioles cacique black-and-red or black-and-yellow orioles of the American tropics Dolichonyx bobolinks bobolink migratory American songbird New World blackbird any bird of the family Icteridae whose male is black or predominantly black Quiscalus grackles grackle long-tailed American blackbird having iridescent black plumage purple grackle eastern United States grackle Euphagus a genus of Icteridae rusty blackbird North American blackbird whose bluish-black plumage is rusty-edged in the fall Molothrus cowbirds cowbird North American blackbird that follows cattle and lays eggs in other birds' nests Agelaius red-winged blackbirds red-winged blackbird North American blackbird with scarlet patches on the wings Oriolidae Old World orioles Old World oriole mostly tropical songbird; the male is usually bright orange and black Oriolus type genus of the Oriolidae golden oriole bright yellow songbird with black wings Sphecotheres a genus of Old World orioles fig-bird greenish-yellow Australian oriole feeding chiefly on figs and other fruits Sturnidae Old World starlings starling gregarious birds native to the Old World Sturnus type genus of the Sturnidae: common starlings common starling gregarious bird having plumage with dark metallic gloss; builds nests around dwellings and other structures; naturalized worldwide Pastor only the rose-colored starlings; in some classifications considered a separate genus rose-colored starling glossy black bird with pink back and abdomen; chiefly Asian myna tropical Asian starlings Acridotheres mynas crested myna dark brown crested bird of southeastern Asia Gracula mynas hill myna glossy black Asiatic starling often taught to mimic speech Corvidae crow; raven; rook; jackdaw; chough; magpie; jay corvine bird birds of the crow family Corvus type genus of the Corvidae: crows and ravens a small quadrilateral constellation in the southern hemisphere near Virgo crow black birds having a raucous call the cry of a cock (or an imitation of it) express pleasure verbally; "She crowed with joy" utter shrill sounds; "The cocks crowed all morning" American crow common crow of North America raven large black bird with a straight bill and long wedge-shaped tail feed greedily; "The lions ravened the bodies" prey on or hunt for; "These mammals predate certain eggs" obtain or seize by violence rook common gregarious Old World bird about the size and color of the American crow jackdaw common black-and-grey Eurasian bird noted for thievery chough a European corvine bird of small or medium size with red legs and glossy black plumage Garrulinae subfamily of the crow family: jays jay crested largely blue bird Garrulus type genus of the Garrulinae: Old World jays Old World jay a European jay common European jay fawn-colored jay with black-and-white crest and blue-and-black wings Cyanocitta New World jays New World jay a North American jay blue jay common jay of eastern North America; bright blue with grey breast Perisoreus Canada jays Canada jay a jay of northern North America with black-capped head and no crest; noted for boldness in thievery Rocky Mountain jay a Canada jay with a white head; widely distributed from Montana to Arizona Nucifraga nutcrackers nutcracker speckled birds that feed on nuts a compound lever used to crack nuts open common nutcracker Old World nutcracker Clark's nutcracker nutcracker of the western United States Pica magpies magpie long-tailed black-and-white crow that utters a raucous chattering call someone who collects things that have been discarded by others European magpie a common magpie of Eurasia American magpie a magpie of Rocky Mountains in North America Cracticidae Australian birds formerly included in the family Laniidae Australian magpie black-and-white oscine birds that resemble magpies Cracticus type genus of the Cracticidae: Australian butcherbirds butcherbird large carnivorous Australian bird with the shrike-like habit of impaling prey on thorns shrikes that impale their prey on thorns Strepera bell magpies currawong bluish black fruit-eating bird with a bell-like call Gymnorhina in some classifications placed in the family Laniidae: Australian piping crows piping crow crow-sized black-and-white bird; a good mimic often caged Troglodytidae wrens wren any of several small active brown birds of the northern hemisphere with short upright tails; they feed on insects Troglodytes type genus of the Troglodytidae winter wren small wren of coniferous forests of northern hemisphere house wren common American wren that nests around houses Cistothorus marsh wrens marsh wren a wren of the genus Cistothorus that frequents marshes long-billed marsh wren American wren that inhabits tall reed beds sedge wren small American wren inhabiting wet sedgy meadows Salpinctes a genus of Troglodytidae rock wren wren inhabiting badlands and mesa country of western United States and Mexico short-tailed bird resembling a wren Thryothorus Carolina wrens Carolina wren large United States wren with a musical call Campylorhynchus alternative classifications for the cactus wrens cactus wren large harsh-voiced American wren of arid regions of the United States southwest and Mexico Mimidae sometimes considered a subfamily of Troglodytidae: mockingbirds; catbirds; thrashers Mimus type genus of the family Mimidae: mockingbirds mockingbird long-tailed grey-and-white songbird of the southern United States able to mimic songs of other birds Melanotis a genus of Mimidae blue mockingbird mockingbird of Mexico Dumetella catbirds catbird North American songbird whose call resembles a cat's mewing Toxostoma thrashers thrasher thrush-like American songbird able to mimic other birdsongs brown thrasher common large songbird of eastern United States having reddish-brown plumage Xenicidae alternative names for the family comprising the New Zealand wrens New Zealand wren birds of New Zealand that resemble wrens Xenicus type genus for the Xenicidae Acanthisitta a genus of Xenicidae rifleman bird small green-and-bronze bird Certhiidae creepers creeper any of various small insectivorous birds of the northern hemisphere that climb up a tree trunk supporting themselves on stiff tail feathers and their feet any plant (as ivy or periwinkle) that grows by creeping Certhia type genus of the Certhiidae brown creeper a common creeper in North America with a down-curved bill European creeper common European brown-and-buff tree creeper with down-curved bill Tichodroma wall creepers; in some classifications placed in family Sittidae wall creeper crimson-and-grey songbird that inhabits town walls and mountain cliffs of southern Eurasia and northern Africa Sittidae nuthatches nuthatch any of various small short-tailed songbirds with strong feet and a sharp beak that feed on small nuts and insects Sitta type genus of the Sittidae European nuthatch a kind of nuthatch red-breasted nuthatch bluish-grey nuthatch with reddish breast; of northern coniferous forests white-breasted nuthatch bluish-grey nuthatch with black head and white breast; of eastern North America Paridae titmice and chickadees titmouse small insectivorous birds Parus type genus of the family Paridae chickadee any of various small grey-and-black songbirds of North America black-capped chickadee chickadee having a dark crown tufted titmouse crested titmouse of eastern and midwestern United States Carolina chickadee southern United States chickadee similar to the blackcap but smaller blue tit widely distributed European titmouse with bright cobalt blue wings and tail and crown of the head Psaltriparus a genus of Paridae bushtit active grey titmice of western North America Chamaea a genus of Paridae wren-tit small brown bird of California resembling a wren Auriparus a genus of Paridae verdin very small yellow-headed titmouse of western North America Irenidae a family of birds of the suborder Oscines Irena type genus of the Irenidae: fairy bluebirds fairy bluebird fruit-eating mostly brilliant blue songbird of the East Indies Hirundinidae swallows and martins Hirundo type genus of the Hirundinidae barn swallow common swallow of North America and Europe that nests in barns etc. cliff swallow North American swallow that lives in colonies and builds bottle-shaped mud nests on cliffs and walls tree swallow of Australia and Polynesia; nests in tree cavities Iridoprocne a genus of Hirundinidae white-bellied swallow bluish-green-and-white North American swallow; nests in tree cavities martin any of various swallows with squarish or slightly forked tail and long pointed wings; migrate around Martinmas Delichon a genus of Hirundinidae house martin common small European martin that builds nests under the eaves of houses Riparia a genus of Hirundinidae bank martin swallow of the northern hemisphere that nests in tunnels dug in clay or sand banks Progne a genus of Hirundinidae purple martin large North American martin of which the male is blue-black Artamidae wood swallows Artamus type genus of the Artamidae wood swallow Australasian and Asiatic bird related to the shrikes and resembling a swallow Thraupidae tanagers tanager any of numerous New World woodland birds having brightly colored males Piranga a genus of Thraupidae scarlet tanager the male is bright red with black wings and tail western tanager of western North America; male is black and yellow and orange-red summer tanager of middle and southern United States; male is deep rose-red the female mostly yellow hepatic tanager common tanager of southwestern United States and Mexico Laniidae shrikes shrike any of numerous Old World birds having a strong hooked bill that feed on smaller animals Lanius type genus of the Laniidae: typical shrikes European shrike a common European butcherbird northern shrike a butcherbird of northern North America white-rumped shrike a butcherbird of western North America; grey with white underparts loggerhead shrike a common shrike of southeastern United States having black bands around the eyes migrant shrike a shrike of central North America; winters in Texas and the southern Mississippi valley Malaconotinae an African bush shrikes bush shrike an African shrike Chlorophoneus a genus of Malaconotinae black-fronted bush shrike a kind of bush shrike Ptilonorhynchidae bowerbirds bowerbird any of various birds of the Australian region whose males build ornamented structures resembling bowers in order to attract females Ptilonorhynchus type genus of the Ptilonorhynchidae satin bowerbird of southeast Australia; male is glossy violet blue; female is light grey-green Chlamydera a genus of Ptilonorhynchidae great bowerbird large bowerbird of northern Australia Cinclidae water ouzels water ouzel small stocky diving bird without webbed feet; frequents fast-flowing streams and feeds along the bottom Cinclus type genus of the family Cinclidae European water ouzel a water ouzel of Europe American water ouzel a water ouzel of western North America Vireonidae small insectivorous American songbirds genus Vireo type genus of the Vireonidae vireo any of various small insectivorous American birds chiefly olive-grey in color red-eyed vireo of northern North America having red irises and an olive-grey body with white underparts solitary vireo of eastern North America having a bluish-grey head and mostly green body blue-headed vireo common vireo of northeastern North America with bluish slaty-grey head Bombycillidae a family of birds of the suborder Oscines Bombycilla waxwings waxwing brown velvety-plumaged songbirds of the northern hemisphere having crested heads and red waxy wing tips cedar waxwing widely distributed over temperate North America Bohemian waxwing large waxwing of northern North America; similar to but larger than the cedar waxwing Raptores term used in former classifications; erroneously grouped together birds of the orders Falconiformes and Strigiformes bird of prey any of numerous carnivorous birds that hunt and kill other animals Falconiformes chiefly diurnal carnivorous birds having hooked beaks and long talons with opposable hind toe: falcons; hawks; eagles; ospreys; caracaras; vultures Accipitriformes in some classifications an alternative name for the Falconiformes Accipitridae hawks; Old World vultures; kites; harriers; eagles hawk diurnal bird of prey typically having short rounded wings and a long tail an advocate of an aggressive policy on foreign relations hunt with hawks; "the tribes like to hawk in the desert" eyas an unfledged or nestling hawk tiercel male hawk especially male peregrine or gyrfalcon Accipiter type genus of the family Accipitridae goshawk large hawk of Eurasia and North America used in falconry sparrow hawk small hawk of Eurasia and northern Africa small North American falcon Cooper's hawk bluish-grey North American hawk having a darting flight chicken hawk nontechnical term for any hawks said to prey on poultry Buteo broad-winged soaring hawks buteonine any hawk of the genus Buteo relating to or resembling a hawk of the genus Buteo redtail dark brown American hawk species having a reddish-brown tail rough-legged hawk large hawk of the northern hemisphere that feeds chiefly on small rodents and is beneficial to farmers red-shouldered hawk North American hawk with reddish brown shoulders buzzard the common European short-winged hawk a New World vulture that is common in South America and Central America and the southern United States Pernis a common European bird of prey; dull brown with white-streaked underparts honey buzzard Old World hawk that feeds on bee larvae and small rodents and reptiles kite any of several small graceful hawks of the family Accipitridae having long pointed wings and feeding on insects and small animals plaything consisting of a light frame covered with tissue paper; flown in wind at end of a string a bank check drawn on insufficient funds at another bank in order to take advantage of the float a bank check that has been fraudulently altered to increase its face value fly a kite; "Kids were kiting in the park"; "They kited the Red Dragon model" soar or fly like a kite; "The pilot kited for a long time over the mountains" get credit or money by using a bad check; "The businessman kited millions of dollars" increase the amount (of a check) fraudulently; "He kited many checks" Milvus a genus including the common European kits black kite dark Old World kite feeding chiefly on carrion Elanoides a genus of kites swallow-tailed kite graceful North American black-and-white kite Elanus a genus of small kites of both Old and New Worlds white-tailed kite grey-and-white American kite of warm and tropical regions Circus a genus of haws comprising the harriers harrier hawks that hunt over meadows and marshes and prey on small terrestrial animals a hound that resembles a foxhound but is smaller; used to hunt rabbits marsh harrier Old World harrier frequenting marshy regions Montagu's harrier brownish European harrier marsh hawk common harrier of North America and Europe; nests in marshes and open land Circaetus harrier eagles harrier eagle any of numerous large Old World hawks intermediate in some respects between typical hawks and typical eagles Falconidae a family of birds of the order Falconiformes falcon diurnal birds of prey having long pointed powerful wings adapted for swift flight hunt with falcons; "The tribes like to falcon in the desert" Falco a genus of Falconidae peregrine a widely distributed falcon formerly used in falconry falcon-gentle female falcon especially a female peregrine falcon gyrfalcon large and rare Arctic falcon having white and dark color phases kestrel small Old World falcon that hovers in the air against a wind pigeon hawk small falcon of Europe and America having dark plumage with black-barred tail; used in falconry hobby small Old World falcon formerly trained and flown at small birds a child's plaything consisting of an imitation horse mounted on rockers; the child straddles it and pretends to ride caracara any of various long-legged carrion-eating hawks of South America and Central America Polyborus a genus of Falconidae Audubon's caracara widespread from southern United States to Central America; rusty black with black-and-white breast and tail carancha South American caracara eagle any of various large keen-sighted diurnal birds of prey noted for their broad wings and strong soaring flight an emblem representing power; "the Roman eagle" a former gold coin in the United States worth 10 dollars (golf) a score of two strokes under par on a hole shoot in two strokes under par shoot two strokes under par; "She eagled the hole" young bird a bird that is still young eaglet a young eagle Harpia a genus of Accipitridae harpy large black-and-white crested eagle of tropical America any of various fruit bats of the genus Nyctimene distinguished by nostrils drawn out into diverging tubes Aquila a genus of Accipitridae the provincial capital of the Abruzzi region in central Italy a constellation in the Milky Way near Cygnus; contains the star Altair golden eagle large eagle of mountainous regions of the northern hemisphere having a golden-brown head and neck tawny eagle brownish eagle of Africa and parts of Asia ringtail an immature golden eagle Haliaeetus a genus of Accipitridae bald eagle a large eagle of North America that has a white head and dark wings and body sea eagle any of various large eagles that usually feed on fish Kamchatkan sea eagle found on coasts of the northwestern Pacific ern bulky greyish-brown eagle with a short wedge-shaped white tail; of Europe and Greenland fishing eagle of southeast Europe and central Asia Pandionidae ospreys Pandion type genus of the Pandionidae osprey large harmless hawk found worldwide that feeds on fish and builds a bulky nest often occupied for years vulture any of various large diurnal birds of prey having naked heads and weak claws and feeding chiefly on carrion Aegypiidae in some classifications considered the family comprising the Old World vultures which are more often included in the family Accipitridae Old World vulture any of several large vultures of Africa and Eurasia Gyps a genus of Accipitridae griffon vulture large vulture of southern Europe and northern Africa having pale plumage with black wings Gypaetus in some classifications the type genus of the family Aegypiidae bearded vulture the largest Eurasian bird of prey; having black feathers hanging around the bill Neophron a genus of Accipitridae Egyptian vulture small mostly white vulture of Africa and southern Eurasia Aegypius a genus of Accipitridae black vulture of southern Eurasia and northern Africa American vulture smaller than the turkey buzzard Sagittariidae secretary birds Sagittarius type genus of the Sagittariidae the ninth sign of the zodiac; the sun is in this sign from about November 22 to December 21 a large zodiacal constellation in the southern hemisphere; between Scorpius and Capricornus (astrology) a person who is born while the sun is in Sagittarius secretary bird large long-legged African bird of prey that feeds on reptiles Cathartidae condors; turkey buzzards; king vultures New World vulture large birds of prey superficially similar to Old World vultures Cathartes type genus of the Cathartidae: turkey vultures condor the largest flying birds in the western hemisphere Vultur a bird that is usually restricted to the Andean condor Andean condor large vulture of the high Andes having black plumage and white neck ruff Gymnogyps containing solely the California condor California condor North American condor; chiefly dull black; almost extinct Coragyps a genus of Cathartidae Sarcorhamphus usually containing only the king vulture king vulture large black-and-white vulture of South America and Central America; have colorful wattles and wartlike protuberances on head and neck Strigiformes owls owl nocturnal bird of prey with hawk-like beak and claws and large head with front-facing eyes owlet young owl Strigidae a family of nocturnal birds of the order Strigiformes Athene a genus of Strigidae little owl small European owl Bubo a genus of Strigidae horned owl large owls having prominent ear tufts great horned owl brown North American horned owl Strix owls lacking ear tufts great grey owl large dish-faced owl of northern North America and western Eurasia tawny owl reddish-brown European owl having a round head with black eyes barred owl large owl of eastern North America having its breast and abdomen streaked with brown Otus a genus of Strigidae screech owl small North American owl having hornlike tufts of feathers whose call sounds like a quavering whistle any owl that has a screeching cry scops owl any of several small owls having ear tufts and a whistling call spotted owl a large owl of North America found in forests from British Columbia to central Mexico; has dark brown plumage and a heavily spotted chest Old World scops owl European scops owl Oriental scops owl Asian scops owl hoot owl any owl that hoots as distinct from screeching Surnia a genus of hawk-like owls hawk owl grey-and-white diurnal hawk-like owl of northern parts of the northern hemisphere Asio a genus of European owls long-eared owl slender European owl of coniferous forests with long ear tufts Sceloglaux a genus of Strigidae laughing owl almost extinct owl of New Zealand Tytonidae comprising only the barn owls Tyto type and only genus of the family Tytonidae barn owl mottled buff and white owl often inhabiting barns and other structures; important in rodent control amphibia the class of vertebrates that live on land but breed in water; frogs; toads; newts; salamanders; caecilians amphibian family any family of amphibians amphibian genus any genus of amphibians amphibian cold-blooded vertebrate typically living on land but breeding in water; aquatic larvae undergo metamorphosis into adult form an airplane designed to take off and land on water a flat-bottomed motor vehicle that can travel on land or water Hynerpeton earliest fossil amphibian ever found; of the Devonian; found in Pennsylvania Hynerpeton bassetti fossil amphibian of the Devonian having well-developed forelimbs; found in Pennsylvania genus Ichthyostega second earliest fossil amphibian ever found; of the Devonian; found in Greenland Ichyostega early tetrapod amphibian found in Greenland Urodella salamanders; newts; congo snakes urodele amphibians that resemble lizards Salamandridae salamanders Salamandra type genus of the Salamandridae salamander any of various typically terrestrial amphibians that resemble lizards and that return to water only to breed reptilian creature supposed to live in fire European fire salamander a kind of European salamander spotted salamander European salamander having dark skin with usually yellow spots glossy black North American salamander with yellow spots alpine salamander ovoviviparous amphibian of the Alps newt small usually bright-colored semiaquatic salamanders of North America and Europe and northern Asia Triturus chiefly aquatic salamanders common newt small semiaquatic salamander Notophthalmus newts red eft red terrestrial form of a common North American newt Taricha Pacific newts Pacific newt any of several rough-skinned newts found in western North America rough-skinned newt newt of humid coast from Alaska to southern California California newt newt that is similar to Taricha granulosa in characteristics and habitat eft a newt in its terrestrial stage of development Ambystomatidae New World salamanders Ambystoma type genus of the Ambystomatidae ambystomid small to moderate-sized terrestrial or semiaquatic New World salamander mole salamander brownish-black burrowing salamander of southeastern United States tiger salamander widely distributed brown or black North American salamander with vertical yellowish blotches axolotl larval salamander of mountain lakes of Mexico that usually lives without metamorphosing waterdog any of several large aquatic salamanders Cryptobranchidae large aquatic salamanders: hellbenders; giant salamanders Cryptobranchus type genus of the Cryptobranchidae hellbender large salamander of North American rivers and streams Megalobatrachus giant salamanders; in some classifications included in the genus Cryptobranchus giant salamander large (up to more than three feet) edible salamander of Asia Proteidae mud puppies Proteus type genus of the Proteidae (Greek mythology) a prophetic god who served Poseidon; was capable of changing his shape at will olm European aquatic salamander with permanent external gills that lives in caves Necturus a genus of Proteidae mud puppy aquatic North American salamander with red feathery external gills Dicamptodontidae large and small highly aquatic salamanders genus Dicamptodon type genus of the Dicamptodontidae dicamptodon salamanders found near cold streams throughout the year Pacific giant salamander large (to 7 inches) salamander of western North America Rhyacotriton olympic salamanders olympic salamander small large-eyed semiaquatic salamander of the United States Northwest Plethodontidae small mostly terrestrial New World salamanders having neither lungs nor gills as adults Plethodon type genus of the Plethodontidae lungless salamander mostly terrestrial salamanders that breathe through their thin moist skin; lay eggs in moist places on land; rarely enter water eastern red-backed salamander common salamander of eastern North America western red-backed salamander salamander of the Pacific coast of North America Desmograthus an amphibian genus of Plethodontidae dusky salamander common North American salamander mottled with dull brown or greyish-black Aneides climbing salamanders climbing salamander any of several North American salamanders adapted for climbing with well-developed limbs and long somewhat squared-off toes arboreal salamander yellow-spotted brown salamander of California woodlands Batrachoseps slender salamanders slender salamander any of several small slim salamanders of the Pacific coast of the United States Hydromantes web-toed salamanders web-toed salamander any of several salamanders with webbed toes and very long extensile tongues; excellent climbers that move with ease over smooth rock surfaces Shasta salamander primarily a cave dweller in the Mount Shasta area limestone salamander similar to Shasta salamander; lives in cliff crevices and taluses Amphiumidae congo snakes genus Amphiuma congo snakes amphiuma aquatic eel-shaped salamander having two pairs of very small feet; of still muddy waters in the southern United States Sirenidae sirens genus Siren a genus of Sirenidae siren eellike aquatic North American salamander with small forelimbs and no hind limbs; have permanent external gills an acoustic device producing a loud often wailing sound as a signal or warning a warning signal that is a loud wailing sound Salientia frogs, toads, tree toads frog any of various tailless stout-bodied amphibians with long hind limbs for leaping; semiaquatic and terrestrial species a decorative loop of braid or cord a person of French descent hunt frogs for food Ranidae a family nearly cosmopolitan in distribution: true frogs Rana type genus of the Ranidae true frog insectivorous usually semiaquatic web-footed amphibian with smooth moist skin and long hind legs wood-frog wide-ranging light-brown frog of moist North American woodlands especially spruce leopard frog common North American green or brownish frog having white-edged dark oval spots bullfrog largest North American frog; highly aquatic with a deep-pitched voice green frog similar to bullfrog; found in or near marshes and ponds; of United States and Canada cascades frog mountain frog found near water; of United States Northwest to California goliath frog largest living frog; up to a foot and weighing up to 10 lbs; Africa pickerel frog a meadow frog of eastern North America tarahumara frog Mexican frog found within a jump or two of water grass frog a common semiterrestrial European frog Leptodactylidae New World frogs; in some classifications essentially coextensive with the family Bufonidae leptodactylid frog toothed frogs: terrestrial or aquatic or arboreal Eleutherodactylus completely terrestrial robber frogs robber frog small terrestrial frog of tropical America Hylactophryne barking frogs barking frog of southwest United States and Mexico; call is like a dog's bark Leptodactylus type genus of the Leptodactylidae; in some classifications placed in the family Bufonidae crapaud large toothed frog of South America and Central America resembling the bullfrog Polypedatidae Old World tree frogs Polypedates type genus of the Polypedatidae tree frog any of various Old World arboreal frogs distinguished from true frogs by adhesive suckers on the toes Ascaphidae family of one species of frog: tailed frog Ascaphus type genus of the Ascaphidae; in some classifications included in the family Leiopelmatidae tailed frog western North American frog with a taillike copulatory organ Leiopelmatidae primitive New Zealand frogs Leiopelma type and sole genus of the family Leiopelmatidae Liopelma hamiltoni primitive New Zealand frog with four unwebbed toes on forefeet and five on hind feet Bufonidae true toads true toad tailless amphibian similar to a frog but more terrestrial and having drier warty skin genus Bufo type genus of the Bufonidae; common toads of New and Old Worlds bufo any toad of the genus Bufo agua largest known toad species; native to Central America; valuable destroyer of insect pests European toad common toad of Europe natterjack common brownish-yellow short-legged toad of western Europe; runs rather than hops American toad common toad of America Eurasian green toad Eurasian toad with variable chiefly green coloring American green toad small green or yellow-green toad with small black bars and stripes Yosemite toad of high Sierra Nevada meadows and forest borders Texas toad nocturnal burrowing toad of mesquite woodland and prairies of the United States southwest southwestern toad a uniformly warty stocky toad of washes and streams of semiarid southwestern United States western toad of a great variety of habitats from southern Alaska to Baja California west of the Rockies Discoglossidae family of Old World toads having a fixed disklike tongue Alytes midwife toads obstetrical toad European toad whose male carries the fertilized eggs wrapped around its hind legs until they hatch midwife toad similar in habit to Alytes obstetricians Bombina fire-bellied toads fire-bellied toad toad of central and eastern Europe having red or orange patches mixed with black on its underside Pelobatidae the amphibian family of spadefoot toads Scaphiopus New World spadefoot toads spadefoot a burrowing toad of the northern hemisphere with a horny spade-like projection on each hind foot western spadefoot this spadefoot toad live in California southern spadefoot this spadefoot toad lives in the southwestern United States plains spadefoot this spadefoot toad lives in plains and hills and river bottoms in areas of low rainfall east of the Rocky Mountains Hylidae the amphibian family of tree frogs tree toad arboreal amphibians usually having adhesive disks at the tip of each toe; of southeast Asia and Australia and America Hyla the type genus of the Hylidae; tree toads spring peeper a small brown tree toad having a shrill call heard near wetlands of eastern United States and Canada in early spring Pacific tree toad the most commonly heard frog on the Pacific coast of America canyon treefrog a small chiefly ground dweller that stays within easy jumping distance of water; of United States southwest and northern Mexico chameleon tree frog a form of tree toad Acris cricket frogs cricket frog either of two frogs with a clicking call northern cricket frog a cricket frog of eastern and central United States eastern cricket frog a cricket frog of eastern United States Pseudacris chorus frogs chorus frog any of several small North American frogs having a loud call Pternohyla burrowing tree frogs lowland burrowing treefrog terrestrial burrowing nocturnal frog of grassy terrain and scrub forests having very hard upper surface of head; of the United States southwest Microhylidae narrow-mouthed toads and sheep frogs; some burrow and some are arboreal; found worldwide Gastrophryne primarily tropical narrow-mouthed toads western narrow-mouthed toad small secretive toad with smooth tough skin of central and western North America eastern narrow-mouthed toad small toad of southeastern United States Hypopachus sheep frogs sheep frog mostly of Central America Pipidae tongueless frogs tongueless frog almost completely aquatic frog native to Africa and Panama and northern South America Pipa type genus of the Pipidae Surinam toad a South American toad; incubates its young in pits in the skin of its back Xenopodidae in some classifications the family of the genus Xenopus which is otherwise included in the family Pipidae Xenopus an African clawed frog; in some classifications made the type genus of a separate family Xenopodidae African clawed frog a tongueless frog native to Africa; established in the United States as result of release of laboratory and aquarium animals South American poison toad a South American toad Gymnophiona an order of amphibians including caecilians Caeciliidae coextensive with the order Gymnophiona: legless amphibians caecilian any of the small slender limbless burrowing wormlike amphibians of the order Gymnophiona; inhabit moist soil in tropical regions of or relating to or belonging to the family Caeciliidae Labyrinthodontia extinct amphibians typically resembling heavy-bodied salamanders or crocodiles and having a solid flattened skull and conical teeth; Devonian through Triassic labyrinthodont an amphibian of the superorder Labyrinthodontia Stereospondyli formerly a suborder of Stegocephalia; amphibia having vertebrae whose component elements are fused into a single piece; "most vertebrates are stereospondylous" Stegocephalia in former classifications a division of class Amphibia comprising all pre-Jurassic and some later extinct large salamandriform amphibia Temnospondyli formerly a suborder of Stegocephalia; large Carboniferous and Permian amphibians having vertebrae in which some elements remain separate reptile family a family of reptiles reptile genus a genus of reptiles Reptilia class of cold-blooded air-breathing vertebrates with completely ossified skeleton and a body usually covered with scales or horny plates; once the dominant land animals reptile any cold-blooded vertebrate of the class Reptilia including tortoises, turtles, snakes, lizards, alligators, crocodiles, and extinct forms Anapsida oldest known reptiles; turtles and extinct Permian forms anapsid primitive reptile having no opening in the temporal region of the skull; all extinct except turtles diapsid reptile having a pair of openings in the skull behind each eye Diapsida used in former classifications to include all living reptiles except turtles; superseded by the two subclasses Lepidosauria and Archosauria Chelonia tortoises and turtles green turtles chelonian a reptile of the order Chelonia of or relating to or resembling or being a turtle or tortoise turtle any of various aquatic and land reptiles having a bony shell and flipper-like limbs for swimming hunt for turtles, especially as an occupation Cheloniidae green turtles; hawksbills sea turtle any of various large turtles with limbs modified into flippers; widely distributed in warm seas green turtle large tropical turtle with greenish flesh used for turtle soup Caretta loggerhead turtles loggerhead very large carnivorous sea turtle; wide-ranging in warm open seas Lepidochelys ridleys ridley a marine turtle Atlantic ridley grey sea turtle of the Atlantic and Gulf Coasts of North America Pacific ridley olive-colored sea turtle of tropical Pacific and Indian and the southern Atlantic oceans Eretmochelys hawksbills hawksbill turtle pugnacious tropical sea turtle with a hawk-like beak; source of food and the best tortoiseshell Dermochelyidae sea turtles Dermochelys type genus of the Dermochelyidae: leatherback turtles leatherback turtle wide-ranging marine turtle with flexible leathery carapace; largest living turtle Chelydridae snapping turtles snapping turtle large aggressive freshwater turtle with powerful jaws Chelydra snapping turtles common snapping turtle large-headed turtle with powerful hooked jaws found in or near water; prone to bite Macroclemys includes the alligator snapping turtle alligator snapping turtle large species having three ridges on its back; found in southeastern United States Kinosternidae mud turtles; musk turtles Kinosternon type genus of the Kinosternidae mud turtle bottom-dwelling freshwater turtle inhabiting muddy rivers of North America and Central America Sternotherus musk turtles musk turtle small freshwater turtle having a strong musky odor Emydidae box and water turtles terrapin any of various edible North American web-footed turtles living in fresh or brackish water Malaclemys American terrapins diamondback terrapin of marshes along Atlantic and Gulf Coasts of United States Pseudemys sliders; red-bellied terrapin red-bellied terrapin freshwater turtle of Chesapeake Bay tributaries having red markings on the lower shell cooter large river turtle of the southern United States and northern Mexico Terrapene box turtles box turtle chiefly terrestrial turtle of North America; shell can be closed tightly Western box turtle primarily a prairie turtle of western United States and northern Mexico Chrysemys painted turtles painted turtle freshwater turtles having bright yellow and red markings; common in the eastern United States Testudinidae land tortoises tortoise usually herbivorous land turtles having clawed elephant-like limbs; worldwide in arid area except Australia and Antarctica Testudo type genus of the Testudinidae European tortoise small land tortoise of southern Europe Geochelone giant tortoises giant tortoise very large tortoises of the Galapagos and Seychelles islands Gopherus gopher tortoises gopher tortoise burrowing edible land tortoise of southeastern North America Xerobates possible new genus for desert and Texas tortoises based on recent research desert tortoise burrowing tortoise of the arid western United States and northern Mexico; may be reclassified as a member of genus Xerobates Texas tortoise close relative to the desert tortoise; may be reclassified as a member of genus Xerobates Trionychidae soft-shelled turtles soft-shelled turtle voracious aquatic turtle with a flat flexible shell covered by a leathery skin; can inflict painful bites Trionyx type genus of the Trionychidae spiny softshell river turtle of western United States with a warty shell; prefers quiet water smooth softshell river turtle of Mississippi basin; prefers running water Lepidosauria diapsid reptiles: lizards; snakes; tuataras Rhynchocephalia tuataras; extinct forms from middle Triassic Sphenodon coextensive with the order Rhynchocephalia: tuataras tuatara only extant member of the order Rhynchocephalia of large spiny lizard-like diapsid reptiles of coastal islands off New Zealand Squamata diapsid reptiles: snakes and lizards Sauria true lizards; including chameleons and geckos saurian any of various reptiles of the suborder Sauria which includes lizards; in former classifications included also the crocodiles and dinosaurs of or relating to lizards lizard relatively long-bodied reptile with usually two pairs of legs and a tapering tail Gekkonidae geckos gecko any of various small chiefly tropical and usually nocturnal insectivorous terrestrial lizards typically with immovable eyelids; completely harmless Ptychozoon flying geckos flying gecko a gecko that has membranous expansions along the sides of its body and limbs and tail that enable it to glide short distances Coleonyx banded geckos banded gecko any of several geckos with dark bands across the body and differing from typical geckos in having movable eyelids; of United States southwest and Florida Gulf Coast Pygopodidae Australian and Tasmanian lizards Pygopus type genus of the Pygopodidae; snake-shaped pleurodont lizard with no forelimbs and only rudimentary hind limbs Iguanidae New World lizards iguanid lizards of the New World and Madagascar and some Pacific islands; typically having a long tail and bright throat patch in males genus Iguana type genus of the Iguanidae common iguana large herbivorous tropical American arboreal lizards with a spiny crest along the back; used as human food in Central America and South America Amblyrhynchus marine iguanas marine iguana shore-dwelling seaweed-eating lizard of the Galapagos Islands Dipsosaurus desert iguanas desert iguana small long-tailed lizard of arid areas of southwestern United States and northwestern Mexico Sauromalus chuckwallas chuckwalla a herbivorous lizard that lives among rocks in the arid parts of southwestern United States and Mexico Callisaurus zebra-tailed lizard zebra-tailed lizard swift lizard with long black-banded tail and long legs; of deserts of United States and Mexico Uma fringe-toed lizard a benevolent aspect of Devi; `splendor' fringe-toed lizard with long pointed scales around toes; of deserts of United States and Mexico Holbrookia earless lizards earless lizard any of several slender lizards without external ear openings: of plains of western United States and Mexico Crotaphytus collared lizards collared lizard any of several robust long-tailed lizards with collars of two dark bands; of central and western United States and northern Mexico Gambelia leopard lizards leopard lizard any of several large lizards with many dark spots; of western United States and northern Mexico Sceloporus spiny lizards spiny lizard any of numerous lizards with overlapping ridged pointed scales; of North America and Central America fence lizard spiny lizard often seen basking on fences in the United States and northern Mexico western fence lizard common western lizard; seen on logs or rocks eastern fence lizard small active lizard of United States and north to British Columbia sagebrush lizard a ground dweller that prefers open ground and scattered low bushes; of United States west between Rocky and Sierra Nevada Mountains Uta a reptile genus of Iguanidae side-blotched lizard one of the most abundant lizards in the arid western United States Urosaurus a reptile genus of Iguanidae tree lizard a climbing lizard of western United States and northern Mexico Phrynosoma horned lizards horned lizard insectivorous lizard with hornlike spines on the head and spiny scales on the body; of western North America Texas horned lizard of arid and semiarid open country Basiliscus a reptile genus of Iguanidae basilisk small crested arboreal lizard able to run on its hind legs; of tropical America ancient brass cannon (classical mythology) a serpent (or lizard or dragon) able to kill with its breath or glance Anolis New World chameleons American chameleon small arboreal tropical American insectivorous lizards with the ability to change skin color Amphisbaenidae worm lizards Amphisbaena type genus of the Amphisbaenidae worm lizard a lizard of the genus Amphisbaena; harmless wormlike limbless lizard of warm or tropical regions having concealed eyes and ears and a short blunt tail Xantusiidae night lizards night lizard small secretive nocturnal lizard of southwestern North America and Cuba; bear live young Scincidae skinks Scincus type genus of Scincidae Scincella a reptile genus of Scincidae skink alert agile lizard with reduced limbs and an elongated body covered with shiny scales; more dependent on moisture than most lizards; found in tropical regions worldwide Eumeces New World skinks western skink found in western North American grasslands and open woodlands mountain skink frequents oak and pine habitats in rocky mountainous areas of United States southwest and Mexico Cordylidae small family of spiny ovoviviparous African lizards Cordylus type genus of the Cordylidae; spiny lizards somewhat resembling tiny crocodiles Teiidae whiptails; etc. teiid lizard tropical New World lizard with a long tail and large rectangular scales on the belly and a long tail Cnemidophorus whiptails whiptail any of numerous very agile and alert New World lizards racerunner very swift lizard of eastern and central United States plateau striped whiptail having distinct longitudinal stripes: of Colorado Plateau from Arizona to western Colorado Chihuahuan spotted whiptail having longitudinal stripes overlaid with light spots; upland lizard of United States southwest and Mexico western whiptail active lizard having a network of dusky dark markings; of semiarid areas from Oregon and Idaho to Baja California checkered whiptail markings are darker and more marked than in western whiptail; from southeastern Colorado to eastern Chihuahua Tupinambis tejus teju large (to 3 feet) blackish yellow-banded South American lizard; raid henhouses; used as food caiman lizard crocodile-like lizard of South America having powerful jaws for crushing snails and mussels Agamidae an Old World reptile family of Sauria agamid a lizard of the family Agamidae genus Agama type genus of the Agamidae agama small terrestrial lizard of warm regions of the Old World Chlamydosaurus frilled lizards frilled lizard large arboreal insectivorous Australian lizard with a ruff of skin around the neck Draco a reptile genus known as flying dragons or flying lizards a faint constellation twisting around the north celestial pole and lying between Ursa Major and Cepheus Athenian lawmaker whose code of laws prescribed death for almost every offense (circa 7th century BC) dragon any of several small tropical Asian lizards capable of gliding by spreading winglike membranes on each side of the body a creature of Teutonic mythology; usually represented as breathing fire and having a reptilian body and sometimes wings a fiercely vigilant and unpleasant woman genus Moloch genus of Australian desert lizard moloch any lizard of the genus Moloch mountain devil desert lizard that feeds on ants Anguidae alligator lizards anguid lizard any of a small family of lizards widely distributed in warm areas; all are harmless and useful as destroyers of e.g. slugs and insects Gerrhonotus alligator lizards alligator lizard slim short-limbed lizard having a distinctive fold on each side that permits expansion; of western North America Anguis type genus of the Anguidae: blindworms blindworm small burrowing legless European lizard with tiny eyes; popularly believed to be blind Ophisaurus glass lizards glass lizard snakelike lizard of Europe and Asia and North America with vestigial hind limbs and the ability to regenerate its long fragile tail Xenosauridae monotypic family of Mexican lizards Xenosaurus type and sole genus of Xenosauridae: slender-bodied Mexican lizards having the upper surface covered with tiny granules and tubercles Anniellidae legless lizards legless lizard degenerate wormlike burrowing lizard of California closely related to alligator lizards Lanthanotidae stout-bodied lizards Lanthanotus one species Lanthanotus borneensis a stout-bodied pleurodont lizard of Borneo Helodermatidae only known venomous lizards venomous lizard any of two or three large heavy-bodied lizards; only known venomous lizards Heloderma type genus of the Helodermatidae; American venomous lizards Gila monster large orange and black lizard of southwestern United States; not dangerous unless molested beaded lizard lizard with black and yellowish beadlike scales; of western Mexico Lacertidae Old World lizards lacertid lizard Old World terrestrial lizard Lacerta type genus of the Lacertidae sand lizard a common and widely distributed lizard of Europe and central Asia green lizard a common Eurasian lizard about a foot long Chamaeleontidae Old World chameleons; in some classifications they are considered a superfamily of Sauria chameleon lizard of Africa and Madagascar able to change skin color and having a projectile tongue a changeable or inconstant person Chamaeleo type genus of the Chamaeleontidae African chameleon a chameleon found in Africa horned chameleon a kind of chameleon Varanidae monitor lizards Varanus type and sole extant genus of the Varanidae monitor any of various large tropical carnivorous lizards of Africa and Asia and Australia; fabled to warn of crocodiles a piece of electronic equipment that keeps track of the operation of a system continuously and warns of trouble electronic equipment that is used to check the quality or content of electronic transmissions display produced by a device that takes signals and displays them on a television screen or a computer monitor keep tabs on; keep an eye on; keep under surveillance; "we are monitoring the air quality"; "the police monitor the suspect's moves" check, track, or observe by means of a receiver African monitor destroys crocodile eggs Komodo dragon the largest lizard in the world (10 feet); found on Indonesian islands Archosauria a large subclass of diapsid reptiles including: crocodiles; alligators; dinosaurs; pterosaurs; plesiosaurs; ichthyosaurs; thecodonts archosaur extinct reptiles including: dinosaurs; plesiosaurs; pterosaurs; ichthyosaurs; thecodonts Saurosuchus early archosaurian carnivore Proterochampsa early archosaurian carnivore Crocodylia crocodiles; alligators; caimans; gavials Loricata former name for the order Crocodylia crocodilian reptile extant archosaurian reptile Crocodylidae true crocodiles Crocodylus type genus of the Crocodylidae crocodile large voracious aquatic reptile having a long snout with massive jaws and sharp teeth and a body covered with bony plates; of sluggish tropical waters African crocodile a dangerous crocodile widely distributed in Africa Asian crocodile estuarine crocodile of eastern Asia and Pacific islands Morlett's crocodile a variety of crocodile Tomistoma a genus of Malayan crocodiles false gavial crocodile of southeast Asia similar to but smaller than the gavial Alligatoridae alligators; caimans genus Alligator type genus of the Alligatoridae alligator either of two amphibious reptiles related to crocodiles but with shorter broader snouts leather made from alligator's hide crack and acquire the appearance of alligator hide, as from weathering or improper application; of paint and varnishes American alligator large alligator of the southeastern United States Chinese alligator small alligator of the Yangtze valley of China having unwebbed digits genus Caiman caimans caiman a semiaquatic reptile of Central and South America that resembles an alligator but has a more heavily armored belly spectacled caiman caiman with bony ridges about the eyes; found from southern Mexico to Argentina Gavialidae gavials Gavialis type genus of the Gavialidae gavial large fish-eating Indian crocodilian with a long slender snout dinosaur any of numerous extinct terrestrial reptiles of the Mesozoic era Ornithischia extinct terrestrial reptiles having bird-like pelvises: armored dinosaurs (thyreophorans); boneheaded and horned dinosaurs (marginocephalians); duck-billed dinosaurs (euronithopods) ornithischian herbivorous dinosaur with a pelvis like that of a bird genus Pisanosaurus primitive ornithischian dinosaur found in Argentina; early Triassic pisanosaur primitive dinosaur found in Argentina genus Staurikosaurus primitive ornithischian dinosaur found in Brazil staurikosaur primitive dinosaur found in Brazil Thyreophora armored dinosaurs: stegosaurs and ankylosaurs armored dinosaur dinosaurs having bony armour genus Stegosaurus quadrupedal armored herbivore of the Jurassic and Cretaceous stegosaur herbivorous ornithischian dinosaur with a row of bony plates along its back and a spiked tail probably used as a weapon genus Ankylosaurus armored herbivorous dinosaurs of the Cretaceous ankylosaur having the back covered with thick bony plates; thought to have walked with a sprawling gait resembling a lizard's Edmontonia heavily armored and highly spiked dinosaur with semi-upright posture Marginocephalia includes boneheaded (pachycephalosaurs) and horned (ceratopsian) dinosaurs suborder Pachycephalosaurus boneheaded dinosaurs; late Cretaceous bone-headed dinosaur bipedal herbivorous dinosaurs with bony crowns pachycephalosaur bipedal herbivore having 10 inches of bone atop its head; largest boneheaded dinosaur ever found Ceratopsia horned dinosaurs ceratopsian any of several four-footed herbivorous dinosaurs with enormous beaked skulls; of the late Cretaceous in North America and Mongolia Ceratopsidae American ceratopsian dinosaurs genus Protoceratops small horned dinosaurs protoceratops small horned dinosaur genus Triceratops genus of herbivorous horned dinosaurs triceratops huge ceratopsian dinosaur having three horns and the neck heavily armored with a very solid frill genus Styracosaurus genus of horned dinosaurs styracosaur an unusual ceratopsian dinosaur having many large spikes around the edge of its bony frill and a long nose horn; late Cretaceous genus Psittacosaurus most primitive genus of horned dinosaurs; early Cretaceous psittacosaur primitive dinosaur actually lacking horns and having only the beginning of a frill; long hind limbs and short forelimbs; may have been bipedal Euronithopoda widespread group including duck-billed dinosaurs and their early relatives (hadrosaurs, trachodon and iguanodon) ornithopod bipedal herbivorous dinosaur Hadrosauridae duck-billed dinosaurs; upper Cretaceous hadrosaur any of numerous large bipedal ornithischian dinosaurs having a horny duck-like bill and webbed feet; may have been partly aquatic genus Anatotitan genus of large duck-billed dinosaurs; late Cretaceous anatotitan one of the largest and most famous duck-billed dinosaurs genus Corythosaurus genus of duck-billed dinosaurs of late Cretaceous corythosaur duck-billed dinosaur with nasal passages that expand into a crest like a hollow helmet genus Edmontosaurus duck-billed dinosaurs of Canada edmontosaurus duck-billed dinosaur from Canada found as a fossilized mummy with skin genus Trachodon a reptile genus of the suborder Euronithopoda trachodon large duck-billed dinosaur of the Cretaceous period Iguanodontidae iguanodons genus Iguanodon type genus of the Iguanodontidae iguanodon massive herbivorous bipedal dinosaur with a long heavy tail; common in Europe and northern Africa; early Cretaceous period Saurischia extinct terrestrial reptiles: theropods (carnivorous); sauropods (herbivorous) saurischian herbivorous or carnivorous dinosaur having a three-pronged pelvis like that of a crocodile Sauropodomorpha gigantic herbivorous dinosaurs having huge bodies with long necks and small heads: Prosauropoda and Sauropoda (apatosaurus, diplodocus and titanosaurs) Prosauropoda the earliest known dinosaurs Sauropoda any of the sauropod dinosaurs sauropod very large herbivorous dinosaur of the Jurassic and Cretaceous having a small head a long neck and tail and five-toed limbs; largest known land animal genus Apatosaurus large quadrupedal herbivorous dinosaurs with very long neck and tail; late Jurassic apatosaur huge quadrupedal herbivorous dinosaur common in North America in the late Jurassic genus Barosaurus huge quadrupedal herbivorous dinosaur; late Jurassic barosaur a dinosaur that could grow to be as tall as a building five stories tall genus Diplodocus a reptile genus of the suborder Sauropoda diplodocus a huge quadrupedal herbivore with long neck and tail; of late Jurassic in western North America Titanosauridae herbivorous dinosaurs of the Cretaceous Titanosaurus genus of herbivorous dinosaurs flourishing during the Cretaceous in South America titanosaur amphibious quadrupedal herbivorous dinosaur with a long thin neck and whiplike tail; of the Cretaceous mostly in the southern hemisphere genus Argentinosaurus enormous dinosaur of the middle Cretaceous found in Argentina argentinosaur huge herbivorous dinosaur of Cretaceous found in Argentina Seismosaurus genus of large herbivorous dinosaurs of Cretaceous found in western North America ground-shaker huge herbivorous dinosaur of the Cretaceous found in western North America Theropoda carnivorous saurischian dinosaurs with short forelimbs; Jurassic and Cretaceous theropod any of numerous carnivorous dinosaurs of the Triassic to Cretaceous with short forelimbs that walked or ran on strong hind legs suborder Ceratosaura primitive saurischian dinosaurs genus Ceratosaurus primitive saurischian carnivorous dinosaurs ceratosaur primitive medium-sized theropod; swift-running bipedal carnivorous dinosaur having grasping hands with sharp claws and a short horn between the nostrils; Jurassic in North America genus Coelophysis late Triassic carnivorous saurischian dinosaurs coelophysis one of the oldest known dinosaurs; late Triassic; cannibalistic Carnosaura largest carnivorous land animals ever known carnosaur large carnivorous bipedal dinosaur having huge claws genus Tyrannosaurus includes a single species tyrannosaur large carnivorous bipedal dinosaur having enormous teeth with knifelike serrations; may have been a scavenger rather than an active predator; later Cretaceous period in North America genus Allosaurus carnivorous dinosaur of North America; late Jurassic allosaur late Jurassic carnivorous dinosaur; similar to but somewhat smaller than tyrannosaurus genus Compsognathus a reptile genus of Theropoda compsognathus very small bipedal carnivorous dinosaur of the late Jurassic in Bavaria genus Herrerasaurus primitive theropod found in Argentina; early Triassic herrerasaur a kind of theropod dinosaur found in Argentina genus Eoraptor primitive theropod found in Argentina; early Triassic eoraptor a theropod dinosaur of the genus Eoraptor Megalosauridae megalosaurs genus Megalosaurus type genus of the Megalosauridae megalosaur gigantic carnivorous bipedal dinosaur of the Jurassic or early Cretaceous in Europe Ornithomimida lightly built medium-size theropods ornithomimid lightly built medium-sized dinosaur having extremely long limbs and necks with small heads and big brains and large eyes genus Struthiomimus small toothless saurischian dinosaurs; later Cretaceous period in Canada struthiomimus small light-boned toothless dinosaur resembling an ostrich in size and proportions genus Deinocheirus a reptile genus of Ornithomimida deinocheirus lightly built medium-sized theropod with long limbs and neck Maniraptora advanced theropods including oviraptorids and dromaeosaurs and possibly even modern birds maniraptor advanced carnivorous theropod oviraptorid advanced carnivorous theropod genus Velociraptor advanced carnivorous theropod velociraptor small active carnivore that probably fed on protoceratops; possibly related more closely to birds than to other dinosaurs Dromaeosauridae swift-running bipedal dinosaurs dromaeosaur a kind of maniraptor genus Deinonychus advanced bipedal carnivorous dinosaur deinonychus swift agile wolf-sized bipedal dinosaur having a large curved claw on each hind foot; of the Cretaceous genus Utahraptor advanced bipedal carnivorous dinosaur utahraptor large (20-ft) and swift carnivorous dinosaur having an upright slashing claw 15 inches long on each hind foot; early Cretaceous genus Mononychus authorities disagree over whether to classify the genus as bird or dinosaur Mononychus olecranus a turkey-sized long-legged fossil 75 million years old found in the Gobi Desert having bird-like fused wrist bones and keeled breastbone and a long tail resembling a dinosaur's; short forelimbs end in a single claw instead of wings; classification as bird or dinosaur is in dispute Synapsida extinct reptiles of the Permian to Jurassic considered ancestral to mammals synapsid extinct reptile having a single pair of lateral temporal openings in the skull Therapsida extinct mammal-like reptiles found inhabiting all continents from the mid Permian to late Triassic therapsid probably warm-blooded; considered direct ancestor of mammals Chronoperates a reptile genus of Therapsida Chronoperates paradoxus shrew-sized protomammal from the Alberta region of Canada; from about 55 million years ago (much more recent than other mammal-like reptiles) Cynodontia a division of the order Therapsida from the Triassic period comprising small carnivorous tetrapod reptiles often with mammal-like teeth cynodont small carnivorous reptiles Exaeretodon a genus of reptiles of the division Cynodontia Dicynodontia a division of Therapsida dicynodont a kind of therapsid Ischigualastia early reptile found in Argentina Ictodosauria extinct reptiles of the later Triassic period ictodosaur intermediate in form between the therapsids and most primitive true mammals Pelycosauria edaphosaurus; dimetrodon pelycosaur large primitive reptile having a tall spinal sail; of the Permian or late Paleozoic in Europe and North America Edaphosauridae a family of reptiles of the order Pelycosauria genus Edaphosaurus type genus of the Edaphosauridae edaphosaurus heavy-bodied reptile with a dorsal sail or crest; of the late Paleozoic genus Dimetrodon a reptile genus of Pelycosauria dimetrodon carnivorous dinosaur of the Permian in North America having a crest or dorsal sail Pterosauria extinct flying reptiles: pterosaurs pterosaur an extinct reptile of the Jurassic and Cretaceous having a bird-like beak and membranous wings supported by the very long fourth digit of each forelimb Pterodactylidae a reptile family in the order Pterosauria Pterodactylus a reptile genus of Pterodactylidae pterodactyl extinct flying reptile Thecodontia extinct terrestrial reptiles having teeth set in sockets; of the late Permian to Triassic thecodont presumably in the common ancestral line to dinosaurs and crocodiles and birds Ichthyosauria extinct marine reptiles: ichthyosaurs ichthyosaur any of several marine reptiles of the Mesozoic having a body like a porpoise with dorsal and tail fins and paddle-shaped limbs Ichthyosauridae later ichthyosaurs of the Jurassic and Cretaceous; widely distributed in both hemispheres genus Ichthyosaurus type genus of the Ichthyosauridae ichthyosaurus ichthyosaurs of the Jurassic genus Stenopterygius a reptile genus of Ichthyosauridae stenopterygius an ichthyosaur of the genus Stenopterygius Sauropterygia extinct marine reptiles: plesiosaurs; nothosaurs Plesiosauria any of the plesiosaurs genus Plesiosaurus a reptile genus of suborder Plesiosauria plesiosaur extinct marine reptile with a small head on a long neck a short tail and four paddle-shaped limbs; of the Jurassic and Cretaceous Nothosauria a suborder of Sauropterygia genus Nothosaurus a genus of Nothosauria nothosaur extinct marine reptile with longer more slender limbs than plesiosaurs and less completely modified for swimming Serpentes snakes snake limbless scaly elongate reptile; some are venomous something long, thin, and flexible that resembles a snake a deceitful or treacherous person move along a winding path; "The army snaked through the jungle" move smoothly and sinuously, like a snake form a snake-like pattern; "The river snakes through the valley" Colubridae nonvenomous snakes; about two-thirds of all living species colubrid snake mostly harmless temperate-to-tropical terrestrial or arboreal or aquatic snakes hoop snake any of various harmless North American snakes that were formerly believed to take tail in mouth and roll along like a hoop Carphophis thunder snake thunder snake small reddish wormlike snake of eastern United States Diadophis a genus of reptiles of the family Colubridae including ringneck snakes ringneck snake any of numerous small nonvenomous North American snakes with a yellow or orange ring around the neck Heterodon a genus of small colubrid snakes containing the North American hognose snakes hognose snake harmless North American snake with upturned nose; may spread its head and neck or play dead when disturbed Phyllorhynchus leaf-nosed snakes leaf-nosed snake any of various pale blotched snakes with a blunt snout of southwestern North America Opheodrys North American green snakes green snake either of two North American chiefly insectivorous snakes that are green in color any of numerous African colubrid snakes smooth green snake of western and central United States rough green snake of southern and eastern United States Chlorophis African green snakes Coluber racers racer slender fast-moving North American snakes an animal that races a fast car that competes in races someone who drives racing cars at high speeds blacksnake blackish racer of the eastern United States that grows to six feet blue racer bluish-green blacksnake found from Ohio to Texas horseshoe whipsnake slender fast-moving Eurasian snake Masticophis whip snakes whip-snake any of several small fast-moving snakes with long whiplike tails coachwhip a whipsnake of southern United States and Mexico; tail resembles a braided whip California whipsnake a whipsnake of scrublands and rocky hillsides Sonoran whipsnake both terrestrial and arboreal snake of United States southwest rat snake any of various nonvenomous rodent-eating snakes of North America and Asia Elaphe North American rat snakes corn snake large harmless snake of southeastern United States; often on farms black rat snake large harmless shiny black North American snake chicken snake large North American snake Ptyas Asian rat snakes Indian rat snake enter buildings in pursuit of prey Arizona glossy snake a state in southwestern United States; site of the Grand Canyon glossy snake nocturnal burrowing snake of western United States with shiny tan scales Pituophis bull snakes bull snake any of several large harmless rodent-eating North American burrowing snakes gopher snake bull snake of western North America that invades rodent burrows pine snake any of several bull snakes of eastern and southeastern United States found chiefly in pine woods; now threatened Lampropeltis king snakes and milk snakes king snake any of numerous nonvenomous North American constrictors; feed on other snakes and small mammals common kingsnake widespread in United States except northern regions; black or brown with yellow bands milk snake nonvenomous tan and brown king snake with an arrow-shaped occipital spot; southeastern ones have red stripes like coral snakes Thamnophis garter snakes garter snake any of numerous nonvenomous longitudinally-striped viviparous North American and Central American snakes common garter snake a garter snake that is widespread in North America ribbon snake slender yellow-striped North American garter snake; prefers wet places Western ribbon snake yellow- or reddish-striped snake of temperate woodlands and grasslands to tropics Tropidoclonion lined snakes lined snake secretive snake of city dumps and parks as well as prairies and open woods; feeds on earthworms; of central United States Sonora ground snakes ground snake small shy brightly-ringed terrestrial snake of arid or semiarid areas of western North America Potamophis ground snakes Haldea ground snakes eastern ground snake in some classifications placed in genus Haldea; small reddish-grey snake of eastern North America water snake any of various mostly harmless snakes that live in or near water Natrix water snakes; a cosmopolitan genus Nerodia North American water snakes common water snake in some classifications placed in the genus Nerodia; western United States snake that seldom ventures far from water water moccasin any of numerous North American water snakes inhabiting fresh waters venomous semiaquatic snake of swamps in southern United States grass snake harmless European snake with a bright yellow collar; common in England viperine grass snake a small harmless grass snake Storeria a genus of Colubridae red-bellied snake harmless woodland snake of southeastern United States Chilomeniscus sand snakes sand snake small North American burrowing snake banded sand snake a sand snake of southwestern United States; lives in fine to coarse sand or loamy soil in which it `swims'; banding resembles that of coral snakes Tantilla black-headed snakes black-headed snake small secretive ground-living snake; found from central United States to Argentina Oxybelis vine snakes vine snake slender arboreal snake found from southern Arizona to Bolivia Trimorphodon lyre snakes lyre snake mildly venomous snake with a lyre-shaped mark on the head; found in rocky areas from southwestern United States to Central America Sonoran lyre snake of desert regions of southwestern North America Hypsiglena night snakes night snake nocturnal prowler of western United States and Mexico Typhlopidae blind snakes Leptotyphlopidae blind snakes blind snake wormlike burrowing snake of warm regions having vestigial eyes Leptotyphlops blind snakes of Asia and Africa and Americas western blind snake burrows among roots of shrubs and beneath rocks in desert and rocky hillside areas and beach sand of western United States Drymarchon a genus of Colubridae indigo snake large dark-blue nonvenomous snake that invades burrows; found in southern North America and Mexico eastern indigo snake a variety of indigo snake constrictor any of various large nonvenomous snakes that kill their prey by crushing it in its coils Boidae boas and pythons boa any of several chiefly tropical constrictors with vestigial hind limbs boa constrictor very large boa of tropical America and West Indies Charina boas of western North America rubber boa boa of grasslands and woodlands of western North America; looks and feels like rubber with tail and head of similar shape Lichanura boas of western North America rosy boa boa of rocky desert of southwestern United States Eunectes anacondas anaconda large arboreal boa of tropical South America Pythoninae Old World boas: pythons; in some classifications considered a separate family from Boidae Pythonidae in some classifications a family separate from Boidae comprising Old World boas python large Old World boas a soothsaying spirit or a person who is possessed by such a spirit genus Python Old World boas carpet snake Australian python with a variegated pattern on its back reticulated python of southeast Asia and East Indies; the largest snake in the world Indian python very large python of southeast Asia rock python very large python of tropical and southern Africa amethystine python a python having the color of amethyst Elapidae cobras; kraits; mambas; coral snakes; Australian taipan and tiger snakes elapid any of numerous venomous fanged snakes of warmer parts of both hemispheres coral snake any of several venomous New World snakes brilliantly banded in red and black and either yellow or white; widely distributed in South America and Central America any of various venomous elapid snakes of Asia and Africa and Australia Micrurus coral snakes eastern coral snake ranges from Central America to southeastern United States Micruroides coral snakes western coral snake ranges from Central America to southwestern United States Calliophis Asian coral snakes Asian coral snake of India Aspidelaps African coral snakes African coral snake small widely distributed arboreal snake of southern Africa banded in black and orange Rhynchoelaps Australian coral snakes Australian coral snake small venomous but harmless snake marked with black-and-white on red Denisonia copperheads copperhead venomous but sluggish reddish-brown snake of Australia common coppery brown pit viper of upland eastern United States Naja cobras cobra venomous Asiatic and African elapid snakes that can expand the skin of the neck into a hood hood (zoology) an expandable part or marking that resembles a hood on the head or neck of an animal protective covering consisting of a metal part that covers the engine; "there are powerful engines under the hoods of new cars"; "the mechanic removed the cowling in order to repair the plane's engine" a headdress that protects the head and face the folding roof of a carriage metal covering leading to a vent that exhausts smoke or fumes (falconry) a leather covering for a hawk's head a tubular attachment used to keep stray light out of the lens of a camera (slang) a neighborhood a protective covering that is part of a plant an aggressive and violent young criminal cover with a hood; "The bandits were hooded" Indian cobra a cobra of tropical Africa and Asia asp cobra used by the Pharaohs as a symbol of their power over life and death of southern Europe; similar to but smaller than the adder Ophiophagus king cobra black-necked cobra aggressive cobra widely distributed in Africa; rarely bites but spits venom that may cause blindness hamadryad large cobra of southeastern Asia and the East Indies; the largest venomous snake; sometimes placed in genus Naja the nymph or spirit of a particular tree Hemachatus ringhals ringhals highly venomous snake of southern Africa able to spit venom up to seven feet Dendroaspis mambas mamba arboreal snake of central and southern Africa whose bite is often fatal black mamba a highly venomous southern African mamba dreaded because of its quickness and readiness to bite green mamba green phase of the black mamba Acanthophis Australian elapid snakes death adder venomous Australian snake resembling an adder Notechis tiger snakes tiger snake highly venomous brown-and-yellow snake of Australia and Tasmania Pseudechis venomous Australian blacksnakes Australian blacksnake large semiaquatic snake of Australia; black above with red belly Bungarus kraits krait brightly colored venomous but nonaggressive snake of southeastern Asia and Malay peninsula banded krait sluggish krait banded with black and yellow Oxyuranus taipans taipan large highly venomous snake of northeastern Australia Hydrophidae sea snakes sea snake any of numerous venomous aquatic viviparous snakes having a fin-like tail; of warm littoral seas; feed on fish which they immobilize with quick-acting venom Viperidae Old World vipers viper venomous Old World snakes characterized by hollow venom-conducting fangs in the upper jaw Vipera type genus of the Viperidae adder small terrestrial viper common in northern Eurasia a machine that adds numbers a person who adds numbers Bitis a genus of Viperidae puff adder large African viper that inflates its body when alarmed gaboon viper large heavy-bodied brilliantly marked and extremely venomous west African viper genus Cerastes horned vipers horned viper highly venomous viper of northern Africa and southwestern Asia having a horny spine above each eye Crotalidae New World vipers: pit vipers pit viper New World vipers with hollow fangs and a heat-sensitive pit on each side of the head Agkistrodon copperheads rattle loosely connected horny sections at the end of a rattlesnake's tail a baby's toy that makes percussive noises when shaken a rapid series of short loud sounds (as might be heard with a stethoscope in some types of respiratory disorders); "the death rattle" shake and cause to make a rattling noise make short successive sounds rattlesnake pit viper with horny segments at the end of the tail that rattle when shaken Crotalus large rattlesnakes; seldom bite unless startled or pursuing prey diamondback large deadly rattlesnake with diamond-shaped markings timber rattlesnake widely distributed in rugged ground of eastern United States canebrake rattlesnake southern variety prairie rattlesnake widely distributed between the Mississippi and the Rockies sidewinder small pale-colored desert rattlesnake of southwestern United States; body moves in an s-shaped curve air-to-air missile with infrared homing device Western diamondback largest and most dangerous North American snake; of southwestern United States and Mexico rock rattlesnake mountain rock dweller of Mexico and most southern parts of United States southwest tiger rattlesnake having irregularly cross-banded back; of arid foothills and canyons of southern Arizona and Mexico Mojave rattlesnake extremely dangerous; most common in areas of scattered scrubby growth; from Mojave Desert to western Texas and into Mexico speckled rattlesnake markings vary but usually harmonize with background; of southwestern Arizona and Baja California Sistrurus pygmy rattlesnakes massasauga pygmy rattlesnake found in moist areas from the Great Lakes to Mexico; feeds on mice and small amphibians ground rattler small pygmy rattlesnake Bothrops fer-de-lance fer-de-lance large extremely venomous pit viper of Central America and South America beak horny projecting mouth of a bird beaklike mouth of animals other than birds (e.g., turtles) informal terms for the nose a beaklike, tapering tip on certain plant structures cere the fleshy, waxy covering at the base of the upper beak of some birds wrap up in a cerecloth; "cere a corpse" carcase the dead body of an animal especially one slaughtered and dressed for food carrion the dead and rotting body of an animal; unfit for human food roadkill the dead body of an animal that has been killed on a road by a vehicle; "vultures usually feed on carrion or roadkill" arthropod family any of the arthropods arthropod genus a genus of arthropods Arthropoda jointed-foot invertebrates: arachnids; crustaceans; insects; millipedes; centipedes arthropod invertebrate having jointed limbs and a segmented body with an exoskeleton made of chitin trilobite an extinct arthropod that was abundant in Paleozoic times; had an exoskeleton divided into three parts Chelicerata spiders; scorpions; horseshoe crabs chelicera either of the first pair of fang-like appendages near the mouth of an arachnid; often modified for grasping and piercing mouthpart any part of the mouth of an insect or other arthropod especially one adapted to a specific way of feeding Arachnida a large class of arthropods including spiders and ticks and scorpions and daddy longlegs; have four pairs of walking legs and no wings arachnid air-breathing arthropods characterized by simple eyes and four pairs of legs Phalangida harvestmen Phalangiidae a family of Phalangida Phalangium type genus of the family Phalangiidae harvestman spiderlike arachnid with a small rounded body and very long thin legs Scorpionida true scorpions scorpion arachnid of warm dry regions having a long segmented tail ending in a venomous stinger Chelonethida false scorpions false scorpion small nonvenomous arachnid resembling a tailless scorpion Chelifer a genus of Chelonethida book scorpion minute arachnid sometimes found in old papers Pedipalpi whip scorpions whip-scorpion nonvenomous arachnid that resembles a scorpion and that has a long thin tail without a stinger Mastigoproctus giant whip scorpions vinegarroon large whip-scorpion of Mexico and southern United States that emits a vinegary odor when alarmed Araneae spiders spider predatory arachnid with eight legs, two poison fangs, two feelers, and usually two silk-spinning organs at the back end of the body; they spin silk to make cocoons for eggs or traps for prey a skillet made of cast iron a computer program that prowls the internet looking for publicly accessible resources that can be added to a database; the database can then be searched with a search engine orb-weaving spider a spider that spins a circular (or near circular) web Argiopidae spiders that spin orb webs; cosmopolitan in distribution Argiope the type genus of Argiopidae; small genus of orb-weaving spiders black and gold garden spider a widely distributed North American garden spider Aranea a genus of orb-weaving spiders including common garden spiders and barn spiders barn spider an orange and tan spider with darkly banded legs that spins an orb web daily; "the barn spider was made famous in E. B. White's book `Charlotte's Web'" garden spider a spider common in European gardens Theridiidae a family of comb-footed spiders comb-footed spider spider having a comb-like row of bristles on each hind foot Latrodectus venomous spiders black widow venomous New World spider; the female is black with an hourglass-shaped red mark on the underside of the abdomen Theraphosidae large tropical spiders; tarantulas tarantula large hairy tropical spider with fangs that can inflict painful but not highly venomous bites Lycosidae wolf spiders wolf spider ground spider that hunts its prey instead of using a web Lycosa type genus of the family Lycosidae European wolf spider large southern European spider once thought to be the cause of tarantism (uncontrollable bodily movement) Ctenizidae large burrowing spiders trap-door spider American spider that constructs a silk-lined nest with a hinged lid Acarina mites and ticks acarine mite or tick tick any of two families of small parasitic arachnids with barbed proboscis; feed on blood of warm-blooded animals a light mattress a metallic tapping sound; "he counted the ticks of the clock" sew; "tick a mattress" make a sound like a clock or a timer; "the clocks were ticking"; "the grandfather clock beat midnight" Ixodidae hard ticks hard tick ticks having a hard shield on the back and mouth parts that project from the head Ixodes type genus of the family Ixodidae Ixodes dammini a northeastern tick now recognized as same species as Ixodes scapularis Ixodes neotomae a tick that usually does not bite humans; transmits Lyme disease spirochete to dusky-footed wood rats Ixodes pacificus a tick that feeds on dusky-footed wood rat and bites humans; principal vector for Lyme disease in western United States especially northern California Ixodes scapularis parasitic on mice of genus Peromyscus and bites humans; principal vector for Lyme disease in eastern United States (especially New England); northern form was for a time known as Ixodes dammini (deer tick) sheep-tick parasitic on sheep and cattle as well as humans; can transmit looping ill in sheep (acute viral disease of the nervous system); a vector for Lyme disease spirochete Ixodes persulcatus bites humans; a vector for Lyme disease spirochete Ixodes dentatus usually does not bite humans; transmits Lyme disease spirochete to cottontail rabbits and wood rats Ixodes spinipalpis usually does not bite humans; transmits Lyme disease spirochete to cottontail rabbits and wood rats Dermacentor vectors of important diseases of man and animals wood tick common tick that can transmit Rocky Mountain spotted fever and tularemia Argasidae soft ticks soft tick tick lacking a dorsal shield and having mouth parts on the under side of the head mite any of numerous very small to minute arachnids often infesting animals or plants or stored foods web-spinning mite a mite that spins a web Acaridae mites acarid very small free-living arachnid that is parasitic on animals or plants; related to ticks Trombidiidae mites trombidiid mite that in all stages feeds on other arthropods Trombiculidae mites trombiculid mite that as nymph and adult feeds on early stages of small arthropods but whose larvae are parasitic on terrestrial vertebrates Trombicula type genus of the family Trombiculidae harvest mite larval mite that sucks the blood of vertebrates including human beings causing intense irritation Sarcoptidae small whitish mites Sarcoptes type genus of the family Sarcoptidae: itch mites acarus any of several mites of the order Acarina itch mite whitish mites that attack the skin of humans and other animals; "itch mites cause scabies" rust mite any of several varieties of mite that burrow into plants and cause a reddish-brown discoloration on the leaves or fruit Tetranychidae plant-feeding mites spider mite web-spinning mite that attacks garden plants and fruit trees Panonychus a genus of Tetranychidae red spider small web-spinning mite; a serious orchard pest superclass Myriapoda used in some classifications to encompass the millipedes (Diplopoda) and centipedes (Chilopoda); formerly a large taxon including also the Pauropoda and Symphyla; the term Myriapoda now usually used synonymously with Diplopoda and limited to the millipedes myriapod general term for any terrestrial arthropod having an elongated body composed of many similar segments: e.g. centipedes and millipedes Pauropoda an obscure class of minute arthropods with branched antennae and 8 to 10 pairs of legs Symphyla small class of minute arthropods; unimportant except for the garden centipede Scutigerella garden centipedes garden centipede minute arthropod often infesting the underground parts of truck-garden and greenhouse crops Tardigrada in some classifications considered a separate phylum: microscopic arachnid-like invertebrates living in water or damp moss having 4 pairs of legs and instead of a mouth a pair of stylets or needlelike piercing organs connected with the pharynx tardigrade an arthropod of the division Tardigrada Chilopoda arthropods having the trunk composed of numerous somites each bearing one pair of legs: centipedes centipede chiefly nocturnal predacious arthropod having a flattened body of 15 to 173 segments each with a pair of legs, the foremost pair being modified as prehensors prehensor the anterior pair of legs of a centipede that are modified to seize prey and inject venom from the toxicognaths toxicognath either of a pair of poison fangs in the modified front pair of legs of the centipede Scutigeridae a family of Chilopoda Scutigera a genus of Scutigeridae house centipede long-legged centipede common in damp places as e.g. cellars Geophilomorpha small elongate centipedes living in soil and under stones and having more than 30 pairs of legs Geophilidae small extremely elongate centipedes that live in earth Geophilus type genus of the Geophilidae: a cosmopolitan genus of centipedes sometimes called earwigs Diplopoda arthropods having the body composed of numerous double somites each with two pairs of legs: millipedes millipede any of numerous herbivorous nonpoisonous arthropods having a cylindrical body of 20 to 100 or more segments most with two pairs of legs Pycnogonida sea spiders sea spider any of various small spiderlike marine arthropods having small thin bodies and long slender legs Merostomata used in some classifications; includes the orders Xiphosura and Eurypterida Xiphosura horseshoe crabs and extinct forms Limulidae horseshoe crabs Limulus type genus of the family Limulidae horseshoe crab large marine arthropod of the Atlantic coast of North America having a domed carapace that is shaped like a horseshoe and a stiff pointed tail; a living fossil related to the wood louse Tachypleus a genus of Limulidae Asian horseshoe crab horseshoe crab of the coast of eastern Asia Eurypterida extinct aquatic arthropods of the Paleozoic eurypterid large extinct scorpion-like arthropod considered related to horseshoe crabs Pentastomida tongue worms tongue worm wormlike arthropod having two pairs of hooks at the sides of the mouth; parasitic in nasal sinuses of mammals Galliformes pheasants; turkeys; grouse; partridges; quails; chickens; brush turkeys; curassows; hoatzins gallinaceous bird heavy-bodied largely ground-feeding domestic or game birds domestic fowl a domesticated gallinaceous bird thought to be descended from the red jungle fowl Dorking an English breed of large domestic fowl having five toes (the hind toe doubled) Plymouth Rock an American breed of domestic fowl a boulder in Plymouth supposed to be where the Pilgrims disembarked from the Mayflower Cornish English breed of compact domestic fowl; raised primarily to crossbreed to produce roasters a Celtic language spoken in Cornwall of or related to Cornwall or its people or the Cornish language Rock Cornish small plump hybrid developed by crossbreeding Plymouth Rock and Cornish fowl game fowl any of several breeds reared for cockfighting cochin Asian breed of large fowl with dense plumage and feathered legs Gallus common domestic birds and related forms jungle fowl small Asiatic wild bird; believed to be ancestral to domestic fowl jungle cock male jungle fowl jungle hen female jungle fowl red jungle fowl a jungle fowl of southeastern Asia that is considered ancestral to the domestic fowl chicken a domestic fowl bred for flesh or eggs; believed to have been developed from the red jungle fowl a foolhardy competition; a dangerous activity that is continued until one competitor becomes afraid and stops the flesh of a chicken used for food easily frightened bantam any of various small breeds of fowl very small; "diminutive in stature"; "a lilliputian chest of drawers"; "her petite figure"; "tiny feet"; "the flyspeck nation of Bahrain moved toward democracy" chick young bird especially of domestic fowl cockerel a young domestic cock; not older than one year capon castrated male chicken flesh of a castrated male chicken cackler a hen that has just laid an egg and emits a shrill squawk brood hen a domestic hen ready to brood mother hen a hen with chicks a person who cares for the needs of others (especially in an overprotective or interfering way) pullet young hen usually less than a year old spring chicken a young chicken having tender meat Rhode Island red American breed of heavy-bodied brownish-red general-purpose chicken Dominique American breed of chicken having barred grey plumage raised for meat and brown eggs Orpington English breed of large chickens with white skin Meleagrididae turkeys and some extinct forms Meleagris type genus of the Meleagrididae: wild and domestic turkeys turkey large gallinaceous bird with fan-shaped tail; widely domesticated for food an event that fails badly or is totally ineffectual; "the first experiment was a real turkey"; "the meeting was a dud as far as new business was concerned" flesh of large domesticated fowl usually roasted turkey cock male turkey Agriocharis a genus of birds of the family Meleagrididae including the ocellated turkey ocellated turkey wild turkey of Central America and northern South America Tetraonidae grouse grouse popular game bird having a plump body and feathered legs and feet flesh of any of various grouse of the family Tetraonidae; usually roasted; flesh too dry to broil hunt grouse Lyrurus black grouse black grouse grouse of which the male is bluish-black European black grouse large northern European grouse that is black with a lyre-shaped tail Asian black grouse a black grouse of western Asia blackcock male black grouse greyhen female black grouse Lagopus ptarmigans ptarmigan large Arctic and subarctic grouse with feathered feet and usually white winter plumage red grouse reddish-brown grouse of upland moors of Great Britain moorhen female red grouse black gallinule that inhabits ponds and lakes moorcock male red grouse Tetrao type genus of the Tetraonidae: capercaillies capercaillie large black Old World grouse Canachites spruce grouse spruce grouse North American grouse that feeds on evergreen buds and needles Centrocercus sage grouse sage grouse large grouse of sagebrush regions of North America Bonasa ruffed grouse ruffed grouse valued as a game bird in eastern United States and Canada Pedioecetes sharp-tailed grouse sharp-tailed grouse large grouse of prairies and open forests of western North America Tympanuchus prairie chickens prairie chicken brown mottled North American grouse of western prairies greater prairie chicken the most common variety of prairie chicken lesser prairie chicken a smaller prairie chicken of western Texas heath hen extinct prairie chicken Cracidae curassows; guans; chachalacas guan any of several large turkey-like game birds of the family Cracidae; native to jungles of tropical America; resembling the curassows and valued as food Crax type genus of the Cracidae: curassows curassow large crested arboreal game bird of warm parts of the Americas having long legs and tails; highly esteemed as game and food Penelope a genus of guans (turkey-like arboreal birds valued as game and food birds) (Greek mythology) the wife of Odysseus and a symbol of devotion and fidelity; for 10 years while Odysseus fought the Trojan War she resisted numerous suitors until Odysseus returned and killed them Pipile genus of large crested guans (the piping guans) piping guan a kind of guan Ortalis chachalacas chachalaca slender arboreal guan resembling a wild turkey; native to Central America and Mexico; highly regarded as game birds Texas chachalaca of Mexico and Texas Megapodiidae megapodes Megapodius type genus of the Megapodiidae megapode large-footed short-winged birds of Australasia; build mounds of decaying vegetation to incubate eggs genus Leipoa mallee fowl mallee fowl Australian mound bird; incubates eggs naturally in sandy mounds mallee hen adult female mallee fowl Alectura brush turkeys brush turkey black megapode of wooded regions of Australia and New Guinea Macrocephalon maleos maleo Celebes megapode that lays eggs in holes in sandy beaches Phasianidae pheasants; quails; partridges phasianid a kind of game bird in the family Phasianidae Phasianus type genus of the Phasianidae: the typical pheasants pheasant large long-tailed gallinaceous bird native to the Old World but introduced elsewhere flesh of a pheasant; usually braised ring-necked pheasant common pheasant having bright plumage and a white neck ring genus Afropavo Congo peafowl afropavo both sexes are brightly colored Argusianus argus pheasants argus large brilliantly patterned East Indian pheasant Chrysolophus golden pheasants golden pheasant brightly colored crested pheasant of mountains of western and central Asia Colinus New World quail: the bobwhites bobwhite a popular North American game bird; named for its call northern bobwhite a favorite game bird of eastern and central United States Coturnix Old World quail Old World quail small game bird with a rounded body and small tail migratory quail the typical Old World quail Lophophorus monals monal brilliantly colored pheasant of southern Asia Odontophorus genus of Central and South American crested partridges resembling quails; sometimes placed in a distinct subfamily or isolated in a distinct family Pavo peafowl a small constellation near the South Pole between Tucana and Ara peafowl very large terrestrial southeast Asian pheasant often raised as an ornamental bird peachick a young peafowl peacock male peafowl; having a crested head and very large fanlike tail marked with iridescent eyes or spots European butterfly having reddish-brown wings each marked with a purple eyespot peahen female peafowl blue peafowl peafowl of India and Ceylon green peafowl peafowl of southeast Asia quail small gallinaceous game birds flesh of quail; suitable for roasting or broiling if young; otherwise must be braised Lofortyx California quail California quail plump chunky bird of coastal California and Oregon genus Tragopan a genus of Phasianidae tragopan brilliantly colored Asian pheasant having wattles and two fleshy processes on the head Perdicidae Old World partridges partridge small Old World gallinaceous game birds flesh of either quail or grouse Perdix a genus of Perdicinae Hungarian partridge common European partridge Alectoris a genus of Perdicidae red-legged partridge common western European partridge with red legs Greek partridge of mountainous areas of southern Europe Oreortyx mountain quail of western United States mountain quail California partridge; slightly larger than the California quail Numididae guinea fowl and related birds of Africa and Madagascar Numida guinea fowl guinea fowl a west African bird having dark plumage mottled with white; native to Africa but raised for food in many parts of the world guinea hen female guinea fowl flesh of a guinea fowl (especially of hens) Opisthocomidae comprising the hoatzins Opisthocomus type genus of the Opisthocomidae: hoatzins hoatzin crested ill-smelling South American bird whose young have claws on the first and second digits of the wings Tinamiformes coextensive with the family Tinamidae Tinamidae comprising the tinamous tinamou heavy-bodied small-winged South American game bird resembling a gallinaceous bird but related to the ratite birds Columbiformes sand grouse; pigeons; doves; extinct dodos and solitaires columbiform bird a cosmopolitan order of land birds having small heads and short legs with four unwebbed toes Raphidae extinct dodos and solitaires Raphus type genus of the Raphidae: dodos dodo extinct heavy flightless bird of Mauritius related to pigeons someone whose style is out of fashion Pezophaps constituted by the extinct solitaire Columbidae doves and pigeons pigeon wild and domesticated birds having a heavy body and short legs pouter pigeon one of a breed of pigeon that enlarge their crop until their breast is puffed out dove any of numerous small pigeons an emblem of peace someone who prefers negotiations to armed conflict in the conduct of foreign relations Columba type genus of the Columbidae: typical pigeons a constellation in the southern hemisphere near Puppis and Caelum rock dove pale grey Eurasian pigeon having black-striped wings from which most domestic species are descended band-tailed pigeon wild pigeon of western North America; often mistaken for the now extinct passenger pigeon wood pigeon Eurasian pigeon with white patches on wings and neck Streptopelia turtledoves turtledove any of several Old World wild doves Streptopelia turtur the common European wild dove noted for its plaintive cooing ringdove greyish Old World turtledove with a black band around the neck; often caged Stictopelia a genus of Columbidae Australian turtledove small Australian dove Zenaidura mourning doves mourning dove wild dove of the United States having a mournful call domestic pigeon domesticated pigeon raised for sport or food squab an unfledged pigeon a soft padded sofa flesh of a pigeon suitable for roasting or braising; flesh of a dove (young squab) may be broiled short and fat fairy swallow fancy domestic pigeon having blue-and-white plumage and heavily muffed feet homing pigeon pigeon trained to return home carrier pigeon a homing pigeon used to carry messages Ectopistes a genus of Columbidae passenger pigeon gregarious North American migratory pigeon now extinct Pteroclididae sandgrouses sandgrouse pigeon-like bird of arid regions of the Old World having long pointed wings and tail and precocial downy young Pterocles type genus of the Pteroclididae painted sandgrouse sandgrouse of India pin-tailed sandgrouse sandgrouse of Europe and Africa having elongated middle tail feathers Syrrhaptes a genus of Pteroclididae pallas's sandgrouse Eurasiatic sandgrouse with a black patch on the belly Psittaciformes an order of birds including parrots and amazons and cockatoos and lorikeets and lories and macaws and parakeets parrot usually brightly colored zygodactyl tropical birds with short hooked beaks and the ability to mimic sounds a copycat who does not understand the words or acts being imitated repeat mindlessly; "The students parroted the teacher's words" popinjay an archaic term for a parrot a vain and talkative person (chatters like a parrot) Psittacidae coextensive with the order Psittaciformes Psittacus type genus of the Psittacidae: usually restricted to the African grey African grey commonly domesticated grey parrot with red-and-black tail and white face; native to equatorial Africa Amazona a genus of Psittacidae amazon mainly green tropical American parrots a large strong and aggressive woman Ara macaws a constellation in the southern hemisphere near Telescopium and Norma macaw long-tailed brilliantly colored parrot of Central America and South America; among the largest and showiest of parrots Nestor a genus of Psittacidae (Greek mythology) a wise old counselor to the Greeks at Troy kea large brownish-green New Zealand parrot Kakatoe a genus of Psittacidae cockatoo white or light-colored crested parrot of the Australian region; often kept as cage birds sulphur-crested cockatoo white cockatoo with a yellow erectile crest pink cockatoo white Australian cockatoo with roseate tinged plumage Nymphicus a genus of Psittacidae cockateel small grey Australian parrot with a yellow crested head Agapornis a genus of Psittacidae lovebird small African parrot noted for showing affection for their mates Loriinae lories lory small brightly colored Australasian parrots having a brush-tipped tongue for feeding on nectar and soft fruits lorikeet any of various small lories Glossopsitta a genus of Loriinae varied Lorikeet lorikeet with a colorful coat Trichoglossus a genus of Loriinae rainbow lorikeet a kind of lorikeet parakeet any of numerous small slender long-tailed parrots Conuropsis a genus of Psittacidae Carolina parakeet extinct parakeet whose range extended far into the United States Melopsittacus a genus of Psittacidae budgerigar small Australian parakeet usually light green with black and yellow markings in the wild but bred in many colors Psittacula a genus of Psittacidae ring-necked parakeet African parakeet Cuculiformes cuckoos; touracos; etc. cuculiform bird birds having zygodactyl feet (except for the touracos) Cuculidae includes cuckoo; ani; roadrunner cuckoo any of numerous European and North American birds having pointed wings and a long tail repeat monotonously, like a cuckoo repeats his call Cuculus type genus of the Cuculidae European cuckoo common cuckoo of Europe having a distinctive two-note call; lays eggs in the nests of other birds Coccyzus a genus of Cuculidae black-billed cuckoo North American cuckoo; builds a nest and rears its own young Geococcyx roadrunners roadrunner speedy largely terrestrial bird found from California and Mexico to Texas Crotophaga ani ani black tropical American cuckoo Centropus a genus of Cuculidae coucal Old World ground-living cuckoo having a long dagger-like hind claw crow pheasant common coucal of India and China pheasant coucal Australian bird with a tail like a pheasant Musophagidae touracos Musophaga type genus of the Musophagidae touraco large brightly crested bird of Africa Coraciiformes rollers; kingfishers; hornbills; hoopoes; motmots; bee eaters; todies Picariae term used in some classifications as nearly equivalent to the order Coraciiformes coraciiform bird chiefly short-legged arboreal nonpasserine birds that nest in holes Coraciidae rollers Coracias type genus of the Coraciidae European roller common European blue-and-green roller with a reddish-brown back ground roller Madagascan roller with terrestrial and crepuscular habits that feeds on e.g. insects and worms Alcedinidae kingfishers halcyon a mythical bird said to breed at the time of the winter solstice in a nest floating on the sea and to have the power of calming the winds and waves idyllically calm and peaceful; suggesting happy tranquillity; "a halcyon atmosphere" kingfisher nonpasserine large-headed bird with a short tail and long sharp bill; usually crested and bright-colored; feed mostly on fish Alcedo type genus of the Alcedinidae Eurasian kingfisher small kingfisher with greenish-blue and orange plumage Ceryle a genus of birds of the family Alcedinidae belted kingfisher greyish-blue North American kingfisher with a chestnut band on its chest Dacelo Australasian kingfishers Halcyon a large kingfisher widely distributed in warmer parts of the Old World kookaburra Australian kingfisher having a loud cackling cry Meropidae bee-eaters Merops type genus of the Meropidae bee eater colorful chiefly tropical Old World bird having a strong graceful flight; feeds on especially bees Bucerotidae hornbills Buceros type genus of the family Bucerotidae hornbill bird of tropical Africa and Asia having a very large bill surmounted by a bony protuberance; related to kingfishers Upupidae hoopoes Upupa type genus of the Upupidae hoopoe any of several crested Old World birds with a slender downward-curved bill Euopean hoopoe pinkish-brown hoopoe with black-and-white wings Phoeniculidae wood hoopoes Phoeniculus type and only genus of the family Phoeniculidae wood hoopoe tropical African bird having metallic blackish plumage but no crest Momotidae a family of birds of the order Coraciiformes Momotus type genus of the Momotidae motmot tropical American bird resembling a blue jay and having greenish and bluish plumage Todidae a family of birds of the order Coraciiformes Todus type genus of the Todidae tody tiny insectivorous West Indian bird having red-and-green plumage and a long straight bill Apodiformes swifts; hummingbirds apodiform bird nonpasserine bird having long wings and weak feet; spends much of its time in flight Apodidae swifts; in former classifications included in the order Coraciiformes swift a small bird that resembles a swallow and is noted for its rapid flight Apus type genus a constellation in the polar region of the southern hemisphere near Octans European swift common European bird with a shrieking call that nests chiefly about eaves of buildings or on cliffs Chateura a genus of Apodidae chimney swift American swift that nests in e.g. unused chimneys Collocalia a genus of Apodidae swiftlet swift of eastern Asia; produces the edible bird's nest Hemiprocnidae tree swifts tree swift birds of southeast Asia and East Indies differing from true swifts in having upright crests and nesting in trees Trochilidae hummingbirds hummingbird tiny American bird having brilliant iridescent plumage and long slender bills; wings are specialized for vibrating flight Archilochus a genus of Trochilidae Archilochus colubris a kind of hummingbird Chalcostigma thornbills Ramphomicron thornbills thornbill any of various South American hummingbirds with a sharp pointed bill Caprimulgiformes goatsuckers; frogmouths; oilbirds caprimulgiform bird long-winged nonpasserine birds Caprimulgidae goatsuckers goatsucker mainly crepuscular or nocturnal nonpasserine birds with mottled greyish-brown plumage and large eyes; feed on insects Caprimulgus type genus of the Caprimulgidae European goatsucker Old World goatsucker chuck-will's-widow large whippoorwill-like bird of the southern United States whippoorwill American nocturnal goatsucker with grey-and-white plumage Chordeiles a genus of Caprimulgidae nighthawk mainly nocturnal North American goatsucker Phalaenoptilus a genus of Caprimulgidae poorwill goatsucker of western North America Podargidae frogmouths Podargus type genus of the Podargidae frogmouth insectivorous bird of Australia and southeastern Asia having a wide frog-like mouth Steatornithidae oilbirds Steatornis type and sole genus of the family Steatornithidae oilbird nocturnal fruit-eating bird of South America that has fatty young yielding an oil that is used instead of butter Piciformes woodpeckers; jacamars; puffbirds; barbets; honey guides; toucans piciform bird any of numerous nonpasserine insectivorous climbing birds usually having strong bills for boring wood Picidae woodpeckers woodpecker bird with strong claws and a stiff tail adapted for climbing and a hard chisel-like bill for boring into wood for insects Picus type genus of Picidae green woodpecker woodpecker of Europe and western Asia Picoides a genus of Picidae downy woodpecker small North American woodpecker with black and white plumage and a small bill Colaptes a genus of Picidae flicker North American woodpecker a momentary flash of light move back and forth very rapidly; "the candle flickered" flash intermittently; "The lights flicked on and off" shine unsteadily; "The candle flickered" yellow-shafted flicker large flicker of eastern North America with a red neck and yellow undersurface to wings and tail gilded flicker southwestern United States bird like the yellow-shafted flicker but lacking the red neck red-shafted flicker western United States bird with red undersurface to wings and tail Campephilus a genus of Picidae ivorybill large black-and-white woodpecker of southern United States and Cuba having an ivory bill; nearly extinct Melanerpes a genus of Picidae redheaded woodpecker black-and-white North American woodpecker having a red head and neck Sphyrapicus a genus of Picidae sapsucker small American woodpecker that feeds on sap from e.g. apple and maple trees yellow-bellied sapsucker eastern North American sapsucker having a pale yellow abdomen red-breasted sapsucker western North American sapsucker Jynx wrynecks wryneck Old World woodpecker with a peculiar habit of twisting the neck Picumnus a genus of Picidae piculet small woodpeckers of South America and Africa and East Indies having soft rounded tail feathers Capitonidae barbets barbet small brightly colored stout-billed tropical bird having short weak wings Bucconidae puffbirds puffbird brownish tropical American bird having a large head with fluffed out feathers Indicatoridae honey guides honey guide small bird of tropical Africa and Asia; feeds on beeswax and honey and larvae Galbulidae jacamars jacamar tropical American insectivorous bird having a long sharp bill and iridescent green or bronze plumage Ramphastidae toucans toucan brilliantly colored arboreal fruit-eating bird of tropical America having a very large thin-walled beak Aulacorhyncus a genus of Ramphastidae toucanet small toucan Trogoniformes trogons Trogonidae coextensive with the order Trogoniformes genus Trogon type genus of the Trogonidae trogon forest bird of warm regions of the New World having brilliant lustrous plumage and long tails Pharomacrus a genus of Trogonidae quetzal large trogon of Central America and South America having golden-green and scarlet plumage the basic unit of money in Guatemala; equal to 100 centavos resplendent quetzel very rare Central American bird; the national bird of Guatemala aquatic bird wading and swimming and diving birds of either fresh or salt water waterfowl freshwater aquatic bird Anseriformes ducks; geese; swans; screamers anseriform bird chiefly web-footed swimming birds Anatidae swimming birds having heavy short-legged bodies and bills with a horny tip: swans; geese; ducks Anseres used in some especially older classifications; coextensive with the family Anatidae duck small wild or domesticated web-footed broad-billed swimming bird usually having a depressed body and short legs a heavy cotton fabric of plain weave; used for clothing and tents flesh of a duck (domestic or wild) (cricket) a score of nothing by a batsman to move (the head or body) quickly downwards or away; "Before he could duck, another stone struck him" submerge or plunge suddenly drake adult male of a wild or domestic duck quack-quack child's word for a duck duckling young duck flesh of a young domestic duck diving duck any of various ducks of especially bays and estuaries that dive for their food dabbling duck any of numerous shallow-water ducks that feed by upending and dabbling Anas type genus of the Anatidae: freshwater ducks mallard wild dabbling duck from which domestic ducks are descended; widely distributed black duck a dusky duck of northeastern United States and Canada teal any of various small short-necked dabbling river ducks of Europe and America greenwing common teal of Eurasia and North America bluewing American teal garganey small Eurasian teal widgeon freshwater duck of Eurasia and northern Africa related to mallards and teals American widgeon a widgeon the male of which has a white crown shoveler freshwater duck of the northern hemisphere having a broad flat bill a worker who shovels; "a shoveler of coal" pintail long-necked river duck of the Old and New Worlds having elongated central tail feathers Tadorna sheldrakes sheldrake Old World gooselike duck slightly larger than a mallard with variegated mostly black-and-white plumage and a red bill shelduck female sheldrake Oxyura ruddy duck ruddy duck reddish-brown stiff-tailed duck of North America and northern South America Bucephala buffleheads and goldeneyes bufflehead small North American diving duck; males have bushy head plumage goldeneye large-headed swift-flying diving duck of Arctic regions a variety of green lacewing Barrow's goldeneye North American goldeneye diving duck Aythya canvasback; redhead; pochard; etc. canvasback North American wild duck valued for sport and food pochard heavy-bodied Old World diving duck having a grey-and-black body and reddish head redhead North American diving duck with a grey-and-black body and reddish-brown head someone who has red hair scaup diving ducks of North America having a bluish-grey bill greater scaup large scaup of North America having a greenish iridescence on the head of the male lesser scaup common scaup of North America; males have purplish heads wild duck an undomesticated duck (especially a mallard) Aix wood duck and mandarin duck wood duck showy North American duck that nests in hollow trees wood drake male wood duck mandarin duck showy crested Asiatic duck; often domesticated Cairina a genus of Anatidae muscovy duck large crested wild duck of Central America and South America; widely domesticated sea duck any of various large diving ducks found along the seacoast: eider; scoter; merganser Somateria eider ducks eider duck of the northern hemisphere much valued for the fine soft down of the females Melanitta scoters scoter large black diving duck of northern parts of the northern hemisphere common scoter a variety of scoter Clangula a genus of ducks old squaw a common long-tailed sea duck of the northern parts of the United States Merginae mergansers and closely related diving birds Mergus mergansers merganser large crested fish-eating diving duck having a slender hooked bill with serrated edges goosander common merganser of Europe and North America American merganser common North American diving duck considered a variety of the European goosander red-breasted merganser widely distributed merganser of America and Europe smew smallest merganser and most expert diver; found in northern Eurasia Lophodytes a genus of Merginae hooded merganser small North American duck with a high circular crest on the male's head goose web-footed long-necked typically gregarious migratory aquatic birds usually larger and less aquatic than ducks flesh of a goose (domestic or wild) give a spurt of fuel to; "goose the car" prod into action pinch in the buttocks; "he goosed the unsuspecting girl" gosling young goose gander mature male goose Anser typical geese Chinese goose very large wild goose of northeast Asia; interbreeds freely with the greylag greylag common grey wild goose of Europe; ancestor of many domestic breeds Chen wild goose having white adult plumage blue goose North American wild goose having dark plumage in summer but white in winter snow goose blue goose in the white color phase Branta wild geese brant small dark geese that breed in the north and migrate southward common brant goose the best known variety of brant goose honker common greyish-brown wild goose of North America with a loud, trumpeting call a driver who causes his car's horn to make a loud honking sound; "the honker was fined for disturbing the peace" barnacle goose European goose smaller than the brant; breeds in the far north Anserinae used in some classifications for the swans genus Coscoroba a genus of Anatidae coscoroba large white South American bird intermediate in some respects between ducks and swans swan stately heavy-bodied aquatic bird with very long neck and usually white plumage as adult sweep majestically; "Airplanes were swanning over the mountains" cob adult male swan stocky short-legged harness horse pen female swan a writing implement with a point from which ink flows an enclosure for confining livestock cygnet a young swan Cygnus a genus of Anatidae a constellation in the northern hemisphere between Pegasus and Draco in the Milky Way; contains a black hole mute swan soundless Eurasian swan; commonly domesticated whooper common Old World swan noted for its whooping call tundra swan swan that nests in tundra regions of the New and Old Worlds whistling swan North American subspecies of tundra swan having a soft whistling note Bewick's swan Eurasian subspecies of tundra swan; smaller than the whooper trumpeter large pure white wild swan of western North America having a sonorous cry large gregarious crane-like bird of the forests of South America having glossy black plumage and a loud prolonged cry; easily domesticated a musician who plays the trumpet or cornet black swan large Australian swan having black plumage and a red bill Anhimidae screamers screamer gooselike aquatic bird of South America having a harsh trumpeting call a sensational newspaper headline Anhima type genus of the Anhimidae; horned screamers horned screamer screamer having a hornlike process projecting from the forehead Chauna crested screamers crested screamer distinguished from the horned screamer by a feathery crest on the back of the head chaja largest crested screamer; native to southern Brazil and Argentina Mammalia warm-blooded vertebrates characterized by mammary glands in the female mammal any warm-blooded vertebrate having the skin more or less covered with hair; young are born alive except for the small subclass of monotremes and nourished with milk female mammal animals that nourish their young with milk mammal family a family of mammals mammal genus a genus of mammals tusker any mammal with prominent tusks (especially an elephant or wild boar) Prototheria echidnas; platypus prototherian primitive oviparous mammals found only in Australia and Tasmania and New Guinea Monotremata coextensive with the subclass Prototheria monotreme the most primitive mammals comprising the only extant members of the subclass Prototheria Tachyglossidae echidnas Tachyglossus type genus of the family Tachyglossidae echidna a burrowing monotreme mammal covered with spines and having a long snout and claws for hunting ants and termites; native to Australia a burrowing monotreme mammal covered with spines and having a long snout and claws for hunting ants and termites; native to New Guinea Zaglossus a genus of Tachyglossidae Ornithorhynchidae platypus Ornithorhynchus type genus of the family Ornithorhynchidae platypus small densely furred aquatic monotreme of Australia and Tasmania having a broad bill and tail and webbed feet; only species in the family Ornithorhynchidae Pantotheria generalized extinct mammals widespread during the Jurassic; commonly conceded to be ancestral to marsupial and placental mammals Metatheria pouched animals metatherian primitive pouched mammals found mainly in Australia and the Americas Marsupialia coextensive with the subclass Metatheria marsupial mammals of which the females have a pouch (the marsupium) containing the teats where the young are fed and carried of or relating to the marsupials; "marsupial animals" Didelphidae opossums opossum nocturnal arboreal marsupial having a naked prehensile tail found from southern North America to northern South America Didelphis type genus of the family Didelphidae common opossum omnivorous opossum of the eastern United States; noted for feigning death when in danger; esteemed as food in some areas; considered same species as the crab-eating opossum of South America crab-eating opossum South American opossum Caenolestidae small marsupials of southern South America Caenolestes type genus of the family Caenolestidae opossum rat terrestrial marsupials of southern South America that resemble shrews Peramelidae bandicoots bandicoot any of various agile ratlike terrestrial marsupials of Australia and adjacent islands; insectivorous and herbivorous Macrotis a genus of Peramelidae rabbit-eared bandicoot bandicoot with leathery ears like a rabbit Macropodidae kangaroos; wallabies kangaroo any of several herbivorous leaping marsupials of Australia and New Guinea having large powerful hind legs and a long thick tail Macropus type genus of the family Macropodidae: typical kangaroos and wallabies giant kangaroo very large greyish-brown Australian kangaroo formerly abundant in open wooded areas wallaby any of various small or medium-sized kangaroos; often brightly colored common wallaby a small wallaby having a height of 30 inches Lagorchestes hare wallabies hare wallaby small Australian wallaby that resembles a hare and has persistent teeth Onychogalea a genus of Macropodidae nail-tailed wallaby small wallabies with a horny nail on the tip of the tail Petrogale rock wallabies rock wallaby slender long-legged Australian wallabies living in caves and rocky areas Thylogale pademelons pademelon small reddish-brown wallabies of scrubby areas of Australia and New Guinea Dendrolagus tree wallabies tree wallaby arboreal wallabies of New Guinea and northern Australia having hind and forelegs of similar length Hypsiprymnodon musk kangaroos musk kangaroo small kangaroo of northeastern Australia Potoroinae rat kangaroos rat kangaroo any of several rabbit-sized ratlike Australian kangaroos Potorous potoroos potoroo Australian rat kangaroos Bettongia jerboa kangaroo bettong short-nosed rat kangaroo jerboa kangaroo brush-tailed rat kangaroo Phalangeridae phalangers; koalas phalanger small furry Australian arboreal marsupials having long usually prehensile tails genus Phalanger type genus of the family Phalangeridae: cuscuses cuscus woolly-haired monkey-like arboreal marsupial of New Guinea and northern Australia Trichosurus a genus of Phalangeridae brush-tailed phalanger bushy-tailed phalanger Petaurus a genus of Phalangeridae flying phalanger nocturnal phalangers that move with gliding leaps using parachute-like folds of skin along the sides of the body Acrobates a genus of Phalangeridae flying mouse tiny flying phalanger Phascolarctos koalas koala sluggish tailless Australian arboreal marsupial with grey furry ears and coat; feeds on eucalyptus leaves and bark Vombatidae wombats wombat burrowing herbivorous Australian marsupials about the size of a badger Dasyuridae dasyures; native cats; pouched mice; banded anteaters; Tasmanian devils dasyurid marsupial small carnivorous nocturnal marsupials of Australia and Tasmania Dasyurus type genus of the family Dasyuridae: native cats dasyure any of several more or less arboreal marsupials somewhat resembling martens eastern dasyure a variety of dasyure native cat carnivorous arboreal cat-like marsupials of Australia and Tasmania Thylacinus Tasmanian wolf thylacine rare doglike carnivorous marsupial of Tasmania having stripes on its back; probably extinct Sarcophilus Tasmanian devil Tasmanian devil small ferocious carnivorous marsupial having a mostly black coat and long tail Phascogale pouched mice pouched mouse any of numerous small sharp-nosed insectivorous marsupials superficially resembling mice or rats Myrmecobius banded anteater numbat small Australian marsupial having long snout and strong claws for feeding on termites; nearly extinct Notoryctidae pouched moles Notoryctus type genus of the family Notoryctidae: comprising solely the marsupial mole pouched mole small burrowing Australian marsupial that resembles a mole Eutheria all mammals except monotremes and marsupials placental mammals having a placenta; all mammals except monotremes and marsupials pertaining to or having or occurring by means of a placenta; "all mammals except monotremes and marsupials are placental mammals" livestock any animals kept for use or profit cow mature female of mammals of which the male is called `bull' female of domestic cattle: "`moo-cow' is a child's term" a large unpleasant woman calf young of domestic cattle young of various large placental mammals e.g. whale or giraffe or elephant or buffalo the muscular back part of the shank fine leather from the skin of a calf yearling an animal in its second year a racehorse considered one year old until the second Jan. 1 following its birth buck mature male of various mammals (especially deer or antelope) jump vertically, with legs stiff and back arched; "the yung filly bucked" resist; "buck the trend" to strive with determination; "John is bucking for a promotion" doe mature female of mammals of which the male is called `buck' Insectivora shrews; moles; hedgehogs; tenrecs Lipotyphla moles; hedgehogs; true shrews Menotyphla elephant shrews; tree shrews Talpidae moles mole small velvety-furred burrowing mammal having small eyes and fossorial forefeet a small congenital pigmented spot on the skin spicy sauce often containing chocolate Condylura star-nosed moles starnose mole amphibious mole of eastern North America having pink fleshy tentacles around the nose Parascalops brewer's moles brewer's mole mole of eastern North America Chrysochloridae golden moles Chrysochloris type genus of the Chrysochloridae golden mole mole of southern Africa having iridescent guard hairs mixed with the underfur Uropsilus shrew moles shrew mole slender mole having a long snout and tail Asiatic shrew mole shrew mole of eastern Asia Neurotrichus shrew moles American shrew mole greyish-black shrew mole of the United States and Canada Soricidae shrews shrew small mouselike mammal with a long snout; related to moles a scolding nagging bad-tempered woman Sorex type genus of the family Soricidae: shrews common shrew common American shrew masked shrew commonest shrew of moist habitats in North America Blarina shrews short-tailed shrew North American shrew with tail less than half its body length water shrew any of several small semiaquatic shrews usually living near swift-flowing streams American water shrew water shrew of North America Neomys a genus of Soricidae European water shrew widely distributed Old World water shrew Mediterranean water shrew a type of water shrew Cryptotis least shrews least shrew small brown shrew of grassy regions of eastern United States Erinaceidae true hedgehogs Erinaceus type genus of the family Erinaceidae: hedgehogs hedgehog small nocturnal Old World mammal covered with both hair and protective spines Tenrecidae tenrecs and extinct related forms tenrec small often spiny insectivorous mammal of Madagascar; resembles a hedgehog genus Tenrec type genus of the family Tenrecidae: tenrecs tailless tenrec prolific animal that feeds chiefly on earthworms Potamogalidae otter shrews genus Potamogale type genus of the family Potamogalidae: otter shrews otter shrew amphibious African insectivorous mammal that resembles an otter chine backbone of an animal cut of meat or fish including at least part of the backbone cut through the backbone of an animal saddle posterior part of the back of a domestic fowl a seat for the rider of a horse or other animal a piece of leather across the instep of a shoe cut of meat (especially mutton or lamb) consisting of part of the backbone and both loins load or burden; encumber; "he saddled me with that heavy responsibility" put a saddle on; "saddle the horses" furcula a forked bone formed by the fusion of the clavicles of most birds wishbone the furcula of a domestic fowl cuticula the outer body wall of an insect hide body covering of a living animal the dressed skin of an animal (especially a large animal) prevent from being seen or discovered; "hide the money" be or go into hiding; keep out of sight, as for protection and safety; "Probably his horse would be close to where he was hiding"; "She is hiding out in a cabin in Montana" hypodermis layer of cells that secretes the chitinous cuticle in e.g. arthropods duck down down of the duck eiderdown down of the eider duck a soft quilt usually filled with the down of the eider goose down down of the goose swan's down down of the swan soft woolen fabric used especially for baby clothes plumule down feather of young birds; persists in some adult birds aftershaft a supplementary feather (usually small) on the underside of the base of the shaft of some feathers in some birds sickle feather one of the long curved tail feathers of a rooster contour feather feathers covering the body of an adult bird and determining its shape bastard wing tuft of small stiff feathers on the first digit of a bird's wing marabou the downy feathers of marabou storks are used for trimming garments large African black-and-white carrion-eating stork; its downy underwing feathers are used to trim garments vane the flattened weblike part of a feather consisting of a series of barbs on either side of the shaft a fin attached to the tail of an arrow, bomb or missile in order to stabilize or guide it barb one of the parallel filaments projecting from the main shaft of a feather a subsidiary point facing opposite from the main point that makes an arrowhead or spear hard to remove the pointed part of barbed wire provide with barbs; "barbed wire" web membrane connecting the toes of some aquatic birds and mammals an intricate trap that entangles or ensnares its victim a fabric (especially a fabric in the process of being woven) an intricate network suggesting something that was formed by weaving or interweaving; "the trees cast a delicate web of shadows over the lawn" construct or form a web, as if by weaving hackle long slender feather on the necks of e.g. turkeys and pheasants saddle hackle a long narrow feather on the back (saddle) of a domestic fowl coat growth of hair or wool or fur covering the body of an animal an outer garment that has sleeves and covers the body from shoulder down; worn outdoors cover or provide with a coat form a coat over; "Dirt had coated her face" put a coat on; cover the surface of; furnish with a surface; "coat the cake with chocolate" guard hair coarse hairs that form the outer fur and protect the underfur of certain mammals fur dense coat of fine silky hairs on mammals (e.g., cat or seal or weasel) a garment made of animal pelts or synthetic fur the dressed hairy coat of a mammal undercoat thick soft fur lying beneath the longer and coarser guard hair seal consisting of a coating of a tar or rubberlike material on the underside of a motor vehicle to retard corrosion underpart a part lying on the lower side or underneath an animal's body; "the warbler has a white throat and underparts"; "a woodland mouse with white underparts" wool outer coat of especially sheep and yaks a fabric made from the hair of sheep fiber sheared from animals (such as sheep) and twisted into yarn for weaving mane long coarse hair growing from the crest of the animal's neck growth of hair covering the scalp of a human being encolure the mane of a horse forelock a lock of a horse's mane that grows forward between the ears a lock of hair growing (or falling) over the forehead hair a filamentous projection or process on an organism any of the cylindrical filaments characteristically growing from the epidermis of a mammal; "there is a hair in my soup" a covering for the body (or parts of it) consisting of a dense growth of threadlike structures (as on the human head); helps to prevent heat loss; "he combed his hair"; "each hair consists of layers of dead keratinized cells" filamentous hairlike growth on a plant; "peach fuzz" cirrus a slender flexible animal appendage as on barnacles or crinoids or many insects; often tactile a wispy white cloud (usually of fine ice crystals) at a high altitude (4 to 8 miles) usually coiled spine a sharp rigid animal process or appendage; as a porcupine quill or a ridge on a bone or a ray of a fish fin the part of a book's cover that encloses the inner side of the book's pages and that faces outward when the book is shelved; "the title and author were printed on the spine of the book" a small sharp-pointed tip resembling a spike on a stem or leaf quill a stiff hollow protective spine on a porcupine or hedgehog the hollow spine of a feather pen made from a bird's feather aculea small spiny outgrowth on the wings of certain insects aculeus a sharp-pointed process especially a sting of a hymenopterous insect a stiff sharp-pointed plant process style a slender bristlelike or tubular process; "a cartilaginous style" a particular kind (as to appearance); "this style of shoe is in demand" editorial directions to be followed in spelling and punctuation and capitalization and typographical display (botany) the narrow elongated part of the pistil between the ovary and the stigma make consistent with certain rules of style; "style a manuscript" designate by an identifying term; "They styled their nation `The Confederate States'" make consistent with a certain fashion or style; "Style my hair"; "style the dress" stylet small needlelike appendage; especially the feeding organ of a tardigrade villus a minute hairlike projection on mucous membrane bristle a stiff hair a stiff fiber (coarse hair or filament); natural or synthetic react in an offended or angry manner; "He bristled at her suggestion that he should teach her how to use the program" rise up as in fear; "The dog's fur bristled"; "It was a sight to make one's hair uprise!" have or be thickly covered with or as if with bristles; "bristling leaves" chaeta a stiff chitinous seta or bristle especially of an annelid worm whisker a long stiff hair growing from the snout or brow of most mammals as e.g. a cat seta a stiff hair or bristle stalk of a moss capsule pilus hairlike structure especially on the surface of a cell or microorganism horseback the back of a horse on the back of a horse; "he rode horseback to town"; "managed to escape ahorse"; "policeman patrolled the streets ahorseback" operculum a hard flap serving as a cover for (a) the gill slits in fishes or (b) the opening of the shell in certain gastropods when the body is retracted protective covering the tough natural covering of some organisms a covering that is intend to protect from damage or injury; "they had no protection from the fallout"; "wax provided protection for the floors" armor tough more-or-less rigid protective covering of an animal or plant protective covering made of metal and used in combat a military unit consisting of armored fighting vehicles equip with armor scale a flattened rigid plate forming part of the body covering of many animals an indicator having a graduated sequence of marks a measuring instrument for weighing; shows amount of mass (music) a series of notes differing in pitch according to a specific scheme (usually within an octave) a thin flake of dead epidermis shed from the surface of the skin a specialized leaf or bract that protects a bud or catkin relative magnitude; "they entertained on a grand scale" the ratio between the size of something and a representation of it; "the scale of the map"; "the scale of the model" an ordered reference standard; "judging on a scale of 1 to 10" size or measure according to a scale; "This model must be scaled down" measure with or as if with scales; "scale the gold" remove the scales from; "scale fish" pattern, make, regulate, set, measure, or estimate according to some rate or standard climb up by means of a ladder reach the highest point of; "We scaled the Mont Blanc" take by attacking with scaling ladders; "The troops scaled the walls of the fort" measure by or as if by a scale; "This bike scales only 25 pounds" fish scale scale of the kind that covers the bodies of fish squama a protective structure resembling a scale scute large bony or horny plate as on an armadillo or turtle or the underside of a snake sclerite hard plate or element of the exoskeleton of some arthropods clypeus a shield-like plate on the front of an insect's head carapace hard outer covering or case of certain organisms such as arthropods and turtles plastron (zoology) the part of a turtle's shell forming its underside a large pad worn by a fencer to protect the chest a metal breastplate that was worn under a coat of mail the front of man's dress shirt the ornamental front of a woman's bodice or shirt shell the hard largely calcareous covering of a mollusc or a brachiopod ammunition consisting of a cylindrical metal casing containing an explosive charge and a projectile; fired from a large gun the housing or outer covering of something; "the clock has a walnut case" a very light narrow racing boat a rigid covering that envelops an object; "the satellite is covered with a smooth shell of ice" the exterior covering of a bird's egg the hard usually fibrous outer layer of some fruits especially nuts the material that forms the hard outer covering of many animals remove from its shell or outer covering; "shell the legumes"; "shell mussels" look for and collect shells by the seashore hit the pitches of hard and regularly; "He shelled the pitcher for eight runs in the first inning" fall out of the pod or husk; "The corn shelled" valve one of the paired hinged shells of certain molluscs and of brachiopods the entire one-piece shell of a snail and certain other molluscs control consisting of a mechanical device for controlling the flow of a fluid device in a brass wind instrument for varying the length of the air column to alter the pitch of a tone a structure in a hollow organ (like the heart) with a flap to insure one-way flow of fluid through it scallop shell a shell of a scallop oyster shell a shell of an oyster phragmocone the thin conical chambered internal shell (either straight or curved) of a belemnite apodeme ridge-like ingrowth of the exoskeleton of an arthropod that supports internal organs and provides attachment points for muscles theca outer sheath of the pupa of certain insects a case or sheath especially a pollen sac or moss capsule lorica a hard protective sheath (as secreted by certain protoctists, for example) coelenteron the saclike body cavity of a coelenterate invertebrate any animal lacking a backbone or notochord; the term is not used as a scientific classification lacking a backbone or spinal column; "worms are an example of invertebrate animals" zoophyte any of various invertebrate animals resembling a plant such as a sea anemone or coral or sponge Parazoa multicellular organisms having less-specialized cells than in the Metazoa; comprises the single phylum Porifera Porifera coextensive with the subkingdom Parazoa: sponges sponge primitive multicellular marine animal whose porous body is supported by a fibrous skeletal framework; usually occurs in sessile colonies a porous mass of interlacing fibers that forms the internal skeleton of various marine animals and usable to absorb water or any porous rubber or cellulose product similarly used gather sponges, in the ocean wipe with a sponge, so as to clean or moisten soak up with a sponge erase with a sponge; as of words on a blackboard sponge genus a genus of Porifera flagellated cell any cell or one-celled organism equipped with a flagellum choanocyte any of the flagellated cells in sponges having a collar of cytoplasm around the flagellum; they maintain a flow of water through the body Hyalospongiae sponges with siliceous spicules that have six rays; choanocytes are restricted to finger-shaped chambers glass sponge a siliceous sponge (with glassy spicules) of the class Hyalospongiae Euplectella a genus of Hyalospongiae Venus's flower basket a deep-water marine sponge having a cylindrical skeleton of intricate glassy latticework; found in the waters of the East Indies and the eastern coast of Asia coelenterate family a family of coelenterates coelenterate genus a genus of coelenterates Metazoa multicellular animals having cells differentiated into tissues and organs and usually a digestive cavity and nervous system metazoan any animal of the subkingdom Metazoa; all animals except protozoans and sponges Cnidaria hydras; polyps; jellyfishes; sea anemones; corals coelenterate radially symmetrical animals having saclike bodies with only one opening and tentacles with stinging structures; they occur in polyp and medusa forms planula the flat ciliated free-swimming larva of hydrozoan coelenterates polyp one of two forms that coelenterates take (e.g. a hydra or coral): usually sedentary with a hollow cylindrical body usually with a ring of tentacles around the mouth; "in some species of coelenterate, polyps are a phase in the life cycle that alternates with a medusoid phase" a small vascular growth on the surface of a mucous membrane medusa one of two forms that coelenterates take: it is the free-swimming sexual phase in the life cycle of a coelenterate; in this phase it has a gelatinous umbrella-shaped body and tentacles Scyphozoa coelenterates in which the polyp stage is absent or at least inconspicuous: jellyfishes jellyfish any of numerous usually marine and free-swimming coelenterates that constitute the sexually reproductive forms of hydrozoans and scyphozoans Aegina small medusa an island in the Aegean Sea in the Saronic Gulf scyphozoan any of various usually free-swimming marine coelenterates having a gelatinous medusoid stage as the dominant phase of its life cycle Chrysaora a genus of Scyphozoa Chrysaora quinquecirrha a type of jellyfish Hydrozoa coelenterates typically having alternation of generations; hydroid phase is usually colonial giving rise to the medusoid phase by budding: hydras and jellyfishes hydrozoan colonial coelenterates having the polyp phase dominant genus Hydra hydras hydra small tubular solitary freshwater hydrozoan polyp trouble that cannot be overcome by a single effort because of its many aspects or its persistent and pervasive quality; "we may be facing a hydra that defies any easy solution" Siphonophora marine colonial hydrozoans siphonophore a floating or swimming oceanic colony of polyps often transparent or showily colored genus Nanomia a genus of Siphonophora nanomia small creatures resembling pieces of fuzzy rope; each with a cluster of swimming bells serving as the head and long elastic tentacles for drawing in prey Physalia Portuguese man-of-war Portuguese man-of-war large siphonophore having a bladderlike float and stinging tentacles praya colonial siphonophore of up to 130 ft long apolemia large siphonophore of up to 50 ft long Sertularia sessile hydroid that forms feathery colonies sertularian feathery colony of long-branched stems bearing stalkless paired polyps Anthozoa a large class of sedentary marine coelenterates that includes sea anemones and corals; the medusoid phase is entirely suppressed anthozoan sessile marine coelenterates including solitary and colonial polyps; the medusoid phase is entirely suppressed Actiniaria sea anemones sea anemone marine polyps that resemble flowers but have oral rings of tentacles; differ from corals in forming no hard skeleton actinia any sea anemone or related animal Actinia a genus of sea anemone common in rock pools Alcyonaria corals and sea anemones having eight branches Alcyonacea comprising the soft corals Pennatulidae sea pens Pennatula type genus of the family Pennatulidae: sea pens sea pen fleshy featherlike warm-water colonies coral marine colonial polyp characterized by a calcareous skeleton; masses in a variety of shapes often forming reefs a variable color averaging a deep pink unfertilized lobster roe; reddens in cooking; used as garnish or to color sauces the hard stony skeleton of a Mediterranean coral that has a delicate red or pink color and is used for jewelry of a strong pink to yellowish-pink color Gorgonacea red corals and sea fans gorgonian corals having a horny or calcareous branching skeleton sea feather corals forming featherlike colonies sea fan corals having a treelike or fan-shaped horny skeleton red coral corals of especially the Mediterranean having pink or red color used for ornaments and jewelry Madreporaria stony corals stony coral corals having calcareous skeletons aggregations of which form reefs and islands Maeandra brain corals brain coral massive reef-building coral having a convoluted and furrowed surface Acropora coelenterate genus of order Madreporaria, including staghorn corals staghorn coral large branching coral resembling antlers Fungia a genus comprising the usual mushroom corals mushroom coral flattened disk-shaped stony coral (usually solitary and unattached) ctenophore family a family of ctenophores ctenophore genus a genus of ctenophores Ctenophora comb jellies; sea acorns; a small phylum formerly considered a class of Coelenterata ctene a locomotor organ consisting of a row of strong cilia whose bases are fused ctenophore biradially symmetrical hermaphroditic solitary marine animals resembling jellyfishes having for locomotion eight rows of cilia arranged like teeth in a comb Nuda ctenophores lacking tentacles; comprises one genus: beroe genus Beroe coextensive with the class Nuda beroe delicately iridescent thimble-shaped ctenophores Tentaculata ctenophores have retractile tentacles Cydippida ctenophores having two long pinnate tentacles Platyctenea an order of Tentaculata platyctenean ctenophore have long tentacles and flattened body Pleurobrachiidae sea gooseberries Pleurobrachia sea gooseberries sea gooseberry ctenophore having a rounded body with longitudinal rows of cilia Cestida ctenophore having short tentacles; one family Cestidae coextensive with the order Cestida; ctenophores having a greatly flattened and elongated body Cestum Venus's girdle Venus's girdle ctenophore having a ribbon-shaped iridescent gelatinous body Lobata ctenophore having tentacles only in the immature stage; body compressed vertically having two large oral lobes and four pointed processes worm family a family of worms worm genus a genus of worms worm any of numerous relatively small elongated soft-bodied animals especially of the phyla Annelida and Chaetognatha and Nematoda and Nemertea and Platyhelminthes; also many insect larvae screw thread on a gear with the teeth of a worm wheel or rack a software program capable of reproducing itself that can spread from one computer to the next over a network; "worms take advantage of automatic file sending and receiving features found on many computers" a person who has a nasty or unethical character undeserving of respect helminth worm that is parasitic on the intestines of vertebrates especially roundworms and tapeworms and flukes woodworm a larva of a woodborer woodborer any of various insects or larvae or mollusks that bore into wood Acanthocephala phylum or class of elongated wormlike parasites that live in the intestines of vertebrates: spiny-headed worms acanthocephalan any of various worms living parasitically in intestines of vertebrates having a retractile proboscis covered with many hooked spines Chaetognatha arrowworms: a group of small active transparent marine worms arrowworm any worm of the Chaetognatha; transparent marine worm with horizontal lateral and caudal fins and a row of movable curved spines at each side of the mouth genus Sagitta chief genus of Chaetognatha including the largest arrowworms sagitta any arrowworm of the genus Sagitta genus Spadella marine worms resembling the sagittas but with a broader body and only one pair of lateral fins Platyhelminthes flatworms bladder worm encysted saclike larva of the tapeworm flatworm parasitic or free-living worms having a flattened body Turbellaria free-living flatworms planarian free-swimming mostly freshwater flatworms; popular in laboratory studies for the ability to regenerate lost parts Trematoda parasitic flatworms (including flukes) fluke parasitic flatworms having external suckers for attaching to a host either of the two lobes of the tail of a cetacean flat bladelike projection on the arm of an anchor a barb on a harpoon or arrow cercaria tadpole-shaped parasitic larva of a trematode worm; tail disappears in adult stage Fasciolidae a family of Trematoda Fasciola a genus of Fasciolidae liver fluke flatworm parasitic in liver and bile ducts of domestic animals and humans Fasciolopsis a genus of Fasciolidae Fasciolopsis buski fluke that is parasitic on humans and swine; common in eastern Asia Schistosomatidae a family of Trematoda Schistosoma type genus of the family Schistosomatidae: blood flukes schistosome flatworms parasitic in the blood vessels of mammals Cestoda tapeworms tapeworm ribbonlike flatworms that are parasitic in the intestines of humans and other vertebrates Taeniidae a family of Cestoda genus Echinococcus tapeworms echinococcus tapeworms whose larvae are parasitic in humans and domestic animals genus Taenia type genus of the family Taeniidae: tapeworms taenia tapeworms parasitic in humans which uses the pig as its intermediate host a narrow headband or strip of ribbon worn as a headband Nemertea proboscis worms ribbon worm soft unsegmented marine worms that have a threadlike proboscis and the ability to stretch and contract Pogonophora beard worms beard worm slender animal with tentacles and a tubelike outer covering; lives on the deep ocean bottom Rotifera a phylum including: rotifers rotifer minute aquatic multicellular organisms having a ciliated wheel-like organ for feeding and locomotion; constituents of freshwater plankton Nematoda unsegmented worms: roundworms; threadworms; eelworms Aphasmidia one of two subgroups of Nematoda used in some classification systems Phasmidia one of two subgroups of Nematoda used in some classification systems nematode unsegmented worms with elongated rounded body pointed at both ends; mostly free-living but some are parasitic Ascaridae large roundworms parasitic in intestines of vertebrates Ascaris type genus of the family Ascaridae: roundworms with a three-lipped mouth common roundworm intestinal parasite of humans and pigs Ascaridia roundworm having a preanal sucker chicken roundworm intestinal parasite of domestic fowl Oxyuridae pinworms Enterobius pinworms pinworm small threadlike worm infesting human intestines and rectum especially in children eelworm any of various small free-living plant-parasitic roundworms Cephalobidae a family of Nematoda Anguillula a genus of Cephalobidae vinegar eel minute eelworm that feeds on organisms that cause fermentation in e.g. vinegar Tylenchidae a family of Nematoda Tylenchus type genus of the family Tylenchidae wheatworm small roundworm parasitic on wheat Ancylostomatidae hookworms trichina parasitic nematode occurring in the intestines of pigs and rats and human beings and producing larvae that form cysts in skeletal muscles hookworm parasitic bloodsucking roundworms having hooked mouth parts to fasten to the intestinal wall of human and other hosts infestation of the intestines by hookworms which enter the body (usually) through the skin Filariidae threadlike roundworms filaria slender threadlike roundworms living in the blood and tissues of vertebrates; transmitted as larvae by biting insects Dracunculidae greatly elongated roundworm Dracunculus type genus of the family Dracunculidae tuberous herbaceous perennials: dragon arum Guinea worm parasitic roundworm of India and Africa that lives in the abdomen or beneath the skin of humans and other vertebrates Annelida segmented worms: earthworms; lugworms; leeches annelid worms with cylindrical bodies segmented both internally and externally relating to or belonging to or characteristic of any worms of the phylum Annelida Archiannelida a class of Annelida archiannelid small primitive marine worm lacking external segmentation and resembling polychaete larvae Oligochaeta earthworms oligochaete hermaphroditic terrestrial and aquatic annelids having bristles borne singly along the length of the body earthworm terrestrial worm that burrows into and helps aerate soil; often surfaces when the ground is cool or wet; used as bait by anglers Branchiobdellidae small annelid worms with the posterior end modified into an adhesive sucker; especially formerly regarded as modified leeches Branchiobdella type genus of the Branchiobdellidae: a small worm that lives on the gills or surface of a crayfish attached by a sucker Polychaeta marine annelid worms polychaete chiefly marine annelids possessing both sexes and having paired appendages (parapodia) bearing bristles lugworm marine worms having a row of tufted gills along each side of the back; often used for fishing bait sea mouse any of several large worms having a broad flattened body with a mat of coarse hairs covering the back Terebellidae marine burrowing or tube-forming polychete worms usually having long thick bodies Terebella type genus of Terebellidae; tube-forming marine polychete worms with many filamentous tentacles Polycirrus genus of soft-bodied polychete marine worms bloodworm a segmented marine worm with bright red body; often used for bait Hirudinea hermaphroditic aquatic or terrestrial or parasitic annelids leech carnivorous or bloodsucking aquatic or terrestrial worms typically having a sucker at each end a follower who hangs around a host (without benefit to the host) in hope of gain or advantage Hirudinidae a family of Hirudinea Hirudo type genus of the family Hirudinidae medicinal leech large European freshwater leech formerly used for bloodletting Haemopis leeches horseleech any of several large freshwater leeches mollusk family a family of mollusks mollusk genus a genus of mollusks Mollusca gastropods; bivalves; cephalopods; chitons mollusk invertebrate having a soft unsegmented body usually enclosed in a shell Scaphopoda small class of bilaterally symmetrical marine forms comprising the tooth shells scaphopod burrowing marine mollusk tooth shell any of various seashore mollusks having a tapering tubular shell open at each end and a foot pointed like a spade for burrowing lip either the outer margin or the inner margin of the aperture of a gastropod's shell either of two fleshy folds of tissue that surround the mouth and play a role in speaking (botany) either of the two parts of a bilabiate corolla or calyx Gastropoda snails and slugs and their relatives gastropod a class of mollusks typically having a one-piece coiled shell and flattened muscular foot with a head bearing stalked eyes Haliotidae abalones Haliotis type genus of the family Haliotidae abalone any of various large edible marine gastropods of the genus Haliotis having an ear-shaped shell with pearly interior ormer an abalone found near the Channel Islands Strombidae the family of conchs Lambis scorpion shells of shallow tropical waters of the eastern hemisphere scorpion shell any of numerous tropical marine snails that as adults have the outer lip of the aperture produced into a series of long curved spines Strombus type genus of the family Strombidae conch any of various edible tropical marine gastropods of the genus Strombus having a brightly-colored spiral shell with large outer lip giant conch a large variety of conch Helicidae land snails including the common edible snail and some pests snail freshwater or marine or terrestrial gastropod mollusk usually having an external enclosing spiral shell gather snails; "We went snailing in the summer" Helix type genus of the family Helicidae edible snail one of the chief edible snails garden snail any of several inedible snails of the genus Helix; often destructive pests brown snail serious garden pest having a brown shell with paler zigzag markings; nearly cosmopolitan in distribution Helix hortensis a kind of garden snail Limacidae slugs Limax a genus of Limacidae slug any of various terrestrial gastropods having an elongated slimy body and no external shell an amount of an alcoholic drink (usually liquor) that is poured or gulped; "he took a slug of hard liquor" a counterfeit coin a unit of mass equal to the mass that accelerates at 1 foot/sec/sec when acted upon by a force of 1 pound; approximately 14.5939 kilograms strike heavily, especially with the fist or a bat; "He slugged me so hard that I passed out" seasnail any of several creeping marine gastropods with a spirally coiled shell: whelks; tritons; moon shells; neritids Neritidae neritids neritid operculate seasnail of coastal waters with a short spiral shell genus Nerita type genus of the Neritidae nerita a neritid gastropod having a short smooth or spirally ridged shell with thick usually toothed outer lip and toothed operculum bleeding tooth gastropod having reddish toothlike projections around the shell opening; of the Caribbean area genus Neritina a genus of Neritidae neritina ornately marked and brightly colored snails of brackish waters Buccinidae whelks whelk large carnivorous marine gastropods of coastal waters and intertidal regions having a strong snail-like shell large marine snail much used as food in Europe gather whelk Cymatiidae tritons triton tropical marine gastropods having beautifully colored spiral shells Naticidae moonshells moon shell marine gastropods having smooth rounded shells that form short spires Littorinidae periwinkles Littorina type genus of the family Littorinidae: periwinkles periwinkle edible marine gastropod small edible marine snail; steamed in wine or baked commonly cultivated Old World woody herb having large pinkish to red flowers chiefly trailing poisonous plants with blue flowers limpet any of various usually marine gastropods with low conical shells; found clinging to rocks in littoral areas mollusk with a low conical shell Patellidae marine limpets Patella type genus of the family Patellidae: common European limpets common limpet marine limpet Fissurellidae marine limpets Fissurella type genus of the family Fissurellidae: keyhole limpets keyhole limpet marine limpet having a conical shell with an opening at the apex Ancylidae freshwater gastropod Ancylus type genus of the family Ancylidae: river limpet river limpet minute conical gastropod superficially resembling a limpet but living and feeding on freshwater plants Opisthobranchia gastropods having the gills when present posterior to the heart and having no operculum: includes sea slugs; sea butterflies; sea hares Nudibranchia comprising numerous marine gastropod mollusks lacking a shell in the adult state and usually having a body like a slug sea slug any of various marine gastropods of the suborder Nudibranchia having a shell-less and often beautifully colored body Aplysiidae sea hares Aplysia type genus of the family Aplysiidae sea hare naked marine gastropod having a soft body with reduced internal shell and two pairs of ear-like tentacles Hermissenda genus of marine sea slugs Hermissenda crassicornis a kind of sea slug Akeridae bubble shells Haminoea common genus of marine bubble shells of the Pacific coast of North America bubble shell marine gastropod mollusk having a very small thin shell Pulmonata large order of gastropods usually breathing by means of a lung-like sac comprising most land snails and slugs and many freshwater snails Physidae freshwater snails genus Physa type genus of the Physidae; freshwater air-breathing snails physa any member of the genus Physa Pectinibranchia large order of gastropods comprising univalve mollusks that have a single gill resembling a comb Cypraeidae family of marine gastropods comprising the cowries Cypraea type genus of the family Cypraeidae: the typical cowries cowrie any of numerous tropical marine gastropods of the genus Cypraea having highly polished usually brightly marked shells money cowrie cowrie whose shell is used for money in parts of the southern Pacific and in parts of Africa tiger cowrie cowrie whose shell is used for ornament ctenidium comb-like respiratory structure serving as the gill of certain mollusks ceras one of the often brightly colored and branching hornlike structures on the back of the nudibranch (and other related mollusks) that serve as gills Amphineura a class of Gastropoda Solenogastres an order of Amphineura solenogaster deep-water wormlike mollusks lacking calcareous plates on the body but having fine slimy spicules on the covering mantle Polyplacophora small class of marine mollusks comprising the chitons; sometimes considered an order of the subclass Amphineura genus Chiton a genus of Polyplacophora chiton primitive elongated bilaterally symmetrical marine mollusk having a mantle covered with eight calcareous plates a woolen tunic worn by men and women in ancient Greece byssus tuft of strong filaments by which e.g. a mussel makes itself fast to a fixed surface Bivalvia oysters; clams; scallops; mussels bivalve marine or freshwater mollusks having a soft body with platelike gills enclosed within two shells hinged together used of mollusks having two shells (as clams etc.) spat a young oyster or other bivalve a cloth covering (a legging) that covers the instep and ankles spawn; "oysters spat" engage in a brief and petty quarrel strike with a sound like that of falling rain; "Bullets were spatting the leaves" become permanently attached; "mollusks or oysters spat" come down like raindrops; "Bullets were spatting down on us" clam burrowing marine mollusk living on sand or mud; the shell closes with viselike firmness flesh of either hard-shell or soft-shell clams gather clams, by digging in the sand by the ocean seashell the shell of a marine organism clamshell the shell of a clam a dredging bucket with hinges like the shell of a clam Myaceae clams Myacidae soft-shell clams Mya type genus of the family Myacidae soft-shell clam an edible clam with thin oval-shaped shell found in coastal regions of the United States and Europe a clam that is usually steamed in the shell Veneridae hard-shell clams Venus type genus of the family Veneridae: genus of edible clams with thick oval shells the second nearest planet to the sun; it is peculiar in that its rotation is slow and retrograde (in the opposite sense of the Earth and all other planets except Uranus); it is visible from Earth as an early `morning star' or an `evening star'; "before it was known that they were the same object the evening star was called Venus and the morning star was called Lucifer" goddess of love; counterpart of Greek Aphrodite Mercenaria a genus of Veneridae quahog an edible American clam; the heavy shells were used as money by some American Indians littleneck a young quahog a quahog when young and small; usually eaten raw; an important food popular in New York cherrystone a half-grown quahog small quahog larger than a littleneck; eaten raw or cooked as in e.g. clams casino geoduck a large edible clam found burrowing deeply in sandy mud along the Pacific coast of North America; weighs up to six pounds; has siphons that can extend to several feet and cannot be withdrawn into the shell Solenidae razor clams Ensis razor clams razor clam marine clam having a long narrow curved thin shell Tridacnidae large marine hard-shell clams Tridacna type genus of the family Tridacnidae: giant clams giant clam a large clam inhabiting reefs in the southern Pacific and weighing up to 500 pounds Cardiidae somewhat heart-shaped sand-burrowing bivalve mollusks Cardium type genus of the family Cardiidae: cockles cockle common edible, burrowing European bivalve mollusk that has a strong, rounded shell with radiating ribs common edible European bivalve edible cockle common edible European cockle Ostreidae oysters oyster marine mollusks having a rough irregular shell; found on the sea bed mostly in coastal waters a small muscle on each side of the back of a fowl gather oysters, dig oysters seed oyster a young oyster especially of a size for transplantation Ostrea type genus of the family Ostreidae bluepoint small edible oyster typically from the southern shore of Long Island oysters originally from Long Island Sound but now from anywhere along the northeastern seacoast; usually eaten raw Japanese oyster a large oyster native to Japan and introduced along the Pacific coast of the United States; a candidate for introduction in Chesapeake Bay Crassostrea Virginia oysters Virginia oyster common edible oyster of Atlantic coast of North America Pteriidae pearl oysters Pinctada pearl oysters pearl oyster tropical marine bivalve found chiefly off eastern Asia and Pacific coast of North America and Central America; a major source of pearls Anomiidae saddle oysters Anomia type genus of the family Anomiidae: saddle oysters saddle oyster thin-shelled bivalve having the right valve deeply notched Placuna windowpane oysters window oyster marine bivalve common in Philippine coastal waters characterized by a large thin flat translucent shell Arcidae ark shells Arca type genus of the family Arcidae: ark shells and blood clams ark shell marine bivalve mollusk having a heavy toothed shell with a deep boat-like inner surface blood clam red-blooded clam mussel marine or freshwater bivalve mollusk that lives attached to rocks etc. black marine bivalves usually steamed in wine Mytilidae marine mussels Mytilus type genus of the family Mytilidae: smooth-shelled marine mussels marine mussel marine bivalve mollusk having a dark elongated shell; live attached to solid objects especially in intertidal zones edible mussel a mussel with a dark shell that lives attached to rocks freshwater mussel bivalve mollusk abundant in rivers of central United States Unionidae freshwater mussels found worldwide Unio type genus of the family Unionidae pearly-shelled mussel the pearly lining of the dark shells is a source of mother-of-pearl Anodonta thin-shelled freshwater mussels thin-shelled mussel mussel with thin fragile shells having only rudimentary hinge teeth Dreissena zebra mussels zebra mussel inch long mollusk imported accidentally from Europe; clogs utility inlet pipes and feeds on edible freshwater mussels Pectinidae scallops scallop edible marine bivalve having a fluted fan-shaped shell that swim by expelling water from the shell in a series of snapping motions edible muscle of mollusks having fan-shaped shells; served broiled or poached or in salads or cream sauces one of a series of rounded projections (or the notches between them) formed by curves along an edge (as the edge of a leaf or piece of cloth or the margin of a shell or a shriveled red blood cell observed in a hypertonic solution etc.) shape or cut in scallops; "scallop the hem of the dress" fish for scallops form scallops in; "scallop the meat" bake in a sauce, milk, etc., often with breadcrumbs on top decorate an edge with scallops; "the dress had a scalloped skirt" genus Pecten type genus of the family Pectinidae: sea and bay scallops bay scallop a small scallop inhabiting shallow waters and mud flats of the Atlantic coast of North America muscle of small choice shallow-water scallops sea scallop a large scallop inhabiting deep waters of the Atlantic coast of North America muscle of large deep-water scallops Teredinidae shipworms genus Teredo type genus of the family Teredinidae shipworm wormlike marine bivalve that bores into wooden piers and ships by means of drill-like shells teredo typical shipworm Bankia giant shipworms giant northwest shipworm giant shipworm of the Pacific coast of North America Pholadidae a family of Bivalvia Pholas type genus of the family Pholadidae: piddocks piddock marine bivalve that bores into rock or clay or wood by means of saw-like shells Cephalopoda octopuses; squids; cuttlefish; pearly nautilus cephalopod marine mollusk characterized by well-developed head and eyes and sucker-bearing tentacles relating or belonging to the class Cephalopoda Nautilidae spiral-shelled cephalopods genus Nautilus type genus and sole recent representative of the family Nautilidae chambered nautilus cephalopod of the Indian and Pacific oceans having a spiral shell with pale pearly partitions Dibranchiata comprising all living cephalopods except the family Nautilidae: the orders Octopoda (octopuses) and Decapoda (squids and cuttlefish) dibranchiate cephalopods having two gills Octopoda octopuses and paper nautilus octopod a cephalopod with eight arms but lacking an internal shell Octopodidae a family of Octopoda genus Octopus type genus of the family Octopodidae octopus bottom-living cephalopod having a soft oval body with eight long tentacles tentacles of octopus prepared as food Argonautidae represented solely by the genus Argonauta Argonauta type genus of the family Argonautidae: paper nautilus paper nautilus cephalopod mollusk of warm seas whose females have delicate papery spiral shells Decapoda squids and cuttlefishes lobsters; crayfish; crabs; shrimps; prawns decapod cephalopods having eight short tentacles plus two long ones squid widely distributed fast-moving ten-armed cephalopod mollusk having a long tapered body with triangular tail fins (Italian cuisine) squid prepared as food genus Loligo squids loligo somewhat flattened cylindrical squid genus Ommastrephes a genus of Decapoda ommastrephes extremely active cylindrical squid with short strong arms and large rhombic terminal fins genus Architeuthis giant squid architeuthis largest mollusk known about but never seen (to 60 feet long) Sepiidae true cuttlefishes Sepia type genus of the Sepiidae cuttlefish ten-armed oval-bodied cephalopod with narrow fins as long as the body and a large calcareous internal shell Spirulidae coextensive with the genus Spirula; included in the order Belemnoidea in some older classifications genus Spirula genus of small cephalopods with many-chambered spiral shells resembling those of the extinct belemnites spirula a small tropical cephalopod of the genus Spirula having prominent eyes and short arms and a many-chambered shell coiled in a flat spiral Belemnoidea order of extinct dibranchiate cephalopods related to the surviving spirulas Belemnitidae family of extinct Mesozoic cephalopods belemnite a conical calcareous fossil tapering to a point at one end and with a conical cavity at the other end containing (when unbroken) a small chambered phragmocone from the shell of any of numerous extinct cephalopods of the family Belemnitidae craw a pouch in many birds and some lower animals that resembles a stomach for storage and preliminary maceration of food gizzard thick-walled muscular pouch below the crop in many birds and reptiles for grinding food Crustacea class of mandibulate arthropods including: lobsters; crabs; shrimps; woodlice; barnacles; decapods; water fleas crustacean any mainly aquatic arthropod usually having a segmented body and chitinous exoskeleton green gland one of a pair of glands (believed to have excretory functions) in some crustaceans near the base of the large antennae Malacostraca largest subclass of Crustacea including most of the well-known marine, freshwater, and terrestrial crustaceans: crabs; lobsters; shrimps; sow bugs; beach flies malacostracan crustacean a major subclass of crustaceans decapod crustacean crustaceans characteristically having five pairs of locomotor appendages each joined to a segment of the thorax Brachyura an order of crustaceans (including true crabs) having a reduced abdomen folded against the ventral surface brachyuran typical crabs Menippe stone crabs stone crab large edible crab of the southern coast of the United States (particularly Florida) pale flesh with delicate texture and flavor; found in Florida but now very rare Cancridae many of the best known edible crabs Cancer type genus of the family Cancridae the fourth sign of the zodiac; the sun is in this sign from about June 21 to July 22 a small zodiacal constellation in the northern hemisphere; between Leo and Gemini (astrology) a person who is born while the sun is in Cancer hard-shell crab edible crab that has not recently molted and so has a hard shell soft-shell crab edible crab that has recently molted and not yet formed its new shell freshly molted crab with new shell still tender and flexible Dungeness crab small edible crab of Pacific coast of North America flesh of Cancer magister (Dungeness crab) rock crab crab of eastern coast of North America Jonah crab large red deep-water crab of the eastern coast of North America Portunidae swimming crabs swimming crab marine crab with some legs flattened and fringed for swimming Portunus type genus of the family Portunidae English lady crab crab of the English coasts Ovalipes a genus of Portunidae American lady crab brightly spotted crab of sandy beaches of the Atlantic coast of the United States Callinectes New World blue crabs blue crab bluish edible crab of Atlantic and Gulf Coasts of North America Atlantic crab; most common source of fresh crabmeat Uca fiddler crabs fiddler crab burrowing crab of American coastal regions having one claw much enlarged in the male Pinnotheridae tiny soft-bodied crabs Pinnotheres type genus of the family Pinnotheridae: pea crabs pea crab tiny soft-bodied crab living commensally in the mantles of certain bivalve mollusks oyster crab tiny soft-bodied crab living within the mantle cavity of oysters Lithodidae deep-sea crabs of cold waters Paralithodes a genus of Lithodidae king crab large edible crab of northern Pacific waters especially along the coasts of Alaska and Japan Majidae spider crabs spider crab any of numerous crabs with very long legs and small triangular bodies Maja type genus of the Majidae; nearly cosmopolitan in distribution European spider crab a large spider crab of Europe Macrocheira giant crabs of Japan giant crab very large deep-water Japanese crab Reptantia lobsters; crabs lobster any of several edible marine crustaceans of the families Homaridae and Nephropsidae and Palinuridae flesh of a lobster Homaridae large-clawed lobsters true lobster large edible marine crustaceans having large pincers on the first pair of legs Homarus type genus of the family Homaridae: common edible lobsters American lobster lobster of Atlantic coast of America flesh of cold-water lobsters having large tender claws; caught from Maine to the Carolinas European lobster lobster of Atlantic coast of Europe similar to but smaller than American lobsters Cape lobster small lobster of southern Africa Nephropsidae in some classifications coextensive with the Homaridae Nephrops a genus of Nephropsidae Norway lobster edible European lobster resembling the American lobster but slenderer Palinuridae spiny lobsters Palinurus type genus of the family Palinuridae spiny lobster large edible marine crustacean having a spiny carapace but lacking the large pincers of true lobsters warm-water lobsters without claws; those from Australia and South Africa usually marketed as frozen tails; caught also in Florida and California Astacidae crayfish crayfish small freshwater decapod crustacean that resembles a lobster tiny lobster-like crustaceans usually boiled briefly Astacus type genus of the family Astacidae; Old World crayfish Old World crayfish small crayfish of Europe and Asia and western North America Cambarus a genus of Astacidae American crayfish common large crayfishes of eastern North America Paguridae hermit crabs Pagurus type genus of the family Paguridae hermit crab small soft-bodied marine crustaceans living in cast-off shells of gastropods Natantia shrimp; prawns; etc. Crangonidae shrimps Crangon type genus of the family Crangonidae shrimp small slender-bodied chiefly marine decapod crustaceans with a long tail and single pair of pincers; many species are edible fish for shrimp snapping shrimp small shrimp that makes a snapping noise with one of their enlarged chelae Palaemonidae prawns Palaemon type genus of the family Palaemonidae; widely distributed genus prawn shrimp-like decapod crustacean having two pairs of pincers; most are edible any of various edible decapod crustaceans fish for prawns long-clawed prawn large (a foot or more) edible freshwater prawn common in Australian rivers Peneidae tropical prawns Peneus type genus of the family Peneidae tropical prawn edible tropical and warm-water prawn Schizopoda in former classifications a division of Malacostraca; superseded by the orders Mysidacea and Euphausiacea Euphausiacea small commonly luminescent crustaceans; important element of marine plankton: krill krill shrimp-like planktonic crustaceans; major source of food for e.g. baleen whales Euphausia pacifica food for jellyfish Mysidacea opossum shrimp Mysidae small shrimp-like crustaceans Mysis type genus of the family Mysidae Praunus a genus of Mysidae opossum shrimp shrimp-like crustaceans whose females carry eggs and young in a pouch between the legs Stomatopoda mantis shrimps stomatopod a kind of crustacean mantis shrimp tropical marine burrowing crustaceans with large grasping appendages Squillidae crustaceans that burrow in mud or under stones in shallow water along the seashore genus Squilla type genus of the family Squillidae squilla a kind of mantis shrimp Isopoda woodlice isopod any of various small terrestrial or aquatic crustaceans with seven pairs of legs adapted for crawling woodlouse any of various small terrestrial isopods having a flat elliptical segmented body; found in damp habitats Armadillidiidae pill bugs Armadillidium type genus of the Armadillidiidae pill bug small terrestrial isopod with a convex segmented body that can roll up into a ball Oniscidae a family of Isopoda Oniscus type genus of the Oniscidae; woodlice that cannot roll into a ball Porcellionidae sow bugs Porcellio Old World genus of isopod crustaceans sow bug terrestrial isopod having an oval segmented body (a shape like a sow) sea louse marine isopod crustacean Amphipoda small flat-bodied semiterrestrial crustaceans: whale lice; sand-hoppers; skeleton shrimp amphipod a kind of malacostracan crustacean Orchestiidae beach fleas Orchestia type genus of the family Orchestiidae beach flea small amphipod crustaceans that hop like fleas; common on ocean beaches Caprella skeleton shrimp skeleton shrimp small amphipod crustacean having a grotesque form suggestive of the praying mantis; found chiefly on seaweed Cyamus whale lice whale louse amphipod crustacean parasitic on cetaceans Entomostraca in some older classifications includes the Branchiopoda and Copepoda and Ostracoda and Cirripedia; no longer in technical use Branchiopoda primitive aquatic mainly freshwater crustaceans: fairy shrimps; brine shrimps; tadpole shrimps; can shrimps; water fleas branchiopod crustacean aquatic crustaceans typically having a carapace and many pairs of leaflike appendages used for swimming as well as respiration and feeding genus Daphnia water fleas daphnia minute freshwater crustacean having a round body enclosed in a transparent shell; moves about like a flea by means of hairy branched antennae Anostraca small aquatic crustaceans lacking a carapace: fairy shrimps; brine shrimps Artemia fairy shrimp; brine shrimp fairy shrimp small freshwater branchiopod having a transparent body with many appendages; swims on its back brine shrimp common to saline lakes Notostraca small freshwater crustaceans with a shield-shaped carapace Triopidae a family of Notostraca Triops type genus of the family Triopidae: small crustaceans with a small third median eye tadpole shrimp a kind of branchiopod crustacean Copepoda minute planktonic or parasitic crustaceans copepod minute marine or freshwater crustaceans usually having six pairs of limbs on the thorax; some abundant in plankton and others parasitic on fish brit minute crustaceans forming food for right whales the young of a herring or sprat or similar fish genus Cyclops copepod water fleas cyclops minute free-swimming freshwater copepod having a large median eye and pear-shaped body and long antennae used in swimming; important in some food chains and as intermediate hosts of parasitic worms that affect man e.g. Guinea worms Branchiura copepods with suctorial mouthparts; parasitic on fishes fish louse a kind of copepod Ostracoda seed shrimps seed shrimp tiny marine and freshwater crustaceans with a shrimp-like body enclosed in a bivalve shell Cirripedia barnacles barnacle marine crustaceans with feathery food-catching appendages; free-swimming as larvae; as adults form a hard shell and live attached to submerged surfaces Balanidae stalkless barnacles Balanus type genus of the family Balanidae acorn barnacle barnacle that attaches to rocks especially in intertidal zones Lepadidae goose barnacles Lepas type genus of the family Lepadidae goose barnacle stalked barnacle that attaches to ship bottoms or floating timbers Onychophora enigmatic small elongated wormlike terrestrial invertebrates of damp dark habitats in warm regions; distinct from the phylum Annelida; resemble slugs with legs and are sometimes described as the missing link between arthropods and annelids onychophoran any of numerous velvety-skinned wormlike carnivorous animals common in tropical forests having characteristics of both arthropods and annelid worms Peripatidae a family of Onychophora genus Peripatus type genus of Peripatidae; onychophorans of chiefly New World tropical regions Plicatoperipatus a genus of Peripatidae Plicatoperipatus jamaicensis a kind of onychophoran Peripatopsidae a family of Onychophora Peripatopsis type genus of Peripatopsidae; onychophorans of chiefly Asiatic and African tropical regions wading bird any of many long-legged birds that wade in water in search of food Ciconiiformes order of chiefly tropical marsh-dwelling fish-eating wading birds with long legs and bills and (except for flamingos) unwebbed feet: herons; storks; spoonbills; flamingos; ibises Ciconiidae storks stork large mostly Old World wading birds typically having white-and-black plumage Ciconia type genus of the Ciconiidae: European storks white stork the common stork of Europe; white with black wing feathers and a red bill black stork Old World stork that is glossy black above and white below Leptoptilus adjutant birds and marabous adjutant bird large Indian stork with a military gait Anastomus openbills openbill stork with a grooved bill whose upper and lower parts touch only at the base and tip genus Jabiru jabirus jabiru large white stork of warm regions of the world especially America Ephippiorhynchus saddlebills saddlebill large black-and-white stork of tropical Africa; its red bill has a black band around the middle Xenorhyncus East Indian and Australian storks policeman bird large mostly white Australian stork Mycteria a genus of storks of the family Ciconiidae now including only the American wood ibis wood ibis an American stork that resembles the true ibises in having a downward-curved bill; inhabits wooded swamps of New World tropics any of several Old World birds of the genus Ibis Balaenicipitidae shoebills Balaeniceps type genus of the Balaenicipitidae: shoebills shoebill large stork-like bird of the valley of the White Nile with a broad bill suggesting a wooden shoe Threskiornithidae ibises ibis wading birds of warm regions having long slender down-curved bills genus Ibis ibises Threskiornis type genus of the Threskiornithidae sacred ibis African ibis venerated by ancient Egyptians Plataleidae spoonbills spoonbill wading birds having a long flat bill with a tip like a spoon Platalea type genus of the Plataleidae common spoonbill pure white crested spoonbill of southern Eurasia and northeastern Africa Ajaia a genus of Platalea roseate spoonbill tropical rose-colored New World spoonbill Phoenicopteridae flamingos flamingo large pink to scarlet web-footed wading bird with down-bent bill; inhabits brackish lakes Ardeidae herons; egrets; night herons; bitterns heron grey or white wading bird with long neck and long legs and (usually) long bill Ardea type genus of the Ardeidae: large New and Old World herons great blue heron large American heron having bluish-grey plumage great white heron large white heron of Florida and the Florida Keys widely distributed Old World white egret egret any of various usually white herons having long plumes during breeding season Egretta small Old and New World herons little blue heron small bluish-grey heron of the western hemisphere snowy egret small New World egret little egret Old World egret Casmerodius a white egrets American egret a common egret of the genus Egretta found in America; it is a variety of the Old World white egret Casmerodius albus Bubulcus small white egrets cattle egret small white egret widely distributed in warm regions often found around grazing animals night heron nocturnal or crepuscular herons Nycticorax Old World night herons black-crowned night heron night heron of both Old and New Worlds Nyctanassa American night herons yellow-crowned night heron North American night heron Cochlearius boatbills boatbill tropical American heron related to night herons bittern relatively small compact tawny-brown heron with nocturnal habits and a booming cry; found in marshes Botaurus bitterns American bittern a kind of bittern European bittern a kind of bittern Ixobrychus bitterns least bittern small American bittern Gruiformes inland marsh-dwelling birds with long legs and necks and bills that wade in water in search of food: cranes; rails; bustards Gruidae cranes crane large long-necked wading bird of marshes and plains in many parts of the world lifts and moves heavy objects; lifting tackle is suspended from a pivoted boom that rotates around a vertical axis stretch (the neck) so as to see better; "The women craned their necks to see the President drive by" Grus type genus of the Gruidae: typical cranes a small constellation in the southern hemisphere near Phoenix whooping crane rare North American crane having black-and-white plumage and a trumpeting call Aramus genus of large brown long-billed wading birds found in warm swampy regions of the western hemisphere: courlan; limpkin courlan wading bird of South America and Central America limpkin wading bird of Florida, Cuba and Jamaica having a drooping bill and a distinctive wailing call Cariamidae crane-like South American wading birds Cariama the type genus of the Cariamidae comprising only the crested cariama crested cariama Brazilian Cariama; sole representative of the genus Cariama genus Chunga a genus of Cariamidae chunga Argentinian Cariama Rallidae rails; crakes; gallinules; coots rail any of numerous widely distributed small wading birds of the family Rallidae having short wings and very long toes for running on soft mud a horizontal bar (usually of wood or metal) short for railway; "he traveled by rail"; "he was concerned with rail safety" complain bitterly fish with a handline over the rails of a boat; "They are railing for fresh fish" lay with rails; "hundreds of miles were railed out here" convey (goods etc.) by rails; "fresh fruit are railed from Italy to Belgium" separate with a railing; "rail off the crowds from the Presidential palace" provide with rails; "The yard was railed" enclose with rails; "rail in the old graves" Gallirallus rails of New Zealand weka flightless New Zealand rail of thievish disposition having short wings each with a spur used in fighting crake any of several short-billed Old World rails Crex corncrakes corncrake common Eurasian rail that frequents grain fields Porzana spotted crakes spotted crake Eurasian rail of swamps and marshes Gallinula gallinules gallinule any of various small aquatic birds of the genus Gallinula distinguished from rails by a frontal shield and a resemblance to domestic hens Florida gallinule North American dark bluish-grey gallinule purple gallinule gallinules with showy purplish plumage Porphyrio Old World purple gallinules European gallinule purple gallinule of southern Europe Porphyrula American purple gallinules American gallinule American purple gallinule genus Notornis a genus of Rallidae notornis flightless New Zealand birds similar to gallinules Fulica coots coot slate-black slow-flying birds somewhat resembling ducks American coot a coot found in North America Old World coot a coot found in Eurasia Otides terrestrial game birds of the Old World and Australia: bustards Otididae bustards bustard large heavy-bodied chiefly terrestrial game bird capable of powerful swift flight; classified with wading birds but frequents grassy steppes Otis type genus of the Otididae: European bustard United States inventor who manufactured the first elevator with a safety device (1811-1861) great bustard largest European land bird Choriotis Australian bustard plain turkey popular Australian game bird Turnicidae small Old World birds resembling but not related to true quail Turnix type genus of the Turnicidae: button quail button quail small quail-like terrestrial bird of southern Eurasia and northern Africa that lacks a hind toe; classified with wading birds but inhabits grassy plains striped button quail a variety of button quail having stripes ortygan any of several East Indian birds Pedionomus plain wanderer plain wanderer small Australian bird related to the button quail; classified as wading bird but inhabits plains Psophiidae trumpeters Psophia type genus of the Psophiidae: trumpeters Brazilian trumpeter trumpeter of Brazil and Guiana; often kept to protect poultry in Brazil Charadriiformes large diverse order of aquatic birds found along seacoasts and inland waters: shorebirds and coastal diving birds; most feed on anima life seabird a bird that frequents coastal waters and the open ocean: gulls; pelicans; gannets; cormorants; albatrosses; petrels; etc. Charadrii shorebirds: plovers; sandpipers; avocets; phalaropes; coursers; stone curlews Limicolae term used in some classifications for migratory shorebirds; coextensive with the Charadrii shorebird any of numerous wading birds that frequent mostly seashores and estuaries Charadriidae plover family plover any of numerous chiefly shorebirds of relatively compact build having straight bills and large pointed wings; closely related to the sandpipers Charadrius type genus of the Charadriidae: plovers piping plover small plover of eastern North America killdeer American plover of inland waters and fields having a distinctive cry dotterel rare plover of upland areas of Eurasia Pluvialis golden plovers golden plover plovers of Europe and America having the backs marked with golden-yellow spots Vanellus Eurasian lapwings lapwing large crested Old World plover having wattles and spurs Arenaria turnstones sandworts turnstone migratory shorebirds of the plover family that turn over stones in searching for food ruddy turnstone common Arctic turnstone that winters in South America and Australia black turnstone common turnstone of the Pacific coast of North America Scolopacidae sandpiper family: sandpipers; woodcocks; snipes; tattlers; curlews; godwits; dowitchers sandpiper any of numerous usually small wading birds having a slender bill and piping call; closely related to the plovers Aphriza a genus of Scolopacidae surfbird sandpiper-like shorebird of Pacific coasts of North America and South America Actitis a genus of Scolopacidae European sandpiper a variety of sandpiper spotted sandpiper common North American sandpiper Erolia a genus of Scolopacidae least sandpiper smallest American sandpiper red-backed sandpiper small common sandpiper that breeds in northern or Arctic regions and winters in southern United States or Mediterranean regions Tringa a genus of Scolopacidae greenshank large European sandpiper with greenish legs redshank a common Old World wading bird with long red legs yellowlegs either of two North American shorebird with yellow legs greater yellowlegs a variety of yellowlegs lesser yellowlegs a variety of yellowlegs Calidris a genus of Scolopacidae pectoral sandpiper American sandpiper that inflates its chest when courting knot a sandpiper that breeds in the Arctic and winters in the southern hemisphere any of various fastenings formed by looping and tying a rope (or cord) upon itself or to another rope or to another object a tight cluster of people or things; "a small knot of women listened to his sermon"; "the bird had a knot of feathers forming a crest" something twisted and tight and swollen; "their muscles stood out in knots"; "the old man's fists were two great gnarls"; "his stomach was in knots" a hard cross-grained round piece of wood in a board where a branch emerged; "the saw buckled when it hit a knot" (of ships and wind) a unit of speed equal to one nautical mile per hour or about 1.15 statute miles per hour tie or fasten into a knot; "knot the shoelaces" make into knots; make knots out of; "She knotted her fingers" curlew sandpiper Old World sandpiper with a curved bill like a curlew Crocethia a genus of Scolopacidae sanderling small sandpiper that breeds in the Arctic and migrates southward along sandy coasts in most of world Bartramia a genus of Scolopacidae upland sandpiper large plover-like sandpiper of North American fields and uplands Philomachus ruffs reeve female ruff fasten by passing through a hole or around something pass through a hole or opening; "reeve a rope" pass a rope through; "reeve an opening" tattler any of several long-legged shorebirds having a loud whistling cry Heteroscelus tattlers Polynesian tattler tattler of Pacific coastal regions Catoptrophorus willet willet large North American shorebird of eastern and Gulf Coasts woodcock game bird of the sandpiper family that resembles a snipe Scolopax type of the Scolopacidae: Old World woodcocks Eurasian woodcock short-legged long-billed migratory Old World woodcock Philohela American woodcocks American woodcock small long-billed woodcock; prized as a game bird Gallinago snipes whole snipe common snipe of Eurasia and Africa Wilson's snipe American snipe great snipe Old World snipe larger and darker than the whole snipe Limnocryptes snipe jacksnipe a small short-billed Old World snipe Limnodromus dowitchers dowitcher shorebird of the sandpiper family that resembles a snipe greyback a dowitcher with a grey back red-breasted snipe a dowitcher with a red breast Numenius curlews curlew large migratory shorebirds of the sandpiper family; closely related to woodcocks but having a down-curved bill European curlew common Eurasian curlew Eskimo curlew New World curlew that breeds in northern North America Limosa godwits godwit large wading bird that resembles a curlew; has a long slightly upturned bill Hudsonian godwit New World godwit Himantopus major one of two genera of stilts; similar to avocets but with straight bills stilt long-legged three-toed black-and-white wading bird of inland ponds and marshes or brackish lagoons long-legged three-toed wading bird of brackish marshes of Australia one of two stout poles with foot rests in the middle; used for walking high above the ground; "he was so tall I thought he was on stilts" black-necked stilt stilt of southwestern United States to northern South America having black plumage extending from the head down the back of the neck black-winged stilt stilt of Europe and Africa and Asia having mostly white plumage but with black wings white-headed stilt stilt of the southwest Pacific including Australia and New Zealand having mostly white plumage but with black wings and nape of neck kaki blackish stilt of New Zealand sometimes considered a color phase of the white-headed stilt Cladorhyncus one of two genera of stilts; similar to avocets but with straight bills banded stilt web-footed Australian stilt with reddish-brown pectoral markings Recurvirostridae long-legged shorebirds Recurvirostra type genus of the Recurvirostridae: avocets avocet long-legged web-footed black-and-white shorebird with slender upward-curving bill Haematopodidae oystercatchers Haematopus oystercatchers oystercatcher black-and-white shorebird with stout legs and bill; feed on oysters etc. Phalaropidae phalaropes phalarope small sandpiper-like shorebird having lobate toes and being good swimmers; breed in the Arctic and winter in the tropics Phalaropus type genus of the Phalaropidae: phalaropes red phalarope phalarope of northern oceans and lakes Lobipes a genus of Phalaropidae northern phalarope breeds in Arctic regions of Old and New Worlds; large flocks often seen far out at sea Steganopus a genus of Phalaropidae Wilson's phalarope breeds on the northern great plains of Canada Glareolidae Old World shorebirds: pratincoles and coursers Glareola type genus of the Glareolidae: the pratincoles pratincole Old World shorebird with long pointed wings and short legs; closely related to the coursers courser swift-footed terrestrial plover-like bird of southern Asia and Africa; related to the pratincoles a dog trained for coursing a huntsman who hunts small animals with fast dogs that use sight rather than scent to follow their prey Cursorius coursers cream-colored courser courser of desert and semidesert regions of the Old World Pluvianus coursers crocodile bird African courser that feeds on insect parasites on crocodiles Burhinidae large wading birds resembling the plovers: stone curlews Burhinus type genus of the Burhinidae: stone curlews stone curlew large-headed large-eyed crepuscular or nocturnal shorebird of the Old World and tropical America having a thickened knee joint coastal diving bird gull family; skimmer family; jaeger family; auk family Lari gulls; terns; jaegers; skimmers Laridae gull family: gulls and terns larid long-winged web-footed aquatic bird of the gull family gull mostly white aquatic bird having long pointed wings and short legs fool or hoax; "The immigrant was duped because he trusted everyone"; "You can't fool me!" Larus type genus of the Laridae mew the common gull of Eurasia and northeastern North America utter a high-pitched cry, as of seagulls black-backed gull white gull having a black back and wings herring gull large gull of the northern hemisphere laughing gull small black-headed European gull Pagophila a genus of Laridae ivory gull white Arctic gull; migrates as far south as England and New Brunswick Rissa a genus of Laridae kittiwake small pearl-grey gull of northern regions; nests on cliffs and has a rudimentary hind toe Sterninae terns tern small slender gull having narrow wings and a forked tail Sterna a genus of Sterninae sea swallow common tern of Eurasia and America having white black and grey plumage Rynchopidae coextensive with the genus Rynchops: skimmers Rynchops type genus of the Rynchopidae: skimmers skimmer gull-like seabird that flies along the surface of the water with an elongated lower mandible immersed to skim out food a cooking utensil used to skim fat from the surface of liquids a rapid superficial reader Stercorariidae jaegers and skuas: jaeger rapacious seabird that pursues weaker birds to make them drop their prey Stercorarius type genus of the Stercorariidae: jaegers parasitic jaeger a variety of jaeger Catharacta skuas skua gull-like jaeger of northern seas great skua large brown skua of the northern Atlantic Alcidae web-footed diving seabirds of northern seas: auks; puffins; guillemots; murres; etc. auk black-and-white short-necked web-footed diving bird of northern seas auklet any of several small auks of the northern Pacific coasts Alca type genus of the Alcidae comprising solely the razorbill razorbill black-and-white northern Atlantic auk having a compressed sharp-edged bill Plautus a genus of Alcidae comic dramatist of ancient Rome (253?-184 BC) little auk small short-billed auk abundant in Arctic regions Pinguinus great auk great auk large flightless auk of rocky islands off northern Atlantic coasts; extinct Cepphus a genus of birds including: guillemots guillemot small black or brown speckled auks of northern seas black guillemot northern Atlantic guillemot pigeon guillemot northern Pacific guillemot Uria murres murre black-and-white diving bird of northern seas common murre the most frequent variety of murre thick-billed murre a variety of murre puffin any of two genera of northern seabirds having short necks and brightly colored compressed bills Fratercula puffins Atlantic puffin common puffin of the northern Atlantic horned puffin northern Pacific puffin Lunda puffins tufted puffin northern Pacific puffin having a large yellow plume over each eye Gaviiformes large aquatic birds: loons and some extinct forms gaviiform seabird seabirds of the order Gaviiformes Gavidae loon family Gavia type genus of the Gavidae: loons loon large somewhat primitive fish-eating diving bird of the northern hemisphere having webbed feet placed far back; related to the grebes a worthless lazy fellow Podicipitiformes grebes podicipitiform seabird aquatic birds related to the loons Podicipedidae coextensive with the order Podicipitiformes Podiceps type genus of the Podicipedidae: grebes grebe small compact-bodied almost completely aquatic bird that builds floating nests; similar to loons but smaller and with lobate rather than webbed feet great crested grebe large Old World grebe with black ear tufts red-necked grebe large stocky grebe of circumpolar regions having a dark neck black-necked grebe small grebe with yellow ear tufts and a black neck; found in Eurasia and southern Africa as well as western United States dabchick small European grebe Podilymbus a genus of Podicipedidae pied-billed grebe American grebe having a black-banded whitish bill Pelecaniformes pelicans; frigate birds; gannets; cormorants pelecaniform seabird large fish-eating seabird with four-toed webbed feet Pelecanidae pelicans pelican large long-winged warm-water seabird having a large bill with a distensible pouch for fish Pelecanus type genus of the Pelecanidae white pelican large American pelican; white with black wing feathers Old world white pelican similar to American white pelican Fregatidae frigate birds Fregata type genus of the Fregatidae frigate bird long-billed warm-water seabird with wide wingspan and forked tail Sulidae gannets and boobies gannet large heavily built seabird with a long stout bill noted for its plunging dives for fish Sula type genus of the Sulidae solan very large white gannet with black wing tips booby small tropical gannet having a bright bill or bright feet or both Phalacrocoracidae cormorants Phalacrocorax type genus: coextensive with the family Phalacrocoracidae cormorant large voracious dark-colored long-necked seabird with a distensible pouch for holding fish; used in Asia to catch fish Anhingidae snakebirds genus Anhinga type genus of the Anhingidae snakebird fish-eating bird of warm inland waters having a long flexible neck and slender sharp-pointed bill water turkey blackish New World snakebird of swampy regions Phaethontidae tropicbirds Phaethon type genus of the Phaethontidae (Greek mythology) son of Helios; killed when trying to drive his father's chariot and came too close to earth tropic bird mostly white web-footed tropical seabird often found far from land Sphenisciformes penguins Spheniscidae comprising all existing penguins sphenisciform seabird flightless cold-water seabirds: penguins penguin short-legged flightless birds of cold southern especially Antarctic regions having webbed feet and wings modified as flippers Pygoscelis a genus of Spheniscidae Adelie medium-sized penguins occurring in large colonies on the Adelie Coast of Antarctica Aptenodytes large penguins king penguin large penguin on islands bordering the Antarctic Circle emperor penguin the largest penguin; an Antarctic penguin Spheniscus type genus of the Spheniscidae: jackass penguins jackass penguin small penguin of South America and southern Africa with a braying call Eudyptes rock hoppers rock hopper small penguin of the Falkland Islands and New Zealand Procellariiformes petrels; albatrosses; shearwaters; diving petrels pelagic bird bird of the open seas procellariiform seabird large long-winged bird with hooked bill and tubular nostrils that wanders the open seas Diomedeidae albatrosses albatross large web-footed birds of the southern hemisphere having long narrow wings; noted for powerful gliding flight (figurative) something that hinders or handicaps; "she was an albatross around his neck" genus Diomedea type of the Diomedeidae wandering albatross very large albatross; white with wide black wings black-footed albatross a variety of albatross with black feet Procellariidae petrels; fulmars; shearwaters petrel relatively small long-winged tube-nosed bird that flies far from land Procellaria type genus of the Procellariidae white-chinned petrel large black petrel of southern seas having a white mark on the chin Macronectes giant petrels giant petrel large brownish petrel chiefly of Antarctic seas Fulmarus fulmars fulmar heavy short-tailed oceanic bird of polar regions Puffinus shearwaters shearwater long-winged oceanic bird that in flight skims close to the waves Manx shearwater small black-and-white shearwater common in the northeastern Atlantic Hydrobatidae storm petrels storm petrel any of various small petrels having dark plumage with paler underparts Hydrobates type genus of the Hydrobatidae stormy petrel sooty black petrel with white markings; of the northern Atlantic and Mediterranean Oceanites a genus of Hydrobatidae Mother Carey's chicken medium-sized storm petrel Pelecanoididae diving petrels diving petrel any of several small diving birds of southern hemisphere seas; somewhat resemble auks aquatic mammal whales and dolphins; manatees and dugongs; walruses; seals Cetacea an order of Eutheria cetacean large aquatic carnivorous mammal with fin-like forelimbs no hind limbs, including: whales; dolphins; porpoises; narwhals of or relating to whales and dolphins etc whale any of the larger cetacean mammals having a streamlined body and breathing through a blowhole on the head hunt for whales Mysticeti baleen whales: right whales; rorquals; blue whales; humpbacks baleen whale whale with plates of whalebone along the upper jaw for filtering plankton from the water Balaenidae right whales right whale large Arctic whalebone whale; allegedly the `right' whale to hunt because of its valuable whalebone and oil Balaena type genus of the Balaenidae: Greenland whales bowhead large-mouthed Arctic whale Balaenopteridae rorquals; blue whales rorqual any of several baleen whales of the family Balaenopteridae having longitudinal grooves on the throat and a small pointed dorsal fin Balaenoptera type genus of the Balaenopteridae blue whale largest mammal ever known; bluish-grey migratory whalebone whale mostly of southern hemisphere finback large flat-headed whalebone whale having deep furrows along the throat; of Atlantic and Pacific sei whale similar to but smaller than the finback whale lesser rorqual small finback of coastal waters of Atlantic and Pacific Megaptera humpback whales humpback large whalebone whale with long flippers noted for arching or humping its back as it dives a person whose back is hunched because of abnormal curvature of the upper spine Eschrichtiidae comprising only the grey whales Eschrichtius type and sole genus of the Eschrichtiidae grey whale medium-sized greyish-black whale of the northern Pacific Odontoceti toothed whales: dolphins; porpoises; sperm whales; beaked whales toothed whale any of several whales having simple conical teeth and feeding on fish etc. Physeteridae sperm whales Physeter type genus of the Physeteridae sperm whale large whale with a large cavity in the head containing spermaceti and oil; also a source of ambergris Kogia pygmy sperm whales pygmy sperm whale small sperm whale of warm waters of both coasts of North America dwarf sperm whale very small (to 8 feet) sperm whale of central coasts of Atlantic and Pacific Ziphiidae beaked whales; in some especially former classifications included in the family Physeteridae beaked whale any of several whales inhabiting all oceans and having beaklike jaws with vestigial teeth in the upper jaw Hyperoodon bottle-nosed whales bottle-nosed whale northern Atlantic beaked whale with a bulbous forehead Delphinidae dolphins dolphin any of various small toothed whales with a beaklike snout; larger than porpoises Delphinus type genus of the Delphinidae a constellation in the northern hemisphere near Pegasus and Aquila common dolphin black-and-white dolphin that leaps high out of the water Tursiops a genus of Delphinidae bottlenose dolphin any of several dolphins with rounded forehead and well-developed beak; chiefly of northern Atlantic and Mediterranean Atlantic bottlenose dolphin the most common dolphin of northern Atlantic and Mediterranean; often kept captive and trained to perform Pacific bottlenose dolphin a bottlenose dolphin found in the Pacific Ocean Phocoena porpoises porpoise any of several small gregarious cetacean mammals having a blunt snout and many teeth harbor porpoise the common porpoise of the northern Atlantic and Pacific vaquita a short porpoise that lives in the Gulf of California; an endangered species genus Grampus grampus grampus slaty-grey blunt-nosed dolphin common in northern seas Orcinus killer whales killer whale predatory black-and-white toothed whale with large dorsal fin; common in cold seas Globicephala pilot whales pilot whale small dark-colored whale of the Atlantic coast of the United States; the largest male acts as pilot or leader for the school Platanistidae river dolphins river dolphin any of several long-snouted usually freshwater dolphins of South America and southern Asia Monodontidae narwhals Monodon type genus of the Monodontidae narwhal small Arctic whale the male having a long spiral ivory tusk Delphinapterus white whale white whale small northern whale that is white when adult spouter a spouting whale an oil well that is spouting Sirenia an animal order including: manatees; dugongs; Steller's sea cow sea cow any of two families of large herbivorous aquatic mammals with paddle-shaped tails and flipper-like forelimbs and no hind limbs Trichechidae comprising only the manatees Trichechus type and sole genus of the Trichechidae manatee sirenian mammal of tropical coastal waters of America; the flat tail is rounded Dugongidae a family of mammals of order Sirenia including dugongs and Steller's sea cow genus Dugong type genus of the Dugongidae comprising only the dugongs dugong sirenian tusked mammal found from eastern Africa to Australia; the flat tail is bilobate Hydrodamalis a genus of the family Dugongidae comprising only Steller's sea cow Steller's sea cow extinct large sirenian mammal formerly found near the Asiatic coast of the Bering Sea Carnivora cats; lions; tigers; panthers; dogs; wolves; jackals; bears; raccoons; skunks; and members of the suborder Pinnipedia omnivore an animal that feeds on both animal and vegetable substances a person who eats all kinds of foods Pinnipedia seals; sea lions; walruses pinniped mammal aquatic carnivorous mammal having a streamlined body specialized for swimming with limbs modified as flippers seal any of numerous marine mammals that come on shore to breed; chiefly of cold regions a device incised to make an impression; used to secure a closing or to authenticate documents fastener that provides a tight and perfect closure a finishing coat applied to exclude moisture a stamp affixed to a document (as to attest to its authenticity or to seal it); "the warrant bore the sheriff's seal" the pelt or fur (especially the underfur) of a seal; "a coat of seal" decide irrevocably; "sealing dooms" hunt seals close with or as if with a seal; "She sealed the letter with hot wax" make tight; secure against leakage; "seal the windows" affix a seal to; "seal the letter" crabeater seal silvery grey Antarctic seal subsisting on crustaceans Otariidae eared seals: sea lions and fur seals eared seal pinniped mammal having external ear flaps and hind limbs used for locomotion on land; valued for its soft underfur Arctocephalus fur seals fur seal eared seal of the southern hemisphere; the thick soft underfur is the source of sealskin; "the male fur seal is much larger than the female" an eared seal of the northern Pacific guadalupe fur seal a fur seal of the Pacific coast of California and southward Callorhinus fur seals Alaska fur seal of Pacific coast from Alaska southward to California sea lion any of several large eared seals of the northern Pacific related to fur seals but lacking their valuable coat Otaria type genus of the Otariidae South American sea lion of the southern coast of South America Zalophus sea lions California sea lion often trained as a show animal Australian sea lion a variety of sea lion found in Australia Eumetopias sea lions Steller sea lion largest sea lion; of the northern Pacific Phocidae earless seals earless seal any of several seals lacking external ear flaps and having a stiff hairlike coat with hind limbs reduced to swimming flippers Phoca type genus of the Phocidae: earless seals harbor seal small spotted seal of coastal waters of the northern hemisphere Pagophilus harp seals harp seal common Arctic seal; the young are all white Mirounga elephant seals elephant seal either of two large northern Atlantic earless seals having snouts like trunks Erignathus bearded seals bearded seal medium-sized greyish to yellow seal with bristles each side of muzzle; of the Arctic Ocean Cystophora hooded seals hooded seal medium-sized blackish-grey seal with large inflatable sac on the head; of Arctic and northern Atlantic waters Odobenidae walruses and extinct forms Odobenus type genus of the Odobenidae: walruses walrus either of two large northern marine mammals having ivory tusks and tough hide over thick blubber Atlantic walrus a walrus of northern Atlantic and Arctic waters Pacific walrus a walrus of the Bering Sea and northern Pacific Fissipedia in some classifications considered a suborder of Carnivora fissiped mammal terrestrial carnivores; having toes separated to the base: dogs; cats; bears; badgers; raccoons Tubulidentata an order of Eutheria Orycteropodidae aardvarks Orycteropus coextensive with the family Orycteropodidae aardvark nocturnal burrowing mammal of the grasslands of Africa that feeds on termites; sole extant representative of the order Tubulidentata Canidae dogs; wolves; jackals; foxes canine any of various fissiped mammals with nonretractile claws and typically long muzzles one of the four pointed conical teeth (two in each jaw) located between the incisors and the premolars of or relating to or characteristic of members of the family Canidae of or relating to a pointed conical tooth bitch female of any member of the dog family an unpleasant difficulty; "this problem is a real bitch" brood bitch a bitch used for breeding Canis type genus of the Canidae: domestic and wild dogs; wolves; jackals dog a member of the genus Canis (probably descended from the common wolf) that has been domesticated by man since prehistoric times; occurs in many breeds; "the dog barked all night" informal term for a man; "you lucky dog" pooch informal terms for dogs round one's lips as if intending to kiss cur an inferior dog or one of mixed breed a cowardly and despicable person feist a nervous belligerent little mongrel dog pariah dog ownerless half-wild mongrel dog common around Asian villages especially India lapdog a dog small and tame enough to be held in the lap toy dog any of several breeds of very small dogs kept purely as pets Chihuahua an old breed of tiny short-haired dog with protruding eyes from Mexico held to antedate Aztec civilization a state in northern Mexico; mostly high plateau a city in northern Mexico in the state of Chihuahua; commercial center of northern Mexico Japanese spaniel breed of toy dogs originating in Japan having a silky black-and-white or red-and-white coat Maltese dog breed of toy dogs having a long straight silky white coat Pekinese a Chinese breed of small short-legged dogs with a long silky coat and broad flat muzzle Shih-Tzu a Chinese breed of small dog similar to a Pekingese toy spaniel a very small spaniel English toy spaniel British breed having a long silky coat and rounded head with a short upturned muzzle Blenheim spaniel red-and-white variety of English toy spaniel King Charles spaniel a toy English spaniel with a black-and-tan coat; named after Charles II who popularized it papillon small slender toy spaniel with erect ears and a black-spotted brown to white coat toy terrier a small active dog hunting dog a dog used in hunting game Rhodesian ridgeback a powerful short-haired African hunting dog having a crest of reversed hair along the spine hound any of several breeds of dog used for hunting typically having large drooping ears pursue or chase relentlessly; "The hunters traced the deer into the woods"; "the detectives hounded the suspect until they found him" Afghan hound tall graceful breed of hound with a long silky coat; native to the Near East basset smooth-haired breed of hound with short legs and long ears appear at the surface; "A seam of coal bassets" beagle a small short-legged smooth-coated breed of hound bloodhound a breed of large powerful hound of European origin having very acute smell and used in tracking bluetick a very fast American hound; white mottled with bluish grey boarhound large hound used in hunting wild boars coonhound any of several breeds of hound developed for hunting raccoons coondog any dog trained to hunt raccoons black-and-tan coonhound American breed of large powerful hound dogs used for hunting raccoons and other game dachshund small long-bodied short-legged German breed of dog having a short sleek coat and long drooping ears; suited for following game into burrows sausage dog informal term foxhound medium-sized glossy-coated hounds developed for hunting foxes American foxhound an American breed of foxhounds used for hunting both in packs and individually Walker hound an American breed of foxhound English foxhound an English breed slightly larger than the American foxhounds originally used to hunt in packs Plott hound a brindle-coated American hound used in hunting bears and wild boars redbone a speedy red or red-and-tan American hound wolfhound the largest breed of dogs; formerly used to hunt wolves borzoi tall fast-moving dog breed Irish wolfhound large breed of hound with a rough thick coat greyhound a tall slender dog of an ancient breed noted for swiftness and keen sight; used as a racing dog Italian greyhound a toy dog developed from the greyhound whippet small slender dog of greyhound type developed in England Ibizan hound breed of slender agile medium-sized hound found chiefly in the Balearic Islands; said to have been bred originally by the Pharaohs of ancient Egypt Norwegian elkhound breed of compact medium-sized dog with a heavy grey coat developed in Norway for hunting elk otterhound hardy British hound having long pendulous ears and a thick coarse shaggy coat with an oily undercoat; bred for hunting otters Saluki old breed of tall swift keen-eyed hunting dogs resembling greyhounds; from Egypt and southwestern Asia Scottish deerhound very large and tall rough-coated dog bred for hunting deer; known as the royal dog of Scotland staghound a large heavy hound formerly used in hunting stags and other large game; similar to but larger than a foxhound Weimaraner large breed of hound having a smooth greyish coat; originated in Germany terrier any of several usually small short-bodied breeds originally trained to hunt animals living underground bullterrier a powerful short-haired terrier originated in England by crossing the bulldog with terriers Staffordshire bullterrier English breed of strong stocky dog having a broad skull and smooth coat American Staffordshire terrier American breed of muscular terriers with a short close-lying stiff coat Bedlington terrier a light terrier groomed to resemble a lamb Border terrier small rough-coated terrier of British origin Kerry blue terrier an Irish breed of medium-sized terriers with a silky blue-grey coat Irish terrier medium-sized breed with a wiry brown coat; developed in Ireland Norfolk terrier English breed of small terrier with a straight wiry grizzled coat and dropped ears Norwich terrier English breed of small short-legged terrier with a straight wiry red or grey or black-and-tan coat and erect ears Yorkshire terrier very small breed having a long glossy coat of bluish-grey and tan rat terrier any of several breeds of terrier developed to catch rats Manchester terrier a breed of short-haired rat terrier with a black-and-tan coat that was developed in Manchester, England toy Manchester breed of small Manchester terrier fox terrier small lively black-and-white terriers formerly used to dig out foxes smooth-haired fox terrier a fox terrier with smooth hair wire-haired fox terrier a fox terrier with wiry hair wirehair a terrier with wiry hair Lakeland terrier breed of wire-haired terrier originally from the Lake District of England and used for hunting Welsh terrier wire-haired terrier resembling Airedales but smaller; developed in Wales for hunting Sealyham terrier a wire-haired terrier with short legs that was first bred in Sealyham Airedale breed of large wiry-coated terrier bred in Yorkshire cairn small rough-haired breed of terrier from Scotland a mound of stones piled up as a memorial or to mark a boundary or path Australian terrier small greyish wire-haired breed of terrier from Australia similar to the cairn Dandie Dinmont a breed of small terrier with long wiry coat and drooping ears Boston bull small pug-faced American terrier breed having a smooth brindle or black coat with white markings schnauzer old German breed of sturdy black or greyish wire-haired terriers having a blunt muzzle ranging in size from fairly small to very large; used as ratters and guard dogs or police dogs miniature schnauzer a small schnauzer giant schnauzer a large schnauzer standard schnauzer a medium-sized schnauzer Scotch terrier old Scottish breed of small long-haired usually black terrier with erect tail and ears Tibetan terrier breed of medium-sized terriers bred in Tibet resembling Old English sheepdogs with fluffy curled tails silky terrier Australian breed of toy dogs having a silky blue coat Skye terrier Scottish breed of terrier with shaggy hair and long low body with short legs; native to the Isle of Skye Clydesdale terrier selectively bred small Skye terrier with erect ears and a long silky coat soft-coated wheaten terrier Irish breed of medium-sized terrier with an abundant coat any shade of wheat and very hairy head and muzzle West Highland white terrier small white long-coated terrier developed in Scotland Lhasa a breed of terrier having a long heavy coat raised in Tibet as watchdogs the sacred city of Lamaism; known as the Forbidden City for its former inaccessibility and hostility to strangers sporting dog a dog trained to work with sportsmen when they hunt with guns bird dog a gun dog trained to locate or retrieve birds water dog a dog accustomed to water and usually trained to retrieve waterfowl a person who enjoys being in or on the water retriever a dog with heavy water-resistant coat that can be trained to retrieve game flat-coated retriever an English breed having a shiny black or liver-colored coat; retrieves game from land or water curly-coated retriever an English breed having a tightly curled black or liver-colored coat; retrieves game from land or water golden retriever an English breed having a long silky golden coat Labrador retriever breed originally from Labrador having a short black or golden-brown coat Chesapeake Bay retriever American breed having a short thick oily coat ranging from brown to light tan pointer a strong slender smooth-haired dog of Spanish origin having a white coat with brown or black patches; scents out and points to game an indicator as on a dial German short-haired pointer liver or liver-and-white hunting dog developed in Germany; 3/4 pointer and 1/4 bloodhound setter a long-haired dog formerly trained to crouch on finding game but now to point vizsla Hungarian hunting dog resembling the Weimaraner but having a rich deep red coat English setter an English breed having a plumed tail and a soft silky coat that is chiefly white Irish setter an Irish breed with a chestnut-brown or mahogany-red coat Gordon setter a Scottish breed with a black-and-tan coat spaniel any of several breeds of small to medium-sized gun dogs with a long silky coat and long frilled ears Brittany spaniel tall active short-tailed French breed of bird dog having a usually smooth orange- or liver-and-white coat clumber a thickset spaniel with longish silky hair field spaniel large usually black hunting and retrieving spaniel with a dense flat or slightly wavy coat; cross between cocker and Sussex spaniel springer spaniel a large spaniel with wavy silky coat usually black or liver and white English springer a breed having typically a black-and-white coat Welsh springer spaniel a red-and-white breed slightly smaller than the English springer spaniel cocker spaniel a small breed with wavy silky hair; originally developed in England Sussex spaniel an English breed with short legs and a golden liver-colored coat water spaniel any dog of two large curly-coated breeds used for hunting waterfowl American water spaniel breed of medium-sized spaniels originating in America having chocolate or liver-colored curly coat Irish water spaniel breed of large spaniels developed in Ireland having a heavy coat of liver-colored curls and a topknot of long curls and a nearly hairless tail griffon breed of medium-sized long-headed dogs with downy undercoat and harsh wiry outer coat; originated in Holland but largely developed in France breed of various very small compact wiry-coated dogs of Belgian origin having a short bearded muzzle working dog any of several breeds of usually large powerful dogs bred to work as draft animals and guard and guide dogs watchdog a dog trained to guard property a guardian or defender against theft or illegal practices or waste; "she is the global watchdog for human rights abuses" kuvasz long-established Hungarian breed of tall light-footed but sturdy white dog; used also as a hunting dog attack dog a watchdog trained to attack on command housedog a dog trained to guard a house schipperke breed of small stocky black dogs originally used as watchdogs on boats in the Netherlands and Belgium shepherd dog any of various usually long-haired breeds of dog reared to herd and guard sheep Belgian sheepdog hardy working dog developed in Belgium for herding sheep groenendael black-coated sheepdog with a heavily plumed tail malinois fawn-colored short-haired sheepdog briard old French breed of large strong usually black dogs having a long tail and long wavy and slightly stiff coat kelpie an Australian sheepdog with pointed ears komondor Hungarian breed of large powerful shaggy-coated white dog; used also as guard dog Old English sheepdog large sheepdog with a profuse shaggy bluish-grey-and-white coat and short tail; believed to trace back to the Roman occupation of Britain Shetland sheepdog a small sheepdog resembling a collie that was developed in the Shetland Islands collie a silky-coated sheepdog with a long ruff and long narrow head developed in Scotland Border collie developed in the area between Scotland and England usually having a black coat with white on the head and tip of tail used for herding both sheep and cattle Bouvier des Flandres rough-coated breed used originally in Belgium for herding and guarding cattle Rottweiler German breed of large vigorous short-haired cattle dogs German shepherd breed of large shepherd dogs used in police work and as a guide for the blind police dog any dog trained to assist police especially in tracking pinscher any of three breeds of dogs whose ears and tail are usually cropped Doberman medium large breed of dog of German origin with a glossy black and tan coat; used as a watchdog miniature pinscher small German version of a Doberman pinscher Sennenhunde any of four Swiss breeds Greater Swiss Mountain dog the largest of the four Swiss breeds Bernese mountain dog large powerful long-haired black-coated Swiss dog with deep tan or russet markings on legs and white blaze and feet and chest marking; formerly used for draft Appenzeller a smaller of the four Swiss breeds EntleBucher the smallest of the Sennenhunde boxer a breed of stocky medium-sized short-haired dog with a brindled coat and square-jawed muzzle developed in Germany someone who fights with his fists for sport mastiff an old breed of powerful deep-chested smooth-coated dog used chiefly as a watchdog and guard dog bull mastiff large powerful breed developed by crossing the bulldog and the mastiff Tibetan mastiff very large powerful rough-coated dog native to central Asia bulldog a sturdy thickset short-haired breed with a large head and strong undershot lower jaw; developed originally in England for bull baiting throw a steer by seizing the horns and twisting the neck, as in a rodeo attack viciously and ferociously French bulldog small stocky version of the bulldog having a sleek coat and square head Great Dane very large powerful smooth-coated breed of dog guide dog a dog trained to guide the blind Seeing Eye dog (trademark) a guide dog trained to guide a blind person hearing dog dog trained to assist the deaf by signaling the occurrence of certain sounds Saint Bernard a Swiss alpine breed of large powerful dog with a thick coat of hair used as a rescue dog seizure-alert dog a dog that can alert or assist people with seizure disorders sled dog a dog trained to draw a sled usually in a team Eskimo dog breed of heavy-coated Arctic sled dog malamute breed of sled dog developed in Alaska Siberian husky breed of sled dog developed in northeastern Siberia; they resemble the larger Alaskan malamutes dalmatian a large breed having a smooth white coat with black or brown spots; originated in Dalmatia liver-spotted dalmatian a brown-spotted dalmatian affenpinscher European breed of small dog resembling a terrier with dark wiry hair and a tufted muzzle basenji small smooth-haired breed of African origin having a tightly curled tail and the inability to bark pug small compact smooth-coated breed of Asiatic origin having a tightly curled tail and broad flat wrinkled muzzle Leonberg a large dog (usually with a golden coat) produced by crossing a St Bernard and a Newfoundland Newfoundland a breed of very large heavy dogs with a thick coarse usually black coat; highly intelligent dogs and vigorous swimmers; developed in Newfoundland an island in the north Atlantic Great Pyrenees bred of large heavy-coated white dogs resembling the Newfoundland spitz any of various stocky heavy-coated breeds of dogs native to northern regions having pointed muzzles and erect ears with a curled furry tail Samoyed Siberian breed of white or cream-colored dog of the spitz family a Samoyedic-speaking person in northwestern Siberia Pomeranian breed of very small compact long-haired dogs of the spitz type chow breed of medium-sized dogs with a thick coat and fluffy curled tails and distinctive blue-black tongues; believed to have originated in northern China informal terms for a meal keeshond a spitz-like dog having a shaggy greyish coat and tightly curled tail originating in Holland Brabancon griffon a variety of Brussels griffon having a short smooth coat corgi either of two Welsh breeds of long-bodied short-legged dogs with erect ears and a fox-like head Pembroke the smaller and straight-legged variety of corgi having pointed ears and a short tail Cardigan slightly bowlegged variety of corgi having rounded ears and a long tail poodle an intelligent dog with a heavy curly solid-colored coat that is usually clipped; an old breed sometimes trained as sporting dogs or as performing dogs toy poodle the breed of very small poodles miniature poodle a breed of small poodles standard poodle a breed or medium-sized poodles large poodle the largest breed of poodle Mexican hairless any of an old breed of small nearly hairless dogs of Mexico wolf any of various predatory carnivorous canine mammals of North America and Eurasia that usually hunt in packs a man who is aggressive in making amorous advances to women eat hastily; "The teenager wolfed down the pizza" timber wolf a wolf with a brindled grey coat living in forested northern regions of North America white wolf wolf of Arctic North America having white fur and a black-tipped tail red wolf reddish-grey wolf of southwestern North America coyote small wolf native to western North America a forest fire fighter who is sent to battle remote and severe forest fires (often for days at a time) someone who smuggles illegal immigrants into the United States (usually across the Mexican border) coydog offspring of a coyote and a dog jackal Old World nocturnal canine mammal closely related to the dog; smaller than a wolf; sometimes hunts in a pack but usually singly or as a member of a pair wild dog any of various undomesticated mammals of the family Canidae that are thought to resemble domestic dogs as distinguished from jackals or wolves dingo wolflike yellowish-brown wild dog of Australia Cuon Asiatic wild dog dhole fierce wild dog of the forests of central and southeast Asia that hunts in packs Dusicyon crab-eating dog crab-eating dog wild dog of northern South America Nyctereutes raccoon dogs raccoon dog small wild dog of eastern Asia having facial markings like those of a raccoon Lycaeon African hunting dog African hunting dog a powerful doglike mammal of southern and eastern Africa that hunts in large packs; now rare in settled area Hyaenidae hyenas hyena doglike nocturnal mammal of Africa and southern Asia that feeds chiefly on carrion genus Hyaena type genus of the Hyaenidae striped hyena of northern Africa and Arabia and India brown hyena of southern Africa Crocuta a genus of Hyaenidae spotted hyena African hyena noted for its distinctive howl Proteles aardwolf aardwolf striped hyena of southeast Africa that feeds chiefly on insects fox alert carnivorous mammal with pointed muzzle and ears and a bushy tail; most are predators that do not hunt in packs the grey or reddish-brown fur of a fox become discolored with, or as if with, mildew spots vixen a female fox a malicious woman with a fierce temper Reynard a conventional name for a fox used in tales following usage in the old epic `Reynard the Fox' Vulpes foxes red fox the common Old World fox; having reddish-brown fur; commonly considered a single circumpolar species New World fox; often considered the same species as the Old World fox weedy annual with spikes of silver-white flowers black fox red fox in the color phase when its pelt is mostly black silver fox red fox in the color phase when its pelt is tipped with white kit fox small grey fox of the plains of western North America small grey fox of southwestern United States; may be a subspecies of Vulpes velox Alopex arctic foxes Arctic fox thickly-furred fox of Arctic regions; brownish in summer and white in winter blue fox a variety of Arctic fox having a pale grey winter coat Urocyon grey foxes grey fox dark grey American fox; from Central America through southern United States Felidae cats; wildcats; lions; leopards; cheetahs; saber-toothed tigers feline any of various lithe-bodied roundheaded fissiped mammals, many with retractile claws of or relating to cats; "feline fur" Felis type genus of the Felidae: true cats and most wildcats cat feline mammal usually having thick soft fur and no ability to roar: domestic cats; wildcats a spiteful woman gossip; "what a cat she is!" beat with a cat-o'-nine-tails domestic cat any domesticated member of the genus Felis kitty informal terms referring to a domestic cat mouser a cat proficient at mousing alley cat a homeless cat stray an animal that has strayed (especially a domestic animal) wander from a direct course or at random; "The child strayed from the path and her parents lost sight of her"; "don't drift from the set course" (of an animal) having no home or having wandered away from home; "a stray calf"; "a stray dog" tom male cat gib a castrated tomcat tabby female cat a cat with a grey or tawny coat mottled with black kitten young domestic cat give birth to kittens; "our cat kittened again this year" tiger cat a cat having a striped coat medium-sized wildcat of Central America and South America having a dark-striped coat tortoiseshell a cat having black and cream-colored and yellowish markings brilliantly colored; larvae feed on nettles the mottled horny substance of the shell of some turtles Persian cat a long-haired breed of cat Angora a long-haired breed of cat similar to the Persian cat domestic breed of rabbit with long white silky hair a domestic breed of goat raised for its long silky hair which is the true mohair Siamese cat a slender short-haired blue-eyed breed of cat having a pale coat with dark ears paws face and tail tip blue point Siamese Siamese cat having a bluish cream-colored body and dark grey points Burmese cat a short-haired breed with body similar to the Siamese cat but having a solid dark brown or grey coat Egyptian cat a domestic cat of Egypt Maltese a term applied indiscriminately in the United States to any short-haired bluish-grey cat the national language of the Republic of Malta; a Semitic language derived from Arabic but with many loan words from Italian, Spanish, and Norman-French a native or inhabitant of Malta of or relating to the island or republic of Malta or its inhabitants; "Maltese customs officers" Abyssinian a small slender short-haired breed of African origin having brownish fur with a reddish undercoat Manx a short-haired tailless breed of cat believed to originate on the Isle of Man the ancient Gaelic formerly spoken on the Isle of Man; the language is sometimes used on ceremonial occasions of or relating to the Isle of Man or its inhabitants or their language; "the Manx fishing industry"; "there are few Manx speakers alive today" wildcat any small or medium-sized cat resembling the domestic cat and living in the wild (of a mine or oil well) drilled speculatively in an area not known to be productive; "drilling there would be strictly a wildcat operation"; "a wildcat mine"; "wildcat drilling"; "wildcat wells" outside the bounds of legitimate or ethical business practices; "wildcat currency issued by irresponsible banks"; "wildcat stock speculation"; "a wildcat airline"; "wildcat life insurance schemes" sand cat a desert wildcat European wildcat bushy-tailed wildcat of Europe that resembles the domestic cat and is regarded as the ancestor of the domestic cat cougar large American feline resembling a lion ocelot nocturnal wildcat of Central America and South America having a dark-spotted buff-brown coat jaguarundi long-bodied long-tailed tropical American wildcat kaffir cat widely distributed wildcat of Africa and Asia Minor jungle cat small Asiatic wildcat serval slender long-legged African wildcat having large untufted ears and tawny black-spotted coat leopard cat small spotted wildcat of southern Asia and Malaysia margay small spotted wildcat found from Texas to Brazil manul small wildcat of the mountains of Siberia and Tibet and Mongolia genus Lynx lynxes lynx short-tailed wildcats with usually tufted ears; valued for their fur a text browser common lynx of northern Eurasia Canada lynx of northern North America bobcat small lynx of North America spotted lynx of southern Europe caracal of deserts of northern Africa and southern Asia big cat any of several large cats typically able to roar and living in the wild Panthera lions; leopards; snow leopards; jaguars; tigers; cheetahs; saber-toothed tigers leopard large feline of African and Asian forests usually having a tawny coat with black spots the pelt of a leopard leopardess female leopard panther a leopard in the black color phase snow leopard large feline of upland central Asia having long thick whitish fur jaguar a large spotted feline of tropical America similar to the leopard; in some classifications considered a member of the genus Felis lion large gregarious predatory feline of Africa and India having a tawny coat with a shaggy mane in the male a celebrity who is lionized (much sought after) lioness a female lion lionet a small or young lion tiger large feline of forests in most of Asia having a tawny coat with black stripes; endangered a fierce or audacious person; "he's a tiger on the tennis court"; "it aroused the tiger in me" Bengal tiger southern short-haired tiger tigress a female tiger liger offspring of a male lion and a female tiger tiglon offspring of a male tiger and a female lion Acinonyx cheetahs cheetah long-legged spotted cat of Africa and southwestern Asia having nonretractile claws; the swiftest mammal; can be trained to run down game saber-toothed tiger any of many extinct cats of the Old and New Worlds having long swordlike upper canine teeth; from the Oligocene through the Pleistocene Smiledon saber-toothed tigers Smiledon californicus North American sabertooth; culmination of sabertooth development Nimravus false sabertoothed tigers false saber-toothed tiger North American cat of the Miocene and Pliocene; much earlier and less specialized than members of the genus Smiledon Ursidae bears and extinct related forms bear massive plantigrade carnivorous or omnivorous mammals with long shaggy coats and strong claws an investor with a pessimistic market outlook; an investor who expects prices to fall and so sells now in order to buy later at a lower price move while holding up or supporting; "Bear gifts"; "bear a heavy load"; "bear news"; "bearing orders" bring forth; "The apple tree bore delicious apples this year"; "The unidentified plant bore gorgeous flowers" take on as one's own the expenses or debts of another person; "I'll accept the charges"; "She agreed to bear the responsibility" have rightfully; of rights, titles, and offices; "She bears the title of Duchess"; "He held the governorship for almost a decade" have; "bear a resemblance"; "bear a signature" Ursus type genus of Ursidae: brown bears; in some classifications genus Ursus includes all bears brown bear large ferocious bear of Eurasia bruin a conventional name for a bear used in tales following usage in the old epic `Reynard the Fox' Syrian bear yellowish-grey Syrian brown bear grizzly powerful brownish-yellow bear of the uplands of western North America Alaskan brown bear brown bear of coastal Alaska and British Columbia Euarctos American black bears; in some classifications not a separate genus from Ursus American black bear brown to black North American bear; smaller and less ferocious than the brown bear cinnamon bear reddish-brown color phase of the American black bear Selenarctos Asiatic black bears; in some classifications not a separate genus from Ursus Asiatic black bear bear with a black coat living in central and eastern Asia Thalarctos polar bears; in some classifications not a separate genus from Ursus ice bear white bear of Arctic regions Melursus sloth bears; in some classifications not a separate genus from Ursus sloth bear common coarse-haired long-snouted bear of south-central Asia Viverridae genets; civets; mongooses viverrine small cat-like predatory mammals of warmer parts of the Old World civet cat-like mammal typically secreting musk used in perfumes Viverra type genus of the family Viverridae large civet common civet of India and southeast Asia Viverricula a genus of Viverridae small civet a common civet of southeast Asia Arctictis binturongs binturong arboreal civet of Asia having a long prehensile tail and shaggy black hair Cryptoprocta large primitive cat-like carnivores inhabiting forests of Madagascar fossa largest carnivore of Madagascar; intermediate in some respects between cats and civets Fossa monotypic genus of Madagascar civets closely related to palm civets fanaloka civet of Madagascar Genetta genets genet agile Old World viverrine having a spotted coat and long ringed tail Hemigalus banded palm civets banded palm civet an East Indian civet Herpestes mongooses mongoose agile grizzled Old World viverrine; preys on snakes and rodents Indian mongoose keen-sighted viverrine of southern Asia about the size of a ferret; often domesticated ichneumon northern African mongoose; in ancient times thought to devour crocodile eggs Paradoxurus palm civets palm cat spotted or striped arboreal civet of southeast Asia and East Indies Suricata meerkats meerkat a mongoose-like viverrine of South Africa having a face like a lemur and only four toes slender-tailed meerkat a meerkat with a thin and elongated tail suricate burrowing diurnal meerkat of southern Africa; often kept as a pet Chiroptera an old order dating to early Eocene: bats: suborder Megachiroptera (fruit bats); suborder Microchiroptera (insectivorous bats) Megachiroptera fruit bats fruit bat large Old World bat of warm and tropical regions that feeds on fruit Pteropus a genus of Megachiroptera flying fox large bat with a head that resembles the head of a fox Pteropus capestratus a variety of fruit bat Pteropus hypomelanus a variety of fruit bat Nyctimene East Indian fruit bats Cynopterus a genus of Megachiroptera Cynopterus sphinx a variety of fruit eating bat Microchiroptera most of the bats in the world; all bats except fruit bats insectivorous bats carnivorous bat typically having large ears and feeding primarily on insects; worldwide in distribution mouse-eared bat a carnivorous bat with ears like a mouse leafnose bat bat having a leaflike flap at the end of the nose; especially of the families Phyllostomatidae and Rhinolophidae and Hipposideridae Phyllostomidae New World leaf-nosed bats genus Macrotus leafnose bats macrotus large-eared greyish bat of southern California and northwestern Mexico Phyllostomus type genus of the family Phyllostomatidae spearnose bat New World bat with a pointed nose leaf; found from southern United States to Paraguay Phyllostomus hastatus a variety of leaf-nosed bat Choeronycteris a genus of Phyllostomatidae hognose bat small-eared Mexican bat with a long slender nose Rhinolophidae Old World leaf-nosed bats horseshoe bat a bat of the family Rhinolophidae having a horseshoe-shaped leaf on the nose any of numerous bats of the family Hipposideridae of northwest Africa or Philippines or Australia having a horseshoe-shaped leaf on the nose Hipposideridae Old World leafnose bats Hipposideros horseshoe bats Rhinonicteris orange horseshoe bats orange bat a common bat of northwestern Australia having orange or yellow fur Megadermatidae Old World false vampire bats false vampire any New or Old World carnivorous bat erroneously thought to suck blood but in fact feeding on insects Megaderma type genus of the Megadermatidae big-eared bat large carnivorous Old World bat with very large ears Vespertilionidae the majority of common bats of temperate regions of the world vespertilian bat a variety of carnivorous bat Vespertilio a genus of Vespertilionidae frosted bat common Eurasian bat with white-tipped hairs in its coat Lasiurus a genus of Vespertilionidae red bat North American bat of a brick or rusty red color with hairs tipped with white brown bat any of numerous medium to small insectivorous bats found worldwide in caves and trees and buildings Myotis largest and most widely distributed genus of bats little brown bat the small common North American bat; widely distributed cave myotis small bat of southwest United States that lives in caves etc. Eptesicus a genus of Vespertilionidae big brown bat rather large North American brown bat; widely distributed serotine common brown bat of Europe Antrozous a genus of Vespertilionidae pallid bat drab yellowish big-eared bat that lives in caves Pipistrellus nearly cosmopolitan genus of very small bats pipistrelle small European brown bat eastern pipistrel one of the smallest bats of eastern North America western pipistrel of western North America Euderma a genus of Vespertilionidae jackass bat a large bat of the southwestern United States having spots and enormous ears Plecotus a genus of Vespertilionidae long-eared bat any of various Old or New World bats having very long ears western big-eared bat bat of western North America having extremely large ears Molossidae mastiff bats; freetail bats Tadarida freetail bats freetail small swift insectivorous bat with leathery ears and a long tail; common in warm regions guano bat the common freetail bat of southern United States having short velvety fur; migrates southward for winter pocketed bat small brown bat of California and northern Mexico Eumops mastiff bats mastiff bat a soft-furred chocolate-brown bat with folded ears and small wings; often runs along the ground Desmodontidae true vampire bats vampire bat any of various tropical American bats of the family Desmodontidae that bite mammals and birds to feed on their blood Desmodus type genus of the Desmodontidae: vampire bats Desmodus rotundus mouse-sized bat of tropical Central America and South America having sharp incisor and canine teeth; feeds on the blood of birds and mammals Diphylla vampire bats hairy-legged vampire bat similar in size and habits to Desmodus rotundus; of tropical America including southern California and Texas water vascular system system of fluid-filled tubes used by echinoderms in locomotion and feeding and respiration wing a movable organ for flying (one of a pair) one of the horizontal airfoils on either side of the fuselage of an airplane a stage area out of sight of the audience the wing of a fowl; "he preferred the drumsticks to the wings" a unit of military aircraft a group within a political party or legislature or other organization that holds distinct views or has a particular function; "they are the progressive wing of the Republican Party" (in flight formation) a position to the side and just to the rear of another aircraft a hockey player stationed in a forward position on either side ala a wing of an insect a flat wing-shaped process or winglike part of an organism; "the alae of the nose"; "the alae of a maple seed"; "the flat petals of a pea blossom are alae" forewing either of the anterior pair of wings on an insect that has four wings halter either of the rudimentary hind wings of dipterous insects; used for maintaining equilibrium during flight a woman's top that fastens behind the back and neck leaving the back and arms uncovered rope or canvas headgear for a horse, with a rope for leading hang with a halter pennon wing of a bird wing case either of the horny front wings in beetles and some other insects which cover and protect the functional hind wings predator any animal that lives by preying on other animals prey animal hunted or caught for food a person who is the aim of an attack (especially a victim of ridicule or exploitation) by some hostile person or influence; "he fell prey to muggers"; "everyone was fair game"; "the target of a manhunt" profit from in an exploitatory manner; "He feeds on her insecurity" big game large animals that are hunted for sport game bird any bird (as grouse or pheasant) that is hunted for sport animal foot the pedal extremity of vertebrates other than human beings fossorial foot foot adapted for digging as in moles fossorial mammal a burrowing mammal having limbs adapted for digging hoof the foot of an ungulate mammal the horny covering of the end of the foot in ungulate mammals dance in a professional capacity cloven foot a hoof divided into two parts at its distal extremity (as of ruminants or swine) bird's foot the foot of a bird webfoot a foot having the toes connected by folds of skin claw a bird's foot sharp curved horny process on the toe of a bird or some mammals or reptiles a grasping structure on the limb of a crustacean or other arthropods attack as if with claws; "The politician clawed his rival" clutch as if in panic; "She clawed the doorknob" scratch, scrape, pull, or dig with claws or nails move as if by clawing, seizing, or digging; "They clawed their way to the top of the mountain" zygodactyl foot a bird's foot having the first and fourth toes of each foot directed backward and the second and third forward heterodactyl foot a bird's foot having the first and second toes of each foot directed backward and the third and fourth forward webbed foot a bird's foot with folds of skin between the toes lobate foot a bird's foot having separate toes each with membranous flaps along the sides calyculus a small cup-shaped structure (as a taste bud or optic cup or cavity of a coral containing a polyp) optic cup (embryology) a two-walled cuplike depression that develops into the pigmented and sensory layers of the retina denticle small pointed ridge on the exoskeleton of an arthropod bear claw claw of a bear; often used in jewelry an incised design resembling the claw of a bear; used in Native American pottery almond-flavored yeast-raised pastry shaped in an irregular semicircle resembling a bear's claw talon a sharp hooked claw especially on a bird of prey tetrapod a vertebrate animal having four feet or legs or leglike appendages quadruped an animal especially a mammal having four limbs specialized for walking hexapod an animal having six feet biped an animal with two feet belly the underpart of the body of certain vertebrates such as snakes or fish a protruding abdomen the hollow inside of something; "in the belly of the ship" a part that bulges deeply; "the belly of a sail" swell out or bulge out tail the posterior part of the body of a vertebrate especially when elongated and extending beyond the trunk or main part of the body the rear part of an aircraft (usually plural) the reverse side of a coin that does not bear the representation of a person's head a spy employed to follow someone and report their movements any projection that resembles the tail of an animal remove the stalk of fruits or berries bobtail a short or shortened tail of certain animals having a short or shortened tail; "bobtail mare" caudal appendage tail especially of a mammal posterior to and above the anus uropygium posterior part of a bird's body from which the tail feathers grow oxtail the skinned tail of cattle; used especially for soups scut a short erect tail flag a conspicuously marked or shaped tail emblem usually consisting of a rectangular piece of cloth of distinctive design stratified stone that splits into pieces suitable as paving stones a rectangular piece of fabric used as a signalling device provide with a flag; "Flag this file so that I can recognize it immediately" communicate or signal with a flag decorate with flags; "the building was flagged for the holiday" dock the solid bony part of the tail of an animal as distinguished from the hair landing in a harbor next to a pier where ships are loaded and unloaded or repaired; may have gates to let water in or out; "the ship arrived at the dock more than a day late" an enclosure in a court of law where the defendant sits during the trial a platform where trucks or trains can be loaded or unloaded any of certain coarse weedy plants with long taproots, sometimes used as table greens or in folk medicine maneuver into a dock; "dock the ships" remove or shorten the tail of an animal come into dock; "the ship docked" deduct from someone's wages deprive someone of benefits, as a penalty horse's foot the hoof of a horse Insecta insects; about five-sixths of all known animal species insect small air-breathing arthropod social insect an insect that lives in a colony with other insects of the same species ephemeron anything short-lived, as an insect that lives only for a day in its winged form holometabola insects that undergo complete metamorphosis defoliator an insect that strips the leaves from plants pollinator an insect that carries pollen from one flower to another gallfly any of various insects that deposit their eggs in plants causing galls in which the larvae feed Mantophasmatodea an order of insect identified in 2002 in a 45 million year old piece of amber from the Baltic region Mecoptera an order of carnivorous insects usually having long membranous wings and long beaklike heads with chewing mouths at the tip mecopteran any of various carnivorous insects of the order Mecoptera Panorpidae a family of insects of the order Mecoptera scorpion fly any of various mecopterous insects of the family Panorpidae of the northern hemisphere having a long beak and long antennae; males have a tail like that of a scorpion except it is not venomous Bittacidae a family of predacious tropical insects of the order Mecoptera hanging fly any of various mecopterous insects of the family Bittacidae Collembola minute wingless arthropods: springtails collembolan any of numerous minute wingless primitive insects possessing a special abdominal appendage that allows the characteristic nearly perpetual springing pattern; found in soil rich in organic debris or on the surface of snow or water Protura minute wingless arthropods: telsontails proturan any of several minute primitive wingless and eyeless insects having a cone-shaped head; inhabit damp soil or decaying organic matter Coleoptera beetles beetle insect having biting mouthparts and front wings modified to form horny covers overlying the membranous rear wings beat with a beetle fly or go in a manner resembling a beetle; "He beetled up the staircase"; "They beetled off home" jutting or overhanging; "beetle brows" Cicindelidae tiger beetles tiger beetle active usually bright-colored beetle that preys on other insects Coccinellidae the ladybugs ladybug small round bright-colored and spotted beetle that usually feeds on aphids and other insect pests Adalia genus of ladybugs two-spotted ladybug red ladybug with a black spot on each wing Epilachna genus of ladybugs native to Mexico and Central America; both larvae and adults feed on plants Mexican bean beetle introduced into the United States from Mexico; feeds on the foliage of the bean plant Hippodamia genus of ladybugs Hippodamia convergens a variety of ladybug Rodolia genus of Australian ladybugs vedalia native to Australia; introduced elsewhere to control scale insects Carabidae ground beetles ground beetle predacious shining black or metallic terrestrial beetle that destroys many injurious insects Brachinus bombardier beetles bombardier beetle beetle that ejects audibly a pungent vapor when disturbed genus Calosoma genus of large predaceous ground beetles that feed on injurious caterpillars calosoma any beetle of the genus Calosoma searcher large metallic blue-green beetle that preys on caterpillars; found in North America a customs official whose job is to search baggage or goods or vehicles for contraband or dutiable items Lampyridae fireflies firefly nocturnal beetle common in warm regions having luminescent abdominal organs tropical American click beetle having bright luminous spots glowworm the luminous larva or wingless grub-like female of a firefly Cerambycidae long-horned beetles long-horned beetle long-bodied beetle having very long antennae Monochamus sawyer beetles sawyer any of several beetles whose larvae bore holes in dead or dying trees especially conifers one who is employed to saw wood pine sawyer large beetle whose larvae bore holes in pine trees Chrysomelidae leaf beetles leaf beetle brightly colored beetle that feeds on plant leaves; larvae infest roots and stems flea beetle any small leaf beetle having enlarged hind legs and capable of jumping Leptinotarsa Colorado potato beetles Colorado potato beetle black-and-yellow beetle that feeds in adult and larval stages on potato leaves; originally of eastern Rocky Mountains; now worldwide Dermestidae carpet beetles carpet beetle small beetle whose larvae are household pests feeding on woolen fabrics buffalo carpet beetle a small black and red and white carpet beetle black carpet beetle a carpet beetle that is solid black in color Cleridae beetles that prey on other insects clerid beetle predacious on other insects; usually brightly colored or metallic bee beetle European beetle; infests beehives Lamellicornia scarabaeid beetles and stag beetles lamellicorn beetle beetle having antennae with hard platelike terminal segments Scarabaeidae scarab or dung beetles scarabaeid beetle any of numerous species of stout-bodied beetles having heads with horny spikes dung beetle any of numerous beetles that roll balls of dung on which they feed and in which they lay eggs genus Scarabaeus type genus of the Scarabaeidae scarab scarabaeid beetle considered divine by ancient Egyptians tumblebug any of various dung beetles dorbeetle Old World dung beetle that flies with a droning sound June beetle any of various large usually brown North American leaf-eating beetles common in late spring; the larvae feed on roots of grasses etc. green June beetle large greenish June beetle of southern United States Popillia a genus of Scarabaeidae Japanese beetle small metallic green and brown beetle native to eastern Asia; serious plant pest in North America Anomala genus of beetles whose grubs feed mainly on roots of plants; includes several pests of cultivated grasses Oriental beetle introduced into United States from the Orient; larvae feed on roots of sugarcane and other grasses rhinoceros beetle any of various large chiefly tropical beetles having horns on the head; pest on coconuts Melolonthidae considered a separate family in some classification systems melolonthid beetle any of various beetles of the family (or subfamily) Melolonthidae Melolontha a genus of Melolonthidae cockchafer any of various large European beetles destructive to vegetation as both larvae and adult Macrodactylus a genus of Melolonthidae rose chafer common North American beetle: larvae feed on roots and adults on leaves and flowers of e.g. rose bushes or apple trees or grape vines a common metallic green European beetle: larvae feed on plant roots and adults on leaves and flowers of e.g. roses Cetoniidae considered a separate family in some classification systems Cetonia a genus of Cetoniidae Lucanidae stag beetles stag beetle a kind of lamellicorn beetle; the male has branched mandibles resembling antlers Elateridae click beetles and certain fireflies elaterid beetle any of various widely distributed beetles click beetle able to right itself when on its back by flipping into the air with a clicking sound Pyrophorus tropical click beetles wireworm wormlike larva of various elaterid beetles; feeds on roots of many crop plants Dytiscidae water beetles water beetle any of numerous aquatic beetles usually having a smooth oval body and flattened hind legs for swimming Gyrinidae whirligig beetles whirligig beetle aquatic beetle that circles rapidly on the water surface Anobiidae deathwatch beetles deathwatch beetle bores through wood making a ticking sound popularly thought to presage death weevil any of several families of mostly small beetles that feed on plants and plant products; especially snout beetles and seed beetles Curculionidae true weevils: snout beetles snout beetle small weevil having a prolonged snout; destructive to e.g. grains and nuts Anthonomus weevils destructive of cultivated plants boll weevil greyish weevil that lays its eggs in cotton bolls destroying the cotton Meloidae blister beetles blister beetle beetle that produces a secretion that blisters the skin oil beetle any of various beetles that exude an oily substance from the leg joints that deters enemies Spanish fly green beetle of southern Europe Scolytidae large family of bark-boring or wood-boring short-beaked beetles; very destructive to forest and fruit trees Scolytus type genus of the Scolytidae comprising numerous small bark beetles Dutch-elm beetle a vector of the fungus causing Dutch elm disease Dendroctonus genus of small bark beetles destructive especially to mature conifers bark beetle small beetle that bores tunnels in the bark and wood of trees; related to weevils spruce bark beetle small beetle that likes to bore through the bark of spruce trees and eat the cambium which eventually kills the tree; "the spruce bark beetle is the major tree-killing insect pest of Alaska spruce forests" Staphylinidae rove beetles rove beetle active beetle typically having predatory or scavenging habits Tenebrionidae a family of arthropods including darkling beetles and mealworms darkling beetle sluggish hard-bodied black terrestrial weevil whose larvae feed on e.g. decaying plant material or grain mealworm the larva of beetles of the family Tenebrionidae Tribolium flour beetles flour beetle an insect that infests flour and stored grains Bruchidae seed beetles seed beetle a small beetle that infests the seeds of legumes Bruchus type genus of the Bruchidae pea weevil larvae live in and feed on seeds of the pea plant Acanthoscelides a genus of Bruchidae bean weevil larvae live in and feed on growing or stored beans Sitophylus a genus of Bruchidae rice weevil brown weevil that infests stored grain especially rice Asian longhorned beetle a beetle from China that has been found in the United States and is a threat to hardwood trees; lives inside the tree; no natural predators in the United States Embioptera web spinners web spinner any of a small order of slender typically tropical insects that nest in colonies in silken tunnels that they spin Anoplura sucking lice louse wingless usually flattened bloodsucking insect parasitic on warm-blooded animals Pediculidae true lice: human lice and related forms Pediculus type genus of Pediculidae: true lice infecting humans common louse head or body louse head louse infests the head and body of humans body louse a parasitic louse that infests the body of human beings Phthiriidae crab lice Phthirius true lice: crab lice crab louse a louse that infests the pubic region of the human body Mallophaga biting lice bird louse wingless insect with mouth parts adapted for biting; mostly parasitic on birds Menopon chicken lice chicken louse a louse parasitic on poultry Siphonaptera fleas flea any wingless bloodsucking parasitic insect noted for ability to leap Pulicidae many common fleas attacking humans and domestic animals Pulex type genus of the Pulicidae Pulex irritans the most common flea attacking humans Ctenocephalides an arthropod genus of fleas Ctenocephalus a former usage synonymous with Ctenocephalides dog flea flea that attacks dogs and cats cat flea flea that breeds chiefly on cats and dogs and rats Tunga a genus of Siphonaptera chigoe small tropical flea; the fertile female burrows under the skin of the host including humans Echidnophaga a genus of Siphonaptera sticktight parasitic on especially the heads of chickens Diptera a large order of insects having a single pair of wings and sucking or piercing mouths; includes true flies and mosquitoes and gnats and crane flies dipterous insect insects having usually a single pair of functional wings (anterior pair) with the posterior pair reduced to small knobbed structures and mouth parts adapted for sucking or lapping or piercing Cecidomyidae gall midges gall midge fragile mosquito-like flies that produce galls on plants Mayetiola a genus of Cecidomyidae Hessian fly small fly whose larvae damage wheat and other grains Muscoidea two-winged flies especially the families: Muscidae; Gasterophilidae; Calliphoridae; Tachinidae Muscidae two-winged flies especially the housefly alula scalelike structure between the base of the wing and the halter of a two-winged fly Musca type genus of the Muscidae: houseflies a small constellation in the polar region of the southern hemisphere near the Southern Cross and Chamaeleon housefly common fly that frequents human habitations and spreads many diseases Glossinidae flies closely related to the Muscidae: tsetse flies genus Glossina type genus of the Glossinidae: tsetse flies tsetse fly bloodsucking African fly; transmits sleeping sickness etc. Calliphoridae blowflies Calliphora type genus of the Calliphoridae: blowflies blowfly large usually hairy metallic blue or green fly; lays eggs in carrion or dung or wounds bluebottle blowfly with iridescent blue body; makes a loud buzzing noise in flight Lucilia greenbottle flies greenbottle blowfly with brilliant coppery green body Sarcophaga flesh flies flesh fly fly whose larvae feed on carrion or the flesh of living animals Tachinidae parasites on other insects tachina fly bristly fly whose larvae live parasitically in caterpillars and other insects; important in control of noxious insects gadfly any of various large flies that annoy livestock botfly stout-bodied hairy dipterous fly whose larvae are parasites on humans and other mammals Gasterophilidae horse botflies Gasterophilus type genus of the Gasterophilidae: horse botflies horse botfly parasitic chiefly on horses Cuterebridae New World botflies Cuterebra type genus of the Cuterebridae Dermatobia larvae live under the skin of domestic mammals and humans human botfly large tropical American fly; parasitic on humans and other mammals Oestridae warble flies Oestrus type genus of the Oestridae: sheep botflies sheep botfly larvae are parasitic on sheep Hypoderma in some classifications considered the type genus of the family Hypodermatidae: warble flies warble fly hairy bee-like fly whose larvae produce lumpy abscesses (warbles) under the skin of cattle warble a lumpy abscess under the hide of domestic mammals caused by larvae of a botfly or warble fly sing or play with trills, alternating with the half note above or below Tabanidae horseflies horsefly large swift fly the female of which sucks blood of various animals Bombyliidae bee flies bee fly hairy nectar-eating fly that resembles a bee; larvae are parasitic on larvae of bees and related insects Asilidae robber flies robber fly swift predatory fly having a strong body like a bee with the proboscis hardened for sucking juices of other insects captured on the wing fruit fly any of numerous small insects whose larvae feed on fruits Trypetidae fruit flies; some leaf miners Rhagoletis a genus of Trypetidae apple maggot larvae bore into and feed on apples Ceratitis Mediterranean fruit flies Mediterranean fruit fly small black-and-white fly that damages citrus and other fruits by implanting eggs that hatch inside the fruit Drosophilidae fruit flies genus Drosophila a genus of Drosophilidae drosophila small fruit fly used by Thomas Hunt Morgan in studying basic mechanisms of inheritance vinegar fly flies whose larvae feed on pickles and imperfectly sealed preserves Philophylla leaf miners leaf miner any of various small moths or dipterous flies whose larvae burrow into and feed on leaf tissue especially of the family Gracilariidae Hippoboscidae winged or wingless dipterans: louse flies louse fly bloodsucking dipterous fly parasitic on birds and mammals Hippobosca type genus of the Hippoboscidae horse tick winged fly parasitic on horses Melophagus an arthropod genus of wingless flies including the sheep ked sheep ked wingless fly that is an external parasite on sheep and cattle Haematobia European genus of bloodsucking flies horn fly small black European fly introduced into North America; sucks blood from cattle especially at the base of the horn Nematocera mosquitoes; fungus gnats; crane flies; gnats; sand flies Culicidae mosquitoes mosquito two-winged insect whose female has a long proboscis to pierce the skin and suck the blood of humans and animals wiggler larva of a mosquito one who can't stay still (especially a child); "the toddler was a real wiggler on plane trips" gnat (British usage) mosquito any of various small biting flies: midges; biting midges; black flies; sand flies Aedes yellow-fever mosquitos yellow-fever mosquito mosquito that transmits yellow fever and dengue Asian tiger mosquito striped native of Japan thriving in southwestern and midwestern United States and spreading to the Caribbean; potential carrier of serious diseases Anopheles malaria mosquitoes; distinguished by the adult's head-downward stance and absence of breathing tubes in the larvae anopheline any mosquito of the genus Anopheles relating to or characteristic of malaria mosquitoes malarial mosquito transmits the malaria parasite Culex type genus of the Culicidae: widespread genus of mosquitoes distinguished by holding the body parallel to the resting surface common mosquito common house mosquito Culex quinquefasciatus widespread tropical mosquito that transmits filarial worms Ceratopogonidae biting midges; sand flies punkie minute two-winged insect that sucks the blood of mammals and birds and other insects Ceratopogon type genus of the Ceratopogonidae Chironomidae midges midge minute two-winged mosquito-like fly lacking biting mouthparts; appear in dancing swarms especially near water Chironomus type genus of the Chironomidae Mycetophilidae fungus gnats fungus gnat mosquito-like insect whose larvae feed on fungi or decaying vegetation minute blackish gregarious flies destructive to mushrooms and seedlings Psychodidae very small two-winged flies with hairy wings that develop in moss and damp vegetable matter: sand flies psychodid a fly of the family Psychodidae Phlebotomus small bloodsucking sand flies that resemble moths sand fly any of various small dipterous flies; bloodsucking females can transmit sandfly fever and leishmaniasis Sciaridae fungus gnats genus Sciara type genus of the Sciaridae: fungus gnat armyworm larva of fungus gnat that feed on cereals and other grains; they march in large companies in regular order when the food is exhausted moth whose destructive larvae travel in multitudes noctuid moth larvae that travel in multitudes destroying especially grass and grain Tipulidae crane flies crane fly long-legged slender flies that resemble large mosquitoes but do not bite Simuliidae blackflies and sand flies Simulium type genus of the Simuliidae: blackflies blackfly small blackish stout-bodied biting fly having aquatic larvae; sucks the blood of birds as well as humans and other mammals blackish aphid that infests e.g. beans and sugar beets Hymenoptera an order of insects including: bees; wasps; ants; ichneumons; sawflies; gall wasps; etc. hymenopterous insect insects having two pairs of membranous wings and an ovipositor specialized for stinging or piercing Apoidea bees bee any of numerous hairy-bodied insects including social and solitary species a social gathering to carry out some communal task or to hold competitions drone stingless male bee in a colony of social bees (especially honeybees) whose sole function is to mate with the queen a pipe of the bagpipe that is tuned to produce a single continuous tone an aircraft without a pilot that is operated by remote control talk in a monotonous voice make a monotonous low dull sound; "The harmonium was droning on" queen bee fertile egg-laying female bee worker sterile member of a colony of social insects that forages for food and cares for the larvae a person who works at a specific occupation; "he is a good worker" soldier a wingless sterile ant or termite having a large head and powerful jaws adapted for defending the colony an enlisted man or woman who serves in an army; "the soldiers stood at attention" serve as a soldier in the military worker bee sterile bee specialized to collect food and maintain the hive Apidae honeybees; carpenter bees; bumblebees Apis type genus of the Apidae: honeybees honeybee social bee often domesticated for the honey it produces Africanized bee a strain of bees that originated in Brazil in the 1950s as a cross between an aggressive African bee and a honeybee; retains most of the traits of the African bee; now spread as far north as Texas black bee dark-colored ill-tempered honeybee supposedly of German origin Carniolan bee greyish highly productive European honeybee that has a quiet disposition Italian bee yellowish honeybee resembling the Carniolan bee in its habits Xylocopa carpenter bees carpenter bee large solitary bee that lays eggs in tunnels bored into wood or plant stems Bombus bumblebees bumblebee robust hairy social bee of temperate regions Psithyrus a large bee that resembles the bumblebee but lacks pollen-collecting apparatus and a worker caste cuckoo-bumblebee a bee that is parasitic in the nests of bumblebees Andrenidae a large family of solitary short-tongued bees most of which burrow in the ground genus Andrena a solitary burrowing short-tongued bee andrena a bee that is a member of the genus Andrena nomia a genus of bee; some are important pollinators of legumes Halictidae a family of small solitary bees; many are valuable pollinators for agriculture Nomia melanderi a common solitary bee important for pollinating alfalfa in the western United States Megachilidae leaf-cutting and mason bees Megachile type genus of the Megachilidae: leaf-cutting bees leaf-cutting bee bee that cuts rounded pieces from leaves and flowers to line its nest mason bee any of numerous solitary bees that build nests of hardened mud and sand Anthidium potter bees potter bee solitary bee that builds nests of mud or pebbles cemented together and attached to a plant wasp social or solitary hymenopterans typically having a slender body with the abdomen attached by a narrow stalk and having a formidable sting Vespidae an arthropod family of the order Hymenoptera including: yellow jackets; hornets; mason wasps vespid mostly social nest-building wasps Vespa type genus of the Vespidae: various hornets and yellow jackets paper wasp any of several social wasps that construct nests of a substance like paper hornet large stinging paper wasp giant hornet European hornet introduced into the United States Vespula sometimes considered a subgenus of Vespa: social wasps common wasp a variety of vespid wasp bald-faced hornet North American hornet yellow jacket small yellow-marked social wasp commonly nesting in the ground Polistes a genus of Vespidae Polistes annularis a variety of paper wasp Eumenes mason wasps mason wasp any of various solitary wasps that construct nests of hardened mud for their young solitary wasp that constructs nests of hardened mud or clay for the young potter wasp any of various solitary wasps that construct vase-shaped cells of mud for their eggs Mutillidae a family of wasps velvet ant a solitary wasp of the family Mutillidae; the body has a coat of brightly colored velvety hair and the females are wingless Sphecoidea families Sphecidae and Stizidae sphecoid wasp any of various solitary wasps Sphecidae mud daubers; some digger wasps Sceliphron mud daubers digger wasp solitary wasp that digs nests in the soil and stocks them with paralyzed insects for the larvae Stizidae cicada killers Sphecius large solitary wasps: cicada killer cicada killer large black or rust-colored wasp that preys on cicadas mud dauber wasp that constructs mud cells on a solid base in which females place eggs laid in paralyzed insect larvae Cynipidae a family of Hymenoptera gall wasp small solitary wasp that produces galls on oaks and other plants Cynips type genus of the Cynipidae: gall wasps Amphibolips cynipid gall wasps, especially causing oak-apple galls Andricus cynipid gall wasps, chiefly affecting oaks Chalcididae an arthropod family including: chalcidflies chalcid fly any of various tiny insects whose larvae are parasites on eggs and larvae of other insects; many are beneficial in destroying injurious insects strawworm larva of chalcid flies injurious to the straw of wheat and other grains Chalcis type genus of the Chalcididae chalcis fly a variety of chalcid fly Ichneumonidae ichneumon flies ichneumon fly hymenopterous insect that resembles a wasp and whose larvae are parasitic on caterpillars and other insect larvae Tenthredinidae sawflies sawfly insect whose female has a saw-like ovipositor for inserting eggs into the leaf or stem tissue of a host plant Fenusa birch leaf miner birch leaf miner small black sawfly native to Europe but established in eastern United States; larvae mine the leaves of birches causing serious defoliation Formicidae ants ant social insect living in organized colonies; characteristically the males and fertile queen have wings during breeding season; wingless sterile females are the workers Monomorium a genus of Formicidae pharaoh ant small red ant of warm regions; a common household pest little black ant tiny glossy black ant; nests outdoors but invades houses for food Dorylinae army ants army ant tropical nomadic ant that preys mainly on other insects Camponotus carpenter ants carpenter ant ant that nests in decaying wood in which it bores tunnels for depositing eggs Solenopsis fire ants fire ant omnivorous ant of tropical and subtropical America that can inflict a painful sting Formica type genus of the Formicidae any of various plastic laminates containing melamine wood ant reddish-brown European ant typically living in anthills in woodlands slave ant any of various ants captured as larvae and enslaved by another species Formica fusca an ant frequently enslaved slave-making ant an ant that attacks colonies of other ant species and carries off the young to be reared as slave ants sanguinary ant slave-making ant widely distributed over the northern hemisphere Myrmecia bulldog ants bulldog ant any of the large fierce Australian ants of the genus Myrmecia Polyergus Amazon ants Amazon ant small reddish slave-making ant species Isoptera order of social insects that live in colonies, including: termites; often placed in subclass Exopterygota Termitidae termites Termes type genus of the Termitidae termite whitish soft-bodied ant-like social insect that feeds on wood dry-wood termite any of various termites that live in and feed on dry wood that is not connected with the soil Reticulitermes includes species highly destructive to structures and living trees Reticulitermes flanipes destructive United States termite Reticulitermes lucifugus destructive European termite Rhinotermitidae large widely distributed family of termites of temperate to tropical regions Mastotermitidae primitive termites Mastotermes primitive genus of termites; mostly extinct; sometimes considered the most primitive Isoptera Mastotermes darwiniensis Australian termite; sole living species of Mastotermes; called a living fossil; apparent missing link between cockroaches and termites Mastotermes electromexicus an extinct termite found in amber in southern Mexico Mastotermes electrodominicus extinct termite found in amber in the Dominican Republic Kalotermitidae primitive termites of warm regions Kalotermes type genus of Kalotermitidae; termites destructive of wood and living trees Cryptotermes genus of dry wood termites; cosmopolitan in distribution; sometimes considered a subgenus of Kalotermes powder-post termite extremely destructive dry-wood termite of warm regions Orthoptera grasshoppers and locusts; crickets orthopterous insect any of various insects having leathery forewings and membranous hind wings and chewing mouthparts grasshopper terrestrial plant-eating insect with hind legs adapted for leaping a cocktail made of creme de menthe and cream (sometimes with creme de cacao) Acrididae short-horned grasshoppers; true locusts short-horned grasshopper grasshopper with short antennae locust migratory grasshoppers of warm regions having short antennae hardwood from any of various locust trees Locusta a genus of Acrididae migratory locust Old World locust that travels in vast swarms stripping large areas of vegetation Melanoplus New World migratory locusts and common American grasshoppers migratory grasshopper serious pest of grain-growing and range areas of central and western United States Tettigoniidae long-horned grasshoppers; katydids long-horned grasshopper grasshoppers with long threadlike antennae and well-developed stridulating organs on the forewings of the male Microcentrum katydids katydid large green long-horned grasshopper of North America; males produce shrill sounds by rubbing together special organs on the forewings Anabrus a genus of Tettigoniidae mormon cricket large dark wingless cricket-like katydid of arid parts of western United States Stenopelmatidae long-horned grasshoppers Stenopelmatus sand crickets sand cricket large wingless nocturnal grasshopper that burrows in loose soil along the Pacific coast of the United States Gryllidae crickets mole cricket digs in moist soil and feeds on plant roots Acheta common house and field crickets European house cricket lives in human dwellings; naturalized in parts of America field cricket common American black cricket; attacks crops and also enters dwellings Oecanthus tree crickets tree cricket pale arboreal American cricket noted for loud stridulation snowy tree cricket pale yellowish tree cricket widely distributed in North America Phasmida in some classifications considered a suborder of Orthoptera: stick insects; leaf insects phasmid large cylindrical or flattened mostly tropical insects with long strong legs that feed on plants; walking sticks and leaf insects Phasmidae stick insects walking stick any of various mostly tropical insects having long twiglike bodies a stick carried in the hand for support in walking genus Diapheromera a genus of Phasmidae diapheromera a variety of stick insect Phyllidae leaf insects Phyllium type genus of the Phyllidae walking leaf tropical insect having a flattened leaflike body; common in southern Asia and the East Indies Exopterygota subclass of insects characterized by gradual and usually incomplete metamorphosis Dictyoptera in some classifications replaced by the orders (here suborders) Blattodea (cockroaches) and Manteodea (mantids); in former classifications often subsumed under a much broader order Orthoptera dictyopterous insect cockroaches and mantids Blattodea cockroaches; in some classifications considered an order cockroach any of numerous chiefly nocturnal insects; some are domestic pests Blattidae domestic cockroaches Blatta type genus of the Blattidae: cockroaches infesting buildings worldwide oriental cockroach dark brown cockroach originally from orient now nearly cosmopolitan in distribution Periplaneta cosmopolitan genus of large cockroaches American cockroach large reddish brown free-flying cockroach originally from southern United States but now widely distributed Australian cockroach widely distributed in warm countries Blattella small cockroaches German cockroach small light-brown cockroach brought to United States from Europe; a common household pest Blaberus giant cockroaches giant cockroach large tropical American cockroaches Cryptocercidae a family of Blattodea Cryptocercus cockroaches Manteodea mantises; in former classifications considered a suborder of Orthoptera Mantidae mantises genus Mantis type genus of the Mantidae: mantises mantis predacious long-bodied large-eyed insect of warm regions; rests with forelimbs raised as in prayer praying mantis the common mantis bug general term for any insect or similar creeping or crawling invertebrate a small hidden microphone; for listening secretly a fault or defect in a computer program, system, or machine Hemiptera plant bugs; bedbugs; some true bugs; also includes suborders Heteroptera (true bugs) and Homoptera (e.g., aphids, plant lice and cicadas) hemipterous insect insects with sucking mouthparts and forewings thickened and leathery at the base; usually show incomplete metamorphosis Miridae leaf bugs leaf bug small bright-colored insect that feeds on plant juices mirid bug a variety of leaf bug Poecilocapsus a genus of Miridae four-lined plant bug yellow or orange leaf bug with four black stripes down the back; widespread in central and eastern North America Lygus plant-sucking bugs lygus bug vector of viral plant diseases tarnished plant bug widespread plant and fruit pest Tingidae lace bugs lace bug small bug having body and wings covered with a lacy network of raised lines Lygaeidae lygaeid bugs lygaeid a true bug: usually bright-colored; pest of cultivated crops and some fruit trees Blissus chinch bugs chinch bug small black-and-white insect that feeds on cereal grasses Coreidae squash bugs and leaf-footed bugs coreid bug a true bug Anasa squash bugs squash bug large black American bug that sucks sap of vines of the gourd family Leptoglossus leaf-footed bugs leaf-footed bug large sap-sucking bug with leaflike expansions on the legs Cimicidae wingless flat-bodied bloodsucking insects Cimex type genus of the Cimicidae: bedbugs bedbug bug of temperate regions that infests especially beds and feeds on human blood Notonectidae aquatic carnivorous insects Notonecta type genus of the Notonectidae: backswimmers backswimmer predaceous aquatic insect that swims on its back and may inflict painful bites Heteroptera true bugs true bug any of various insects of the order Hemiptera and especially of the suborder Heteroptera heteropterous insect true bugs: insects whose forewings are membranous but have leathery tips water bug a true bug: large aquatic bug adapted to living in or on the surface of water Belostomatidae water bugs giant water bug large water bug with piercing and sucking mouthparts; feeds on young fishes Nepidae water scorpions water scorpion long-legged aquatic insect having the front legs fitted for seizing and holding prey and the abdomen extended by a long breathing tube Nepa type genus of the Nepidae: typical elongate-oval water scorpions Ranatra elongate very slender water scorpions Corixidae water bugs Corixa type genus of the Corixidae: boat bugs water boatman carnivorous aquatic bug having paddle-like hind legs Gerrididae an arthropod family that includes water striders water strider long-legged bug that skims about on the surface of water Gerris type genus of the Gerrididae common pond-skater a variety of water strider Reduviidae assassin bugs assassin bug a true bug: long-legged predacious bug living mostly on other insects; a few suck blood of mammals Triatoma conenoses conenose large bloodsucking bug Arilus a genus of Reduviidae wheel bug large predatory North American bug that sucks the blood of other insects Pyrrhocoridae firebugs firebug a true bug: brightly colored bug that can exude a stain Dysdercus a genus of slender long-legged bugs that feed on the developing seeds of cotton and stain it cotton stainer a true bug: bug that damages and stains the lint of developing cotton Homoptera plant lice (aphids); whiteflies; cicadas; leafhoppers; plant hoppers; scale insects and mealybugs; spittle insects homopterous insect insects having membranous forewings and hind wings Aleyrodidae whiteflies Aleyrodes type genus of the Aleyrodidae whitefly minute insect that feeds on plant juices; related to scale insects Dialeurodes a genus of Aleyrodidae citrus whitefly whitefly that attacks citrus trees Trialeurodes a genus of Aleyrodidae greenhouse whitefly whitefly that inhabits greenhouses Bemisia sweet-potato whitefly sweet-potato whitefly a variety of whitefly superbug a strain of pest accidentally imported into Florida from the Middle East then spread to California where it is a very serious pest feeding on almost all vegetable crops and poinsettias a strain of bacteria that is resistant to all antibiotics cotton strain feeds primarily on cotton Coccoidea scale insects and mealybugs coccid insect scale insects and mealybugs scale insect small homopterous insect that usually lives and feeds on plants and secretes a protective waxy covering Coccidae scale insects soft scale an insect active in all stages genus Coccus type genus of the Coccidae brown soft scale pest on citrus trees wax insect any of various insects that secrete a waxy substance Diaspididae armored scales armored scale insect having a firm covering of wax especially in the female Aspidiotus a genus of Diaspididae San Jose scale small east Asian insect naturalized in the United States that damages fruit trees Dactylopiidae cochineal insects Dactylopius type genus of the Dactylopiidae cochineal insect Mexican red scale insect that feeds on cacti; the source of a red dye Pseudococcidae scalelike insects: mealybugs Pseudococcus type genus of the Pseudococcidae mealybug scalelike plant-eating insect coated with a powdery waxy secretion; destructive especially of fruit trees citrophilous mealybug destructive especially to citrus Comstock mealybug Asiatic insect introduced accidentally into United States; pest on citrus and apple trees Planococcus a genus of Pseudococcidae citrus mealybug feeds on a wide variety of cultivated plants but especially destructive to citrus plant louse any of several small insects especially aphids that feed by sucking the juices from plants Aphidoidea plant lice aphid any of various small plant-sucking insects Aphididae small soft-bodied plant lice Aphis type genus of the Aphididae: injurious to fruit trees and vegetables apple aphid bright green aphid; feeds on and causes curling of apple leaves greenfly greenish aphid; pest on garden and crop plants green peach aphid yellowish green aphid that is especially destructive to peaches pale chrysanthemum aphid important pest of chrysanthemums ant cow excretes a honeylike substance eaten by ants Eriosoma woolly aphids woolly aphid secretes a waxy substance like a mass of fine curly white cotton or woolly threads woolly apple aphid primarily a bark feeder on aerial parts and roots of apple and other trees Prociphilus a genus of Aphididae woolly alder aphid attacks alders Adelgidae plant lice Adelges type genus of the Adelgidae: plant lice adelgid any of various insects that feed and form galls on conifers balsam woolly aphid a variety of adelgid spruce gall aphid a variety of adelgid Pineus a genus of Adelgidae pine leaf aphid a variety of adelgid woolly adelgid an insect that feeds on hemlocks; its egg sacs are small fuzzy white balls like artificial snow on a Christmas tree Phylloxeridae plant lice Phylloxera type genus of the Phylloxeridae: plant lice grape louse destructive to various grape plants Psyllidae jumping plant lice jumping plant louse small active cicada-like insect with hind legs adapted for leaping; feeds on plant juices Cicadidae cicadas genus Cicada type genus of the Cicadidae: cicadas cicada stout-bodied insect with large membranous wings; male has drum-like organs for producing a high-pitched drone Tibicen harvest flies dog-day cicada its distinctive song is heard during July and August Magicicada seventeen-year locust seventeen-year locust North American cicada; appears in great numbers at infrequent intervals because the nymphs take 13 to 17 years to mature Cercopidae froghoppers or spittlebugs spittle insect small leaping herbivorous insect that lives in a mass of protective froth which it and its larvae secrete froghopper a variety of spittlebug Philaenus a genus of Cercopidae meadow spittlebug North American insect that severely damages grasses Aphrophora a genus of Cercopidae pine spittlebug North American insect that attacks pines Saratoga spittlebug feeds on pines in northern United States Cicadellidae leafhoppers Jassidae family of small leafhoppers coextensive with the Cicadellidae and not distinguished from it in some classifications jassid a variety of leafhopper leafhopper small leaping insect that sucks the juices of plants plant hopper related to the leafhoppers and spittlebugs but rarely damages cultivated plants Membracidae plant hoppers: treehoppers treehopper small leaping insect that sucks juices of branches and twigs Fulgoridae plant hoppers: lantern flies lantern fly large brightly marked tropical insect with a process like a snout that was formerly thought to emit light Psocoptera an order of insects: includes booklice and bark-lice psocopterous insect small soft-bodied insect with chewing mouthparts and either no wings or two pairs Psocidae a family of small soft-bodied insects that feed on decaying vegetation; related to booklice psocid small winged insect living on the bark and leaves of trees and feeding on e.g. fungi and decaying plant matter bark-louse any of several insects living on the bark of plants Atropidae booklice Liposcelis a genus of Psocidae booklouse minute wingless psocopterous insects injurious to books and papers Trogium a genus of Psocidae common booklouse a variety of booklouse Ephemeroptera mayflies Plectophera in some former classifications: name for the Ephemeroptera ephemerid short-lived insect Ephemeridae mayflies mayfly slender insect with delicate membranous wings having an aquatic larval stage and terrestrial adult stage usually lasting less than two days Plecoptera stoneflies stonefly primitive winged insect with a flattened body; used as bait by fishermen; aquatic gilled larvae are carnivorous and live beneath stones Neuroptera an order of insects including: lacewings; antlions; dobsonflies; alderflies; fish flies; mantispids; spongeflies neuropteron insect having biting mouthparts and four large membranous wings with netlike veins Myrmeleontidae antlions Myrmeleon type genus of the Myrmeleontidae: antlions ant lion winged insect resembling a dragonfly; the larvae (doodlebugs) dig conical pits where they wait to catch e.g. ants doodlebug the larva of any of several insects a small motor vehicle lacewing any of two families of insects with gauzy wings (Chrysopidae and Hemerobiidae); larvae feed on insect pests such as aphids aphid lion carnivorous larva of lacewing flies Chrysopidae green lacewings green lacewing pale green unpleasant-smelling lacewing fly having carnivorous larvae Hemerobiidae brown lacewings brown lacewing small dark-colored lacewing fly Megaloptera in some classifications considered a separate order: alderflies; dobsonflies; snake flies Corydalidae dobsons Corydalus type genus of the Corydalidae dobson large soft-bodied insect having long slender mandibles in the male; aquatic larvae often used as bait hellgrammiate large brown aquatic larva of the dobsonfly; used as fishing bait fish fly similar to but smaller than the dobsonfly; larvae are used as fishing bait Sialidae an arthropod family including: alderflies Sialis type genus of the Sialidae alderfly dark-colored insect having predaceous aquatic larvae Raphidiidae a family of arthropods of the suborder Megaloptera, including snakeflies snakefly predatory insect of western North America having a long necklike prothorax Mantispidae mantispids mantispid insect that resembles a mantis; larvae are parasites in the nests of spiders and wasps Sisyridae an arthropod family of the order Neuroptera that includes spongeflies spongefly hairy-bodied insect whose larvae feed on freshwater sponges Odonata dragonflies and damselflies odonate large primitive predatory aquatic insect having two pairs of membranous wings Anisoptera dragonflies dragonfly slender-bodied non-stinging insect having iridescent wings that are outspread at rest; adults and nymphs feed on mosquitoes etc. Zygoptera damselflies damselfly slender non-stinging insect similar to but smaller than the dragonfly but having wings folded when at rest Trichoptera an order of insects consisting of caddis flies trichopterous insect caddis fly caddis fly small moth-like insect having two pairs of hairy membranous wings and aquatic larvae caseworm insect larva that constructs a protective case around its body caddisworm larva of the caddis fly; constructs a case of silk covered with sand or plant debris Thysanura firebrats; silverfish; machilids thysanuran insect primitive wingless insects: bristletail bristletail small wingless insect with a long bristlelike tail Lepismatidae firebrats Lepisma type genus of the Lepismatidae: silverfish Thermobia a genus of Lepismatidae firebrat lives in warm moist areas e.g. around furnaces Machilidae jumping bristletails jumping bristletail wingless insect living in dark moist places as under dead tree trunks; they make erratic leaps when disturbed Thysanoptera thrips thysanopter an insect of the order Thysanoptera Thripidae thrips thrips any of various small to minute sucking insects with narrow feathery wings if any; they feed on plant sap and many are destructive Frankliniella tobacco thrips tobacco thrips injurious to growing tobacco and peanuts genus Thrips type genus of the Thripidae onion thrips injurious to onion plants and sometimes tobacco Dermaptera earwigs and a few related forms earwig any of numerous insects of the order Dermaptera having elongate bodies and slender many-jointed antennae and a pair of large pincers at the rear of the abdomen Forficulidae typical earwigs Forficula type genus of Forficulidae common European earwig sometimes destructive to cultivated bulbs Lepidoptera moths and butterflies lepidopterous insect insect that in the adult state has four wings more or less covered with tiny scales Nymphalidae large beautifully colored butterflies nymphalid medium to large butterflies found worldwide typically having brightly colored wings and much-reduced nonfunctional forelegs carried folded on the breast Nymphalis type genus of the Nymphalidae: mourning cloak butterflies mourning cloak of temperate regions; having dark purple wings with yellow borders Vanessa painted beauty and red admiral painted beauty American butterfly having dark brown wings with white and golden orange spots admiral any of several brightly colored butterflies the supreme commander of a fleet; ranks above a vice admiral and below a fleet admiral red admiral of temperate Europe and Asia; having black wings with red and white markings Limenitis mainly dark northern butterflies with white wing bars white admiral Eurasian butterfly with brown wings and white markings banded purple North American butterfly with blue-black wings crossed by a broad white band red-spotted purple similar to the banded purple but with red spots on underwing surfaces viceroy showy American butterfly resembling the monarch but smaller governor of a country or province who rules as the representative of his or her king or sovereign anglewing nymphalid butterfly having angular notches on the outer edges of the forewings Satyridae a widely distributed family of butterflies common near the edges of woods ringlet any of various butterflies belonging to the family Satyridae a small ring Polygonia comma butterflies comma anglewing butterfly with a comma-shaped mark on the underside of each hind wing a punctuation mark (,) used to indicate the separation of elements within the grammatical structure of a sentence fritillary butterfly with brownish wings marked with black and silver any liliaceous plant of the genus Fritillaria having nodding variously colored flowers Spyeria fritillaries silverspot butterfly with silver spots on the underside of the hind wings Argynnis fritillaries Apatura large Old World butterflies emperor butterfly large richly colored butterfly purple emperor large European butterfly the male of which has wings shaded with purple Inachis a genus of Nymphalidae Danaidae small family of usually tropical butterflies: monarch butterflies danaid large tropical butterfly with degenerate forelegs and an unpleasant taste Danaus type genus of the Danaidae: monarch butterflies monarch large migratory American butterfly having deep orange wings with black and white markings; the larvae feed on milkweed Pieridae arthropod family including cabbage butterflies; sulphur butterflies pierid any of numerous pale-colored butterflies having three pairs of well-developed legs cabbage butterfly white butterfly whose larvae (cabbageworms) feed on cabbage Pieris type genus of the Pieridae decorative evergreen shrubs of woody vines small white small widely distributed form large white Old World form of cabbage butterfly southern cabbage butterfly common North American form of cabbage butterfly sulphur butterfly any of numerous yellow or orange butterflies Lycaenidae family of small usually brilliantly colored butterflies; males have short forelegs lycaenid any of various butterflies of the family Lycaenidae Lycaena type genus of the Lycaenidae; small slender butterflies with upper surface of wings usually metallic blue or green or copper blue any of numerous small butterflies of the family Lycaenidae blue clothing; "she was wearing blue" blue color or pigment; resembling the color of the clear sky in the daytime; "he had eyes of bright blue" any organization or party whose uniforms or badges are blue; "the Union army was a vast blue" turn blue causing dejection; "a blue day"; "the dark days of the war"; "a week of rainy depressing weather"; "a disconsolate winter landscape"; "the first dismal dispiriting days of November"; "a dark gloomy day"; "grim rainy weather" of the color intermediate between green and violet; having a color similar to that of a clear unclouded sky; "October's bright blue weather"- Helen Hunt Jackson; "a blue flame"; "blue haze of tobacco smoke" used to signify the Union forces in the American Civil War (who wore blue uniforms); "a ragged blue line" suggestive of sexual impropriety; "a blue movie"; "blue jokes"; "he skips asterisks and gives you the gamy details"; "a juicy scandal"; "a naughty wink"; "naughty words"; "racy anecdotes"; "a risque story"; "spicy gossip" copper any of various small butterflies of the family Lycaenidae having coppery wings a reddish-brown color resembling the color of polished copper a copper penny a ductile malleable reddish-brown corrosion-resistant diamagnetic metallic element; occurs in various minerals but is the only metal that occurs abundantly in large masses; used as an electrical and thermal conductor coat with a layer of copper American copper common copper butterfly of central and eastern North America Strymon large and widely distributed genus of hairstreak butterflies hairstreak small butterflies having striped markings under the wings Strymon melinus larvae are pests of various economic plants moth typically crepuscular or nocturnal insect having a stout body and feathery or hairlike antennae moth miller any of various moths that have powdery wings Tortricidae leaf rollers and codling moths tortricid any of numerous small moths having lightly fringed wings; larvae are leaf rollers or live in fruits and galls leaf roller moth whose larvae form nests by rolling and tying leaves with spun silk genus Tortrix type genus of the Tortricidae Homona tea tortrix tea tortrix small Indian moth infesting e.g. tea and coffee plants Argyrotaenia orange tortrix orange tortrix California moth whose larvae live in especially oranges Carpocapsa codling moths codling moth a small grey moth whose larvae live in apples and English walnuts Lymantriidae tussock moths lymantriid dull-colored moth whose larvae have tufts of hair on the body and feed on the leaves of many deciduous trees tussock caterpillar larva of a tussock moth Lymantria type genus of the Lymantriidae; a pest (Lymantria means `destroyer') gypsy moth European moth introduced into North America; a serious pest of shade trees Euproctis a genus of Lymantriidae browntail small brown and white European moth introduced into eastern United States; pest of various shade and fruit trees gold-tail moth white furry-bodied European moth with a yellow tail tuft Geometridae measuring worms geometrid slender-bodied broad-winged moth whose larvae are called measuring worms Paleacrita geometrid moths Paleacrita vernata moth whose larvae are spring cankerworms Alsophila geometrid moths Alsophila pometaria North American moth with grey-winged males and wingless females; larvae are fall cankerworms cankerworm green caterpillar of a geometrid moth; pest of various fruit and shade trees spring cankerworm variably colored looper; larva of Paleacrita vernata fall cankerworm green or brown white-striped looper; larva of Alsophila pometaria measuring worm small hairless caterpillar having legs on only its front and rear segments; mostly larvae of moths of the family Geometridae Pyralidae bee moths; corn borers; flour moths pyralid usually tropical slender-bodied long-legged moth whose larvae are crop pests Pyralis type genus of the Pyralidae Galleria a genus of Pyralidae bee moth moth whose larvae live in and feed on bee honeycombs Pyrausta moths whose larvae are corn borers corn borer native to Europe; in America the larvae bore into the stem and crown of corn and other plants larva of the European corn borer moth; a serious pest of maize Anagasta moth whose larvae are flour moths Mediterranean flour moth small moth whose larvae damage stored grain and flour Ephestia small moths whose larvae spin silken tunnels and feed on stored food products tobacco moth small moth whose larvae feed on tobacco and other dried plant products Cadra a genus of Pyralidae almond moth a moth whose larvae feed on and mat together with webbing various stored products of vegetable origin raisin moth moth whose larvae attack dried fruits and cereal products Tineoidea clothes moths; carpet moths; leaf miners tineoid small dull-colored moth with chewing mouthparts Tineidae clothes moths tineid small yellowish moths whose larvae feed on wool or fur clothes moth any of several small yellowish or buff-colored moths whose larvae eat organic matter e.g. woolens Tinea type genus of the Tineidae: clothes moths casemaking clothes moth the larvae live in tubes of its food material fastened with silk that it spins Tineola webbing clothes moths webbing clothes moth moth that forms a web in which it lives Trichophaga carpet moths carpet moth larvae feed on carpets and other woolens Gracilariidae leaf miners gracilariid small dull or metallic-colored tineoid moths whose larvae mine in plant leaves Gelechiidae important economic pests gelechiid small slender-winged moths whose larvae are agricultural pests Gelechia type genus of the Gelechiidae: pink bollworms Gelechia gossypiella small brown moth whose larvae bore into flowers and bolls of cotton grain moth moth whose larvae feed on grain Sitotroga grain moths angoumois moth small moth whose larvae feed on kernels of stored grains Phthorimaea potato moths potato moth greyish-brown moth whose larva is the potato tuberworm potato tuberworm larva of potato moth; mines in leaves and stems of e.g. potatoes and tobacco Noctuidae cutworms; armyworms noctuid moth usually dull-colored medium-sized nocturnal moth; the usually smooth-bodied larvae are destructive agricultural pests cutworm North American moth whose larvae feed on young plant stems cutting them off at the ground Noctua type genus of the Noctuidae: moths whose larvae are cutworms Catacala moths whose larvae are cutworms: underwings underwing moth having dull forewings and brightly colored hind wings red underwing moth having dull forewings and red-marked hind wings Cerapteryx antler moths antler moth European moth with white antler-like markings on the forewings; the larvae damage pastures and grasslands Heliothis a genus of Noctuidae heliothis moth medium-sized moth whose larvae are corn earworms Chorizagrotis moths whose larvae are army cutworms army cutworm larvae (of a noctuid moth) that travel in large groups and destroy grains and alfalfa in the midwestern states Pseudaletia moths whose larvae are armyworms Spodoptera moths whose larvae are armyworms Spodoptera exigua moth whose larvae are beet armyworms beet armyworm moth larva that eats foliage of beets and other vegetables Spodoptera frugiperda moth whose larvae are fall armyworms fall armyworm larva of a migratory American noctuid moth; destroys grasses and small grains Sphingidae hawkmoths hawkmoth any of various moths with long narrow forewings capable of powerful flight and hovering over flowers to feed Manduca moths whose larvae are tobacco hornworms or tomato hornworms Manduca sexta moth whose larvae are tobacco hornworms tobacco hornworm large green white-striped hawkmoth larva that feeds on tobacco and related plants; similar to tomato hornworm Manduca quinquemaculata moth whose larvae are tomato hornworms tomato hornworm large green white-striped hawkmoth larva that feeds on tomato and potato plants; similar to tobacco hornworm Acherontia death's-head moth death's-head moth European hawkmoth with markings on the back resembling a human skull Bombycidae Chinese silkworm moth bombycid moderate-sized Asiatic moth whose larvae feed on mulberry leaves and produce silk Bombyx type genus of the Bombycidae: Chinese silkworm moth domestic silkworm moth stocky creamy-white Asiatic moth found almost entirely under human care; the source of most of the silk commerce silkworm the commercially bred hairless white caterpillar of the domestic silkworm moth which spins a cocoon that can be processed to yield silk fiber; the principal source of commercial silk larva of a saturniid moth; spins a large amount of strong silk in constructing its cocoon Saturniidae important and widely distributed family of moths including some of the largest insects known saturniid large brightly colored and usually tropical moth; larvae spin silken cocoons Saturnia type genus of the Saturniidae: emperor moth emperor large moth of temperate forests of Eurasia having heavily scaled transparent wings red table grape of California the male ruler of an empire Eacles imperial moths imperial moth large American moth having yellow wings with purplish or brownish markings; larvae feed on e.g. maple and pine trees giant silkworm moth any silkworm moth of the family Saturniidae Actias luna moths luna moth large pale-green American moth with long-tailed hind wings and a yellow crescent-shaped mark on each forewing Hyalophora American silkworm moth cecropia North American silkworm moth; larvae feed on the leaves of forest trees Samia silkworm moths cynthia moth large Asiatic moth introduced into the United States; larvae feed on the ailanthus ailanthus silkworm large green silkworm of the cynthia moth Automeris io moth io moth large yellow American moth having a large eyelike spot on each hind wing; the larvae have stinging spines Antheraea large moths whose larvae produce silk of high quality polyphemus moth very large yellowish-brown American silkworm moth with large eyespots on hind wings; larvae feed on fruit and shade trees pernyi moth a Chinese moth that produces a brownish silk tussah oriental moth that produces brownish silk Atticus atlas moth atlas moth giant saturniid moth widespread in Asia; sometimes cultured for silk Arctiidae tiger moths arctiid stout-bodied broad-winged moth with conspicuously striped or spotted wings; larvae are hairy caterpillars tiger moth medium-sized moth with long richly colored and intricately patterned wings; larvae are called woolly bears Callimorpha cinnabar moths cinnabar large red-and-black European moth; larvae feed on leaves of ragwort; introduced into United States to control ragwort a heavy reddish mineral consisting of mercuric sulfide; the chief source of mercury Lasiocampidae tent caterpillars; eggars; lappet moths lasiocampid medium-sized stout-bodied neutral-colored moths with comb-like antennae Lasiocampa type genus of the Lasiocampidae: eggars eggar moth having nonfunctional mouthparts as adults; larvae feed on tree foliage and spin egg-shaped cocoons Malacosoma tent caterpillars tent-caterpillar moth moth whose larvae are tent caterpillars moth whose gregarious larvae spin webs resembling carpets tent caterpillar the larvae of moths that build and live in communal silken webs in orchard and shade trees forest tent caterpillar larvae of a gregarious North American moth that spins a web resembling a carpet rather than a tent; serious defoliator of deciduous trees lappet medium-sized hairy moths; larvae are lappet caterpillars a small lap on a garment or headdress lappet caterpillar larva of a lappet moth webworm several gregarious moth larvae that spin webs over foliage on which they feed Hyphantria fall webworms webworm moth a variety of moth that spins a web in which it lives Hyphantria cunea moth whose larvae are fall webworms fall webworm a variety of webworm Loxostege garden webworms Loxostege similalis moth whose larvae are garden webworms garden webworm a variety of webworm instar an insect or other arthropod between molts caterpillar a wormlike and often brightly colored and hairy or spiny larva of a butterfly or moth bollworm any of various moth caterpillars that destroy cotton bolls pink bollworm larvae of a gelechiid moth introduced from Asia; feeds on the seeds of cotton bolls corn earworm larva of a noctuid moth; highly destructive to especially corn and cotton and tomato crops cabbageworm toxic green larva of a cabbage butterfly woolly bear caterpillar of numerous moths characterized by a dense coat of woolly hairs; feed on plants and some are destructive pests woolly bear moth larva of moth of the family Arctiidae larva the immature free-living form of most invertebrates and amphibians and fish which at hatching from the egg is fundamentally unlike its parent and must metamorphose nymph a larva of an insect with incomplete metamorphosis (as the dragonfly or mayfly) (classical mythology) a minor nature goddess usually depicted as a beautiful maiden; "the ancient Greeks believed that nymphs inhabited forests and bodies of water" a voluptuously beautiful young woman leptocephalus slender transparent larva of eels and certain fishes bot botfly larva; typically develops inside the body of a horse or sheep or human grub a soft thick wormlike larva of certain beetles and other insects search about busily maggot the larva of the housefly and blowfly commonly found in decaying organic matter leatherjacket tough-skinned larva of certain crane flies any of several New World tropical fishes having tiny embedded scales any of several brightly colored tropical filefishes pupa an insect in the inactive stage of development (when it is not feeding) intermediate between larva and adult chrysalis pupa of a moth or butterfly enclosed in a cocoon cocoon silky envelope spun by the larvae of many insects to protect pupas and by spiders to protect eggs wrap in or as if in a cocoon, as for protection retreat as if into a cocoon, as from an unfriendly environment; "Families cocoon around the T.V. set most evenings"; "She loves to stay at home and cocoon" imago an adult insect produced after metamorphosis (psychoanalysis) an idealized image of someone (usually a parent) formed in childhood queen the only fertile female in a colony of social insects such as bees and ants and termites; its function is to lay eggs an especially large mole rat and the only member of a colony of naked mole rats to bear offspring which are sired by only a few males (chess) the most powerful piece one of four face cards in a deck bearing a picture of a queen a female sovereign ruler the wife or widow of a king something personified as a woman who is considered the best or most important of her kind; "Paris is the queen of cities"; "the queen of ocean liners" become a queen; "her pawn queened" promote to a queen, as of a pawn in chess Phoronida small phylum of wormlike marine animals phoronid hermaphrodite wormlike animal living in mud of the sea bottom Bryozoa marine or freshwater animals that form colonies of zooids bryozoan sessile aquatic animal forming mossy colonies of small polyps each having a curved or circular ridge bearing tentacles; attach to stones or seaweed and reproduce by budding Ectoprocta coextensive with or a subphylum of Bryozoa ectoproct sessile mossy aquatic animal having the anus of the polyp outside the crown of tentacles Entoprocta sometimes considered a subphylum of Bryozoa entoproct any of various moss-like aquatic animals usually forming branching colonies; each polyp having a both mouth and anus within a closed ring of tentacles Cycliophora tiny marine organisms each the size of a period found in great numbers on lobsters' lips; identified tentatively in 1995 as a new phylum or as possible link between Entoprocta and Ectoprocta Symbion pandora only known species of Cycliophora; lives symbiotically attached to a lobster's lip by an adhesive disk and feeding by means of a hairy mouth ring; its complex life cycle includes asexual and sexual phases Brachiopoda marine invertebrates that resemble mollusks brachiopod marine animal with bivalve shell having a pair of arms bearing tentacles for capturing food; found worldwide of or belonging to the phylum Brachiopoda Sipuncula peanut worms peanut worm small unsegmented marine worm that when disturbed retracts its anterior portion into the body giving the appearance of a peanut echinoderm family a family of echinoderms echinoderm genus a genus of echinoderms Echinodermata radially symmetrical marine invertebrates including e.g. starfish and sea urchins and sea cucumbers echinoderm marine invertebrates with tube feet and five-part radially symmetrical bodies ambulacrum one of the five areas on the undersurface of an echinoderm on which the tube feet are located Asteroidea sea stars starfish echinoderms characterized by five arms extending from a central disk Ophiuroidea brittle stars and basket stars Ophiurida brittle stars brittle star an animal resembling a starfish with fragile whiplike arms radiating from a small central disc Euryalida basket stars basket star any starfish-like animal of the genera Euryale or Astrophyton or Gorgonocephalus having slender complexly branched interlacing arms radiating from a central disc Euryale basket stars (Greek mythology) one of the three Gorgons Astrophyton includes many of the basket stars Astrophyton muricatum a variety of basket star Gorgonocephalus basket stars Echinoidea sea urchins and sand dollars sea urchin shallow-water echinoderms having soft bodies enclosed in thin spiny globular shells edible sea urchin a sea urchin that can be eaten Exocycloida flat sea urchins sand dollar flattened disklike sea urchins that live on sandy bottoms Spatangoida heart-shaped sea urchins heart urchin sea urchin having a heart-shaped body in a rigid spiny shell Crinoidea sea lilies crinoid primitive echinoderms having five or more feathery arms radiating from a central disk of or relating to or belonging to the class Crinoidea Ptilocrinus sea lilies sea lily crinoid with delicate radiating arms and a stalked body attached to a hard surface Antedonidae feather stars Comatulidae former usage synonymous with Antedonidae Antedon a genus of echinoderms of the family Antedonidae Comatula former usage synonymous with Antedon feather star free-swimming stalkless crinoid with ten feathery arms; found on muddy sea bottoms Holothuroidea class of echinoderms including the sea cucumbers sea cucumber echinoderm having a flexible sausage-shaped body, tentacles surrounding the mouth and tube feet; free-living mud feeders Holothuridae a family of Holothuroidea Holothuria type genus of the Holothuridae trepang of warm coasts from Australia to Asia; used as food especially by Chinese tube foot tentacular tubular process of most echinoderms (starfish and sea urchins and holothurians) having a sucker at the end and used for e.g. locomotion and respiration milt seminal fluid produced by male fish fish sperm or sperm-filled reproductive gland; having a creamy texture splint bone a rudimentary metacarpal or metatarsal bone on either side of the cannon bone in the leg of a horse or related animal Duplicidentata in former classifications considered a suborder of Rodentia coextensive with the order Lagomorpha: gnawing animals Lagomorpha rabbits; hares; pikas; formerly considered the suborder Duplicidentata of the order Rodentia lagomorph relative large gnawing animals; distinguished from rodents by having two pairs of upper incisors specialized for gnawing Leporidae hares and rabbits leporid rabbits and hares rabbit any of various burrowing animals of the family Leporidae having long ears and short tails; some domesticated and raised for pets or food flesh of any of various rabbits or hares (wild or domesticated) eaten as food hunt rabbits rabbit ears the long ears of a rabbit an indoor TV antenna; consists of two extendible rods that form a V lapin castrated male rabbit the fur of a rabbit bunny (usually informal) especially a young rabbit a young waitress in a nightclub whose costume includes the tail and ears of a rabbit Oryctolagus Old World rabbits European rabbit common greyish-brown burrowing animal native to southern Europe and northern Africa but introduced elsewhere; widely domesticated and developed in various colors and for various needs; young are born naked and helpless Sylvilagus North American rabbits wood rabbit common small rabbit of North America having greyish or brownish fur and a tail with a white underside; a host for Ixodes pacificus and Ixodes scapularis (Lyme disease ticks) eastern cottontail widely distributed in United States except northwest and far west regions swamp rabbit a wood rabbit of southeastern United States swamps and lowlands marsh hare a wood rabbit of marshy coastal areas from North Carolina to Florida Lepus type genus of the Leporidae: hares a constellation in the southern hemisphere near Orion and Columba hare swift timid long-eared mammal larger than a rabbit having a divided upper lip and long hind legs; young born furred and with open eyes run quickly, like a hare; "He hared down the hill" leveret a young hare especially one in its first year European hare large hare introduced in North America; does not turn white in winter jackrabbit large hare of western North America go forward or start with a fast, sudden movement white-tailed jackrabbit largest hare of northern plains and western mountains of United States; brownish-grey in summer and pale grey in winter; tail nearly always all white blacktail jackrabbit the common jackrabbit of grasslands and open areas of western United States; has large black-tipped ears and black streak on the tail polar hare a large hare of northern North America; it is almost completely white in winter snowshoe hare large large-footed North American hare; white in winter Belgian hare red breed of domestic rabbits; hybrid between Old World rabbit and hare Ochotonidae pikas and extinct forms pika small short-eared burrowing mammal of rocky uplands of Asia and western North America Ochotona type genus of the Ochotonidae little chief hare North American pika collared pika similar to little chief hare and may be same species Rodentia small gnawing animals: porcupines; rats; mice; squirrels; marmots; beavers; gophers; voles; hamsters; guinea pigs; agoutis rodent relatively small placental mammals having a single pair of constantly growing incisor teeth specialized for gnawing mouse any of numerous small rodents typically resembling diminutive rats having pointed snouts and small ears on elongated bodies with slender usually hairless tails a hand-operated electronic device that controls the coordinates of a cursor on your computer screen as you move it around on a pad; on the bottom of the device is a ball that rolls on the surface of the pad; "a mouse takes much more room than a trackball" person who is quiet or timid manipulate the mouse of a computer Myomorpha true rats and mice and related rodents Muroidea a superfamily of rodents essentially equal to the suborder Myomorpha but with the Dipodidae excluded rat any of various long-tailed rodents similar to but larger than a mouse a pad (usually made of hair) worn as part of a woman's coiffure catch rats, especially with dogs give (hair) the appearance of being fuller by using a rat employ scabs or strike breakers in desert one's party or group of friends, for example, for one's personal advantage pocket rat any of various rodents with cheek pouches Muridae originally Old World rats now distributed worldwide; distinguished from the Cricetidae by typically lacking cheek pouches murine a rodent that is a member of the family Muridae of or relating to or transmitted by a member of the family Muridae (rats and mice); "a murine plague" Mus type genus of the Muridae: common house mice; the tips of the upper incisors have a square notch house mouse brownish-grey Old World mouse now a common household pest worldwide Micromyx Old World harvest mice harvest mouse small reddish-brown Eurasian mouse inhabiting e.g. cornfields Apodemus Old World field mice field mouse any nocturnal Old World mouse of the genus Apodemus inhabiting woods and fields and gardens nude mouse a mouse with a genetic defect that prevents them from growing hair and also prevents them from immunologically rejecting human cells and tissues; widely used in preclinical trials European wood mouse nocturnal yellowish-brown mouse inhabiting woods and fields and gardens Rattus common house rats; upper incisors have a beveled edge brown rat common domestic rat; serious pest worldwide wharf rat brown rat that infests wharves someone who lives near wharves and lives by pilfering from ships or warehouses sewer rat brown rat commonly found in sewers black rat common household pest originally from Asia that has spread worldwide Nesokia bandicoot rats bandicoot rat burrowing scaly-tailed rat of India and Ceylon Conilurus jerboa rats jerboa rat large Australian rat with hind legs adapted for leaping Notomys jerboa rats kangaroo mouse leaping rodent of Australian desert areas small silky-haired pouched rodent; similar to but smaller than kangaroo rats Hydromyinae water rats of Australia and New Guinea Hydromys water rats water rat any of various amphibious rats beaver rat amphibious rat of Australia and New Guinea Cricetidae mostly small New World rodents including New World mice and lemmings and voles and hamsters New World mouse a variety of rodent Reithrodontomys New World harvest mice American harvest mouse any of several small greyish New World mice inhabiting e.g. grain fields Peromyscus New World wood mice wood mouse any of various New World woodland mice white-footed mouse American woodland mouse with white feet and underparts deer mouse brownish New World mouse; most widely distributed member of the genus cactus mouse burrowing mouse of desert areas of southwestern United States cotton mouse large dark mouse of southeastern United States Baiomys pygmy mice pygmy mouse very small dark greyish brown mouse resembling a house mouse; of Texas and Mexico Onychomys grasshopper mice grasshopper mouse insectivorous mouse of western North America Ondatra muskrats muskrat beaver-like aquatic rodent of North America with dark glossy brown fur the brown fur of a muskrat Neofiber round-tailed muskrat round-tailed muskrat of Florida wetlands Sigmodon American cotton rats cotton rat destructive long-haired burrowing rat of southern North America and Central America wood rat any of various small short-tailed rodents of the northern hemisphere having soft fur grey above and white below with furred tails and large ears; some are hosts for Ixodes pacificus and Ixodes scapularis (Lyme disease ticks) dusky-footed wood rat a wood rat with dusky feet vole any of various small mouselike rodents of the family Cricetidae (especially of genus Microtus) having a stout short-tailed body and inconspicuous ears and inhabiting fields or meadows Neotoma packrats packrat any of several bushy-tailed rodents of the genus Neotoma of western North America; hoards food and other objects a collector of miscellaneous useless objects dusky-footed woodrat host to Lyme disease tick (Ixodes pacificus) in northern California eastern woodrat large greyish-brown wood rat of the southeastern United States Oryzomys rice rats rice rat hardy agile rat of grassy marshes of Mexico and the southeastern United States Pitymys pine mice pine vole short-tailed glossy-furred burrowing vole of the eastern United States Microtus voles of the northern hemisphere meadow vole widely distributed in grasslands of northern United States and Canada water vole of western North America common large Eurasian vole prairie vole typical vole of the extended prairie region of central United States and southern Canada Arvicola in some classifications considered synonymous with Microtus Clethrionomys a genus of Cricetidae red-backed mouse any of several voles of mountainous regions of Eurasia and America genus Phenacomys North American voles phenacomys any of several vole-like terrestrial or arboreal rodents of cold forested regions of Canada and western United States Cricetus type genus of the Cricetidae: Old World hamsters hamster short-tailed Old World burrowing rodent with large cheek pouches Eurasian hamster a variety of hamster common to Europe and Asia Mesocricetus golden hamsters golden hamster small light-colored hamster often kept as a pet Gerbillinae gerbils Gerbillus type genus of the Gerbillinae: typical gerbils gerbil small Old World burrowing desert rodent with long soft pale fur and hind legs adapted for leaping Meriones a genus of Cricetidae jird gerbil of northern Africa tamarisk gerbil a gerbil that is popular as a pet sand rat southern European gerbil small nearly naked African mole rat of desert areas lemming any of various short-tailed furry-footed rodents of circumpolar distribution Lemmus lemmings European lemming notable for mass migrations even into the sea where many drown brown lemming of northwestern Canada and Alaska Myopus a genus of Cricetidae grey lemming Old World lemming Dicrostonyx pied lemmings pied lemming North American lemming having a white winter coat and some claws much enlarged Hudson bay collared lemming of northern Canada Synaptomys bog lemmings southern bog lemming of low bogs and meadows of northeastern and central United States and southern Canada northern bog lemming of wet alpine and subalpine meadows of Canada and Alaska Hystricomorpha an order of rodents including: porcupines; guinea pigs; chinchillas; etc. porcupine relatively large rodents with sharp erectile bristles mingled with the fur Hystricidae Old World porcupines Old World porcupine terrestrial porcupine Atherurus a genus of Hystricidae brush-tailed porcupine porcupine with a tuft of large beaded bristles on the tail Trichys a genus of Hystricidae long-tailed porcupine porcupine of Borneo and Sumatra having short spines and a long tail New World porcupine arboreal porcupine Erethizontidae New World arboreal porcupines Erethizon a genus of Erethizontidae Canada porcupine porcupine of northeastern North America with barbed spines concealed in the coarse fur; often gnaws buildings for salt and grease Heteromyidae small New World burrowing mouselike rodents with fur-lined cheek pouches and hind limbs and tail adapted to leaping; adapted to desert conditions: pocket mice; kangaroo mice; kangaroo rats pocket mouse any of various small nocturnal burrowing desert rodents with cheek pouches and long hind legs and tail Perognathus pocket mice silky pocket mouse small pale yellowish soft-furred rodent of southwestern United States and Mexico plains pocket mouse small rodent of open areas of United States plains states hispid pocket mouse large stiff-haired rodent of shortgrass prairies of United States Liomys pocket mice Mexican pocket mouse large pocket mouse of Mexico Dipodomys kangaroo rats kangaroo rat any of various leaping rodents of desert regions of North America and Mexico; largest members of the family Heteromyidae Ord kangaroo rat most widely distributed kangaroo rat: plains and mountain areas of central and western United States Microdipodops kangaroo mice Zapodidae jumping mice jumping mouse any of several primitive mouselike rodents with long hind legs and no cheek pouches; of woodlands of Eurasia and North America Zapus type genus of the Zapodidae meadow jumping mouse widely distributed in northeastern and central United States and Canada Dipodidae Old World jerboas Dipus type genus of the Dipodidae; typical jerboas having three toes on each hind foot jerboa mouselike jumping rodent typical jerboa small nocturnal jumping rodent with long hind legs; of arid parts of Asia and northern Africa Jaculus jerboas Jaculus jaculus a variety of jerboa Gliridae dormice and other Old World forms dormouse small furry-tailed squirrel-like Old World rodent that becomes torpid in cold weather Glis type genus of the Gliridae loir large European dormouse Muscardinus a genus of Gliridae hazel mouse a variety of dormouse Eliomys lerots lerot dormouse of southern Europe and northern Africa Geomyidae North American pocket gophers Geomys type genus of the Geomyidae gopher burrowing rodent of the family Geomyidae having large external cheek pouches; of Central America and southwestern North America plains pocket gopher gopher of chiefly grasslands of central North America southeastern pocket gopher gopher of Alabama and Georgia and Florida Thomomys western pocket gophers valley pocket gopher of valleys and mountain meadows of western United States northern pocket gopher greyish to brown gopher of western and central United States Sciuromorpha large more or less primitive rodents: squirrels; marmots; gophers; beavers; etc. squirrel a kind of arboreal rodent having a long bushy tail the fur of a squirrel tree squirrel any typical arboreal squirrel Sciuridae a mammal family of true squirrels including: ground squirrels; marmots; chipmunks; flying squirrels; spermophiles Sciurus type genus of the Sciuridae; typical moderate-sized arboreal squirrels eastern grey squirrel common medium-large squirrel of eastern North America; now introduced into England western grey squirrel large grey squirrel of far western areas of United States fox squirrel exceptionally large arboreal squirrel of eastern United States black squirrel fox squirrel or grey squirrel in the black color phase red squirrel common reddish-brown squirrel of Europe and parts of Asia Tamiasciurus American red squirrels American red squirrel of northern United States and Canada chickeree far western United States counterpart of the red squirrel Citellus typical ground squirrels antelope squirrel small ground squirrel of western United States ground squirrel any of various terrestrial burrowing rodents of Old and New Worlds; often destroy crops mantled ground squirrel common black-striped reddish-brown ground squirrel of western North America; resembles a large chipmunk suslik rather large central Eurasian ground squirrel flickertail of sagebrush and grassland areas of western United States and Canada rock squirrel large grey ground squirrel of rocky areas of the southwestern United States Arctic ground squirrel large ground squirrel of the North American far north Cynomys prairie dogs prairie dog any of several rodents of North American prairies living in large complex burrows having a barking cry blacktail prairie dog tail is black tipped whitetail prairie dog tail is white tipped Tamias chipmunks of eastern North America eastern chipmunk small striped semiterrestrial eastern American squirrel with cheek pouches Eutamias chipmunks of western America and Asia chipmunk a burrowing ground squirrel of western America and Asia; has cheek pouches and a light and dark stripe running down the body baronduki terrestrial Siberian squirrel Glaucomys New World flying squirrels American flying squirrel New World flying squirrels southern flying squirrel small large-eyed nocturnal flying squirrel of eastern United States northern flying squirrel large flying squirrel; chiefly of Canada Marmota marmots marmot stocky coarse-furred burrowing rodent with a short bushy tail found throughout the northern hemisphere; hibernates in winter groundhog reddish brown North American marmot hoary marmot large North American mountain marmot yellowbelly marmot heavy-bodied yellowish-brown marmot of rocky areas of western North America Petauristidae Old World flying squirrels Asiatic flying squirrel nocturnal rodent of Asia having furry folds of skin between forelegs and hind legs enabling it to move by gliding leaps Petaurista very large Asiatic flying squirrels taguan East Indian flying squirrel Castoridae beavers Castor type genus of the Castoridae: beavers a multiple star with 6 components; second brightest in Gemini; close to Pollux beaver large semiaquatic rodent with webbed hind feet and a broad flat tail; construct complex dams and underwater lodges a hat made with the fur of a beaver (or similar material) a movable piece of armor on a medieval helmet used to protect the lower face a full beard the soft brown fur of the beaver work hard on something Old World beaver a European variety of beaver New World beaver a variety of beaver found in almost all areas of North America except Florida Castoroides extinct beavers of the Pleistocene; of eastern and southern United States Aplodontiidae mountain beavers Aplodontia type genus of the Aplodontiidae: comprising the mountain beavers mountain beaver bulky nocturnal burrowing rodent of uplands of the Pacific coast of North America; the most primitive living rodent Caviidae a family of Hystricomorpha Cavia type genus of the Caviidae: guinea pigs cavy short-tailed rough-haired South American rodent guinea pig stout-bodied nearly tailless domesticated cavy; often kept as a pet and widely used in research aperea South American cavy; possibly ancestral to the domestic guinea pig Dolichotis maras mara hare-like rodent of the pampas of Argentina Hydrochoeridae capybara Hydrochoerus a genus of Hydrochoeridae capybara pig-sized tailless South American amphibious rodent with partly webbed feet; largest living rodent Dasyproctidae agoutis and pacas Dasyprocta type genus of the Dasyproctidae: agoutis agouti agile long-legged rabbit-sized rodent of Central America and South America and the West Indies; valued as food Cuniculus pacas paca large burrowing rodent of South America and Central America; highly esteemed as food Stictomys mountain pacas mountain paca rodent of mountains of western South America Capromyidae coypus Myocastor a genus of Capromyidae coypu aquatic South American rodent resembling a small beaver; bred for its fur Chinchillidae small bushy-tailed South American burrowing rodents genus Chinchilla type genus of the Chinchillidae chinchilla small rodent with soft pearly grey fur; native to the Andes but bred in captivity for fur a thick twilled fabric of wool and cotton the expensive silvery grey fur of the chinchilla Lagidium a genus of Chinchillidae mountain chinchilla a rodent native to the mountains of Chile and Peru and now bred in captivity Lagostomus viscachas viscacha gregarious burrowing rodent larger than the chinchillas Abrocoma abrocomes abrocome ratlike rodent with soft fur and large ears of the Andes Spalacidae mole rats Spalax type genus of the Spalacidae mole rat furry short-limbed tailless rodent resembling a true mole in habits and appearance; of eastern Europe and Middle East African rodent resembling a mole in habits and appearance Bathyergidae mole rats; sand rats Bathyergus mole rats Heterocephalus sand rats naked mole rat fetal-looking colonial rodent of East Africa; neither mole nor rat; they feed on tubers and have a social structure similar to that of honeybees and termites Damaraland mole rat colonial mole rat of western Africa; similar to naked mole rat dug an udder or breast or teat udder mammary gland of bovids (cows and sheep and goats) Ungulata in former classifications a major division of Mammalia comprising all hoofed mammals; now divided into the orders Perissodactyla (odd-toed ungulates) and Artiodactyla (even-toed ungulates) ungulate any of a number of mammals with hooves that are superficially similar but not necessarily closely related taxonomically having or resembling hoofs; "horses and other hoofed animals" Unguiculata in former classifications a major division of Mammalia comprising mammals with nails or claws; distinguished from hoofed mammals and cetaceans unguiculate a mammal having nails or claws having or resembling claws or nails; "unguiculate animals"; "an unguiculate flower petal" Dinocerata small order of primitive ungulates of the Paleocene and Eocene Uintatheriidae an extinct family of Dinocerata Uintatherium type genus of the Uintatheriidae; extinct large herbivorous ungulates somewhat resembling elephants; from the Eocene in Wyoming dinocerate an extinct ungulate dinoceras a variety of dinocerate Hyracoidea hyraxes and some extinct animals Procaviidae includes all recent members of the order Hyracoidea hyrax any of several small ungulate mammals of Africa and Asia with rodent-like incisors and feet with hooflike toes Procavia type genus of the Procaviidae rock hyrax hyrax that lives in rocky areas Perissodactyla nonruminant ungulates: horses; tapirs; rhinoceros; extinct forms odd-toed ungulate placental mammals having hooves with an odd number of toes on each foot Equidae horses; asses; zebras; extinct animals Equus type genus of the Equidae: only surviving genus of the family Equidae equine hoofed mammals having slender legs and a flat coat with a narrow mane along the back of the neck of or belonging to the family Equidae resembling a horse horse solid-hoofed herbivorous quadruped domesticated since prehistoric times a padded gymnastic apparatus on legs provide with a horse or horses roan a horse having a brownish coat thickly sprinkled with white or gray a soft sheepskin leather that is colored and finished to resemble morocco; used in bookbinding (used of especially horses) having a brownish coat thickly sprinkled with white or grey; "a roan horse" stablemate a horse stabled with another or one of several horses owned by the same person Hyracotherium extinct horse genus; formerly called eohippus gee-gee a word for horse used by children or in adult slang eohippus earliest horse; extinct primitive dog-sized four-toed Eocene animal genus Mesohippus a genus of Equidae mesohippus North American three-toed Oligocene animal; probably not directly ancestral to modern horses genus Protohippus a genus of Equidae protohippus Pliocene horse approaching donkeys in size foal a young horse give birth to a foal; "the mare foaled" filly a young female horse under the age of four colt a young male horse under the age of four male horse the male of species Equus caballus ridgeling a colt with undescended testicles stallion uncastrated adult male horse gelding castrated male horse mare female equine animal a dark region of considerable extent on the surface of the moon broodmare a female horse used for breeding saddle horse a lightweight horse kept for riding only remount a fresh horse especially (formerly) to replace one killed or injured in battle provide with fresh horses; "remount a regiment" mount again, as after disassembling something mount again; "he remounted his horse" palfrey especially a light saddle horse for a woman warhorse horse used in war a work of art (composition or drama) that is part of the standard repertory but has become hackneyed from much repetition cavalry horse horse trained for battle charger formerly a strong swift horse ridden into battle a device that can hold a rechargeable battery by means of an electrical cable steed (literary) a spirited horse for state of war prancer a mettlesome or fiery horse hack a saddle horse used for transportation rather than sport etc. a horse kept for hire an old or over-worked horse a tool (as a hoe or pick or mattock) used for breaking up the surface of the soil one who works hard at boring tasks a mediocre and disdained writer cough spasmodically; "The patient with emphysema is hacking all day" significantly cut up a manuscript fix a computer program piecemeal until it works; "I'm not very good at hacking but I'll give it my best" kick on the shins kick on the arms cut away; "he hacked his way through the forest" be able to manage or manage successfully; "I can't hack it anymore"; "she could not cut the long days in the office" cow pony a light saddle horse trained for herding cattle quarter horse a small powerful horse originally bred for sprinting in quarter-mile races in Virginia Morgan an American breed of small compact saddle horses United States financier and philanthropist (1837-1913) soldier in the American Revolution who defeated the British in the battle of Cowpens, South Carolina (1736-1802) a Welsh buccaneer who raided Spanish colonies in the West Indies for the English (1635-1688) United States biologist who formulated the chromosome theory of heredity (1866-1945) United States anthropologist who studied the Seneca (1818-1881) Tennessee walker a horse marked by stamina and trained to move at a fast running walk American saddle horse a high-stepping horse originating in Kentucky Appaloosa a hardy breed of saddle horse developed in western North America and characteristically having a spotted rump Arabian a spirited graceful and intelligent riding horse native to Arabia of or relating to Arabian horses relating to or associated with Arabia or its people; "Arabian Nights"; "Arabian Sea" Lippizan a compact and sturdy saddle horse that is bred and trained in Vienna; smart and docile and excellent for dressage; "a Lippizan is black or brown when born but turns white by the time it is five years old" pony a range horse of the western United States any of various breeds of small gentle horses usually less than five feet high at the shoulder an informal term for a racehorse; "he liked to bet on the ponies" a literal translation used in studying a foreign language (often used illicitly) polo pony a small agile horse specially bred and trained for playing polo mustang small hardy range horse of the western plains descended from horses brought by the Spanish bronco an unbroken or imperfectly broken mustang bucking bronco a wild horse that is vicious and difficult or impossible to break in buckskin horse of a light yellowish dun color with dark mane and tail a soft yellowish suede leather originally from deerskin but now usually from sheepskin crowbait an emaciated horse likely soon to become carrion and so attractive to crows dun horse of a dull brownish grey color a color or pigment varying around a light grey-brown color; "she wore dun" make a dun color cure by salting; "dun codfish" persistently ask for overdue payment; "The grocer dunned his customers every day by telephone" of a dull greyish brown to brownish grey color; "the dun and dreary prairie" grey horse of a light gray or whitish color clothing that is a grey color; "he was dressed in grey" any organization or party whose uniforms or badges are grey; "the Confederate army was a vast grey" turn grey; "Her hair began to grey" make grey; "The painter decided to grey the sky" of an achromatic color of any lightness intermediate between the extremes of white and black; "the little grey cells"; "gray flannel suit"; "a man with greyish hair" intermediate in character or position; "a grey area between clearly legal and strictly illegal" used to signify the Confederate forces in the American Civil War (who wore grey uniforms); "a stalwart grey figure" showing characteristics of age, especially having grey or white hair; "whose beard with age is hoar"-Coleridge; "nodded his hoary head" wild horse undomesticated or feral domestic horse tarpan European wild horse extinct since the early 20th century warrigal Australian wild horse Przewalski's horse wild horse of central Asia that resembles an ass; now endangered cayuse a small native range horse plow horse a horse used to pull a plow Shetland pony breed of very small pony with long shaggy mane and tail Welsh pony breed of small ponies originally from Wales Exmoor stocky breed of pony with a fawn-colored nose horned sheep of Devon; valued for mutton racehorse a horse bred for racing Sir Barton thoroughbred that won the triple crown in 1919 Gallant Fox thoroughbred that won the triple crown in 1930 Omaha thoroughbred that won the triple crown in 1935 the Dhegiha dialect spoken by the Omaha largest city in Nebraska; located in eastern Nebraska on the Missouri river; a major transportation center of the Midwest a member of the Siouan people formerly living in the Missouri river valley in northeastern Nebraska War Admiral thoroughbred that won the triple crown in 1937 Whirlaway thoroughbred that won the triple crown in 1941 Count Fleet thoroughbred that won the triple crown in 1943 Assault thoroughbred that won the triple crown in 1946 Citation thoroughbred that won the triple crown in 1948 Secretariat thoroughbred that won the triple crown in 1973 Seattle Slew thoroughbred that won the triple crown in 1977 Affirmed thoroughbred that won the triple crown in 1978 steeplechaser a horse trained to run in steeplechases finisher an animal that wins in a contest of speed a race car that finishes a race a worker who performs the last step in a manufacturing process a painter who applies a finishing coat a racing driver who finishes a race two-year-old horse a racehorse that is two years old three-year-old horse a racehorse that is three years old dark horse a racehorse about which little is known a political candidate who is not well known but could win unexpectedly mudder a racehorse that runs well on a muddy racetrack nonstarter a horse that fails to run in a race for which it has been entered stalking-horse a horse behind which a hunter hides while stalking game screen consisting of a figure of a horse behind which a hunter hides while stalking game a candidate put forward to divide the Opposition or to mask the true candidate harness horse horse used for pulling vehicles hackney a compact breed of harness horse a carriage for hire workhorse a horse used for plowing and hauling and other heavy labor machine that performs dependably under heavy use; "the IBM main frame computers have been the workhorse of the business world" draft horse horse adapted for drawing heavy loads packhorse a workhorse used as a pack animal carthorse draft horse kept for pulling carts Clydesdale heavy feathered-legged breed of draft horse originally from Scotland Percheron one of a breed of grey or black draft horses originally used in France to draw heavy coaches or artillery farm horse a quiet plodding workhorse shire British breed of large heavy draft horse a former administrative district of England; equivalent to a county pole horse a draft horse harnessed alongside the shaft or pole of a vehicle the horse having a starting position next to the inside rail in a harness race wheel horse a draft horse harnessed behind others and nearest the wheels of a vehicle post horse a horse kept at an inn or post house for use by mail carriers or for rent to travelers coach horse strong draft horse for drawing coaches pacer a horse trained to a special gait in which both feet on one side leave the ground together a horse used to set the pace in racing trotting horse a horse trained to trot; especially a horse trained for harness racing stepper a horse trained to lift its feet high off the ground while walking or trotting a motor (especially an electric motor) that moves or rotates in small discrete steps chestnut a dark golden-brown or reddish-brown horse a small horny callus on the inner surface of a horse's leg the brown color of chestnuts edible nut of any of various chestnut trees of the genus Castanea any of several attractive deciduous trees yellow-brown in autumn; yield a hard wood and edible nuts in a prickly bur wood of any of various chestnut trees of the genus Castanea (of hair or feathers) of a golden brown to reddish brown color; "a chestnut horse"; "chestnut hair" liver chestnut a solid dark brown horse bay a horse of a moderate reddish-brown color a compartment in an aircraft used for some specific purpose; "he opened the bomb bay" a compartment on a ship between decks; often used as a hospital; "they put him in the sick bay" the sound of a hound on the scent an indentation of a shoreline larger than a cove but smaller than a gulf bark with prolonged noises, of dogs utter in deep prolonged tones (used of animals especially a horse) of a moderate reddish-brown color sorrel a horse of a brownish orange to light brown color large sour-tasting arrowhead-shaped leaves used in salads and sauces of a light brownish color palomino a horse of light tan or golden color with cream-colored or white mane and tail pinto a spotted or calico horse or pony ass hardy and sure-footed animal smaller and with longer ears than the horse a pompous fool domestic ass domestic beast of burden descended from the African wild ass; patient but stubborn burro small donkey used as a pack animal moke British informal for donkey jack male donkey any of several fast-swimming predacious fishes of tropical to warm temperate seas tool for exerting pressure or lifting one of four face cards in a deck bearing a picture of a young prince small flag indicating a ship's nationality game equipment consisting of one of several small six-pointed metal pieces that are picked up while bouncing a ball in the game of jacks an electrical device consisting of a connector socket designed for the insertion of a plug a small ball at which players aim in lawn bowling a small worthless amount; "you don't know jack" lift with a special device; "jack up the car so you can change the tire" jennet female donkey mule hybrid offspring of a male donkey and a female horse; usually sterile a slipper that has no fitting around the heel hinny hybrid offspring of a male horse and a female donkey or ass; usually sterile; "a hinny has a gentler disposition than a mule" wild ass any of several equine mammals of Asia and northeast Africa African wild ass a wild ass of Africa kiang wild ass of Tibet and Mongolia onager Asiatic wild ass chigetai Mongolian wild ass zebra any of several fleet black-and-white striped African equines common zebra of the plains of central and eastern Africa mountain zebra narrow-striped nearly extinct zebra of southern Africa grevy's zebra zebra with less continuous stripes quagga mammal of South Africa that resembled a zebra; extinct since late 19th century Rhinocerotidae rhinoceroses rhinoceros massive powerful herbivorous odd-toed ungulate of southeast Asia and Africa having very thick skin and one or two horns on the snout genus Rhinoceros type genus of the Rhinocerotidae Indian rhinoceros having one horn woolly rhinoceros extinct thick-haired species of Arctic regions Ceratotherium African genus white rhinoceros large light-grey African rhinoceros having two horns; endangered; sometimes placed in genus Diceros Diceros most common species in Africa black rhinoceros African rhino; in danger of extinction Tapiridae tapirs and extinct related forms Tapirus type genus of the Tapiridae tapir large inoffensive chiefly nocturnal ungulate of tropical America and southeast Asia having a heavy body and fleshy snout New World tapir a tapir found in South America and Central America Malayan tapir a tapir found in Malaya and Sumatra Artiodactyla an order of hooved mammals of the subclass Eutheria (including pigs and peccaries and hippopotami and members of the suborder Ruminantia) having an even number of functional toes even-toed ungulate placental mammal having hooves with an even number of functional toes on each foot Suidae pigs; hogs; boars swine stout-bodied short-legged omnivorous animals Sus type genus of the Suidae hog domestic swine a sheep up to the age of one year; one yet to be sheared a person regarded as greedy and pig-like take greedily; take more than one's share piglet a young pig sucking pig an unweaned piglet porker a pig fattened to provide meat boar an uncastrated male hog sow an adult female hog introduce into an environment; "sow suspicion or beliefs" place (seeds) in or on the ground for future growth; "She sowed sunflower seeds" razorback a mongrel hog with a thin body and long legs and a ridged back; a wild or semi-wild descendant of improved breeds; found chiefly in the southeastern United States having a sharp narrow back; "a razor-backed horse"; "razorback hogs" wild boar Old World wild swine having a narrow body and prominent tusks from which most domestic swine come; introduced in United States Babyrousa a genus of Suidae babirusa Indonesian wild pig with enormous curved canine teeth Phacochoerus warthogs warthog African wild swine with warty protuberances on the face and large protruding tusks Tayassuidae peccaries Tayassu type genus of the Tayassuidae peccary nocturnal gregarious pig-like wild animals of North America and South America collared peccary dark grey peccary with an indistinct white collar; of semi desert areas of Mexico and southwestern United States white-lipped peccary blackish peccary with whitish cheeks; larger than the collared peccary Chiacoan peccary a recently discovered large wild pig of Paraguay Hippopotamidae hippopotami genus Hippopotamus type genus of the Hippopotamidae hippopotamus massive thick-skinned herbivorous animal living in or around rivers of tropical Africa Ruminantia cattle; bison; sheep; goats; antelopes; deer; chevrotains; giraffes; camels ruminant any of various cud-chewing hoofed mammals having a stomach divided into four (occasionally three) compartments related to or characteristic of animals of the suborder Ruminantia or any other animal that chews a cud; "ruminant mammals" rumen the first compartment of the stomach of a ruminant; here food is collected and returned to the mouth as cud for chewing reticulum the second compartment of the stomach of a ruminant any fine network (especially one in the body composed of cells or blood vessels) psalterium the third compartment of the stomach of a ruminant abomasum the fourth compartment of the stomach of a ruminant; the one where digestion takes place Bovidae true antelopes; cattle; oxen; sheep; goats bovid hollow-horned ruminants Bovinae term not used technically; essentially coextensive with genus Bos: cattle; buffalo; and sometimes includes kudu Bovini term not used technically; essentially coextensive with genus Bos Bos wild and domestic cattle; in some classifications placed in the subfamily Bovinae or tribe Bovini bovine any of various members of the genus Bos dull and slow-moving and stolid; like an ox; "showed a bovine apathy" of or relating to or belonging to the genus Bos (cattle) ox any of various wild bovines especially of the genera Bos or closely related Bibos an adult castrated bull of the genus Bos; especially Bos taurus cattle domesticated bovine animals as a group regardless of sex or age; "so many head of cattle"; "wait till the cows come home"; "seven thin and ill-favored kine"- Bible; "a team of oxen" stirk yearling heifer or bullock bullock castrated bull young bull springer a cow about to give birth the lowest stone in an arch -- from which it springs heifer young cow dogie motherless calf in a range herd of cattle maverick an unbranded range animal (especially a stray calf); belongs to the first person who puts a brand on it someone who exhibits great independence in thought and action beef cattle that are reared for their meat meat from an adult domestic bovine longhorn long-horned beef cattle formerly common in southwestern United States Brahman any of several breeds of Indian cattle; especially a large American heat and tick resistant greyish humped breed evolved in the Gulf States by interbreeding Indian cattle and now used chiefly for crossbreeding zebu domesticated ox having a humped back and long horns and a large dewlap; used chiefly as a draft animal in India and east Asia aurochs large recently extinct long-horned European wild ox; considered one of the ancestors of domestic cattle yak large long-haired wild ox of Tibet often domesticated noisy talk talk profusely; "she was yakking away about her grandchildren" banteng wild ox of the Malay Archipelago Welsh a breed of dual-purpose cattle developed in Wales a Celtic language of Wales of or relating to or characteristic of Wales or its people or their language; "the Welsh coast"; "Welsh syntax" red poll hornless short-haired breed of beef and dairy cattle Santa Gertrudis Brahman and shorthorn crossbreed of red cattle; hardy in hot regions Aberdeen Angus black hornless breed from Scotland Africander tall large-horned humped cattle of South Africa; used for meat or draft dairy cattle cattle that are reared for their milk Ayrshire hardy breed of dairy cattle from Ayr, Scotland Brown Swiss large hardy brown breed of dairy cattle from Switzerland Charolais large white or cream-colored breed from France Jersey a breed of diary cattle developed on the island of Jersey the largest of the Channel Islands Devon red dual-purpose cattle of English origin a county in southwestern England grade a variety of cattle produced by crossbreeding with a superior breed the gradient of a slope or road or other surface; "the road had a steep grade" the height of the ground on which something stands; "the base of the tower was below grade" a degree of ablaut a relative position or degree of value in a graded group; "lumber of the highest grade" determine the grade of or assign a grade to assign a grade or rank to, according to one's evaluation; "grade tests"; "score the SAT essays"; "mark homework" level to the right gradient Durham English breed of short-horned cattle a city of north central North Carolina; site of Duke University milking shorthorn breed evolved from shorthorn beef cattle Galloway breed of hardy black chiefly beef cattle native to Scotland a district in southwestern Scotland Friesian a breed of dairy cattle from northern Holland Guernsey breed of dairy cattle from the island of Guernsey a Channel Island to the northwest of Jersey Hereford hardy English breed of cattle raised extensively in United States cattalo hardy breed of cattle resulting from crossing domestic cattle with the American buffalo; yields leaner beef than conventional breeds Old World buffalo any of several Old World animals resembling oxen including, e.g., water buffalo; Cape buffalo Bubalus in some classification systems included in genus Bos; water buffaloes water buffalo an Asian buffalo that is often domesticated for use as a draft animal Indian buffalo upland buffalo of eastern Asia where true water buffaloes do not thrive; used for draft and milk carabao water buffalo of the Philippines genus Anoa a genus of mammals of the family Bovidae anoa small buffalo of the Celebes having small straight horns tamarau small buffalo of Mindoro in the Philippines Synercus Cape buffalo Cape buffalo large often savage buffalo of southern Africa having upward-curving horns; mostly in game reserves Bibos wild ox Asian wild ox genus of Asiatic wild oxen gaur wild ox of mountainous areas of eastern India gayal ox of southeast Asia sometimes considered a domesticated breed of the gaur genus Bison sometimes considered a subgenus of genus Bos: American buffalo bison any of several large humped bovids having shaggy manes and large heads and short horns American bison large shaggy-haired brown bison of North American plains wisent European bison having a smaller and higher head than the North American bison Ovibos consisting of the musk-ox musk ox large shaggy-coated bovid mammal of Canada and Greenland; intermediate in size and anatomy between an ox and a sheep Ovis sheep sheep woolly usually horned ruminant mammal related to the goat a docile and vulnerable person who would rather follow than make an independent decision; "his students followed him like sheep" a timid defenseless simpleton who is readily preyed upon ewe female sheep ram uncastrated adult male sheep; "a British term is `tup'" a tool for driving or forcing something by impact strike or drive against with a heavy impact; "ram the gate with a sledgehammer"; "pound on the door" wether male sheep especially a castrated one bellwether sheep that leads the herd often wearing a bell someone who assumes leadership of a movement or activity lamb young sheep the flesh of a young domestic sheep eaten as food a sweet innocent mild-mannered person (especially a child) a person easily deceived or cheated (especially in financial matters) give birth to a lamb; "the ewe lambed" lambkin a very young lamb baa-lamb child's word for a sheep or lamb teg two-year-old sheep Persian lamb a karakul lamb the fur of a karakul lamb black sheep sheep with a black coat domestic sheep any of various breeds raised for wool or edible meat or skin Cotswold sheep with long wool originating in the Cotswold Hills Hampshire British breed of hornless dark-faced domestic sheep a county of southern England on the English Channel Lincoln long-wooled mutton sheep originally from Lincolnshire capital of the state of Nebraska; located in southeastern Nebraska; site of the University of Nebraska 16th President of the United States; saved the Union during the American Civil War and emancipated the slaves; was assassinated by Booth (1809-1865) Cheviot hardy hornless sheep of the Cheviot Hills noted for its short thick wool broadtail hardy coarse-haired sheep of central Asia; lambs are valued for their soft curly black fur the fur of a very young karakul lamb longwool a domestic long-wool sheep merino white sheep originating in Spain and producing a heavy fleece of exceptional quality Rambouillet hardy sheep developed from the merino producing both good mutton and fine wool wild sheep undomesticated sheep argali wild sheep of semidesert regions in central Asia Marco Polo sheep Asiatic wild sheep with exceptionally large horns; sometimes considered a variety of the argali (or Ovis ammon) urial bearded reddish sheep of southern Asia Dall sheep large white wild sheep of northwestern Canada and Alaska mountain sheep any wild sheep inhabiting mountainous regions bighorn wild sheep of mountainous regions of western North America having massive curled horns mouflon wild mountain sheep of Corsica and Sardinia Ammotragus genus of wild sheep aoudad wild sheep of northern Africa beard hairy growth on or near the face of certain mammals the hair growing on the lower part of a man's face a person who diverts suspicion from someone (especially a woman who accompanies a male homosexual in order to conceal his homosexuality) a tuft or growth of hairs or bristles on certain plants such as iris or grasses go along the rim, like a beard around the chin; "Houses bearded the top of the heights" Capra goats United States film maker (1897-1991) goat any of numerous agile ruminants related to sheep but having a beard and straight horns kid young goat soft smooth leather from the hide of a young goat; "kid gloves" be silly or tease one another; "After we relaxed, we just kidded around" billy male goat nanny female goat a woman who is the custodian of children domestic goat any of various breeds of goat raised for milk or meat or wool Cashmere goat Himalayan goat having a silky undercoat highly prized as cashmere wool wild goat undomesticated goat bezoar goat wild goat of Iran and adjacent regions markhor large Himalayan goat with large spiraled horns ibex wild goat of mountain areas of Eurasia and northern Africa having large recurved horns goat antelope bovid related to goats but having antelope-like features: mountain goats; gorals; serows; chamois; gnu goats Oreamnos mountain goats mountain goat sure-footed mammal of mountainous northwestern North America Naemorhedus gorals goral small goat antelope with small conical horns; of southern Asian mountains Capricornis serows serow short-horned dark-coated goat antelope of mountain areas of southern and southeastern Asia Rupicapra chamois chamois hoofed mammal of mountains of Eurasia having upright horns with backward-hooked tips a soft suede leather formerly from the skin of the chamois antelope but now from sheepskin Budorcas gnu goats takin large heavily built goat antelope of eastern Himalayan area antelope graceful Old World ruminant with long legs and horns directed upward and backward; includes gazelles; springboks; impalas; addax; gerenuks; blackbucks; dik-diks Antilope blackbucks blackbuck common Indian antelope with a dark back and spiral horns Litocranius antelopes of eastern Africa: gerenuks gerenuk slender East African antelope with slim neck and backward-curving horns genus Addax genus of antelopes of northern African deserts addax large antelope with lightly spiraled horns of desert regions of northern Africa Connochaetes African antelopes: gnus gnu large African antelope having a head with horns like an ox and a long tufted tail Madoqua genus comprising some small antelopes of eastern and northeastern Africa dik-dik any of several small antelopes of eastern Africa of the genus Madoqua; the size of a large rabbit Alcelaphus African antelopes: hartebeests hartebeest a large African antelope with lyre-shaped horns that curve backward Damaliscus African antelopes: sassabies sassaby a large South African antelope; considered the swiftest hoofed mammal Aepyceros African antelopes: impalas impala African antelope with ridged curved horns; moves with enormous leaps Gazella typical gazelles gazelle small swift graceful antelope of Africa and Asia having lustrous eyes Thomson's gazelle East African gazelle; the smallest gazelle Gazella subgutturosa a kind of gazelle Antidorcas springboks springbok a South African gazelle noted for springing lightly into the air Tragelaphus African antelopes: kudus; bongos; nyalas; bushbucks bongo large forest antelope of central Africa having a reddish-brown coat with white stripes and spiral horns a small drum; played with the hands kudu either of two spiral-horned antelopes of the African bush greater kudu a variety of kudu lesser kudu a smaller variety of kudu harnessed antelope any of several antelopes of the genus Tragelaphus having striped markings resembling a harness nyala spiral-horned South African antelope with a fringe of white hairs along back and neck mountain nyala shaggy antelope of mountains of Ethiopia bushbuck antelope with white markings like a harness and twisted horns Boselaphus Indian antelopes: nilgais nilgai large Indian antelope; male is blue-grey with white markings; female is brownish with no horns Hippotragus sable antelopes sable antelope large black East African antelope with sharp backward-curving horns genus Saiga Eurasian antelopes: saigas saiga goat-like antelope of central Eurasia having a stubby nose like a proboscis Raphicerus African antelopes: steenboks steenbok small plains antelope of southeastern Africa Taurotragus African antelopes: elands eland either of two large African antelopes of the genus Taurotragus having short spirally twisted horns in both sexes common eland dark fawn-colored eland of southern and eastern Africa giant eland large dark striped eland of western equatorial Africa Kobus African antelopes: waterbucks kob an orange-brown antelope of southeast Africa lechwe tawny-colored African antelope inhabiting wet grassy plains; a threatened species waterbuck any of several large African antelopes of the genus Kobus having curved ridged horns and frequenting e.g. swamps and rivers Adenota African antelopes: puku puku an African antelope closely related to the waterbuck genus Oryx African antelopes: oryxes oryx large African antelope with long straight nearly upright horns gemsbok large South African oryx with a broad black band along its flanks Pseudoryx species of large cow-like mammals of Vietnam discovered by scientists in 1992 forest goat cow-like creature with the glossy coat of a horse and the agility of a goat and the long horns of an antelope; characterized as a cow that lives the life of a goat Antilocapridae comprising only the pronghorns Antilocapra type and sole genus of the Antilocapridae comprising one species pronghorn fleet antelope-like ruminant of western North American plains with small branched horns Cervidae deer: reindeer; moose or elks; muntjacs; roe deer deer distinguished from Bovidae by the male's having solid deciduous antlers stag adult male deer attend a dance or a party without a female companion royal stag with antlers of 12 or more branches a sail set next above the topgallant on a royal mast invested with royal power as symbolized by a crown; "the royal (or crowned) heads of Europe" being of the rank of a monarch; "of royal ancestry"; "princes of the blood royal" of or relating to or indicative of or issued or performed by a king or queen or other monarch; "the royal party"; "the royal crest"; "by royal decree"; "a royal visit" established or chartered or authorized by royalty; "the Royal Society" pricket male deer in his second year a sharp metal spike to hold a candle fawn a young deer have fawns; "deer fawn" try to gain favor by cringing or flattering; "He is always kowtowing to his boss" show submission or fear Cervus the type genus of the Cervidae red deer common deer of temperate Europe and Asia hart a male deer, especially an adult male red deer hind a female deer, especially an adult female red deer any of several mostly spotted fishes that resemble groupers brocket male red deer in its second year small South American deer with unbranched antlers sambar a deer of southern Asia with antlers that have three tines wapiti large North American deer with large much-branched antlers in the male Japanese deer small deer of Japan with slightly forked antlers Odocoileus North American deer Virginia deer common North American deer; tail has a white underside mule deer long-eared deer of western North America with two-pronged antlers black-tailed deer mule deer of western Rocky Mountains Alces elk or moose elk large northern deer with enormous flattened antlers in the male; called `elk' in Europe and `moose' in North America Dama fallow deer fallow deer small Eurasian deer Capreolus roe deer roe deer small graceful deer of Eurasian woodlands having small forked antlers roebuck male roe deer Rangifer reindeer or caribou caribou Arctic deer with large antlers in both sexes; called `reindeer' in Eurasia and `caribou' in North America woodland caribou any of several large caribou living in coniferous forests of southern Canada; in some classifications included in the species Rangifer tarandus barren ground caribou of tundra of northern Canada; in some classifications included in the species Rangifer tarandus Mazama brockets Muntiacus muntjacs muntjac small Asian deer with small antlers and a cry like a bark Moschus musk deer musk deer small heavy-limbed upland deer of central Asia; male secretes valued musk Elaphurus a genus of Cervidae pere david's deer large Chinese deer surviving only in domesticated herds Tragulidae chevrotains chevrotain very small hornless deer-like ruminant of tropical Asia and west Africa Tragulus type genus of the Tragulidae kanchil small chevrotain of southeastern Asia napu chevrotain somewhat larger than the kanchil; found in India and Malaya Hyemoschus water chevrotains water chevrotain largest chevrotain; of marshy areas of west Africa Camelidae camels and llamas and vicunas Camelus type genus of the Camelidae: camels camel cud-chewing mammal used as a draft or saddle animal in desert regions Arabian camel one-humped camel of the hot deserts of northern Africa and southwestern Asia Bactrian camel two-humped camel of the cold deserts of central Asia llama wild or domesticated South American cud-chewing animal related to camels but smaller and lacking a hump Lama llamas domestic llama used in the Andes as a beast of burden and source of wool; considered a domesticated variety of the guanaco guanaco wild llama alpaca domesticated llama with long silky fleece; believed to be a domesticated variety of the guanaco a thin glossy fabric made of the wool of the Lama pacos, or made of a rayon or cotton imitation of that wool wool of the alpaca Vicugna a genus of Camelidae vicuna small wild cud-chewing Andean animal similar to the guanaco but smaller; valued for its fleecy undercoat a soft wool fabric made from the fleece of the vicuna the wool of the vicuna Giraffidae giraffes Giraffa type genus of the Giraffidae giraffe tallest living quadruped; having a spotted coat and small horns and very long neck and legs; of savannahs of tropical Africa Okapia okapis okapi similar to the giraffe but smaller with much shorter neck and stripe on the legs trotter foot of a pig or sheep especially one used as food forefoot a front foot of a quadruped hindfoot a rear foot of a quadruped paw a clawed foot of an animal especially a quadruped touch clumsily; "The man tried to paw her" scrape with the paws; "The bear pawed the door" forepaw front paw; analogous to the human hand pad the fleshy cushion-like underside of an animal's foot or of a human's finger a flat mass of soft material used for protection, stuffing, or comfort a block of absorbent material saturated with ink; used to transfer ink evenly to a rubber stamp the large floating leaf of an aquatic plant (as the water lily) a number of sheets of paper fastened together along one edge add padding to; "pad the seat of the chair" line or stuff with soft material; "pad a bra" Mustelidae weasels; polecats; ferrets; minks; fishers; otters; badgers; skunks; wolverines; martens musteline mammal fissiped fur-bearing carnivorous mammals Mustela type genus of the family Mustelidae: minks and weasels weasel small carnivorous mammal with short legs and elongated body and neck a person who is regarded as treacherous or sneaky ermine mustelid of northern hemisphere in its white winter coat the expensive white fur of the ermine stoat the ermine in its brown summer coat with black-tipped tail New World least weasel of Canada and northeastern United States Old World least weasel of Europe longtail weasel the common American weasel distinguished by large size and black-tipped tail mink slender-bodied semiaquatic mammal having partially webbed feet; valued for its fur fur coat made from the soft lustrous fur of minks the expensive fur of a mink American mink usually rich dark brown polecat dark brown mustelid of woodlands of Eurasia that gives off an unpleasant odor when threatened ferret domesticated albino variety of the European polecat bred for hunting rats and rabbits hunt with ferrets hound or harry relentlessly black-footed ferret musteline mammal of prairie regions of United States; nearly extinct Poecilogale muishonds muishond southern African weasel snake muishond small slender burrowing muishond with white top of the head Ictonyx a genus of Mustelidae striped muishond ferret-sized muishond often tamed zoril muishond of northern Africa Lutrinae subdivision not used in some classifications: otters Lutra in some classifications considered a genus of the subfamily Lutrinae otter freshwater carnivorous mammal having webbed and clawed feet and dark brown fur the fur of an otter river otter sociable aquatic animal widely distributed along streams and lake borders in North America Eurasian otter otter found in Europe and Asia Enhydra sea otters sea otter large marine otter of northern Pacific coasts having very thick dark brown fur Mephitinae subdivision not used in some classifications: skunks skunk American musteline mammal typically ejecting an intensely malodorous fluid when startled; in some classifications put in a separate subfamily Mephitinae Mephitis in some classifications: type genus of the subfamily Mephitinae striped skunk most common and widespread North American skunk hooded skunk of Mexico and southernmost parts of southwestern United States Conepatus a genus of Mustelidae hog-nosed skunk large naked-muzzled skunk with white back and tail; of southwestern North America and Mexico Spilogale a genus of Mustelidae spotted skunk small skunk with a marbled black and white coat; of United States and Mexico Melinae subdivision not used in some classifications: badgers badger sturdy carnivorous burrowing mammal with strong claws; widely distributed in the northern hemisphere persuade through constant efforts Taxidea in some classifications considered a genus of subfamily Melinae American badger a variety of badger native to America Meles in some classifications: type genus of the subfamily Melinae Eurasian badger a variety of badger native to Europe and Asia Mellivora ratels ratel nocturnal badger-like carnivore of wooded regions of Africa and southern Asia Melogale a genus of Mustelidae ferret badger small ferret-like badger of southeast Asia Arctonyx a genus of Mustelidae hog badger southeast Asian badger with a snout like a pig Gulo a genus of Mustelidae wolverine stocky shaggy-coated North American carnivorous mammal glutton musteline mammal of northern Eurasia a person who is devoted to eating and drinking to excess genus Grison a genus of Mustelidae genus Galictis alternative name for the genus Grison grison carnivore of Central America and South America resembling a weasel with a greyish-white back and dark underparts Martes martens marten agile slender-bodied arboreal mustelids somewhat larger than weasels pine marten dark brown marten of northern Eurasian coniferous forests sable marten of northern Asian forests having luxuriant dark brown fur a scarf (or trimming) made of sable an artist's brush made of sable hairs the expensive dark brown fur of the marten of a dark somewhat brownish black American marten valued for its fur stone marten Eurasian marten having a brown coat with pale breast and throat fisher large dark brown North American arboreal carnivorous mammal Charronia a genus of Mustelidae yellow-throated marten large yellow and black marten of southern China and Burma Eira a genus of Mustelidae tayra long-tailed arboreal mustelid of Central America and South America fictional animal animals that exist only in fiction (usually in children's stories) Easter bunny a rabbit that delivers Easter eggs church mouse a fictional mouse created by Lewis Carroll Mickey Mouse a fictional mouse created in animated film strips by Walt Disney Minnie Mouse the partner of Mickey Mouse Donald Duck a fictional duck created in animated film strips by Walt Disney Mighty Mouse a fictional mouse endowed with great strength and courage muzzle forward projecting part of the head of certain animals; includes the jaws and nose a leather or wire restraint that fits over an animal's snout (especially a dog's nose and jaws) and prevents it from eating or biting fit with a muzzle; "muzzle the dog to prevent it from biting strangers" snout a long projecting or anterior elongation of an animal's head; especially the nose beaklike projection of the anterior part of the head of certain insects such as e.g. weevils proboscis a long flexible snout as of an elephant the human nose (especially when it is large) pachyderm any of various nonruminant hoofed mammals having very thick skin: elephant; rhinoceros; hippopotamus Edentata order of mammals having few or no teeth including: New World anteaters; sloths; armadillos edentate primitive terrestrial mammal with few if any teeth; of tropical Central America and South America Xenarthra armadillos; American anteaters; sloths Dasypodidae armadillos armadillo burrowing chiefly nocturnal mammal with body covered with strong horny plates Dasypus type genus of the Dasypodidae peba having nine hinged bands of bony plates; ranges from Texas to Paraguay Tolypeutes a genus of Dasypodidae apar South American armadillo with three bands of bony plates genus Cabassous solely the tatouay tatouay naked-tailed armadillo of tropical South America Euphractus a genus of Dasypodidae peludo Argentine armadillo with six movable bands and hairy underparts Priodontes solely the giant armadillo giant armadillo about three feet long exclusive of tail Chlamyphorus pichiciago pichiciago very small Argentine armadillo with pale silky hair and pink plates on head and neck Burmeisteria a genus of Dasypodidae greater pichiciego of southern South America Bradypodidae a family of edentates comprising the true sloths Bradypus type genus of the Bradypodidae: three-toed sloths three-toed sloth a sloth that has three long claws on each forefoot and each hindfoot Megalonychidae mammal family consisting of the two-toed sloths Choloepus a genus of Megalonychidae consisting of the two-toed sloth two-toed sloth relatively small fast-moving sloth with two long claws on each front foot a sloth of Central America that has two long claws on each forefoot and three long claws on each hindfoot Megatheriidae extinct ground sloths megatherian a large extinct ground sloth Megatherium type genus of the Megatheriidae ground sloth gigantic extinct terrestrial sloth-like mammal of the Pliocene and Pleistocene in America Mylodontidae extinct South American edentates mylodontid a variety of extinct edentate genus Mylodon type genus of the Mylodontidae; sometimes included in family Megatheriidae mylodon large (bear-sized) extinct edentate mammal of the Pleistocene in South America mapinguari supposed human-sized sloth-like creature reportedly sighted by Indians in the Amazon rain forest Myrmecophagidae New World anteaters anteater any of several tropical American mammals of the family Myrmecophagidae which lack teeth and feed on ants and termites Myrmecophaga type genus of the Myrmecophagidae; South American ant bear ant bear large shaggy-haired toothless anteater with long tongue and powerful claws; of South America Cyclopes only the silky anteater silky anteater squirrel-sized South American toothless anteater with long silky golden fur genus Tamandua lesser anteater tamandua small toothless anteater with prehensile tail and four-clawed forelimbs; of tropical South America and Central America Pholidota pangolins; in some former classifications included in the order Edentata genus of mostly epiphytic orchids of Indonesia and the western Pacific Manidae coextensive with the order Pholidota Manis type genus of the Manidae pangolin toothless mammal of southern Africa and Asia having a body covered with horny scales and a long snout for feeding on ants and termites pastern the part between the fetlock and the hoof coronet margin between the skin of the pastern and the horn of the hoof a small crown; usually indicates a high rank but below that of sovereign fetlock projection behind and above a horse's hoof the joint between the cannon bone and the pastern withers the highest part of the back at the base of the neck of various animals especially draft animals cannon lower part of the leg extending from the hock to the fetlock in hoofed mammals a large artillery gun that is usually on wheels heavy automatic gun fired from an airplane (Middle Ages) a cylindrical piece of armor plate to protect the arm heavy gun fired from a tank fire a cannon make a cannon cannon bone greatly developed metatarsal or metacarpal bone in the shank or cannon part of the leg in hoofed mammals hock tarsal joint of the hind leg of hoofed mammals; corresponds to the human ankle disable by cutting the hock loin either side of the backbone between the hipbone and the ribs in humans as well as quadrupeds a cut of meat taken from the side and back of an animal between the ribs and the rump hindquarters the part of an animal that corresponds to the human buttocks haunch the loin and leg of a quadruped the hip and buttock and upper thigh in human beings gaskin lower part of a horse's thigh between the hock and the stifle stifle joint between the femur and tibia in a quadruped; corresponds to the human knee suppress or constrain so as to lessen in intensity; "Stifle your curiosity" flank the side between ribs and hipbone a cut from the fleshy part of an animal's side between the ribs and the leg the side of military or naval formation; "they attacked the enemy's right flank" a subfigure consisting of a side of something be located at the sides of something or somebody animal leg the leg of an animal hind limb a posterior appendage such as a leg or the homologous structure in other animals hind leg the back limb of a quadruped forelimb the front limb (or the homologous structure in other animals, such as a flipper or wing) foreleg the forelimb of a quadruped flipper the flat broad limb of aquatic animals specialized for swimming a shoe for swimming; the paddle-like front is an aid in swimming (especially underwater) parapodium one of a pair of fleshy appendages of a polychete annelid that functions in locomotion and breathing cupule a sucker on the feet of certain flies cup-shaped structure of hardened bracts at the base of an acorn lateral line sense organs of fish and amphibians; believed to detect pressure changes in the water fin organ of locomotion and balance in fishes and some other aquatic animals a stabilizer on a ship that resembles the fin of a fish show the fins above the water while swimming; "The sharks were finning near the surface" propel oneself through the water in a finning motion equip (a car) with fins dorsal fin unpaired median fin on the backs of fishes and some other aquatic vertebrates that help to maintain balance pectoral fin either of a pair of fins situated just behind the head in fishes that help control the direction of movement pelvic fin either of a pair of fins attached to the pelvic girdle in fishes that help control the direction of movement; correspond to hind limbs of a land vertebrate tail fin the tail of fishes and some other aquatic vertebrates one of a pair of decorations projecting above the rear fenders of an automobile heterocercal fin a tail fin with unequal lobes in which the vertebral column turns upward into the larger lobe as in sharks homocercal fin symmetrical tail fin extending beyond the end of the vertebral column as in most bony fishes fishbone a bone of a fish air bladder an air-filled sac near the spinal column in many fishes that helps maintain buoyancy air sac any of the membranous air-filled extensions of the lungs of birds any of the thin-walled extensions of the tracheae of insects uropygial gland oil-secreting gland situated at the base of the tail in most birds silk gland silk-producing gland of insects (especially of a silkworm) or spiders elbow the joint of a mammal or bird that corresponds to the human elbow the part of a sleeve that covers the elbow joint; "his coat had patches over the elbows" a sharp bend in a road or river a length of pipe with a sharp bend in it hinge joint between the forearm and upper arm and the corresponding joint in the forelimb of a quadruped shove one's elbow into another person's ribs push one's way with the elbows vein one of the horny ribs that stiffen and support the wing of an insect a blood vessel that carries blood from the capillaries toward the heart; "all veins except the pulmonary vein carry unaerated blood" a distinctive style or manner; "he continued in this vein for several minutes" a layer of ore between layers of rock any of the vascular bundles or ribs that form the branching framework of conducting and supporting tissues in a leaf or other plant organ make a veinlike pattern flight feather any of the larger wing or tail feathers of a bird scapular a feather covering the shoulder of a bird garment consisting of a long wide piece of woolen cloth worn over the shoulders with an opening for the head; part of a monastic habit relating to or near the shoulder blade tail feather feather growing from the tail (uropygium) of a bird tadpole a larval frog or toad Primates an animal order including lemurs and tarsiers and monkeys and apes and human beings primate any placental mammal of the order Primates; has good eyesight and flexible hands and feet simian an ape or monkey relating to or resembling an ape; "simian features" ape any of various primates with short tails or no tail at all imitate uncritically and in every aspect; "Her little brother apes her behavior" Anthropoidea monkeys; apes; hominids anthropoid any member of the suborder Anthropoidea including monkeys and apes and hominids person who resembles a nonhuman primate resembling human beings resembling apes anthropoid ape any tailless ape of the families Pongidae and Hylobatidae Hominoidea anthropoid apes and human beings hominoid a primate of the superfamily Hominoidea Hominidae modern man and extinct immediate ancestors of man hominid a primate of the family Hominidae genus Homo type genus of the family Hominidae homo any living or extinct member of the family Hominidae characterized by superior intelligence, articulate speech, and erect carriage world all of the living human inhabitants of the earth; "all the world loves a lover"; "she always used `humankind' because `mankind' seemed to slight the women" all of your experiences that determine how things appear to you; "his world was shattered"; "we live in different worlds"; "for them demons were as much a part of reality as trees were" people in general; especially a distinctive group of people with some shared interest; "the Western world" a part of the earth that can be considered separately; "the outdoor world"; "the world of insects" Homo erectus extinct species of primitive hominid with upright stature but small brain; "Homo erectus was formerly called Pithecanthropus erectus" Pithecanthropus former genus of primitive apelike men now Homo erectus Java man fossil remains found in Java; formerly called Pithecanthropus erectus Peking man fossils found near Beijing, China; they were lost during World War II Sinanthropus genus to which Peking man was formerly assigned Homo soloensis extinct primitive hominid of late Pleistocene; Java; formerly Javanthropus Javanthropus former genus of primitive man; now Homo soloensis: comprises Solo man Solo man early man of late Pleistocene; skull resembles that of Neanderthal man but with smaller cranial capacity; found in Java Homo habilis extinct species of upright East African hominid having some advanced humanlike characteristics Homo sapiens the only surviving hominid; species to which modern man belongs; bipedal primate having language and ability to make and use complex tools; brain volume at least 1400 cc Neandertal man extinct robust human of Middle Paleolithic in Europe and western Asia Cro-magnon extinct human of Upper Paleolithic in Europe Boskop man possible early Homo sapiens represented by a cranium found in the Transvaal; formerly considered a separate species Homo sapiens sapiens subspecies of Homo sapiens; includes all modern races genus Australopithecus extinct genus of African hominid Plesianthropus former name for the genus Australopithecus australopithecine any of several extinct humanlike bipedal primates with relatively small brains of the genus Australopithecus; from 1 to 4 million years ago of or belonging to the hominid genus Australopithecus Australopithecus afarensis fossils found in Ethiopia; from 3.5 to 4 million years ago Lucy incomplete skeleton of female found in eastern Ethiopia in 1974 Australopithecus africanus gracile hominid of southern Africa; from about 3 million years ago Australopithecus boisei large-toothed hominid of eastern Africa; from 1 to 2 million years ago Zinjanthropus genus to which Australopithecus boisei was formerly assigned Australopithecus robustus large-toothed hominid of southern Africa; from 1.5 to 2 million years ago; formerly Paranthropus Paranthropus former classification for Australopithecus robustus genus Sivapithecus extinct primates; lower Pliocene Sivapithecus fossil primates found in India Dryopithecus genus of Old World hominoids; Miocene and Pliocene dryopithecine considered a possible ancestor to both anthropoid apes and humans rudapithecus fossil hominoids from northern central Hungary; late Miocene Ouranopithecus a genus of Hominidae Lufengpithecus a genus of Hominidae genus Proconsul genus of extinct primitive African primates of the Miocene epoch; sometimes considered a subgenus of Dryopithecus proconsul an anthropoid ape of the genus Proconsul a provincial governor of consular rank in the Roman Republic and Roman Empire an official in a modern colony who has considerable administrative power Kenyapithecus extinct primate having powerful chewing muscles along with large molars and small incisors; fossils found in Kenya genus Aegyptopithecus a genus of Hominoidea Aegyptopithecus extinct primate of about 38 million years ago; fossils found in Egypt Algeripithecus an extinct genus of Hominoidea Algeripithecus minutus tiny (150 to 300 grams) extinct primate of 46 to 50 million years ago; fossils found in Algeria; considered by some authorities the leading candidate for the first anthropoid Pongidae usually considered as comprising orangutans; gorillas; chimpanzees; and sometimes gibbons great ape any of the large anthropoid apes of the family Pongidae Pongo type genus of the family Pongidae: orangutans orangutan large long-armed ape of Borneo and Sumatra having arboreal habits genus Gorilla gorillas gorilla largest anthropoid ape; terrestrial and vegetarian; of forests of central west Africa western lowland gorilla a kind of gorilla eastern lowland gorilla a kind of gorilla mountain gorilla gorilla of Kivu highlands silverback an adult male gorilla with grey hairs across the back Pan chimpanzees; more closely related to Australopithecus than to other pongids (Greek mythology) god of fields and woods and shepherds and flocks; represented as a man with goat's legs and horns and ears; identified with Roman Sylvanus or Faunus chimpanzee intelligent somewhat arboreal ape of equatorial African forests western chimpanzee masked or pale-faced chimpanzees of western Africa; distantly related to the eastern and central chimpanzees; possibly a distinct species eastern chimpanzee long-haired chimpanzees of east-central Africa; closely related to the central chimpanzees central chimpanzee black-faced chimpanzees of central Africa; closely related to eastern chimpanzees pygmy chimpanzee small chimpanzee of swamp forests in Zaire; a threatened species Hylobatidae used in some classifications for the lesser apes (gibbons and siamangs); sometimes considered a subfamily of Pongidae lesser ape gibbons and siamangs Hylobates gibbons gibbon smallest and most perfectly anthropoid arboreal ape having long arms and no tail; of southern Asia and East Indies Symphalangus used in some classifications for the siamangs siamang large black gibbon of Sumatra having the 2nd and 3rd toes partially united by a web Cercopithecidae Old World monkeys: guenon; baboon; colobus monkey; langur; macaque; mandrill; mangabey; patas; proboscis monkey monkey any of various long-tailed primates (excluding the prosimians) Old World monkey of Africa or Arabia or Asia; having nonprehensile tails and nostrils close together Cercopithecus type genus of the Cercopithecidae: guenons guenon small slender African monkey having long hind limbs and tail and long hair around the face talapoin smallest guenon monkey; of swampy central and west African forests grivet white and olive green East African monkey with long white tufts of hair beside the face vervet South African monkey with black face and hands green monkey common savannah monkey with greenish-grey back and yellow tail Cercocebus mangabeys mangabey large agile arboreal monkey with long limbs and tail and white upper eyelids Erythrocebus patas patas reddish long-tailed monkey of west Africa baboon large terrestrial monkeys having doglike muzzles Papio baboons chacma greyish baboon of southern and eastern Africa Mandrillus baboons mandrill baboon of west Africa with a bright red and blue muzzle and blue hindquarters Macaca macaques; rhesus monkeys macaque short-tailed monkey of rocky regions of Asia and Africa rhesus of southern Asia; used in medical research bonnet macaque Indian macaque with a bonnet-like tuft of hair Barbary ape tailless macaque of rocky cliffs and forests of northwestern Africa and Gibraltar crab-eating macaque monkey of southeast Asia, Borneo and the Philippines Presbytes langurs langur slender long-tailed monkey of Asia entellus langur of southern Asia; regarded as sacred in India genus Colobus a genus of Cercopithecidae colobus arboreal monkey of western and central Africa with long silky fur and reduced thumbs guereza a colobus monkey with a reddish brown coat and white silky fringes down both sides of the body Nasalis proboscis monkeys proboscis monkey Borneo monkey having a long bulbous nose Platyrrhini New World monkeys: capuchin; douroucouli; howler monkey; saki; spider monkey; squirrel monkey; titi; uakari; woolly monkey; marmoset; tamarin New World monkey hairy-faced arboreal monkeys having widely separated nostrils and long usually prehensile tails Callithricidae marmosets marmoset small soft-furred South American and Central American monkey with claws instead of nails Callithrix type genus of the Callithricidae: true marmosets true marmoset a marmoset Cebuella pygmy marmosets pygmy marmoset the smallest monkey; of tropical forests of the Amazon Leontocebus tamarins tamarin small South American marmoset with silky fur and long nonprehensile tail silky tamarin golden South American monkey with long soft hair forming a mane pinche South American tamarin with a tufted head Cebidae all the New World monkeys except marmosets and tamarins Cebus type genus of the Cebidae capuchin monkey of Central America and South America having thick hair on the head that resembles a monk's cowl a hooded cloak for women Aotus douroucoulis douroucouli nocturnal monkey of Central America and South America with large eyes and thick fur Alouatta howler monkeys howler monkey monkey of tropical South American forests having a loud howling cry Pithecia sakis saki small arboreal monkey of tropical South America with long hair and bushy nonprehensile tail Cacajao uakaris uakari medium-sized tree-dwelling monkey of the Amazon basin; only New World monkey with a short tail Callicebus titis titi small South American monkeys with long beautiful fur and long nonprehensile tail tree of low-lying coastal areas of southeastern United States having glossy leaves and racemes of fragrant white flowers Ateles spider monkeys spider monkey arboreal monkey of tropical America with long slender legs and long prehensile tail Saimiri squirrel monkeys squirrel monkey small long-tailed monkey of Central American and South America with greenish fur and black muzzle Lagothrix woolly monkeys woolly monkey large monkeys with dark skin and woolly fur of the Amazon and Orinoco basins Scandentia a small order comprising only the tree shrews: in some classifications tree shrews are considered either primates (and included in the suborder Prosimii) or true insectivores (and included in the order Insectivora) Tupaiidae tree shrews; in some classifications tree shrews are considered prosimian primates Tupaia the type genus of the Tupaia: chief genus of tree shrews tree shrew insectivorous arboreal mammal of southeast Asia that resembles a squirrel with large eyes and long sharp snout Ptilocercus pentails pentail brown tree shrew having a naked tail bilaterally fringed with long stiff hairs on the distal third; of Malaysia Prosimii not used in all classifications; in some classifications considered coextensive with the Lemuroidea; in others includes both Lemuroidea and Tarsioidea prosimian primitive primates having large ears and eyes and characterized by nocturnal habits Adapid extinct small mostly diurnal lower primates that fed on leaves and fruit; abundant in North America and Europe 30 to 50 million years ago; their descendents probably include the lemurs; some authorities consider them ancestral to anthropoids but others consider them only cousins Lemuroidea Lemuridae; Lorisidae; Daubentoniidae; Indriidae; used in some classifications instead of Prosimii; in others considered a subdivision of Prosimii lemur large-eyed arboreal prosimian having foxy faces and long furry tails Strepsirhini in some classifications either coextensive with the Lemuroidea or comprising the true lemurs Lemuridae typical lemurs; of Madagascar genus Lemur type genus of the Lemuridae Madagascar cat small lemur having its tail barred with black Daubentoniidae comprising solely the aye-aye Daubentonia type genus; coextensive with the family Daubentoniidae aye-aye nocturnal lemur with long bony fingers and rodent-like incisor teeth closely related to the lemurs Lorisidae slow-moving omnivorous nocturnal primates of tropical Asia; usually tailless genus Loris type genus of the Lorisidae slender loris slim-bodied lemur of southern India and Sri Lanka Nycticebus a genus of Lorisidae slow loris stocky lemur of southeastern Asia Perodicticus a genus of Lorisidae potto a kind of lemur Arctocebus a genus of Lorisidae angwantibo a kind of lemur genus Galago bush babies galago agile long-tailed nocturnal African lemur with dense woolly fur and large eyes and ears Indriidae a family of Lemuroidea genus Indri type genus of the Indriidae indri large short-tailed lemur of Madagascar having thick silky fur in black and white and fawn Avahi a genus of Indriidae woolly indris nocturnal indris with thick grey-brown fur and a long tail Omomyid extinct tiny nocturnal lower primates that fed on fruit and insects; abundant in North America and Europe 30 to 50 million years ago; probably gave rise to the tarsiers; some authorities consider them ancestral to anthropoids but others consider them only cousins Tarsioidea in some classifications assigned to the suborder Prosimii Tarsiidae coextensive with the genus Tarsius: tarsiers Tarsius type and sole genus of the family Tarsiidae tarsier nocturnal arboreal primate of Indonesia and the Philippines having huge eyes and digits ending in pads to facilitate climbing; the only primate that spurns all plant material as food living entirely on insects and small vertebrates Tarsius syrichta a variety of tarsier Tarsius glis a variety of tarsier Dermoptera flying lemurs Cynocephalidae a family of Dermoptera Cynocephalus type genus of the family Cynocephalidae flying lemur arboreal nocturnal mammal of southeast Asia and the Philippines resembling a lemur and having a fold of skin on each side from neck to tail that is used for long gliding leaps Cynocephalus variegatus a variety of flying lemur Proboscidea an order of animals including elephants and mammoths in some classifications included in the genus Martynia and hence the two taxonomic names for some of the unicorn plants proboscidean massive herbivorous mammals having tusks and a long trunk Elephantidae elephants elephant five-toed pachyderm the symbol of the Republican Party; introduced in cartoons by Thomas Nast in 1874 rogue elephant a wild and vicious elephant separated from the herd Elephas type genus of the family Elephantidae Indian elephant Asian elephant having smaller ears and tusks primarily in the male white elephant albinic Indian elephant; rare and sometimes venerated in east Asia a valuable possession whose upkeep is excessively expensive Loxodonta a genus of Elephantidae African elephant an elephant native to Africa having enormous flapping ears and ivory tusks Mammuthus extinct genus: mammoths mammoth any of numerous extinct elephants widely distributed in the Pleistocene; extremely large with hairy coats and long upcurved tusks woolly mammoth very hairy mammoth common in colder portions of the northern hemisphere columbian mammoth a variety of mammoth Archidiskidon a genus of Elephantidae imperial mammoth largest known mammoth; of America Mammutidae extinct family: mastodons Mammut extinct type genus of the Mammutidae: mastodons mastodon extinct elephant-like mammal that flourished worldwide from Miocene through Pleistocene times; differ from mammoths in the form of the molar teeth American mastodon mastodon of North America; in some classifications considered a mammoth rather than a mastodon Gomphotheriidae elephants extinct since the Pleistocene Gomphotherium type genus of the Gomphotheriidae gomphothere extinct elephants of Central American and South America; of the Miocene and Pleistocene plantigrade mammal an animal that walks with the entire sole of the foot touching the ground as e.g. bears and human beings digitigrade mammal an animal that walks so that only the toes touch the ground as e.g. dogs and cats and horses Procyonidae raccoons; coatis; cacomistles; kinkajous; and sometimes pandas procyonid plantigrade carnivorous mammals Procyon the type genus of the family Procyonidae: raccoons the brightest star in Canis Minor raccoon an omnivorous nocturnal mammal native to North America and Central America the fur of the North American racoon common raccoon North American raccoon crab-eating raccoon a South American raccoon Bassariscidae in some classifications considered a separate family Bassariscus cacomistles bassarisk raccoon-like omnivorous mammal of Mexico and the southwestern United States having a long bushy tail with black and white rings Potos a genus of Procyonidae kinkajou arboreal fruit-eating mammal of tropical America with a long prehensile tail Nasua coatis coati omnivorous mammal of Central America and South America Ailurus lesser pandas lesser panda reddish-brown Old World raccoon-like carnivore; in some classifications considered unrelated to the giant pandas Ailuropodidae in some classifications considered the family comprising the giant pandas Ailuropoda only the giant panda: in some classifications considered a genus of the separate family Ailuropodidae giant panda large black-and-white herbivorous mammal of bamboo forests of China and Tibet; in some classifications considered a member of the bear family or of a separate family Ailuropodidae gill respiratory organ of aquatic animals that breathe oxygen dissolved in water any of the radiating leaflike spore-producing structures on the underside of the cap of a mushroom or similar fungus a United States liquid unit equal to 4 fluid ounces a British imperial capacity unit (liquid or dry) equal to 5 fluid ounces or 142.066 cubic centimeters external gill occurs in some mollusks and in tadpoles and other immature amphibians gill slit one of a series of slit openings in the pharynxes of fishes and aquatic amphibians through which water passes gill arch one of the bony or cartilaginous arches on each side of the pharynx that support the gills of fishes and aquatic amphibians peristome region around the mouth in various invertebrates (botany) fringe of toothlike appendages surrounding the mouth of a moss capsule syrinx the vocal organ of a bird twitterer a bird that twitters Pisces a group of vertebrates comprising both cartilaginous and bony fishes and sometimes including the jawless vertebrates; not used technically the twelfth sign of the zodiac; the sun is in this sign from about February 19 to March 20 a large faint zodiacal constellation; between Aquarius and Aries (astrology) a person who is born while the sun is in Pisces fish any of various mostly cold-blooded aquatic vertebrates usually having scales and breathing through gills; "the shark is a large fish"; "in the living room there was a tank of colorful fish" the flesh of fish used as food; "in Japan most fish is eaten raw"; "after the scare about foot-and-mouth disease a lot of people started eating fish instead of meat"; "they have a chef who specializes in fish" catch or try to catch fish or shellfish; "I like to go fishing on weekends" seek indirectly; "fish for compliments" fingerling a young or small fish game fish any fish providing sport for the angler food fish any fish used for food by human beings rough fish any fish useless for food or sport or even as bait groundfish fish that live on the sea bottom (particularly the commercially important gadoid fish like cod and haddock, or flatfish like flounder) young fish a fish that is young parr the young of various fishes a young salmon up to 2 years old mouthbreeder any of various fishes that carry their eggs and their young in their mouths spawner a female fish at spawning time barracouta a large marine food fish common on the coasts of Australia, New Zealand, and southern Africa Channidae snakeheads northern snakehead a voracious freshwater fish that is native to northeastern China; can use fin to walk and can survive out of water for three days; a threat to American populations of fish Osteichthyes a class of fish having a skeleton composed of bone in addition to cartilage bony fish any fish of the class Osteichthyes Crossopterygii fishes having paired fins resembling limbs and regarded as ancestral to amphibians crossopterygian any fish of the order Crossopterygii; most known only in fossil form Latimeridae extinct except for the coelacanth Latimeria type genus of the Latimeridae: coelacanth coelacanth fish thought to have been extinct since the Cretaceous period but found in 1938 off the coast of Africa Dipnoi bony fishes of the southern hemisphere that breathe by a modified air bladder as well as gills; sometimes classified as an order of Crossopterygii lungfish air-breathing fish having an elongated body and fleshy paired fins; certain species construct mucus-lined mud coverings in which to survive drought Ceratodontidae lungfishes having hornlike ridges on the teeth genus Ceratodus type genus of the Ceratodontidae: extinct genus of lungfishes ceratodus extinct lungfish Neoceratodus extant Australian lungfishes Australian lungfish an endangered species of lungfish found in rivers in Queensland Siluriformes an order of fish belonging to the superorder Malacopterygii including catfishes catfish any of numerous mostly freshwater bottom-living fishes of Eurasia and North America with barbels like whiskers around the mouth flesh of scaleless food fish of the southern United States; often farmed Siluridae Old World catfishes silurid Old World freshwater catfishes having naked skin and a long anal fin more or less merged with the eellike caudal fin Silurus type genus of the Siluridae: catfishes European catfish large elongated catfish of central and eastern Europe Malopterurus electric catfish electric catfish freshwater catfish of the Nile and tropical central Africa having an electric organ Ameiuridae North American catfishes Ameiurus type genus of the Ameiuridae: bullhead catfishes bullhead any of several common freshwater catfishes of the United States freshwater sculpin with a large flattened bony-plated head with hornlike spines horned pout catfish common in eastern United States brown bullhead freshwater catfish of eastern United States Ictalurus channel catfishes channel catfish freshwater food fish common throughout central United States blue catfish a large catfish of the Mississippi valley Pylodictus flathead catfishes flathead catfish large catfish of central United States having a flattened head and projecting jaw Laricariidae armored catfish armored catfish South American catfish having the body covered with bony plates Ariidae sea catfishes sea catfish any of numerous marine fishes most of which are mouthbreeders; not used for food Arius type genus of the Ariidae: sea catfishes a Greek who was a Christian theologian active in Alexandria and who was declared a heretic for his doctrines about God (which came to be known as Arianism) (256?-336) crucifix fish sea catfish of the Caribbean area Gadiformes cods, haddocks, grenadiers; in some classifications considered equivalent to the order Anacanthini Anacanthini at least partially equivalent to the order Gadiformes in some classifications gadoid a soft-finned fish of the family Gadidae Gadidae large family of important mostly marine food fishes Gadus type genus of the Gadidae: the typical codfishes cod major food fish of Arctic and cold-temperate waters lean white flesh of important North Atlantic food fish; usually baked or poached codling young codfish Atlantic cod one of the world's most important commercial fishes Pacific cod closely related to Atlantic cod Merlangus whitings whiting a food fish of the Atlantic waters of Europe resembling the cod; sometimes placed in genus Gadus any of several food fishes of North American coastal waters a small fish of the genus Sillago; excellent food fish flesh of any of a number of slender food fishes especially of Atlantic coasts of North America flesh of a cod-like fish of the Atlantic waters of Europe Lota burbot burbot elongate freshwater cod of northern Europe and Asia and North America having barbels around its mouth scrod young Atlantic cod or haddock especially one split and boned for cooking Melanogrammus haddock haddock important food fish on both sides of the Atlantic; related to cod but usually smaller lean white flesh of fish similar to but smaller than cod; usually baked or poached or as fillets sauteed or fried Pollachius pollack pollack important food and game fish of northern seas (especially the northern Atlantic); related to cod lean white flesh of North Atlantic fish; similar to codfish Merluccius hakes hake any of several marine food fishes related to cod the lean flesh of a fish similar to cod silver hake found off Atlantic coast of North America Urophycis hakes ling American hakes elongated marine food fish of Greenland and northern Europe; often salted and dried water chestnut whose spiny fruit has two rather than 4 prongs Molva ling Brosmius cusk cusk large edible marine fish of northern coastal waters; related to cod the lean flesh of a cod-like fish of North Atlantic waters Macrouridae grenadiers grenadier deep-sea fish with a large head and body and long tapering tail an infantryman equipped with grenades Anguilliformes elongate fishes with pelvic fins and girdle absent or reduced eel voracious snakelike marine or freshwater fishes with smooth slimy usually scaleless skin and having a continuous vertical fin but no ventral fins the fatty flesh of eel; an elongate fish found in fresh water in Europe and America; large eels are usually smoked or pickled elver young eel young eel; may be sauteed or batter-fried Anguillidae eels that live in fresh water as adults but return to the sea to spawn Anguilla type genus of the Anguillidae: eels a British colony in the West Indies common eel eels that live in fresh water as adults but return to sea to spawn; found in Europe and America; marketed both fresh and smoked tuna New Zealand eel any very large marine food and game fish of the genus Thunnus; related to mackerel; chiefly of warm waters important warm-water fatty fish of the genus Thunnus of the family Scombridae; usually served as steaks tropical American prickly pear of Jamaica Muraenidae marine eels moray family of brightly colored voracious eels of warm coastal waters; generally nonaggressive to humans but larger species are dangerous if provoked Congridae marine eels conger large dark-colored scaleless marine eel found in temperate and tropical coastal waters; some used for food Teleostei large diverse group of bony fishes; includes most living species teleost fish a bony fish of the subclass Teleostei Isospondyli most primitive teleost fishes; all are soft-finned: salmon; trout; herring; shad; sardines; anchovies; whitefish; smelts; tarpon Gonorhynchidae coextensive with the genus Gonorhynchus Gonorhynchus slender cylindrical marine fishes lacking air bladders and teeth beaked salmon fish of sandy areas of western Pacific and Indian oceans having an angular snout for burrowing into sand Clupeidae herrings; shad; sardines; etc. clupeid fish any of numerous soft-finned schooling food fishes of shallow waters of northern seas whitebait the edible young of especially herrings and sprats and smelts minnows or other small fresh- or saltwater fish (especially herring); usually cooked whole Alosa shad shad herring-like food fishes that migrate from the sea to fresh water to spawn bony flesh of herring-like fish usually caught during their migration to fresh water for spawning; especially of Atlantic coast common American shad shad of Atlantic coast of North America; naturalized to Pacific coast river shad shad that spawns in streams of the Mississippi drainage; very similar to Alosa sapidissima allice shad European shad alewife shad-like food fish that runs rivers to spawn; often salted or smoked; sometimes placed in genus Pomolobus flesh of shad-like fish abundant along the Atlantic coast or in coastal streams Pomolobus genus to which the alewife is sometimes assigned Brevoortia menhaden menhaden shad-like North American marine fishes used for fish meal and oil and fertilizer Clupea type genus of the Clupeidae: typical herrings herring commercially important food fish of northern waters of both Atlantic and Pacific valuable flesh of fatty fish from shallow waters of northern Atlantic or Pacific; usually salted or pickled Atlantic herring important food fish; found in enormous shoals in the northern Atlantic Pacific herring important food fish of the northern Pacific sardine any of various small edible herring or related food fishes frequently canned small fatty fish usually canned sild any of various young herrings (other than brislings) canned as sardines in Norway brisling small herring processed like a sardine Sardina pilchards pilchard small fishes found in great schools along coasts of Europe; smaller and rounder than herring Sardinops pilchards Pacific sardine small pilchards common off the pacific coast of North America Engraulidae anchovies anchovy small herring-like plankton-eating fishes often canned whole or as paste; abundant in tropical waters worldwide tiny fishes usually canned or salted; used for hors d'oeuvres or as seasoning in sauces Engraulis type genus of the family Engraulidae mediterranean anchovy esteemed for its flavor; usually preserved or used for sauces and relishes Salmonidae salmon and trout salmonid soft-finned fishes of cold and temperate waters salmon any of various large food and game fishes of northern waters; usually migrate from salt to fresh water to spawn a pale pinkish orange color flesh of any of various marine or freshwater fish of the family Salmonidae blackfish female salmon that has recently spawned redfish male salmon that has recently spawned North Atlantic rockfish Salmo type genus of the Salmonidae: salmon and trout Atlantic salmon found in northern coastal Atlantic waters or tributaries; adults do not die after spawning fatty pink flesh of fish from northern coastal Atlantic; usually marketed fresh landlocked salmon Atlantic salmon confined to lakes of New England and southeastern Canada Oncorhynchus Pacific salmon including sockeye salmon; chinook salmon; chum salmon; coho salmon sockeye small salmon with red flesh; found in rivers and tributaries of the northern Pacific and valued as food; adults die after spawning chinook large Pacific salmon valued as food; adults die after spawning a warm dry wind blowing down the eastern slopes of the Rockies chum salmon a large Pacific salmon with small spots on its back; an important food fish coho small salmon of northern Pacific coasts and the Great Lakes trout any of various game and food fishes of cool fresh waters mostly smaller than typical salmons flesh of any of several primarily freshwater game and food fishes brown trout speckled trout of European rivers; introduced in North America rainbow trout found in Pacific coastal waters and streams from lower California to Alaska flesh of Pacific trout that migrate from salt to fresh water sea trout silvery marine variety of brown trout that migrates to fresh water to spawn any of several sciaenid fishes of North American coastal waters flesh of marine trout that migrate from salt to fresh water Salvelinus brook trout lake trout large fork-tailed trout of lakes of Canada and the northern United States flesh of large trout of northern lakes brook trout North American freshwater trout; introduced in Europe a delicious freshwater food fish char any of several small trout-like fish of the genus Salvelinus a charred substance burn slightly and superficially so as to affect color; "The cook blackened the chicken breast"; "The fire charred the ceiling above the mantelpiece"; "the flames scorched the ceiling" burn to charcoal; "Without a drenching rain, the forest fire will char everything" Arctic char small trout of northern waters; landlocked populations in Quebec and northern New England Coregonidae soft-finned fishes comprising the freshwater whitefishes; formerly included in the family Salmonidae whitefish silvery herring-like freshwater food fish of cold lakes of the northern hemisphere flesh of salmon-like or trout-like cold-water fish of cold lakes of the northern hemisphere any market fish--edible saltwater fish or shellfish--except herring Coregonus type genus of the Coregonidae: whitefishes lake whitefish found in the Great Lakes and north to Alaska cisco important food fish of cold deep lakes of North America Prosopium whitefishes round whitefish a whitefish with a bronze back; of northern North America and Siberia Rocky Mountain whitefish whitefish of the western United States and Canada Osmeridae smelts smelt small trout-like silvery marine or freshwater food fishes of cold northern waters small cold-water silvery fish; migrate between salt and fresh water extract (metals) by heating Osmerus type genus of the Osmeridae rainbow smelt important marine and landlocked food fish of eastern North America and Alaska sparling the common smelt of Europe Mallotus capelins capelin very small northern fish; forage for sea birds and marine mammals and other fishes Elopidae tarpons and ladyfishes genus Tarpon tarpons tarpon large silvery game fish of warm Atlantic coastal waters especially off Florida Elops type genus of the Elopidae: tenpounder ladyfish game fish resembling the tarpon but smaller Albulidae bonefish Albula type and sole genus of the family Albulidae bonefish slender silvery marine fish found in tropical mud flats and mangrove lagoons Argentinidae small marine soft-finned fishes with long silvery bodies; related to salmons and trouts Argentina type genus of the Argentinidae: argentines a republic in southern South America; second largest country in South America argentine any of various small silver-scaled salmon-like marine fishes Myctophidae deep-sea fishes comprising the lantern fishes lanternfish small fish having rows of luminous organs along each side; some surface at night Synodontidae soft-finned bottom-dwelling fishes lizardfish tropical fishes with large mouths in lizard-like heads; found worldwide Chlorophthalmidae small family of soft-finned bottom-dwellers with large eyes; relatives of lizardfishes greeneye bottom-dwellers having large eyes with metallic green luster Alepisaurus slender scaleless predaceous tropical deep-sea fishes lancetfish large elongate scaleless oceanic fishes with sharp teeth and a long dorsal fin that resembles a sail handsaw fish a soft-finned fish of the genus Alepisaurus Osteoglossiformes teleost fish with bony tongues Osteoglossidae a family of large fishes that live in freshwater; includes bandfish and bonytongues Scleropages a genus of large freshwater fishes of Australia and Borneo Australian arowana a species of large fish found in Australian rivers Australian bonytongue a species of large fish found in Australian rivers Lampridae opahs Lampris type genus of the Lampridae opah large elliptical brightly colored deep-sea fish of Atlantic and Pacific and Mediterranean New World opah from Nova Scotia to West Indies and Gulf of Mexico Trachipteridae ribbonfishes ribbonfish marine fish having a long compressed ribbonlike body Trachipterus type genus of the Trachipteridae dealfish deep-sea ribbonfish Regalecidae ribbonfishes Reglaecus type genus of the Regalecidae oarfish thin deep-water tropical fish 20 to 30 feet long having a red dorsal fin Pediculati anglers and batfishes; spiny-finned marine fishes having pectoral fins at the ends of armlike processes and a long movable spine on the dorsal fin to lure prey to the large mouth Ogcocephalidae batfishes: sluggish bottom-dwelling spiny fishes batfish bottom-dweller of warm western Atlantic coastal waters having a flattened scaleless body that crawls about on fleshy pectoral and pelvic fins Lophiidae large-headed marine fishes comprising the anglers Lophius type genus of family Lophiidae goosefish fishes having large mouths with a wormlike filament attached for luring prey Batrachoididae toadfishes; related to anglers and batfishes toadfish bottom-dwelling fish having scaleless slimy skin and a broad thick head with a wide mouth oyster fish a variety of toadfish Antennariidae frogfishes; tropical spiny-finned marine fishes having large nearly vertical mouths; related to toadfishes and anglers frogfish fish having a frog-like mouth with a lure on the snout sargassum fish small fantastically formed and colored fishes found among masses of sargassum Synentognathi order of fishes having spineless fins; needlefishes; sauries; flying fishes; halfbeaks Belonidae ferocious fishes of warm regions resembling but unrelated to the freshwater gars needlefish elongate European surface-dwelling predacious fishes with long toothed jaws; abundant in coastal waters timucu found in warm waters of western Atlantic Exocoetidae flying fishes; closely related to the halfbeaks flying fish tropical marine fishes having enlarged winglike fins used for brief gliding flight monoplane flying fish having only pectoral fins enlarged biplane flying fish having both pectoral and pelvic fins enlarged Hemiramphidae halfbeaks; marine and freshwater fishes closely related to the flying fishes but not able to glide halfbeak tropical and subtropical marine and freshwater fishes having an elongated body and long protruding lower jaw Scomberesocidae only sauries Scomberesox a genus of Scomberesocidae saury slender long-beaked fish of temperate Atlantic waters Acanthopterygii teleost fishes having fins with sharp bony rays spiny-finned fish a teleost fish with fins that are supported by sharp inflexible rays Ophiodontidae fishes closely related to greenlings Ophiodon a genus of Ophiodontidae lingcod food fish of the northern Pacific related to greenlings the lean flesh of a fish caught off the Pacific coast of the United States Perciformes one of the largest natural groups of fishes of both marine and fresh water: true perches; basses; tuna Percoidea in some classifications nearly or exactly equivalent to the Perciformes which are considered a suborder percoid fish any of numerous spiny-finned fishes of the order Perciformes perch any of numerous spiny-finned fishes of various families of the order Perciformes spiny-finned freshwater food and game fishes support consisting of a branch or rod that serves as a resting place (especially for a bird) any of numerous fishes of America and Europe an elevated place serving as a seat a square rod of land a linear measure of 16.5 feet sit, as on a branch; "The birds perched high in the tree" cause to perch or sit; "She perched her hat on her head" Anabantidae small freshwater spiny-finned fishes of Africa and southern Asia Anabas the type genus of the family Anabantidae; small fish that resemble perch climbing perch a small perch of India whose gills are modified to allow it to breathe air; has spiny pectoral fins that enable it to travel on land Percidae active freshwater fishes; true perches and pike perches Perca type genus of the Percidae yellow perch North American perch European perch a perch native to Europe Stizostedion pike-perches pike-perch any of several pike-like fishes of the perch family walleye pike-like freshwater perches strabismus in which one or both eyes are directed outward blue pike variety inhabiting the Great Lakes Percina a genus of Percidae snail darter a small snail-eating perch of the Tennessee River Trichodontidae two species of elongate compressed scaleless large-eyed fishes that live in sand or mud sandfish either of two small silvery scaleless fishes of the northern Pacific that burrow into sand Ophidiidae eellike marine fishes cusk-eel elongate compressed somewhat eel-shaped fishes Brotulidae chiefly deep-sea fishes related to the Ophidiidae brotula deep-sea fishes Carapidae pearlfishes: related to the Brotulidae pearlfish found living within the alimentary canals of e.g. sea cucumbers or between the shells of pearl oysters in or near shallow seagrass beds Centropomidae a family of fish or the order Perciformes including robalos robalo a kind of percoid fish Centropomus type genus of the Centropomidae: snooks snook large tropical American food and game fishes of coastal and brackish waters; resemble pike Latinae a subfamily of the family Centropomidae Lates a genus of large percoid fishes of fresh and brackish water barramundi a species of large perch noted for its sporting and eating qualities; lives in marine, estuary, and freshwater habitats Esocidae pikes; pickerels; muskellunges Esox type and only genus of the family Esocidae pike any of several elongate long-snouted freshwater game and food fishes widely distributed in cooler parts of the northern hemisphere medieval weapon consisting of a spearhead attached to a long pole or pikestaff; superseded by the bayonet a sharp point (as on the end of a spear) highly valued northern freshwater fish with lean flesh northern pike voracious piscivorous pike of waters of northern hemisphere muskellunge large (60 to 80 pounds) sport fish of North America flesh of very large North American pike; a game fish pickerel any of several North American species of small pike flesh of young or small pike chain pickerel common in quiet waters of eastern United States redfin pickerel small but gamy pickerel of Atlantic coastal states Centrarchidae sunfish family sunfish small carnivorous freshwater percoid fishes of North America usually having a laterally compressed body and metallic luster: crappies; black bass; bluegills; pumpkinseed the lean flesh of any of numerous American perch-like fishes of the family Centrarchidae Pomoxis crappies crappie small sunfishes of central United States rivers small sunfishes of the genus Pomoxis of central United States rivers black crappie a crappie that is black white crappie a crappie that is white freshwater bream any of various usually edible freshwater percoid fishes having compressed bodies and shiny scales; especially (but not exclusively) of the genus Lepomis Lepomis bream pumpkinseed small brilliantly colored North American sunfish bluegill important edible sunfish of eastern and central United States spotted sunfish inhabits streams from South Carolina to Florida; esteemed panfish Ambloplites a genus of Centrarchidae freshwater bass North American food and game fish any of various North American freshwater fish with lean flesh (especially of the genus Micropterus) rock bass game and food fish of upper Mississippi and Great Lakes Micropterus American freshwater black basses black bass widely distributed and highly prized American freshwater game fishes (sunfish family) Kentucky black bass a variety of black bass smallmouth a variety of black bass; the angle of the jaw falls below the eye largemouth a large black bass; the angle of the jaw falls behind the eye bass nontechnical name for any of numerous edible marine and freshwater spiny-finned fishes the member with the lowest range of a family of musical instruments the lowest part of the musical range the lowest adult male singing voice the lowest part in polyphonic music an adult male singer with the lowest voice having or denoting a low vocal or instrumental range; "a deep voice"; "a bass voice is lower than a baritone voice"; "a bass clarinet" Serranidae marine fishes: sea basses; sea perches; groupers; jewfish serranid fish marine food sport fishes mainly of warm coastal waters Morone carnivorous fresh and salt water fishes white perch small silvery food and game fish of eastern United States streams yellow bass North American freshwater bass resembling the larger marine striped bass sea bass any of various food and sport fishes of the Atlantic coast of the United States having an elongated body and long spiny dorsal fin the lean flesh of a saltwater fish of the family Serranidae Synagrops a genus of Serranidae blackmouth bass small marine fish with black mouth and gill cavity Centropristis sea basses rock sea bass a kind of sea bass black sea bass bluish black-striped sea bass of the Atlantic coast of the United States Roccus a genus of Serranidae striped bass marine food and game fish with dark longitudinal stripes; migrates upriver to spawn; sometimes placed in the genus Morone caught along the Atlantic coast of the United States Polyprion wreckfish stone bass brown fish of the Atlantic and Mediterranean found around rocks and shipwrecks Serranus type genus of the Serranidae: mostly small Pacific sea basses belted sandfish found in warm shallow waters of western Atlantic grouper usually solitary bottom sea basses of warm seas flesh of a saltwater fish similar to sea bass Epinephelus genus of groupers or sea bass coney black-spotted usually dusky-colored fish with reddish fins rock hind found around rocky coasts or on reefs Paranthias a genus of Serranidae creole-fish deep-sea fish of tropical Atlantic Mycteroperca groupers jewfish large dark grouper with a thick head and rough scales Rypticus a genus of fish of the family Serranidae, including soapfishes soapfish fishes with slimy mucus-covered skin; found in the warm Atlantic coastal waters of America Embiotocidae viviparous percoid fishes comprising the surf fishes surfperch small to medium-sized shallow-water fishes of the Pacific coast of North America Hipsurus a genus of Embiotocidae rainbow seaperch Pacific coast fish Priacanthidae small carnivorous percoid fishes found worldwide in tropical seas Priacanthus type genus of the Priacanthidae bigeye red fishes of American coastal tropical waters having very large eyes and rough scales catalufa brightly colored carnivorous fish of western Atlantic and West Indies waters Apogonidae bright-colored marine fishes that incubate eggs in the mouth cardinalfish small red fishes of coral reefs and inshore tropical waters Apogon type genus of the Apogonidae flame fish a cardinalfish found in tropical Atlantic coastal waters Astropogon a genus of fish of the family Apogonidae conchfish found in West Indies; lives in mantle cavity of a living conch Malacanthidae short-headed marine fishes; often brightly colored Lopholatilus large brightly colored food fish of deep Atlantic waters tilefish yellow-spotted violet food fish of warm deep waters Pomatomidae food and game fishes related to pompanos Pomatomus type genus of the Pomatomidae bluefish bluish warm-water marine food and game fish that follow schools of small fishes into shallow waters fatty bluish flesh of bluefish Rachycentridae family of pelagic fishes containing solely the cobia Rachycentron genus and family are coextensive and comprise only the cobia cobia large dark-striped tropical food and game fish related to remoras; found worldwide in coastal to open waters Discocephali small order of fishes comprising the remoras Echeneididae fishes having a sucking disk on the head for clinging to other fishes and to ships remora marine fishes with a flattened elongated body and a sucking disk on the head for attaching to large fish or moving objects Echeneis type genus of the Echeneididae: typical remoras sharksucker remoras found attached to sharks Remilegia a genus of Echeneididae whale sucker large blue Pacific remora that attaches to whales and dolphins Carangidae large family of narrow-bodied marine food fishes with widely forked tails; chiefly of warm seas carangid fish a percoid fish of the family Carangidae Caranx type genus of the Carangidae crevalle jack fish of western Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico yellow jack fish of western Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico yellow flag hoist on a ship in quarantine caused by a flavivirus transmitted by a mosquito runner fish of western Atlantic: Cape Cod to Brazil device consisting of the parts on which something can slide along a long narrow carpet a person who is employed to deliver messages or documents; "he sent a runner over with the contract" someone who travels on foot by running a trained athlete who competes in foot races Elagatis a genus of Carangidae rainbow runner streamlined cigar-shaped jack; good game fish Oligoplites leatherjackets Alectis a genus of Carangidae threadfish fish having greatly elongated front rays on dorsal and anal fins Selene a genus of Carangidae (Greek mythology) goddess of the Moon in ancient mythology; identified with Roman Luna moonfish any of several silvery marine fishes with very flat bodies lookdown similar to moonfish but with eyes high on the truncated forehead Seriola a genus of Carangidae amberjack any of several amber to coppery fork-tailed warm-water carangid fishes yellowtail game fish of southern California and Mexico having a yellow tail fin superior food fish of the tropical Atlantic and Caribbean with broad yellow stripe along the sides and on the tail rudderfish fish having the habit of following ships; found in North American and South American coastal waters kingfish large game fish of Australia and New Zealand any of several food and game fishes of the drum family indigenous to warm Atlantic waters of the North American coast the lean flesh of any of several fish caught off the Atlantic coast of the United States Trachinotus a genus of Carangidae pompano any of several deep-bodied food fishes of western Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico flesh of pompano; warm-water fatty fish Florida pompano found in coastal waters New England to Brazil except clear waters of West Indies permit large game fish; found in waters of the West Indies consent to, give permission; "She permitted her son to visit her estranged husband"; "I won't let the police search her basement"; "I cannot allow you to see your exam" Naucrates a genus of Carangidae pilotfish small pelagic fish often accompanying sharks or mantas scad any of a number of fishes of the family Carangidae Trachurus the scads (particularly horse mackerels) horse mackerel a California food fish large elongated compressed food fish of the Atlantic waters of Europe Selar big-eyed scad bigeye scad of Atlantic coastal waters; commonly used for bait Decapterus scads especially mackerel scad; cosmopolitan in distribution mackerel scad small silvery fish; Nova Scotia to Brazil round scad small fusiform fish of western Atlantic Coryphaenidae large active pelagic percoid fish dolphinfish large slender food and game fish widely distributed in warm seas (especially around Hawaii) the lean flesh of a saltwater fish found in warm waters (especially in Hawaii) Coryphaena hippurus the more common dolphinfish valued as food; about six feet long Coryphaena equisetis a kind of dolphinfish Bramidae deep-bodied percoid fishes of the open seas Brama type genus of the Bramidae pomfret deep-bodied sooty-black pelagic spiny-finned fish of the northern Atlantic and northern Pacific; valued for food Branchiostegidae small family of marine fishes having covered gills blanquillo important marine food fishes Characidae tropical freshwater fishes of Africa and South America and Central America Characinidae former name of the Characidae characin any freshwater fish of the family Characinidae Hemigrammus tetras tetra brightly colored tropical freshwater fishes Paracheirodon a genus of Characidae cardinal tetra small bright red and blue aquarium fish from streams in Brazil and Colombia Serrasalmus piranhas piranha small voraciously carnivorous freshwater fishes of South America that attack and destroy living animals tentacle any of various elongated tactile or prehensile flexible organs that occur on the head or near the mouth in many animals; used for feeling or grasping or locomotion something that acts like a tentacle in its ability to grasp and hold; "caught in the tentacles of organized crime" antenna one of a pair of mobile appendages on the head of e.g. insects and crustaceans; typically sensitive to touch and taste an electrical device that sends or receives radio or television signals sensitivity similar to that of a receptor organ; "he had a special antenna for public relations" arista bristlelike process near the tip of the antenna of certain flies barbel slender tactile process on the jaws of a fish swimmeret one of the paired abdominal appendages of certain aquatic crustaceans that function primarily for carrying the eggs in females and are usually adapted for swimming Cichlidae cichlids cichlid freshwater fishes of tropical America and Africa and Asia similar to American sunfishes; some are food fishes; many small ones are popular in aquariums Tilapia a genus of Cichlidae bolti important food fish of the Nile and other rivers of Africa and Asia Minor Lutjanidae snappers snapper any of several large sharp-toothed marine food and sport fishes of the family Lutjanidae of mainly tropical coastal waters Australian food fish having a pinkish body with blue spots flesh of any of various important food fishes of warm seas Lutjanus type genus of the Lutjanidae: snappers red snapper an esteemed food fish with pinkish red head and body; common in the Atlantic coastal waters of North America and the Gulf of Mexico highly esteemed reddish lean flesh of snapper from Atlantic coast and Gulf of Mexico grey snapper found in shallow waters off the coast of Florida mutton snapper similar to and often marketed as `red snapper' schoolmaster food fish of warm Caribbean and Atlantic waters any person (or institution) who acts as an educator Ocyurus snappers Haemulidae grunts grunt medium-sized tropical marine food fishes that utter grunting sounds when caught the short low gruff noise of the kind made by hogs an unskilled or low-ranking soldier or other worker; "infantrymen in Vietnam were called grunts"; "he went from grunt to chairman in six years" issue a grunting, low, animal-like noise; "He grunted his reluctant approval" Haemulon type genus of the Haemulidae margate a grunt with a red mouth that is found from Florida to Brazil Spanish grunt a kind of grunt tomtate found off the West Indies and Florida cottonwick of warm Atlantic waters sailor's-choice a grunt found from Florida to Brazil and Gulf of Mexico Anisotremus a genus of Haemulidae porkfish black and gold grunt found from Bermuda to Caribbean to Brazil pompon dusky grey food fish found from Louisiana and Florida southward decoration consisting of a ball of tufted wool or silk; usually worn on a hat Orthopristis a genus of Haemulidae pigfish found from Long Island southward found around the Great Barrier Reef Sparidae porgies; scups sparid spiny-finned food fishes of warm waters having well-developed teeth sea bream any of numerous marine percoid fishes especially (but not exclusively) of the family Sparidae porgy important deep-bodied food and sport fish of warm and tropical coastal waters; found worldwide lean flesh of fish found in warm waters of southern Atlantic coast of the United States Pagrus a genus of Sparidae red porgy food fish of the Mediterranean and Atlantic coasts of Europe and America Pagellus sea breams European sea bream food fish of European coastal waters Archosargus a genus of Sparidae Atlantic sea bream sea bream of warm Atlantic waters sheepshead large (up to 20 lbs) food fish of the eastern coast of the United States and Mexico Lagodon a genus of Sparidae pinfish similar to sea bream; small spiny-finned fish found in bays along the southeastern coast of the United States Calamus a genus of Sparidae sheepshead porgy from Florida and Bahamas to Brazil Chrysophrys Australian snapper black bream important dark-colored edible food and game fish of Australia Stenotomus scups scup found in Atlantic coastal waters of North America from South Carolina to Maine; esteemed as a panfish porgy of southern Atlantic coastal waters of North America flesh of fish found in colder waters of northern Atlantic coast of the United States Sciaenidae warm-water marine fishes including the drums and grunts and croakers and sea trout sciaenid fish widely distributed family of carnivorous percoid fishes having a large air bladder used to produce sound drum small to medium-sized bottom-dwelling food and game fishes of shallow coastal and fresh waters that make a drumming noise a musical percussion instrument; usually consists of a hollow cylinder with a membrane stretched across each end a cylindrical metal container used for shipping or storage of liquids the sound of a drum; "he could hear the drums before he heard the fifes" play a percussion instrument make a rhythmic sound; "Rain drummed against the windshield"; "The drums beat all night" Equetus drumfish striped drum a kind of drumfish jackknife-fish black-and-white drumfish with an erect elongated dorsal fin Bairdiella drumfish silver perch small silvery drumfish often mistaken for white perch; found along coasts of United States from New York to Mexico Sciaenops a genus of Sciaenidae red drum large edible fish found off coast of United States from Massachusetts to Mexico Sciaena type genus of the Sciaenidae: croakers mulloway large important food fish of Australia; almost indistinguishable from the maigre maigre large European marine food fish croaker any of several fishes that make a croaking noise the lean flesh of a saltwater fish caught along Atlantic coast of southern U.S. Micropogonias croakers Atlantic croaker a silvery-bodied croaker with dark markings and tiny barbels Umbrina croakers yellowfin croaker a fish of the Pacific coast of North America Menticirrhus kingfishes; whiting king whiting whiting of the southeastern coast of North America northern whiting whiting of the east coast of United States; closely resembles king whiting corbina bluish-grey whiting of California coast silver whiting a dull silvery whiting of southern Atlantic and Gulf Coasts of the United States Genyonemus a genus of Sciaenidae white croaker small silvery marine food fish found off California silvery and bluish drumfish of shallow California coastal waters Seriphus a genus of Sciaenidae Cynoscion sea trout weakfish food and game fish of North American coastal waters with a mouth from which hooks easily tear out lean flesh of food and game fishes of the Atlantic coast of the United States spotted weakfish weakfish of southern Atlantic and Gulf Coasts of United States Mullidae goatfishes or red mullets mullet bottom dwelling marine warm water fishes with two barbels on the chin freshwater or coastal food fishes a spindle-shaped body; found worldwide highly valued lean flesh of marine or freshwater mullet Mullus type genus of the Mullidae: goatfishes goatfish brightly colored tropical fishes with chin barbels red goatfish body bright scarlet with 2 yellow to reddish strips on side Mulloidichthys a genus of Mullidae yellow goatfish schooling goatfish; greyish with yellow stripe Mugiloidea fishes distinguished by abdominal pelvic fins: families Mugilidae; Atherinidae; Sphyraenidae Mugilidae grey mullets Mugil type genus of the Mugilidae: mullets striped mullet most important commercial mullet in eastern United States white mullet silvery mullet of Atlantic and Pacific coasts liza similar to the striped mullet and takes its place in the Caribbean region Atherinidae small spiny-finned fishes of both salt and fresh water silversides small fishes having a silver stripe along each side; abundant along the Atlantic coast of the United States Atherinopsis a genus of Atherinidae jacksmelt a relatively large silversides of the Pacific coast of North America (known to reach 18 inches in length) Sphyraenidae monotypic family of large active fishes of tropical and subtropical waters: barracuda Sphyraena type and sole genus of the Sphyraenidae: barracuda barracuda any voracious marine fish of the genus Sphyraena having an elongated cylindrical body and large mouth with projecting lower jaw and long strong teeth great barracuda large (up to 6 ft) greyish-brown barracuda highly regarded as a food and sport fish; may be dangerous to swimmers Pempheridae sweepers sweeper little-known nocturnal fish of warm shallow seas with an oblong compressed body an employee who sweeps (floors or streets etc.) Kyphosidae sea chubs sea chub schooling fishes mostly of Indian and western Pacific oceans; two species in western Atlantic Kyphosus type genus of the Kyphosidae Bermuda chub food and game fish around Bermuda and Florida; often follow ships Ephippidae small family comprising the spadefishes Chaetodipterus a genus of Ephippidae spadefish deep-bodied disk-shaped food fish of warmer western Atlantic coastal waters Chaetodontidae butterfly fishes butterfly fish small usually brilliantly colored tropical marine fishes having narrow deep bodies with large broad fins; found worldwide genus Chaetodon type genus of the Chaetodontidae chaetodon any fish of the genus Chaetodon Pomacanthus angelfishes angelfish a butterfly fish of the genus Pomacanthus rock beauty gold and black butterflyfish found from West Indies to Brazil Pomacentridae damselfishes damselfish small brilliantly colored tropical marine fishes of coral reefs Pomacentrus type genus of the Pomacentridae: damselfishes beaugregory a blue and yellow damselfish of Bermuda and Florida and the West Indies Amphiprion damsel fishes anemone fish live associated with sea anemones clown anemone fish an anemone fish of the genus Amphiprion Abudefduf damsel fishes sergeant major large blue-grey black-striped damselfish; nearly worldwide a noncommissioned officer serving as chief administrative officer of a headquarters unit of the Army Labridae wrasses wrasse chiefly tropical marine fishes with fleshy lips and powerful teeth; usually brightly colored Achoerodus a genus of Labridae Lachnolaimus a genus of Labridae hogfish large wrasse of western Atlantic; head of male resembles a pig's snout Halicoeres a genus of Labridae slippery dick small wrasse of tropical Atlantic puddingwife bluish and bronze wrasse; found from Florida keys to Brazil Thalassoma a genus of Labridae bluehead small Atlantic wrasse the male of which has a brilliant blue head Hemipteronatus razor fish razor fish any of several small wrasses with compressed sharp-edged heads of the West Indies and Mediterranean pearly razorfish a kind of razor fish Tautoga tautogs tautog large dark-colored food fish of the Atlantic coast of North America Tautogolabrus a genus of Labridae cunner common in north Atlantic coastal waters of the United States Scaridae parrotfishes parrotfish gaudy tropical fishes with parrotlike beaks formed by fusion of teeth Polynemidae threadfins threadfin mullet-like tropical marine fishes having pectoral fins with long threadlike rays Polydactylus a genus of Polynemidae barbu found along western Atlantic coast Opisthognathidae jawfishes jawfish small large-mouthed tropical marine fishes common along sandy bottoms; males brood egg balls in their mouths; popular aquarium fishes Uranoscopidae stargazers stargazer heavy-bodied marine bottom-lurkers with eyes on flattened top of the head Dactyloscopidae sand stargazers sand stargazer small pallid fishes of shoal tropical waters of North America and South America having eyes on stalks atop head; they burrow in sand to await prey Blennioidea blennies; butterfishes; gunnels blennioid fish elongated mostly scaleless marine fishes with large pectoral fins and reduced pelvic fins Blenniidae a family of fish including: combtooth blennies blenny small usually scaleless fishes with comb-like teeth living about rocky shores; are territorial and live in holes between rocks Blennius type genus of the Blenniidae shanny European scaleless blenny Scartella a genus of Blenniidae Molly Miller inhabits both coasts of tropical Atlantic Clinidae viviparous blennies of temperate and tropical seas clinid mostly small blennioid fishes of coral reefs and seagrass beds Chaenopsis a genus of fish of the family Clinidae including pikeblennies pikeblenny tropical American fishes; males are aggressively defensive of their territory bluethroat pikeblenny found from Florida to Cuba Pholidae a family of fish of suborder Blennioidea gunnel small eellike fishes common in shallow waters of the northern Atlantic Pholis type genus of the Pholidae: gunnels rock gunnel slippery scaleless food fish of the northern Atlantic coastal waters Stichaeidae pricklebacks prickleback small elongate fishes of shallow northern seas; a long dorsal fin consists entirely of spines Lumpenus a genus of Stichaeidae snakeblenny found in Arctic and northern Atlantic waters eelblenny eellike fishes found in subarctic coastal waters Cryptacanthodes a genus of Stichaeidae wrymouth eellike Atlantic bottom fish with large almost vertical mouth Anarhichadidae wolffishes Anarhichas type genus of the Anarhichadidae wolffish large ferocious northern deep-sea food fishes with strong teeth and no pelvic fins Zoarcidae eelpouts eelpout marine eellike mostly bottom-dwelling fishes of northern seas Zoarces type genus of the Zoarcidae viviparous eelpout an eelpout of northern Europe that is viviparous Gymnelis a genus of Zoarcidae fish doctor brightly colored scaleless Arctic eelpout Macrozoarces a genus of Zoarcidae ocean pout common along northeastern coast of North America Ammodytidae sand lances Ammodytes type genus of the Ammodytidae sand lance very small silvery eellike schooling fishes that burrow into sandy beaches Callionymidae dragonets dragonet small often brightly colored scaleless marine bottom-dwellers; found in tropical and warm temperate waters of Europe and America Gobiidae gobies goby small spiny-finned fish of coastal or brackish waters having a large head and elongated tapering body having the ventral fins modified as a sucker Periophthalmus a genus of Gobiidae mudskipper found in tropical coastal regions of Africa and Asia; able to move on land on strong pectoral fins Eleotridae sleepers Percophidae percoid flatheads flathead pallid bottom-dwelling flat-headed fish with large eyes and a duck-like snout food fish of the Indonesian region of the Pacific; resembles gurnards Toxotidae archerfishes Toxotes type genus of the Toxotidae archerfish any of several small freshwater fishes that catch insects by squirting water at them and knocking them into the water; found in Indonesia and Australia Microdesmidae worm fish worm fish poorly known family of small tropical shallow-water fishes related to gobies Acanthuridae surgeonfishes surgeonfish brightly colored coral-reef fish with knifelike spines at the tail Acanthurus type genus of the Acanthuridae: doctorfishes doctorfish surgeon fish of the West Indies Gempylidae snake mackerels gempylid snake mackerels; elongated marine fishes with oily flesh; resembles mackerels; found worldwide Gempylus type genus of the Gempylidae snake mackerel predatory tropical fishes with jutting jaws and strong teeth Lepidocybium a genus of Gempylidae escolar large snake mackerel with rings like spectacles around its eyes oilfish very large deep-water snake mackerel Trichiuridae cutlassfishes cutlassfish long-bodied marine fishes having a long whiplike scaleless body and sharp teeth; closely related to snake mackerel Scombroidea mackerels; tunas; albacores; bonitos; swordfishes; sailfishes scombroid important marine food and game fishes found in all tropical and temperate seas; some are at least partially endothermic and can thrive in colder waters Scombridae marine food fishes: mackerels; chub mackerels; tuna mackerel any of various fishes of the family Scombridae flesh of very important usually small (to 18 in) fatty Atlantic fish Scomber type genus of the Scombridae common mackerel important food fish of the northern Atlantic and Mediterranean; its body is greenish-blue with dark bars and small if any scales Spanish mackerel medium-sized mackerel of temperate Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico any of several large marine food fishes of the genus Scomberomorus flesh of commercially important fishes especially of the Atlantic coastal waters of America chub mackerel small mackerel found nearly worldwide Acanthocybium wahoos wahoo large fast-moving predacious food and game fish; found worldwide deciduous shrub having purple capsules enclosing scarlet seeds Scomberomorus Spanish mackerels king mackerel large mackerel with long pointed snout; important food and game fish of the eastern Atlantic coast southward to Brazil Scomberomorus maculatus a large commercially important mackerel of the Atlantic coastal waters of North America cero large edible mackerel of temperate United States coastal Atlantic waters sierra a Spanish mackerel of western North America a range of mountains (usually with jagged peaks and irregular outline) Thunnus tunas: warm-blooded fishes albacore large pelagic tuna the source of most canned tuna; reaches 93 pounds and has long pectoral fins; found worldwide in tropical and temperate waters relatively small tuna with choice white flesh; major source of canned tuna bluefin largest tuna; to 1500 pounds; of mostly temperate seas: feed in polar regions but breed in tropics flesh of very large tuna yellowfin may reach 400 pounds; worldwide in tropics Sarda bonitos bonito any of various scombroid fishes intermediate in size and characteristics between mackerels and tunas fish whose flesh is dried and flaked for Japanese cookery; may be same species as skipjack tuna flesh of mostly Pacific food fishes of the genus Sarda of the family Scombridae; related to but smaller than tuna skipjack medium-sized tuna-like food fish of warm Atlantic and Pacific waters; less valued than tuna oceanic schooling tuna of considerable value in Pacific but less in Atlantic; reaches 75 pounds; very similar to if not the same as oceanic bonito Chile bonito common bonito of Pacific coast of the Americas; its dark oily flesh cans well Euthynnus a genus of Scombridae Katsuwonus oceanic bonitos; in some classifications placed in its own family Katsuwonidae Katsuwonidae in some classifications considered a separate family comprising the oceanic bonitos Xiphiidae comprising the common swordfishes Xiphias type genus of the Xiphiidae swordfish large toothless marine food fish with a long swordlike upper jaw; not completely cold-blooded i.e. they are able to warm their brains and eyes: worldwide in warm waters but feed on cold ocean floor coming to surface at night flesh of swordfish usually served as steaks Istiophoridae sailfishes; spearfishes; marlins sailfish large pelagic game fish having an elongated upper jaw and long dorsal fin that resembles a sail a saltwater fish with lean flesh Istiophorus type genus of the Istiophoridae Atlantic sailfish a kind of sailfish billfish giant warm-water game fish having a prolonged and rounded toothless upper jaw Makaira marlins marlin large long-jawed oceanic sport fishes; related to sailfishes and spearfishes; not completely cold-blooded i.e. able to warm their brains and eyes blue marlin largest marlin; may reach 2000 pounds; found worldwide in warm seas black marlin large game fish in the Pacific Ocean; may reach 1000 pounds striped marlin Pacific food and game fish marked with dark blue vertical stripes white marlin small marlin (to 180 pounds) of western Atlantic Tetrapturus a genus of Istiophoridae spearfish any of several large vigorous pelagic fishes resembling sailfishes but with first dorsal fin much reduced; worldwide but rare Luvaridae louvars Luvarus type genus of the Luvaridae louvar large silvery fish found worldwide in warm seas but nowhere common; resembles a whale and feeds on plankton Stromateidae butterfishes: harvest fishes; dollar fishes butterfish small marine fish with a short compressed body and feeble spines any of numerous small flat Atlantic food fish having smooth skin Poronotus a genus of Stromateidae dollarfish small food fish of Atlantic coast genus Palometa a genus of Stromateidae palometa smaller than Florida pompano; common in West Indies Paprilus a genus of Stromateidae harvestfish butterfish up to a foot long of Atlantic waters from Chesapeake Bay to Argentina Psenes a genus of Stromateidae driftfish small (6 inches) tropical butterfishes found worldwide larger butterfishes of the western Atlantic from the New York area to the northern Gulf of Mexico Ariomma a genus of Stromateidae Tetragonurus a genus of Stromateidae squaretail sluggish square-tailed fish armored with tough bony scales; of deep warm waters Hyperoglyphe a genus of Stromateidae barrelfish blackish fish of New England waters Gobiesocidae clingfishes Gobiesox type genus of the Gobiesocidae clingfish very small (to 3 inches) flattened marine fish with a sucking disc on the abdomen for clinging to rocks etc. skillet fish clingfish with typical skillet shape Lobotidae tripletails Lobotes type genus of the Lobotidae tripletail large food fish of warm waters worldwide having long anal and dorsal fins that with a caudal fin suggest a three-lobed tail Atlantic tripletail tripletail found from Cape Cod to northern South America Pacific tripletail tripletail found in the Pacific Gerreidae mojarras mojarra small silvery schooling fishes with protrusible mouths found in warm coastal waters Gerres type genus of the Gerreidae yellowfin mojarra popular panfish from Bermuda and Gulf of Mexico to Brazil Eucinostomus a genus of Gerreidae silver jenny silvery mojarra found along sandy shores of the western Atlantic Sillaginidae small family of small food fishes in shallow waters of the Pacific around Indonesia Sillago type genus of the Sillaginidae ganoin shiny substance that resemble enamel and is secreted by the corium of certain fishes (especially ganoid fishes) and composes the outer layer of their scales Ganoidei a group of mostly extinct primitive bony fishes characterized by armor-like bony scales ganoid primitive fishes having thick bony scales with a shiny covering Amiidae only the bowfins Amia type genus of the Amiidae bowfin primitive long-bodied carnivorous freshwater fish with a very long dorsal fin; found in sluggish waters of North America Polyodontidae paddlefishes Polyodon type genus of the Polyodontidae paddlefish primitive fish of the Mississippi valley having a long paddle-shaped snout Psephurus a genus of Polyodontidae Chinese paddlefish fish of larger rivers of China similar to the Mississippi paddlefish Acipenseridae sturgeons sturgeon large primitive fishes valued for their flesh and roe; widely distributed in the North Temperate Zone Acipenser type genus of the Acipenseridae: sturgeons Pacific sturgeon food and game fish of marine and fresh waters of northwestern coast of North America beluga valuable source of caviar and isinglass; found in Black and Caspian seas Lepisosteidae comprises the genus Lepisosteus Lepisosteus type genus of the Lepisosteidae: freshwater gars gar primitive predaceous North American fish covered with hard scales and having long jaws with needlelike teeth Scleroparei scorpionfishes; sculpins; gurnards; greenlings; flying gurnards Scorpaenoidea mail-cheeked fishes: scorpionfishes; gurnards scorpaenoid fishes having the head armored with bony plates Scorpaenidae scorpionfishes; rockfishes; lionfishes scorpaenid any of numerous carnivorous usually bottom-dwelling warm-water marine fishes found worldwide but most abundant in the Pacific Scorpaena type genus of the Scorpaenidae: scorpionfishes scorpionfish marine fishes having a tapering body with an armored head and venomous spines plumed scorpionfish a kind of scorpionfish Pterois lionfishes lionfish brightly striped fish of the tropical Pacific having elongated spiny fins Synanceja stonefishes stonefish venomous tropical marine fish resembling a piece of rock Sebastodes rockfishes rockfish marine food fish found among rocks along the northern coasts of Europe and America the lean flesh of any of various valuable market fish caught among rocks copper rockfish a rockfish of the Pacific coastal waters of North America vermillion rockfish a commercially important fish of the Pacific coast of North America red rockfish a large fish of the Pacific coast of North America red flesh of large food fish of Pacific coast rosefish large fish of northern Atlantic coasts of America and Europe Cottidae sculpins Cottus type genus of the Cottidae: sculpins sculpin any of numerous spiny large-headed usually scaleless scorpaenoid fishes with broad mouths miller's-thumb small freshwater sculpin of Europe and North America Hemitripterus sea ravens sea raven large sculpin of western Atlantic; inflates itself when caught Myxocephalus grubby grubby small sculpin of the coast of New England infested with grubs Cyclopteridae lumpfishes Cyclopterus type genus of the Cyclopteridae: lumpfishes lumpfish clumsy soft thick-bodied northern Atlantic fish with pelvic fins fused into a sucker; edible roe used for caviar lumpsucker any of several very small lumpfishes Liparididae snailfishes Liparis type genus of the Liparididae: snailfishes snailfish small tadpole-shaped cold-water fishes with pelvic fins forming a sucker; related to lumpfish Agonidae poachers poacher small slender fish (to 8 inches) with body covered by bony plates; chiefly of deeper northern Pacific waters a cooking vessel designed to poach food (such as fish or eggs) someone who hunts or fishes illegally on the property of another Agonus type genus of the Agonidae pogge northern Atlantic sea poacher Aspidophoroides alligatorfishes alligatorfish small very elongate sea poachers Hexagrammidae greenlings greenling food fish of the northern Pacific Hexagrammos type genus of the Hexagrammidae kelp greenling common food and sport fish of western coast of North America Oxylebius a genus of Hexagrammidae painted greenling greenling with whitish body marked with black bands Platycephalidae scorpaenoid flatheads Triglidae in some classifications restricted to the gurnards and subdivided into the subfamilies Triglinae (true sea robins) and Peristediinae (armored sea robins) gurnard bottom-dwelling coastal fishes with spiny armored heads and fingerlike pectoral fins used for crawling along the sea bottom Triga type genus of the Triglidae tub gurnard a kind of gurnard sea robin American gurnard; mostly found in bays and estuaries Triglinae in some classifications considered a subfamily of Triglidae comprising searobins having ordinary scales and no barbels (true searobins) Prionotus a genus of Triglidae northern sea robin large searobin; found from Nova Scotia to Florida Peristediinae in some classifications considered a subfamily of Triglidae comprising the armored searobins Peristedion in some classifications the type genus of the subfamily Peristediinae: armored sea robins armored searobin sea robins having bony scutes on the body and barbels on the chin; found mostly on the continental slope Dactylopteridae flying gurnards Dactylopterus a genus of Dactylopteridae flying gurnard tropical fish with huge fanlike pectoral fins for underwater gliding; unrelated to searobins Plectognathi boxfishes; filefishes; globefishes; ocean sunfishes; triggerfishes; puffers plectognath tropical marine fishes having the teeth fused into a beak and thick skin covered with bony plates or spines Balistidae triggerfishes triggerfish any of numerous compressed deep-bodied tropical fishes with sandpapery skin and erectile spines in the first dorsal fin Balistes type genus of the Balistidae queen triggerfish tropical Atlantic fish Monocanthidae filefishes filefish narrow flattened warm-water fishes with leathery skin and a long file-like dorsal spine Monocanthus type genus of the Monocanthidae Ostraciidae boxfishes boxfish any of numerous small tropical fishes having body and head encased in bony plates Lactophrys a genus of Ostraciidae cowfish trunkfish having hornlike spines over the eyes Tetraodontidae puffers puffer any of numerous marine fishes whose elongated spiny body can inflate itself with water or air to form a globe; several species contain a potent nerve poison; closely related to spiny puffers Diodontidae spiny puffers spiny puffer puffers having rigid or erectile spines Diodon type genus of the Diodontidae porcupinefish spines become erect when the body is inflated; worldwide in warm waters balloonfish similar to but smaller than porcupinefish Chilomycterus burrfishes burrfish any of several fishes having rigid flattened spines Molidae ocean sunfishes genus Mola type genus of the Molidae ocean sunfish among the largest bony fish; pelagic fish having an oval compressed body with high dorsal and anal fins and caudal fin reduced to a rudder-like lobe; worldwide in warm waters sharptail mola caudal fin has a central projection Heterosomata flatfishes: halibut; sole; flounder; plaice; turbot; tonguefishes flatfish any of several families of fishes having flattened bodies that swim along the sea floor on one side of the body with both eyes on the upper side sweet lean whitish flesh of any of numerous thin-bodied fish; usually served as thin fillets flounder any of various European and non-European marine flatfish flesh of any of various American and European flatfish behave awkwardly; have difficulties; "She is floundering in college" Pleuronectidae righteye flounders righteye flounder flounders with both eyes on the right side of the head Pleuronectes type genus of the Pleuronectidae plaice large European food fish flesh of large European flatfish Platichthys a genus of Pleuronectidae European flatfish important food fish of Europe Limanda a genus of Pleuronectidae; righteye flounders having a humped nose and small scales; the underside is often brightly colored yellowtail flounder American flounder having a yellowish tail flesh of American flounder having a yellowish tail Pseudopleuronectes a genus of Pleuronectidae winter flounder important American food fish in the winter Microstomus a genus of Pleuronectidae lemon sole European flatfish highly valued as food small European sole highly valued almost pure white flesh flesh of American flounder; important in the winter Hippoglossoides a genus of Pleuronectidae American plaice large American food fish halibut marine food fish of the northern Atlantic or northern Pacific; the largest flatfish and one of the largest teleost fishes lean flesh of very large flatfish of Atlantic or Pacific Hippoglossus halibuts Atlantic halibut largest United States flatfish Pacific halibut a righteye flounder found in the Pacific Bothidae a family of fish of the order Heterosomata lefteye flounder flatfishes with both eyes on the left side of the head Paralichthys a genus of Bothidae southern flounder flounder of southern United States summer flounder flounder of eastern coast of North America Etropus a genus of Bothidae grey flounder flounder found from North Carolina to Florida and the eastern Gulf of Mexico Citharichthys a genus of Bothidae horned whiff a whiff found in waters from the Bahamas and northern Gulf of Mexico to Brazil sand dab small food fishes of the Pacific coast of North America the lean flesh of a small flounder from the Pacific coast of North America Scophthalmus a genus of Bothidae windowpane very thin translucent flounder of the Atlantic coast of North America a pane of glass in a window; "the ball shattered the window" brill European food fish Psetta a genus of Bothidae turbot a large brownish European flatfish flesh of a large European flatfish Cynoglossidae tonguefishes tonguefish left-eyed marine flatfish whose tail tapers to a point; of little commercial value Soleidae soles sole right-eyed flatfish; many are valued as food; most common in warm seas especially European the underside of footwear or a golf club the underside of the foot lean flesh of any of several flatfish put a new sole on; "sole the shoes" Solea type genus of the Soleidae European sole highly valued as food Parophrys a genus of Soleidae English sole popular pale brown food flatfish of the Pacific coast of North America Psettichthys a genus of Soleidae sand sole a common flatfish of the Pacific coast of North America Trinectes a genus of Soleidae hogchoker useless as food; in coastal streams from Maine to Texas and Panama thick skin skin that is very thick (as an elephant or rhinoceros) thorax part of an insect's body that bears the wings and legs the part of the human torso between the neck and the diaphragm or the corresponding part in other vertebrates the middle region of the body of an arthropod between the head and the abdomen prothorax the anterior part of an insect's thorax; bears the first pair of legs metamere one of a series of similar body segments into which some animals are divided longitudinally aba a fabric woven from goat hair and camel hair a loose sleeveless outer garment made from aba cloth; worn by Arabs abacus a calculator that performs arithmetic functions by manually sliding counters on rods or in grooves a tablet placed horizontally on top of the capital of a column as an aid in supporting the architrave abandoned ship a ship abandoned on the high seas A battery the battery used to heat the filaments of a vacuum tube abattis a line of defense consisting of a barrier of felled or live trees with branches (sharpened or with barbed wire entwined) pointed toward the enemy abattoir a building where animals are butchered abaya (Arabic) a loose black robe from head to toe; traditionally worn by Muslim women Abbe condenser a condenser having 2 or 3 lenses with wide aperture for use in microscopes abbey a monastery ruled by an abbot a convent ruled by an abbess a church associated with a monastery or convent Abney level a surveying instrument consisting of a spirit level and a sighting tube; used to measure the angle of inclination of a line from the observer to the target abortifacient a drug (or other chemical agent) that causes abortion causing abortion abortion pill an abortion-inducing drug (trade name RU 486) developed in France; when taken during the first five weeks of pregnancy it blocks the action of progesterone so that the uterus sloughs off the embryo abrader a tool or machine used for wearing down or smoothing or polishing abrading stone a primitive stone artifact (usually made of sandstone) used as an abrader Abstract Expressionism a New York school of painting characterized by freely created abstractions; the first important school of American painting to develop independently of European styles abstractionism an abstract genre of art; artistic content depends on internal form rather than pictorial representation a representation having no reference to concrete objects or specific examples abutment a masonry support that touches and directly receives thrust or pressure of an arch or bridge point of contact between two objects or parts abutment arch an arch supported by an abutment academic costume a costume worn on formal occasions by the faculty or students of a university or college academic gown a gown worn by academics or judges academy a learned establishment for the advancement of knowledge a school for special training a secondary school (usually private) an institution for the advancement of art or science or literature Acapulco gold a particularly potent variety of marijuana accelerator a valve that regulates the supply of fuel to the engine a scientific instrument that increases the kinetic energy of charged particles a pedal that controls the throttle valve; "he stepped on the gas" accelerometer an instrument for measuring the acceleration of aircraft or rockets accessory a supplementary component that improves capability clothing that is worn or carried, but not part of your main clothing someone who helps another person commit a crime furnishing added support; "an ancillary pump"; "an adjuvant discipline to forms of mysticism"; "The mind and emotions are auxiliary to each other" access road a short road giving access to an expressway; "in Britain they call an access road a slip road" accommodating lens implant a lens implant containing a hinge that allows for both near and far vision (thus mimicking the natural lens of a young person) accommodation ladder (nautical) a portable ladder hung over the side of a vessel to give access to small boats alongside accordion a portable box-shaped free-reed instrument; the reeds are made to vibrate by air from the bellows controlled by the player piano accordion an accordion with a right-hand keyboard button accordion an accordion with buttons rather than keys accumulator (computer science) a register that has a built-in adder that adds an input number to the contents of the register acebutolol an oral beta blocker (trade name Sectral) used in treating hypertension ACE inhibitor an antihypertensive drug that blocks the formation of angiotensin II in the kidney, leading to relaxation of the arteries; promotes the excretion of salt and water by inhibiting the activity of the angiotensin converting enzyme; also used to treat congestive heart failure ace of clubs the ace in the club suit ace of diamonds the ace in the diamond suit ace of hearts the ace in the heart suit ace of spades the ace in the spade suit; sometimes taken as a portent of death acetaminophen an analgesic for mild pain but not for inflammation; also used as an antipyretic; (Datril, Tylenol, Panadol, Phenaphen, Tempra, and Anacin III are trademarks of brands of acetaminophen tablets) acetanilide a white crystalline compound used as an analgesic and also as an antipyretic acetate disk a disk coated with cellulose acetate acetate rayon a fabric made from fibers of cellulose acetate acetophenetidin a white crystalline compound used as an analgesic and also as an antipyretic achromatic lens a compound lens system that forms an image free from chromatic aberration acid street name for lysergic acid diethylamide any of various water-soluble compounds having a sour taste and capable of turning litmus red and reacting with a base to form a salt having the characteristics of an acid; "an acid reaction" acorn tube a small vacuum tube; used at high frequencies acoustic a remedy for hearing loss or deafness of or relating to the science of acoustics; "acoustic properties of a hall" acoustic delay line a delay line based on the time of propagation of sound waves acoustic device a device for amplifying or transmitting sound acoustic guitar sound is not amplified by electrical means acoustic modem a modem that converts electrical signals to telephone tones and back again acoustic storage a storage device consisting of acoustic delay lines acropolis the citadel in ancient Greek towns acrylic a synthetic fabric used especially by artists a glassy thermoplastic; can be cast and molded or used in coatings and adhesives Actifed trade name for a drug containing an antihistamine and a decongestant; used to treat upper respiratory conditions and minor allergies actinometer an instrument for measuring the intensity of electromagnetic radiation (usually by the photochemical effect) actinomycin any of various red antibiotics isolated from soil bacteria active matrix screen a type of LCD screen used for some portable computers; there is a separate circuit for each pixel active placebo a placebo used in experimental tests of a drug that has noticeable side effects; "an active placebo mimics the side effects of the experimental drug" actuator a mechanism that puts something into automatic action acyclovir an oral antiviral drug (trade name Zovirax) used to treat genital herpes; does not cure the disease but relieves the symptoms Adam street names for methylenedioxymethamphetamine (Old Testament) in Judeo-Christian mythology; the first man and the husband of Eve and the progenitor of the human race Scottish architect who designed many public buildings in England and Scotland (1728-1792) adapter device that enables something to be used in a way different from that for which it was intended or makes different pieces of apparatus compatible adding machine a calculator that performs simple arithmetic functions additive something added to enhance food or gasoline or paint or medicine characterized or produced by addition; "an additive process" addressing machine a printer that automatically prints addresses on letters for mailing adhesive bandage bandage consisting of a medical dressing of plain absorbent gauze held in place by a plastic or fabric tape coated with adhesive adhesive tape tape coated with adhesive adit a nearly horizontal passage from the surface into a mine adjoining room a hotel room that shares a wall with another hotel room adjustable wrench can be changed to different settings adjuvant an additive that enhances the effectiveness of medical treatment enhancing the action of a medical treatment; "the adjuvant action of certain bacteria" admixture an additional ingredient that is added by mixing with the base; "the growing medium should be equal parts of sand and loam with an admixture of peat moss and cow manure"; "a large intermixture of sand" the state of impairing the quality or reducing the value of something adobe sun-dried brick; used in hot dry climates the clay from which adobe bricks are made adrenergic drug that has the effects of epinephrine relating to epinephrine (its release or action) adumbration a sketchy or imperfect or faint representation adz an edge tool used to cut and shape wood aeolian harp a harp having strings tuned in unison; they sound when wind passes over them aerator an apparatus for exposing something to the air (as sewage) aerial ladder mechanically extendible ladder; used on a fire truck aerial torpedo a torpedo designed to be launched from an airplane aerosol a dispenser that holds a substance under pressure and that can release it as a fine spray (usually by means of a propellant gas) a cloud of solid or liquid particles in a gas Aertex a trademark for a loosely woven cotton fabric that is used to make shirts and underwear afghan a blanket knitted or crocheted in strips or squares; sometimes used as a shawl Afro-wig a wig that gives the appearance of an Afro hairdo afterburner a device that injects fuel into a hot exhaust for extra thrust afterdeck a deck abaft of midships after-shave a fragrant lotion for a man's face after shaving afterthought an addition that was not included in the original plan; "the garage was an afterthought" agal a cord (usually of goat's hair) that Arabs (especially Bedouins) wind around their heads to hold down the kaffiyeh agateware pottery that is veined and mottled to resemble agate agglomerator a device that causes material to gather into rounded balls; "a sonic agglomerator" aglet ornamental tagged cord or braid on the shoulder of a uniform metal or plastic sheath over the end of a shoelace or ribbon agonist (biochemistry) a drug that can combine with a receptor on a cell to produce a physiological reaction a muscle that contracts while another relaxes; "when bending the elbow the biceps are the agonist" someone involved in a contest or battle (as in an agon) agora a place of assembly for the people in ancient Greece the marketplace in ancient Greece 100 agorot equal 1 shekel in Israel aigrette a long plume (especially one of egret feathers) worn on a hat or a piece of jewelry in the shape of a plume aileron an airfoil that controls lateral motion air bag a safety restraint in an automobile; the bag inflates on collision and prevents the driver or passenger from being thrown forward air base a base for military aircraft airbrake a vehicular brake that operates by compressed air; especially for heavy vehicles a small parachute or articulated flap to reduce the speed of an aircraft airbrush an atomizer to spray paint by means of compressed air paint with an airbrush; "The old car looks like new now that we airbrushed it" airbus a subsonic jet airliner operated over short distances air compressor a compressor that takes in air at atmospheric pressure and delivers it at a higher pressure air conditioner a system that keeps air cool and dry an appliance designed to extract humidity from the air and thereby cool it; "we rarely turn on the air-conditioner" aircraft a vehicle that can fly aircraft carrier a large warship that carries planes and has a long flat deck for takeoffs and landings aircraft engine the engine that powers and aircraft air cushion a cushion usually made of rubber or plastic that can be inflated a mechanical device using confined air to absorb the shock of motion the trapped air that supports a hovercraft a short distance above the water or ground airdock a large structure at an airport where aircraft can be stored and maintained airfield a place where planes take off and land air filter a filter that removes dust from the air that passes through it airfoil a device that provides reactive force when in motion relative to the surrounding air; can lift or control a plane in flight Air Force Research Laboratory a United States Air Force defense laboratory responsible for discovering and developing and integrating fighting technologies for aerospace forces airframe the framework and covering of an airplane or rocket (excluding the engines) air gun a gun that propels a projectile by compressed air air hammer a hammer driven by compressed air air hole a hole that allows the passage of air air horn air intake of a carburetor a pneumatic horn airing cupboard a warm cupboard where you put newly washed clothes until they are completely dry air-intake a duct that admits air to be mixed with fuel airline a commercial enterprise that provides scheduled flights for passengers a hose that carries air under pressure airliner a commercial airplane that carries passengers airlock a chamber that provides access to space where air is under pressure airmailer a mailer for airmail air mattress a mattress that can be stored flat and inflated for use air passage a duct that provides ventilation (as in mines) airplane an aircraft that has a fixed wing and is powered by propellers or jets; "the flight was delayed due to trouble with the airplane" airplane propeller a propeller that rotates to push against air airport an airfield equipped with control tower and hangars as well as accommodations for passengers and cargo air pump a pump that moves air in or out of something air search radar a shipboard radar that searches for aircraft air shaft a shaft for ventilation airship a steerable self-propelled aircraft airstrip an airfield without normal airport facilities air terminal a terminal that serves air travelers or air freight air-to-air missile a missile designed to be launched from one airplane at another air-to-ground missile a missile designed to be launched from an airplane at a target on the ground air transportation system a transportation system for moving passengers or goods by air aisle passageway between seating areas as in an auditorium or passenger vehicle or between areas of shelves of goods as in stores part of a church divided laterally from the nave proper by rows of pillars or columns a long narrow passage (as in a cave or woods) Aladdin's lamp (Arabian Nights) a magical lamp from which Aladdin summoned a genie alarm a device that signals the occurrence of some undesirable event an automatic signal (usually a sound) warning of danger fear resulting from the awareness of danger warn or arouse to a sense of danger or call to a state of preparedness; "The empty house alarmed him"; "We alerted the new neighbors to the high rate of burglaries" alarm clock a clock that wakes a sleeper at some preset time Alaskan pipeline an oil pipeline that runs 800 miles from wells at Prudhoe Bay to the port of Valdez alb a white linen liturgical vestment with sleeves; worn by priests album a book of blank pages with pockets or envelopes; for organizing photographs or stamp collections etc one or more recordings issued together; originally released on 12-inch phonograph records (usually with attractive record covers) and later on cassette audiotape and compact disc albuterol a bronchodilator (trade names Ventolin or Proventil) used for asthma and emphysema and other lung conditions; available in oral or inhalant forms; side effects are tachycardia and shakiness alcazar any of various Spanish fortresses or palaces built by the Moors alcohol thermometer thermometer consisting of a glass capillary tube marked with degrees Celsius or Fahrenheit and containing alcohol which rises or falls as it expands or contracts with changes in temperature alcove a small recess opening off a larger room alehouse a tavern where ale is sold alembic an obsolete kind of container used for distillation; two retorts connected by a tube alendronate a tablet (trade name Fosamax) prescribed to prevent or treat osteoporosis in women after menopause algometer device for measuring pain caused by pressure Alhambra a fortified Moorish palace built near Granada by Muslim kings in the Middle Ages alidade surveying instrument used with a plane table for drawing lines of sight on a distant object and for measuring angles surveying instrument consisting of the upper movable part of a theodolite including the telescope and its attachments A-line women's clothing that has a fitted top and a flared skirt that is widest at the hemline; "it is called the A-line because the effect resembles the capital letter A" alkylating agent an antineoplastic drug used to treat some forms of cancer Allen screw a screw with a hexagonal hole in the head Allen wrench a wrench for Allen screws alley a narrow street with walls on both sides alligator wrench a wrench with a v-shaped jaw and serrations on one side (resembles the open jaws of an alligator) allopurinol a drug (trade name Zyloprim) used to treat gout and other conditions in which there is an excessive buildup of uric acid alms dish a tray for collecting the offering from a congregation aloes a purgative made from the leaves of aloe alpenstock a stout staff with a metal point; used by mountain climbers alpha blocker any of various drugs that block alpha-adrenergic receptors; used in treating benign prostatic hyperplasia; relaxes the muscles of the prostate and bladder alpha-interferon a form of interferon that is produced endogenously and commercially for its pharmacological effects (including regulation of the immune system and antiviral and antineoplastic effects) alprazolam an antianxiety agent (trade name Xanax) of the benzodiazepine class altar a raised structure on which gifts or sacrifices to a god are made the table in Christian churches where communion is given altarpiece a painted or carved screen placed above and behind an altar or communion table altazimuth an instrument that measures the altitude and azimuth of celestial bodies; used in navigation alternator an old term for an electric generator that produces alternating current (especially in automobiles) altimeter an instrument that measures the height above ground; used in navigation alto relievo a sculptural relief in which forms extend out from the background to at least half their depth alum a double sulphate of aluminum and potassium that is used as an astringent (among other things) a white crystalline double sulfate of aluminum: the potassium double sulfate of aluminum a white crystalline double sulfate of aluminum: the ammonium double sulfate of aluminum aluminum foil foil made of aluminum Amati a violin made by Nicolo Amati or a member of his family Italian violin maker in Cremona; taught the craft to Guarneri and Stradivari (1596-1684) ambulance a vehicle that takes people to and from hospitals ambulatory a covered walkway (as in a cloister); "it has an ambulatory and seven chapels" relating to or adapted for walking; "an ambulatory corridor" amen corner area reserved for persons leading the responsive `amens' Americana any artifact (such as books or furniture or art) that is distinctive of America American flag the national flag of the United States of America American organ a free-reed instrument in which air is drawn in through reeds by suction bellows American Stock Exchange a stock exchange in New York aminophylline a theophylline derivative that is used as a bronchodilator in the treatment of bronchial asthma, emphysema, and bronchitis aminopyrine a white crystalline substance used as an analgesic and antipyretic amiodarone an antiarrhythmic drug (trade name Cordarone) that has potentially fatal side effects and is used to control serious heart rhythm problems only when safer agents have been ineffective amitriptyline a tricyclic antidepressant drug (trade name Elavil) with serious side effects; interacts with many other medications amlodipine besylate a vasodilator (trade name Norvasc) taken in tablet form; prescribed for hypertension and angina pectoris ammeter a meter that measures the flow of electrical current in amperes ammonia clock an atomic clock based on vibrational frequency of the nitrogen atom in the ammonia molecule ammunition projectiles to be fired from a gun information that can be used to attack or defend a claim or argument or viewpoint; "his admission provided ammunition for his critics" any nuclear or chemical or biological material that can be used as a weapon of mass destruction amobarbital a barbiturate with sedative and hypnotic effects; used to relieve insomnia and as an anticonvulsant amobarbital sodium the sodium salt of amobarbital that is used as a barbiturate; used as a sedative and a hypnotic amoxicillin an antibiotic; a semisynthetic oral penicillin (trade names Amoxil and Larotid and Polymox and Trimox and Augmentin) used to treat bacterial infections amphetamine a central nervous system stimulant that increases energy and decreases appetite; used to treat narcolepsy and some forms of depression amphetamine sulfate a sulfate derivative of amphetamine that is used as a stimulant for the central nervous system amphitheater an oval large stadium with tiers of seats; an arena in which contests and spectacles are held a sloping gallery with seats for spectators (as in an operating room or theater) amphora an ancient jar with two handles and a narrow neck; used to hold oil or wine amphotericin an antibiotic and antifungal agent ampicillin semisynthetic penicillin (trade names Principen and Polycillin and SK-Ampicillin) amplifier electronic equipment that increases strength of signals passing through it ampulla a flask that has two handles; used by Romans for wines or oils the dilated portion of a canal or duct especially of the semicircular canals of the ear amrinone a drug (trade name Inocor) used intravenously in heart failure; increases strength of contraction of myocardium amulet a trinket or piece of jewelry usually hung about the neck and thought to be a magical protection against evil or disease amusement arcade an arcade featuring coin-operated game machines amyl nitrate a vasodilator that is sometimes used to treat angina pectoris anachronism an artifact that belongs to another time a person who seems to be displaced in time; who belongs to another age something located at a time when it could not have existed or occurred anaglyph anything carved in low relief moving or still pictures in contrasting colors that appear three-dimensional when superimposed analeptic a medication used as a stimulant to the central nervous system stimulating the central nervous system; "an analeptic drug stimulates the central nervous system" analgesic a medicine used to relieve pain capable of relieving pain; "the anodyne properties of certain drugs"; "an analgesic effect" analog clock a clock that displays the time of day by the position of hands on a dial analog computer a computer that represents information by variable quantities (e.g., positions or voltages) analog watch a watch that represents time by the position of hands on a dial analytical balance a beam balance of great precision used in quantitative chemical analysis analyzer an instrument that performs analyses anamorphosis a distorted projection or perspective; especially an image distorted in such a way that it becomes visible only when viewed in a special manner the evolution of one type of organism from another by a long series of gradual changes anastigmat compound lens or lens system designed to be free of astigmatism and able to form approximately point images anastigmatic lens a lens designed to correct astigmatism anchor a mechanical device that prevents a vessel from moving a central cohesive source of support and stability; "faith is his anchor"; "the keystone of campaign reform was the ban on soft money"; "he is the linchpin of this firm" a television reporter who coordinates a broadcast to which several correspondents contribute secure a vessel with an anchor; "We anchored at Baltimore" fix firmly and stably; "anchor the lamppost in concrete" anchor chain the chain or rope that attaches an anchor to a vessel anchor light a light in the rigging of a ship that is riding at anchor AND circuit a circuit in a computer that fires only when all of its inputs fire andiron metal supports for logs in a fireplace; "the andirons were too hot to touch" android an automaton that resembles a human being anechoic chamber a chamber having very little reverberation anemometer a gauge for recording the speed and direction of wind aneroid barometer a barometer that measures pressure without using fluids anesthetic a drug that causes temporary loss of bodily sensations anesthyl a mixture of methyl and ethyl chloride; sprayed on as a local anesthetic angiocardiogram a series of X rays representing the action of the heart and its blood vessels after the injection of a radiopaque substance angiogenesis inhibitor a drug that is designed to prevent the growth of blood vessels that nourish tumors angiogram an X-ray representation of blood vessels made after the injection of a radiopaque substance; "angiograms are produced by angiography" angioscope a modified microscope used to study capillary vessels angiotensin any of several vasoconstrictor substances (trade name Hypertensin) that cause narrowing of blood vessels angiotensin I a physiologically inactive form of angiotensin that is the precursor to angiotensin II angiotensin II a potent vasopressor agent formed from angiotensin I angiotensin II inhibitor an agent that retards or restrains the action of angiotensin II angle bracket an L-shaped metal bracket angledozer a bulldozer with an angled moldboard to push earth to one side Angostura Bridge a suspension bridge across the Orinoco River at Ciudad Bolivar animalization a depiction in the form of an animal ankle brace a brace worn to strengthen the ankle anklet an ornament worn around the ankle a sock that reaches just above the ankle a shoe for a child or woman that has a strap around the ankle ankus an elephant goad with a sharp spike and a hook annex an addition that extends a main building attach to take (territory) as if by conquest; "Hitler annexed Lithuania" annulet molding in the form of a ring; at top of a column (heraldry) a charge in the shape of a small ring roundel (heraldry) a charge in the shape of a filled circle; "a hollow roundel" round piece of armor plate that protects the armpit English form of rondeau having three triplets with a refrain after the first and third annunciator an indicator that announces which electrical circuit has been active (as on a telephone switchboard) anode a positively charged electrode by which electrons leave an electrical device the negatively charged terminal of a voltaic cell or storage battery that supplies current answering machine an electronic device that answers the telephone and records messages antagonist a drug that neutralizes or counteracts the effects of another drug a muscle that relaxes while another contracts; "when bending the elbow the triceps are the antagonist" antefix carved ornament at the eaves of a tile roof concealing the joints between tiles anteroom a large entrance or reception room or area antiaircraft artillery designed to shoot upward at airplanes designed for defense from a surface position against air attack antiarrhythmic a drug used to treat an abnormal heart rhythm antibacterial any drug that destroys bacteria or inhibits their growth destroying bacteria or inhibiting their growth antiballistic missile a defensive missile designed to shoot down incoming intercontinental ballistic missiles; "the Strategic Arms Limitation Talks placed limits on the deployment of ABMs" antibiotic a chemical substance derivable from a mold or bacterium that can kill microorganisms and cure bacterial infections; "when antibiotics were first discovered they were called wonder drugs" of or relating to antibiotic drugs anticholinergic a substance that opposes or blocks the action of acetylcholine inhibiting or blocking the action of acetylcholine at a receptor site; "anticholinergic drugs" anticholinesterase a medicine that inhibits cholinesterase by combining with it and so has a cholinergic effect anticoagulant medicine that prevents or retards the clotting of blood anticonvulsant a drug used to treat or prevent convulsions (as in epilepsy) antidepressant any of a class of drugs used to treat depression; often have undesirable side effects antidiabetic a drug used to treat diabetes mellitus antidiarrheal a drug used to control or stop diarrhea antidiuretic a drug that limits the formation of urine antidote a remedy that stops or controls the effects of a poison antiemetic a drug that prevents or alleviates nausea and vomiting antiflatulent any agent that reduces intestinal gas antifouling paint a paint used to protect against the accumulation of barnacles etc. on underwater surfaces antifungal any agent that destroys or prevents the growth of fungi anti-G suit pressure suit worn by fliers and astronauts to counteract the forces of gravity and acceleration antihistamine a medicine used to treat allergies and hypersensitive reactions and colds; works by counteracting the effects of histamine on a receptor site antihypertensive a drug that reduces high blood pressure anti-inflammatory a medicine intended to reduce inflammation antimacassar a piece of ornamented cloth that protects the back of a chair from hair oils antimalarial a medicinal drug used to prevent or treat malaria antimetabolite an antineoplastic drug that inhibits the utilization of a metabolite antimycin a crystalline antibiotic active against various fungi antineoplastic any of several drugs that control or kill neoplastic cells; used in chemotherapy to kill cancer cells; all have unpleasant side effects that may include nausea and vomiting and hair loss and suppression of bone marrow function antineoplastic antibiotic an antibiotic drug used as an antineoplastic in chemotherapy antiperspirant an astringent substance applied to the skin to reduce perspiration antiprotozoal a medicinal drug used to fight diseases (like malaria) that are caused by protozoa antipruritic a substance that relieves or prevents itching antipyretic any medicine that lowers body temperature to prevent or alleviate fever preventing or alleviating fever antique any piece of furniture or decorative object or the like produced in a former period and valuable because of its beauty or rarity give an antique appearance to; "antique furniture" shop for antiques; "We went antiquing on Saturday" out of fashion; "a suit of rather antique appearance"; "demode (or outmoded) attire"; "outmoded ideas" made in or typical of earlier times and valued for its age; "the beautiful antique French furniture" antiquity an artifact surviving from the past the historic period preceding the Middle Ages in Europe antiseptic a substance that destroys micro-organisms that carry disease without harming body tissues devoid of objectionable language; "lyrics as antiseptic as Sunday School" clean and honest; "antiseptic financial practices" thoroughly clean and free of or destructive to disease-causing organisms; "doctors in antiseptic green coats"; "the antiseptic effect of alcohol"; "it is said that marjoram has antiseptic qualities" freeing from error or corruption; "the antiseptic effect of sturdy criticism" antispasmodic a drug used to relieve or prevent spasms (especially of the smooth muscles) anti-submarine rocket a shipboard system to fire rockets at submarines antisyphilitic a drug (or other chemical agent) that is effective against syphilis anti-TNF compound a class of drugs that block the action of tumor necrosis factor (TNF); used in cases of rheumatoid arthritis because TNF instigates inflammation of the joints antitussive any medicine used to suppress or relieve coughing antiviral any drug that destroys viruses inhibiting or stopping the growth and reproduction of viruses Antonine Wall a fortification 37 miles long across the narrowest part of southern Scotland (between the Firth of Forth and the Firth of Clyde); built in 140 to mark the frontier of the Roman province of Britain anvil a heavy block of iron or steel on which hot metals are shaped by hammering ao dai the traditional dress of Vietnamese women consisting of a tunic with long sleeves and panels front and back; the tunic is worn over trousers apadana the great hall in ancient Persian palaces apartment a suite of rooms usually on one floor of an apartment house apartment building a building that is divided into apartments APC a drug combination found in some over-the-counter headache remedies (aspirin and phenacetin and caffeine) aperture an man-made opening; usually small a device that controls amount of light admitted a natural opening in something aphrodisiac a drug or other agent that stimulates sexual desire stimulating sexual desire apiary a shed containing a number of beehives apishamore a saddle blanket made of buffalo hide apomorphine a morphine derivative that is not as strong as morphine; used as an emetic and in small doses as a sedative apparatus equipment designed to serve a specific function (anatomy) a group of body parts that work together to perform a given function; "the breathing apparatus" apparel clothing in general; "she was refined in her choice of apparel"; "he always bought his clothes at the same store"; "fastidious about his dress" appendage a part that is joined to something larger appendicle a small appendage Appian Way an ancient Roman road in Italy extending south from Rome to Brindisi; begun in 312 BC applecart a handcart from which apples and other fruit are sold in the street the planning that is disrupted when someone `upsets the applecart' apple of discord (classical mythology) a golden apple thrown into a banquet of the gods by Eris (goddess of discord--who had not been invited); the apple had `for the fairest' written on it and Hera and Athena and Aphrodite all claimed it; when Paris (prince of Troy) awarded it to Aphrodite it began a chain of events that led to the Trojan War apple orchard a grove of apple trees appliance durable goods for home or office use a device or control that is very useful for a particular job applicator a device for applying a substance applique a decorative design made of one material sewn over another sew on as a decoration approach trench a trench that provides protected passage between the rear and front lines of a defensive position apron a garment of cloth or leather or plastic that is tied about the waist and worn to protect your clothing a paved surface where aircraft stand while not being used (golf) the part of the fairway leading onto the green apron string (usually used in the plural) a cord used to tie an apron at the waist apse a domed or vaulted recess or projection on a building especially the east end of a church; usually contains the altar aqualung a device (trade name Aqua-Lung) that lets divers breathe under water; scuba is an acronym for self-contained underwater breathing apparatus aquaplane a board that is pulled by a speedboat as a person stands on it and skims over the top of the water ride on an aquaplane rise up onto a thin film of water between the tires and road so that there is no more contact with the road; "the car aquaplaned" aquarium a tank or pool or bowl filled with water for keeping live fish and underwater animals aqueduct a conduit that resembles a bridge but carries water over a valley arabesque an ornament that interlaces simulated foliage in an intricate design position in which the dancer has one leg raised behind and arms outstretched in a conventional pose araroba a bitter yellow powder used to treat skin diseases arbor a framework that supports climbing plants; "the arbor provided a shady resting place in the park" tree (as opposed to shrub) arboretum a facility where trees and shrubs are cultivated for exhibition arcade a structure composed of a series of arches supported by columns a covered passageway with shops and stalls on either side arch (architecture) a masonry construction (usually curved) for spanning an opening and supporting the weight above it a passageway under a curved masonry construction; "they built a triumphal arch to memorialize their victory" a curved bony structure supporting or enclosing organs (especially the inner sides of the feet) a curved shape in the vertical plane that spans an opening form an arch or curve; "her back arches"; "her hips curve nicely" naughtily or annoyingly playful; "teasing and worrying with impish laughter"; "a wicked prank" (used of behavior or attitude) characteristic of those who treat others with condescension architectural ornament (architecture) something added to a building to improve its appearance architrave the lowest part of an entablature; rests immediately on the capitals of the columns the molding around a door or window archive a depository containing historical records and documents put into an archive arch support a support for the arch of the foot arc lamp a lamp that produces light when electric current flows across the gap between two electrodes arctic a waterproof overshoe that protects shoes from water or snow extremely cold; "an arctic climate"; "a frigid day"; "gelid waters of the North Atlantic"; "glacial winds"; "icy hands"; "polar weather" area a part of a structure having some specific characteristic or function; "the spacious cooking area provided plenty of room for servants" the extent of a 2-dimensional surface enclosed within a boundary; "the area of a rectangle"; "it was about 500 square feet in area" a part of an animal that has a special function or is supplied by a given artery or nerve; "in the abdominal region" a subject of study; "it was his area of specialization"; "areas of interest include..." a particular geographical region of indefinite boundary (usually serving some special purpose or distinguished by its people or culture or geography); "it was a mountainous area"; "Bible country" areaway a passageway between buildings or giving access to a basement arena a playing field where sports events take place the central area of an ancient Roman amphitheater where contests and spectacles were held; especially an area that was strewn with sand arena theater a theater arranged with seats around at least three sides of the stage argyle a sock knitted or woven with an argyle design (usually used in the plural) a design consisting of a pattern of varicolored diamonds on a solid background (originally for knitted articles); patterned after the tartan of a clan in western Scotland argyll a covered gravy holder of silver or other metal containing a detachable central vessel for hot water to keep the gravy warm ark a boat built by Noah to save his family and animals from the flood Ark (Judaism) sacred chest where the ancient Hebrews kept the two tablets containing the Ten Commandments arm the part of an armchair or sofa that supports the elbow and forearm of a seated person any projection that is thought to resemble a human arm; "the arm of the record player"; "an arm of the sea"; "a branch of the sewer" a human limb; technically the part of the superior limb between the shoulder and the elbow but commonly used to refer to the whole superior limb prepare oneself for a military confrontation; "The U.S. is girding for a conflict in the Middle East"; "troops are building up on the Iraqi border" supply with arms; "The U.S. armed the freedom fighters in Afghanistan" armament weaponry used by military or naval force armature coil in which voltage is induced by motion through a magnetic field armband a band worn around the upper arm worn around arm as identification or to indicate mourning armchair chair with a support on each side for arms armet a medieval helmet with a visor and a neck guard arm guard a pad worn by football players and hockey goalkeepers armhole a hole through which you put your arm and where a sleeve can be attached armilla (archeology) a bracelet worn around the wrist or arm armillary sphere a celestial globe consisting of metal hoops; used by early astronomers to determine the positions of stars armlet a band worn around the arm for decoration armoire a large wardrobe or cabinet; originally used for storing weapons armored car a military combat vehicle on wheels with light armor (and usually a machine gun) an armor-plated truck with strong doors and locks used to transport money or valuables; "the paintings were delivered to the museum in an air-conditioned armored car" armored personnel carrier (military) an armored vehicle (usually equipped with caterpillar treads) that is used to transport infantry armored vehicle a vehicle that is protected by armor plate armor plate specially hardened steel plate used to protect fortifications or vehicles from enemy fire armory a place where arms are manufactured a collection of resources; "he dipped into his intellectual armory to find an answer" armrest a support for the arm army base a large base of operations for an army Army High Performance Computing Research Center a United States defense laboratory to conduct research in high-performance computing for defense technology applications; a partnership of government and university and industry arnica an ointment used in treating bruises any of various rhizomatous usually perennial plants of the genus Arnica used especially in treating bruises arquebus an obsolete firearm with a long barrel array an arrangement of aerials spaced to give desired directional characteristics especially fine or decorative clothing an impressive display; "it was a bewildering array of books"; "his tools were in an orderly array on the basement wall" an orderly arrangement; "an array of troops in battle order" arrester a restraint that slows airplanes as they land on the flight deck of an aircraft carrier arrival gate gate where passengers disembark arrow a projectile with a straight thin shaft and an arrowhead on one end and stabilizing vanes on the other; intended to be shot from a bow a mark to indicate a direction or relation arrowhead the pointed head or striking tip of an arrow arsenal a military structure where arms and ammunition and other military equipment are stored and training is given in the use of arms all the weapons and equipment that a country has Artemision at Ephesus the large temple of the Greek goddess Artemis which was begun at Ephesus in 541 BC and completed 220 years later; the temple was destroyed by the Goths in 262 arterial road a major or main route arteriogram an X ray of an artery filled with a contrast medium artery a major thoroughfare that bears important traffic a blood vessel that carries blood from the heart to the body artesian well a well drilled through impermeable strata into strata that receive water from a higher altitude so there is pressure to force the water to flow upward arthrogram an X ray of a joint after the injection of a contrast medium arthroscope a type of endoscope that is inserted into a joint for visual examination article of commerce an article that is offered for sale articulated ladder a ladder consisting of segments (usually four) that are held together by joints that can lock in place artificial flower a handmade imitation of a blossom artificial heart a pump that replaces the natural heart artificial horizon a navigational instrument based on a gyroscope; it artificially provides a simulated horizon for the pilot artificial joint a metal or plastic part that is surgically implanted to replace a natural joint (possibly elbow or wrist but usually hip or knee) artificial kidney a machine that uses dialysis to remove impurities and waste products from the bloodstream before returning the blood to the patient's body artificial skin a synthetic covering with two layers used experimentally to treat burn victims artillery large but transportable armament an army unit that uses big guns artillery shell a shell fired by artillery artist's loft a factory loft that has been converted into an artist's workroom and living area artist's workroom a studio especially for an artist or designer art school a school specializing in art ascot a cravat with wide square ends; secured with an ornamental pin ashcan a bin that holds rubbish until it is collected Ash Can early 20th-century United States painting; portrays realistic and sordid scenes of city life ashlar a rectangular block of hewn stone used for building purposes ash-pan a receptacle fitted beneath the grate in which ashes collect and are removed ashtray a receptacle for the ash from smokers' cigars or cigarettes asparaginase antineoplastic drug (trade name Elspar) sometimes used to treat lymphoblastic leukemia asparagus bed a bed in which asparagus is growing aspergill a short-handled device with a globe containing a sponge; used for sprinkling holy water aspersorium the basin or other vessel that holds holy water in Roman Catholic Churches aspirator a pump that draws air or another gas through a liquid aspirin the acetylated derivative of salicylic acid; used as an analgesic anti-inflammatory drug (trade names Bayer, Empirin, and St. Joseph) usually taken in tablet form; used as an antipyretic; slows clotting of the blood by poisoning platelets aspirin powder a powdered form of aspirin assault gun an armored vehicle with the chassis of a tank (but no turret) and a large gun; used as an antitank weapon and to support infantry assault rifle any of the automatic rifles or semiautomatic rifles with large magazines designed for military use assegai the slender spear of the Bantu-speaking people of Africa assembly hall a hall where many people can congregate assembly plant a factory where manufactured parts are assembled into a finished product astatic coils an arrangement of coils used in sensitive electrical instruments; the coils are arranged to give zero resultant external magnetic field when a current passes through them and to have zero electromotive force induced in them by an external magnetic field astatic galvanometer has a moving magnet and astatic coils arranged to cancel the effect of the Earth's magnetic field astringent a drug that causes contraction of body tissues and canals tending to draw together or constrict soft organic tissue; "astringent cosmetic lotions" astrodome a transparent dome on top of an airplane where the navigator can make celestial observations astrolabe an early form of sextant astronomical telescope any telescope designed to collect and record electromagnetic radiation from cosmic sources astronomy satellite a satellite equipped with a telescope to observe infrared radiation Aswan High Dam one of the world's largest dams on the Nile River in southern Egypt atenolol an oral beta blocker (trade name Tenormin) used in treating hypertension and angina; has adverse side effects (depression and exacerbation of congestive heart failure etc.) athanor a furnace that feeds itself so as to maintain a uniform temperature; used by alchemists athenaeum a place where reading materials are available a literary or scientific association for the promotion of learning athletic facility a facility for athletic events athletic sock a sock worn for athletic events athletic supporter a support for the genitals worn by men engaging in strenuous exercise atlas a figure of a man used as a supporting column the 1st cervical vertebra a collection of maps in book form atmometer an instrument that measures rate of evaporation of water atom bomb a nuclear weapon in which enormous energy is released by nuclear fission (splitting the nuclei of a heavy element like uranium 235 or plutonium 239) atomic clock a timepiece that derives its time scale from the vibration of atoms or molecules atomic cocktail an oral dose of radioactive substance used in treatment and diagnosis of cancer atomic pile a nuclear reactor that uses controlled nuclear fission to generate energy atomic warhead the warhead of a missile designed to deliver an atom bomb atomizer a dispenser that turns a liquid (such as perfume) into a fine mist atorvastatin an oral drug (trade name Lipitor) that is effective in lowering triglycerides; potent in reducing LDL cholesterol because higher doses can be given atrium the central area in a building; open to the sky any chamber that is connected to other chambers or passageways (especially one of the two upper chambers of the heart) atropine a poisonous crystalline alkaloid extracted from the nightshade family; used as an antispasmodic and to dilate the eye pupil; also administered in large amounts as an antidote for organophosphate nerve agents or organophosphate insecticides attache case a shallow and rectangular briefcase attack submarine a military submarine designed and armed to attack enemy shipping attenuator an electrical device for attenuating the strength of an electrical signal attic (architecture) a low wall at the top of the entablature; hides the roof informal terms for a human head attic fan a fan that blows heated air out of the attic of a building attire clothing of a distinctive style or for a particular occasion; "formal attire"; "battle dress" auction block a platform from which an auctioneer sells; "they put their paintings on the block" audio the sound elements of television an audible acoustic wave frequency the audible part of a transmitted signal; "they always raise the audio for commercials" audio amplifier an amplifier that increases the amplitude of reproduced sound audiocassette a cassette for audiotape audio CD compact discs used to reproduce sound (voice and music) audiogram a graphical representation of a person's auditory sensitivity to sound audiometer an instrument used to measure the sensitivity of hearing audio system a system of electronic equipment for recording or reproducing sound audiotape magnetic tape for use in recording sound a tape recording of sound audiovisual materials using sight or sound to present information; "language tapes and videocassettes and other audiovisuals" involving both hearing and seeing (usually relating to teaching aids); "the school's audiovisual department" auditorium the area of a theater or concert hall where the audience sits Augean stables (Greek mythology) the extremely dirty stables that were finally cleaned by Hercules who diverted two rivers through them auger hand tool for boring holes Auschwitz a Nazi concentration camp for Jews in southwestern Poland during World War II auto accessory an accessory for an automobile autobahn an expressway in a German-speaking country autoclave a device for heating substances above their boiling point; used to manufacture chemicals or to sterilize surgical instruments subject to the action of an autoclave autofocus an optical device for focussing a camera or other instrument automatically autogiro an aircraft that is supported in flight by unpowered rotating horizontal wings (or blades); forward propulsion is provided by a conventional propeller autograph album an album for autographs autoinjector a hypodermic syringe to use in injecting yourself with a liquid; "United States troops now carry atropine and autoinjectors in their first-aid kits to use in case of organophosphate nerve agent poisoning" autoloader a firearm that reloads itself automat a cafeteria where food is served from machines a vending machine from which you can get food automatic choke a choke that automatically controls the flow of air to the carburetor automatic firearm a firearm that reloads itself and keeps firing until the trigger is released automatic pistol a pistol that will keep firing until the ammunition is gone or the trigger is released automatic rifle light machine gun automatic transmission a transmission that automatically changes the gears according to the speed of the car automaton a mechanism that can move automatically someone who acts or responds in a mechanical or apathetic way; "only an automaton wouldn't have noticed" automobile engine the engine that propels an automobile automobile factory a factory where automobiles are manufactured automobile horn a device on an automobile for making a warning noise auto part a component of an automobile; "his business is auto parts" autopilot a navigational device that automatically keeps ships or planes or spacecraft on a steady course autoradiograph a radiogram produced by radiation emitted by the specimen being photographed autostrada an expressway in an Italian-speaking country auxiliary airfield an airfield that functions in a subsidiary capacity auxiliary boiler (nautical) an extra boiler (as a ship's boiler that is used while the ship is in port) auxiliary engine (nautical) a small engine (as one used on board ships to operate a windlass) auxiliary pump a supplementary pump available if needed auxiliary research submarine a submarine for research purposes auxiliary storage a data storage device that is not the main memory of a computer aviary a building where birds are kept awl a pointed tool for marking surfaces or for punching small holes awning a canopy made of canvas to shelter people or things from rain or sun ax an edge tool with a heavy bladed head mounted across a handle terminate; "The NSF axed the research program and stopped funding it" ax handle the handle of an ax ax head the cutting head of an ax axis the center around which something rotates the 2nd cervical vertebra; serves as a pivot for turning the head a straight line through a body or figure that satisfies certain conditions the main stem or central part about which plant organs or plant parts such as branches are arranged axle a shaft on which a wheel rotates axle bar an iron bar that serves as an axletree axletree a dead axle on a carriage or wagon that has terminal spindles on which the wheels revolve azathioprine an immunosuppressive drug (trade name Imuran) used to prevent rejection of a transplanted organ zidovudine an antiviral drug (trade name Retrovir) used in the treatment of AIDS; adverse side effects include liver damage and suppression of the bone marrow azithromycin a systemic antibacterial medicine (trade name Zithromax) that is prescribed to treat bacterial infections in many different parts of the body aztreonam an antibiotic (trade name Azactam) used against severe infections; has minimal side effects B-52 United States military aircraft; B- stands for bomber babushka a woman's headscarf folded into a triangle and tied under the chin; worn by Russian peasant women baby bed a small bed for babies; enclosed by sides to prevent the baby from falling baby buggy a small vehicle with four wheels in which a baby or child is pushed around baby grand a small grand piano baby oil an ointment for babies baby powder powder used to prevent a baby's diaper from chafing baby shoe a shoe designed to be worn by infants bacitracin a polypeptide antibiotic of known chemical structure effective against several types of Gram-positive organisms; usually applied locally backband a broad band that passes over the back of a horse and supports the shafts of a vehicle backbench any of the seats occupied by backbenchers in the House of Commons backboard a board used to support the back of someone or something a raised vertical board with basket attached; used to play basketball; "he banked the shot off the backboard" backbone the part of a network that connects other networks together; "the backbone is the part of a communication network that carries the heaviest traffic" fortitude and determination; "he didn't have the guts to try it" back brace a brace worn to support the back backdrop scenery hung at back of stage backgammon board the board on which backgammon is played background (computer science) the area of the screen in graphical user interfaces against which icons and windows appear a person's social heritage: previous experience or training; "he is a lawyer with a sports background" information that is essential to understanding a situation or problem; "the embassy filled him in on the background of the incident" the part of a scene (or picture) that lies behind objects in the foreground; "he posed her against a background of rolling hills" relatively unimportant or inconspicuous accompanying situation; "when the rain came he could hear the sound of thunder in the background" extraneous signals that can be confused with the phenomenon to be observed or measured; "they got a bad connection and could hardly hear one another over the background signals" understate the importance or quality of; "he played down his royal ancestry" backhoe an excavator whose shovel bucket is attached to a hinged boom and is drawn backward to move earth backlighting lighting from behind backpack a bag carried by a strap on your back or shoulder hike with a backpack; "Every summer they are backpacking in the Rockies" backpacking tent a tent that can be carried in a backpack backplate plate armor protecting the back; worn as part of a cuirass back porch a porch for the back door back room a room located in the rear of an establishment; usually accessible only to privileged groups backroom the meeting place of a group of leaders who make their decisions via private negotiations backsaw a handsaw that is stiffened by metal reinforcement along the upper edge backscratcher a long-handled scratcher for scratching your back someone who is willing to trade favors or services for mutual advantage backseat a seat at the back of a vehicle (especially the seat at the back of an automobile) a secondary or inferior position or status; "tennis has had to take a backseat while his work is so demanding" backspace key the typewriter key used for back spacing backstairs a second staircase at the rear of a building backstay a stay that supports the back of something backstitch an overlapping stitch made by starting the next stitch at the middle of the preceding one do backstitches backsword a sword with only one cutting edge backup (computer science) a copy of a file or directory on a separate storage device; "he made a backup in case the original was accidentally damaged or erased" an accumulation caused by clogging or a stoppage; "a traffic backup on the main street"; "he discovered a backup in the toilet" backup system a computer system for making backups backyard the grounds in back of a house bacteria bed layer of sand or gravel used to expose sewage effluent to air and the action of microorganisms badminton court the court on which badminton is played badminton equipment equipment for playing the game of badminton badminton racket a light long-handled racket used by badminton players baffle a flat plate that controls or directs the flow of fluid or energy restrain the emission of (sound, fluid, etc.) bag a flexible container with a single opening; "he stuffed his laundry into a large bag" a portable rectangular container for carrying clothes; "he carried his small bag onto the plane with him" a container used for carrying money and small personal items or accessories (especially by women); "she reached into her bag and found a comb" an ugly or ill-tempered woman; "he was romancing the old bag for her money" the quantity of game taken in a particular period (usually by one person); "his bag included two deer" the quantity that a bag will hold; "he ate a large bag of popcorn" capture or kill, as in hunting; "bag a few pheasants" put into a bag; "The supermarket clerk bagged the groceries" hang loosely, like an empty bag baggage cases used to carry belongings when traveling the portable equipment and supplies of an army a worthless or immoral woman baggage car a railway car where passengers' bags are carried baggage claim an area in an airport where arriving passengers can collect the luggage that has been carried in the hold of the aircraft bagger a machine for putting objects or substances into bags bagpipe a tubular wind instrument; the player blows air into a bag and squeezes it out through the drone bailey the outer defensive wall that surrounds the outer courtyard of a castle the outer courtyard of a castle Bailey bridge a temporary bridge designed for rapid construction bain-marie a large pan that is filled with hot water; smaller pans containing food can be set in the larger pan to keep food warm or to cook food slowly bait something used to lure fish or other animals into danger so they can be trapped or killed anything that serves as an enticement attack with dogs or set dogs upon lure, entice, or entrap with bait baize a bright green fabric napped to resemble felt; used to cover gaming tables bakery a workplace where baked goods (breads and cakes and pastries) are produced or sold balaclava a cap that is close-fitting and woolen and covers all of the head but the face balalaika a stringed instrument that has a triangular body and three strings balance a scale for weighing; depends on pull of gravity equality between the totals of the credit and debit sides of an account the difference between the totals of the credit and debit sides of an account equality of distribution a state of equilibrium compute credits and debits of an account bring into balance or equilibrium; "She has to balance work and her domestic duties"; "balance the two weights" be in equilibrium; "He was balancing on one foot" balance beam a gymnastic apparatus used by women gymnasts balance wheel a wheel that regulates the rate of movement in a machine; especially a wheel oscillating against the hairspring of a timepiece to regulate its beat balbriggan a cotton knit fabric used for underwear balcony a platform projecting from the wall of a building and surrounded by a balustrade or railing or parapet an upper floor projecting from the rear over the main floor in an auditorium baldachin ornamented canopy supported by columns or suspended from a roof or projected from a wall (as over an altar) baldric a wide (ornamented) belt worn over the right shoulder to support a sword or bugle by the left hip bale a large bundle bound for storage or transport make into a bale; "bale hay" baling wire wire used to make bales ball and chain heavy iron ball attached to a prisoner by a chain ball-and-socket joint a joint that can rotate within a socket a freely moving joint in which a sphere on the head of one bone fits into a rounded cavity in the other bone ballast any heavy material used to stabilize a ship or airship an electrical device for starting and regulating fluorescent and discharge lamps an attribute that tends to give stability in character and morals; something that steadies the mind or feelings coarse gravel laid to form a bed for streets and railroads make steady with a ballast ballast resistor a resistor inserted into a circuit to compensate for changes (as those arising from temperature fluctuations) ball bearing bearings containing small metal balls ball cartridge a general purpose cartridge having a primer and a ball and a full charge of powder ballcock floating ball that controls level in a water tank balldress a suit or dress for formal occasions ballet skirt very short skirt worn by ballerinas ball field the baseball playing field ball gown the most formal gown; worn to a ball ballistic galvanometer a moving-coil galvanometer that measures electric charge ballistic missile a missile that is guided in the first part of its flight but falls freely as it approaches target ballistic pendulum a physical pendulum consisting of a large mass suspended from a rod; when it is struck by a projectile its displacement is used to measure the projectile's velocity ballistocardiograph a medical instrument that measures the mechanical force of cardiac contractions and the amount of blood passing through the heart during a specified period by measuring the recoil of the body as blood is pumped from the ventricles balloon large tough nonrigid bag filled with gas or heated air small thin inflatable rubber bag with narrow neck become inflated; "The sails ballooned" ride in a hot-air balloon; "He tried to balloon around the earth but storms forced him to land in China" balloon bomb a bomb carried by a balloon; "In World War II the Japanese launched balloon bombs against North America" balloon sail any light loose sail ballot box a box where voters deposit their ballots ballpark a facility in which ball games are played (especially baseball games); "take me out to the ballpark" ball-peen hammer a hammer with one round and one flat end; used in working metal ballpoint a pen that has a small metal ball as the point of transfer of ink to paper ballroom large room used mainly for dancing ball valve any valve that checks flow by the seating of a ball Balmoral a brimless dark blue Scottish cap with a flat top and a plume on one side balmoral a sturdy laced walking shoe balsam an ointment containing a fragrant resin any seed plant yielding balsam any of various fragrant oleoresins used in medicines and perfumes balsa raft a light raft made of balsa baluster one of a number of closely spaced supports for a railing banana boat a ship designed to transport bananas band a thin flat strip of flexible material that is worn around the body or one of the limbs (especially to decorate the body) an adornment consisting of a strip of a contrasting color or material a restraint put around something to hold it together a strip of material attached to the leg of a bird to identify it (as in studies of bird migration) a thin flat strip or loop of flexible material that goes around or over something else, typically to hold it together or as a decoration a driving belt in machinery a stripe or stripes of contrasting color; "chromosomes exhibit characteristic bands"; "the black and yellow banding of bees and wasps" a range of frequencies between two limits instrumentalists not including string players bind or tie together, as with a band bandage a piece of soft material that covers and protects an injured part of the body dress by covering or binding; "The nurse bandaged a sprained ankle"; "bandage an incision" Band Aid trade name for an adhesive bandage to cover small cuts or blisters bandanna large and brightly colored handkerchief; often used as a neckerchief bandbox a light cylindrical box for holding light articles of attire (especially hats) banderilla a decorated dart that is implanted in the neck or shoulders of the bull during a bull fight bandoleer a broad cartridge belt worn over the shoulder by soldiers bandoneon a type of concertina popular in South America bandsaw an endless saw consisting of a toothed metal band that is driven around two wheels bandstand a platform where a (brass) band can play in the open air bandwagon a large ornate wagon for carrying a musical band; "the gaudy bandwagon led the circus parade" a popular trend that attracts growing support; "when they saw how things were going everybody jumped on the bandwagon" bangalore torpedo a metal pipe filled with explosive, used to detonate land mines or to clear a path through barbed wire bangle cheap showy jewelry or ornament on clothing banjo a stringed instrument of the guitar family that has long neck and circular body banner long strip of cloth or paper used for decoration or advertising unusually good; outstanding; "a banner year for the company" bannister a railing at the side of a staircase or balcony to prevent people from falling banquette an upholstered bench banyan a loose fitting jacket; originally worn in India East Indian tree that puts out aerial shoots that grow down into the soil forming additional trunks baptismal font bowl for baptismal water bar a rigid piece of metal or wood; usually used as a fastening or obstruction or weapon; "there were bars in the windows to prevent escape" an obstruction (usually metal) placed at the top of a goal; "it was an excellent kick but the ball hit the bar" a counter where you can obtain food or drink; "he bought a hot dog and a coke at the bar" (law) a railing that encloses the part of the courtroom where the judges and lawyers sit and the case is tried; "spectators were not allowed past the bar" a heating element in an electric fire; "an electric fire with three bars" a horizontal rod that serves as a support for gymnasts as they perform exercises a submerged (or partly submerged) ridge in a river or along a shore; "the boat ran aground on a submerged bar in the river" (meteorology) a unit of pressure equal to a million dynes per square centimeter; "unfortunately some writers have used bar for one dyne per square centimeter" prevent from entering; keep out; "He was barred from membership in the club" secure with, or as if with, bars; "He barred the door" barbecue a rack to hold meat for cooking over hot charcoal usually out of doors a cookout in which food is cooked over an open fire; especially a whole animal carcass roasted on a spit meat that has been barbecued or grilled in a highly seasoned sauce barbed wire strong wire with barbs at regular intervals used to prevent passage barbell a bar to which heavy discs are attached at each end; used in weightlifting barber chair a large fixed adjustable chair in which barbers seat their customers barbershop a shop where men can get their hair cut barbette (formerly) a mound of earth inside a fort from which heavy gun can be fired over the parapet barbette carriage a gun carriage elevated so that the gun can be fired over the parapet barbican a tower that is part of a defensive structure (such as a castle) bar bit a bit for horses that is a solid bar of metal barbital a barbiturate used as a hypnotic barbiturate organic compound having powerful soporific effect; overdose can be fatal bard an ornamental caparison for a horse a lyric poet bareboat a vessel (such as a yacht) that can be chartered without a captain or crew or provisions barge a flatbottom boat for carrying heavy loads (especially on canals) transport by barge on a body of water push one's way; "she barged into the meeting room" bargello needlepoint embroidery stitch that produces zigzag lines barge pole a long pole used to propel or guide a barge; "I wouldn't touch it with a barge pole" baritone the second lowest brass wind instrument the second lowest adult male singing voice a male singer lower in range than tenor and higher than bass; "a baritone voice"; "baritone oboe" bark a sailing ship with 3 (or more) masts the sound made by a dog a noise resembling the bark of a dog tough protective covering of the woody stems and roots of trees and other woody plants tan (a skin) with bark tannins speak in an unfriendly tone; "She barked into the dictaphone" make barking sounds; "The dogs barked at the stranger" remove the bark of a tree cover with bark bar magnet a magnet in the form of a bar with magnetic poles at each end bar mask a catcher's mask with bars barn an outlying farm building for storing grain or animal feed and housing farm animals (physics) a unit of nuclear cross section; the effective circular area that one particle presents to another as a target for an encounter barndoor an opaque adjustable flap on a lamp fixture; used in photography to cut off light from particular areas barn door the large sliding door of a barn barnyard a yard adjoining a barn barograph a recording barometer; automatically records on paper the variations in atmospheric pressure barometer an instrument that measures atmospheric pressure barong a knife resembling a cleaver; used in the Philippines barouche a horse-drawn carriage having four wheels; has an outside seat for the driver and facing inside seats for two couples and a folding top bar printer an impact printer that uses a bar to carry the type slugs barrack a building or group of buildings used to house military personnel lodge in barracks barrage balloon an elongated tethered balloon or blimp with cables or net suspended from it to deter enemy planes that are flying low barrel a cylindrical container that holds liquids a tube through which a bullet travels when a gun is fired any of various units of capacity; "a barrel of beer is 31 gallons and a barrel of oil is 42 gallons" the quantity that a barrel (of any size) will hold a bulging cylindrical shape; hollow with flat ends put in barrels barrelhouse a cheap drinking and dancing establishment barrel knot a knot used for tying fishing leaders together; the ends of the two leaders are wrapped around each other two or three times barrel organ a musical instrument that makes music by rotation of a cylinder studded with pegs hurdy gurdy a stringed instrument that produces sounds by means of a wheel that rubs against the strings barrel vault the simplest form of vault; a single continuous arch barrette a pin for holding women's hair in place barricade a barrier (usually thrown up hastily) to impede the advance of an enemy; "they stormed the barricade" block off with barricades prevent access to by barricading; "The street where the President lives is always barricaded" render unsuitable for passage; "block the way"; "barricade the streets"; "stop the busy road" barrier a structure or object that impedes free movement any condition that makes it difficult to make progress or to achieve an objective; "intolerance is a barrier to understanding" anything serving to maintain separation by obstructing vision or access barroom a room or establishment where alcoholic drinks are served over a counter; "he drowned his sorrows in whiskey at the bar" barrow a cart for carrying small loads; has handles and one or more wheels the quantity that a barrow will hold bar soap soap in the form of a bar bascule a structure or device in which one end is counterbalanced by the other (on the principle of the seesaw) base a support or foundation; "the base of the lamp" a place that the runner must touch before scoring; "he scrambled to get back to the bag" (electronics) the part of a transistor that separates the emitter from the collector installation from which a military force initiates operations; "the attack wiped out our forward bases" a flat bottom on which something is intended to sit; "a tub should sit on its own base" the principal ingredient of a mixture; "glycerinated gelatin is used as a base for many ointments"; "he told the painter that he wanted a yellow base with just a hint of green"; "everything she cooked seemed to have rice as the base" the place where you are stationed and from which missions start and end (anatomy) the part of an organ nearest its point of attachment; "the base of the skull" the bottom or lowest part; "the base of the mountain" (numeration system) the positive integer that is equivalent to one in the next higher counting place; "10 is the radix of the decimal system" the bottom side of a geometric figure from which the altitude can be constructed; "the base of the triangle" any of various water-soluble compounds capable of turning litmus blue and reacting with an acid to form a salt and water; "bases include oxides and hydroxides of metals and ammonia" situate as a center of operations; "we will base this project in the new lab" debased; not genuine; "an attempt to eliminate the base coinage" illegitimate having or showing an ignoble lack of honor or morality; "that liberal obedience without which your army would be a base rabble"- Edmund Burke; "taking a mean advantage"; "chok'd with ambition of the meaner sort"- Shakespeare; "something essentially vulgar and meanspirited in politics" of low birth or station (`base' is archaic in this sense); "baseborn wretches with dirty faces"; "of humble (or lowly) birth" not adhering to ethical or moral principles; "base and unpatriotic motives"; "a base, degrading way of life"; "cheating is dishonorable"; "they considered colonialism immoral"; "unethical practices in handling public funds" (used of metals) consisting of or alloyed with inferior metal; "base coins of aluminum"; "a base metal" baseball bat an implement used in baseball by the batter baseball cap a cap with a bill baseball card a trading card with a picture of a baseball player and information about his playing record baseball diamond the area of a baseball field that is enclosed by 3 bases and home plate baseball equipment equipment used in playing baseball baseball glove the handwear used by fielders in playing baseball baseboard a molding covering the joint formed by a wall and the floor basement the lowermost portion of a structure partly or wholly below ground level; often used for storage the ground floor facade or interior in Renaissance architecture basic (usually in the plural) a necessary commodity for which demand is constant of or denoting or of the nature of or containing a base serving as a base or starting point; "a basic course in Russian"; "basic training for raw recruits"; "a set of basic tools"; "an introductory art course" pertaining to or constituting a base or basis; "a basic fact"; "the basic ingredients"; "basic changes in public opinion occur because of changes in priorities" reduced to the simplest and most significant form possible without loss of generality; "a basic story line"; "a canonical syllable pattern" basic point defense missile system a shipboard missile system basilica a Roman building used for public administration an early Christian church designed like a Roman basilica; or a Roman Catholic church or cathedral accorded certain privileges; "the church was raised to the rank of basilica" basin a bowl-shaped vessel; usually used for holding food or liquids; "she mixed the dough in a large basin" a natural depression in the surface of the land often with a lake at the bottom of it; "the basin of the Great Salt Lake" the quantity that a basin will hold; "a basinful of water" basinet a medieval steel helmet basketball court the court on which basketball is played basketball equipment sports equipment used in playing basketball basket hilt a hilt with a basket-shaped guard for the hand basket weave a cloth woven of two or more threads interlaced to suggest the weave of a basket bas relief a sculptural relief in which forms extend only slightly from the background; no figures are undercut bass clarinet a large clarinet whose range is an octave below the B-flat clarinet bass drum a large drum with two heads; makes a sound of indefinite but very low pitch basset horn a tenor clarinet; pitched in the key of F below the B-flat clarinet bass fiddle largest and lowest member of the violin family bass guitar the guitar with six strings that has the lowest pitch bass horn the lowest brass wind instrument bassinet a basket (usually hooded) used as a baby's bed a perambulator that resembles a bassinet bassoon a double-reed instrument; the tenor of the oboe family bastard derogatory term for a variation that is not genuine; something irregular or inferior or of dubious origin; "the architecture was a kind of bastard suggesting Gothic but not true Gothic" the illegitimate offspring of unmarried parents baste a loose temporary sewing stitch to hold layers of fabric together cover with liquid before cooking; "baste a roast" sew together loosely, with large stitches; "baste a hem" baster a tube with a rubber bulb used to take up and release melted fat or gravy in order to moisten roasting meat a sewer who fastens a garment with long loose stitches a cook who bastes roasting meat with melted fat or gravy bastille a jail or prison (especially one that is run in a tyrannical manner) Bastille a fortress built in Paris in the 14th century and used as a prison in the 17th and 18th centuries; it was destroyed July 14, 1789 at the start of the French Revolution bastion projecting part of a rampart or other fortification a stronghold into which people could go for shelter during a battle a group that defends a principle; "a bastion against corruption"; "the last bastion of communism" basuco low-grade cocaine mixed with coca paste and cannabis bath chair a wheelchair usually pushed by an attendant, as at a spa bathhouse a building containing public baths a building containing dressing rooms for bathers bathing cap a tight-fitting cap that keeps hair dry while swimming bath linen linens for use in the bathroom bath mat a heavy towel or mat to stand on while drying yourself after a bath bath oil a scented oil added to your bath water bathrobe a loose-fitting robe of towelling; worn after a bath or swim bathroom a room (as in a residence) containing a bathtub or shower and usually a washbasin and toilet bathroom cleaner a preparation for cleaning bathrooms bathroom fixture any fixture in a bathroom bath salts a preparation that softens or scents a bath bath towel a large towel; to dry yourself after a bath bathtub a relatively large open container that you fill with water and use to wash the body bathymeter an instrument that measures the depth of water bathyscaphe navigable deep diving vessel for underwater exploration bathysphere spherical deep diving apparatus (lowered by a cable) for underwater exploration batik a dyed fabric; a removable wax is used where the dye is not wanted dye with wax; "Indonesian fabrics are often batiked" batiste a thin plain-weave cotton or linen fabric; used for shirts or dresses baton a thin tapered rod used by a conductor to lead an orchestra or choir a hollow cylinder passed from runner to runner in a relay race a hollow metal rod that is wielded or twirled by a drum major or drum majorette a short staff carried by some officials to symbolize an office or an authority Baton Rouge Bridge a cantilever bridge across the Mississippi at Baton Rouge batten a strip fixed to something to hold it firm secure with battens; "batten down a ship's hatches" furnish with battens; "batten ships" battering ram a ram used to break down doors of fortified buildings batter's box an area on a baseball diamond (on either side of home plate) marked by lines within which the batter must stand when at bat batting cage a movable screen placed behind home base to catch balls during batting practice batting glove a glove worn by batters in baseball to give a firmer grip on the bat batting helmet a helmet worn by the batter in baseball battle-ax a broadax used as a weapon a sharp-tongued domineering wife battle cruiser a cruiser of maximum speed and firepower battle dress a military uniform designed for field service battle flag a flag that leads troops into battle battlement a rampart built around the top of a castle with regular gaps for firing arrows or guns battleship large and heavily armoured warship battle sight an arrangement of sights that makes possible the rapid aiming of a firearm at short ranges batwing one of a pair of swinging doors (as at the entrance to a western saloon) formed or shaped like a bat's wing; "a dress with batwing sleeves" bayonet a knife that can be fixed to the end of a rifle and used as a weapon stab or kill someone with a bayonet Bayonne Bridge a steel arch bridge connecting New Jersey and Staten Island at Bayonne, New Jersey bay rum an aromatic liquid originally obtained by distilling the leaves of the bayberry tree with rum bay window a window that sticks out from the outside wall of a house bazooka a portable rocket launcher used by infantrymen as an antitank weapon BB a small pellet fired from an air rifle or BB gun B battery battery for supplying a constant positive voltage to the plate of a vacuum tube BB gun an air gun in which BBs are propelled by compressed air beach ball large and light ball; for play at the seaside beach house a house built on or near a beach beach towel very large towel to dry yourself after swimming beach wagon a car that has a long body and rear door with space behind rear seat beachwear clothing to be worn at a beach beacon a tower with a light that gives warning of shoals to passing ships a fire (usually on a hill or tower) that can be seen from a distance guide with a beacon shine like a beacon bead a small ball with a hole through the middle string together like beads decorate by sewing beads onto; "bead the wedding gown" form into beads, as of water or sweat, for example beading a beaded molding for edging or decorating furniture ornamentation with beads beading plane a plane with a concave blade for making moulding with beadwork beads several beads threaded together on a string beaker a cup (usually without a handle) a flatbottomed jar made of glass or plastic; used for chemistry beam long thick piece of wood or metal or concrete, etc., used in construction the broad side of a ship; "they sighted land on the port beam" (nautical) breadth amidships a column of light (as from a beacon) a group of nearly parallel lines of electromagnetic radiation smile radiantly; express joy through one's facial expression express with a beaming face or smile; "he beamed his approval" beam balance a balance consisting of a lever with two equal arms and a pan suspended from each arm beanbag a small cloth bag filled with dried beans; thrown in games beanie a small skullcap; formerly worn by schoolboys and college freshmen bearing a rotating support placed between moving parts to allow them to move easily dignified manner or conduct the direction or path along which something moves or along which it lies relevant relation or interconnection; "those issues have no bearing on our situation" bearing rein a rein designed to keep the horse's head in the desired position bearing wall any wall supporting a floor or the roof of a building bearskin tall hat; worn by some British soldiers on ceremonial occasions the pelt of a bear (sometimes used as a rug) beater an implement for beating a worker who rouses wild game from under cover for a hunter beating-reed instrument a musical instrument that sounds by means of a vibrating reed beauty spot a spot that is worn on a lady's face for adornment beaver board a light wallboard made of compressed wood pulp becket (nautical) a short line with an eye at one end and a knot at the other; used to secure loose items on a ship Beckman thermometer a mercury thermometer that measures small differences or changes in temperature bed a piece of furniture that provides a place to sleep; "he sat on the edge of the bed"; "the room had only a bed and chair" a plot of ground in which plants are growing; "the gardener planted a bed of roses" a foundation of earth or rock supporting a road or railroad track; "the track bed had washed away" the flat surface of a printing press on which the type form is laid in the last stage of producing a newspaper or magazine or book etc. a depression forming the ground under a body of water; "he searched for treasure on the ocean bed" (geology) a stratum of rock (especially sedimentary rock); "they found a bed of sandstone" put to bed; "The children were bedded at ten o'clock" place (plants) in a prepared bed of soil furnish with a bed; "The inn keeper could bed all the new arrivals" bed and breakfast an overnight boardinghouse with breakfast bedclothes coverings that are used on a bed bedding material material used to provide a bed for animals Bedford cord a heavy corded fabric similar to corduroy; used for clothing bed jacket a lightweight jacket worn over bedclothes (as when sitting in bed) Bedlam pejorative terms for an insane asylum bed linen linen or cotton articles for a bed (as sheets and pillowcases) bedpan a shallow vessel used by a bedridden patient for defecation and urination bed pillow a soft pillow for use on a bed bedpost any of 4 vertical supports at the corners of a bedstead bedroll bedding rolled up for carrying bedroom a room used primarily for sleeping bedroom furniture furniture intended for use in a bedroom bedsitting room a furnished sitting room with sleeping accommodations (and some plumbing) bedspread decorative cover for a bed bedspring (usually in the plural) one of the springs holding up the mattress of a bed bedstead the framework of a bed beefcake a photograph of a muscular man in minimal attire beehive a man-made receptacle that houses a swarm of bees any workplace where people are very busy a hairdo resembling a beehive a structure that provides a natural habitation for bees; as in a hollow tree beeper an electronic device that generates a series of beeps when the person carrying it is being paged beer barrel a barrel that holds beer beer bottle a bottle that holds beer beer can a can that holds beer beer garden tavern with an outdoor area (usually resembling a garden) where beer and other alcoholic drinks are served beer glass a relatively large glass for serving beer beer hall a hall or barroom featuring beer and (usually) entertainment beer mat a drip mat placed under a glass of beer beer mug a mug intended for serving beer belaying pin a wood or metal bar to which a rope can be secured (as on a ship or in mountain climbing) belfry a room (often at the top of a tower) where bells are hung bell a hollow device made of metal that makes a ringing sound when struck the flared opening of a tubular device the sound of a bell being struck; "saved by the bell"; "she heard the distant toll of church bells" the shape of a bell (nautical) each of the eight half-hour units of nautical time signaled by strokes of a ship's bell; eight bells signals 4:00, 8:00, or 12:00 o'clock, either a.m. or p.m. attach a bell to; "bell cows" belladonna an alkaloidal extract or tincture of the poisonous belladonna plant that is used medicinally perennial Eurasian herb with reddish bell-shaped flowers and shining black berries; extensively grown in United States; roots and leaves yield atropine bell arch a round arch resting on corbels bellarmine a stoneware drinking jug with a long neck; decorated with a caricature of Cardinal Bellarmine (17th century) bellbottom trousers (used in the plural) trousers with legs that flare; worn by sailors; absurdly wide hems were fashionable in the 1960s bell cote a small shelter for bells; has a gable or shed roof bell deck a floor under the bells of an open belfry bell foundry a foundry where bells are cast bell gable an extension of a gable that serves as a bell cote bell jar a bell-shaped glass cover used to protect and display delicate objects or to cover scientific apparatus or to contain gases bellows (used in the plural) a mechanical device that blows a strong current of air; used to make a fire burn more fiercely or to sound a musical instrument bellpull a handle or cord that is pulled to ring a doorbell or a servant's bell etc. bell push a button that is pushed to ring a bell bell seat a seat that has a bell shape (on some 18th century chairs) bell tent a bell-shaped tent bell tower a tower that supports or shelters a bell bellyband a strap around the belly of a draft animal holding the shafts of a wagon a cloth band that is worn around the waist (as on infants until the navel has healed) Belmont Park a racetrack for thoroughbred racing in Elmont on Long Island; site of the Belmont Stakes Belsen a Nazi concentration camp for Jews created in northwestern Germany during World War II belt a band to tie or buckle around the body (usually at the waist) endless loop of flexible material between two rotating shafts or pulleys ammunition (usually of small caliber) loaded in flexible linked strips for use in a machine gun an elongated region where a specific condition or characteristic is found; "a belt of high pressure" fasten with a belt; "belt your trousers" deliver a blow to; "He belted his opponent" belt buckle the buckle used to fasten a belt belting the material of which belts are made belvedere a gazebo sited to command a fine view beltway a highway that encircles an urban area so that traffic does not have to pass through the center bench a long seat for more than one person (law) the seat for judges in a courtroom the reserve players on a team; "our team has a strong bench" exhibit on a bench; "bench the poodles at the dog show" take out of a game; of players bench clamp a clamp used to hold work in place on a workbench bench hook any of various stops on a workbench against which work can be pushed (as while chiseling or planing) bench lathe lathe mounted on a workbench bend curved segment (of a road or river or railroad track etc.) diagonal line traversing a shield from the upper right corner to the lower left a circular segment of a curve; "a bend in the road"; "a crook in the path" change direction; "The road bends" form a curve; "The stick does not bend" bender a tool for bending; "he used pliers as a bender" Benjamin Franklin Bridge a suspension bridge across the Delaware River bentwood wood that is steamed until it becomes pliable and then is shaped for use in making furniture; "bentwood chairs" Benzedrine a form of amphetamine benzocaine a white crystalline ester used as a local anesthetic benzodiazepine any of several similar lipophilic amines used as tranquilizers or sedatives or hypnotics or muscle relaxants; chronic use can lead to dependency beret a cap with no brim or bill; made of soft cloth berlin a limousine with a glass partition between the front and back seats Bermuda rig a rig of triangular sails for a yacht Bermuda shorts (used in the plural) short pants that end at the knee berth a bed on a ship or train; usually in tiers provide with a berth besom a broom made of twigs tied together on a long handle Bessemer converter a refractory-lined furnace used to convert pig iron into steel by the Bessemer process beta blocker any of various drugs used in treating hypertension or arrhythmia; decreases force and rate of heart contractions by blocking beta-adrenergic receptors of the autonomic nervous system beta-interferon a form of interferon that is produced by fibroblasts and have antiviral effects; used in the treatment of multiple sclerosis betatron accelerates a continuous beam of electrons to high speeds by means of the electric field produced by changing magnetic flux bethel a house of worship (especially one for sailors) betting shop a licensed bookmaker's shop that is not at the race track bevatron a cyclotron that accelerates protons up to several billion electron volts bevel a hand tool consisting of two rules that are hinged together so you can draw or measure angles of any size two surfaces meeting at an angle different from 90 degrees cut a bevel on; shape to a bevel; "bevel the surface" bevel gear gears that mesh at an angle bezel a sloping edge on a cutting tool B-flat clarinet the ordinary clarinet with a middle range bhang a preparation of the leaves and flowers of the hemp plant; much used in India bib a napkin tied under the chin of a child while eating top part of an apron; covering the chest bib-and-tucker an attractive outfit; "she wore her best bib-and-tucker" bicorn a cocked hat with the brim turned up to form two points having two horns or horn-shaped parts; "a bicornuate uterus" bicycle a wheeled vehicle that has two wheels and is moved by foot pedals ride a bicycle bicycle-built-for-two a bicycle with two sets of pedals and two seats bicycle chain a chain that transmits the power from the pedals to the rear wheel of a bicycle bicycle clip a clip worn around a cyclist's ankles that keeps trousers from becoming caught in the bicycle chain bicycle pump a small pump that fills bicycle tires with air bicycle rack a rack for parking bicycles bicycle seat a seat for the rider of a bicycle bicycle wheel the wheel of a bicycle bidet a basin for washing genitals and anal area bier a stand to support a corpse or a coffin prior to burial a coffin along with its stand; "we followed the bier to the graveyard" bi-fold door an interior door bifocals (plural) eyeglasses having two focal lengths, one for near vision and the other for far vision Big Ben clock in the clock tower of the Houses of Parliament, London Big Blue a reliable and deadly 15,000-pound fragmentation bomb that explodes just above ground with a large radius; the largest conventional bomb in existence; used in Afghanistan big board the large display board at the New York Stock Exchange that reports on stocks traded on the exchange biggin a child's tight-fitting cap; often ties under the chin big H street names for heroin bight the middle part of a slack rope (as distinguished from its ends) a broad bay formed by an indentation in the shoreline; "the Bight of Benin"; "the Great Australian Bight" a bend or curve (especially in a coastline) a loop in a rope fasten with a bight bijou a small and delicately worked piece bikini a woman's very brief bathing suit bikini pants (used in the plural) small and tight-fitting underpants; worn by women bilge where the sides of the vessel curve in to form the bottom water accumulated in the bilge of a ship take in water at the bilge; "the tanker bilged" cause to leak; "the collision bilged the vessel" bilge keel either of two lengthwise fins attached along the outside of a ship's bilge; reduces rolling bilge pump a pump to remove bilgewater bilges in a vessel with two hulls, an enclosed area between the frames at each side bilge well (nautical) a well where seepage drains to be pumped away billboard large outdoor signboard billet lodging for military personnel (especially in a private home) billiard ball ball used in playing billiards billiard marker a device for keeping the score in a game of billiards billiard room a room in which billiards is played bimetallic strip a strip consisting of two metals that bends with a rise in temperature bin a container; usually has a lid the quantity contained in a bin store in bins binder something used to tie or bind holds loose papers or magazines a machine that cuts grain and binds it in sheaves something used to bind separate particles together or facilitate adhesion to a surface bindery a workshop where books are bound binding the protective covering on the front, back, and spine of a book; "the book had a leather binding" strip sewn over or along an edge for reinforcement or decoration the capacity to attract and hold something executed with proper legal authority; "a binding contract" bin liner a plastic bag used to line a trash or garbage bin binnacle a nonmagnetic housing for a ship's compass (usually in front of the helm) binoculars (plural) an optical instrument designed for simultaneous use by both eyes binocular microscope a light microscope adapted to the use of both eyes biochip a microchip that uses tiny strands of DNA to latch onto and quickly recognize thousands of genes at a time; intended for use in a biological environment biohazard suit a loose one-piece garment worn to protect the wearer against dangerous biological or chemical agents biology lab a laboratory for biological research bioscope a kind of early movie projector a South African movie theater bioweapon any weapon usable in biological warfare; "they feared use of the smallpox virus as a bioweapon" biplane old fashioned airplane; has two wings one above the other biprism an optical device for obtaining interference fringes birch a switch consisting of a twig or a bundle of twigs from a birch tree; used to hit people as punishment; "my father never spared the birch" any betulaceous tree or shrub of the genus Betula having a thin peeling bark hard close-grained wood of any of various birch trees; used especially in furniture and interior finishes and plywood whip with a birch twig consisting of or made of wood of the birch tree birchbark canoe a canoe made with the bark of a birch tree birdbath an ornamental basin (usually in a garden) for birds to bathe in birdcage a cage in which a bird can be kept birdcage mask a catcher's mask with a strong wire face birdcall a device for imitating a birdcall the characteristic sound produced by a bird; "a bird will not learn its song unless it hears it at an early age" bird feeder an outdoor device that supplies food for wild birds birdhouse a shelter for birds bird shot small lead shot for shotgun shells biretta a stiff cap with ridges across the crown; worn by Roman Catholic clergy bishop (chess) a piece that can be moved diagonally over unoccupied squares of the same color port wine mulled with oranges and cloves a senior member of the Christian clergy having spiritual and administrative authority; appointed in Christian churches to oversee priests or ministers; considered in some churches to be successors of the twelve Apostles of Christ bistro a small informal restaurant; serves wine bit the cutting part of a drill; usually pointed and threaded and is replaceable in a brace or bitstock or drill press; "he looked around for the right size bit" piece of metal held in horse's mouth by reins and used to control the horse while riding; "the horse was not accustomed to a bit" the part of a key that enters a lock and lifts the tumblers a small fragment of something broken off from the whole; "a bit of rock caught him in the eye" a unit of measurement of information (from binary + digit); the amount of information in a system having two equiprobable states; "there are 8 bits in a byte" bite plate a removable dental appliance that is worn in the palate for diagnostic or therapeutic purposes bitewing a dental X-ray film that can be held in place by the teeth during radiography bitmap an image represented as a two dimensional array of brightness values for pixels bitter end (nautical) the inboard end of a line or cable especially the end that is wound around a bitt the final extremity (however unpleasant it may be); "he was determined to fight to the bitter end" bitthead the upper end of a bitt bitt pin a pin through the bitthead to keep the mooring lines from slipping off bitumastic a protective coating of asphalt and filter used on structural metals that are exposed to weathering black black clothing (worn as a sign of mourning); "the widow wore black" (board games) the darker pieces the quality or state of the achromatic color of least lightness (bearing the least resemblance to white) marked by anger or resentment or hostility; "black looks"; "black words" of or belonging to a racial group especially of sub-Saharan African origin; "a great people--a black people--...injected new meaning and dignity into the veins of civilization"- Martin Luther King Jr. extremely dark; "a black moonless night"; "through the pitch-black woods"; "it was pitch-dark in the cellar" being of the achromatic color of maximum darkness; having little or no hue owing to absorption of almost all incident light; "black leather jackets"; "as black as coal"; "rich black soil" (of the face) made black especially as with suffused blood; "a face black with fury" soiled with dirt or soot; "with feet black from playing outdoors"; "his shirt was black within an hour" (of coffee) without cream or sugar (of events) having extremely unfortunate or dire consequences; bringing ruin; "the stock market crashed on Black Friday"; "a calamitous defeat"; "the battle was a disastrous end to a disastrous campaign"; "such doctrines, if true, would be absolutely fatal to my theory"- Charles Darwin; "it is fatal to enter any war without the will to win it"- Douglas MacArthur; "a fateful error" stemming from evil characteristics or forces; wicked or dishonorable; "black deeds"; "a black lie"; "his black heart has concocted yet another black deed"; "Darth Vader of the dark side"; "a dark purpose"; "dark undercurrents of ethnic hostility"; "the scheme of some sinister intelligence bent on punishing him"-Thomas Hardy (used of conduct or character) deserving or bringing disgrace or shame; "Man...has written one of his blackest records as a destroyer on the oceanic islands"- Rachel Carson; "an ignominious retreat"; "inglorious defeat"; "an opprobrious monument to human greed"; "a shameful display of cowardice" offering little or no hope; "the future looked black"; "prospects were bleak"; "Life in the Aran Islands has always been bleak and difficult"- J.M.Synge; "took a dim view of things" (of intelligence operations) deliberately misleading; "black propaganda" harshly ironic or sinister; "black humor"; "a grim joke"; "grim laughter"; "fun ranging from slapstick clowning ... to savage mordant wit" black and white a black-and-white photograph or slide blackboard sheet of slate; for writing with chalk blackboard eraser an eraser that removes chalk marks from blackboard black box equipment that records information about the performance of an aircraft during flight blackface the makeup (usually burnt cork) used by a performer in order to imitate a Negro black flag a flag usually bearing a white skull and crossbones on a black background; indicates a pirate ship Black Hole of Calcutta a dungeon (20 feet square) in a fort in Calcutta where as many as 146 English prisoners were held overnight by Siraj-ud-daula; the next morning only 23 were still alive black tie a black bow tie worn with a dinner jacket Blackwall hitch a simple hitch used for temporarily attaching a line to a hook blackwash a wash that colors a surface black a mixture of calomel and limewater that is used on syphilitic sores color with blackwash bring (information) out of concealment bladder a bag that fills with air a distensible membranous sac (usually containing liquid or gas) blade the flat part of a tool or weapon that (usually) has a cutting edge flat surface that rotates and pushes against air or water the part of the skate that slides on the ice a broad flat body part (as of the shoulder or tongue) a cut of beef from the shoulder blade something long and thin resembling a blade of grass; "a blade of lint on his suit" a dashing young man; "gay young blades bragged of their amorous adventures" especially a leaf of grass or the broad portion of a leaf as distinct from the petiole blank a cartridge containing an explosive charge but no bullet a piece of material ready to be made into something keep the opposing (baseball) team from winning complete and absolute; "utter seriousness"; "blank stupidity" (of a surface) not written or printed on; "blank pages"; "fill in the blank spaces"; "a clean page"; "wide white margins" not charged with a bullet; "a blank cartridge" without comprehension; "When I called her name, she gave me a blank look, as though she didn't know me" blanket bedding that keeps a person warm in bed; "he pulled the covers over his head and went to sleep" a layer of lead surrounding the highly reactive core of a nuclear reactor anything that covers; "there was a blanket of snow" cover as if with a blanket; "snow blanketed the fields" form a blanket-like cover (over) blanket stitch a strong reinforcing stitch for edges of blanket and other thick material; similar to buttonhole stitch Blarney Stone a stone in a castle in Ireland that is said to impart skill in flattery to anyone who kisses it blast furnace a furnace for smelting of iron from iron oxide ores; combustion is intensified by a blast of air blasting cap a small tube filled with detonating substances; used to detonate high explosives blasting gelatin mixture of guncotton with nitroglycerin blazer lightweight single-breasted jacket; often striped in the colors of a club or school bleachers (used in the plural) an outdoor grandstand without a roof; patrons are exposed to the sun as linens are when they are bleached blender an electrically powered mixer with whirling blades that mix or chop or liquefy foods blimp a small nonrigid airship used for observation or as a barrage balloon blind a protective covering that keeps things out or hinders sight; "they had just moved in and had not put up blinds yet" a hiding place sometimes used by hunters (especially duck hunters); "he waited impatiently in the blind" people who have severe visual impairments, considered as a group; "he spent hours reading to the blind" make dim by comparison or conceal make blind by putting the eyes out; "The criminals were punished and blinded" render unable to see unable or unwilling to perceive or understand; "blind to a lover's faults"; "blind to the consequences of their actions" not based on reason or evidence; "blind hatred"; "blind faith"; "unreasoning panic" unable to see; "a person is blind to the extent that he must devise alternative techniques to do efficiently those things he would do with sight if he had normal vision"--Kenneth Jernigan blind corner a street corner that you cannot see around as you are driving blind curve a curve or bend in the road that you cannot see around as you are driving blindfold a cloth used to cover the eyes cover the eyes of (someone) to prevent him from seeing; "the hostage was blindfolded and driven away" wearing a blindfold bling flashy, ostentatious jewelry; "the rapper was loaded with bling" blinker a light that flashes on and off; used as a signal or to send messages a blinking light on a motor vehicle that indicates the direction in which the vehicle is about to turn put blinders on (a horse) blister pack packaging in which a product is sealed between a cardboard backing and clear plastic cover block a solid piece of something (usually having flat rectangular sides); "the pyramids were built with large stone blocks" housing in a large building that is divided into separate units; "there is a block of classrooms in the west wing" an inability to remember or think of something you normally can do; often caused by emotional tension; "I knew his name perfectly well but I had a temporary block" a number or quantity of related things dealt with as a unit; "he reserved a large block of seats"; "he held a large block of the company's stock" a rectangular area in a city surrounded by streets and usually containing several buildings; "he lives in the next block" (computer science) a sector or group of sectors that function as the smallest data unit permitted; "since blocks are often defined as a single sector, the terms `block' and `sector' are sometimes used interchangeably" a three-dimensional shape with six square or rectangular sides shape into a block or blocks; "block the graphs so one can see the results clearly" shape by using a block; "Block a hat"; "block a garment" support, secure, or raise with a block; "block a plate for printing"; "block the wheels of a car" stamp or emboss a title or design on a book with a block; "block the book cover" interrupt the normal function of by means of anesthesia; "block a nerve"; "block a muscle" run on a block system; "block trains" blockade-runner a ship that runs through or around a naval blockade block and tackle pulley blocks with associated rope or cable block diagram a diagram showing the interconnections between the components of system (especially an electronic system) blocker a class of drugs that inhibit (block) some biological process a football player whose responsibility is to block players attempting to stop an offensive play blockhouse a stronghold that is reinforced for protection from enemy fire; with apertures for defensive fire block plane a small plane used on end grains of wood bloodmobile a motor vehicle equipped to collect blood donations bloomers (used in the plural) underpants worn by women; "she was afraid that her bloomers might have been showing" blouse a top worn by women blower a device that produces a current of air blowgun a tube through which darts can be shot by blowing blowtorch a burner that mixes air and gas to produce a very hot flame blowtube a tube that directs air or gas into a flame to concentrate heat blucher a high shoe with laces over the tongue bludgeon a club used as a weapon overcome or coerce as if by using a heavy club; "The teacher bludgeoned the students into learning the math formulas" blue chip a blue poker chip with the highest value a common stock of a nationally known company whose value and dividends are reliable; typically have high price and low yield; "blue chips are usually safe investments" blueprint photographic print of plans or technical drawings etc. something intended as a guide for making something else; "a blueprint for a house"; "a pattern for a skirt" make a blueprint of blunderbuss a short musket of wide bore with a flared muzzle blunt file a file with parallel edges board a flat piece of material designed for a special purpose; "he nailed boards across the windows" a flat portable surface (usually rectangular) designed for board games; "he got out the board and set up the pieces" food or meals in general; "she sets a fine table"; "room and board" a committee having supervisory powers; "the board has seven members" a stout length of sawn timber; made in a wide variety of sizes and used for many purposes provide food and lodging (for); "The old lady is boarding three men" lodge and take meals (at) get on board of (trains, buses, ships, aircraft, etc.) live and take one's meals at or in; "she rooms in an old boarding house" boarding house a private house that provides accommodations and meals for paying guests boardroom a room where a committee meets (such as the board of directors of a company) board rule a measure used in computing board feet boards (used in the plural) the boarding that surrounds an ice hockey rink (used in the plural) the stage of a theater; "most actors love to stride the boards" boardwalk a walkway made of wooden boards; usually at seaside boat a small vessel for travel on water ride in a boat on water boat deck the upper deck on which lifeboats are stored boater a stiff hat made of straw with a flat crown boat hook pole-handled hook used to pull or push boats boathouse a shed at the edge of a river or lake; used to store boats boatswain's chair a seat consisting of a board and a rope; used while working aloft or over the side of a ship boat train a train taking passengers to or from a port boat whistle a whistle on a boat that is sounded as a warning boatyard a place where boats are built or maintained or stored bobbin a winder around which thread or tape or film or other flexible materials can be wound bobby pin a flat wire hairpin whose prongs press tightly together; used to hold bobbed hair in place; "in Britain they call a bobby pin a grip" bobsled a long racing sled (for 2 or more people) with a steering mechanism formerly two short sleds coupled together ride a bobsled; "The boys bobbed down the hill screaming with pleasure" bocce ball wooden ball that is bowled in the Italian game of bocce bodega a small Hispanic shop selling wine and groceries bodice part of a dress above the waist bodkin a blunt needle for threading ribbon through loops a small sharp-pointed tool for punching holes in leather or fabric formerly a long hairpin; usually with an ornamental head body the external structure of a vehicle; "the body of the car was badly rusted" the main mass of a thing the entire physical structure of an organism (an animal, plant, or human being); "he felt as if his whole body were on fire" a natural object consisting of a dead animal or person; "they found the body in the lake" the central message of a communication; "the body of the message was short" a group of persons associated by some common tie or occupation and regarded as an entity; "the whole body filed out of the auditorium"; "the student body"; "administrative body" a collection of particulars considered as a system; "a body of law"; "a body of doctrine"; "a body of precedents" an individual 3-dimensional object that has mass and that is distinguishable from other objects; "heavenly body" invest with or as with a body; give body to body armor armor that protects the wearer's whole body body bag a bag in which the body of a dead soldier is placed body lotion lotion applied to the body after bathing body stocking a one-piece tight-fitting undergarment for women that covers the torso (and may have sleeves and legs) body plethysmograph plethysmograph consisting of a chamber surrounding the entire body; used in studies of respiration body pad a pad worn by hockey goalkeeper Bofors gun an automatic double-barreled antiaircraft gun bogy an unidentified (and possibly enemy) aircraft boiler sealed vessel where water is converted to steam boilerplate thick plate iron used in the production of boilers standard formulations uniformly found in certain types of legal documents or news stories boiling water reactor a nuclear reactor that uses water as a coolant and moderator; the water boils in the reactor core and the steam produced can drive a steam turbine bola a rope with weights attached to the ends; is thrown to entangle the legs of an animal; of South American origin bollard a strong post (as on a wharf or quay or ship for attaching mooring lines); "the road was closed to vehicular traffic with bollards" bollock a pulley-block at the head of a topmast bolo long heavy knife with a single edge; of Philippine origin bologram record or recording made by a bolometer bolometer an instrument that measures heat radiation; extremely sensitive bolo tie a cord fastened around the neck with an ornamental clasp and worn as a necktie bolster a pillow that is often put across a bed underneath the regular pillows support and strengthen; "bolster morale" prop up with a pillow or bolster bolt cutter an implement for cutting bolts bolus a large pill; used especially in veterinary medicine a small round soft mass (as of chewed food) bomb an explosive device fused to explode under specific conditions bombardon a large shawm; the bass member of the shawm family bombazine a twilled fabric used for dresses; the warp is silk and the weft is worsted; "black bombazine is frequently used for mourning garments" bomb calorimeter strong sealed vessel for measuring heat of combustion bomber a military aircraft that drops bombs during flight a large sandwich made of a long crusty roll split lengthwise and filled with meats and cheese (and tomato and onion and lettuce and condiments); different names are used in different sections of the United States a person who plants bombs bomber jacket a jacket gathered into a band at the waist bombie an unexploded bomblet; "unexploded bomblets known in Laos as `bombies' caused farmers to fear cultivating their fields" bomblet one of the smaller bombs that are released from a cluster bomb bomb rack a device on an aircraft for carrying bombs bombshell an explosive bomb or artillery shell a shocking surprise; "news of the attack came like a bombshell" an entertainer who has a sensational effect; "she was a blonde bombshell" bomb shelter a chamber (often underground) reinforced against bombing and provided with food and living facilities; used during air raids bombsight a sighting device in an aircraft for aiming bombs bone-ash cup a small porous bowl made of bone ash used in assaying to separate precious metals from e.g. lead bone china fine porcelain that contains bone ash bones (used in the plural) a percussion instrument consisting of a pair of hollow pieces of wood or bone (usually held between the thumb and fingers) that are made to click together (as by Spanish dancers) in rhythm with the dance boneshaker any wheeled vehicle that is dilapidated and uncomfortable; "that old bike without rubber tires was a real boneshaker" bonnet a hat tied under the chin dress in a bonnet booby prize a prize given to one who finishes last in a contest book physical objects consisting of a number of pages bound together; "he used a large book as a doorstop" a number of sheets (ticket or stamps etc.) bound together on one edge; "he bought a book of stamps" a major division of a long written composition; "the book of Isaiah" a written work or composition that has been published (printed on pages bound together); "I am reading a good book on economics" a collection of rules or prescribed standards on the basis of which decisions are made; "they run things by the book around here" a collection of playing cards satisfying the rules of a card game engage for a performance; "Her agent had booked her for several concerts in Tokyo" record a charge in a police register; "The policeman booked her when she tried to solicit a man" register in a hotel booker book bag a bag in which students carry their books bookbindery a bookbinder's workshop; a place for binding books bookcase a piece of furniture with shelves for storing books bookend a support placed at the end of a row of books to keep them upright (on a shelf or table) bookmark a marker (a piece of paper or ribbon) placed between the pages of a book to mark the reader's place bookmobile a van with shelves of books; serves as a mobile library or bookstore bookshelf a shelf on which to keep books bookshop a shop where books are sold boom any of various more-or-less horizontal spars or poles used to extend the foot of a sail or for handling cargo or in mooring a pole carrying an overhead microphone projected over a film or tv set a deep prolonged loud noise a sudden happening that brings good fortune (as a sudden opportunity to make money); "the demand for testing has created a boom for those unregulated laboratories where boxes of specimen jars are processed like an assembly line" a state of economic prosperity grow vigorously; "The deer population in this town is thriving"; "business is booming" make a deep hollow sound; "Her voice booms out the words of the song" make a resonant sound, like artillery; "His deep voice boomed through the hall" boomerang a curved piece of wood; when properly thrown will return to thrower return to the initial position from where it came; like a boomerang booster an additional dose that makes sure the first dose was effective the first stage of a multistage rocket an amplifier for restoring the strength of a transmitted signal a thief who steals goods that are in a store boot camp camp for training military recruits bootee a slipper that is soft and wool (for babies) booth small area set off by walls for special use a small shop at a fair; for selling goods or entertainment a table (in a restaurant or bar) surrounded by two high-backed benches boothose protective stockings worn with or in place of boots bootjack has V-shaped notch for pulling off boots bootlace a long lace for fastening boots bootleg the part of a boot above the instep produce or distribute illegally; "bootleg tapes of the diva's singing" sell illicit products such as drugs or alcohol; "They were bootlegging whiskey" distributed or sold illicitly; "the black economy pays no taxes" bootstrap a strap that is looped and sewn to the top of a boot for pulling it on help oneself, often through improvised means Bordeaux mixture antifungal agent consisting of a solution of copper sulphate and quicklime border a strip forming the outer edge of something; "the rug had a wide blue border" lie adjacent to another or share a boundary; "Canada adjoins the U.S."; "England marches with Scotland" provide with a border or edge; "edge the tablecloth with embroidery" bore a hole or passage made by a drill; usually made for exploratory purposes diameter of a tube or gun barrel a person who evokes boredom make a hole, especially with a pointed power or hand tool; "don't drill here, there's a gas pipe"; "drill a hole into the wall"; "drill for oil"; "carpenter bees are boring holes into the wall" cause to be bored bore bit a drill for penetrating rock boron chamber an ionization chamber lined with boron or filled with boron trifluoride gas for counting low velocity neutrons boron counter tube a proportional counter tube for counting neutrons borstal formerly a British reform school for youths considered too young to send to prison bosom cloth that covers the chest or breasts a person's breast or chest the chest considered as the place where secret thoughts are kept; "his bosom was bursting with the secret" hide in one's bosom; "She bosomed his letters" Bosporus Bridge a suspension bridge across the Bosporus at Istanbul Boston rocker a rocking chair that has a high spindle back and a decorative top panel bota a wine bottle made of leather botanical a drug made from part of a plant (as the bark or root or leaves) bottle a glass or plastic vessel used for storing drinks or other liquids; typically cylindrical without handles and with a narrow neck that can be plugged or capped a vessel fitted with a flexible teat and filled with milk or formula; used as a substitute for breast feeding infants and very young children the quantity contained in a bottle put into bottles; "bottle the mineral water" store (liquids or gases) in bottles bottle bank a place where bottles can be deposited for recycling bottlebrush a cylindrical brush on a thin shaft that is used to clean bottles bottlecap a cap that seals a bottle bottleneck the narrow part of a bottle near the top become narrow, like a bottleneck; "Right by the bridge, the road bottlenecks" slow down or impede by creating an obstruction; "His laziness has bottlenecked our efforts to reform the system" bottle opener an opener for removing caps or corks from bottles bottling plant a plant where beverages are put into bottles with caps bottom a cargo ship; "they did much of their overseas trade in foreign bottoms" the lower side of anything the lowest part of anything; "they started at the bottom of the hill" the second half of an inning; while the home team is at bat strike the ground, as with a ship's bottom provide with a bottom or a seat; "bottom the chairs" the lowest rank; "bottom member of the class" boucle a fabric of uneven yarn that has an uneven knobby effect boudoir a lady's bedroom or private sitting room boulle an inlaid furniture decoration; tortoiseshell and yellow and white metal form scrolls in cabinetwork bouncing betty an antipersonnel land mine Bounty a ship of the British navy; in 1789 part of the crew mutinied against their commander William Bligh and set him afloat in an open boat bouquet an arrangement of flowers that is usually given as a present a pleasingly sweet olfactory property Bourse the stock exchange in Paris boutique a shop that sells women's clothes and jewelry boutonniere a flower that is worn in a buttonhole bow and arrow a weapon consisting of arrows and the bow to shoot them bowed stringed instrument stringed instruments that are played with a bow; "the strings played superlatively well" Bowie knife a stout hunting knife with a single edge bowl a dish that is round and open at the top for serving foods a round vessel that is open at the top; used chiefly for holding food or liquids a small round container that is open at the top for holding tobacco a wooden ball (with flattened sides so that it rolls on a curved course) used in the game of lawn bowling the quantity contained in a bowl a concave shape with an open top engage in the sport of bowling; "My parents like to bowl on Friday nights" hurl a cricket ball from one end of the pitch towards the batsman at the other end roll (a ball) bowler hat a felt hat that is round and hard with a narrow brim bowline a loop knot that neither slips nor jams bowling alley a lane down which a bowling ball is rolled toward pins a building that contains several alleys for bowling bowling ball a large ball with finger holes used in the sport of bowling bowling equipment equipment used in bowling bowling pin a club-shaped wooden object used in bowling; set up in triangular groups of ten as the target bowling shoe a special shoe worn when bowling bowsprit a spar projecting from the bow of a vessel bowstring the string of an archer's bow bow tie a man's tie that ties in a bow box beam a beam built up from boards; has a hollow rectangular cross section box camera a simple camera shaped like a rectangular box boxcar a freight car with roof and sliding doors in the sides box coat a short coat that hangs loosely from the shoulders boxing equipment equipment used in boxing boxing glove boxing equipment consisting of big and padded coverings for the fists of the fighters; worn for the sport of boxing boxing ring a square ring where boxers fight box kite a kite shaped like a box open at both ends box office the office where tickets of admission are sold total admission receipts for an entertainment box pleat a flat double pleat made by folding under the fabric on either side of it box seat a special seat in a theater or grandstand box box spring a coiled bedspring in a frame that is covered with cloth box wrench a wrench with a closed loop (a socket) that fits over a nut or bolt head brace a structural member used to stiffen a framework a carpenter's tool having a crank handle for turning and a socket to hold a bit for boring an appliance that corrects dental irregularities a support that steadies or strengthens something else; "he wore a brace on his knee" elastic straps that hold trousers up (usually used in the plural) a rope on a square-rigged ship that is used to swing a yard about and secure it either of two punctuation marks ({ or }) used to enclose textual material support by bracing support or hold steady and make steadfast, with or as if with a brace; "brace your elbows while working on the potter's wheel" prepare (oneself) for something unpleasant or difficult brace and bit a drill consisting of a bit and a brace to hold and turn it bracelet jewelry worn around the wrist for decoration bracer a tonic or restorative (especially a drink of liquor) a protective covering for the wrist or arm that is used in archery and fencing and other sports brace wrench a wrench shaped like a brace (has a handle shaped like a crank) and a socket head bracket a support projecting from a wall (as to hold a shelf) either of two punctuation marks ([ or ]) used to enclose textual material either of two punctuation marks (`<' or `>') used in computer programming and sometimes used to enclose textual material a category falling within certain defined limits classify or group place into brackets; "Please bracket this remark" support with brackets; "bracket bookshelves" brad a small nail fasten with brads bradawl an awl for making small holes for brads or small screws braid trimming used to decorate clothes or curtains a hairdo formed by braiding or twisting the hair form or weave into a braid or braids; "braid hair" decorate with braids or ribbons; "braid a collar" make by braiding or interlacing; "lace a tablecloth" brail a small rope (one of several) used to draw a sail in a small net used to draw fish into a boat haul fish aboard with brails take in a sail with a brail brake a restraint used to slow or stop a vehicle anything that slows or hinders a process; "she wan not ready to put the brakes on her life with a marriage"; "new legislation will put the brakes on spending" an area thickly overgrown usually with one kind of plant any of various ferns of the genus Pteris having pinnately compound leaves and including several popular houseplants cause to stop by applying the brakes; "brake the car before you go into a curve" stop travelling by applying a brake; "We had to brake suddenly when a chicken crossed the road" brake band a band that can be tightened around a shaft to stop its rotation brake cylinder a cylinder that contains brake fluid that is compressed by a piston brake disk a disk or plate that is fixed to the wheel; pressure is applied to it by the brake pads brake drum a hollow cast iron cylinder attached to the wheel that forms part of the brakes brake lining the lining on the brake shoes that comes in contact with the brake drum brake pad one of the pads that apply friction to both sides of the brake disk brake pedal foot pedal that moves a piston in the master brake cylinder brake shoe a restraint provided when the brake linings are moved hydraulically against the brake drum to retard the wheel's rotation brake system a braking device consisting of a combination of interacting parts that work to slow a motor vehicle branch line a railway line connected to a trunk line brand-name drug a drug that has a trade name and is protected by a patent (can be produced and sold only by the company holding the patent) brass a wind instrument that consists of a brass tube (usually of variable length) that is blown by means of a cup-shaped or funnel-shaped mouthpiece a memorial made of brass an ornament or utensil made of brass an alloy of copper and zinc brassard armor plate that protects the arm brasserie a small restaurant serving beer and wine as well as food; usually cheap brassie (formerly) a golfing wood with a face more elevated that a driver but less than a spoon brassiere an undergarment worn by women to support their breasts brass knucks (used in the plural) a small metal weapon; worn over the knuckles on the back of the hand brass monkey a metal stand that formerly held cannon balls on sailing ships brattice a partition (often temporary) of planks or cloth that is used to control ventilation in a mine supply with a brattice, to ventilate mines brazier large metal container in which coal or charcoal is burned; warms people who must stay outside for long times breadbasket a basket for serving bread a geographic region serving as the principal source of grain bread-bin a container used to keep bread or cake in breadboard a wooden or plastic board on which dough is kneaded or bread is sliced bread knife a knife used to cut bread breakable an article that is fragile and easily broken; "pack the breakables separately" capable of being broken or damaged; "earthenware pottery is breakable"; "breakable articles should be packed carefully" breakfast area a place for light meals (usually near a kitchen); "the breakfast nook had a built in table and seats" breakfast table a table where breakfast is eaten break seal a seal that must be broken when first used and cannot easily be resealed; "it was stored in a tube with a break seal" breakwater a protective structure of stone or concrete; extends from shore into the water to prevent a beach from washing away breast drill a portable drill with a plate that is pressed against the chest to force the drill point into the work breast implant an implant for cosmetic purposes to replace a breast that has been surgically removed breastplate armor plate that protects the chest; the front part of a cuirass breast pocket a pocket inside of a man's coat breathalyzer a device that measures chemicals (especially the alcohol content) in a person's expired breath breathing device a device that facilitates breathing in cases of respiratory failure breech opening in the rear of the barrel of a gun where bullets can be loaded breechblock a metal block in breech-loading firearms that is withdrawn to insert a cartridge and replaced to close the breech before firing breechcloth a garment that provides covering for the loins breeches (used in the plural) trousers ending above the knee breeches buoy a life buoy in the form of a ring with short breeches for support; used to transfer people from a ship breechloader a gun that is loaded at the breech breeder reactor a nuclear reactor that produces more fissile material than it burns Bren a submachine gun operated by gas pressure; used by the British in World War II brewery a plant where beer is brewed by fermentation brewpub a combination brewery and restaurant; beer is brewed for consumption on the premises and served along with food briar a pipe made from the root (briarroot) of the tree heath bric-a-brac miscellaneous curios brick rectangular block of clay baked by the sun or in a kiln; used as a building or paving material a good fellow; helpful and trustworthy brickkiln a kiln for making bricks bricklayer's hammer a hammer used in laying bricks brick trowel a trowel used in masonry brickwork masonry done with bricks and mortar brickyard a place where bricks are made and sold bridal gown a gown worn by the bride at a wedding bridged-T a circuit consisting of a T-network with an additional shunt bridging the two series circuits bridle path a path suitable for riding or leading horses (but not for cars) bridoon a bit resembling a snaffle bit; used with a separate curb briefcase a case with a handle; for carrying papers or files or books briefcase bomb a bomb consisting of an explosive and timer hidden inside a briefcase briefcase computer a portable computer housed in a box that resembles a briefcase briefs (used in the plural) short tight-fitting underpants (trade name Jockey shorts) brig a penal institution (especially on board a ship) two-masted sailing vessel square-rigged on both masts brigandine a medieval coat of chain mail consisting of metal rings sewn onto leather or cloth brigantine two-masted sailing vessel square-rigged on the foremast and fore-and-aft rigged on the mainmast brilliantine a pomade to make the hair manageable and lustrous brilliant pebble a code name for a small computerized heat-seeking missile that was supposed to intercept and destroy enemy missiles brim a circular projection that sticks outward from the crown of a hat the top edge of a vessel or other container fill as much as possible; "brim a cup to good fellowship" be completely full; "His eyes brimmed with tears" briquette a block made from charcoal or coal dust and burned as fuel bristle brush a brush that is made with the short stiff hairs of an animal or plant britches (used in the plural) informal term for breeches broad arrow an arrow with a wide barbed head a mark shaped like an arrowhead; used to mark convicts' clothing an arrowhead mark identifying British government property broadax a large ax with a broad cutting blade brochette a small spit or skewer broadcaster a mechanical device for scattering something (seed or fertilizer or sand etc.) in all directions someone who broadcasts on radio or television broadcasting station a station equipped to broadcast radio or television programs broadcasting studio a studio where broadcasts originate broadcloth a closely woven silk or synthetic fabric with a narrow crosswise rib a densely textured woolen fabric with a lustrous finish broad gauge a railroad track (or its width) broader than the standard 56.5 inches broad hatchet a short-handled hatchet with a broad blade opposite a hammerhead broadloom a carpet woven on a wide loom to obviate the need for seams (of rugs or carpets) woven full width; "a broadloom rug" broadsword a sword with a broad blade and (usually) two cutting edges; used to cut rather than stab brocade thick heavy expensive material with a raised pattern weave a design into (textiles) brogan a thick and heavy shoe broiler an oven or part of a stove used for broiling flesh of a small young chicken not over 2 1/2 lb suitable for broiling broken arch an arch with a gap at the apex; the gap is usually filled with some decoration brokerage house place where a broker conducts his business brompheniramine maleate antihistamine (trade name Dimetane) used to treat hypersensitivity reactions (as rhinitis) bronchodilator a drug that relaxes and dilates the bronchial passageways and improves the passages of air into the lungs bronchoscope a slender tubular instrument used to examine the bronchial tubes Bronx-Whitestone Bridge a suspension bridge across the East River in New York City bronze a sculpture made of bronze an alloy of copper and tin and sometimes other elements; also any copper-base alloy containing other elements in place of tin give the color and appearance of bronze to something; "bronze baby shoes" of the color of bronze made from or consisting of bronze bronze medal a trophy made of bronze (or having the appearance of bronze) that is usually awarded for winning third place in a competition brooch a decorative pin worn by women fasten with or as if with a brooch Brooklyn Bridge a suspension bridge across the East River in New York City; opened in 1883 broom a cleaning implement for sweeping; bundle of straws or twigs attached to a long handle any of various shrubs of the genera Cytisus or Genista or Spartium having long slender branches and racemes of yellow flowers finish with a broom broom closet a small room for storing brooms and other cleaning equipment broomstick the handle of a broom brougham a sedan that has no roof over the driver's seat light carriage; pulled by a single horse Browning automatic rifle a portable .30 caliber automatic rifle operated by gas pressure and fed by cartridges from a magazine; used by United States troops in World War I and in World War II and in the Korean War Browning machine gun a belt-fed machine gun capable of firing more than 500 rounds per minute; used by United States troops in World War II and the Korean War brownstone a row house built of brownstone; reddish brown in color a reddish brown sandstone; used in buildings Brown University a university in Rhode Island brunch coat a woman's short housecoat or wrapper Brussels carpet a carpet with a strong linen warp and a heavy pile of colored woolen yarns drawn up in uncut loops to form a pattern Brussels lace fine lace with a raised or applique design bubble a dome-shaped covering made of transparent glass or plastic an impracticable and illusory idea; "he didn't want to burst the newcomer's bubble" a hollow globule of gas (e.g., air or carbon dioxide) form, produce, or emit bubbles; "The soup was bubbling" cause to form bubbles; "bubble gas through a liquid" rise in bubbles or as if in bubbles; "bubble to the surface" bubble chamber an instrument that records the tracks of ionizing particles bubble jet printer a kind of ink-jet printer bubbler any of various devices in which air or some other gas is bubbled through a liquid Buchenwald a Nazi concentration camp for Jews in World War II that was located in central Germany buckboard an open horse-drawn carriage with four wheels; has a seat attached to a flexible board between the two axles bucket a roughly cylindrical vessel that is open at the top the quantity contained in a bucket carry in a bucket put into a bucket bucket seat a low single seat as in cars or planes bucket shop (formerly) a cheap saloon selling liquor by the bucket an unethical or overly aggressive brokerage firm buckle fastener that fastens together two ends of a belt or strap; often has loose prong fold or collapse; "His knees buckled" fasten with a buckle or buckles buckram a coarse cotton fabric stiffened with glue; used in bookbinding and to stiffen clothing stiffen with or as with buckram; "buckram the skirt" bucksaw a saw that is set in a frame in the shape of an H; used with both hands to cut wood that is held in a sawbuck buckskins (used in the plural) breeches made of buckskin buff an implement consisting of soft material mounted on a block; used for polishing (as in manicuring) bare skin; "swimming in the buff means to swim naked" a soft thick undyed leather from the skins of e.g. buffalo or oxen polish and make shiny; "buff the wooden floors"; "buff my shoes" of the yellowish-beige color of buff leather buffer a cushion-like device that reduces shock due to an impact a power tool used to buff surfaces (computer science) a part of RAM used for temporary storage of data that is waiting to be sent to a device; used to compensate for differences in the rate of flow of data between components of a computer system (chemistry) an ionic compound that resists changes in its pH add a buffer (a solution); "buffered saline solution for the eyes" buffered aspirin aspirin coated with a substance capable of neutralizing acid (trade name Bufferin) buffet a piece of furniture that stands at the side of a dining room; has shelves and drawers a meal set out on a buffet at which guests help themselves strike, beat repeatedly; "The wind buffeted him" strike against forcefully; "Winds buffeted the tent" buffing wheel a wheel that is covered with soft material buggy a small lightweight carriage; drawn by a single horse infested with bugs buggy whip a horsewhip once used by a driver of a buggy; "since buggies have been replaced by cars the buggy whip has become a symbol for anything that is hopelessly outmoded" bugle a brass instrument without valves; used for military calls and fanfares a tubular glass or plastic bead sewn onto clothing for decoration any of various low-growing annual or perennial evergreen herbs native to Eurasia; used for ground cover play on a bugle building a structure that has a roof and walls and stands more or less permanently in one place; "there was a three-story building on the corner"; "it was an imposing edifice" the occupants of a building; "the entire building complained about the noise" building block a block of material used in construction work building complex a whole structure (as a building) made up of interconnected or related structures building supply store a store where builders can purchase materials for building houses and related structures built-in bed a bed that is built in and fixed to a wall bulb a rounded part of a cylindrical instrument (usually at one end); "the bulb of a syringe" a rounded dilation or expansion in a canal or vessel or organ a modified bud consisting of a thickened globular underground stem serving as a reproductive structure anything with a round shape resembling a teardrop bulkhead a partition that divides a ship or plane into compartments bulla the round leaden seal affixed to a papal bull bulldog clip a clip with a spring that closes the metal jaws bulldog wrench a wrench designed to provide a firm grip on something bulldozer large powerful tractor; a large blade in front flattens areas of ground bullet a projectile that is fired from a gun bulletin board a board that hangs on a wall; displays announcements bulletin board system a computer that is running software that allows users to leave messages and access information of general interest bulletproof vest a vest capable of resisting the impact of a bullet bullet train a high-speed passenger train bullfight a Spanish or Portuguese or Latin American spectacle; a matador baits and (usually) kills a bull in an arena before many spectators bullhorn a portable loudspeaker with built-in microphone and amplifier bullion gold or silver in bars or ingots a mass of precious metal bullnose a small carpenter's plane with the cutting edge near the front bullpen a large cell where prisoners (people awaiting trial or sentence or refugees or illegal immigrants) are confined together temporarily a place on a baseball field where relief pitchers can warm up during a game bullring a stadium where bullfights take place bull tongue a heavy plow with a single wide blade; used chiefly in cotton fields bulwark a fencelike structure around a deck (usually plural) defend with a bulwark bumboat a small boat that ferries supplies and commodities for sale to a larger ship at anchor bumper a mechanical device consisting of bars at either end of a vehicle to absorb shock and prevent serious damage a glass filled to the brim (especially as a toast); "we quaffed a bumper of ale" bumper car a small low-powered electrically powered vehicle driven on a special platform where there are many others to be dodged bumper guard vertical bars attached to a bumper to prevent locking bumpers with another vehicle bumper jack a jack for lifting a motor vehicle by the bumper bundle a package of several things tied together for carrying or storing sleep fully clothed in the same bed with one's betrothed make into a bundle; "he bundled up his few possessions" bung a plug used to close a hole in a barrel or flask close with a cork or stopper bungalow a small house with a single story bungee an elasticized rope bunghole a hole in a barrel or cask; used to fill or empty it bunk a rough bed (as at a campsite) a long trough for feeding cattle unacceptable behavior (especially ludicrously false statements) provide with a bunk; "We bunked the children upstairs" bunk bed beds built one above the other bunker a hazard on a golf course a fortification of earth; mostly or entirely below ground a large container for storing fuel; "the ship's bunkers were full of coal" hit a golf ball into a bunker transfer cargo from a ship to a warehouse fill (a ship's bunker) with coal or oil Bunker Buster a 5,000 pound laser-guided bomb that can be programmed to penetrate to a given depth before exploding; used to penetrate hardened underground facilities bunsen burner a gas burner used in laboratories; has an air valve to regulate the mixture of gas and air bur small bit used in dentistry or surgery seed vessel having hooks or prickles remove the burrs from Burberry a lightweight belted raincoat typically made of tan gabardine with a distinctive tartan lining; named for the original manufacturer burette measuring instrument consisting of a graduated glass tube with a tap at the bottom; used for titration burglar alarm a warning device that is tripped off by the occurrence of a burglary a loud warning signal produced by a burglar alarm; "they could hear the burglar alarm a mile away" burial chamber a chamber that is used as a grave burial garment cloth used to cover a corpse in preparation for burial burial mound (archeology) a heap of earth placed over prehistoric tombs burin a chisel of tempered steel with a sharp point; used for engraving burqa a loose garment (usually with veiled holes for the eyes) worn by Muslim women especially in India and Pakistan; "the Taliban forced all women to wear the burqa" burlap coarse jute fabric burn bag a bag into which secret documents are placed before being burned burn center a center where patients with severe burns can be treated burner an apparatus for burning fuel (or refuse); "a diesel engine is an oil burner" the heating elements of a stove or range on which pots and pans are placed for cooking; "the electric range had one large burner and three smaller one" burnous a long hooded cloak woven of wool in one piece; worn by Arabs and Moors burp gun a fully automatic pistol; a small submachine gun burr rough projection left on a workpiece after drilling or cutting rotary file for smoothing rough edges left on a workpiece burthen a variant of `burden' bus a vehicle carrying many passengers; used for public transport; "he always rode the bus to work" a car that is old and unreliable; "the fenders had fallen off that old bus" remove used dishes from the table in restaurants ride in a bus send or move around by bus; "The children were bussed to school" busbar an electrical conductor that makes a common connection between several circuits; "the busbar in this computer can transmit data either way between any two components of the system" bushel basket a basket large enough to hold a bushel bushing a cylindrical metal lining used to reduce friction an insulating liner in an opening through which conductors pass bush jacket a loose fitting jacket; resembles a shirt with four patch pockets and a belt business suit a suit of clothes traditionally worn by businessmen buskin a boot reaching halfway up to the knee bus lane a traffic lane intended for buses only bus line an organization responsible for operating a bus transportation system buspirone a drug (trade name BuSpar) designed specifically for anxiety bus terminal a terminal that serves bus passengers bustier a close-fitting and strapless top without sleeves that is worn by women either as lingerie or for evening dress butacaine a white crystalline ester that is applied to mucous membranes as a local anesthetic butcher board a thick wooden slab formed by bonding together thick laminated strips of unpainted hardwood butcher knife a large sharp knife for cutting or trimming meat butcher shop a shop in which meat and poultry (and sometimes fish) are sold butt thick end of the handle the small unused part of something (especially the end of a cigarette that is left after smoking) a large cask (especially one holding a volume equivalent to 2 hogsheads or 126 gallons) a victim of ridicule or pranks the part of a plant from which the roots spring or the part of a stalk or trunk nearest the roots to strike, thrust or shove against; "He butted his sister out of the way"; "The goat butted the hiker with his horns" place end to end without overlapping; "The frames must be butted at the joints" butter dish a small dish (often with a cover) for holding butter at the table butterfly valve a valve in a carburetor that consists of a disc that turns and acts as a throttle butter knife a small knife with a dull blade; for cutting or spreading butter buttery a teashop where students in British universities can purchase light meals resembling or containing or spread with butter; "a rich buttery cake" unpleasantly and excessively suave or ingratiating in manner or speech; "buttery praise"; "gave him a fulsome introduction"; "an oily sycophantic press agent"; "oleaginous hypocrisy"; "smarmy self-importance"; "the unctuous Uriah Heep"; "soapy compliments" butt hinge a hinge mortised flush into the edge of the door and jamb butt joint a joint made by fastening ends together without overlapping button a round fastener sewn to shirts and coats etc to fit through buttonholes any artifact that resembles a button a round flat badge displaying information and suitable for pinning onto a garment; "they passed out campaign buttons for their candidate" any of various plant parts that resemble buttons fasten with buttons; "button the dress" provide with buttons; "button a shirt" buttonhole a hole through which buttons are pushed buttonhole stitch a reinforcing looped stitch for edges, as around a buttonhole buttonhook a hook for pulling a button through a buttonhole buttress a support usually of stone or brick; supports the wall of a building make stronger or defensible; "buttress your thesis" reinforce with a buttress; "Buttress the church" butt shaft a blunt arrow without a barb; an arrow used for target practice butt weld a butt joint that is welded butyl nitrite a colorless pungent liquid sometimes used as a stimulant drug by drug abusers buzz bomb a small jet-propelled winged missile that carries a bomb buzzer a signaling device that makes a buzzing sound BVD trademark for men's underwear bypass condenser a capacitor that provides low impedance over certain (high) frequencies by-product a product made during the manufacture of something else a secondary and sometimes unexpected consequence byway a side road little traveled (as in the countryside) cab a car driven by a person whose job is to take passengers where they want to go in exchange for money small two-wheeled horse-drawn carriage; with two seats and a folding hood a compartment at the front of a motor vehicle or locomotive where driver sits cabana a small tent used as a dressing room beside the sea or a swimming pool caber a heavy wooden pole (such as the trunk of a young fir) that is tossed as a test of strength (in the Highlands of northern Scotland) cabin the enclosed compartment of an aircraft or spacecraft where passengers are carried small room on a ship or boat where people sleep a small house built of wood; usually in a wooded area confine to a small space, such as a cabin cabin car a car on a freight train for use of the train crew; usually the last car on the train cabin class a class of accommodations on a ship or train or plane that are less expensive than first class accommodations cabin cruiser a large motorboat that has a cabin and plumbing and other conveniences necessary for living on board cabinet a piece of furniture resembling a cupboard with doors and shelves and drawers; for storage or display housing for electronic instruments, as radio or television a storage compartment for clothes and valuables; usually it has a lock persons appointed by a head of state to head executive departments of government and act as official advisers cabin liner a liner with cabins for passengers cable a very strong thick rope made of twisted hemp or steel wire a television system that transmits over cables a conductor for transmitting electrical or optical signals or electric power a telegram sent abroad a nautical unit of depth send cables, wires, or telegrams fasten with a cable; "cable trees" cable car a conveyance for passengers or freight on a cable railway; "they took a cable car to the top of the mountain" cable railway a railway up the side of a mountain pulled by a moving cable and having counterbalancing ascending and descending cars cache a hidden storage space (for money or provisions or weapons) (computer science) RAM memory that is set aside as a specialized buffer storage that is continually updated; used to optimize data transfers between system elements with different characteristics cachet a seal on a letter a warrant formerly issued by a French king who could warrant imprisonment or death in a signed letter under his seal an indication of approved or superior status caddy a can for storing tea caesium clock an atomic clock based on the energy difference between two states of the caesium nucleus in a magnetic field cafe a small restaurant where drinks and snacks are sold cafeteria a restaurant where you serve yourself and pay a cashier cafeteria facility (usually plural) facilities for providing food for employees or visitors cafeteria tray a tray for carrying your food in a cafeteria caff informal British term for a cafe caftan a (cotton or silk) cloak with full sleeves and sash reaching down to the ankles; worn by men in the Levant a woman's dress style that imitates the caftan cloaks worn by men in the Near East cage an enclosure made or wire or metal bars in which birds or animals can be kept the net that is the goal in ice hockey something that restricts freedom as a cage restricts movement confine in a cage; "The animal was caged" cagoule lightweight parka; waterproof caisson large watertight chamber used for construction under water a chest to hold ammunition a two-wheeled military vehicle carrying artillery ammunition cake a block of solid substance (such as soap or wax); "a bar of chocolate" baked goods made from or based on a mixture of flour, sugar, eggs, and fat calabash a pipe for smoking; has a curved stem and a large bowl made from a calabash gourd tropical American evergreen that produces large round gourds round gourd of the calabash tree calamine lotion a lotion consisting of a liquid preparation containing calamine; used to treat itching or mild skin irritations calash the folding hood of a horse-drawn carriage a woman's large folded hooped hood; worn in the 18th century calceus a shoe covering the ankle; worn by ancient Romans calcimine a water-base paint containing zinc oxide and glue and coloring; used as a wash for walls and ceilings cover with calcimine; "calcimine the walls" calcium blocker any of a class of drugs that block the flow of the electrolyte calcium (either in nerve cell conduction or smooth muscle contraction of the heart); has been used in the treatment of angina or arrhythmia or hypertension or migraine calculator a small machine that is used for mathematical calculations; can be mechanical or electronic an expert at calculation (or at operating calculating machines) caldron a very large pot that is used for boiling Caledonian Canal a canal in northern Scotland that links North Sea with the Atlantic Ocean; runs diagonally between Moray Firth at the northeastern end and Loch Linnhe at the southwestern end; now little used calender a machine that smooths or glazes paper or cloth by pressing it between plates or passing it through rollers press between rollers or plates so as to smooth, glaze, or thin into sheets; "calender paper" calico coarse cloth with a bright print made of calico or resembling calico in being patterned; "calico dresses"; "a calico cat" caliper an instrument for measuring the distance between two points (often used in the plural) measure the diameter of something with calipers calk a metal cleat on the bottom front of a horseshoe to prevent slipping injure with a calk provide with calks; "calk horse shoes" call-board a bulletin board backstage in a theater call center a center equipped to handle a large volume of telephone calls (especially for taking orders or serving customers) caller ID a small display that will show you the telephone number of the party calling you calliope a musical instrument consisting of a series of steam whistles played from a keyboard Caloosahatchee Canal a canal that connects Lake Okeechobee with the Caloosahatchee River in southern Florida to form part of the Cross-Florida Waterway calorimeter a measuring instrument that determines quantities of heat calpac a high-crowned black cap (usually made of felt or sheepskin) worn by men in Turkey and Iran and the Caucasus calumet a highly decorated ceremonial pipe of Amerindians; smoked on ceremonial occasions (especially as a token of peace) Calvary cross a Latin cross set on three steps cam a rotating disk shaped to convert circular into linear motion camail a medieval hood of mail suspended from a basinet to protect the head and neck camber arch an arch with a straight horizontal extrados and a slightly arched intrados cambric a finely woven white linen Cambridge University a university in England camcorder a portable television camera and videocassette recorder camel's hair a soft tan cloth made with the hair of a camel cameo engraving or carving in low relief on a stone (as in a brooch or ring) camera equipment for taking photographs (usually consisting of a lightproof box with a lens at one end and light-sensitive film at the other) camera lens a lens that focuses the image in a camera camera lucida an optical device consisting of an attachment that enables an observer to view simultaneously the image and a drawing surface for sketching it camera obscura a darkened enclosure in which images of outside objects are projected through a small aperture or lens onto a facing surface camera tripod a tripod used to support a camera camise a loose shirt or tunic; originally worn in the Middle Ages camisole a short negligee a short sleeveless undergarment for women camlet a fabric of Asian origin; originally made of silk and camel's hair a garment made of camlet fabric camouflage device or stratagem for concealment or deceit fabric dyed with splotches of green and brown and black and tan; intended to make the wearer of a garment made of this fabric hard to distinguish from the background disguise by camouflaging; exploit the natural surroundings to disguise something; "The troops camouflaged themselves before they went into enemy territory" camp temporary living quarters specially built by the army for soldiers; "wherever he went in the camp the men were grumbling" temporary lodgings in the country for travelers or vacationers; "level ground is best for parking and camp areas" a penal institution (often for forced labor); "China has many camps for political prisoners" a site where care and activities are provided for children during the summer months; "city kids get to see the country at a summer camp" shelter for persons displaced by war or political oppression or for religious beliefs something that is considered amusing not because of its originality but because of its unoriginality; "the living room was pure camp" a group of people living together in a camp; "the whole camp laughed at his mistake" give an artificially banal or sexual quality to establish or set up a camp live in or as if in a tent; "Can we go camping again this summer?"; "The circus tented near the town"; "The houseguests had to camp in the living room" providing sophisticated amusement by virtue of having artificially (and vulgarly) mannered or banal or sentimental qualities; "they played up the silliness of their roles for camp effect"; "campy Hollywood musicals of the 1940's" campaign hat a broad-brimmed felt hat with a high crown; formerly worn by the United States Army and Marine personnel campanile a bell tower; usually stands alone unattached to a building camp chair a light folding chair camper a recreational vehicle equipped for camping out while traveling someone living temporarily in a tent or lodge for recreation camper trailer a trailer equipped for occupancy (especially for holiday trips) camphor ice a cerate made of camphor and wax and spermaceti and castor oil campstool a folding stool camshaft an engine shaft with cams attached to it can airtight sealed metal container for food or drink or paint etc. a buoy with a round bottom and conical top the quantity contained in a can preserve in a can or tin; "tinned foods are not very tasty" canal long and narrow strip of water made for boats or for irrigation (astronomy) an indistinct surface feature of Mars once thought to be a system of channels; they are now believed to be an optical illusion provide (a city) with a canal canal boat a long boat that carries freight and is narrow enough to be used in canals candelabrum branched candlestick; ornamental; has several lights candid camera a miniature camera with a fast lens candle stick of wax with a wick in the middle the basic unit of luminous intensity adopted under the Systeme International d'Unites; equal to 1/60 of the luminous intensity per square centimeter of a black body radiating at the temperature of 2,046 degrees Kelvin examine eggs for freshness by holding them against a light candlepin a bowling pin that is thin by comparison with a tenpin candlesnuffer an implement with a small cup at the end of a handle; used to extinguish the flame of a candle candlestick a holder with sockets for candles candlewick the wick of a candle loops of soft yarn are cut to give a tufted pattern candy thermometer a thermometer used to determine the temperature of candy syrups during cooking cane a stiff switch used to hit students as punishment a stick that people can lean on to help them walk a strong slender often flexible stem as of bamboos, reeds, rattans, or sugar cane beat with a cane cangue an instrument of punishment formerly used in China for petty criminals; consists of a heavy wooden collar enclosing the neck and arms canister metal container for storing dry foods such as tea or flour cannabis the most commonly used illicit drug; considered a soft drug, it consists of the dried leaves of the hemp plant; smoked or chewed for euphoric effect any plant of the genus Cannabis; a coarse bushy annual with palmate leaves and clusters of small green flowers; yields tough fibers and narcotic drugs cannery a factory where food is canned cannikin a small can a wooden bucket cannonball a solid projectile that in former times was fired from a cannon cannon cracker a large firecracker cannula a small flexible tube inserted into a body cavity for draining off fluid or introducing medication canoe small and light boat; pointed at both ends; propelled with a paddle travel by canoe; "canoe along the canal" can opener a device for cutting cans open canopic jar a jar used in ancient Egypt to contain entrails of an embalmed body canopy a covering (usually of cloth) that serves as a roof to shelter an area from the weather the umbrellalike part of a parachute that fills with air the transparent covering of an aircraft cockpit cover with a canopy canteen a flask for carrying water; used by soldiers or travelers restaurant in a factory; where workers can eat a recreation room in an institution a restaurant outside; often for soldiers or policemen sells food and personal items to personnel at an institution or school or camp etc. cant hook a peavey having a hook instead of a spike; used for handling logs cantilever projecting horizontal beam fixed at one end only construct with girders and beams such that only one end is fixed; "Frank Lloyd Wright liked to cantilever his buildings" project as a cantilever cantilever bridge bridge constructed of two cantilevers that meet in the middle cantle the back of a saddle seat Canton crepe a soft thick crinkled dress crepe; heavier than crepe de Chine canvas a heavy, closely woven fabric (used for clothing or chairs or sails or tents) the mat that forms the floor of the ring in which boxers or professional wrestlers compete; "the boxer picked himself up off the canvas" an oil painting on canvas fabric the setting for a narrative or fictional or dramatic account; "the crowded canvas of history"; "the movie demanded a dramatic canvas of sound" cover with canvas; "She canvassed the walls of her living room so as to conceal the ugly cracks" canvas tent a tent made of canvas fabric cap a tight-fitting headdress a top (as for a bottle) something serving as a cover or protection a fruiting structure resembling an umbrella or a cone that forms the top of a stalked fleshy fungus such as a mushroom restrict the number or amount of; "We had to cap the number of people we can accept into our club" lie at the top of; "Snow capped the mountains" capacitor an electrical device characterized by its capacity to store an electric charge caparison stable gear consisting of a decorated covering for a horse, especially (formerly) for a warhorse put a caparison on; "caparison the horses for the festive occasion" cape a sleeveless garment like a cloak but shorter a strip of land projecting into a body of water capeline bandage bandage that covers the head or an amputation stump like a cap capillary a tube of small internal diameter; holds liquid by capillary action any of the minute blood vessels connecting arterioles with venules long and slender with a very small internal diameter; "a capillary tube" of or relating to hair capital the upper part of a column that supports the entablature one of the large alphabetic characters used as the first letter in writing or printing proper names and sometimes for emphasis; "printers once kept the type for capitals and for small letters in separate cases; capitals were kept in the upper half of the type case and so became known as upper-case letters" a seat of government a center that is associated more than any other with some activity or product; "the crime capital of Italy"; "the drug capital of Columbia" wealth in the form of money or property owned by a person or business and human resources of economic value assets available for use in the production of further assets uppercase; "capital A"; "great A"; "many medieval manuscripts are in majuscule script" of primary importance; "our capital concern was to avoid defeat" first-rate; "a capital fellow"; "a capital idea" capital ship a warship of the first rank in size and armament Capitol the government building in Washington where the United States Senate and the House of Representatives meet capitol a building occupied by a state legislature cap opener a bottle opener to pry off caps capote a long cloak with a hood that can be pulled over the head a long overcoat with a hood that can be pulled over the head cap screw a threaded screw for machine parts; screws into a tapped hole capstan a windlass rotated in a horizontal plane around a vertical axis; used on ships for weighing anchor or raising heavy sails capstone a stone that forms the top of wall or building capsule a pill in the form of a small rounded gelatinous container with medicine inside a small container a structure that encloses a body part a dry dehiscent seed vessel or the spore-containing structure of e.g. mosses enclose in a capsule captain's chair a wooden armchair with a saddle seat and a low back that has vertical spindles captopril a drug (trade name Capoten) that blocks the formation of angiotensin in the kidneys resulting in vasodilation; used in the treatment of hypertension and congestive heart failure car a motor vehicle with four wheels; usually propelled by an internal combustion engine; "he needs a car to get to work" a wheeled vehicle adapted to the rails of railroad; "three cars had jumped the rails" where passengers ride up and down; "the car was on the top floor" the compartment that is suspended from an airship and that carries personnel and the cargo and the power plant carabiner an oblong metal ring with a spring clip; used in mountaineering to attach a rope to a piton or to connect two ropes carafe a bottle with a stopper; for serving wine or water caravansary an inn in some eastern countries with a large courtyard that provides accommodation for caravans car battery a lead-acid storage battery in a motor vehicle; usually a 12-volt battery of six cells; the heart of the car's electrical system carbine light automatic rifle car bomb a bomb placed in a car and wired to explode when the ignition is started or by remote control or by a timing device carbomycin a colorless basic antibiotic that inhibits the growth of Gram-positive organisms carbon a copy made with carbon paper an abundant nonmetallic tetravalent element occurring in three allotropic forms: amorphous carbon and graphite and diamond; occurs in all organic compounds carbon arc lamp has carbon electrodes carboy a large bottle for holding corrosive liquids; usually cushioned in a special container carburetor mixes air with gasoline vapor prior to explosion car carrier a trailer that can be loaded with new cars for delivery to sales agencies card one of a set of small pieces of stiff paper marked in various ways and used for playing games or for telling fortunes; "he collected cards and traded them with the other boys" a card certifying the identity of the bearer; "he had to show his card to get in" (golf) a record of scores (as in golf); "you have to turn in your card to get a handicap" a rectangular piece of stiff paper used to send messages (may have printed greetings or pictures); "they sent us a card from Miami" thin cardboard, usually rectangular ask someone for identification to determine whether he or she is old enough to consume liquor; "I was carded when I tried to buy a beer!" cardcase a small case for carrying business cards cardiac monitor a piece of electronic equipment for continual observation of the function of the heart cardigan knitted jacket that is fastened up the front with buttons or a zipper card index an alphabetical listing of items (e.g., books in a library) with a separate card for each item cardiograph medical instrument that records electric currents associated with contractions of the heart cardioid microphone a directional microphone with a cardioid pattern of sensitivity car door the door of a car cardroom a room for gambling on card games card table a small light table with folding legs; can be folded for storage a table for playing cards (as in a casino) car-ferry a ferry that transports motor vehicles cargo goods carried by a large vehicle cargo area the space in a ship or aircraft for storing cargo cargo container a large container for freight cargo door door used to load or unload cargo cargo hatch hatch opening into the cargo compartment cargo helicopter a helicopter that carries cargo cargo liner a liner that carries cargo cargo ship a ship designed to carry cargo carillon set of bells hung in a bell tower carminative medication that prevents the formation of gas in the alimentary tract or eases its passing relieving gas in the alimentary tract (colic or flatulence or griping) car mirror a mirror that the driver of a car can use Carnegie Mellon University an engineering university in Pittsburgh caroche a luxurious carriage suitable for nobility in the 16th and 17th century carousel a large, rotating machine with seats for children to ride or amusement a conveyer belt that carries luggage to be claimed by air travelers carpenter's hammer a hammer with a cleft at one end for pulling nails carpenter's kit a set of carpenter's tools carpenter's level a straight bar of light metal with a spirit level in it carpenter's mallet a short-handled mallet with a wooden head used to strike a chisel or wedge carpenter's rule a rule used by a carpenter carpenter's square a steel square used by carpenters; larger than a try square carpetbag traveling bag made of carpet; widely used in 19th century presumptuously seeking success or a position in a new locality; "a carpetbag stranger"; "a capetbag politician" following the practices or characteristic of carpetbaggers; "carpetbag adventurers"; "a carpetbag government" carpet beater implement for beating dust out of carpets carpet loom a loom for weaving carpeting carpet pad a pad placed under a carpet carpet sweeper a cleaning implement with revolving brushes that pick up dirt as the implement is pushed over a carpet carpet tack a tack used to nail down carpets carport garage for one or two cars consisting of a flat roof supported on poles carrack a large galleon sailed in the Mediterranean as a merchantman carrel small individual study area in a library carriage a vehicle with wheels drawn by one or more horses a machine part that carries something else characteristic way of bearing one's body; "stood with good posture" carriage bolt a roundheaded bolt for timber; threaded along part of the shank; inserted into holes already drilled carriageway one of the two sides of a motorway where traffic travels in one direction only usually in two or three lanes carriage wrench a wrench designed for use with carriage bolts carrick bend a knot used to connect the ends of two large ropes or hawsers carrick bitt either of a pair of strong posts that support a windlass on a ship's deck carron oil an ointment formerly used to treat burns carryall a capacious bag or basket carrycot box-shaped baby bed with handles (for a baby to sleep in while being carried) car seat a seat in a car cart a heavy open wagon usually having two wheels and drawn by an animal transport something in a cart car tire a tire consisting of a rubber ring around the rim of an automobile wheel carton a box made of cardboard; opens by flaps on top the quantity contained in a carton cartouche a cartridge (usually with paper casing) car train a train that transports passengers and their automobiles cartridge ammunition consisting of a cylindrical casing containing an explosive charge and a bullet; fired from a rifle or handgun an electro-acoustic transducer that is the part of the arm of a record player that holds the needle and that is removable a module designed to be inserted into a larger piece of equipment; "he loaded a cartridge of fresh tape into the tape deck" cartridge belt a broad belt with loops or pockets for holding ammunition cartridge ejector a mechanism in a firearm that ejects the empty shell case after firing cartridge extractor a mechanism in a firearm that pulls an empty shell case out of the chamber and passes it to the ejector cartridge fuse a fuse cased in a tube cartridge holder a metal frame or container holding cartridges; can be inserted into an automatic gun carvedilol beta blocker that can reduce the progression of heart failure in individuals whose disease is not advanced carving fork a large fork used in carving cooked meat carving knife a large knife used to carve cooked meat car wheel a wheel that has a tire and rim and hubcap; used to propel the car car window a window in a car caryatid a supporting column carved in the shape of a person cascade liquefier an apparatus used to liquefy air or oxygen etc. cascade transformer a number of transformers in series; provides a high-voltage source case a portable container for carrying several objects; "the musicians left their instrument cases backstage" a glass container used to store and display items in a shop or museum or home bed linen consisting of a cover for a pillow; "the burglar carried his loot in a pillowcase" (printing) the receptacle in which a compositor has his type, which is divided into compartments for the different letters, spaces, or numbers; "for English, a compositor will ordinarily have two such cases, the upper case containing the capitals and the lower case containing the small letters" the actual state of things; "that was not the case" nouns or pronouns or adjectives (often marked by inflection) related in some way to other words in a sentence a statement of facts and reasons used to support an argument; "he stated his case clearly" a problem requiring investigation; "Perry Mason solved the case of the missing heir" an occurrence of something; "it was a case of bad judgment"; "another instance occurred yesterday"; "but there is always the famous example of the Smiths" a person requiring professional services; "a typical case was the suburban housewife described by a marriage counselor" the quantity contained in a case a specific state of mind that is temporary; "a case of the jitters" look over, usually with the intention to rob; "They men cased the housed" casein paint a water-base paint made with a protein precipitated from milk case knife a knife with a fixed blade that is carried in a sheath a metal blade with a handle; used as cutlery casement a window sash that is hinged (usually on one side) casement window a window with one or more casements casern military barracks in a garrison town case shot a metallic cylinder packed with shot and used as ammunition in a firearm cash bar a counter at a large party where you can purchase drinks by the glass cashbox a strongbox for holding cash cash machine an unattended machine (outside some banks) that dispenses money when a personal coded card is used cashmere a soft fabric made from the wool of the Cashmere goat the wool of the Kashmir goat cash register a cashbox with an adding machine to register transactions; used in shops to add up the bill casing the enclosing frame around a door or window opening; "the casings had rotted away and had to be replaced" the outermost covering of a pneumatic tire casket small and often ornate box for holding jewels or other valuables enclose in a casket casque (15-16th century) any armor for the head; usually ornate without a visor casquet a light open casque without a visor or beaver Cassegrainian telescope a reflecting telescope that has a paraboloidal primary mirror and a hyperboloidal secondary mirror; light is brought to a focus through an aperture in the center of the primary mirror casserole large deep dish in which food can be cooked and served food cooked and served in a casserole cassette a container that holds a magnetic tape used for recording or playing sound or video cassette deck a tape deck for playing and recording cassette tapes cassette player electronic equipment for playing cassettes cassette recorder a recorder for recording or playing cassettes cassette tape a cassette that contains magnetic tape cassock a black garment reaching down to the ankles; worn by priests or choristers caster a pivoting roller attached to the bottom of furniture or trucks or portable machines to make them movable a shaker with a perforated top for sprinkling powdered sugar a worker who casts molten metal into finished products castile soap a good hard soap made from olive oil and sodium hydroxide castor oil a purgative extracted from the seed of the castor-oil plant; used in paint and varnish as well as medically catacomb an underground tunnel with recesses where bodies were buried (as in ancient Rome) catafalque a decorated bier on which a coffin rests in state during a funeral catalytic converter a converter that uses a platinum-iridium catalyst to oxidize pollutants and carbon monoxide into carbon dioxide and water; an antipollution device on an automotive exhaust system catalytic cracker a chemical reactor for converting oils with high boiling points into fuels with lower boiling points in the presence of a catalyst catamaran a boat with two parallel hulls held together by single deck catapult an engine that provided medieval artillery used during sieges; a heavy war engine for hurling large stones and other missiles a device that launches aircraft from a warship shoot forth or launch, as if from a catapult; "the enemy catapulted rocks towards the fort" catboat a sailboat with a single mast set far forward cat box a receptacle for cat excrement catchall an enclosure or receptacle for odds and ends catcher's mask a mask to protect the face of the catcher in baseball catchment a structure in which water is collected (especially a natural drainage area) Caterpillar a large tracked vehicle that is propelled by two endless metal belts; frequently used for moving earth in construction and farm work catgut a strong cord made from the intestines of sheep and used in surgery perennial subshrub of eastern North America having downy leaves yellowish and rose flowers and; source of rotenone cathedra a throne that is the official chair of a bishop cathedral any large and important church the principal Christian church building of a bishop's diocese relating to or containing or issuing from a bishop's office or throne; "a cathedral church" catherine wheel a circular firework that spins round and round emitting colored fire catheter a thin flexible tube inserted into the body to permit introduction or withdrawal of fluids or to keep the passageway open cathode a negatively charged electrode that is the source of electrons entering an electrical device the positively charged terminal of a voltaic cell or storage battery that supplies current cathode-ray tube a vacuum tube in which a hot cathode emits a beam of electrons that pass through a high voltage anode and are focused or deflected before hitting a phosphorescent screen catling a long double-edged knife used for amputations cat-o'-nine-tails a whip with nine knotted cords; "British sailors feared the cat" cat rig rig of a catboat cat's-paw a hitch in the middle of rope that has two eyes into which tackle can be hooked catsup bottle a bottle that holds catsup cattle car a freight car for transporting cattle cattle guard a bridge over a ditch consisting of parallel metal bars that allow pedestrians and vehicles to pass, but not cattle cattleship a cargo ship for the transport of livestock cattle trail a trail over which cattle were driven to market catwalk narrow pathway high in the air (as above a stage or between parts of a building or along a bridge) narrow platform extending out into an auditorium; "models displayed clothes on a catwalk at the fashion show" causeway a road that is raised above water or marshland or sand pave a road with cobblestones or pebbles provide with a causeway; "A causewayed swamp" cavalier hat a soft felt hat with a wide flexible brim cavalry sword a stout sword with a curved blade and thick back cavetto a concave molding shaped like a quarter circle in cross section cavity wall a wall formed of two thicknesses of masonry with a space between them C battery battery used to maintain the grid potential in a vacuum tube C-clamp a clamp in the shape of the letter C CD drive a drive that reads a compact disc and that is connected to an audio system CD player a stand-alone piece of electronic equipment that either has its own display or attaches to a television set CD-R a compact disc on which you can write only once and thereafter is read-only memory CD-ROM a compact disk that is used with a computer (rather than with an audio system); a large amount of digital information can be stored and accessed but it cannot be altered by the user CD-ROM drive a drive that is connected to a computer and on which a CD-ROM can be `played' cedar chest a chest made of cedar cefadroxil a cephalosporin antibiotic (trade name Ultracef) cefoperazone a parenteral cephalosporin (trade name Cefobid) used for severe infections cefotaxime a parenteral cephalosporin (trade name Claforan) used for severe infections of the lungs or throat or ears or urinary tract ceftazidime a parenteral cephalosporin (trade names Fortaz and Tazicef) used to treat moderate infections ceftriaxone a parenteral cephalosporin (trade name Rocephin) used for severe infection of the lungs or throat or ears or urinary tract cefuroxime a cephalosporin that can be given parenterally (trade name Zinacef) or orally by tablets (trade name Ceftin); indicated for infections of the lungs or throat or ears or urinary tract or meninges ceiling the overhead upper surface of a covered space; "he hated painting the ceiling" (meteorology) altitude of the lowest layer of clouds maximum altitude at which a plane can fly (under specified conditions) an upper limit on what is allowed; "he put a ceiling on the number of women who worked for him"; "there was a roof on salaries"; "they established a cap for prices" celecoxib a Cox-2 inhibitor (trade name Celebrex) that relieves pain and inflammation without harming the digestive tract celesta a musical instrument consisting of graduated steel plates that are struck by hammers activated by a keyboard celestial globe a globe that is a spherical model of the heavens cellar storage space where wines are stored cellarage a storage area in a cellar a charge for storing goods in a cellar cellblock a division of a prison (usually consisting of several cells) cello a large stringed instrument; seated player holds it upright while playing cellophane a transparent paperlike product that is impervious to moisture and used to wrap candy or cigarettes etc. cellular telephone a hand-held mobile radiotelephone for use in an area divided into small sections, each with its own short-range transmitter/receiver cellulose tape transparent or semitransparent adhesive tape (trade names Scotch tape and Sellotape) used for sealing or attaching or mending Celtic cross a Latin cross with a ring surrounding the intersection cenotaph a monument built to honor people whose remains are interred elsewhere or whose remains cannot be recovered censer a container for burning incense (especially one that is swung on a chain in a religious ritual) center bit a bit with a sharp center point for guidance and two side cutters centerboard a retractable fin keel used on sailboats to prevent drifting to leeward centerpiece something placed at the center of something else (as on a table) the central or most important feature; "education was the centerpiece of the Democratic Party's political platform" center punch a tool with a conical point that is used to make indentations in metal (especially to mark points for drilling) make a small hole in something as a guide for a drill Centigrade thermometer a thermometer calibrated in degrees centigrade central a workplace that serves as a telecommunications facility where lines from telephones can be connected together to permit communication in or near a center or constituting a center; the inner area; "a central position" central heating a heating system in which air or water is heated at a central furnace and sent through the building via vents or pipes and radiators central processing unit (computer science) the part of a computer (a microprocessor chip) that does most of the data processing; "the CPU and the memory form the central part of a computer to which the peripherals are attached" centrex (CENTRal EXchange) a kind of telephone exchange centrifugal pump a pump that use centrifugal force to discharge fluid into a pipe centrifuge an apparatus that uses centrifugal force to separate particles from a suspension rotate at very high speed in order to separate the liquids from the solids cephalexin an oral cephalosporin (trade names Keflex and Keflin and Keftab) commonly prescribe for mild to moderately severe infections of the skin or ears or throat or lungs or urinary tract cephaloglycin antibiotic related to cephalosporin but no longer in common use cephaloridine a broad spectrum semisynthetic antibiotic produced by modifying cephalosporin cephalosporin one of several broad spectrum antibiotic substances obtained from fungi and related to penicillin (trade names Mefoxin); addition of side chains has produced semisynthetic antibiotics with greater antibacterial activity cephalothin a semisynthetic analogue of cephalosporin ceramic an artifact made of hard brittle material produced from nonmetallic minerals by firing at high temperatures of or relating to or made from a ceramic; "a ceramic dish" ceramic ware utensils made from ceramic material cerate a hard medicated paste made of lard or oil mixed with wax or resin cereal bowl a bowl for holding breakfast cereal cereal box a paper box in which breakfast cereals are sold cerecloth a waterproof waxed cloth once used as a shroud cerivastatin an oral drug (trade name Baycol) to reduce blood cholesterol levels cervical cap a contraceptive device consisting of a small thimble-shaped cup that is placed over the uterine cervix to prevent the entrance of spermatozoa cesspool a covered cistern; waste water and sewage flow into it chachka (Yiddish) an inexpensive showy trinket (Yiddish) an attractive, unconventional woman chador a cloth used as a head covering (and veil and shawl) by Muslim and Hindu women chaff foil in thin strips; ejected into the air as a radar countermeasure material consisting of seed coverings and small pieces of stem or leaves that have been separated from the seeds chafing dish a metal pan over a heater; used to cook or to keep things warm at the table chafing gear covering (usually rope or canvas) of a line or spar to protect it from friction chain a series of (usually metal) rings or links fitted into one another to make a flexible ligament a necklace made by stringing objects together; "a string of beads"; "a strand of pearls" anything that acts as a restraint a linked or connected series of objects; "a chain of daisies" (business) a number of similar establishments (stores or restaurants or banks or hotels or theaters) under one ownership a series of things depending on each other as if linked together; "the chain of command"; "a complicated concatenation of circumstances" (chemistry) a series of linked atoms (generally in an organic molecule) a unit of length fasten or secure with chains; "Chain the chairs together" connect or arrange into a chain by linking chainlink fence a fence of steel wires woven into a diamond pattern chain mail (Middle Ages) flexible armor made of interlinked metal rings chain printer an impact printer that carries the type slugs by links of a revolving chain chain saw portable power saw; teeth linked to form an endless chain chain stitch a looped stitch resembling the links of a chain; used in embroidery and in sewing the most basic of all crochet stitches made by pulling a loop of yarn through another loop chain store one of a chain of retail stores under the same management and selling the same merchandise chain tongs a pipe wrench used for turning large pipes; an adjustable chain circles the pipe with its ends connected to the head whose teeth engage the pipe chain wrench another name for chain tongs chair a seat for one person, with a support for the back; "he put his coat over the back of the chair and sat down" a particular seat in an orchestra; "he is second chair violin" act or preside as chair, as of an academic department in a university; "She chaired the department for many years" chair of state a ceremonial chair for an exalted or powerful person chairlift a ski lift on which riders (skiers or sightseers) are seated and carried up or down a mountainside; seats are hung from an endless overhead cable chaise a carriage consisting of two wheels and a calash top; drawn by a single horse chaise longue a long chair; for reclining chalet a Swiss house with a sloping roof and wide eaves or a house built in this style chalice a bowl-shaped drinking vessel; especially the Eucharistic cup chalk a piece of calcite or a similar substance, usually in the shape of a crayon, that is used to write or draw on blackboards or other flat surfaces a pure flat white with little reflectance a soft whitish calcite write, draw, or trace with chalk chalk line a chalked string used in the building trades to make a straight line on a vertical surface chalkpit a quarry for chalk challis a soft lightweight fabric (usually printed) chamber a natural or artificial enclosed space a room where a judge transacts business an enclosed volume in the body; "the chambers of his heart were healthy" a deliberative or legislative or administrative or judicial assembly; "the upper chamber is the senate" place in a chamber chamberpot a receptacle for urination or defecation in the bedroom chambray a lightweight fabric woven with white threads across a colored warp chamfer bit a bit that is used for beveling chamfer plane a plane that makes a beveled edge chamois cloth a piece of chamois used for washing windows or cars chancel area around the altar of a church for the clergy and choir; often enclosed by a lattice or railing chancellery a government building housing the office of a chancellor chancery an office of archives for public or ecclesiastic records; a court of public records a court with jurisdiction in equity chandelier branched lighting fixture; often ornate; hangs from the ceiling chandlery a storeroom where candles are kept candles and other commodities sold by a chandler chanfron medieval plate armor to protect a horse's head channel a passage for water (or other fluids) to flow through; "the fields were crossed with irrigation channels"; "gutters carried off the rainwater into a series of channels under the street" a television station and its programs; "a satellite TV channel"; "surfing through the channels"; "they offer more than one hundred channels" a path over which electrical signals can pass; "a channel is typically what you rent from a telephone company" (often plural) a means of communication or access; "it must go through official channels"; "lines of communication were set up between the two firms" a deep and relatively narrow body of water (as in a river or a harbor or a strait linking two larger bodies) that allows the best passage for vessels; "the ship went aground in the channel" direct the flow of; "channel information towards a broad audience" chanter reed pipe with finger holes on which the melody is played chantry a chapel endowed for singing Masses for the soul of the donor an endowment for the singing of Masses chap (usually in the plural) leather leggings without a seat; joined by a belt; often have flared outer flaps; worn over trousers by cowboys to protect their legs a crack in a lip caused usually by cold a boy or man; "that chap is your host"; "there's a fellow at the door"; "he's a likable cuss"; "he's a good bloke" crack due to dehydration; "My lips chap in this dry weather" chapel a place of worship that has its own altar chapterhouse a house used as a residence by a chapter of a fraternity a building attached to a monastery or cathedral; used as a meeting place for the chapter character printer a printer that prints a single character at a time charcoal a stick of black carbon material used for drawing a drawing made with a stick of black carbon material a very dark grey color a carbonaceous material obtained by heating wood or other organic matter in the absence of air draw, trace, or represent with charcoal of a very dark grey charcoal burner a stove that burns charcoal as fuel a worker whose job is to make charcoal charcuterie a delicatessen that specializes in meats charge-exchange accelerator an accelerator in which high-energy ions escape from plasma following charge exchange chariot a light four-wheel horse-drawn ceremonial carriage a two-wheeled horse-drawn battle vehicle; used in war and races in ancient Egypt and Greece and Rome ride in a chariot transport in a chariot Charlestown Navy Yard the navy yard in Boston where the frigate `Constitution' is anchored charm something believed to bring good luck (physics) one of the six flavors of quark induce into action by using one's charm; "She charmed him into giving her all his money" protect through supernatural powers or charms control by magic spells, as by practicing witchcraft charnel house a vault or building where corpses or bones are deposited chart a map designed to assist navigation by air or sea (usually plural) a listing of best-selling recorded music; "number 2 on the charts" a visual display of information plan in detail; "Bush is charting a course to destroy Saddam Hussein" make a chart of; "chart the territory" charterhouse a Carthusian monastery Chartres Cathedral a Gothic cathedral in northern France; built in 13th century chase a rectangular metal frame used in letterpress printing to hold together the pages or columns of composed type that are printed at one time cut a groove into; "chase silver" go after with the intent to catch; "The policeman chased the mugger down the alley"; "the dog chased the rabbit" pursue someone sexually or romantically chassis the skeleton of a motor vehicle consisting of a steel frame supported on springs that holds the body and motor a metal mounting for the circuit components of an electronic device chasuble a long sleeveless vestment worn by a priest when celebrating Mass chateau an impressive country house (or castle) in France chatelaine a chain formerly worn at the waist by women; for carrying a purse or bunch of keys etc. the mistress of a chateau or large country house checker one of the flat round pieces used in playing the game of checkers one who checks the correctness of something an attendant who checks coats or baggage variegate with different colors, shades, or patterns checkerboard a board having 64 squares of two alternating colors checkout a counter in a supermarket where you pay for your purchases the latest time for vacating a hotel room; "the checkout here is 12 noon" checkroom a room where baggage or parcels are checked cheekpiece either of two straps of a bridle that connect the bit to the headpiece cheeseboard tray on which cheeses are served cheesecake a photograph of an attractive woman in minimal attire made with sweetened cream cheese and eggs and cream baked in a crumb crust cheesecloth a coarse loosely woven cotton gauze; originally used to wrap cheeses cheese cutter a kitchen utensil (board or handle) with a wire for cutting cheese cheese press a press for shaping cheese curd chemical bomb a bomb laden with chemical agents that are released when the bomb explodes chemical plant an industrial plant where chemicals are produced chemical reactor an apparatus for holding substances that are undergoing a chemical reaction chemical weapon chemical substances that can be delivered using munitions and dispersal devices to cause death or severe harm to people and animals and plants chemise a loose-fitting dress hanging straight from the shoulders without a waist a woman's sleeveless undergarment chemistry lab a laboratory for research in chemistry chenille a heavy fabric woven with chenille cord; used in rugs and bedspreads a soft tufted cord used in embroidery cheroot a cigar with both ends cut flat cherry bomb a red ball-shaped firecracker with high explosive power chessboard a checkerboard used to play chess chessman any of 16 white and 16 black pieces used in playing the game of chess chest box with a lid; used for storage; usually large and sturdy chesterfield a fitted overcoat with a velvet collar an overstuffed davenport with upright armrests chest of drawers furniture with drawers for keeping clothes chest protector protective garment consisting of a pad worn in baseball by catchers and by football players cheval-de-frise defensive structure consisting of a movable obstacle composed of barbed wire or spikes attached to a wooden frame; used to obstruct cavalry cheval glass a full length mirror mounted in a frame in which it can be tilted chevron an inverted V-shaped charge V-shaped sleeve badge indicating military rank and service; "they earned their stripes in Kuwait" chiaroscuro a monochrome picture made by using several different shades of the same color chicane a movable barrier used in motor racing; sometimes placed before a dangerous corner to reduce speed as cars pass in single file a bridge hand that is void of trumps chicken coop a farm building for housing poultry chicken farm farm where chickens are raised for sale chicken wire a galvanized wire network with a hexagonal mesh; used to build fences chicken yard an enclosed yard for keeping poultry chiffon a sheer fabric of silk or rayon chiffonier a tall elegant chest of drawers child's room a bedroom for a child chime a percussion instrument consisting of a set of tuned bells that are struck with a hammer; used as an orchestral instrument emit a sound; "bells and gongs chimed" chimney a vertical flue that provides a path through which smoke from a fire is carried away through the wall or roof of a building chimney breast walls that project out from the wall of a room and surround the chimney base chimney corner a corner by a fireplace chimneypot a short earthenware pipe on the top of a chimney to increase the draft chimneystack the part of the chimney that is above the roof; usually has several flues china high quality porcelain originally made only in China china cabinet a cabinet (usually with glass doors) for storing and displaying china chinaware dishware made of high quality porcelain Chinese lantern a collapsible paper lantern in bright colors; used for decorative purposes Chinese puzzle intricate or ingenious puzzle consisting of boxes within boxes Chinese Wall a fortification 1,500 miles long built across northern China in the 3rd century BC; it averages 6 meters in width chinning bar a horizontal bar on which you can chin yourself chino a coarse twilled cotton fabric frequently used for uniforms chinos (plural) trousers made with chino cloth chinoiserie a style in art reflecting Chinese influence; elaborately decorated and intricately patterned chin rest a rest on which a violinist can place the chin chin strap a strap attached to a hat; passes under the chin and holds the hat in place chintz a brightly printed and glazed cotton fabric chisel an edge tool with a flat steel blade with a cutting edge carve with a chisel; "chisel the marble" Chisholm Trail a former cattle trail from San Antonio in Texas to Abilene in Kansas; not used after the 1880s chlamys a short mantle or cape fastened at the shoulder; worn by men in ancient Greece chloral hydrate a colorless crystalline drug used as a sedative; irritates the stomach and can be addictive chlorambucil an alkylating agent (trade name Leukeran) used to treat some kinds of cancer chloramine any of several compounds containing chlorine and nitrogen; used as an antiseptic in wounds chloramphenicol an oral antibiotic (trade name Chloromycetin) used to treat serious infections (especially typhoid fever) chlordiazepoxide a tranquilizer (trade names Librium and Libritabs) used in the treatment of alcoholism chlorhexidine a long-lasting liquid antiseptic; used by surgeons to wash their hands before performing surgery chloroform a volatile liquid haloform (CHCl3); formerly used as an anesthetic; "chloroform was the first inhalation anesthetic" anesthetize with chloroform; "Doctors used to put people under by chloroforming them" chloroquine an antimalarial drug used to treat malaria and amebic dysentery and systemic lupus erythematosus chlorothiazide a diuretic drug (trade name Diuril) used in the treatment of edema and hypertension chlorpheniramine maleate an antihistamine (trade names Coricidin and Chlor-Trimeton) chlorpromazine a drug (trade name Thorazine) derived from phenothiazine that has antipsychotic effects and is used as a sedative and tranquilizer chlortetracycline a yellow crystalline antibiotic (trade name Aureomycin) used to treat certain bacterial and rickettsial diseases chlorthalidone a diuretic (trade names Hygroton and Thalidone) used to control hypertension and conditions that cause edema; effective in lowering blood pressure to prevent heart attacks chock a block of wood used to prevent the sliding or rolling of a heavy object support on chocks; "chock the boat" secure with chocks as completely as possible; "it was chock-a-block full" choir the area occupied by singers; the part of the chancel between sanctuary and nave a chorus that sings as part of a religious ceremony a family of similar musical instrument playing together sing in a choir choir loft a gallery in a church occupied by the choir choke a valve that controls the flow of air into the carburetor of a gasoline engine a coil of low resistance and high inductance used in electrical circuits to pass direct current and attenuate alternating current breathe with great difficulty, as when experiencing a strong emotion; "She choked with emotion when she spoke about her deceased husband" constrict (someone's) throat and keep from breathing reduce the air supply; "choke a carburetor" be too tight; rub or press; "This neckband is choking the cat" wring the neck of; "The man choked his opponent" check or slow down the action or effect of; "She choked her anger" fail to perform adequately due to tension or agitation; "The team should have won hands down but choked, disappointing the coach and the audience" choker a high tight collar necklace that fits tightly around a woman's neck an unfortunate person who is unable to perform effectively because of nervous tension or agitation; "he could win if he wasn't a choker" chokey British slang (dated) for a prison choo-choo a child's word for locomotive chopine a woman's shoe with a very high thick sole chopping block a steady wooden block on which food can be cut or diced or wood can be split chopping board a wooden board where meats or vegetables can be cut chop shop a place where stolen cars are disassembled for their parts chopstick one of a pair of slender sticks used as oriental tableware to eat food with chordophone a stringed instrument of the group including harps, lutes, lyres, and zithers choropleth map a map that uses graded differences in shading or color or the placing of symbols inside defined areas on the map in order to indicate the average values of some property or quantity in those areas chrism a consecrated ointment consisting of a mixture of oil and balsam Christmas stocking a stocking that is filled with small Christmas presents Christmas tree an ornamented evergreen used as a Christmas decoration chromatogram the recording (column or paper strip) on which the constituents of a mixture are adsorbed in chromatography chronograph an accurate timer for recording time chronometer an accurate clock (especially used in navigation) chronoscope an instrument for accurate measurements of small intervals of time chuck a holding device consisting of adjustable jaws that center a workpiece in a lathe or center a tool in a drill the part of a forequarter from the neck to the ribs and including the shoulder blade pat or squeeze fondly or playfully, especially under the chin throw carelessly; "chuck the ball" throw away; "Chuck these old notes" chuck wagon a wagon equipped with a cookstove and provisions (for cowboys) chukka a shoe that comes up to the ankle and is laced through two or three pairs of eyelets; often made of suede chum bait consisting of chopped fish and fish oils that are dumped overboard to attract fish chunnel the railroad tunnel between France and England under the English Channel church a place for public (especially Christian) worship; "the church was empty" one of the groups of Christians who have their own beliefs and forms of worship the body of people who attend or belong to a particular local church; "our church is hosting a picnic next week" perform a special church rite or service for; "church a woman after childbirth" church bell a bell in a church tower (usually sounded to summon people to church); "church bells were ringing all over town" church hat a fanciful hat of the kind worn by Black women for Sunday worship Churchill Downs a racetrack for thoroughbred racing in Louisville; site of the Kentucky Derby church key can opener that has a triangular pointed end that pierces the tops of cans church tower the tower of a church churidars tight trousers worn by people from the Indian subcontinent (typically with a kameez or kurta) churn a vessel in which cream is agitated to separate butterfat from buttermilk stir (cream) vigorously in order to make butter be agitated; "the sea was churning in the storm" chute sloping channel through which things can descend jump from an airplane and descend with a parachute moulin a chute through which supraglacial water enters a glacier, boring either to the bedrock or to the depth of common crevasse formation; "the icy river plunged, roaring, into the moulin's blue depths" cider mill mill that extracts juice from apples to make apple cider ciderpress a press that is used to extract the juice from apples cigar a roll of tobacco for smoking cigar band a narrow paper band around a cigar cigar box a box for holding cigars cigar butt small part of a cigar that is left after smoking cigar cutter an implement for cutting the tip off of a cigar cigarette finely ground tobacco wrapped in paper; for smoking cigarette butt small part of a cigarette that is left after smoking cigarette case a small flat case for holding cigarettes; can be carried in a purse or a pocket cigarette holder a tube that holds a cigarette while it is being smoked cigarillo small cigar or cigarette wrapped in tobacco instead of paper cigar lighter a lighter for cigars or cigarettes cimetidine a drug (trade name Tagamet) used to treat peptic ulcers by decreasing the secretion of stomach acid cinder block a light concrete building block made with cinder aggregate; "cinder blocks are called breeze blocks in Britain" cinder track a racetrack paved with fine cinders cinema a theater where films are shown cinquefoil an ornamental carving consisting of five arcs arranged in a circle any of a numerous plants grown for their five-petaled flowers; abundant in temperate regions; alleged to have medicinal properties ciprofloxacin an oral antibiotic (trade name Cipro) used against serious bacterial infections of the skin or respiratory tract or urinary tract or bones or joints circle any circular or rotating mechanism; "the machine punched out metal circles" a curved section or tier of seats in a hall or theater or opera house; usually the first tier above the orchestra; "they had excellent seats in the dress circle" ellipse in which the two axes are of equal length; a plane curve generated by one point moving at a constant distance from a fixed point; "he calculated the circumference of the circle" something approximating the shape of a circle; "the chairs were arranged in a circle" travel around something; "circle the globe" move in a circular path above (someone or something); "the plane circled, looking for a landing spot" circlet decorated metal band worn around the head a small circle circuit an electrical device that provides a path for electrical current to flow (law) a judicial division of a state or the United States (so-called because originally judges traveled and held court in different locations); one of the twelve groups of states in the United States that is covered by a particular circuit court of appeals an established itinerary of venues or events that a particular group of people travel to; "she's a familiar name on the club circuit"; "on the lecture circuit"; "the judge makes a circuit of the courts in his district"; "the international tennis circuit" make a circuit; "They were circuiting about the state" circuit board a printed circuit that can be inserted into expansion slots in a computer to increase the computer's capabilities circuit breaker a device that trips like a switch and opens the circuit when overloaded circuitry electronic equipment consisting of a system of circuits circular plane a plane with a flexible face that can plane concave or convex surfaces circular saw a power saw that has a steel disk with cutting teeth on the periphery; rotates on a spindle circus tent a canvas tent to house the audience at a circus performance; "he was afraid of a fire in the circus tent"; "they had the big top up in less than an hour" cistern an artificial reservoir for storing liquids; especially an underground tank for storing rainwater a tank that holds the water used to flush a toilet cittern a 16th century musical instrument resembling a guitar with a pear-shaped soundbox and wire strings city hall a building that houses administrative offices of a municipal government cityscape painting depicting a city or urban area a viewpoint toward a city or other heavily populated area; "the dominant character of the cityscape is it poverty" city university an urban university in a large city civies civilian garb as opposed to a military uniform civilian clothing ordinary clothing as distinguished from uniforms, work clothes, clerical garb, etc. clack valve a simple valve with a hinge on one side; allows fluid to flow in only one direction clamp a device (generally used by carpenters) that holds things firmly together impose or inflict forcefully; "The military government clamped a curfew onto the capital" fasten or fix with a clamp; "clamp the chair together until the glue has hardened" clapper metal striker that hangs inside a bell and makes a sound by hitting the side someone who applauds clapperboard photographic equipment used to synchronize sound and motion picture; boards held in front of a movie camera are banged together clarence a closed carriage with four wheels and seats for four passengers clarinet a single-reed instrument with a straight tube clarion a medieval brass instrument with a clear shrill tone proclaim on, or as if on, a clarion blow the clarion loud and clear; "a clarion call" Clark cell a form of voltaic cell once used as a standard for electromotive force claro a cigar made with light-colored tobacco clasp knife a large knife with one or more folding blades classic a creation of the highest excellence an artist who has created classic works considered of the highest quality and lasting significance or worth; "a classic car"; "`War and Peace' is a classic novel" of a well-known type; remarkably typical; "the classic struggle between good and evil"; "I woke up with all the classic symptoms of the flu"; "she made the classic mistake of choosing style over substance" classroom a room in a school where lessons take place clavichord an early stringed instrument like a piano but with more delicate sound clavier a stringed instrument that has a keyboard claw hatchet a hatchet that has a cleft for pulling nails clay pigeon target used in skeet or trapshooting claymore mine an antipersonnel land mine whose blast is aimed at the oncoming enemy claymore a large double-edged broadsword; formerly used by Scottish Highlanders clay pipe a pipe made of clay clean bomb an atom bomb leaving little or no radioactive contamination cleaners shop where dry cleaning is done cleaning implement any of a large class of implements used for cleaning cleaning pad a pad used as a cleaning implement clean room a room that is virtually free of dust or bacteria; used in laboratory work and in assembly or repair of precision equipment cleansing agent a preparation used in cleaning something clearway a road on which you are not allowed to stop (unless you have a breakdown) cleat a strip of wood or metal used to strengthen the surface to which it is attached a fastener (usually with two projecting horns) around which a rope can be secured a metal or leather projection (as from the sole of a shoe); prevents slipping secure on a cleat; "cleat a line" provide with cleats; "cleat running shoes for better traction" cleats shoes with leather or metal projections on the soles; "the football players all wore cleats" cleaver a butcher's knife having a large square blade clerestory part of an interior wall rising above the adjacent roof with windows admitting light clerical collar a stiff white collar with no opening in the front; a distinctive symbol of the clergy clevis a coupler shaped like the letter U with holes through each end so a bolt or pin can pass through the holes to complete the coupling; used to attach a drawbar to a plow or wagon or trailer etc. clews the cords used to suspend a hammock cliff dwelling a rock and adobe dwelling built on sheltered ledges in the sides of a cliff; "the Anasazi built cliff dwellings in the southwestern United States" climbing frame a framework of bars or logs for children to climb on clincher a tool used to clinch nails or bolts or rivets a point or fact or remark that settles something conclusively an argument that is conclusive clinic a healthcare facility for outpatient care meeting for diagnosis of problems and instruction or remedial work in a particular activity a medical establishment run by a group of medical specialists clinical thermometer a mercury thermometer designed to measure the temperature of the human body; graduated to cover a range a few degrees on either side of the normal body temperature clinker a hard brick used as a paving stone turn to clinker or form clinker under excessive heat in burning clear out the cinders and clinker from; "we clinkered the fire frequently" clinometer an instrument used by surveyors in order to measure an angle of inclination or elevation clip art ready-made pieces of computerized graphic art that can be used to decorate a document clipboard a small writing board with a clip at the top for holding papers clip joint a place of entertainment where high prices are charged for poor entertainment clip lead a short piece of wire with alligator clips on both ends clip-on a device (as an earring, sunglasses, microphone etc.) that is attached by clips attachable by a clip; "clip-on earrings"; "a clip-on bow tie" clipper scissors for cutting hair or finger nails (often used in the plural) shears for cutting grass or shrubbery (often used in the plural) a fast sailing ship used in former times cloak a loose outer garment anything that covers or conceals cover with or as if with a cloak; "cloaked monks" cloakroom a room where coats and other articles can be left temporarily a private lounge off of a legislative chamber cloche a woman's close-fitting hat that resembles a helmet a low transparent cover put over young plants to protect them from cold clock a timepiece that shows the time of day measure the time or duration of an event or action or the person who performs an action in a certain period of time; "he clocked the runners" clock face the face of a clock showing hours and minutes of the day clock pendulum a physical pendulum used to regulate a clockwork mechanism clock radio a radio that includes a clock that can be set to turn it on automatically clock tower a tower with a large clock visible high up on an outside face clockwork any mechanism of geared wheels that is driven by a coiled spring; resembles the works of a mechanical clock clofibrate a drug (trade name Atromid-S) that reduces lipids in the blood serum; used to treat some cardiovascular diseases clog any object that acts as a hindrance or obstruction footwear usually with wooden soles fill to excess so that function is impaired; "Fear clogged her mind"; "The story was clogged with too many details" coalesce or unite in a mass; "Blood clots" impede with a clog or as if with a clog; "The market is being clogged by these operations"; "My mind is constipated today" impede the motion of, as with a chain or a burden; "horses were clogged until they were tamed" become or cause to become obstructed; "The leaves clog our drains in the Fall"; "The water pipe is backed up" dance a clog dance cloisonne enamelware in which colored areas are separated by thin metal strips cloister a courtyard with covered walks (as in religious institutions) seclude from the world in or as if in a cloister; "She cloistered herself in the office" surround with a cloister; "cloister the garden" surround with a cloister, as of a garden clomiphene a fertility drug (trade name Clomid) that is used to stimulate ovulation and that has been associated with multiple births clomipramine a tricyclic antidepressant drug clonidine an antihypertensive (trade name Catapres) that can be administered orally or via transdermal patches clopidogrel bisulfate a blood thinner (trade name Plavix) approved for the treatment of mild heart attacks; works by preventing blood platelets from sticking together to form clots that would restrict blood flow closed circuit a complete electrical circuit around which current flows or a signal circulates closed-circuit television a television system that is not used for broadcasting but is connected by cables to designated monitors (as in a factory or theater) closed loop a control system with a feedback loop that is active closet a small private room for study or prayer confine to a small space, as for intensive work closet auger a snake used to unblock toilets closeup a photograph taken at close range closeup lens a photographic lens with a short focal length used to take pictures at short ranges cloth cap a flat woolen cap with a stiff peak cloth covering a covering made of cloth clothesbrush a brush used for cleaning clothing clothes closet a closet where clothes are stored clothes dryer a dryer that dries clothes wet from washing clothes hamper a hamper that holds dirty clothes to be washed or wet clothes to be dried clotheshorse a framework on which to hang clothes (as for drying) clothesline a cord on which clothes are hung to dry clothespin wood or plastic fastener; for holding clothes on a clothesline clothes tree an upright pole with pegs or hooks on which to hang clothing clothing a covering designed to be worn on a person's body clothing store a store where men's clothes are sold cloud chamber apparatus that detects the path of high-energy particles passing through a supersaturated vapor; each particle ionizes molecules along its path and small droplets condense on them to produce a visible track clout nail a short nail with a flat head; used to attach sheet metal to wood clove hitch a knot used to fasten a line temporarily to a post or spar cloverleaf an interchange that does not require left-hand turns clozapine an antipsychotic drug (trade name Clozaril) used as a sedative and for treatment-resistant schizophrenia; know to have few side effects club stout stick that is larger at one end; "he carried a club in self defense"; "he felt as if he had been hit with a club" a playing card in the minor suit that has one or more black trefoils on it; "he led a small club"; "clubs were trumps" a formal association of people with similar interests; "he joined a golf club"; "they formed a small lunch society"; "men from the fraternal order will staff the soup kitchen today" gather into a club-like mass; "club hair" strike with a club or a bludgeon gather and spend time together; "They always club together" unite with a common purpose; "The two men clubbed together" club car railroad car having a bar and tables and lounge chairs club drug a controlled substance that is usually taken by young people at dance clubs and raves clubhouse a building that is occupied by a social club; "the clubhouse needed a new roof" clubroom a room used for the activities of a club cluster bomb bomb consisting of a canister that is dropped from a plane and that opens to release a cluster of bomblets (usually fragmentation bombs) over a wide area; "cluster bombs cannot be targeted precisely" clutch a coupling that connects or disconnects driving and driven parts of a driving mechanism; "this year's model has an improved clutch" a pedal or lever that engages or disengages a rotating shaft and a driving mechanism; "he smoothely released the clutch with one foot and stepped on the gas with the other" a number of birds hatched at the same time a tense critical situation; "he is a good man in the clutch" clutch bag a woman's strapless purse that is carried in the hand CN Tower a tower in Toronto; 1815 feet tall for broadcasting widely coach a carriage pulled by four horses with one driver a person who gives private instruction (as in singing, acting, etc.) (sports) someone in charge of training an athlete or a team teach and supervise (someone); act as a trainer or coach (to), as in sports; "He is training our Olympic team"; "She is coaching the crew" drive a coach coach house a small building for housing coaches and carriages and other vehicles coalbin a bin for holding coal coal car freight car with fixed sides and no roof; for transporting coal coal chute a chute for coal coal house a shed for storing coal coal mine a mine where coal is dug from the ground coal shovel a hand shovel for shoveling coal coaming a raised framework around a hatchway on a ship to keep water out coaster a covering (plate or mat) that protects the surface of a table (i.e., from the condensation on a cold glass or bottle) someone who coasts a resident of a coastal area coaster brake a brake on a bicycle that engages with reverse pressure on the pedals coat button a button on a coat coat closet a closet for storing outerwear coatdress a dress that is tailored like a coat and buttons up the front coatee a short close-fitting coat coat hanger a hanger that is shaped like a person's shoulders and used to hang garments on coating a thin layer covering something; "a second coat of paint" a heavy fabric suitable for coats a decorative texture or appearance of a surface (or the substance that gives it that appearance); "the boat had a metallic finish"; "he applied a coat of a clear finish"; "when the finish is too thin it is difficult to apply evenly" coat of arms the official symbols of a family, state, etc. coat of paint a layer of paint covering something else coatrack a rack with hooks for temporarily holding coats and hats coattail the loose back flap of a coat that hangs below the waist coaxial cable a transmission line for high-frequency signals cobble rectangular paving stone with curved top; once used to make roads repair or mend; "cobble shoes" pave with cobblestones cobweb a dense elaborate spider web that is more efficient than the orb web filaments from a web that was spun by a spider a fabric so delicate and transparent as to resemble a web of a spider coca dried leaves of the coca plant (and related plants that also contain cocaine); chewed by Andean people for their stimulating effect cocaine a narcotic (alkaloid) extracted from coca leaves; used as a surface anesthetic or taken for pleasure; can become powerfully addictive cockade an ornament (such as a knot of ribbon or a rosette) usually worn on the hat Cockcroft and Walton accelerator a high-voltage machine in which rectifiers charge capacitors that discharge and drive charged particles through an accelerating tube cocked hat hat with opposing brims turned up and caught together to form points cockhorse anything used as a toy horse (such as a rocking horse or one knee of an adult) cockleshell a small light flimsy boat cockloft a small loft or garret cockpit compartment where the pilot sits while flying the aircraft seat where the driver sits while driving a racing car a pit for cockfights cockscomb a cap worn by court jesters; adorned with a strip of red garden annual with featherlike spikes of red or yellow flowers cocktail dress a dress suitable for formal occasions cocktail lounge a barroom in a hotel or restaurant where cocktails are served cocktail shaker a shaker for mixing cocktails cocotte a small casserole in which individual portions can be cooked and served codeine derivative of opium; used as an antitussive (to relieve coughing) and an analgesic (to relieve pain) codpiece (15th-16th century) a flap for the crotch of men's tight-fitting breeches coelostat optical device used to follow the path of a celestial body and reflect its light into a telescope; has a movable and a fixed mirror coffee can a can for storing ground coffee coffee cup a cup from which coffee is drunk coffee filter filter (usually of paper) that passes the coffee and retains the coffee grounds coffee maker a kitchen appliance for brewing coffee automatically coffee mill a mill that grinds roasted coffee beans coffee mug a mug intended for serving coffee coffeepot tall pot in which coffee is brewed coffee stall a stand (usually movable) selling hot coffee and food (especially at night) coffee table low table where magazines can be placed and coffee or cocktails are served coffee-table book an elaborate oversize book suitable for displaying on a coffee table coffee urn an urn in which coffee is made and kept hot coffer a chest especially for storing valuables an ornamental sunken panel in a ceiling or dome Coffey still a still consisting of an apparatus for the fractional distillation of ethanol from fermentation on an industrial scale coffin box in which a corpse is buried or cremated place into a coffin; "her body was coffined" cog tooth on the rim of gear wheel a subordinate who performs an important but routine function; "he was a small cog in a large machine" join pieces of wood with cogs roll steel ingots cog railway railway for steep mountains; a cogwheel on the locomotive engages cogs on a center rail to provide traction coif a skullcap worn by nuns under a veil or by soldiers under a hood of mail or formerly by British sergeants-at-law cover with a coif coil a structure consisting of something wound in a continuous series of loops; "a coil of rope" reactor consisting of a spiral of insulated wire that introduces inductance into a circuit tubing that is wound in a spiral a contraceptive device placed inside a woman's womb a transformer that supplies high voltage to spark plugs in a gasoline engine a round shape formed by a series of concentric circles (as formed by leaves or flower petals) wind around something in coils or loops coil spring a spring in the shape of a coil coin box the part of a slot machine that serves as a receptacle for the coins coin slot a slot through which coins can be inserted into a slot machine coke street names for cocaine carbon fuel produced by distillation of coal become coke; "petroleum oils coke after distillation" colander bowl-shaped strainer; used to wash or drain foods colchicine an analgesic drug derived from the saffron plant and used to treat gout cold cathode a cathode that is a source of electrons without being heated cold chisel narrow chisel made of steel; used to cut stone or bricks cold cream a cream used cosmetically (mostly by women) for softening and cleaning the skin cold frame protective covering consisting of a wooden frame with a glass top in which small plants are protected from the cold cold medicine medicine intended to relieve the symptoms of the common cold cold-water flat an apartment without modern conveniences collage a paste-up made by sticking together pieces of paper or photographs to form an artistic image; "he used his computer to make a collage of pictures superimposed on a map" any collection of diverse things; "a collage of memories" collectible things considered to be worth collecting (not necessarily valuable or antique) subject to or requiring payment especially as specified; "a collectible bill"; "a note payable on demand"; "a check payable to John Doe" collector the electrode in a transistor through which a primary flow of carriers leaves the region between the electrodes a crater that has collected cosmic material hitting the earth a person who is employed to collect payments (as for rent or taxes) a person who collects things collector's item the outstanding item (the prize piece or main exhibit) in a collection college a complex of buildings in which an institution of higher education is housed the body of faculty and students of a college an institution of higher education created to educate and grant degrees; often a part of a university collet a band or collar that holds an individual stone in a jewelry setting a cone-shaped chuck used for holding cylindrical pieces in a lathe collider an accelerator in which two beams of particles are forced to collide head on colliery a workplace consisting of a coal mine plus all the buildings and equipment connected with it collimator optical device consisting of a tube containing a convex achromatic lens at one end and a slit at the other with the slit at the focus of the lens; light rays leave the slit as a parallel beam a small telescope attached to a large telescope to use in setting the line of the larger one cologne a perfumed liquid made of essential oils and alcohol colonnade structure consisting of a row of evenly spaced columns colonoscope an elongated fiberoptic endoscope for examining the entire colon from cecum to rectum colophon a publisher's emblem printed in a book (usually on the title page) colorimeter a measuring instrument used in colorimetric analysis to determine the quantity of a substance from the color it yields with specific reagents coloring book a picture book with line drawings intended to be colored with crayons by children colors a flag that shows its nationality a distinguishing emblem; "his tie proclaimed his school colors" color television a television that transmits images in color color tube a television tube that displays images in full color color wash a wash of whitewash or other water-base paint tinted with a colored pigment Colosseum a large amphitheater in Rome whose construction was begun by Vespasian about AD 75 or 80 Colossus of Rhodes a huge bronze statue of the sun god Helios that was built around 285 BC and that stood beside the harbor entrance on the island of Rhodes for about 50 years before it was toppled by an earthquake Colt a kind of revolver colter a sharp steel wedge that precedes the plow and cuts vertically through the soil columbarium a sepulchral vault or other structure having recesses in the walls to receive cinerary urns a niche for a funeral urn containing the ashes of the cremated dead Columbia University a university in New York City column (architecture) a tall vertical cylindrical structure standing upright and used to support a structure a vertical cylindrical structure standing alone and not supporting anything (such as a monument) a vertical glass tube used in column chromatography; a mixture is poured in the top and washed through a stationary substance where components of the mixture are adsorbed selectively to form colored bands any tubular or pillar-like supporting structure in the body a page or text that is vertically divided; "the newspaper devoted several columns to the subject"; "the bookkeeper used pages that were divided into columns" an article giving opinions or perspectives a line of units following one after another a vertical array of numbers or other information; "he added a column of numbers" anything that approximates the shape of a column or tower; "the test tube held a column of white powder"; "a tower of dust rose above the horizon"; "a thin pillar of smoke betrayed their campsite" comber a machine that separates and straightens the fibers of cotton or wool a long curling sea wave a person who separates and straightens the fibers of cotton or wool combination lock lock that can be opened only by turning dials in a special sequence combination plane a woodworking plane that has interchangeable cutters of various shapes combine harvester that heads and threshes and cleans grain while moving across the field add together from different sources; "combine resources" join for a common purpose or in a common action; "These forces combined with others" comforter device used for an infant to suck or bite on command module a space module in which astronauts can live and control the spacecraft and communicate with earth command post military headquarters from which a military commander controls and organizes the forces commercial art art used for commercial purposes (as in advertising) commissary a retail store that sells equipment and provisions (usually to military personnel) a snack bar in a film studio commodity articles of commerce commodity exchange an exchange for buying and selling commodities for future delivery Commodore John Barry Bridge a cantilever bridge in Chester, Pennsylvania common ax an ax with a long handle and a head that has one cutting edge and one blunt side common room a sitting room (usually at school or university) communications satellite an artificial satellite that relays signals back to earth; moves in a geostationary orbit communication system facility consisting of the physical plants and equipment for disseminating information a system for communicating community center a center where the members of a community can gather for social or cultural activities commutator switch for reversing the direction of an electric current commuter a passenger train that is ridden primarily by passengers who travel regularly from one place to another someone who travels regularly from home in a suburb to work in a city compact a small cosmetics case with a mirror; to be carried in a woman's purse a small and economical car have the property of being packable or of compacting easily; "This powder compacts easily"; "Such odd-shaped items do not pack well" closely and firmly united or packed together; "compact soil"; "compact clusters of flowers" having a short and solid form or stature; "a wrestler of compact build"; "he was tall and heavyset"; "stocky legs"; "a thickset young man" compact disk a digitally encoded recording on an optical disk that is smaller than a phonograph record; played back by a laser compact-disk burner recording equipment for making compact disks companionway a stairway or ladder that leads from one deck to another on a ship compartment a partitioned section, chamber, or separate room within a larger enclosed area a space into which an area is subdivided compass navigational instrument for finding directions drafting instrument used for drawing circles the limit of capability; "within the compass of education" bring about; accomplish; "This writer attempts more than his talents can compass" compass card compass in the form of a card that rotates so that 0 degrees or North points to magnetic north compass saw a handsaw with a narrow triangular blade for cutting curves component an artifact that is one of the individual parts of which a composite entity is made up; especially a part that can be separated from or attached to a system; "spare components for cars"; "a component or constituent element of a system" an abstract part of something; "jealousy was a component of his character"; "two constituents of a musical composition are melody and harmony"; "the grammatical elements of a sentence"; "a key factor in her success"; "humor: an effective ingredient of a speech" composition something that is created by arranging several things to form a unified whole; "he envied the composition of their faculty" the spatial property resulting from the arrangement of parts in relation to each other and to the whole; "harmonious composition is essential in a serious work of art" an essay (especially one written as an assignment); "he got an A on his composition" a mixture of ingredients compound an enclosure of residences and other building (especially in the Orient) a whole formed by a union of two or more elements or parts (chemistry) a substance formed by chemical union of two or more elements or ingredients in definite proportion by weight put or add together; "combine resources" combine so as to form a whole; mix; "compound the ingredients" create by mixing or combining calculate principal and interest composed of more than one part; "compound leaves are composed of several lobes"; "compound flower heads" consisting of two or more substances or ingredients or elements or parts; "soap is a compound substance"; "housetop is a compound word"; "a blackberry is a compound fruit" compound lens a lens system consisting of two or more lenses on the same axis compound lever a pair of levers hinged at the fulcrum compound microscope light microscope that has two converging lens systems: the objective and the eyepiece compress a cloth pad or dressing (with or without medication) applied firmly to some part of the body (to relieve discomfort or reduce fever) squeeze or press together; "she compressed her lips"; "the spasm contracted the muscle" make more compact by or as if by pressing; "compress the data" compression bandage bandage that stops the flow of blood from an artery by applying pressure compressor a mechanical device that compresses gasses computer a machine for performing calculations automatically computer accessory an accessory for a computer; "when you add in all the computer accessories you are going to need the computer gets pretty expensive" computer circuit a circuit that is part of a computer computer graphics the pictorial representation and manipulation of data by a computer computerized axial tomography scanner a tomograph that constructs a 3-D model of an object by combining parallel planes computer keyboard a keyboard that is a data input device for computers; arrangement of keys is modelled after the typewriter keyboard computer monitor a device that displays signals on a computer screen computer network (computer science) a network of computers computer screen a screen used to display the output of a computer to the user computer store a store that sells computers to the small businessperson or personal user computer system a system of one or more computers and associated software with common storage concentration camp a penal camp where political prisoners or prisoners of war are confined (usually under harsh conditions) a situation characterized by crowding and extremely harsh conditions concert grand a grand piano suitable for concert performances concert hall a hall where concerts are given concertina free-reed instrument played like an accordion by pushing its ends together to force air through the reeds coiled barbed wire used as an obstacle collapse like a concertina Chemnitzer concertina a hand-held and bellows-driven accordion English concertina a concertina developed in England Anglo-German concertina a concertina with bellows and buttons on both ends concrete mixer a machine with a large revolving drum in which cement is mixed with other materials to make concrete condensation pump vacuum pump used to obtain a high vacuum condenser lens used to concentrate light on an object a hollow coil that condenses by abstracting heat an apparatus that converts vapor into liquid condenser microphone microphone consisting of a capacitor with one plate fixed and the other forming the diaphragm moved by sound waves condom contraceptive device consisting of a sheath of thin rubber or latex that is worn over the penis during intercourse condominium housing consisting of a complex of dwelling units (as an apartment house) in which each unit is individually owned one of the dwelling units in a condominium conductor a device designed to transmit electricity, heat, etc. the person who leads a musical group the person who collects fares on a public conveyance a substance that readily conducts e.g. electricity and heat conduit a passage (a pipe or tunnel) through which water or electric wires can pass; "the computers were connected through a system of conduits" cone any cone-shaped artifact a visual receptor cell in the retina that is sensitive to bright light and to color cone-shaped mass of ovule- or spore-bearing scales or bracts a shape whose base is a circle and whose sides taper up to a point make cone-shaped; "cone a tire" cone clutch a friction clutch in which the frictional surfaces are cone-shaped conference center a center where conferences can be conducted conference room a room in which a conference can be held conference table the table that conferees sit around as they hold a meeting confessional a booth where a priest sits to hear confessions confetti small pieces or streamers of colored paper that are thrown around on festive occasions (as at a wedding) conformal projection a map projection in which a small area is rendered in its true shape congress boot an ankle high shoe with elastic gussets in the sides conic projection a map projection of the globe onto a cone with its point over one of the earth's poles connecting rod a rod that transmits motion (especially one that connects a rotating wheel to a reciprocating shaft) connecting room a hotel room that shares a wall with an adjoining room and is connected by a private door conning tower a raised bridge on a submarine; often used for entering and exiting an armored pilothouse on a warship conservatory a greenhouse in which plants are arranged in a pleasing manner a schoolhouse with special facilities for fine arts the faculty and students of a school specializing in one of the fine arts console an ornamental scroll-shaped bracket (especially one used to support a wall fixture); "the bust of Napoleon stood on a console" a scientific instrument consisting of displays and an input device that an operator can use to monitor and control a system (especially a computer system) console table a small table fixed to a wall or designed to stand against a wall Constitution a United States 44-gun frigate that was one of the first three naval ships built by the United States; it won brilliant victories over British frigates during the War of 1812 and is without doubt the most famous ship in the history of the United States Navy; it has been rebuilt and is anchored in the Charlestown Navy Yard in Boston consulate diplomatic building that serves as the residence or workplace of a consul consumer goods goods (as food or clothing) intended for direct use or consumption contact microphone a microphone designed to be used in contact with a source of sound (or with a resonating surface) contact print a print made by exposing a photosensitive surface to direct contact with a photographic negative container any object that can be used to hold things (especially a large metal boxlike object of standardized dimensions that can be loaded from one form of transport to another) container ship a cargo ship designed to hold containerized cargoes; "the weight of the documentation of all the consignments on board a contemporary container ship can exceed 90 pounds" contour map a map having contour lines through points of equal elevation contraband goods whose importation or exportation or possession is prohibited by law contrabassoon the bassoon that is the largest instrument in the oboe family contraceptive an agent or device intended to prevent conception capable of preventing conception or impregnation; "contraceptive devices and medications" control center the operational center for a group of related activities; "the general in command never left the control center" control circuit a feedback circuit that subtracts from the input control key (computer science) the key on a computer keyboard that is used (in combination with some other key) to type control characters controlled substance a drug or chemical substance whose possession and use are controlled by law control panel electrical device consisting of a flat insulated surface that contains switches and dials and meters for controlling other electrical devices; "he checked the instrument panel"; "suddenly the board lit up like a Christmas tree" control rod a steel or aluminum rod that can be moved up or down to control the rate of the nuclear reaction control room a room housing control equipment (as in a recording studio) control system a system for controlling the operation of another system control tower a tower with an elevated workspace enclosed in glass for the visual observation of aircraft around an airport convector a space heater that transfers heat to the surrounding air by convection convenience store a store selling a limited variety of food and pharmaceutical items; open long hours for the convenience of customers convent a religious residence especially for nuns a community of people in a religious order (especially nuns) living together conventicle a building for religious assembly (especially Nonconformists, e.g., Quakers) a secret unauthorized meeting for religious worship converging lens lens such that a beam of light passing through it is brought to a point or focus converter a device for changing one substance or form or state into another convertible a car that has top that can be folded or removed a sofa that can be converted into a bed a corporate security (usually bonds or preferred stock) that can be exchanged for another form of security (usually common stock) capable of being changed in substance as if by alchemy; "is lead really transmutable into gold?"; "ideas translatable into reality" capable of being exchanged for or replaced by something of equal value; "convertible securities" designed to be changed from one use or form to another; "a convertible sofa"; "a convertible coupe" conveyer belt a moving belt that transports objects (as in a factory) cooker a utensil for cooking cookfire a fire for cooking cookhouse a detached or outdoor shelter for cooking; "the circus used a tent as their cookhouse" cookie cutter a kitchen utensil used to cut a sheet of cookie dough into desired shapes before baking cookie jar a jar in which cookies are kept (and sometimes money is hidden) cookie sheet a cooking utensil consisting of a flat rectangular metal sheet used for baking cookies or biscuits cooking utensil a kitchen utensil made of material that does not melt easily; used for cooking cookstove a stove for cooking (especially a wood- or coal-burning kitchen stove) coolant system a cooling system that uses a fluid to transfer heat from one place to another cooler a refrigerator for cooling liquids a cell for violent prisoners an iced drink especially white wine and fruit juice cooling system a mechanism for keeping something cool; "the cooling was overhead fans" equipment in a motor vehicle that cools the engine cooling tower a cooling system used in industry to cool hot water (by partial evaporation) before reusing it as a coolant coonskin cap a raccoon cap with the tail hanging down the back Cooper Union university founded in 1859 by Peter Cooper to offer free courses in the arts and sciences cope a long cloak; worn by a priest or bishop on ceremonial occasions succeed in doing, achieving, or producing (something) with the limited or inadequate means available; "We got by on just a gallon of gas"; "They made do on half a loaf of bread every day" coping saw a handsaw with a taut thin blade; used for cutting small curves in wood copper mine a mine where copper is dug from the ground copperplate an engraving consisting of a smooth plate of copper that has been etched or engraved a print made from an engraved copperplate a graceful style of handwriting based on the writing used on copperplate engravings copperware utensils made with copper copy a thing made to be similar or identical to another thing; "she made a copy of the designer dress"; "the clone was a copy of its ancestor" matter to be printed; exclusive of graphical materials material suitable for a journalistic account; "catastrophes make good copy" make a replica of; "copy that drawing"; "re-create a picture by Rembrandt" copy down as is; "The students were made to copy the alphabet over and over" copyholder mechanical device used in printing; holds the copy for the compositor coquille a dish in the form of a scallop shell seafood served in a scallop shell coracle a small rounded boat made of hides stretched over a wicker frame; still used in some parts of Great Britain corbel (architecture) a triangular bracket of brick or stone (usually of slight extent) furnish with a corbel corbel arch (architecture) an arch constructed of masonry courses that are corbelled until they meet corbel step (architecture) a step on the top of a gable wall corbie gable (architecture) a gable having corbie-steps or corbel steps cord a line made of twisted fibers or threads; "the bundle was tied with a cord" a cut pile fabric with vertical ribs; usually made of cotton a light insulated conductor for household use a unit of amount of wood cut for burning; 128 cubic feet bind or tie with a cord stack in cords; "cord firewood" cordage the ropes in the rigging of a ship the amount of wood in an area as measured in cords cordite explosive powder (nitroglycerin and guncotton and petrolatum) dissolved in acetone and dried and extruded in brown cords cordon adornment consisting of an ornamental ribbon or cord cord or ribbon worn as an insignia of honor or rank a series of sentinels or of military posts enclosing or guarding some place or thing cords cotton trousers made of corduroy cloth corduroy a road made of logs laid crosswise build (a road) from logs laid side by side core a bar of magnetic material (as soft iron) that passes through a coil and serves to increase the inductance of the coil the chamber of a nuclear reactor containing the fissile material where the reaction takes place (computer science) a tiny ferrite toroid formerly used in a random access memory to store one bit of data; now superseded by semiconductor memories; "each core has three wires passing through it, providing the means to select and detect the contents of each bit" a small group of indispensable persons or things; "five periodicals make up the core of their publishing program" the center of an object; "the ball has a titanium core" the central part of the Earth a cylindrical sample of soil or rock obtained with a hollow drill remove the core or center from; "core an apple" core bit a hollow drilling bit that is the cutting part of a core drill; allows core samples to be taken core drill a drill that removes a cylindrical core from the drill hole corer a device for removing the core from apples cork the plug in the mouth of a bottle (especially a wine bottle) outer bark of the cork oak; used for stoppers for bottles etc. stuff with cork; "The baseball player stuffed his bat with cork to make it lighter" close a bottle with a cork corker a machine that is used to put corks in bottles (dated slang) a remarkable or excellent thing or person; "that story was a corker" corkscrew a bottle opener that pulls corks move in a spiral or zigzag course corncrib a crib for storing and drying ears of corn Cornell University a university in Ithaca, New York corner the intersection of two streets; "standing on the corner watching all the girls go by" (architecture) solid exterior angle of a building; especially one formed by a cornerstone an interior angle formed by two meeting walls; "a piano was in one corner of the room" the point where two lines meet or intersect; "the corners of a rectangle" a place off to the side of an area; "he tripled to the rightfield corner"; "the southeastern corner of the Mediterranean" a remote area; "in many corners of the world they still practice slavery" the point where three areas or surfaces meet or intersect; "the corners of a cube" a projecting part where two sides or edges meet; "he knocked off the corners" a predicament from which a skillful or graceful escape is impossible; "his lying got him into a tight corner" a temporary monopoly on a kind of commercial trade; "a corner on the silver market" turn a corner; "the car corners" force a person or an animal into a position from which he cannot escape gain control over; "corner the gold market" corner pocket a pocket at the corner of a billiard table corner post a square post supporting a structural member at the corner of a building cornerstone a stone at the outer corner of two intersecting masonry walls a stone in the exterior of a large and important building; usually carved with a date and laid with appropriate ceremonies cornet a brass musical instrument with a brilliant tone; has a narrow tube and a flared bell and is played by means of valves corn exchange an exchange where grains are bought and sold cornice the topmost projecting part of an entablature a molding at the corner between the ceiling and the top of a wall a decorative framework to conceal curtain fixtures at the top of a window casing furnish with a cornice corona a long cigar with blunt ends (anatomy) any structure that resembles a crown in shape one or more circles of light seen around a luminous object (botany) the trumpet-shaped or cup-shaped outgrowth of the corolla of a daffodil or narcissus flower correctional institution a penal institution maintained by the government corrective a device for treating injury or disease tending or intended to correct or counteract or restore to a normal condition; "corrective measures"; "corrective lenses" designed to promote discipline; "the teacher's action was corrective rather than instructional"; "disciplinal measures"; "the mother was stern and disciplinary" corridor an enclosed passageway; rooms usually open onto it corrugated fastener a small strip of corrugated steel with sharp points on one side; hammered across wood joints in rough carpentry corrugated iron usually galvanized sheet iron or sheet steel shaped into straight parallel ridges and hollows corsair a swift pirate ship (often operating with official sanction) a pirate along the Barbary Coast corselet a piece of body armor for the trunk; usually consists of a breastplate and back piece corset a woman's close-fitting foundation garment dress with a corset corvette a highly maneuverable escort warship; smaller than a destroyer cosmetic a toiletry designed to beautify the body serving an aesthetic purpose in beautifying the body; "cosmetic surgery"; "enhansive makeup" serving an esthetic rather than a useful purpose; "cosmetic fenders on cars"; "the buildings were utilitarian rather than decorative" cosmography a representation of the earth or the heavens; "the cosmography of Ptolemy" the science that maps the general features of the universe; describes both heaven and earth (but without encroaching on geography or astronomy) cosmotron a large proton synchrotron; uses frequency modulation of an electric field to accelerate protons costume the attire worn in a play or at a fancy dress ball; "he won the prize for best costume" the attire characteristic of a country or a time or a social class; "he wore his national costume" unusual or period attire not characteristic of or appropriate to the time and place; "in spite of the heat he insisted on his woolen costume" the prevalent fashion of dress (including accessories and hair style as well as garments) dress in a costume; "We dressed up for Halloween as pumpkins" furnish with costumes; as for a film or play cosy a padded cloth covering to keep a teapot warm cot a small bed that folds up for storage or transport cote a small shelter for domestic animals (as sheep or pigeons) cottage tent a tent providing shelter for a family cotter fastener consisting of a wedge or pin inserted through a slot to hold two other pieces together a medieval English villein a peasant farmer in the Scottish Highlands cotter pin a cotter consisting of a split pin that is secured (after passing through a hole) by splitting the ends apart cotton fabric woven from cotton fibers thread made of cotton fibers erect bushy mallow plant or small tree bearing bolls containing seeds with many long hairy fibers soft silky fibers from cotton plants in their raw state take a liking to; "cotton to something" cotton flannel a stout cotton fabric with nap on only one side cotton gin a machine that separates the seeds from raw cotton fibers cotton mill a textile mill for making cotton textiles couch a narrow bed on which a patient lies during psychiatric or psychoanalytic treatment a flat coat of paint or varnish used by artists as a primer couchette a compartment on a European passenger train; contains 4 to 6 berths for sleeping coude telescope a reflecting telescope so constructed that the light is led to a plate holder or spectrograph coulisse a timber member grooved to take a sliding panel a flat situated in the wings counter table consisting of a horizontal surface over which business is transacted a calculator that keeps a record of the number of times something happens a piece of leather forming the back of a shoe or boot; "a counter may be used to stiffen the material around the heel and to give support to the foot" game equipment (as a piece of wood, plastic, or ivory) used for keeping a count or reserving a space in various card or board games (computer science) a register whose contents go through a regular series of states (usually states indicating consecutive integers) a person who counts things speak in response; "He countered with some very persuasive arguments" in the opposite direction; "run counter" counterbore a bit for enlarging the upper part of a hole counterirritant a medicine applied locally to produce superficial inflammation in order to reduce deeper inflammation counterpart a duplicate copy a person or thing having the same function or characteristics as another countersink a hole (usually in wood) with the top part enlarged so that a screw or bolt will fit into it and lie below the surface countertop the top side of a counter counter tube a measuring instrument for counting individual ionizing events counterweight a weight that balances another weight constitute a counterweight or counterbalance to countinghouse office used by the accountants of a business country house a house (usually large and impressive) on an estate in the country country store a retail store serving a sparsely populated region; usually stocked with a wide variety of merchandise coupe a car with two doors and front seats and a luggage compartment Courtelle an acrylic fabric resembling wool courthouse a building that houses judicial courts a government building that houses the offices of a county government court plaster a plaster composed of isinglass on silk; formerly used to dress superficial wounds coverall a loose-fitting protective garment that is worn over other clothing covered bridge a bridge whose passageway is protected by a roof and enclosing sides covered couch a litter with a cover for privacy covered wagon a large wagon with broad wheels and an arched canvas top; used by the United States pioneers to cross the prairies in the 19th century cover glass a small and very thin piece of glass used to cover the specimen on a microscope slide coverlet a decorative bedspread (usually quilted) cover plate covering consisting of a plate used to cover over or close in a chamber or receptacle cowbarn a barn for cows cowbell a bell hung around the neck of cow so that the cow can be easily located cowboy boot a boot with a high arch and fancy stitching; worn by American cowboys cowboy hat a hat with a wide brim and a soft crown; worn by American ranch hands cowhide a heavy flexible whip braided from leather made from the hide of a cow the hide of a cow leather made from the hide of a cow flog with a cowhide cowl a loose hood or hooded robe (as worn by a monk) cover with or as with a cowl; "cowl the boys and veil the girls" cow pen a pen for cattle Cox-2 inhibitor an anti-inflammatory drug that fights pain and blocks Cox-2 activity without impeding the activity of Cox-1; increases the risk of heart attacks; "Cox-2 inhibitors reduce the symptoms of arthritis without endangering the stomach and kidneys" CPU board the main circuit board for a computer cracker a party favor consisting of a paper roll (usually containing candy or a small favor) that pops when pulled at both ends a thin crisp wafer made of flour and water with or without leavening and shortening; unsweetened or semisweet a programmer who cracks (gains unauthorized access to) computers, typically to do malicious things; "crackers are often mistakenly called hackers" crackle glazed china with a network of fine cracks on the surface the sharp sound of snapping noises to become, or to cause to become, covered with a network of small cracks; "The blazing sun crackled the desert sand" having the surface decorated with a network of fine cracks, as in crackleware; "a crackle glaze" cradle a baby bed with sides and rockers birth of a person; "he was taught from the cradle never to cry" run with the stick hold gently and carefully; "He cradles the child in his arms" wash in a cradle; "cradle gold" cut grain with a cradle scythe hold or place in or as if in a cradle; "He cradled the infant in his arms" bring up from infancy craft a vehicle designed for navigation in or on water or air or through outer space shrewdness as demonstrated by being skilled in deception skill in an occupation or trade people who perform a particular kind of skilled work; "he represented the craft of brewers"; "as they say in the trade" make by hand and with much skill; "The artisan crafted a complicated tool" cramp a strip of metal with ends bent at right angles; used to hold masonry together a clamp for holding pieces of wood together while they are glued suffer from sudden painful contraction of a muscle affect with or as if with a cramp secure with a cramp; "cramp the wood" crampon an iron spike attached to the shoe to prevent slipping on ice when walking or climbing a hinged pair of curved iron bars; used to raise heavy objects craniometer an instrument for measuring skull sizes crank a hand tool consisting of a rotating shaft with parallel handle bend into the shape of a crank fasten with a crank rotate with a crank start by cranking; "crank up the engine" (used of boats) inclined to heel over easily under sail crankcase housing for a crankshaft crank handle crank used to start an engine crankshaft a rotating shaft driven by (or driving) a crank crash barrier a strong protective barrier that is erected around a racetrack or in the middle of a dual-lane highway in order to reduce the likelihood of severe accidents crash helmet a padded helmet worn by people riding bicycles or motorcycles; protects the head in case of accidents crate a rugged box (usually made of wood); used for shipping the quantity contained in a crate put into a crate; as for protection; "crate the paintings before shipping them to the museum" cravat neckwear worn in a slipknot with long ends overlapping vertically in front crayon writing implement consisting of a colored stick of composition wax used for writing and drawing write, draw, or trace with a crayon crazy quilt a patchwork quilt without a design cream toiletry consisting of any of various substances in the form of a thick liquid that have a soothing and moisturizing effect when applied to the skin the part of milk containing the butterfat the best people or things in a group; "the cream of England's young men were killed in the Great War" add cream to one's coffee, for example put on cream, as on one's face or body; "She creams her face every night" beat thoroughly and conclusively in a competition or fight; "We licked the other team on Sunday!" make creamy by beating; "Cream the butter" creamery a workplace where dairy products (butter and cheese etc.) are produced or sold cream pitcher a small pitcher for serving cream creche a hospital where foundlings (infant children of unknown parents) are taken in and cared for a representation of Christ's nativity in the stable at Bethlehem credenza a kind of sideboard or buffet creel a wicker basket used by anglers to hold fish creep a pen that is fenced so that young animals can enter but adults cannot a slow longitudinal movement or deformation someone unpleasantly strange or eccentric grow or spread, often in such a way as to cover (a surface); "ivy crept over the walls of the university buildings" crematory a furnace where a corpse can be burned and reduced to ashes a mortuary where corpses are cremated crenel a notch or open space between two merlons in a crenelated battlement supply with battlements crepe a soft thin light fabric with a crinkled surface paper with a crinkled texture; usually colored and used for decorations crepe de Chine a very thin crepe of silk or silklike fabric crescent wrench an adjustable wrench designed to fit hexagonal nuts with the adjusting screw built into the head of the wrench cretonne an unglazed heavy fabric; brightly printed; used for slipcovers and draperies crewelwork embroidery done with loosely twisted worsted yarn crew neck a plain straight neckline opening from shoulder to shoulder of sweaters cribbage board a board with pegs and regularly spaced holes for holding the pegs; used for keeping the score in a game of cribbage cricket ball the ball used in playing cricket cricket bat the club used in playing cricket; "a cricket bat has a narrow handle and a broad flat end for hitting" cricket equipment sports equipment used in playing cricket cringle fastener consisting of a metal ring for lining a small hole to permit the attachment of cords or lines crinoline a stiff coarse fabric used to stiffen hats or clothing a full stiff petticoat made of crinoline fabric crochet needlework done by interlocking looped stitches with a hooked needle make a piece of needlework by interlocking and looping thread with a hooked needle; "She sat there crocheting all day" create by looping or crocheting; "crochet a bedspread" crochet needle a needle with a hook on the end; used in crocheting crochet stitch any one of a number of stitches made by pulling a loop of yarn through another loop with a crochet needle crock an earthen jar (made of baked clay) nonsense; foolish talk; "that's a crock" soil with or as with crock release color when rubbed, of badly dyed fabric crockery tableware (eating and serving dishes) collectively crocket an architectural ornament of curved foliage used at the edge of a spire or gable Crock Pot an electric cooker that maintains a relatively low temperature croft a small farm worked by a crofter crook a long staff with one end being hook shaped bend or cause to bend; "He crooked his index finger"; "the road curved sharply" Crookes radiometer electromagnetic radiometer consisting of a small paddlewheel that rotates when placed in daylight Crookes tube the original gas-discharge cathode-ray tube crop the stock or handle of a whip the output of something in a season; "the latest crop of fashions is about to hit the stores" a collection of people or things appearing together; "the annual crop of students brings a new crop of ideas" a cultivated plant that is grown commercially on a large scale the yield from plants in a single growing season cut short; "She wanted her hair cropped short" feed as in a meadow or pasture; "the herd was grazing" let feed in a field or pasture or meadow yield crops; "This land crops well" croquet ball a wooden ball used in playing croquet croquet equipment sports equipment used in playing croquet croquet mallet a mallet used to strike the ball in croquet Cross a representation of the structure on which Jesus was crucified; used as an emblem of Christianity or in heraldry cross a wooden structure consisting of an upright post with a transverse piece any affliction that causes great suffering; "that is his cross to bear"; "he bears his afflictions like a crown of thorns" trace a line through or across; "cross your `t'" meet and pass; "the trains crossed" fold so as to resemble a cross; "she crossed her legs" to cover or extend over an area or time period; "Rivers traverse the valley floor"; "The parking lot spans 3 acres"; "The novel spans three centuries" crossbar long thin horizontal crosspiece between two vertical posts game equipment consisting of a horizontal bar to be jumped or vaulted over a horizontal bar that goes across something crossbench any of the seats in the House of Commons used by members who do not vote regularly with either the government or the Opposition cross bit a rock drill having cruciform cutting edges; used in mining crossbow a bow fixed transversely on a wooden stock grooved to direct the arrow (quarrel) crosscut saw handsaw that cuts at right angles to the grain (or major axis) crosse a long racket with a triangular frame; used in playing lacrosse cross hair either of two fine mutually perpendicular lines that cross in the focus plane of an optical instrument and are use for sighting or calibration; "he had the target in his cross hairs" crosshead metal block that connects to a piston; it slides on parallel guides and moves a connecting rod back and forth crossjack the lowermost sail on a mizzenmast crosspiece a transverse brace cross-stitch embroidery done with pairs of stitches that cross each other two stitches forming a cross or X cross street a street intersecting a main street (usually at right angles) and continuing on both sides of it crotchet a small tool or hooklike implement croupier's rake a small rake used by a croupier to move chips around on the table crowbar a heavy iron lever with one end forged into a wedge crown the part of a hat (the vertex) that covers the crown of the head an ornamental jeweled headdress signifying sovereignty a wreath or garland worn on the head to signify victory the center of a cambered road (dentistry) dental appliance consisting of an artificial crown for a broken or decayed tooth; "tomorrow my dentist will fit me for a crown" the part of a tooth above the gum that is covered with enamel the upper branches and leaves of a tree or other plant an English coin worth 5 shillings be the culminating event; "The speech crowned the meeting" put an enamel cover on; "crown my teeth" invest with regal power; enthrone; "The prince was crowned in Westminster Abbey" form the topmost part of; "A weather vane crowns the building" crown jewel a precious stone that is a valuable part of a sovereign's regalia the most desirable assets of a corporation; "their crown jewels figured prominently in the takeover attempt" crown jewels regalia (jewelry and other paraphernalia) worn by a sovereign on state occasions crown lens a lens made of optical crown glass crown of thorns a mock crown made of thorn branches that Roman soldiers placed on Jesus before the Crucifixion somewhat climbing bushy spurge of Madagascar having long woody spiny stems with few leaves and flowers with scarlet bracts crown saw a saw having teeth around the edge of a hollow cylinder crow's nest platform for a lookout at or near the top of a mast crucible a vessel made of material that does not melt easily; used for high temperature chemical reactions cruet bottle that holds wine or oil or vinegar for the table cruet-stand a stand for cruets containing various condiments cruise control control mechanism for keeping an automobile at a set speed cruise missile an unmanned aircraft that is a self-contained bomb cruiser a large fast warship; smaller than a battleship and larger than a destroyer a car in which policemen cruise the streets; equipped with radiotelephonic communications to headquarters cruise ship a passenger ship used commercially for pleasure cruises crupper a strap from the back of a saddle passing under the horse's tail; prevents saddle from slipping forward cruse small jar; holds liquid (oil or water) crusher a device that crushes something cryometer a thermometer designed to measure low temperatures cryoscope a measuring instrument for measuring freezing and melting points cryostat a thermostat that operates at very low temperatures crypt a cellar or vault or underground burial chamber (especially beneath a church) cryptograph a device for deciphering codes and ciphers crystal a protective cover that protects the face of a watch glassware made of quartz a crystalline element used as a component in various electronic devices a rock formed by the solidification of a substance; has regularly repeating internal structure; external plane faces a solid formed by the solidification of a chemical and having a highly regular atomic structure crystal ball a glass or crystal globe used in crystal gazing by fortunetellers crystal counter a counter tube in which an ionizing event increases conductivity crystal detector a detector consisting of a fine wire in contact with a galena crystal; acts as a rectifier crystal microphone a microphone in which sound waves vibrate a piezoelectric crystal that generates a varying voltage crystal oscillator an oscillator that produces electrical oscillations at a frequency determined by the physical characteristics of a piezoelectric quartz crystal crystal pickup a cartridge in which an output voltage is produced by the vibration of a piezoelectric crystal crystal set an early radio receiver using a crystal detector Cuban heel a broad heel of medium height on women's shoes cubby a small secluded room cubbyhole a small compartment cube a block in the (approximate) shape of a cube any of several tropical American woody plants of the genus Lonchocarpus whose roots are used locally as a fish poison and commercially as a source of rotenone the product of three equal terms a hexahedron with six equal squares as faces raise to the third power cut into cubes; "cube the cheese" cubeb a cigarette containing cubeb tropical southeast Asian shrubby vine bearing spicy berrylike fruits spicy fruit of the cubeb vine; when dried and crushed is used medicinally or in perfumery and sometimes smoked in cigarettes cubitiere body armor that protects the elbow cucking stool an instrument of punishment consisting of a chair in which offenders were ducked in water cuckoo clock clock that announces the hours with a sound like the call of the cuckoo cuddy the galley or pantry of a small ship cudgel a club that is used as a weapon strike with a cudgel cue sports implement consisting of a tapering rod used to strike a cue ball in pool or billiards an actor's line that immediately precedes and serves as a reminder for some action or speech cue ball the ball that the billiard player or pool player strikes with his cue cuff the lap consisting of a turned-back hem encircling the end of the sleeve or leg hit with the hand cufflink jewelry consisting of one of a pair of linked buttons used to fasten the cuffs of a shirt cuirass medieval body armor that covers the chest and back cuisse armor plate that protects the thigh cul a passage with access only at one end culdoscope a specialized endoscope for visually examining a woman's pelvic organs cullis a gutter in a roof culotte a divided skirt cultivator a farm implement used to break up the surface of the soil (for aeration and weed control and conservation of moisture) culverin a medieval musket a heavy cannon with a long barrel used in the 16th and 17th centuries culvert a transverse and totally enclosed drain under a road or railway cummerbund a broad pleated sash worn as formal dress with a tuxedo cup a small open container usually used for drinking; usually has a handle; "he put the cup back in the saucer"; "the handle of the cup was missing" a large metal vessel with two handles that is awarded as a trophy to the winner of a competition; "the school kept the cups is a special glass case" the hole (or metal container in the hole) on a golf green; "he swore as the ball rimmed the cup and rolled away"; "put the flag back in the cup" a punch served in a pitcher instead of a punch bowl cup-shaped plant organ a United States liquid unit equal to 8 fluid ounces the quantity a cup will hold; "he drank a cup of coffee"; "he borrowed a cup of sugar" any cup-shaped concavity; "bees filled the waxen cups with honey"; "he wore a jock strap with a metal cup"; "the cup of her bra" treat by applying evacuated cups to the patient's skin put into a cup; "cup the milk" form into the shape of a cup; "She cupped her hands" cupboard a small room (or recess) or cabinet used for storage space cup hook hook (usually on the underside of a shelf) for hanging cups Cupid's bow a curved bow with reversed curve ends the double curve of the upper lip when considered to resemble Cupid's bow cupola a roof in the form of a dome a vertical cylindrical furnace for melting iron for casting curb an edge between a sidewalk and a roadway consisting of a line of curbstones (usually forming part of a gutter) a horse's bit with an attached chain or strap to check the horse keep to the curb; "curb your dogs" curb market a stock market for trading in securities not listed on the New York Stock Exchange curb roof a roof with two or more slopes on each side of the ridge curbside the side of a sidewalk that is bordered by a curb; "policemen stood at intervals along the curbside" curbstone a paving stone forming part of a curb curette a surgical instrument shaped like a scoop to remove tissue from a bodily cavity curio something unusual -- perhaps worthy of collecting curler a mechanical device consisting of a cylindrical tube around which the hair is wound to curl it; "a woman with her head full of curlers is not a pretty sight" curling iron a cylindrical metal home appliance that heats a lock of hair that has been curled around it currycomb a square comb with rows of small teeth; used to curry horses clean (a horse) with a currycomb cursor (computer science) indicator consisting of a movable spot of light (an icon) on a visual display; moving it allows the user to point to commands or screen positions curtain hanging cloth used as a blind (especially for a window) any barrier to communication or vision; "a curtain of secrecy"; "a curtain of trees" provide with drapery; "curtain the bedrooms" curtain ring a circular ring for holding up a curtain cushion a soft bag filled with air or a mass of padding such as feathers or foam rubber etc. the layer of air that supports a hovercraft or similar vehicle protect from impact; "cushion the blow" cusp point formed by two intersecting arcs (as from the intrados of a Gothic arch) small elevation on the grinding surface of a tooth a thin triangular flap of a heart valve cuspidation a decoration using cusps custard pie a prop consisting of an open pie filled with real or artificial custard; thrown in slapstick comedies customhouse a government building where customs are collected and where ships are cleared to enter or leave the country custom-made an item made to the customer's specifications made according to the specifications of an individual cutaway a man's coat cut diagonally from the waist to the back of the knees a representation (drawing or model) of something in which the outside is omitted to reveal the inner parts cut glass glass decorated by cutting or grinding facets cutlas a short heavy curved sword with one edge; formerly used by sailors cutlery tableware implements for cutting and eating food cutoff a device that terminates the flow in a pipe a designated limit beyond which something cannot function or must be terminated cutout a part that is cut out or is intended to be cut out a photograph from which the background has been cut away a switch that interrupts an electric circuit in the event of an overload cutter a cutting implement; a tool for cutting a sailing vessel with a single mast set further back than the mast of a sloop someone whose work is cutting (as e.g. cutting cloth for garments) someone who carves the meat cutting implement a tool used for cutting or slicing cutting room a room where films or tapes are edited (by cutting out unwanted parts) cutty stool a low stool; formerly in Scotland, a seat in a church where an offender was publicly rebuked cutwork embroidery in which the design is outlined in a buttonhole stitch and the intervening material is cut away cyberart art that is produced with the help of computer hardware and software cybercafe a cafe whose customers sit at computer terminals and log on to the internet while they eat and drink cyclobenzaprine muscle relaxant (trade name Flexeril) used for muscle spasms or acute injury cyclopean masonry a primitive style of masonry characterized by use of massive stones of irregular shape and size cyclopropane a colorless flammable gas sometimes used as an inhalation anesthetic cycloserine an antibiotic that is especially active against the tubercle bacillus cyclostyle a writing implement with a small toothed wheel that cuts small holes in a stencil print with an implement with small toothed wheels that cuts small holes in a stencil cyclotron an accelerator that imparts energies of several million electron-volts to rapidly moving particles cylinder a cylindrical container for oxygen or compressed air a chamber within which piston moves a solid bounded by a cylindrical surface and two parallel planes (the bases) a surface generated by rotating a parallel line around a fixed line cylinder head a detachable plate that covers the closed end of a cylinder chamber in a reciprocating engine or pump cylinder lock a lock in which a cylinder rotates to move a bolt; tumblers are pins; inserting the key lifts and aligns the pins to free the cylinder to rotate cyma (architecture) a molding for a cornice; in profile it is shaped like an S (partly concave and partly convex) cyma recta a cyma in which the upper section is concave and the lower section is convex cymbal a percussion instrument consisting of a concave brass disk; makes a loud crashing sound when hit with a drumstick or when two are struck together cyproheptadine an antihistamine (trade name Periactin) used to treat some allergic reactions cytophotometer a photometer that can be used to locate and identify chemical compounds in a cell by measuring the intensity of the light that passes through stained sections of the cytoplasm cytotoxic drug any drug that has a toxic effect on cells; commonly used in chemotherapy to inhibit the proliferation of cancerous cells dacha Russian country house Dachau a concentration camp for Jews created by the Nazis near Munich in southern Germany Dacron a kind of polyester fabric dado a rectangular groove cut into a board so that another piece can fit into it the section of a pedestal between the base and the surbase cut a dado into or fit into a dado provide with a dado; "The owners wanted to dado their dining room" dado plane a plane for making a dado groove dagger a short knife with a pointed blade used for piercing or stabbing a character used in printing to indicate a cross reference or footnote daggerboard a removable centerboard on a small sailboat that can be lowered into the water to serve as a keel daguerreotype a photograph made by an early photographic process; the image was produced on a silver plate sensitized to iodine and developed in mercury vapor dairy a farm where dairy products are produced dais a platform raised above the surrounding level to give prominence to the person on it daisy chain flower chain consisting of a string of daisies linked by their stems; worn by students on class day at some schools (figurative) a series of associated things or people or experiences daisy print wheel a wheel around which is a set of print characters that make a typing impression on paper daisywheel printer a printer that uses a daisy print wheel damascene a design produced by inlaying gold or silver into steel inlay metal with gold and silver (of metals) decorated or inlaid with a wavy pattern of different (especially precious) metals; "a damascened sword" of or relating to or characteristic of Damascus or its people; "damascene city gates" damask a fabric of linen or cotton or silk or wool with a reversible pattern woven into it a table linen made from linen with a damask pattern having a woven pattern; "damask table linens" dampener a device that dampens or moistens something; "he used a dampener to moisten the shirts before he ironed them" damp-proof course a course of some impermeable material laid in the foundation walls of building near the ground to prevent dampness from rising into the building damper block damper consisting of a small felted block that drops onto a piano string to stop its vibration dance floor a bare floor polished for dancing dapsone antibacterial drug used to treat leprosy and some kinds of skin diseases dark lantern a lantern with a single opening and a sliding panel that can be closed to conceal the light darkroom a room in which photographs are developed darning needle a long needle with an eye large enough for heavy darning or embroidery thread dart a tapered tuck made in dressmaking a small narrow pointed missile that is thrown or shot move with sudden speed; "His forefinger darted in all directions as he spoke" run or move very quickly or hastily; "She dashed into the yard" dartboard a circular board of wood or cork used as the target in the game of darts Dartmouth College a college in New Hampshire dashboard instrument panel on an automobile or airplane containing dials and controls dashiki a loose and brightly colored African shirt dash-pot a mechanical damper; the vibrating part is attached to a piston that moves in a chamber filled with liquid dasymeter densimeter consisting of a thin glass globe that is weighed in a gas to determine its density data converter converter for changing information from one code to another data input device a device that can be used to insert data into a computer or other computational device data multiplexer a multiplexer that permits two or more data sources to share a common transmission medium data system system consisting of the network of all communication channels used within an organization daub an unskillful painting material used to daub walls cover (a surface) by smearing (a substance) over it; "smear the wall with paint"; "daub the ceiling with plaster" apply to a surface; "daub paint onto the wall" davenport a large sofa usually convertible into a bed a small decorative writing desk Davis Cup cup awarded for the annual international team tennis competition davit a crane-like device (usually one of a pair) for suspending or lowering equipment (as a lifeboat) daybed an armless couch; a seat by day and a bed by night daybook an accounting journal as a physical object; "he bought a new daybook" a ledger in which transactions have been recorded as they occurred day camp a camp providing care and activities for children during the daytime day nursery a nursery for the supervision of preschool children while the parents work day school a school building without boarding facilities a private school taking day students only a school giving instruction during the daytime dead-air space an unventilated area where no air circulates dead axle an axle that carries a wheel but without power to drive it deadeye (nautical) a round hardwood disk with holes and a grooved perimeter used to tighten a shroud a dead shot deadhead a train or bus or taxi traveling empty a nonenterprising person who is not paying his way; "the deadheads on the payroll should be eased out as fast as possible" deadlight a strong shutter over a ship's porthole that is closed in stormy weather dead load a constant load on a structure (e.g. a bridge) due to the weight of the supported structure itself deanery the official residence of a dean deathbed the bed on which a person dies the last few hours before death death camp a concentration camp where prisoners are likely to die or be killed death house the cellblock in a prison where those condemned to death await execution death knell a bell rung to announce a death an omen of death or destruction death mask a cast taken from the face of a dead person death seat the car seat beside the driver of an automobile; believed to be the most dangerous place to sit in a car in case of an accident deathtrap any structure that is very unsafe; where people are likely to be killed decal either a design that is fixed to some surface or a paper bearing the design which is to be transferred to the surface deck any of various platforms built into a vessel street name for a packet of illegal drugs a porch that resembles the deck on a ship knock down with force; "He decked his opponent" decorate; "deck the halls with holly" be beautiful to look at; "Flowers adorned the tables everywhere" deck chair a folding chair for use outdoors; a wooden frame supports a length of canvas decker (often used in combinations) something constructed with multiple levels; "they rode in a double-decker bus" deck-house a superstructure on the upper deck of a ship deckle (paper making) a frame used to form paper pulp into sheets deckle edge rough edge left by a deckle on handmade paper or produced artificially on machine-made paper declinometer an instrument for measuring magnetic declination decoder a machine that converts a coded text into ordinary language the kind of intellectual who converts messages from a code to plain text decolletage a low-cut neckline on a woman's dress decongestant a drug that decreases pulmonary congestion dedicated file server (computer science) a file server that can be used only as a file server deep-freeze electric refrigerator (trade name Deepfreeze) in which food is frozen and stored for long periods of time deerstalker a tight-fitting hat with visors front and back; formerly worn by hunters deer trail a trail worn by the passage of deer defense laboratory a laboratory devoted to research and development for national defense defense system the weaponry available for the defense of a region defensive structure a structure used to defend against attack; "the artillery battered down the defenses" defibrillator an electronic device that administers an electric shock of preset voltage to the heart through the chest wall in an attempt to restore the normal rhythm of the heart during ventricular fibrillation defilade the arrangement of defensive fortifications to protect against enemy fire deflector a device intended to turn aside the flow of something (water or air or smoke etc) defroster heater that removes ice or frost (as from a windshield or a refrigerator or the wings of an airplane) delavirdine a non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (trade name Rescriptor) used to treat AIDS and HIV Delaware Memorial Bridge a suspension bridge across the Delaware River delayed action a mechanism that automatically delays the release of a camera shutter for a fixed period of time so that the photographer can appear in the picture delay line a circuit designed to introduce a calculated delay into the transmission of a signal delf an excavation; usually a quarry or mine delft a style of glazed earthenware; usually white with blue decoration delicatessen a shop selling ready-to-eat food products ready-to-eat food products delineation a drawing of the outlines of forms or objects deliverable something that can be provided as the product of development; "under this contract the deliverables include both software and hardware" suitable for or ready for delivery delivery truck a van suitable for delivering goods or services to customers delta wing an airplane with wings that give it the appearance of an isosceles triangle demeclocycline hydrochloride tetracycline antibacterial (trade name Declomycin) effective in the treatment of some bacterial and rickettsial and other infections demijohn large bottle with a short narrow neck; often has small handles at neck and is enclosed in wickerwork demister heater that removes mist from the windshield of a car demitasse small coffee cup; for serving black coffee demulcent a medication (in the form of an oil or salve etc.) that soothes inflamed or injured skin having a softening or soothing effect especially to the skin Demulen trade name for an oral contraceptive den a room that is comfortable and secluded a unit of 8 to 10 cub scouts denim a coarse durable twill-weave cotton fabric densimeter a measuring instrument for determining density or specific gravity densitometer a measuring instrument for determining optical or photographic density dental appliance a device to repair teeth or replace missing teeth dental floss a soft thread for cleaning the spaces between the teeth dental implant an implant that replaces a natural tooth dentifrice a substance for cleaning the teeth; applied with a toothbrush dentist's drill a high speed drill that dentists use to cut into teeth denture a dental appliance that artificially replaces missing teeth deodorant a toiletry applied to the skin in order to mask unpleasant odors department store a large retail store organized into departments offering a variety of merchandise; commonly part of a retail chain departure gate gate where passengers embark departure lounge lounge where passengers can await departure depilatory a cosmetic for temporary removal of undesired hair a chemical (usually a sulfide) used to remove hair or wool or bristles from hides able to remove hair or render hairless depository a facility where things can be deposited for storage or safekeeping depressor a device used by physician to press a part down or aside any nerve whose activity tends to reduce the activity or tone of the body part it serves any skeletal muscle that draws a body part down depth charge a bomb that explodes at a preset depth under water; antisubmarine device depth finder navigational instrument used to measure the depth of a body of water (as by ultrasound or radar) depth gauge a gauge for measuring the depth of grooves or holes or other concavities dermatome a surgical instrument used to cut very thin slices of skin derrick a simple crane having lifting tackle slung from a boom a framework erected over an oil well to allow drill tubes to be raised and lowered derringer a pocket pistol of large caliber with a short barrel designer drug a psychoactive drug deliberately synthesized to avoid anti-drug laws; mimics the effects of a banned drug; law was revised in 1986 to ban designer drugs desk a piece of furniture with a writing surface and usually drawers or other compartments desk phone a telephone set that sits on a desk or table desktop computer a personal computer small enough to fit conveniently in an individual workspace desipramine a tricyclic antidepressant drug that activates the psychomotor system dessert plate a small plate on which dessert can be served dessert spoon a spoon larger than a teaspoon and smaller than a tablespoon destroyer a small fast lightly armored but heavily armed warship a person who destroys or ruins or lays waste to; "a destroyer of the environment"; "jealousy was his undoer"; "uprooters of gravestones" destroyer escort warship smaller than a destroyer; designed to escort fleets or convoys detached house a house that stands alone detector any device that receives a signal or stimulus (as heat or pressure or light or motion etc.) and responds to it in a distinctive manner electronic equipment that detects the presence of radio signals or radioactivity rectifier that extracts modulation from a radio carrier wave detention home an institution where juvenile offenders can be held temporarily (usually under the supervision of a juvenile court) detergent a cleansing agent that differs from soap but can also emulsify oils and hold dirt in suspension a surface-active chemical widely used in industry and laundering having cleansing power detonating fuse a fuse containing an explosive detonator a mechanical or electrical explosive device or a small amount of explosive; can be used to initiate the reaction of a disrupting explosive detour a roundabout road (especially one that is used temporarily while a main route is blocked) travel via a detour detox the hospital ward or clinic in which patients are detoxified treat for alcohol or drug dependence; "He was detoxified in the clinic" deuce one of the four playing cards in a deck that have two spots a tie in tennis or table tennis that requires winning two successive points to win the game developer photographic equipment consisting of a chemical solution for developing film someone who develops real estate (especially someone who prepares a site for residential or commercial use) Dewar flask vacuum flask that holds liquid air or helium for scientific experiments dextroamphetamine sulphate an isomer of amphetamine (trade name Dexedrine) used as a central nervous system stimulant dhoti a long loincloth worn by Hindu men dhow a lateen-rigged sailing vessel used by Arabs diagram a drawing intended to explain how something works; a drawing showing the relation between the parts make a schematic or technical drawing of that shows interactions among variables or how something is constructed dial the face of a timepiece; graduated to show the hours a disc on a telephone that is rotated a fixed distance for each number called the circular graduated indicator on various measuring instruments the control on a radio or television set that is used for tuning choose by means of a dial; "dial a telephone number" operate a dial to select a telephone number; "You must take the receiver off the hook before you dial" dialog box (computer science) a small temporary window in a graphical user interface that appears in order to request information from the user; after the information has been provided the user dismisses the box with `okay' or `cancel' dial telephone a telephone with a dial for registering the number to be called dialyzer a medical instrument for separating substances in solution by unequal diffusion through semipermeable membranes diamond a playing card in the minor suit that has one or more red rhombuses on it; "he led a small diamond"; "diamonds were trumps" a transparent piece of diamond that has been cut and polished and is valued as a precious gem very hard native crystalline carbon valued as a gem diamond point a very hard small point made from a diamond diamante fabric covered with glittering ornaments such as sequins or rhinestones diapason either of the two main stops on a pipe organ diaper garment consisting of a folded cloth drawn up between the legs and fastened at the waist; worn by infants to catch excrement a fabric (usually cotton or linen) with a distinctive woven pattern of small repeated figures diaphone a foghorn that makes a signal consisting of two tones diaphoretic used to produce perspiration inducing perspiration diaphragm a mechanical device in a camera that controls size of aperture of the lens; "the new cameras adjust the diaphragm automatically" electro-acoustic transducer that vibrates to receive or produce sound waves a contraceptive device consisting of a flexible dome-shaped cup made of rubber or plastic; it is filled with spermicide and fitted over the uterine cervix (anatomy) a muscular partition separating the abdominal and thoracic cavities; functions in respiration diary a personal journal (as a physical object) a daily written record of (usually personal) experiences and observations diathermy machine a medical instrument for local heating of bodily tissues for medical purposes diazepam a tranquilizer (trade name Valium) used to relieve anxiety and relax muscles; acts by enhancing the inhibitory actions of the neurotransmitter GABA; can also be used as an anticonvulsant drug in cases of nerve agent poisoning diazoxide vasodilator (trade name Hyperstat) used to treat severe hypertension dibble a wooden hand tool with a pointed end; used to make holes in the ground for planting seeds or bulbs make a hole with a wooden hand tool; "dibble the ground" plant with a wooden hand tool; "dibble Spring bulbs" dibucaine a local anesthetic that is administered by injection dideoxycytosine an antiviral drug used to combat HIV infection dideoxyinosine an antiviral drug used to combat HIV infection die a small cube with 1 to 6 spots on the six faces; used in gambling to generate random numbers a device used for shaping metal a cutting tool that is fitted into a diestock and used for cutting male (external) screw threads on screws or bolts or pipes or rods suffer spiritual death; be damned (in the religious sense); "Whosoever..believes in me shall never die" disappear or come to an end; "Their anger died"; "My secret will die with me!" pass from physical life and lose all bodily attributes and functions necessary to sustain life; "She died from cancer"; "The children perished in the fire"; "The patient went peacefully"; "The old guy kicked the bucket at the age of 102" lose sparkle or bouquet; "wine and beer can pall" to be on base at the end of an inning, of a player cut or shape with a die; "Die out leather for belts" be brought to or as if to the point of death by an intense emotion such as embarrassment, amusement, or shame; "I was dying with embarrassment when my little lie was discovered"; "We almost died laughing during the show" languish as with love or desire; "She dying for a cigarette"; "I was dying to leave" feel indifferent towards; "She died to worldly things and eventually entered a monastery" suffer or face the pain of death; "Martyrs may die every day for their faith" dice cup a small container (open at one end) in which dice are shaken by hand and from which they are thrown dicer a mechanical device used for dicing food dickey a man's detachable insert (usually starched) to simulate the front of a shirt a small third seat in the back of an old-fashioned two-seater diclofenac potassium a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (trade name Cataflam) diclofenac sodium a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (trade name Voltaren) that is administered only orally dicloxacillin antibacterial (trade name Dynapen) used to treat staphylococcal infections that are resistant to penicillin Dictaphone a tape recorder that records and reproduces dictation dicumarol an anticoagulant drug that has now been largely replaced by warfarin diesel an internal-combustion engine that burns heavy oil diesel-electric locomotive a locomotive driven by the electric current generated by a diesel engine diesel-hydraulic locomotive a locomotive driven by a hydraulic transmission system powered by a diesel engine diesel locomotive a locomotive driven by a diesel engine diestock a device that holds the dies that cut external threads on metal cylinders diethylstilbesterol synthetic nonsteroid with the properties of estrogen; formerly used to treat menstrual problems but was found to be associated with vaginal cancers in the daughters of women so treated during pregnancy differential analyzer an analog computer designed to solve differential equations differential gear a bevel gear that permits rotation of two shafts at different speeds; used on the rear axle of automobiles to allow wheels to rotate at different speeds on curves diffraction grating optical device consisting of a surface with many parallel grooves in it; disperses a beam of light (or other electromagnetic radiation) into its wavelengths to produce its spectrum diffuser optical device that distributes the light of a lamp evenly baffle that distributes sound waves evenly diflunisal nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory (trade name Dolobid) used to treat arthritis and other inflammatory conditions digester autoclave consisting of a vessel in which plant or animal materials are digested diggings temporary living quarters an excavation for ore or precious stones or for archaeology digital-analog converter device for converting digital signals into analogue signals digital audiotape a digital tape recording of sound digital camera a camera that encodes an image digitally and store it for later reproduction digital clock a clock that displays the time of day digitally digital computer a computer that represents information by numerical (binary) digits digital display a display that gives the information in the form of characters (numbers or letters) digital plethysmograph plethysmograph applied to a digit of the hand or foot to measure skin blood flow digital subscriber line a generic name for digital lines that are provided by telephone companies to their local subscribers and that carry data at high speeds digital voltmeter an electronic voltmeter that gives readings in digits digital watch a watch with a digital display digitizer device for converting analogue signals into digital signals digitoxin digitalis preparation used to treat congestive heart failure or cardiac arrhythmia digoxin digitalis preparation (trade name Lanoxin) used to treat congestive heart failure or cardiac arrhythmia; helps the heart beat more forcefully dihydrostreptomycin antibiotic consisting of a hydrogenated form of streptomycin; used against tuberculosis and tularemia and Gram-negative organisms dilator a surgical instrument that is used to dilate or distend an opening or an organ a drug that causes dilation a muscle or nerve that dilates or widens a body part dildo a vibrating device that substitutes for an erect penis to provide vaginal stimulation diltiazem a calcium blocker (trade name Cardizem) used in treating hypertension or angina or heart failure dime bag street name for a packet of illegal drugs that is sold for ten dollars dimenhydrinate antihistamine and antiemetic (trade name Dramamine) used to treat motion sickness Dimetapp trade name for a drug containing an antihistamine and a decongestant; used to relieve nasal congestion and to treat rhinitis dimity a strong cotton fabric with a raised pattern; used for bedcovers and curtains dimmer a rheostat that varies the current through an electric light in order to control the level of illumination diner a restaurant that resembles a dining car a person eating a meal (especially in a restaurant) dinette a small area off of a kitchen that is used for dining dinghy a small boat of shallow draft with cross thwarts for seats and rowlocks for oars with which it is propelled dinky a small locomotive (British informal) pretty and neat; "what a dinky little hat" small and unimpressive; "we stayed in a dinky old hotel"; "an insignificant sum of money" dining area an area arranged for dining; "they put up tents for the dining area" dining car a passenger car where food is served in transit dining-hall a large room at a college or university; used especially for dining dining room a room used for dining dining-room furniture furniture intended for use in a dining room dining-room table dining-room furniture consisting of a table on which meals can be served dining table a table at which meals are served; "he helped her clear the dining table"; "a feast was spread upon the board" dinner bell a bell rung to announce that dinner has been served dinner dress a gown for evening wear dinner jacket semiformal evening dress for men dinner napkin a large napkin used when dinner is served dinner pail a pail in which a workman carries his lunch or dinner dinner plate a plate from which a diner eats during the main course of a meal dinner service a table service for serving dinner dinner table the dining table where dinner is served and eaten dinner theater a theater at which dinner is included in the price of admission dinnerware the tableware (plates and platters and serving bowls etc.) used in serving a meal diode a semiconductor that consists of a p-n junction a thermionic tube having two electrodes; used as a rectifier diphenhydramine antihistamine (trade name Benadryl) used to treat allergic reactions involving the nasal passages (hay fever) and also to treat motion sickness diphenylhydantoin an anticonvulsant drug (trade name Dilantin) used to treat epilepsy and that is not a sedative diphenylbutyl piperidine a group of antipsychotic drugs used mainly in the treatment of schizophrenia diplomatic building government building in which diplomats live or work diplomatic pouch a mail pouch that is sealed shut and that is used to carry communications between a legation and its home office dipole an aerial half a wavelength long consisting of two rods connected to a transmission line at the center a pair of equal and opposite electric charges or magnetic poles separated by a small distance dipper a ladle that has a cup with a long handle dipstick a graduated rod dipped into a container to indicate the fluid level DIP switch (computer science) one of a set of small on-off switches mounted in computer hardware; used in place of jumpers to configure the machine for a user diptych a painting or carving (especially an altarpiece) on two panels (usually hinged like a book) directional antenna an antenna that transmits or receives signals only in a narrow angle directional microphone a microphone that is designed to receive sound from a particular direction direction finder radio; determines the direction of incoming radio waves dirk a relatively long dagger with a straight blade dirndl a dress with a tight bodice and full skirt a full skirt with a gathered waistband dirt track a racetrack that is not paved dirty bomb an atom bomb that leaves considerable radioactive contamination discharge lamp a lamp that generates light by a discharge between two electrodes in a gas discharge pipe a pipe through which fluids can be discharged disco a public dance hall for dancing to recorded popular music popular dance music (especially in the late 1970s); melodic with a regular bass beat; intended mainly for dancing at discotheques dance to disco music discount house a sales outlet offering goods at a discounted price discus a disk used in throwing competitions an athletic competition in which a disk-shaped object is thrown as far as possible dish a piece of dishware normally used as a container for holding or serving food; "we gave them a set of dishes for a wedding present" directional antenna consisting of a parabolic reflector for microwave or radio frequency radiation a particular item of prepared food; "she prepared a special dish for dinner" the quantity that a dish will hold; "they served me a dish of rice" make concave; shape like a dish dishpan large pan for washing dishes dish rack a rack for holding dishes as dishwater drains off of them dishrag a cloth for washing dishes dishtowel a towel for drying dishes dishwasher a machine for washing dishes someone who washes dishes dishwasher detergent a low-sudsing detergent designed for use in dishwashers disinfectant an agent (as heat or radiation or a chemical) that destroys microorganisms that might carry disease disk a flat circular plate something with a round shape resembling a flat circular plate; "the moon's disk hung in a cloudless sky" disk access memory access to the computer disk on which information is stored disk brake hydraulic brake in which friction is applied to both sides of a spinning disk by the brake pads disk cache a cache that stores copies of frequently used disk sectors in random access memory (RAM) so they can be read without accessing the slower disk disk clutch a friction clutch in which the frictional surfaces are disks disk controller (computer science) a circuit or chip that translates commands into a form that can control a hard disk drive disk drive computer hardware that holds and spins a magnetic or optical disk and reads and writes information on it diskette a small plastic magnetic disk enclosed in a stiff envelope with a radial slit; used to store data or programs for a microcomputer; "floppy disks are noted for their relatively slow speed and small capacity and low price" disk harrow a harrow with a series of disks set on edge at an angle dispatch case case consisting of an oblong container (usually having a lock) for carrying dispatches or other valuables dispensary clinic where medicine and medical supplies are dispensed dispenser a container so designed that the contents can be used in prescribed amounts a person who dispenses display adapter (computer science) an electronic device that converts information in memory to video output to a display display panel a vertical surface on which information can be displayed to public view display window a window of a store facing onto the street; used to display merchandise for sale in the store disposable an item that can be disposed of after it has been used designed to be disposed of after use; "disposable paper cups" free or available for use or disposition; "every disposable piece of equipment was sent to the fire"; "disposable assets" disrupting explosive a high explosive that is used to damage the target that is under attack distaff the staff on which wool or flax is wound before spinning the sphere of work by women distillery a plant and works where alcoholic drinks are made by distillation distributor electrical device that distributes voltage to the spark plugs of a gasoline engine in the order of the firing sequence a company that markets merchandise; "his company is a large distributor of software products" someone who markets merchandise distributor cam the cam inside the distributor that rotates to contact spark plug terminals in the correct order distributor cap the cap of the distributor that holds in place the wires from the distributor to the spark plugs distributor housing the housing that supports the distributor cam distributor point a contact in the distributor; as the rotor turns its projecting arm contacts them and current flows to the spark plugs disulfiram a drug (trade name Antabuse) used in the treatment of alcoholism; causes nausea and vomiting if alcohol is ingested ditch a long narrow excavation in the earth any small natural waterway crash or crash-land; "ditch a car"; "ditch a plane" make an emergency landing on water forsake; "ditch a lover" ditch spade a spade with a long handle for digging narrow ditches ditty bag kit used by sailors and soldiers diuretic drug any substance that tends to increase the flow of urine, which causes the body to get rid of excess water divan a long backless sofa (usually with pillows against a wall) a Muslim council chamber or law court a collection of Persian or Arabic poems (usually by one author) a Muslim council of state dive bomber a bomber that releases its bombs during a steep dive toward the target diverging lens a lens such that a parallel beam of light passing through it is caused to diverge or spread out divided highway a highway divided down the middle by a barrier that separates traffic going in different directions; "in Britain they call a divided highway a dual carriageway" divider a drafting instrument resembling a compass that is used for dividing lines into equal segments or for transferring measurements a person who separates something into parts or groups diving bell diving apparatus for underwater work; has an open bottom and is supplied with compressed air diving board a springboard from which swimmers can dive divining rod forked stick that is said to dip down to indicate underground water or oil diving suit a weighted and hermetically sealed garment supplied with air; worn by underwater divers dixie a large metal pot (12 gallon camp kettle) for cooking; used in military camps Dixie cup a disposable cup made of paper; for holding drinks document anything serving as a representation of a person's thinking by means of symbolic marks writing that provides information (especially information of an official nature) a written account of ownership or obligation support or supply with references; "Can you document your claims?" record in detail; "The parents documented every step of their child's development" doeskin a fine smooth soft woolen fabric soft leather from deerskin or lambskin dogcart a cart drawn by a dog dog collar a collar for a dog doggie bag a bag for food that a customer did not eat at a restaurant; the transparent pretense is that the food is taken home to feed the customer's dog dogleg a golf hole with a sharp angle in the fairway angle that resembles the hind leg of a dog dogsled a sled pulled by dogs travel with a dogsled dogtooth a carved pyramidal ornament; used in 13th century England dog wrench a wrench with a handle shaped like a crank doodad something unspecified whose name is either forgotten or not known; "she eased the ball-shaped doodad back into its socket"; "there may be some great new gizmo around the corner that you will want to use" doily a small round piece of linen placed under a dish or bowl doll a small replica of a person; used as a toy dollhouse a small model of a house used as a toy by children a house so small that it is likened to a child's plaything dolly conveyance consisting of a wheeled platform for moving heavy objects conveyance consisting of a wheeled support on which a camera can be mounted dolman a woman's cloak with dolman sleeves a hussar's jacket worn over the shoulders dolman sleeve a sleeve with a large armhole and tight cuff dolmen a prehistoric megalithic tomb typically having two large upright stones and a capstone dolphin striker spar under the bowsprit of a sailboat dome a hemispherical roof a stadium that has a roof a concave shape whose distinguishing characteristic is that the concavity faces downward domino a small rectangular block used in playing the game of dominoes; the face of each block has two equal areas that can bear 0 to 6 dots a mask covering the upper part of the face but with holes for the eyes a loose hooded cloak worn with a half mask as part of a masquerade costume dongle (computer science) an electronic device that must be attached to a computer in order for it to use protected software donkey jacket a short thick jacket; often worn by workmen door a swinging or sliding barrier that will close the entrance to a room or building or vehicle; "he knocked on the door"; "he slammed the door as he left" a room that is entered via a door; "his office is the third door down the hall on the left" a structure where people live or work (usually ordered along a street or road); "the office next door"; "they live two doors up the street from us" anything providing a means of access (or escape); "we closed the door to Haitian immigrants"; "education is the door to success" doorbell a push button at an outer door that gives a ringing or buzzing signal when pushed doorframe the frame that supports a door doorjamb a jamb for a door doorknob a knob used to release the catch when opening a door (often called `doorhandle' in Great Britain) doorlock a lock on an exterior door doormat a mat placed outside an exterior door for wiping the shoes before entering doornail a nail with a large head; formerly used to decorate doors doorplate a nameplate fastened to a door; indicates the person who works or lives there doorsill the sill of a door; a horizontal piece of wood or stone that forms the bottom of a doorway and offers support when passing through a doorway doorstop a stop that keeps open doors from moving doorway the entrance (the space in a wall) through which you enter or leave a room or building; the space that a door can close; "he stuck his head in the doorway" dooryard a yard outside the front or rear door of a house Doppler radar radar that uses the Doppler shift to measure velocity dormer a gabled extension built out from a sloping roof to accommodate a vertical window dormer window the window in a gabled extension built to accommodate a window dormitory a college or university building containing living quarters for students a large sleeping room containing several beds dose a measured portion of medicine taken at any one time the quantity of an active agent (substance or radiation) taken in or absorbed at any one time treat with an agent; add (an agent) to; "The ray dosed the paint" dosemeter a measuring instrument for measuring doses of ionizing radiation (X-rays or radioactivity) dossal an ornamental hanging of rich fabric hung behind the altar of a church or at the sides of a chancel dot matrix printer a printer that represents each character as a pattern of dots from a dot matrix double bed a bed wide enough to accommodate two sleepers double-bitted ax an ax that has cutting edges on both sides of the head double boiler two saucepans, one fitting inside the other double-breasted jacket a jacket having fronts that overlap enough for two separate rows of buttons double-breasted suit a suit with a double-breasted jacket double clinch a clinch with two loops double crochet a kind of crochet stitch make by double stitching double door two vertical doors that meet in the middle of the door frame when closed double glazing a window with two panes of glass and a space between them; reduces heat and noise transmission through the window double-hung window a window having two sashes that slide up and down double knit a knit fabric similar to jersey that is made with two sets of needles producing a double thickness joined by interlocking stitches double-prop a propeller plane with an engine that drives two propellers in opposite directions (for stability) doubler an electronic device that doubles the voltage or the frequency of an input signal double reed a pair of joined reeds that vibrate together to produce the sound in some woodwinds double-reed instrument a woodwind that has a pair of joined reeds that vibrate together doublet a man's close-fitting jacket; worn during the Renaissance doubletree a crossbar on a wagon or carriage to which two whiffletrees are attached in order to harness two horses abreast dovecote a birdhouse for pigeons Dover's powder a medicinal powder made essentially of ipecac and opium; formerly used to relieve pain and induce perspiration dovetail a mortise joint formed by interlocking tenons and mortises fit together tightly, as if by means of a dovetail dovetail plane a woodworking plane designed to make the grooves for dovetail joints dowel a fastener that is inserted into holes in two adjacent pieces and holds them together downcast a ventilation shaft through which air enters a mine directed downward; "a downcast glance" downstage the front half of the stage (as seen from the audience) of the front half of a stage at or toward the front of the stage; "the actors moved further and further downstage" doxazosin an antihypertensive drug (trade name Cardura) that works by relaxing blood vessels so that blood passes through them more easily; it is also used to treat benign prostatic hyperplasia doxepin a tricyclic antidepressant (trade names Adapin and Sinequan) with numerous side effects (dry mouth and sedation and gastrointestinal disturbances) doxorubicin an antibiotic used as an anticancer drug doxycycline an antibiotic derived from tetracycline that is effective against many infections; "Vibramycin is the trade name of doxycycline" DPT vaccine abbreviation for combination vaccine against diphtheria and pertussis (whooping cough) and tetanus toxoids; usually given in a series of injections in early childhood drafting board a smooth board on which paper is placed for making drawings drafting instrument an instrument used by a draftsman in making drawings drafting table a worktable with adjustable top dragee pill that is a sugar-coated medicated candy sugar-coated nut or fruit piece silvery candy beads used for decorating cakes Dragunov a sniper rifle with a telescopic sight drainage ditch a ditch for carrying off excess water or sewage drainage system a system of watercourses or drains for carrying off excess water drain basket a filter in a sink drain; traps debris but passes water drainboard a board beside a kitchen sink and inclined to drain into the sink drainplug a removable plug for holding water in a tub or basin drape a sterile covering arranged over a patient's body during a medical examination or during surgery in order to reduce the possibility of contamination the manner in which fabric hangs or falls; "she adjusted the drape of her skirt" arrange in a particular way; "drape a cloth" place casually; "The cat draped herself on the sofa" cover or dress loosely with cloth; "drape the statue with a sheet" drapery cloth gracefully draped and arranged in loose folds drawbar a strong metal bar bearing a hook to attach something to be pulled drawbridge a bridge that can be raised to block passage or to allow boats or ships to pass beneath it drawer a boxlike container in a piece of furniture; made so as to slide in and out the person who writes a check or draft instructing the drawee to pay someone else drawers underpants worn by men drawing card a featured article of merchandise sold at a loss in order to draw customers an entertainer who attracts large audiences; "he was the biggest drawing card they had" drawing chalk colored chalks used by artists drawing room a formal room where visitors can be received and entertained a private compartment on a sleeping car with three bunks and a toilet drawknife a woodworker's knife to shave surfaces drawnwork ornamental needlework done by drawing threads to form lacelike patterns drawstring a tie consisting of a cord that goes through a seam around an opening; "he pulled the drawstring and closed the bag" drawstring bag a bag that is closed at the top with a drawstring dray a low heavy horse cart without sides; used for haulage dreadnought battleship that has big guns all of the same caliber dredge a power shovel to remove material from a channel or riverbed remove with a power shovel, usually from a bottom of a body of water search (as the bottom of a body of water) for something valuable or lost cover before cooking; "dredge the chicken in flour before frying it" dredger a barge (or a vessel resembling a barge) that is used for dredging dredging bucket a bucket for lifting material from a channel or riverbed dress a one-piece garment for a woman; has skirt and bodice arrange attractively; "dress my hair for the wedding" dress in a certain manner; "She dresses in the latest Paris fashion"; "he dressed up in a suit and tie" give a neat appearance to; "groom the dogs"; "dress the horses" put on clothes; "we had to dress quickly"; "dress the patient"; "Can the child dress by herself?" provide with clothes or put clothes on; "Parents must feed and dress their child" apply a bandage or medication to; "dress the victim's wounds" convert into leather; "dress the tanned skins" kill and prepare for market or consumption; "dress a turkey" cut down rough-hewn (lumber) to standard thickness and width put a finish on; "dress the surface smooth" put a dressing on; "dress the salads" provide with decoration; "dress the windows" arrange in ranks; "dress troops" (of an occasion) requiring formal clothes; "a dress dinner"; "a full-dress ceremony" dress blues a dress uniform for formal occasions dresser a cabinet with shelves a wardrobe assistant for an actor a person who dresses in a particular way; "she's an elegant dresser"; "he's a meticulous dresser" dress hat a man's hat with a tall crown; usually covered with silk or with beaver fur dressing case a small piece of luggage for carrying brushes and bottles and toilet articles while traveling dressing gown a robe worn before dressing or while lounging dressing room a room in which you can change clothes dressing sack a woman's loose jacket; worn while dressing dressing station (military) a station located near a combat area for giving first aid to the wounded dressing table low table with mirror or mirrors where one sits while dressing or applying makeup dress rack a rack used primarily to display dresses for sale in a store dress shirt a man's white shirt (with a starch front) for evening wear (usually with a tuxedo) dress suit formalwear consisting of full evening dress for men dress uniform a military uniform worn on formal occasions drift a horizontal (or nearly horizontal) passageway in a mine; "they dug a drift parallel with the vein" the pervading meaning or tenor; "caught the general drift of the conversation" a general tendency to change (as of opinion); "not openly liberal but that is the trend of the book"; "a broad movement of the electorate to the right" a large mass of material that is heaped up by the wind or by water currents a force that moves something along the gradual departure from an intended course due to external influences (as a ship or plane) a process of linguistic change over a period of time be piled up in banks or heaps by the force of wind or a current; "snow drifting several feet high"; "sand drifting like snow" be subject to fluctuation; "The stock market drifted upward" drive slowly and far afield for grazing; "drift the cattle herds westwards" cause to be carried by a current; "drift the boats downstream" move in an unhurried fashion; "The unknown young man drifted among the invited guests" vary or move from a fixed point or course; "stock prices are drifting higher" drift net a large fishnet supported by floats; it drifts with the current electric drill a rotating power drill powered by an electric motor drilling bit a bit used in drilling for oil drilling pipe a series of tubes (joined by screwed collars) that connect a drilling platform to the drilling bit; rotates the bit and supplies drilling mud drilling platform drilling rig consisting of an offshore platform (floating or fixed to the sea bed) from which many oil wells can be bored radially drill press a machine tool with a separate, upright stand; an electric drill is pressed into the work automatically or with a hand lever drill rig rig used in drilling for oil or gas drill site workplace that is the site of a drill hole drinking fountain a public fountain to provide a jet of drinking water drinking vessel a vessel intended for drinking drip (architecture) a projection from a cornice or sill designed to protect the area below from rainwater (as over a window or doorway) the sound of a liquid falling drop by drop; "the constant sound of dripping irritated him" flowing in drops; the formation and falling of drops of liquid; "there's a drip through the roof" fall in drops; "Water is dripping from the faucet" drip loop a downward hanging loop in a line that runs to a building; "when it rained water would fall from the drip loop before it reached the building" drip mat a small mat placed under a glass to protect a surface from condensation drip pan pan under a refrigerator for collecting liquid waste dripping pan pan for catching drippings under roasting meat drip pot a coffeepot for making drip coffee dripstone a protective drip that is made of stone the form of calcium carbonate found in stalactites and stalagmites drive-in any installation designed to accommodate patrons in their automobiles drive line mechanism that transmits power from the engine to the driving wheels of a motor vehicle driven well a well made by driving a tube into the earth to a stratum that bears water driver a golf club (a wood) with a near vertical face that is used for hitting long shots from the tee (computer science) a program that determines how a computer will communicate with a peripheral device the operator of a motor vehicle a golfer who hits the golf ball with a driver someone who drives animals that pull a vehicle driveshaft a rotating shaft that transmits power from the engine to the point of application driveway a road leading up to a private house; "they parked in the driveway" driving belt a belt that carries motion from a motor to the machinery driving iron (golf) the long iron with the most nearly vertical face driving wheel a wheel that drives a motor vehicle (transforms torque into a tractive force) Drixoral the trade name for a drug used to treat upper respiratory congestion; it contains an antihistamine and a bronchodilator and a vasoconstrictor drogue a parachute used to decelerate an object that is moving rapidly a funnel-shaped device towed as a target by an airplane drogue parachute a small parachute that pulls the main parachute from its storage pack dronabinol psychoactive substance present in marijuana; used therapeutically to control nausea associated with cancer therapy drop arch a blunt pointed arch drawn from two centers within the span drop cloth a large piece of cloth laid over the floor or furniture while a room is being painted drop curtain a curtain that can be lowered and raised onto a stage from the flies; often used as background scenery drop forge device for making large forgings drop-leaf a hinged leaf on a table that can be raised and supported by a bracket drop-leaf table a table that has a drop-leaf to enlarge its surface dropper pipet consisting of a small tube with a vacuum bulb at one end for drawing liquid in and releasing it a drop at a time; "she used an eye dropper to administer medication to the eyes" droshky an open horse-drawn carriage with four wheels; formerly used in Poland and Russia drove a stonemason's chisel with a broad edge for dressing stone a moving crowd a group of animals (a herd or flock) moving together drug a substance that is used as a medicine or narcotic administer a drug to; "They drugged the kidnapped tourist" use recreational drugs drug cocktail a combination of protease inhibitors taken with reverse transcriptase inhibitors; used in treating AIDS and HIV drugget a rug made of a coarse fabric having a cotton warp and a wool filling drug of abuse a drug that is taken for nonmedicinal reasons (usually for mind-altering effects); drug abuse can lead to physical and mental damage and (with some substances) dependence and addiction drugstore a retail shop where medicine and other articles are sold drum brake hydraulic brake in which friction is applied to the inside of a spinning drum by the brake shoe drumhead a membrane that is stretched taut over a drum performed speedily and without formality; "a summary execution"; "summary justice" drum printer a line printer in which the type is mounted on a rotating drum that contains a full character set for each printing position drum sander a power tool used for sanding wood; an endless loop of sandpaper is moved at high speed by an electric motor drumstick a stick used for playing a drum the lower joint of the leg of a fowl dry battery a voltaic battery consisting of two or more dry cells dry-bulb thermometer an ordinary thermometer with a dry bulb; used to measure the air temperature dry cell a small Leclanche cell containing no free liquid; the electrolyte is a paste and the negative zinc pole forms the container of the cell; used in flashlights, portable radios, etc. dry dock a large dock from which water can be pumped out; used for building ships or for repairing a ship below its waterline dryer an appliance that removes moisture dry fly a fly (fisherman's lure) that skims the surface of the water drygoods textiles or clothing and related merchandise dry kiln a kiln for drying and seasoning lumber dry masonry masonry without mortar dry point a steel needle for engraving without acid on a bare copper plate a print produced by dry point engraving dry wall a stone wall made with stones fitted together without mortar dual scan display a type of passive matrix display in which the top and bottom half of the screen are refreshed simultaneously dubbing a new soundtrack that is added to a film duckboard a boardwalk laid across muddy ground duckpin a bowling pin that is short and squat by comparison with a tenpin duct an enclosed conduit for a fluid a bodily passage or tube lined with epithelial cells and conveying a secretion or other substance; "the tear duct was obstructed"; "the alimentary canal"; "poison is released through a channel in the snake's fangs" a continuous tube formed by a row of elongated cells lacking intervening end walls duct tape a wide silvery adhesive tape intended to seal joints in sheet metal duct work but having many other uses; "duct tape holds the world together" dudeen a clay pipe with a short stem duffel a coarse heavy woolen fabric duffel bag a large cylindrical bag of heavy cloth; for carrying personal belongings duffel coat a warm coat made of duffel; usually has a hood and fastens with toggles dugout either of two low shelters on either side of a baseball diamond where the players and coaches sit during the game dugout canoe a canoe made by hollowing out and shaping a large log Duke University a university in Durham, North Carolina dulciana the organ stop having a tone of soft sweet string quality dulcimer a trapezoidal zither whose metal strings are struck with light hammers a stringed instrument used in American folk music; an elliptical body and a fretted fingerboard and three strings dumbbell an exercising weight; two spheres connected by a short bar that serves as a handle an ignorant or foolish person dumb bomb a bomb that falls because of gravity and is not guided to a target dumbwaiter a small elevator used to convey food (or other goods) from one floor of a building to another dumdum a soft-nosed small-arms bullet that expands when it hits a target and causes a gaping wound dummy a figure representing the human form a person who does not talk make a dummy of; "dummy up the books that are to be published" having the appearance of being real but lacking capacity to function; "a dummy corporation" dump a place where supplies can be stored; "an ammunition dump" (computer science) a copy of the contents of a computer storage device; sometimes used in debugging programs a piece of land where waste materials are dumped drop (stuff) in a heap or mass; "The truck dumped the garbage in the street" sever all ties with, usually unceremoniously or irresponsibly; "The company dumped him after many years of service"; "She dumped her boyfriend when she fell in love with a rich man" throw away as refuse; "No dumping in these woods!" sell at artificially low prices dumpcart a cart that can be tilted to empty contents without handling Dumpster a container designed to receive and transport and dump waste dump truck truck whose contents can be emptied without handling; the front end of the platform can be pneumatically raised so that the load is discharged by gravity Dumpy level a surveyor's level having a short telescope fixed to a horizontally rotating table and a spirit level dunce cap a cone-shaped paper hat formerly placed on the head of slow or lazy pupils dune buggy a recreational vehicle with large tires used on beaches or sand dunes dungeon a dark cell (usually underground) where prisoners can be confined duplex apartment an apartment having rooms on two floors that are connected by a staircase duplex house a house with two units sharing a common wall duplicate a copy that corresponds to an original exactly; "he made a duplicate for the files" make or do or perform again; "He could never replicate his brilliant performance of the magic trick" make a duplicate or duplicates of; "Could you please duplicate this letter for me?" being two identical identically copied from an original; "a duplicate key" duplicator apparatus that makes copies of typed, written or drawn material durables consumer goods that are not destroyed by use durbar the room in the palace of a native prince of India in which audiences and receptions occur dust bag a bag into which dirt is sucked by a vacuum cleaner dustcloth a piece of cloth used for dusting dust cover a removable plastic protective covering for a piece of equipment a large piece of cloth used to cover furniture that is not in use for a long period dustmop a dry swab for dusting floors dustpan a short-handled receptacle into which dust can be swept the quantity that a dustpan will hold Dutch door an exterior door divided in two horizontally; either half can be closed or open independently Dutch oven an oven consisting of a metal box for cooking in front of a fire iron or earthenware cooking pot; used for stews dwelling housing that someone is living in; "he built a modest dwelling near the pond"; "they raise money to provide homes for the homeless" dye-works a workshop where dyeing is done dynamite an explosive containing nitrate sensitized with nitroglycerin absorbed on wood pulp blow up with dynamite; "The rock was dynamited" dynamo generator consisting of a coil (the armature) that rotates between the poles of an electromagnet (the field magnet) causing a current to flow in the armature dynamometer measuring instrument designed to measure power Eames chair a chair designed by Charles Eames; originally made of molded plywood; seat and back shaped to fit the human body earflap one of two flaps attached to a cap to keep the ears warm ear hole a hole (as in a helmet) for sound to reach the ears early warning radar a radar that is part of an early warning system early warning system a network of radar installations designed to detect enemy missiles or aircraft while there is still time to intercept them earmuff either of a pair of ear coverings (usually connected by a headband) that are worn to keep the ears warm in cold weather earphone electro-acoustic transducer for converting electric signals into sounds; it is held over or inserted into the ear; "it was not the typing but the earphones that she disliked" earplug a plug of cotton, wax, or rubber that is fitted into the ear canal for protection against the entry of water or loud noise an earphone that is inserted into the ear canal earring jewelry to ornament the ear; usually clipped to the earlobe or fastened through a hole in the lobe earthenware ceramic ware made of porous clay fired at low heat earthwork an earthen rampart easel an upright tripod for displaying something (usually an artist's canvas) easy chair a comfortable upholstered armchair eaves the overhang at the lower edge of a roof ecce homo a representation (a picture or sculpture) of Jesus wearing a crown of thorns ecclesiastical attire attire that is appropriate to wear in a church purple (Roman Catholic Church) official dress of a cardinal; so named after the Tyrial purple color of the robes a purple color or pigment (in ancient Rome) position of imperial status; "he was born to the purple" color purple become purple of a color intermediate between red and blue echelon a diffraction grating consisting of a pile of plates of equal thickness arranged stepwise with a constant offset a body of troops arranged in a line status in a society or organization; "the upper echelon" echinus ovolo molding between the shaft and the abacus of a Doric column echocardiograph a sonograph that creates an image of the heart and its abnormalities echoencephalograph a sonograph that creates an image of the brain and its abnormalities echo chamber an enclosed space for producing reverberation of a sound edge a sharp side formed by the intersection of two surfaces of an object; "he rounded the edges of the box" the outside limit of an object or area or surface; a place farthest away from the center of something; "the edge of the leaf is wavy"; "she sat on the edge of the bed"; "the water's edge" a slight competitive advantage; "he had an edge on the competition" the attribute of urgency in tone of voice; "his voice had an edge to it" the boundary of a surface provide with an edge; "edge a blade" advance slowly, as if by inches; "He edged towards the car" edger garden tool for cutting grass around the edges of a yard a person who puts finishing edges on a garment edge tool any cutting tool with a sharp cutting edge (as a chisel or knife or plane or gouge) edging border consisting of anything placed on the edge to finish something (such as a fringe on clothing or on a rug) efficiency apartment a furnished apartment with a kitchenette and bathroom effigy a representation of a person (especially in the form of sculpture); "the coin bears an effigy of Lincoln"; "the emperor's tomb had his image carved in stone" egg-and-dart a decorative molding; a series of egg-shaped figures alternating with another shape eggbeater a mixer for beating eggs or whipping cream eggcup dishware consisting of a small cup for serving a boiled egg egg timer a sandglass that runs for three minutes; used to time the boiling of eggs Eiffel Tower a wrought iron tower 300 meters high that was constructed in Paris in 1889; for many years it was the tallest man-made structure eight ball a black pool ball bearing the number 8; should be the last to go in certain pool games eightpenny nail a nail 2.5 inches long eight-spot one of four playing cards in a deck with eight pips on the face ejection seat a pilot's seat in an airplane that can be forcibly ejected in the case of an emergency; then the pilot descends by parachute elastic a fabric made of yarns containing an elastic material capable of resuming original shape after stretching or compression; springy; "an elastic band"; "a youthful and elastic walk" able to adjust readily to different conditions; "an adaptable person"; "a flexible personality"; "an elastic clause in a contract" elastic bandage a bandage containing stretchable material that can apply local pressure elastic device any flexible device that will return to its original shape when stretched Elastoplast an elastic adhesive bandage for covering cuts or wounds elbow pad protective garment consisting of a pad worn over the elbow by football and hockey players electric a car that is powered by electricity affected by emotion as if by electricity; thrilling; "gave an electric reading of the play"; "the new leader had a galvanic effect on morale" (of a situation) exceptionally tense; "an atmosphere electric with suspicion" using or providing or producing or transmitting or operated by electricity; "electric current"; "electric wiring"; "electrical appliances"; "an electrical storm" electrical cable a cable that provides an electrical connection for telephone or television or power stations electrical contact contact that allows current to pass from one conductor to another electrical converter converter that converts alternating current into direct current or vice versa electrical device a device that produces or is powered by electricity electrical system equipment in a motor vehicle that provides electricity to start the engine and ignite the fuel and operate the lights and windshield wiper and heater and air conditioner and radio utility that provides electricity electric bell a bell activated by the magnetic effect of an electric current electric blanket a blanket containing and electric heating element that can be controlled to the desired temperature by a rheostat electric chair an instrument of execution by electrocution; resembles an ordinary seat for one person; "the murderer was sentenced to die in the chair" electric clock a clock using a small electric motor electric-discharge lamp an electric lamp in which the light comes from an electric discharge between two electrodes in a glass tube electric fan a fan run by an electric motor electric frying pan a frying pan heated by electricity electric furnace any furnace in which the heat is provided by an electric current electric guitar a guitar whose sound is amplified by electrical means electric hammer a hammer driven by electric motor electric heater a small electric space heater electric lamp a lamp powered by electricity electric locomotive a locomotive that is powered by an electric motor electric main a main that distributes electricity electric meter a meter for measuring the amount of electric power used electric mixer a food mixer powered by an electric motor electric motor a motor that converts electricity to mechanical work electric organ (music) an electronic simulation of a pipe organ electric range a kitchen range in which the heat for cooking is provided by electric power electric refrigerator a refrigerator in which the coolant is pumped around by an electric motor electric socket a socket into which a lightbulb can be inserted electric toothbrush a toothbrush with an electric motor in the handle that vibrates the head of the brush electric typewriter a typewriter powered by an electric motor electro-acoustic transducer a transducer that converts electrical to acoustic energy or vice versa electrode a conductor used to make electrical contact with some part of a circuit electrodynamometer measuring instrument that uses the interaction of the magnetic fields of two coils to measure current or voltage or power electroencephalograph medical instrument that records electric currents generated by the brain electrograph electrical device used for etching by electrolytic means an apparatus for the electrical transmission of pictures electrolytic a fixed capacitor consisting of two electrodes separated by an electrolyte of or relating to or containing an electrolyte of or concerned with or produced by electrolysis electrolytic cell a cell containing an electrolyte in which an applied voltage causes a reaction to occur that would not occur otherwise (such as the breakdown of water into hydrogen and oxygen) electromagnet a temporary magnet made by coiling wire around an iron core; when current flows in the coil the iron becomes a magnet electromagnetic delay line a delay line based on the time of propagation of electromagnetic waves electromechanical device a mechanical device that is operated by electricity electrometer meter to measure electrostatic voltage differences; draws no current from the source electromyograph a medical instrument that records the electrical waves associated with the activity of skeletal muscles electron accelerator collider that consists of an accelerator that collides electrons and positrons electron gun the electrode that is the source of electrons in a cathode-ray tube or electron microscope; consists of a cathode that emits a stream of electrons and the electrostatic or electromagnetic apparatus that focuses it electronic balance a balance that generates a current proportional to the displacement of the pan electronic converter (telecommunication) converter for converting a signal from one frequency to another electronic device a device that accomplishes its purpose electronically electronic equipment equipment that involves the controlled conduction of electrons (especially in a gas or vacuum or semiconductor) electronic fetal monitor an electronic monitor that monitors fetal heartbeat and the mother's uterine contractions during childbirth electronic instrument a musical instrument that generates sounds electronically electronic voltmeter a voltmeter whose sensitivity is increased by amplification electron microscope a microscope that is similar in purpose to a light microscope but achieves much greater resolving power by using a parallel beam of electrons to illuminate the object instead of a beam of light electron multiplier a vacuum tube that amplifies a flow of electrons electrophorus a simple electrostatic generator that generates repeated charges of static electricity electroplate any artifact that has been plated with a thin coat of metal by electrolysis coat with metal by electrolysis; "electroplate the watch" electroscope measuring instrument that detects electric charge; two gold leaves diverge owing to repulsion of charges with like sign electrostatic generator electrical device that produces a high voltage by building up a charge of static electricity electrostatic printer a printer that uses an electric charge to deposit toner on paper elevated railway a railway that is powered by electricity and that runs on a track that is raised above the street level elevation drawing of an exterior of a structure (ballet) the height of a dancer's leap or jump; "a dancer of exceptional elevation" distance of something above a reference point (such as sea level); "there was snow at the higher elevations" the event of something being raised upward; "an elevation of the temperature in the afternoon"; "a raising of the land resulting from volcanic activity" angular distance above the horizon (especially of a celestial object) elevator lifting device consisting of a platform or cage that is raised and lowered mechanically in a vertical shaft in order to move people from one floor to another in a building the airfoil on the tailplane of an aircraft that makes it ascend or descend elevator shaft a vertical shaft in a building to permit the passage of an elevator from floor to floor ell an extension at the end and at right angles to the main building embankment a long artificial mound of stone or earth; built to hold back water or to support a road or as protection embassy a diplomatic building where ambassadors live or work an ambassador and his entourage collectively embellishment a superfluous ornament elaboration of an interpretation by the use of decorative (sometimes fictitious) detail; "the mystery has been heightened by many embellishments in subsequent retellings" emblem special design or visual object representing a quality, type, group, etc. a visible symbol representing an abstract idea embroidery decorative needlework emergency room a room in a hospital or clinic staffed and equipped to provide emergency care to persons requiring immediate medical treatment emesis basin a basin used by bedridden patients for vomiting emetic a medicine that induces nausea and vomiting Emetrol trade name for an antiemetic drug that has a mint flavor emitter the electrode in a transistor where electrons originate Empire State Building a skyscraper built in New York City in 1931; 1250 feet tall emplacement military installation consisting of a prepared position for siting a weapon empty a container that has been emptied; "return all empties to the store" become empty or void of its content; "The room emptied" make void or empty of contents; "Empty the box"; "The alarm emptied the building" remove; "Empty the water" holding or containing nothing; "an empty glass"; "an empty room"; "full of empty seats"; "empty hours" emptied of emotion; "after the violent argument he felt empty" needing nourishment; "after skipped lunch the men were empty by suppertime"; "empty-bellied children" devoid of significance or force; "empty promises"; "a hollow victory"; "vacuous comments" emulsion a light-sensitive coating on paper or film; consists of fine grains of silver bromide suspended in a gelatin (chemistry) a colloid in which both phases are liquids; "an oil-in-water emulsion" enamel any smooth glossy coating that resembles ceramic glaze a paint that dries to a hard glossy finish hard white substance covering the crown of a tooth a colored glassy compound (opaque or partially opaque) that is fused to the surface of metal or glass or pottery for decoration or protection coat, inlay, or surface with enamel enamelware cooking utensil of enameled iron enalapril an ACE inhibitor (trade name Vasotec) that blocks the formation of angiotensin in the kidney and so results in vasodilation; administered after heart attacks encainide antiarrhythmic drug (trade name Enkaid) used to treat life-threatening arrhythmias but increases the risk of sudden death in heart attack patients encaustic a paint consisting of pigment mixed with melted beeswax; it is fixed with heat after application encephalogram an X ray of the brain made by replacing spinal fluid with a gas (usually oxygen) to improve contrast endoscope a long slender medical instrument for examining the interior of a bodily organ or performing minor surgery endotracheal tube a catheter that is inserted into the trachea through the mouth or nose in order to maintain an open air passage or to deliver oxygen or to permit the suctioning of mucus or to prevent aspiration of the stomach contents end product final product; the things produced energizer a device that supplies electrical energy someone who imparts energy and vitality and spirit to other people enflurane a nonflammable liquid (trade name Ethrane) used as an inhalation general anesthetic engagement ring a ring given and worn as a sign of betrothal engine motor that converts thermal energy to mechanical work an instrument or machine that is used in warfare, such as a battering ram, catapult, artillery piece, etc.; "medieval engines of war" something used to achieve a purpose; "an engine of change" engine block a metal casting containing the cylinders and cooling ducts of an engine; "the engine had to be replaced because the block was cracked" enginery machinery consisting of engines collectively English horn a double-reed woodwind instrument similar to an oboe but lower in pitch English saddle a saddle having a steel cantle and pommel and no horn enlargement a photographic print that has been enlarged the state of being enlarged enlarger photographic equipment consisting of an optical projector used to enlarge a photograph Enovid trade name for an oral contraceptive containing mestranol and norethynodrel ensemble a coordinated outfit (set of clothing) an assemblage of parts or details (as in a work of art) considered as forming a whole a group of musicians playing or singing together; "a string ensemble" a cast other than the principals ensign colors flown by a ship to show its nationality a person who holds a commissioned rank in the United States Navy or the United States Coast Guard; below lieutenant junior grade entablature (architecture) the structure consisting of the part of a classical temple above the columns between a capital and the roof enteric-coated aspirin aspirin that is treated to pass through the stomach unaltered and to dissolve in the intestines entertainment center a wall unit containing sound and television systems entrant a commodity that enters competition with established merchandise; "a well publicized entrant is the pocket computer" one who enters a competition someone who enters; "new entrants to the country must go though immigration procedures" entrenching tool a hand shovel carried by infantrymen for digging trenches entrenchment an entrenched fortification; a position protected by trenches envelope any wrapper or covering a flat (usually rectangular) container for a letter, thin package, etc. the bag containing the gas in a balloon the maximum operating capability of a system (especially an aircraft); "test pilots try to push the envelope" a natural covering (as by a fluid); "the spacecraft detected an envelope of gas around the comet" a curve that is tangent to each of a family of curves eolith a crude stone artifact (as a chipped flint); possibly the earliest tools epaulet adornment consisting of an ornamental cloth pad worn on the shoulder epauliere armor plate that protects the shoulder epee a fencing sword similar to a foil but with a heavier blade epergne a large table centerpiece with branching holders for fruit or sweets or flowers epicyclic train a system of epicyclic gears in which at least one wheel axis itself revolves about another fixed axis epidiascope an optical projector that gives images of both transparent and opaque objects epilating wax a mixture of resins and waxes to remove cosmetically undesirable hair; mixture is applied hot to the surface and after cooling is pulled away taking the hairs with it Epsom salts (used with a singular noun) hydrated magnesium sulfate used as a laxative hydrated magnesium sulfate that is taken orally to treat heartburn and constipation and injected to prevent seizures equal-area projection a map projection in which quadrilaterals formed by meridians and parallels have an area on the map proportional to their area on the globe equatorial a telescope whose mounting has only two axes of motion, one parallel to the Earth's axis and the other one at right angles to it of or existing at or near the geographic equator; "equatorial Africa" of or relating to conditions at the geographical equator; "equatorial heat" of or relating to or at an equator; "equatorial diameter" equipment an instrumentality needed for an undertaking or to perform a service erasable programmable read-only memory (computer science) a read-only memory chip that can be erased by ultraviolet light and programmed again with new data eraser an implement used to erase something erecting prism a right-angled optical prism used to turn an inverted image upright erection a structure that has been erected an erect penis Erlenmeyer flask a conical flask with a wide base and narrow neck erythromycin an antibiotic (trade name Erythrocin or E-Mycin or Ethril or Ilosone or Pediamycin) obtained from the actinomycete Streptomyces erythreus; effective against many Gram-positive bacteria and some Gram-negative escalator a stairway whose steps move continuously on a circulating belt escape hatch hatchway that provides a means of escape in an emergency escapement mechanical device that regulates movement escape wheel gear that engages a rocking lever escarpment a steep artificial slope in front of a fortification a long steep slope or cliff at the edge of a plateau or ridge; usually formed by erosion escutcheon a shield; especially one displaying a coat of arms (nautical) a plate on a ship's stern on which the name is inscribed esmolol intravenous beta blocker (trade name Brevibloc) that acts for only a short time; used primarily for cardiac arrhythmias esophagoscope an optical instrument for examining the inside of the esophagus espadrille a sandal with a sole made of rope or rubber and a cloth upper part espalier a trellis on which ornamental shrub or fruit tree is trained to grow flat esplanade a long stretch of open level ground (paved or grassy) for walking beside the seashore espresso maker a coffee maker that forces live steam under pressure through dark roasted coffee grounds espresso shop a cafe where espresso is served establishment a public or private structure (business or governmental or educational) including buildings and equipment for business or residence the cognitive process of establishing a valid proof any large organization (ecology) the process by which a plant or animal becomes established in a new habitat estaminet a small (and usually shabby) cafe selling wine and beer and coffee estazolam a frequently prescribed sleeping pill (trade name ProSom) estradiol patch a transdermal patch that allows estradiol to be absorbed into the blood stream; used in treating estrogen deficiency and in hormone replacement therapy estrogen antagonist an antagonist for estrogen that is used in the treatment of breast cancer etagere a piece of furniture with open shelves for displaying small ornaments etamine a soft cotton or worsted fabric with an open mesh; used for curtains or clothing etc. etanercept a genetically engineered anti-TNF compound (trade name Enbrel) consisting of receptors that bind TNF; it is injected twice a week in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis etcetera additional unspecified odds and ends; more of the same; "his report was full of etceteras" etching an etched plate made with the use of acid an impression made from an etched plate ethacrynic acid diuretic (trade name Edecrin) used to treat edema ethchlorvynol a mild sedative-hypnotic drug (trade name Placidyl) ether a colorless volatile highly flammable liquid formerly used as an inhalation anesthetic a medium that was once supposed to fill all space and to support the propagation of electromagnetic waves any of a class of organic compounds that have two hydrocarbon groups linked by an oxygen atom ethernet a type of network technology for local area networks; coaxial cable carries radio frequency signals between computers at a rate of 10 megabits per second ethernet cable any of several types of coaxial cable used in ethernets ethosuximide an anticonvulsant drug (trade names Emeside and Zarontin) used to treat petit mal epilepsy ethyl chloride a colorless flammable gas used as a local surface anesthetic etodolac a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (trade name Lodine) Eton collar broad white collar worn over the lapels of a jacket Eton jacket a jacket hanging to the waist and cut square at the bottom etui small ornamental ladies' bag for small articles eudiometer measuring instrument consisting of a graduated glass tube for measuring volume changes in chemical reactions between gases euphonium a bass horn (brass wind instrument) that is the tenor of the tuba family euphoriant a psychoactive drug that tends to produce elation and euphoria tending to produce euphoria evaporative cooler a cooling system that cools by evaporation evening bag a handbag used with evening wear Excalibur the legendary sword of King Arthur exercise bike an exercise device resembling a stationary bike exercise device a device designed to provide exercise for the user exhaust system consisting of the parts of an engine through which burned gases or steam are discharged gases ejected from an engine as waste products wear out completely; "This kind of work exhausts me"; "I'm beat"; "He was all washed up after the exam" eliminate (a substance); "combustion products are exhausted in the engine"; "the plant releases a gas" use up the whole supply of; "We have exhausted the food supplies" exhaust fan a fan that moves air out of an enclosure exhaust manifold a manifold that receives exhaust gases from the cylinders and conducts them to the exhaust pipe exhaust pipe a pipe through which burned gases travel from the exhaust manifold to the muffler exhaust valve a valve through which burned gases from a cylinder escape into the exhaust manifold exhibition hall a large hall for holding exhibitions Exocet a guided missile developed by the French government for use against ships expansion bit a bit with a cutting blade that can be adjusted to different sizes expansion bolt a bolt that has an attachment that expands as the bolt is driven into a surface expectorant a medicine promoting expectoration explosive a chemical substance that undergoes a rapid chemical change (with the production of gas) on being heated or struck serving to explode or characterized by explosion or sudden outburst; "an explosive device"; "explosive gas"; "explosive force"; "explosive violence"; "an explosive temper" sudden and loud; "an explosive laugh" liable to lead to sudden change or violence; "an explosive issue"; "a volatile situation with troops and rioters eager for a confrontation" explosive compound a compound that is explosive explosive detection system a rapid automatic system to detect plastic explosives in passengers' luggage using X-ray technology and computers; designed for use in airports explosive device device that bursts with sudden violence from internal energy explosive mixture a mixture that is explosive explosive trace detection a system for screening luggage in airports; an agent passes a swab around or inside luggage and then runs the swab through a machine that can detect trace amounts of explosives export commodities (goods or services) sold to a foreign country cause to spread in another part of the world; "The Russians exported Marxism to Africa" transfer (electronic data) out of a database or document in a format that can be used by other programs sell or transfer abroad; "we export less than we import and have a negative trade balance" expressway a broad highway designed for high-speed traffic extension cord an electric cord used to extend the length of a power cord extension ladder a ladder whose length can be extended exterior door a doorway that allows entrance to or exit from a building external-combustion engine a heat engine in which ignition occurs outside the chamber (cylinder or turbine) in which heat is converted to mechanical energy external drive a drive with its own power supply and fan mounted outside the computer system enclosure and connected to the computer by a cable extra something additional of the same kind; "he always carried extras in case of an emergency" an additional edition of a newspaper (usually to report a crisis) further or added; "called for additional troops"; "need extra help"; "an extra pair of shoes" added to a regular schedule; "a special holiday flight"; "put on special buses for the big game" unusually or exceptionally; "an extra fast car" extractor an instrument for extracting tight-fitting components eye a small hole or loop (as in a needle); "the thread wouldn't go through the eye" the organ of sight good discernment (either visually or as if visually); "she has an eye for fresh talent"; "he has an artist's eye" attention to what is seen; "he tried to catch her eye" look at eyebrow pencil makeup provided by a cosmetic pencil that is used to darken the eyebrows eyecup a small vessel with a rim curved to fit the orbit of the eye; use to apply medicated or cleansing solution to the eyeball; "an eyecup is called an eyebath in Britain" eyelet a small hole (usually round and finished around the edges) in cloth or leather for the passage of a cord or hook or bar eyeliner makeup applied to emphasize the shape of the eyes eye-lotion lotion consisting of a solution used as a cleanser for the eyes eyepatch a protective cloth covering for an injured eye eyepiece combination of lenses at the viewing end of optical instruments eyeshadow makeup consisting of a cosmetic substance used to darken the eyes fabric artifact made by weaving or felting or knitting or crocheting natural or synthetic fibers; "the fabric in the curtains was light and semitransparent"; "woven cloth originated in Mesopotamia around 5000 BC"; "she measured off enough material for a dress" facade the face or front of a building a showy misrepresentation intended to conceal something unpleasant face a vertical surface of a building or cliff the side upon which the use of a thing depends (usually the most prominent surface of an object); "he dealt the cards face down" the striking or working surface of an implement the general outward appearance of something; "the face of the city is changing" status in the eyes of others; "he lost face" the front of the human head from the forehead to the chin and ear to ear; "he washed his face"; "I wish I had seen the look on his face when he got the news" the part of an animal corresponding to the human face a part of a person that is used to refer to a person; "he looked out at a roomful of faces"; "when he returned to work he met many new faces" cover the front or surface of; "The building was faced with beautiful stones" line the edge (of a garment) with a different material; "face the lapels of the jacket" turn so as to face; turn the face in a certain direction; "Turn and face your partner now" turn so as to expose the face; "face a playing card" be opposite; "the facing page"; "the two sofas face each other" face card one of the twelve cards in a deck bearing a picture of a face face guard face mask consisting of a strong wire mesh on the front of football helmets face mask mask that provides a protective covering for the face in such sports as baseball or football or hockey faceplate a protective covering for the front of a machine or device (as a door lock or computer component) face powder cosmetic powder for the face face veil a piece of more-or-less transparent material that covers the face facing a protective covering that protects the outside of a building a lining applied to the edge of a garment for ornamentation or strengthening an ornamental coating to a building facsimile duplicator that transmits the copy by wire or radio an exact copy or reproduction factory a plant consisting of one or more buildings with facilities for manufacturing factory ship a whaling ship equipped to process whale products at sea factory whistle a whistle at a factory that is sounded to announce times for starting or stopping work fag end the frayed end of a length of cloth or rope the time of the last part of something; "the fag end of this crisis-ridden century"; "the tail of the storm" fagot a bundle of sticks and branches bound together offensive term for a homosexual man fagoting embroidery in which groups of parallel threads are tied together with fagot stitches fagot stitch the stitch that ties a group of parallel threads together in fagoting Fahrenheit thermometer a thermometer calibrated in degrees Fahrenheit faience glazed earthenware decorated with opaque colors faille a ribbed woven fabric of silk or rayon or cotton fail-safe a mechanism capable of returning to a safe state in case there is a failure or malfunction eliminating danger by compensating automatically for a failure or malfunction; "a fail-safe device in a nuclear weapon to deactivate it automatically in the event of accident" guaranteed not to fail; "a fail-safe recipe for cheese souffle" fairlead a pulley-block used to guide a rope forming part of a ship's rigging to avoid chafing fairy light a small colored light used for decoration (especially at Christmas) fake something that is a counterfeit; not what it seems to be not genuine or real; being an imitation of the genuine article; "it isn't fake anything; it's real synthetic fur"; "faux pearls"; "false teeth"; "decorated with imitation palm leaves"; "a purse of simulated alligator hide" fake book a fake in the form of an imitation book; used to fill bookcases of people who wish to appear scholarly falchion a short broad slightly convex medieval sword with a sharp point fallboard the hinged protective covering that protects the keyboard of a piano when it is not being played fallout shelter a shelter to protect occupants from the fallout from an atomic bomb false bottom a horizontal structure that partitions a ship or box (especially one built close to the actual bottom) false face a mask worn as part of a masquerade costume false teeth a removable denture falsie padding that is worn inside a brassiere family room a recreation room in a private house famotidine a histamine blocker (trade name Pepcid) used to treat peptic ulcers and gastritis and esophageal reflux fan a device for creating a current of air by movement of a surface or surfaces an ardent follower and admirer make (an emotion) fiercer; "fan hatred" strike out (a batter), (of a pitcher) agitate the air fan belt a belt driven by the crankshaft that drives a fan that pulls air through the radiator fan blade blade of a rotating fan fancy dress a costume worn as a disguise at a masquerade party fancy goods goods that are chiefly ornamental fanion a small flag used by surveyors or soldiers to mark a position fanlight a semicircular window over a door or window; usually has sash bars like the ribs of a fan fanjet a jet engine in which a fan driven by a turbine provides extra air to the burner and gives extra thrust an airplane propelled by a fanjet engine fanny pack a waist pack worn with the pouch in back fantail an overhang consisting of the fan-shaped part of the deck extending aft of the sternpost of a ship fan tracery the carved tracery on fan vaulting fan vaulting an elaborate system of vaulting in which the ribs diverge like fans farm workplace consisting of farm buildings and cultivated land as a unit; "it takes several people to work the farm" collect fees or profits be a farmer; work as a farmer; "My son is farming in California" farm building a building on a farm farmer's market an open-air marketplace for farm products farmhouse house for a farmer and family farm machine a machine used in farming farmplace a farm together with its buildings farmyard an area adjacent to farm buildings farthingale a hoop worn beneath a skirt to extend it horizontally; worn by European women in the 16th and 17th centuries fashion plate a plate illustrating the latest fashion in dress fastener restraint that attaches to something or holds something in place a person who fastens or makes fast; "he found the door fastened and wondered who the fastener was" fast lane the traffic lane for vehicles that are moving rapidly a hectic and pressured lifestyle often characterized by recklessness or dissipation; "life in fashion's fast lane has taught her a lot" fast reactor nuclear reactor in which nuclear fissions are caused by fast neutrons because little or no moderator is used fat farm a health spa that specializes in helping people lose weight fatigues military uniform worn by military personnel when doing menial labor faucet a regulator for controlling the flow of a liquid from a reservoir fauld a piece of armor plate below the breastplate fauteuil an upholstered armchair feather bed a mattress stuffed with feathers feather boa a long thin fluffy scarf of feathers or fur featheredge a thin tapering edge feature an article of merchandise that is displayed or advertised more than other articles the characteristic parts of a person's face: eyes and nose and mouth and chin; "an expression of pleasure crossed his features"; "his lineaments were very regular" a prominent attribute or aspect of something; "the map showed roads and other features"; "generosity is one of his best characteristics" a special or prominent article in a newspaper or magazine; "they ran a feature on retirement planning" the principal (full-length) film in a program at a movie theater; "the feature tonight is `Casablanca'" fedora a hat made of felt with a creased crown feedback circuit a circuit that feeds back some of the output to the input of a system feeder line a branching path off of a main transportation line (especially an airline) feedlot a building where livestock are fattened for market felloe rim (or part of the rim) into which spokes are inserted felt a fabric made of compressed matted animal fibers change texture so as to become matted and felt-like; "The fabric felted up after several washes" cover with felt; "felt a cap" mat together and make felt-like; "felt the wool" felt-tip pen a pen with a writing tip made of felt (trade name Magic Marker) felucca a fast narrow sailing ship of the Mediterranean fence a barrier that serves to enclose an area a dealer in stolen property fight with fencing swords enclose with a fence; "we fenced in our yard" receive stolen goods fencing mask a face mask made of fine mesh that is worn over a fencer's face fencing sword a sword used in the sport of fencing fender a barrier that surrounds the wheels of a vehicle to block splashing water or mud; "in Britain they call a fender a wing" a low metal guard to confine falling coals to a hearth an inclined metal frame at the front of a locomotive to clear the track fenoprofen a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (trade name Nalfon) used in the treatment of arthritis and other painful inflammatory disorders Fentanyl trade names of a narcotic analgesic that can be inhaled and that acts on the central nervous system and may become addictive; used as a veterinary anesthetic and with other drugs before, during, and after surgery; also used as a nonlethal gas to incapacitate people in hostage situations; also abused as a recreational drug Feosol trade name of a drug rich in iron; used to treat some kinds of anemia Fergon trade name of a drug rich in iron; used to treat some types of anemia Ferris wheel a vertical rotating mechanism consisting of a large wheel with suspended seats that remain upright as the wheel rotates; provides a ride at an amusement park ferrule a metal cap or band placed on a wooden pole to prevent splitting fertility drug a drug used to increase a woman's fertility ferule a switch (a stick or cane or flat paddle) used to punish children fesse (heraldry) an ordinary consisting of a broad horizontal band across a shield festoon flower chains suspended in curves between points as a decoration an embellishment consisting of a decorative representation of a string of flowers suspended between two points; used on pottery or in architectural work a curtain of fabric draped and bound at intervals to form graceful curves decorate with strings of flowers; "The public buildings were festooned for the holiday" fetoscope a stethoscope placed on the pregnant woman's abdomen to listen for the fetal heartbeat fetter a shackle for the ankles or feet restrain with fetters fez a felt cap (usually red) for a man; shaped like a flat-topped cone with a tassel that hangs from the crown fiber a leatherlike material made by compressing layers of paper or cloth any of several elongated, threadlike cells (especially a muscle fiber or a nerve fiber) a slender and greatly elongated substance capable of being spun into yarn fiberboard wallboard composed of wood chips or shavings bonded together with resin and compressed into rigid sheets fiber optic cable a cable made of optical fibers that can transmit large amounts of information at the speed of light fiber-optic transmission system a communication system using fiber optic cables fiberscope a flexible medical instrument involving fiber optics that is used to examine internal organs fichu a lightweight triangular scarf worn by a woman fiddlestick a bow used in playing the violin field artillery movable artillery (other than antiaircraft) used by armies in the field (especially for direct support of front-line troops) field coil the electric coil around a field magnet that produces the magneto motive force to set up the flux in an electric machine field-effect transistor a transistor in which most current flows in a channel whose effective resistance can be controlled by a transverse electric field field-emission microscope electron microscope used to observe the surface structure of a solid field glass a small refracting telescope field hockey ball ball used in playing field hockey field hospital a temporary military hospital near the battle lines field house an athletic facility where athletes prepare for sport a building for indoor sports field lens the lens that is farthest from the eye in an optical device with more than one lens field magnet a magnet that provides a magnetic field in a dynamo or electric motor field-sequential color television an early form of color TV in which successive fields are scanned in three primary colors field tent a canvas tent for use in the field fieldwork a temporary fortification built by troops in the field fife a small high-pitched flute similar to a piccolo; has a shrill tone and is used chiefly to accompany drums in a marching band fife rail the railing surrounding the mast of a sailing vessel fifth wheel a steering bearing that enables the front axle of a horse-drawn wagon to rotate an extra car wheel and tire for a four-wheel vehicle someone or something that is unwanted and unneeded fighter a high-speed military or naval airplane designed to destroy enemy aircraft in the air fighting chair a fixed chair from which a saltwater angler can fight a hooked fish fig leaf a covering consisting of anything intended to conceal something regarded as shameful a leaf from a fig tree figurehead figure on the bow of some sailing vessels figure loom a loom for weaving figured fabrics figure skate an ice skate worn for figure skating; has a slightly curved blade and a row of jagged points at the front of the blade dance on skates figurine a small carved or molded figure filament a thin wire (usually tungsten) that is heated white hot by the passage of an electric current a threadlike structure (as a chainlike series of cells) the stalk of a stamen filature a bobbin used in spinning silk into thread file a steel hand tool with small sharp teeth on some or all of its surfaces; used for smoothing wood or metal office furniture consisting of a container for keeping papers in order a set of related records (either written or electronic) kept together a line of persons or things ranged one behind the other place in a container for keeping records; "File these bills, please" record in a public office or in a court of law; "file for divorce"; "file a complaint" smooth with a file; "file one's fingernails" proceed in line; "The students filed into the classroom" file folder folder that holds papers together in a filing cabinet file server (computer science) a digital computer that provides workstations on a network with controlled access to shared resources filet lace having a square mesh filigree delicate and intricate ornamentation (usually in gold or silver or other fine twisted wire) make filigree, as with a precious metal filler the tobacco used to form the core of a cigar copy to fill space between more important articles in the layout of a magazine or newspaper 100 filler equal 1 forint in Hungary used for filling cracks or holes in a surface fillet fastener consisting of a narrow strip of welded metal used to join steel members a longitudinal slice or boned side of a fish a boneless steak cut from the tenderloin of beef cut into filets; "filet the fish" decorate with a lace of geometric designs film a thin coating or layer; "the table was covered with a film of dust" photographic material consisting of a base of celluloid covered with a photographic emulsion; used to make negatives or transparencies a thin sheet of (usually plastic and usually transparent) material used to wrap or cover things a medium that disseminates moving pictures; "theater pieces transferred to celluloid"; "this story would be good cinema"; "film coverage of sporting events" make a film or photograph of something; "take a scene"; "shoot a movie" record in film; "The coronation was filmed" film advance a mechanism for advancing film in a camera or projector filter device that removes something from whatever passes through it an electrical device that alters the frequency spectrum of signals passing through it remove by passing through a filter; "filter out the impurities" filter bed filter consisting of a layer of sand or gravel for filtering water filter tip an air filter on the end of a cigarette; contains material that filters the smoke filter-tipped cigarette a cigarette with a filter tip finder optical device that helps a user to find the target of interest someone who is the first to observe something someone who comes upon something after searching finery elaborate or showy attire and accessories finger one of the parts of a glove that provides covering for a finger or thumb any of the terminal members of the hand (sometimes excepting the thumb); "her fingers were long and thin" the length of breadth of a finger used as a linear measure indicate the fingering for the playing of musical scores for keyboard instruments feel or handle with the fingers; "finger the binding of the book" search for on the computer; "I fingered my boss and found that he is not logged on in the afternoons" fingerboard a narrow strip of wood on the neck of some stringed instruments (violin or cello or guitar etc) where the strings are held against the wood with the fingers finger bowl small bowl for rinsing the fingers at table finger hole a hole for inserting a finger one of a series of holes in a woodwind instrument; pitch changes when a finger covers it finger paint paint that has the consistency of jelly finger plate a flat protective covering (on a door or wall etc) to prevent soiling by dirty fingers fingerstall a sheath worn to protect a finger finial an ornament at the top of a spire or gable; usually a foliated fleur-de-lis finish coat the final coating of (eg., paint, plaster, varnish, etc.); "we can't paint until they put on the finishing coat" fin keel a metal plate projecting from the keel of a shallow vessel to give it greater lateral stability fipple a wooden plug forming a flue pipe (as the mouthpiece of a recorder) fipple flute a tubular wind instrument with 8 finger holes and a fipple mouthpiece fire alarm an alarm that is tripped off by fire or smoke a shout or bell to warn that fire has broken out firearm a portable gun; "he wore his firearm in a shoulder holster" firebase an artillery base to support advancing troops fire bell a bell rung to give a fire alarm fireboat a boat equipped to fight fires on ships or along a waterfront firebox a furnace (as on a steam locomotive) in which fuel is burned firebrick brick made of fire clay; used for lining e.g. furnaces and chimneys fire control radar naval radar that controls the delivery of fire on a military target fire control system naval weaponry consisting of a system for controlling the delivery of fire on a military target firecracker firework consisting of a small explosive charge and fuse in a heavy paper casing fire door a fire-resistant door that can be closed to stop the spread of a fire fire engine any of various large trucks that carry firemen and equipment to the site of a fire fire escape a stairway (often on the outside of a building) that permits exit in the case of fire or other emergency fire extinguisher a manually operated device for extinguishing small fires fire hose a large hose that carries water from a fire hydrant to the site of the fire fire iron metal fireside implements fireman's ax an ax that has a long handle and a head with one cutting edge and a point on the other side fireplace an open recess in a wall at the base of a chimney where a fire can be built; "the fireplace was so large you could walk inside it"; "he laid a fire in the hearth and lit it"; "the hearth was black with the charcoal of many fires" fireplug an upright hydrant for drawing water to use in fighting a fire fire screen a metal screen before an open fire for protection (especially against flying sparks) fire ship a weapon consisting of a ship carrying explosives that is set adrift to destroy enemy ships fire station a station housing fire apparatus and firemen fire tongs tongs for taking hold of burning coals fire tower a watchtower where a lookout is posted to watch for fires firetrap a building that would be hard to escape from if it were to catch fire fire trench a trench especially constructed for the delivery of small-arms fire firework (usually plural) a device with an explosive that burns at a low rate and with colored flames; can be used to illuminate areas or send signals etc. firing chamber chamber that is the part of a gun that receives the charge firing pin striker that ignites the charge by striking the primer firing range a practice range for target practice firkin a small wooden keg a British unit of capacity equal to 9 imperial gallons firmer chisel a chisel with a thin blade for woodworking first-aid kit kit consisting of a set of bandages and medicines for giving first aid first-aid station a station providing emergency care or treatment before regular medical aid can be obtained first class the most expensive accommodations on a ship or train or plane the highest rank in a classification mail that includes letters and postcards and packages sealed against inspection by first class conveyance; with first class accommodations; "we always travel first class" first gear the lowest forward gear ratio in the gear box of a motor vehicle; used to start a car moving fishbowl a transparent bowl in which small fish are kept fisherman's bend a knot for tying a line to a spar or ring fisherman's knot a knot for tying the ends of two lines together fisherman's lure (angling) any bright artificial bait consisting of plastic or metal mounted with hooks and trimmed with feathers fishery a workplace where fish are caught and processed and sold fish farm a workplace (usually a pond) where fish are raised for food fishhook a sharp barbed hook for catching fish fishing boat a vessel for fishing; often has a well to keep the catch alive fishing gear gear used in fishing fishing line a length of cord to which the leader and float and sinker and hook are attached fishing rod a rod of wood or steel or fiberglass that is used in fishing to extend the fishing line fish joint a butt joint formed by bolting fish plates to the sides of two rails or beams fish knife a small table knife with a spatula blade used for eating fish fish ladder a series of ascending pools providing a passage for salmon to swim upstream past a dam fishnet a net that will enclose fish when it is pulled in fishplate metal plate bolted along sides of two rails or beams fish slice a food turner with a broad blade used for turning or serving fish or other food that is cooked in a frying pan fishtail bit a drilling bit with cutting edges usually hardened against wear fitment any of the items furnishing or equipping a room (especially built-in furniture); "she liked the kitchen fitments" fitted sheet a sheet (usually with elastic edges) tailored to fit a particular mattress five-spot a playing card or a domino or a die whose upward face shows five pips California annual having white flowers with a deep purple blotch on each petal fixative a varnish dissolved in alcohol and sprayed over pictures to prevent smudging a compound (such as ethanol or formaldehyde) that fixes tissues and cells for microscopic study fixed-combination drug drug containing fixed amounts of two or more ingredients fixer-upper a house or other dwelling in need of repair (usually offered for sale at a low price) fixings the accessories that normally accompany (something or some activity); "an elaborate formal dinner with all the fixings"; "he bought a Christmas tree and trimmings to decorate it" fixture an object firmly fixed in place (especially in a household) fizgig a firework that fizzes as it moves flageolet a small fipple flute with four finger holes and two thumb holes a French bean variety with light-colored seeds; usually dried flagging a walk of flagstones; "the flagging in the garden was quite imaginative" flagstones collectively; "there was a pile of flagging waiting to be laid in place" flagon a large metal or pottery vessel with a handle and spout; used to hold alcoholic beverages (usually wine) flagpole a tall staff or pole on which a flag is raised flagship the ship that carries the commander of a fleet and flies his flag the chief one of a related group; "it is their flagship newspaper" flail an implement consisting of handle with a free swinging stick at the end; used in manual threshing move like a flail; thresh about; "Her arms were flailing" flambeau a flaming torch (such as are used in processions at night) flamethrower a weapon that squirts ignited fuel for several yards Flaminian Way an ancient Roman road in Italy built by Gaius Flaminius in 220 BC; extends north from Rome to cisalpine Gaul flange a projection used for strength or for attaching to another object flannel a soft light woolen fabric; used for clothing (usually in the plural) trousers made of flannel or gabardine or tweed or white cloth flannelette a cotton fabric imitating flannel flap any broad thin and limber covering attached at one edge; hangs loose or projects freely; "he wrote on the flap of the envelope" a movable airfoil that is part of an aircraft wing; used to increase lift or drag a movable piece of tissue partly connected to the body the motion made by flapping up and down pronounce with a flap, of alveolar sounds move noisily; "flags flapped in the strong wind" flare path an airstrip outline with lights to guide an airplane pilot in landing flash a lamp for providing momentary light to take a photograph a bright patch of color used for decoration or identification; "red flashes adorned the airplane"; "a flash sewn on his sleeve indicated the unit he belonged to" a momentary brightness a sudden brilliant understanding; "he had a flash of intuition" a short vivid experience; "a flash of emotion swept over him"; "the flashings of pain were a warning" a sudden intense burst of radiant energy appear briefly; "The headlines flashed on the screen" emit a brief burst of light; "A shooting star flashed and was gone" make known or cause to appear with great speed; "The latest intelligence is flashed to all command posts" protect by covering with a thin sheet of metal; "flash the roof" expose or show briefly; "he flashed a $100 bill" gleam or glow intermittently; "The lights were flashing" flashboard boarding place along the top of a dam to increase its height flash camera a camera with a photoflash attachment flasher an electrical device that automatically turns a lamp on and off (as for an advertising display) flashing sheet metal shaped and attached to a roof for strength and weatherproofing flashlight a small portable battery-powered electric lamp flashlight battery a small dry battery containing dry cells; used to power flashlights flash memory nonvolatile storage that can be electrically erased and programmed anew flask bottle that has a narrow neck the quantity a flask will hold flat scenery consisting of a wooden frame covered with painted canvas; part of a stage setting a deflated pneumatic tire a shallow box in which seedlings are started a musical notation indicating one half step lower than the note named a level tract of land; "the salt flats of Utah" commercially inactive; "flat sales for the month"; "prices remained flat"; "a flat market" not reflecting light; not glossy; "flat wall paint"; "a photograph with a matte finish" having a relatively broad surface in relation to depth or thickness; "flat computer monitors" having a surface without slope, tilt in which no part is higher or lower than another; "a flat desk"; "acres of level farmland"; "a plane surface"; "skirts sewn with fine flat seams" lacking contrast or shading between tones horizontally level; "a flat roof" stretched out and lying at full length along the ground; "found himself lying flat on the floor" sounded or spoken in a tone unvarying in pitch; "the owl's faint monotonous hooting" (of a musical note) lowered in pitch by one chromatic semitone; "B flat" having lost effervescence; "flat beer"; "a flat cola" with flat sails; "sail flat against the wind" flat arch an arch with mutually supporting voussoirs that has a straight horizontal extrados and intrados flatbed an open truck bed or trailer with no sides; used to carry large heavy objects flatbed press a printing press where the type is carried on a flat bed under a cylinder that holds paper and rolls over the type flat bench a bench on which a weightlifter lies to do exercises flatcar freight car without permanent sides or roof flat coat the first or preliminary coat of paint or size applied to a surface flat file a file with two flat surfaces flatiron an iron that was heated by placing it on a stove flatlet a tiny flat flat panel display a type of video display that is thin and flat; commonly used in laptop computers flats footwear (shoes or slippers) with no heel (or a very low heel) flat tip screwdriver a screwdriver with a flat wedge-shaped tip that fits into a slot in the head of a screw flatware silverware eating utensils tableware that is relatively flat and fashioned as a single piece flatwork ironing that can be done mechanically fleabag a run-down hotel fleapit an old shabby movie theater flecainide oral antiarrhythmic medication (trade name Tambocor) used as a last resort in treating arrhythmias; increases the risk of sudden death in heart attack patients fleece a soft bulky fabric with deep pile; used chiefly for clothing the wool of a sheep or similar animal shear the wool from; "shear sheep" fleet ballistic missile submarine a submarine carrying ballistic missiles fleur-de-lis (heraldry) charge consisting of a conventionalized representation of an iris flight deck the upper deck of an aircraft carrier; used as a runway flight simulator simulator consisting of a machine on the ground that simulates the conditions of flying a plane flintlock an obsolete gunlock that has flint embedded in the hammer; the flint makes a spark that ignites the charge a muzzle loader that had a flintlock type of gunlock float something that floats on the surface of water a hand tool with a flat face used for smoothing and finishing the surface of plaster or cement or stucco an elaborate display mounted on a platform carried by a truck (or pulled by a truck) in a procession or parade the number of shares outstanding and available for trading by the public the time interval between the deposit of a check in a bank and its payment convert from a fixed point notation to a floating point notation; "float data" allow (currencies) to fluctuate; "The government floated the ruble for a few months" make the surface of level or smooth; "float the plaster" put into the water; "float a ship" move lightly, as if suspended; "The dancer floated across the stage" set afloat; "He floated the logs down the river"; "The boy floated his toy boat on the pond" be in motion due to some air or water current; "The leaves were blowing in the wind"; "the boat drifted on the lake"; "The sailboat was adrift on the open sea"; "the shipwrecked boat drifted away from the shore" be afloat either on or below a liquid surface and not sink to the bottom circulate or discuss tentatively; test the waters with; "The Republicans are floating the idea of a tax reform" floating dock dry dock that can be submerged under a vessel and then raised floating mine an explosive mine designed to destroy ships that bump into it floatplane a seaplane equipped with pontoons for landing or taking off from water floor the inside lower horizontal surface (as of a room, hallway, tent, or other structure); "they needed rugs to cover the bare floors"; "we spread our sleeping bags on the dry floor of the tent" a structure consisting of a room or set of rooms at a single position along a vertical scale; "what level is the office on?" a large room in a exchange where the trading is done; "he is a floor trader" the legislative hall where members debate and vote and conduct other business; "there was a motion from the floor" the parliamentary right to address an assembly; "the chairman granted him the floor" a lower limit; "the government established a wage floor" the occupants of a floor; "the whole floor complained about the lack of heat" the bottom surface of any lake or other body of water the ground on which people and animals move about; "the fire spared the forest floor" the lower inside surface of any hollow structure; "the floor of the pelvis"; "the floor of the cave" floorboard a board in the floor the floor of an automobile floor cover a covering for a floor floor joist joist that supports a floor floor lamp a lamp that stands on the floor floor plan scale drawing of a horizontal section through a building at a given level; contrasts with elevation flophouse a cheap lodging house florist a shop where flowers and ornamental plants are sold someone who grows and deals in flowers; "the florist made up an attractive bouquet" floss a soft loosely twisted thread used in embroidery use dental floss to clean; "floss your teeth after every meal" flotilla a fleet of small craft a United States Navy fleet consisting of two or more squadrons of small warships flotsam the floating wreckage of a ship flour bin a bin for holding flour flour mill a mill for grinding grain into flour flower arrangement a decorative arrangement of flowers flowerbed a bed in which flowers are growing flower chain flowers strung together in a chain flower garden a garden featuring flowering plants floxuridine antineoplastic drug used to treat some cancers; can cause loss of hair flue a conduit to carry off smoke flue pipe organ pipe whose tone is produced by air passing across the sharp edge of a fissure or lip flue stop an organ stop with the tone of a flue pipe flugelhorn a brass instrument resembling a cornet but with a wider bore fluid drive an automotive power coupling fluid flywheel a kind of fluid coupling in which the flywheel is the driving rotor flume watercourse that consists of an open artificial chute filled with water for power or for carrying logs flunitrazepan a depressant and tranquilizer (trade name Rohypnol) often used in the commission of sexual assault; legally available in Europe and Mexico and Colombia fluorescent a lighting fixture that uses a fluorescent lamp emitting light during exposure to radiation from an external source brilliantly colored and apparently giving off light; "fluorescent colors" fluorescent lamp lamp consisting of a tube coated on the inside with a fluorescent material; mercury vapor in the tube emits ultraviolet radiation that is converted to visible radiation by the fluorescent material fluoroscope an X-ray machine that combines an X-ray source and a fluorescent screen to enable direct observation fluorouracil an antimetabolite used to treat certain cancers fluoxetine a selective-serotonin reuptake inhibitor commonly prescribed as an antidepressant (trade names Prozac or Sarafem); it is thought to work by increasing the activity of serotonin in the brain fluphenazine tranquilizer used to treat psychotic disorders flurazepam tranquilizer (trade name Dalmane) used to treat insomnia flurbiprofen a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (trade name Ansaid) that is administered only orally flushless toilet a toilet that relies on bacteria to break down waste matter (instead of using water) flush toilet a toilet that is cleaned of waste by the flow of water through it flute a high-pitched woodwind instrument; a slender tube closed at one end with finger holes on one end and an opening near the closed end across which the breath is blown a groove or furrow in cloth etc (particularly a shallow concave groove on the shaft of a column) a tall narrow wineglass form flutes in fluvastatin least expensive statin drug (trade name Lescol); usually taken orally at bedtime flux applicator an applicator for applying flux (as in soldering) fluxmeter meter that measures magnetic flux by the current it generates in a coil fly gallery a narrow raised platform at the side of a stage in a theater; stagehands can work the ropes controlling equipment in the flies flying boat a large seaplane that floats with its fuselage in the water rather than on pontoons flying bridge the highest navigational bridge on a ship; a small (often open) deck above the pilot house flying buttress a buttress that stands apart from the main structure and connected to it by an arch flying carpet (Asian folktale) an imaginary carpet that will fly people anywhere they wish to go flying jib the outermost of two or more jibs fly rod a long flexible fishing rod used in fly fishing fly tent a tent with a fly front flytrap a trap for catching flies flywheel regulator consisting of a heavy wheel that stores kinetic energy and smooths the operation of a reciprocating engine fob short chain or ribbon attaching a pocket watch to a man's vest an adornment that hangs from a watch chain a vest pocket to hold a pocket watch foghorn a warning device consisting of a horn that generates a loud low tone a loud low warning signal that can be heard by fogbound ships foglamp headlight that provides strong beam for use in foggy weather foible the weaker part of a sword's blade from the forte to the tip foil a light slender flexible sword tipped by a button a piece of thin and flexible sheet metal; "the photographic film was wrapped in foil" picture consisting of a positive photograph or drawing on a transparent base; viewed with a projector anything that serves by contrast to call attention to another thing's good qualities; "pretty girls like plain friends as foils" cover or back with foil; "foil mirrors" enhance by contrast; "In this picture, the figures are foiled against the background" folder covering that is folded over to protect the contents folderal ornamental objects of no great value folding chair a chair that can be folded flat for storage folding door an interior door that opens by folding back in sections (rather than by swinging on hinges) folding saw a saw with a toothed blade that folds into a handle (the way a pocketknife folds) folio a book (or manuscript) consisting of large sheets of paper folded in the middle to make two leaves or four pages; "the first folio of Shakespeare's plays" folk art genre of art of unknown origin that reflects traditional values of a society food additive an additive to food intended to improve its flavor or appearance or shelf-life food court an area (as in a shopping mall) where fast food is sold (usually around a common eating area) food processor a kitchen appliance with interchangeable blades; used for shredding or blending or chopping or slicing food food hamper a hamper for packing and transporting food footage film that has been shot; "they had stock footage of lightning, tornados, and hurricanes"; "he edited the news footage" a rate of charging by the linear foot of work done football field the playing field on which football is played football helmet a padded helmet with a face mask to protect the head of football players football stadium a stadium where football games are held footbath a small bathtub for warming or washing or disinfecting the feet footboard a vertical board or panel forming the foot of a bedstead a narrow platform on which to stand or brace the feet foot brake hydraulic brake operated by pressing on a foot pedal footbridge a bridge designed for pedestrians foothold a place providing support for the foot in standing or climbing footlights theater light at the front of a stage that illuminate the set and actors footlocker a trunk for storing personal possessions; usually kept at the foot of a bed (as in a barracks) footplate the platform in the cab of a locomotive on which the engineer stands to operate the controls foot rule a ruler one foot long footstool a low seat or a stool to rest the feet of a seated person footwear covering for a person's feet clothing worn on a person's feet forceps an extractor consisting of a pair of pincers used in medical treatment (especially for the delivery of babies) force pump pump used to force a liquid up and expel it under pressure fore-and-after sailing vessel with a fore-and-aft rig fore-and-aft rig rig in which the principal sails are fore-and-aft fore-and-aft sail any sail not set on a yard and whose normal position is in a fore-and-aft direction forecastle living quarters consisting of a superstructure in the bow of a merchant ship where the crew is housed forecourt the outer or front court of a building or of a group of buildings foredeck the deck between the bridge and the forecastle fore edge the part of a book that faces inward when the book is shelved; the part opposite the spine foreground (computer science) a window for an active application the part of a scene that is near the viewer move into the foreground to make more visible or prominent; "The introduction highlighted the speaker's distinguished career in linguistics" foremast the mast nearest the bow in vessels with two or more masts fore plane a carpenter's plane intermediate between a jack plane and a jointer plane foresail the lowest sail on the foremast of a square-rigged vessel forestay an adjustable stay from the foremast to the deck or bowsprit; controls the bending of the mast foretop a platform at the head of a foremast fore-topmast the topmast next above the foremast fore-topsail the topsail on a foremast forge a workplace where metal is worked by heating and hammering furnace consisting of a special hearth where metal is heated before shaping make a copy of with the intent to deceive; "he faked the signature"; "they counterfeited dollar bills"; "She forged a Green Card" create by hammering; "hammer the silver into a bowl"; "forge a pair of tongues" move or act with a sudden increase in speed or energy move ahead steadily; "He forged ahead" fork cutlery used for serving and eating food an agricultural tool used for lifting or digging; has a handle and metal prongs the region of the angle formed by the junction of two branches; "they took the south fork"; "he climbed into the crotch of a tree" shape like a fork; "She forked her fingers" place under attack with one's own pieces, of two enemy pieces forklift a small industrial vehicle with a power operated forked platform in front that can be inserted under loads to lift and move them form a mold for setting concrete; "they built elaborate forms for pouring the foundation" the visual appearance of something or someone; "the delicate cast of his features" a particular mode in which something is manifested; "his resentment took the form of extreme hostility" an ability to perform well; "he was at the top of his form"; "the team was off form last night" a perceptual structure; "the composition presents problems for students of musical form"; "a visual pattern must include not only objects but the spaces between them" the phonological or orthographic sound or appearance of a word that can be used to describe or identify something; "the inflected forms of a word can be represented by a stem and a list of inflections to be attached" a printed document with spaces in which to write; "he filled out his tax form" an arrangement of the elements in a composition or discourse; "the essay was in the form of a dialogue"; "he first sketches the plot in outline form" (biology) a group of organisms within a species that differ in trivial ways from similar groups; "a new strain of microorganisms" assume a form or shape; "the water formed little beads" create (as an entity); "social groups form everywhere"; "They formed a company" to compose or represent; "This wall forms the background of the stage setting"; "The branches made a roof"; "This makes a fine introduction" develop into a distinctive entity; "our plans began to take shape" formal garden a garden laid out on regular lines with plants arranged in symmetrical locations or in geometrical designs formalwear attire to wear on formal occasions in the evening forte the stronger part of a sword blade between the hilt and the foible an asset of special worth or utility; "cooking is his forte" a musical composition or musical passage to be performed loudly (used chiefly as a direction or description in music) loud; with force; "the forte passages in the composition" used as a direction in music; to be played relatively loudly fortress a fortified defensive structure forty-five a .45-caliber pistol being five more than forty forum a public facility to meet for open discussion a public meeting or assembly for open discussion Foucault pendulum pendulum with a long wire; can swing in any direction; the change in the swing plane demonstrates the earth's rotation foulard a light plain-weave or twill-weave silk or silklike fabric (usually with a printed design) foul-weather gear protective garment that is intended to keep the wearer dry and warm in bad weather foundation lowest support of a structure; "it was built on a base of solid rock"; "he stood at the foot of the tower" education or instruction in the fundamentals of a field of knowledge; "he lacks the foundation necessary for advanced study"; "a good grounding in mathematics" an institution supported by an endowment the basis on which something is grounded; "there is little foundation for his objections" foundation garment a woman's undergarment worn to give shape to the contours of the body foundation stone a stone laid at a ceremony to mark the founding of a new building foundry factory where metal castings are produced fountain a plumbing fixture that provides a flow of water an artificially produced flow of water a structure from which an artificially produced jet of water arises fountain pen a pen that is supplied with ink from a reservoir in its barrel four-in-hand a long necktie that is tied in a slipknot with one end hanging in front of the other fourpenny nail a nail 1.5 inches long four-poster a bed with posts at the four corners that can be used to support a canopy or curtains four-pounder an artillery gun that throws a shot weighing four pounds four-spot a playing card or domino or die whose upward face shows four pips four-stroke engine an internal-combustion engine in which an explosive mixture is drawn into the cylinder on the first stroke and is compressed and ignited on the second stroke; work is done on the third stroke and the products of combustion are exhausted on the fourth stroke four-tailed bandage a bandage consisting of a strip of cloth split in two on both ends; the central part is placed under the chin to restrict motion of the mandible and the tails are tied over the top of the head four-wheel drive a transmission that provides power directly to all four wheels of a motor vehicle a motor vehicle with a four-wheel drive transmission system four-wheeler a hackney carriage with four wheels fowling piece a light shotgun used for fowling foxhole a small dugout with a pit for individual shelter against enemy fire fraction a small part or item forming a piece of a whole the quotient of two rational numbers a component of a mixture that has been separated by a fractional process fragmentation bomb a bomb with only 10 to 20 per cent explosive and the remainder consisting of casings designed to break into many small high-velocity fragments; most effective against troops and vehicles frail a basket for holding dried fruit (especially raisins or figs) the weight of a frail (basket) full of raisins or figs; between 50 and 75 pounds physically weak; "an invalid's frail body" fraise sloping or horizontal rampart of pointed stakes a ruff for the neck worn in the 16th century frame buffer (computer science) a buffer that stores the contents of an image pixel by pixel framework a structure supporting or containing something the underlying structure; "providing a factual framework for future research"; "it is part of the fabric of society" Francis turbine a type of hydroelectric turbine franking machine a machine that automatically stamps letters or packages passing through it and computes the total charge freeboard deck the uppermost watertight deck free house a public house that is not controlled by a brewery and so is free to sell different brands of beer and ale free-reed a reed that does not fit closely over the aperture free-reed instrument a wind instrument with a free reed free throw lane a lane on a basketball court extending from the end line to 15 feet in front of the backboard; players may not enter this lane during a free throw freewheel a clutch (as on the rear wheel of a bicycle) that allows wheels to turn freely (as in coasting) coast in a vehicle using the freewheel live unhurriedly, irresponsibly, or freely; "My son drifted around for years in California before going to law school" freight car a railway car that carries freight freight elevator an elevator designed for carrying freight freight liner a long-distance express freight train between industrial centers and seaports with facilities for rapid loading and unloading of goods freight train a railroad train consisting of freight cars French door a light door with transparent or glazed panels extending the full length French heel a fairly high narrow heel on women's shoes French horn a brass musical instrument consisting of a conical tube that is coiled into a spiral and played by means of valves French knot a stitch made by looping the thread several times around the needle before inserting it into the fabric French polish a varnish for wood consisting of shellac dissolved in alcohol the glaze produced by repeated applications of French polish shellac French roof a mansard roof with sides that are nearly perpendicular French window a French door situated in an exterior wall of a building freshener anything that freshens Fresnel lens lens composed of a number of small lenses arranged to make a lightweight lens of large diameter and short focal length fret a small bar of metal across the fingerboard of a musical instrument; when the string is stopped by a finger at the metal bar it will produce a note of the desired pitch an ornamental pattern consisting of repeated vertical and horizontal lines (often in relief); "there was a simple fret at the top of the walls" agitation resulting from active worry; "don't get in a stew"; "he's in a sweat about exams" wear away or erode decorate with an interlaced design carve a pattern into be agitated or irritated; "don't fret over these small details" cause annoyance in provide (a musical instrument) with frets; "fret a guitar" friary a monastery of friars friction clutch a clutch in which one part turns the other by the friction between them friction tape a water-resistant adhesive tape used to insulate exposed electrical conductors frieze a heavy woolen fabric with a long nap an architectural ornament consisting of a horizontal sculptured band between the architrave and the cornice frigate a United States warship larger than a destroyer and smaller than a cruiser a medium size square-rigged warship of the 18th and 19th centuries frill a strip of pleated material used as a decoration or a trim an external body part consisting of feathers or hair about the neck of a bird or other animal (paleontology) a bony plate that curves upward behind the skull of many ceratopsian dinosaurs fringe an ornamental border consisting of short lengths of hanging threads or tassels a social group holding marginal or extreme views; "members of the fringe believe we should be armed with guns at all times" one of the light or dark bands produced by the interference and diffraction of light decorate with or as if with a surrounding fringe; "fur fringed the hem of the dress" adorn with a fringe; "The weaver fringed the scarf" Frisbee a light, plastic disk about 10 inches in diameter; propelled with a flip of the wrist for recreation or competition frock a habit worn by clerics a long, loose outer garment put a frock on frock coat a man's coat having knee-length skirts front and back; worn in the 19th century front the side that is seen or that goes first the outward appearance of a person; "he put up a bold front" the side that is forward or prominent the part of something that is nearest to the normal viewer; "he walked to the front of the stage" (meteorology) the atmospheric phenomenon created at the boundary between two different air masses a sphere of activity involving effort; "the Japanese were active last week on the diplomatic front"; "they advertise on many different fronts" confront bodily; "breast the storm" be oriented in a certain direction, often with respect to another reference point; be opposite to; "The house looks north"; "My backyard look onto the pond"; "The building faces the park" frontage road a local road that runs parallel to an expressway and allows local traffic to gain access to property frontal a drapery that covers the front of an altar belonging to the front part; "a frontal appendage" of or adjacent to the forehead or frontal bone; "the frontal lobes" meeting front to front; "a frontal attack"; "a head-on collision" of or relating to the front of an advancing mass of air; "frontal rainfall" front bench any of the front seats in the House of Commons that are reserved for ministers or former ministers front door exterior door (at the entrance) at the front of a building frontispiece front illustration facing the title page of a book an ornamental facade frontlet an adornment worn on the forehead front porch a porch for the front door front projector a projector for digital input front yard the yard in front of a house; between the house and the street fruit machine a coin-operated gambling machine that produces random combinations of symbols (usually pictures of different fruits) on rotating dials; certain combinations win money for the player frying pan a pan used for frying foods fuel-air explosive a device consisting of a container of fuel and two explosive charges; the first charge bursts open the fuel container at a predetermined height and spreads the fuel in a cloud that mixes with atmospheric oxygen; the second charge detonates the cloud which creates an enormous blast wave and incinerates whatever is below fuel cell cell that produces electricity by oxidation of fuel (hydrogen and oxygen or zinc and air); often used in electric cars fuel filter a filter in the fuel line that screens out dirt and rust particles from the fuel fuel gauge an indicator of the amount of fuel remaining in a vehicle fuel injection mechanical system to inject atomized fuel directly into the cylinders of an internal-combustion engine; avoids the need for a carburetor fuel line a pipe that carries gasoline from a tank to a gasoline engine; "the car wouldn't start because dirt clogged the gas line" fuel system equipment in a motor vehicle or aircraft that delivers fuel to the engine fulcrum the pivot about which a lever turns full-dress uniform the naval or military uniform that is specified by regulations to be worn on ceremonial occasions full metal jacket a lead bullet that is covered with a jacket of a harder metal (usually copper) full skirt a long skirt gathered at the waist full-wave rectifier rectifier that converts the negative half wave of an alternating current into a positive half wave fumigator a device that generates a gas for the purpose of disinfecting or eradicating pests someone whose job is to fumigate funeral home a mortuary where those who knew the deceased can come to pay their last respects fungible a commodity that is freely interchangeable with another in satisfying an obligation of goods or commodities; freely exchangeable for or replaceable by another of like nature or kind in the satisfaction of an obligation funk hole dugout as a place of safe retreat (when in a funk) funnel (nautical) smokestack consisting of a shaft for ventilation or the passage of smoke (especially the smokestack of a ship) a conically shaped utensil having a narrow tube at the small end; used to channel the flow of substances into a container with a small mouth a conical shape with a wider and a narrower opening at the two ends move or pour through a funnel; "funnel the liquid into the small bottle" funnel web a funnel-shaped spider web; the funnel-web spider perches in the center of the web funny wagon an ambulance used to transport patients to a mental hospital fur coat a coat made of fur fur hat a hat made of fur furnace an enclosed chamber in which heat is produced to heat buildings, destroy refuse, smelt or refine ores, etc. furnace lining lining consisting of material with a high melting point; used to line the inside walls of a furnace furnace room a room (usually in the basement of a building) that contains a furnace for heating the building furniture furnishings that make a room or other area ready for occupancy; "they had too much furniture for the small apartment"; "there was only one piece of furniture in the room" furosemide commonly used diuretic (trade name Lasix) used to treat hypertension and edema fur-piece a neckpiece made of fur furring strip strip used to give a level surface for attaching wallboard furrow a long shallow trench in the ground (especially one made by a plow) hollow out in the form of a furrow or groove; "furrow soil" cut a furrow into a columns make wrinkled or creased; "furrow one's brow" fuse any igniter that is used to initiate the burning of a propellant an electrical device that can interrupt the flow of electrical current when it is overloaded make liquid or plastic by heating; "The storm fused the electric mains" become plastic or fluid or liquefied from heat; "The substances fused at a very high temperature" equip with a fuse; provide with a fuse fusee a friction match with a large head that will stay alight in the wind a colored flare used as a warning signal by trucks and trains fusee drive a spirally grooved spindle in a clock that counteracts the diminishing power of the uncoiling mainspring fuselage the central body of an airplane that is designed to accommodate the crew and passengers (or cargo) fusil a light flintlock musket fustian a strong cotton and linen fabric with a slight nap futon mattress consisting of a pad of cotton batting that is used for sleeping on the floor or on a raised frame futtock shroud shroud that is part of a ship's rigging future bulk commodities bought or sold at an agreed price for delivery at a specified future date a verb tense that expresses actions or states in the future the time yet to come yet to be or coming; "some future historian will evaluate him" effective in or looking toward the future; "he was preparing for future employment opportunities" a verb tense or other formation referring to events or states that have not yet happened; "future auxiliary" futures exchange a commodity exchange where futures contracts are traded gabapentin an anticonvulsant (trade name Neurontin) used to control some types of seizures in the treatment of epilepsy; also used to manage neuralgia caused by shingles gabardine a firm durable fabric with a twill weave gable the vertical triangular wall between the sloping ends of gable roof gable roof a double sloping roof with a ridge and gables at each end gaddi a cushion on a throne for a prince in India gadgetry appliances collectively; "laborsaving gadgetry" gaff an iron hook with a handle; used for landing large fish a spar rising aft from a mast to support the head of a quadrilateral fore-and-aft sail a sharp metal spike or spur that is fastened to the leg of a gamecock gaffsail a quadrilateral fore-and-aft sail suspended from a gaff gaff topsail a triangular fore-and-aft sail with its foot along the gaff and its luff on the topmast gag restraint put into a person's mouth to prevent speaking or shouting make an unsuccessful effort to vomit; strain to vomit cause to retch or choke struggle for breath; have insufficient oxygen intake; "he swallowed a fishbone and gagged" make jokes or quips; "The students were gagging during dinner" tie a gag around someone's mouth in order to silence them; "The burglars gagged the home owner and tied him to a chair" prevent from speaking out; "The press was gagged" gaiter legging consisting of a cloth or leather covering for the leg from the knee to the ankle a shoe covering the ankle with elastic gores in the sides Galilean telescope a type of refracting telescope that is no longer used in astronomy galleon a large square-rigged sailing ship with three or more masts; used by the Spanish for commerce and war from the 15th to 18th centuries gallery narrow recessed balcony area along an upper floor on the interior of a building; usually marked by a colonnade a covered corridor (especially one extending along the wall of a building and supported with arches or columns) a long usually narrow room used for some specific purpose; "shooting gallery" a room or series of rooms where works of art are exhibited spectators at a golf or tennis match galley the area for food preparation on a ship the kitchen area for food preparation on an airliner (classical antiquity) a crescent-shaped seagoing vessel propelled by oars a large medieval vessel with a single deck propelled by sails and oars with guns at stern and prow; a complement of 1,000 men; used mainly in the Mediterranean for war and trading gallows an instrument of execution consisting of a wooden frame from which a condemned person is executed by hanging gallows tree alternative terms for gallows galvanometer meter for detecting or comparing or measuring small electric currents gambling house a public building in which a variety of games of chance can be played (operated as a business) gambrel a gable roof with two slopes on each side and the lower slope being steeper gamebag a canvas or leather bag for carrying game (especially birds) killed by a hunter game equipment equipment or apparatus used in playing a game gaming card one of a set of cards used in gambling games gaming table a table used for gambling; may be equipped with a gameboard and slots for chips gamma hydroxybutyrate a club drug available in liquid or powder form is taken orally (frequently combined with alcohol); used to incapacitate individuals for the commission of sexual assault and rape gamma-interferon a form of interferon that is produced by T cells and macrophages; involved in the activation of phagocytes gamp colloquial terms for an umbrella gang tool consisting of a combination of implements arranged to work together an organized group of workmen an association of criminals; "police tried to break up the gang"; "a pack of thieves" act as an organized group gangplank a temporary bridge for getting on and off a vessel at dockside gangsaw a power saw that has several parallel blades making simultaneous cuts gangway a temporary passageway of planks (as over mud on a building site) gantlet the convergence of two parallel railroad tracks in a narrow place; the inner rails cross and run parallel and then diverge so a train remains on its own tracks at all times gantry a framework of steel bars raised on side supports to bridge over or around something; can display railway signals above several tracks or can support a traveling crane etc. gap a narrow opening; "he opened the window a crack" a conspicuous disparity or difference as between two figures; "gap between income and outgo"; "the spread between lending and borrowing costs" a difference (especially an unfortunate difference) between two opinions or two views or two situations make an opening or gap in garage an outbuilding (or part of a building) for housing automobiles a repair shop where cars and trucks are serviced and repaired keep or store in a garage; "we don't garage our car" Garand rifle a semiautomatic rifle garbage a receptacle where waste can be discarded; "she tossed the moldy bread into the garbage" food that is discarded (as from a kitchen) garbage truck a truck for collecting domestic refuse; "in Britain a garbage truck is called a dustcart" garboard the first wale laid next to the keel of a wooden ship garden a plot of ground where plants are cultivated a yard or lawn adjoining a house the flowers or vegetables or fruits or herbs that are cultivated in a garden work in the garden; "My hobby is gardening" the usual or familiar type; "it is a common or garden sparrow" garden hose a hose used for watering a lawn or garden garden rake a rake used by gardeners garden roller heavy cast-iron cylinder used to flatten lawns garden spade a spade used by gardeners garden tool used for working in gardens or yards garden trowel a trowel used by gardeners gargoyle an ornament consisting of a grotesquely carved figure of a person or animal a spout that terminates in a grotesquely carved figure of a person or animal garibaldi a loose high-necked blouse with long sleeves; styled after the red flannel shirts worn by Garibaldi's soldiers garlic press a press for extracting juice from garlic garment an article of clothing; "garments of the finest silk" garment bag a suitcase that unfolds to be hung up garnish any decoration added as a trimming or adornment something (such as parsley) added to a dish for flavor or decoration garrison a fortified military post where troops are stationed the troops who maintain and guard a fortified place station (troops) in a fort or garrison garrison cap a wedge-shaped wool or cotton cap; worn as part of a uniform garrote an instrument of execution for execution by strangulation strangle with an iron collar; "people were garrotted during the Inquisition in Spain" garter a band (usually elastic) worn around the leg to hold up a stocking (or around the arm to hold up a sleeve) fasten with or as if with a garter garter belt a wide belt of elastic with straps hanging from it; worn by women to hold up stockings garter stitch a knitting stitch that results in a pattern of horizontal ridges formed by knitting both sides (instead of purling one side) gas guzzler a car with relatively low fuel efficiency gas shell (military) bomb consisting of an explosive projectile filled with a toxic gas that is released when the bomb explodes gas bracket a pipe with one or more burners projecting from a wall gas burner burner such that combustible gas issues from a nozzle to form a steady flame gas chamber instrument of execution consisting of a sealed chamber into which poison gas is introduced; used to kill people or animals gas-cooled reactor a nuclear reactor using gas as a coolant gas-discharge tube a tube in which an electric discharge takes place through a gas gas engine an internal-combustion engine similar to a gasoline engine but using natural gas instead of gasoline vapor gas fitting the fitting (pipes or valves or meters) that convey gas from the gas main to the gas fixtures of a building gas fixture a device to convey illuminating gas from the pipe to the gas burner gas furnace a furnace that burns gas gas gun a gun that fires gas shells gas heat heating system that burns natural gas gas heater a heater that burns gas for heat gas holder a large gas-tight spherical or cylindrical tank for holding gas to be used as fuel gasket seal consisting of a ring for packing pistons or sealing a pipe joint gas lamp a lamp that burns illuminating gas gas line a pipeline used to transport natural gas; "the workmen broke through the gas line" a queue of vehicles waiting to purchase gasoline gas main a main that distributes gas gas maser a maser in which microwave radiation interacts with gas molecules gasmask a protective mask with a filter; protects the face and lungs against poisonous gases gas meter a meter for measuring the amount of gas flowing through a particular pipe gasoline engine an internal-combustion engine that burns gasoline; most automobiles are driven by gasoline engines gasoline gauge gauge that indicates the amount of gasoline left in the gasoline tank of a vehicle gasoline station a service station that sells gasoline gas oven a domestic oven fueled by gas a cremation chamber fueled by gas gas pump a pump in a service station that draws gasoline from underground storage tanks gas range a range with gas rings and an oven for cooking with gas gas ring gas burner consisting of a circular metal pipe with several small holes through which gas can escape to be burned gas system facility (plant and equipment) for providing natural-gas service gas tank a tank for holding gasoline to supply a vehicle gas thermometer thermometer that measures temperature by changes in the pressure of a gas kept at constant volume gastroscope a type of endoscope for visually examining the stomach gas turbine turbine that converts the chemical energy of a liquid fuel into mechanical energy by internal combustion; gaseous products of the fuel (which is burned in compressed air) are expanded through a turbine gas-turbine ship a ship powered by a gas turbine gas well a well that yields or has yielded natural gas gasworks the workplace where coal gas is manufactured gat a gangster's pistol gate a movable barrier in a fence or wall a computer circuit with several inputs but only one output that can be activated by particular combinations of inputs passageway (as in an air terminal) where passengers can embark or disembark total admission receipts at a sports event restrict (school boys') movement to the dormitory or campus as a means of punishment control with a valve or other device that functions like a gate supply with a gate; "The house was gated" gatehouse a house built at a gateway; usually the gatekeeper's residence gateleg table a drop-leaf table with the drop-leaves supported by hinged legs gatepost either of two posts that bound a gate gateway an entrance that can be closed by a gate gateway drug a habit-forming drug that is not addictive but its use may lead to the use of other addictive drugs; "one college athlete recently called beer a gateway drug for young people" gathered skirt a skirt whose fabric is drawn together around the waist Gatling gun an early form of machine gun having several barrels that fire in sequence as they are rotated gauge a measuring instrument for measuring and indicating a quantity such as the thickness of wire or the amount of rain etc. the thickness of wire the distance between the rails of a railway or between the wheels of a train accepted or approved instance or example of a quantity or quality against which others are judged or measured or compared mix in specific proportions; "gauge plaster" adapt to a specified measurement; "gauge the instruments" measure precisely and against a standard; "the wire is gauged" determine the capacity, volume, or contents of by measurement and calculation; "gauge the wine barrels" rub to a uniform size; "gauge bricks" gauze a net of transparent fabric with a loose open weave (medicine) bleached cotton cloth of plain weave used for bandages and dressings gavel a small mallet used by a presiding officer or a judge gazebo a small roofed building affording shade and rest gear a toothed wheel that engages another toothed mechanism in order to change the speed or direction of transmitted motion equipment consisting of miscellaneous articles needed for a particular operation or sport etc. a mechanism for transmitting motion for some specific purpose (as the steering gear of a vehicle) set the level or character of; "She pitched her speech to the teenagers in the audience" gearbox the shell (metal casing) in which a train of gears is sealed gearing wheelwork consisting of a connected set of rotating gears by which force is transmitted or motion or torque is changed; "the fool got his tie caught in the geartrain" gearset a set of gears gearshift a mechanical device for engaging and disengaging gears; "in Britain they call a gearshift a gear lever" Geiger counter counter tube that detects ionizing radiations Geiger tube an ionization chamber contained in a tube in a Geiger counter gelatin a thin translucent membrane used over stage lights for color effects an edible jelly (sweet or pungent) made with gelatin and used as a dessert or salad base or a coating for foods a colorless water-soluble glutinous protein obtained from animal tissues such as bone and skin gelignite a type of dynamite in which the nitroglycerin is absorbed in a base of wood pulp and sodium or potassium nitrate gem art highly prized for its beauty or perfection a crystalline rock that can be cut and polished for jewelry; "he had the gem set in a ring for his wife"; "she had jewels made of all the rarest stones" gemfibrozil medication (trade name Lopid) used to lower the levels of triglyceride in the blood gene chip a microchip that holds DNA probes that form half of the DNA double helix and can recognize DNA from samples being tested general anesthetic an anesthetic that anesthetizes the entire body and causes loss of consciousness general-purpose bomb a large bomb (500 to 2,000 pounds that is 50% explosive) whose explosion creates a blast and whose metal casing creates some fragmentation effect generator engine that converts mechanical energy into electrical energy by electromagnetic induction an apparatus that produces a vapor or gas an electronic device for producing a signal voltage someone who originates or causes or initiates something; "he was the generator of several complaints" generic any product that can be sold without a brand name wine that does not meet the minimum qualifications and standards for use of a designation by appellation of origin (where the grapes are grown) or by varietal content; may only be labeled by proprietary (made-up) name, by general color (such as `vin rouge', `vino rosso', `rotwein', `red wine', etc.), or by general class (as `vin ordinaire', `vin de table', `vino da tavola', `tafelwein', `table wine', etc.) applicable to an entire class or group; "is there a generic Asian mind?" (of drugs) not protected by trademark; "`Acetaminophen' is the generic form of the proprietary drug `Tylenol'" relating to or common to or descriptive of all members of a genus; "the generic name" generic drug when the patent protection for a brand-name drug expires generic versions of the drug can be offered for sale if the FDA agrees; "generic drugs are usually cheaper than brand-name drugs" Geneva gown black academic gown widely used by Protestant clergymen genre a class of art (or artistic endeavor) having a characteristic form or technique a kind of literary or artistic work genre painting a genre depicting everyday life gentamicin an antibiotic (trade name Garamycin) that is derived from an actinomycete; used in treating infections of the urinary tract geodesic dome a lightweight dome constructed of interlocking polygons; invented by R. Buckminster Fuller georgette a thin silk dress material George Washington Bridge a suspension bridge across the Hudson River between New York and New Jersey gharry a horse-drawn carriage in India ghat stairway in India leading down to a landing on the water ghetto blaster a portable stereo ghillie a shoe without a tongue and with decorative lacing up the instep gift shop a shop that sells miscellaneous articles appropriate as gifts gift wrapping ornamental wrapping for gifts gildhall the meeting place of a medieval guild gill net a flat fishnet suspended vertically in the water to entangle fish by their gills gilt a coating of gold or of something that looks like gold gimbal an appliance that allows an object (such as a ship's compass) to remain horizontal even as its support tips gingham a clothing fabric in a plaid weave girandole an ornate candle holder; often with a mirror girder a beam made usually of steel; a main support in a structure girdle a band of material around the waist that strengthens a skirt or trousers an encircling or ringlike structure put a girdle on or around; "gird your loins" cut a girdle around so as to kill by interrupting the circulation of water and nutrients; "girdle the plant" glass a container made of glass for holding liquids while drinking glassware collectively; "She collected old glass" the quantity a glass will hold a brittle transparent solid with irregular atomic structure put in a glass container enclose with glass; "glass in a porch" scan (game in the forest) with binoculars furnish with glass; "glass the windows" glass cutter a tool for cutting glass someone who cuts flat glass to size someone who cuts or grinds designs on glass glasses case a case for carrying spectacles glass eye prosthesis consisting of an artificial eye made of glass glassware an article of tableware made of glass glassworks a workplace where glass is made glebe house a parsonage (especially one provided for the holder of a benefice) Glen Canyon Dam a large dam built in 1964 on the Colorado River in Arizona Glengarry a Scottish cap with straight sides and a crease along the top from front to back; worn by Highlanders as part of military dress glider aircraft supported only by the dynamic action of air against its surfaces glipizide an oral antidiabetic drug (trade name Glucotrol) that stimulates the release of insulin from the pancreas Global Positioning System a navigational system involving satellites and computers that can determine the latitude and longitude of a receiver on Earth by computing the time difference for signals from different satellites to reach the receiver globe a sphere on which a map (especially of the earth) is represented glockenspiel a percussion instrument consisting of a set of graduated metal bars mounted on a frame and played with small hammers glory hole a small locker at the stern of a boat or between decks of a ship glossy a photograph that is printed on smooth shiny paper superficially attractive and stylish; suggesting wealth or expense; "a glossy TV series" (of paper and fabric and leather) having a surface made smooth and shiny especially by pressing between rollers; "calendered paper"; "glossy paper" glove handwear: covers the hand and wrist glove compartment compartment on the dashboard of a car glow lamp a gas-discharge tube with a hot cathode; used in stroboscopes glow tube a gas-discharge tube consisting of a cold cathode and a diode in a tube filled with gas; the color of the glow depends on the particular gas glutethimide sedative (trade name Doriden) used to treat some sleep disorders glyburide an oral antidiabetic drug (trade names DiaBeta and Micronase) that stimulates the release of insulin from the pancreas glyph glyptic art in the form of a symbolic figure carved or incised in relief glyptic art carvings or engravings (especially on precious stones) glyptics the art of engraving on precious stones gnomon indicator provided by the stationary arm whose shadow indicates the time on the sundial goalmouth (sports) the area immediately in front of the goal goalpost one of a pair of posts (usually joined by a crossbar) that are set up as a goal at each end of a playing field goblet a drinking glass with a base and stem go board a board used for playing go godown (in India and Malaysia) a warehouse goffer an ornamental frill made by pressing pleats an iron used to press pleats and ridges a zealously energetic person (especially a salesman) goggles (plural) tight-fitting spectacles worn to protect the eyes go-kart a small low motor vehicle with four wheels and an open framework; used for racing Golconda a source of great wealth (especially a mine) golden calf (Old Testament) an idol made by Aaron for the Israelites to worship; destroyed by Moses; it is now used to refer to anything worshipped undeservedly Golden Gate Bridge a suspension bridge across the Golden Gate gold foil foil made of gold gold leaf a very thin form of gold foil gold medal a trophy made of gold (or having the appearance of gold) that is usually awarded for winning first place in a competition goldmine a mine where gold ore is found a good source of something that is desired gold plate a thin plating of gold on something tableware that is plated with gold golf bag golf equipment consisting of a bag for carrying golf clubs and balls golf ball a small hard ball used in playing golf; dimpled to reduce wind resistance golfcart a small motor vehicle in which golfers can ride between shots golf club golf equipment used by a golfer to hit a golf ball a club of people to play golf golf-club head (golf) the head of the club which strikes the ball golf course course consisting of a large landscaped area for playing golf golf equipment sports equipment used in playing golf golf glove a glove worn by golfers to give a firm grip on the handle of the golf club golf range a practice range for practicing golf shots golliwog a grotesque black doll gondola long narrow flat-bottomed boat propelled by sculling; traditionally used on canals of Venice gondola car a low flat-bottomed freight car with fixed sides but no roof gong a percussion instrument consisting of a metal plate that is struck with a softheaded drumstick sound a gong goniometer direction finder that determines the angular direction of incoming radio signals Gordian knot an intricate knot tied by Gordius, the king of Phrygia, and cut by the sword of Alexander the Great after he heard that whoever undid it would become ruler of Asia any very difficult problem; insoluble in its own terms gore a piece of cloth that is generally triangular or tapering; used in making garments or umbrellas or sails coagulated blood from a wound wound by piercing with a sharp or penetrating object or instrument cut into gores; "gore a skirt" gorgerin the molding at the top of a column gorget armor plate that protects the neck gossamer a gauze fabric with an extremely fine texture Gota Canal a canal for small oceangoing ships to enter Lake Vanern in Sweden Gothic arch a pointed arch; usually has a joint (instead of a keystone) at the apex gouache a watercolor executed with opaque watercolors mixed with gum an opaque watercolor prepared with gum gourd bottle made from the dried shell of a bottle gourd any vine of the family Cucurbitaceae that bears fruits with hard rinds any of numerous inedible fruits with hard rinds government building a building that houses a branch of government government office an office where government employees work governor a control that maintains a steady speed in a machine (as by controlling the supply of fuel) the head of a state government gown a woman's dress, usually with a close-fitting bodice and a long flared skirt, often worn on formal occasions outerwear consisting of a long flowing garment used for official or ceremonial occasions protective garment worn by surgeons during operations the members of a university as distinguished from the other residents of the town in which the university is located; "the relations between town and gown are always sensitive" dress in a gown grab a mechanical device for gripping an object capture the attention or imagination of; "This story will grab you"; "The movie seized my imagination" take or grasp suddenly; "She grabbed the child's hand and ran out of the room" make a grasping or snatching motion with the hand; "The passenger grabbed for the oxygen mask" obtain illegally or unscrupulously; "Grab power" grab bag a container from which a person draws a wrapped item at random without knowing the contents an assortment of miscellaneous items grab bar a bar attached parallel to a wall to provide a handgrip for steadying yourself grace cup cup to be passed around for the final toast after a meal grade separation a crossing that uses an underpass or overpass graduate a measuring instrument for measuring fluid volume; a glass container (cup or cylinder or flask) whose sides are marked with or divided into amounts confer an academic degree upon; "This school graduates 2,000 students each year" receive an academic degree upon completion of one's studies; "She graduated in 1990" graduated cylinder a cylindrical graduate graffito a rude decoration inscribed on rocks or walls grail (legend) chalice used by Christ at the Last Supper the object of any prolonged endeavor gramicidin an antibiotic produced by a soil bacterium; used chiefly as an antiseptic in treating local infections produced by Gram-positive bacteria gramophone an antique record player; the sound of the vibrating needle is amplified acoustically granary a storehouse for threshed grain or animal feed grandfather clock a pendulum clock enclosed in a tall narrow case grand piano a piano with the strings on a horizontal harp-shaped frame; usually supported by three legs grandstand a stand at a racecourse or stadium consisting of tiers with rows of individual seats that are under a protective roof the audience at a stadium or racetrack perform ostentatiously in order to impress the audience and with an eye to the applause; "She never misses a chance to grandstand" grange an outlying farm graniteware a kind of stone-grey enamelware granny knot a reef knot crossed the wrong way and therefore insecure grape arbor an arbor where grapes are grown grapeshot a cluster of small projectiles fired together from a cannon to produce a hail of shot graphic an image that is generated by a computer describing nudity or sexual activity in graphic detail; "graphic sexual scenes" evoking lifelike images within the mind; "pictorial poetry and prose"; "graphic accounts of battle"; "a lifelike portrait"; "a vivid description" written or drawn or engraved; "graphic symbols" relating to or presented by a graph; "a graphic presentation of the data" of or relating to the graphic arts; "the etchings, drypoints, lithographs, and engravings which together form his graphic work"- British Book News graphic art the arts of drawing or painting or printmaking graphics the drawings and photographs in the layout of a book grapnel a light anchor for small boats a tool consisting of several hooks for grasping and holding; often thrown with a rope grass skirt a skirt made of long blades of grass grate a frame of iron bars to hold a fire a barrier that has parallel or crossed bars blocking a passage but admitting air a harsh rasping sound made by scraping something make a grating or grinding sound by rubbing together; "grate one's teeth in anger" reduce to small shreds or pulverize by rubbing against a rough or sharp perforated surface; "grate carrots and onions"; "grate nutmeg" furnish with a grate; "a grated fireplace" grater utensil with sharp perforations for shredding foods (as vegetables or cheese) grave a place for the burial of a corpse (especially beneath the ground and marked by a tombstone); "he put flowers on his mother's grave" death of a person; "he went to his grave without forgiving me"; "from cradle to grave" of great gravity or crucial import; requiring serious thought; "grave responsibilities"; "faced a grave decision in a time of crisis"; "a grievous fault"; "heavy matters of state"; "the weighty matters to be discussed at the peace conference" dignified and somber in manner or character and committed to keeping promises; "a grave God-fearing man"; "a quiet sedate nature"; "as sober as a judge"; "a solemn promise"; "the judge was solemn as he pronounced sentence" gravel pit a quarry for gravel graver a tool used by an engraver gravestone a stone that is used to mark a grave gravimeter a measuring instrument for measuring variations in the gravitational field of the earth gravy boat a dish (often boat-shaped) for serving gravy or sauce grease gun a hand-operated pump that resembles a pistol; forces grease into parts of a machine greasepaint a greasy substance used as makeup by actors greasy spoon a small restaurant specializing in short-order fried foods greatcoat a heavy coat worn over clothes in winter Greater New Orleans Bridge twin cantilever bridges across the Mississippi at New Orleans great hall the principal hall in a castle or mansion; can be used for dining or entertainment great seal the principal seal of a government, symbolizing authority or sovereignty Great Seal of the United States the seal of the United States government greave armor plate that protects legs below the knee Greek cross a cross with each of the four arms the same length greengrocery a greengrocer's grocery store groceries sold by a greengrocer greenhouse a building with glass walls and roof; for the cultivation and exhibition of plants under controlled conditions of or relating to or caused by the greenhouse effect; "greenhouse gases" greenroom a backstage room in a theater where performers rest or have visitors grenade a small explosive bomb thrown by hand or fired from a missile grid a cooking utensil of parallel metal bars; used to grill fish or meat an electrode placed between the cathode and anode of a vacuum tube to control the flow of electrons through the tube a perforated or corrugated metal plate used in a storage battery as a conductor and support for the active material a pattern of regularly spaced horizontal and vertical lines reef one of several strips across a sail that can be taken in or rolled up to lessen the area of the sail that is exposed to the wind a submerged ridge of rock or coral near the surface of the water reduce (a sail) by taking in a reef roll up (a portion of a sail) in order to reduce its area lower and bring partially inboard; "reef the sailboat's mast" reference grid a pattern of horizontal and vertical lines that provide coordinates for locating points on an image or a map griddle cooking utensil consisting of a flat heated surface (as on top of a stove) on which food is cooked cook on a griddle; "griddle pancakes" grigri an African amulet grill a framework of metal bars used as a partition or a grate; "he cooked hamburgers on the grill" cook over or under a grill; "grill the sausages" examine thoroughly; "the student was grilled for two hours on the subject of phonology" grille grating that admits cooling air to car's radiator grillroom a restaurant where food is cooked on a grill grinder a machine tool that polishes metal grinding wheel a wheel composed of abrasive material; used for grinding grindstone a revolving stone shaped like a disk; used to grind or sharpen or polish edge tools gripsack a small suitcase grisaille chiaroscuro painting or stained glass etc., in shades of grey imitating the effect of relief griseofulvin a kind of penicillin (a fungicidal antibiotic with the trade name Fulvicin) produced by molds of the genus Penicillium gristmill a mill for grinding grain (especially the customer's own grain) grizzle a grey wig be in a huff; be silent or sullen grocery (usually plural) consumer goods sold by a grocer grocery bag a sack for holding customer's groceries grocery store a marketplace where groceries are sold; "the grocery store included a meat market" grogram a coarse fabric of silk mixed with wool or mohair and often stiffened with gum groin a curved edge formed by two intersecting vaults the crease at the junction of the inner part of the thigh with the trunk together with the adjacent region and often including the external genitals build with groins; "The ceiling was groined" groined vault two barrel vaults intersecting at right angles groover a device that makes grooves by cutting or punching grosgrain a silk or silklike fabric with crosswise ribs gros point needlepoint embroidery done with large stitches a needlepoint stitch covering two horizontal and two vertical threads grotesque art characterized by an incongruous mixture of parts of humans and animals interwoven with plants distorted and unnatural in shape or size; abnormal and hideous; "tales of grotesque serpents eight fathoms long that churned the seas"; "twisted into monstrous shapes" ground (art) the surface (as a wall or canvas) prepared to take the paint for a painting a connection between an electrical device and a large conducting body, such as the earth (which is taken to be at zero voltage) a relatively homogeneous percept extending back of the figure on which attention is focused a position to be won or defended in battle (or as if in battle); "they gained ground step by step"; "they fought to regain the lost ground" instruct someone in the fundamentals of a subject connect to a ground; "ground the electrical connections for safety reasons" hit onto the ground hit a groundball; "he grounded to the second baseman" throw to the ground in order to stop play and avoid being tackled behind the line of scrimmage place or put on the ground confine or restrict to the ground; "After the accident, they grounded the plane and the pilot" hit or reach the ground bring to the ground; "the storm grounded the ship" ground bait bait scattered on the water to attract fish ground cable a mooring cable; runs from a buoy to a mooring anchor ground control a communication system for sending continuous radio messages to an airplane pilot who is making a ground-controlled approach to landing ground floor the floor of a building that is at or nearest to the level of the ground around the building becoming part of a venture at the beginning (regarded as position of advantage); "he got in on the ground floor" ground plan a floor plan for the ground level of a building groundsheet a waterproofed piece of cloth spread on the ground (as under a tent) to protect from moisture grove garden consisting of a small cultivated wood without undergrowth a small growth of trees without underbrush G-string minimal clothing worn by stripteasers; a narrow strip of fabric that covers the pubic area, passes between the thighs, and is supported by a waistband guanabenz antihypertensive drug (trade name Wytensin) that reduces blood pressure by its effect on the central nervous system guard boat a boat that is on guard duty (as in a harbor) around a fleet of warships guardhouse a military facility that serves as the headquarters for military police and in which military prisoners can be detained guardroom a room used by soldiers on guard a cell in which soldiers who are prisoners are confined guard ship a warship (at anchor or under way) required to maintain a higher degree of readiness than others in its squadron guard's van the car on a train that is occupied by the guard gueridon a small round table Guarnerius a violin made by a member of the Guarneri family guesthouse a house separate from the main house; for housing guests guestroom a bedroom that is kept for the use of guests guidance system a system of equipment for automatically guiding the path of a vehicle (especially a missile) guide a structure or marking that serves to direct the motion or positioning of something someone who shows the way by leading or advising pass over, across, or through; "He ran his eyes over her body"; "She ran her fingers along the carved figurine"; "He drew her hair through his fingers" use as a guide; "They had the lights to guide on" be a guiding or motivating force or drive; "The teacher steered the gifted students towards the more challenging courses" guided missile a rocket-propelled missile whose path can be controlled during flight either by radio signals or by internal homing devices guided missile cruiser a cruiser that carries guided missiles guided missile frigate a frigate that carries guided missiles guide rope a rope used to guide the movement of the load of a crane guildhall the hall of a guild or corporation guilloche an architectural decoration formed by two intersecting wavy bands guillotine instrument of execution that consists of a weighted blade between two vertical poles; used for beheading people kill by cutting the head off with a guillotine; "The French guillotined many Vietnamese while they occupied the country" guimpe a short blouse with sleeves that is worn under a jumper or pinafore dress a piece of starched cloth covering the shoulders of a nun's habit guitar a stringed instrument usually having six strings; played by strumming or plucking guitar pick a plectrum used to pluck a guitar gulag a Russian prison camp for political prisoners gunboat a small shallow-draft boat carrying mounted guns; used by costal patrols gun carriage a framework on which a gun is mounted for firing gun case a case for storing a gun gun deck formerly any deck other than the weather deck having cannons from end to end gun emplacement an emplacement for a gun gun enclosure a self-contained weapons platform housing guns and capable of rotation gunflint the piece of flint that provides the igniting spark in a flintlock weapon gunlock the action that ignites the charge in a firearm gun microphone a highly directional microphone with a long barrel; can be directed from a distance gun muzzle the open circular discharging end of a gun gunnery guns collectively gunnysack a bag made of burlap gun pendulum a ballistic pendulum consisting of a suspended gun; the velocity of a projectile in the bore of a gun can be measured by the recoil when the gun is discharged gun room military quarters of midshipmen and junior officers on a British warship gunsight a sight used for aiming a gun gun trigger lever that activates the firing mechanism of a gun gunwale wale at the top of the side of boat; topmost planking of a wooden vessel gurney a metal stretcher with wheels gusher an oil well with a strong natural flow so that pumping is not necessary gusset a piece of material used to strengthen or enlarge a garment a metal plate used to strengthen a joist gutter a channel along the eaves or on the roof; collects and carries away rainwater a tool for gutting fish a worker who guts things (fish or buildings or cars etc.) misfortune resulting in lost effort or money; "his career was in the gutter"; "all that work went down the sewer"; "pensions are in the toilet" provide with gutters; "gutter the buildings" wear or cut gutters into; "The heavy rain guttered the soil" flow in small streams; "Tears guttered down her face" burn unsteadily, feebly, or low; flicker; "The cooling lava continued to gutter toward lower ground" guy a cable, wire, or rope that is used to brace something (especially a tent) an informal term for a youth or man; "a nice guy"; "the guy's only doing it for some doll"; "the poor sod couldn't even buy a drink" steady or support with a guy wire or cable; "The Italians guyed the Tower of Pisa to prevent it from collapsing" Guy an effigy of Guy Fawkes that is burned on a bonfire on Guy Fawkes Day gymnasium athletic facility equipped for sports or physical training gymnastic apparatus sports equipment used in gymnastic exercises gym shoe a canvas shoe with a pliable rubber sole gym suit clothes prescribed for wear while participating in gymnastic exercise gymslip a sleeveless tunic worn by English girls as part of a school uniform gypsy cab a taxicab that cruises for customers although it is licensed only to respond to calls gyrocompass a compass that does not depend on magnetism but uses a gyroscope instead gyroscope rotating mechanism in the form of a universally mounted spinning wheel that offers resistance to turns in any direction gyrostabilizer a stabilizer consisting of a heavy gyroscope that spins on a vertical axis; reduces side-to-side rolling of a ship or plane haberdashery the drygoods sold by a haberdasher habergeon (Middle Ages) a light sleeveless coat of chain mail worn under the hauberk hacienda the main house on a ranch or large estate a large estate in Spanish-speaking countries hacksaw saw used with one hand for cutting metal haft the handle of a weapon or tool Hagia Sophia a 6th century masterpiece of Byzantine architecture in Istanbul; built as a Christian church, converted to a mosque in 1453, and made into a museum in the middle of the 20th century haik an outer garment consisting of a large piece of white cloth; worn by men and women in northern Africa hairbrush a brush used to groom a person's hair haircloth cloth woven from horsehair or camelhair; used for upholstery or stiffening in garments hairdressing a toiletry for the hair hairnet a small net that some women wear over their hair to keep it in place hairpiece a covering or bunch of human or artificial hair used for disguise or adornment hairpin a double pronged pin used to hold women's hair in place hairpin bend a U-shaped bend in a road hair shirt an uncomfortable shirt made of coarse animal hair; worn next to the skin as a penance hair slide a decorative hinged clip that girls and women put in their hair to hold it in place hair space (printing) the narrowest of the spaces used to separate words or letters hair spray toiletry consisting of a commercial preparation that is sprayed on the hair to hold it in place hairspring a fine spiral spring that regulates the movement of the balance wheel in a timepiece hair trigger a gun trigger that responds with little pressure halberd a pike fitted with an ax head half binding book binding in which the spine and part of the sides are bound in one material and the rest in another half cross stitch a single cross stitch at a diagonal half hatchet a hatchet with a half axe head half hitch a knot used to fasten a rope temporarily to an object; usually tied double half-length a portrait showing the body from only the waist up abridged to half its original length representing only the upper half of the body; "a half-length portrait" half sole shoe sole extending from the shank to the toe halftone an engraving used to reproduce an illustration a print obtained from photoengraving half track a track that goes around only rear wheels a motor vehicle propelled by half tracks; frequently used by the military hall a large building for meetings or entertainment a large room for gatherings or entertainment; "lecture hall"; "pool hall" a large building used by a college or university for teaching or research; "halls of learning" Hall of Fame a building containing trophies honoring famous people hall of residence a university dormitory hallstand a piece of furniture where coats and hats and umbrellas can be hung; usually has a mirror hallucinogen a psychoactive drug that induces hallucinations or altered sensory experiences hallway an interior passage or corridor onto which rooms open; "the elevators were at the end of the hall" haloperidol tranquilizer (trade name Haldol) used to treat some psychotic disorders and Tourette's syndrome halothane a nonflammable inhalation anesthetic that produces general anesthesia; used along with analgesics and muscle relaxants for many types of surgical procedures halyard a rope for raising or lowering a sail or flag hame stable gear consisting of either of two curved supports that are attached to the collar of a draft horse and that hold the traces hammock a hanging bed of canvas or rope netting (usually suspended between two trees); swings easily hamper a basket usually with a cover prevent the progress or free movement of; "He was hampered in his efforts by the bad weather"; "the imperialist nation wanted to strangle the free trade between the two small countries" hand ax a stone tool with a cutting edge; the stone is held in the hand and used for chopping handball court the court on which handball is played handbarrow a rectangular frame with handles at both ends; carried by two people handbell a bell that is held in the hand hand blower a hand-held electric blower that can blow warm air onto the hair; used for styling hair handbow a bow drawn by hand as distinguished from a crossbow hand brake a brake operated by hand; usually operates by mechanical linkage hand calculator a calculator small enough to hold in the hand or carry in a pocket handcar a small railroad car propelled by hand or by a small motor handcart wheeled vehicle that can be pushed by a person; may have one or two or four wheels; "he used a handcart to carry the rocks away"; "their pushcart was piled high with groceries" hand cream moisturizing cream for the hands handcuff shackle that consists of a metal loop that can be locked around the wrist; usually used in pairs hand drill a small portable drill held and operated by hand hand glass light microscope consisting of a single convex lens that is used to produce an enlarged image; "the magnifying glass was invented by Roger Bacon in 1250" a mirror intended to be held in the hand hand grenade a grenade designed to be thrown by hand hand-held computer a portable battery-powered computer small enough to be carried in your pocket handhold an appendage to hold onto handkerchief a square piece of cloth used for wiping the eyes or nose or as a costume accessory handle the appendage to an object that is designed to be held in order to use or move it; "he grabbed the hammer by the handle"; "it was an old briefcase but it still had a good grip" touch, lift, or hold with the hands; "Don't handle the merchandise" show and train; "The prize-winning poodle was handled by Mrs. Priscilla Prescott" handlebar the shaped bar used to steer a bicycle handline a fishing line managed principally by hand handloom a loom powered by hand hand lotion lotion used to soften the hands hand luggage luggage that is light enough to be carried by hand hand-me-down outgrown garment passed down from one person to another passed on from one person to another; "not too proud to wear hand-me-down clothes" hand mower a lawn mower that is operated by hand hand pump a pump worked by hand hand puppet a puppet with a cloth body and hollow head; fits over the hand handrest a support for the hand handsaw a saw used with one hand for cutting wood handset telephone set with the mouthpiece and earpiece mounted on a single handle hand shovel a shovel that is operated by hand handspike a metal bar (or length of pipe) used as a lever handstamp a stamp (usually made of rubber) for imprinting a mark or design by hand hand throttle a hand-operated lever that controls the throttle valve hand tool a tool used with workers' hands hand towel a small towel used to dry the hands or face hand truck a handcart that has a frame with two low wheels and a ledge at the bottom and handles at the top; used to move crates or other heavy objects handwear clothing for the hands handwheel control consisting of a wheel whose rim serves as the handle by which a part is operated a wheel worked by hand hangar queen an airplane with a bad maintenance record hanger anything from which something can be hung a worker who hangs something hang glider a glider resembling a large kite; the rider hangs from it while descending from a height a rider of a hang glider Hanging Gardens of Babylon a terraced garden at Babylon watered by pumps from the Euphrates; construction attributed to Nebuchadnezzar around 600 BC hangman's rope a rope that is used by a hangman to execute persons who have been condemned to death by hanging hank a coil of rope or wool or yarn hansom a two-wheeled horse-drawn covered carriage with the driver's seat above and behind the passengers harbor a place of refuge and comfort and security maintain (a theory, thoughts, or feelings); "bear a grudge"; "entertain interesting notions"; "harbor a resentment" hold back a thought or feeling about; "She is harboring a grudge against him" keep in one's possession; of animals secretly shelter (as of fugitives or criminals) hardback a book with cardboard or cloth or leather covers hard disc a rigid magnetic disk mounted permanently in a drive unit hard drug a narcotic that is considered relatively strong and likely to cause addiction hard hat a lightweight protective helmet (plastic or metal) worn by construction workers hard shoulder a paved strip beside a motorway (for stopping in emergencies) hardtop a car that resembles a convertible but has a fixed rigid top hardware (computer science) the mechanical, magnetic, electronic, and electrical components making up a computer system major items of military weaponry (as tanks or missile) instrumentalities (tools or implements) made of metal hardware store a store selling hardware; "in Great Britain they used to call a hardware store an ironmonger's shop" harem living quarters reserved for wives and concubines and female relatives in a Muslim household harmonica a small rectangular free-reed instrument having a row of free reeds set back in air holes and played by blowing into the desired hole harmonium a free-reeded instrument with a piano keyboard in which air is forced through the reeds by bellows harness stable gear consisting of an arrangement of leather straps fitted to a draft animal so that it can be attached to and pull a cart a support consisting of an arrangement of straps for holding something to the body (especially one supporting a person suspended from a parachute) exploit the power of; "harness natural forces and resources" put a harness; "harness the horse" control and direct with or as if by reins; "rein a horse" harp a chordophone that has a triangular frame consisting of a sounding board and a pillar and a curved neck; the strings stretched between the neck and the soundbox are plucked with the fingers a pair of curved vertical supports for a lampshade come back to; "Don't dwell on the past"; "She is always harping on the same old things" play the harp; "She harped the Saint-Saens beautifully" harpoon a spear with a shaft and barbed point for throwing; used for catching large fish or whales; a strong line is attached to it spear with a harpoon; "harpoon whales" harpoon gun a cannon or similar gun that fires harpoons harpoon line a strong rope for making the catch fast to the harpooner's boat harpoon log a cylindrical log with a device that registers distance harpsichord a clavier with strings that are plucked by plectra mounted on pivots Harris Tweed a loosely woven tweed made in the Outer Hebrides harrow a cultivator that pulverizes or smooths the soil draw a harrow over (land) Harvard University a university in Massachusetts harvester farm machine that gathers a food crop from the fields someone who helps to gather the harvest hash house an inexpensive restaurant hashish purified resinous extract of the hemp plant; used as a hallucinogen hasp a fastener for a door or lid; a hinged metal plate is fitted over a staple and is locked with a pin or padlock secure or lock with a hasp hassock a cushion for kneeling on (as when praying in church) hatband a band around the crown of a hat just above the brim hatbox a round piece of luggage for carrying hats hatch a movable barrier covering a hatchway shading consisting of multiple crossing lines the production of young from an egg emerge from the eggs; "young birds, fish, and reptiles hatch" draw, cut, or engrave lines, usually parallel, on metal, wood, or paper; "hatch the sheet" inlay with narrow strips or lines of a different substance such as gold or silver, for the purpose of decorating hatchback a sloping rear car door that is lifted to open a car having a hatchback door hatchel a comb for separating flax fibers hatchet a small ax with a short handle used with one hand (usually to chop wood) hatchway an entrance equipped with a hatch; especially a passageway between decks of a ship hatpin a long sturdy pin used by women to secure a hat to their hair hauberk a long (usually sleeveless) tunic of chain mail formerly worn as defensive armor havelock a cloth covering for a service cap with a flap extending over the back of the neck to protect the neck from direct rays of the sun haven a shelter serving as a place of safety or sanctuary Hawaiian guitar guitar whose steel strings are twanged while being pressed with a movable steel bar for a glissando effect hawse the hole that an anchor rope passes through hawser large heavy rope for nautical use hawser bend a knot uniting the ends of two lines hay bale a bale of hay hayfork a long-handled fork for turning or lifting hay hayloft a loft in a barn where hay is stored hayrack a frame attached to a wagon to increase the amount of hay it can carry a rack that holds hay for feeding livestock haywire wire for tying up bales of hay hazard an obstacle on a golf course a source of danger; a possibility of incurring loss or misfortune; "drinking alcohol is a health hazard" headband a band worn around or over the head; "the earphones were held in place by a headband" headboard a vertical board or panel forming the head of a bedstead head covering a garment that covers the head and face headdress clothing for the head headfast a mooring line that secures the bow of a boat or ship to a wharf head gasket a gasket to seal a cylinder head head gate a gate upstream from a lock or canal that is used to control the flow of water at the upper end headgear stable gear consisting of any part of a harness that fits about the horse's head the hoist at the pithead of a mine headlight a powerful light with reflector; attached to the front of an automobile or locomotive headpiece a protective helmet for the head headpin the front bowling pin in the triangular arrangement of ten pins headquarters the military installation from which a commander performs the functions of command; "the general's headquarters were a couple of large tents" (usually plural) the office that serves as the administrative center of an enterprise; "many companies have their headquarters in New York" (plural) a military unit consisting of a commander and the headquarters staff headrace a waterway that feeds water to a mill or water wheel or turbine headrest a rest for the head a cushion attached to the top of the back of an automobile's seat to prevent whiplash headsail any sail set forward of the foremast of a vessel headscarf a kerchief worn over the head and tied under the chin headset receiver consisting of a pair of headphones head shop a shop specializing in articles of interest to drug users; "he bought some roach clips and hashish pipes at the head shop" headstall the band that is the part of a bridle that fits around a horse's head headstock the stationary support in a machine or power tool that supports and drives a revolving part (as a chuck or the spindle on a lathe) health spa a place of business with equipment and facilities for exercising and improving physical fitness hearing aid a conical acoustic device formerly used to direct sound to the ear of a hearing-impaired person an electronic device that amplifies sound and is worn to compensate for poor hearing hearse a vehicle for carrying a coffin to a church or a cemetery; formerly drawn by horses but now usually a motor vehicle heart a playing card in the major suit that has one or more red hearts on it; "he led the queen of hearts"; "hearts were trumps" an inclination or tendency of a certain kind; "he had a change of heart" the courage to carry on; "he kept fighting on pure spunk"; "you haven't got the heart for baseball" the hollow muscular organ located behind the sternum and between the lungs; its rhythmic contractions move the blood through the body; "he stood still, his heart thumping wildly" the locus of feelings and intuitions; "in your heart you know it is true"; "her story would melt your bosom" a firm rather dry variety meat (usually beef or veal); "a five-pound beef heart will serve six" a plane figure with rounded sides curving inward at the top and intersecting at the bottom; conventionally used on playing cards and valentines; "he drew a heart and called it a valentine" hearth home symbolized as a part of the fireplace; "driven from hearth and home"; "fighting in defense of their firesides" an area near a fireplace (usually paved and extending out into a room); "they sat on the hearth and warmed themselves before the fire" hearthrug a rug spread out in front of a fireplace hearthstone a stone that forms a hearth heart-lung machine a pump to maintain circulation during heart surgery; diverts blood from the heart and oxygenates it and then pumps it through the body heart valve an implant that replaces a natural cardiac valve a valve to control one-way flow of blood heat engine any engine that makes use of heat to do work heater device that heats water or supplies warmth to a room heat exchanger device that transfers heat from one liquid to another without allowing them to mix heating element the component of a heater or range that transforms fuel or electricity into heat heating pad heater consisting of electrical heating elements contained in a flexible pad heating system utility to warm a building; "the heating system wasn't working"; "they have radiant heating" heat lamp electric heater consisting of a high-power incandescent lamp that emits infrared radiation; "the bathroom could be warmed by an infrared lamp" heat pump apparatus that extracts heat from a liquid that is at a higher temperature than its surroundings; can be used to transfer heat from a reservoir outside in order to heat a building heat-seeking missile a missile with a guidance system that directs it toward targets emitting infrared radiation (as the emissions of a jet engine) heat shield a protective covering that protects a spacecraft from overheating on reentry heat sink a metal conductor specially designed to conduct (and radiate) heat heaume a large medieval helmet supported on the shoulders heaver a bar used as a lever (as in twisting rope) a workman who heaves freight or bulk goods (especially at a dockyard) heavier-than-air craft a non-buoyant aircraft that requires a source of power to hold it aloft and to propel it heckelphone an oboe pitched an octave below the ordinary oboe hectograph duplicator consisting of a gelatin plate from which ink can be taken to make a copy copy on a duplicator; "hectograph the hand-outs" hedge a fence formed by a row of closely planted shrubs or bushes an intentionally noncommittal or ambiguous statement; "when you say `maybe' you are just hedging" any technique designed to reduce or eliminate financial risk; for example, taking two positions that will offset each other if prices change minimize loss or risk; "diversify your financial portfolio to hedge price risks"; "hedge your bets" avoid or try to avoid fulfilling, answering, or performing (duties, questions, or issues); "He dodged the issue"; "she skirted the problem"; "They tend to evade their responsibilities"; "he evaded the questions skillfully" enclose or bound in with or as it with a hedge or hedges; "hedge the property" hinder or restrict with or as if with a hedge; "The animals were hedged in" hedge trimmer a garden tool for trimming hedges heel the bottom of a shoe or boot; the back part of a shoe or boot that touches the ground and provides elevation (golf) the part of the clubhead where it joins the shaft the lower end of a ship's mast the back part of the human foot one of the crusty ends of a loaf of bread put a new heel on; "heel shoes" strike with the heel of the club; "heel a golf ball" perform with the heels; "heel that dance" follow at the heels of a person helicon a tuba that coils over the shoulder of the musician helicopter an aircraft without wings that obtains its lift from the rotation of overhead blades heliograph an apparatus for sending telegraphic messages by using a mirror to turn the sun's rays off and on signal by means of a mirror and the using the sun's rays heliometer an instrument used to measure the angular separation of two stars that are too far apart to be included in the field of view of an ordinary telescope heliport an airport for helicopters helmet a protective headgear made of hard material to resist blows armor plate that protects the head hem the edge of a piece of cloth; especially the finished edge that has been doubled under and stitched down; "the hem of her dress was stained"; "let down the hem"; "he stitched weights into the curtain's hem"; "it seeped along the hem of his jacket" the utterance of a sound similar to clearing the throat; intended to get attention, express hesitancy, fill a pause, hide embarrassment, warn a friend, etc. utter `hem' or `ahem' fold over and sew together to provide with a hem; "hem my skirt" hematinic a medicine that increases the hemoglobin content of the blood; used to treat iron-deficiency anemia hematocrit a measuring instrument to determine (usually by centrifugation) the relative amounts of corpuscles and plasma in the blood the ratio of the volume occupied by packed red blood cells to the volume of the whole blood as measured by a hematocrit hemming-stitch a stitch used in sewing hems on skirts and dresses hemostat a surgical instrument that stops bleeding by clamping the blood vessel hemstitch embroidery similar to drawnwork a stitch in which parallel threads are drawn and exposed threads are caught together in groups sew with hemstitches; "hemstitch a sleeve" henroost a roost for hens at night heparin a polysaccharide produced in basophils (especially in the lung and liver) and that inhibits the activity of thrombin in coagulation of the blood; it (trade names Lipo-Hepin and Liquaemin) is used as an anticoagulant in the treatment of thrombosis and in heart surgery heraldry emblem indicating the right of a person to bear arms the study and classification of armorial bearings and the tracing of genealogies herb garden a garden for growing herbs herm a statue consisting of a squared stone pillar with a carved head (usually a bearded Hermes) on top; used in ancient Greece as a boundary marker or signpost hermitage the abode of a hermit heroin a narcotic that is considered a hard drug; a highly addictive morphine derivative; intravenous injection provides the fastest and most intense rush herringbone a twilled fabric with a herringbone pattern a pattern of columns of short parallel lines with all the lines in one column sloping one way and lines in adjacent columns sloping the other way; it is used in weaving, masonry, parquetry, embroidery Herschelian telescope a reflecting telescope with the mirror slightly tilted to throw the image to the side where it can be viewed Hessian boot (19th century) a man's high tasseled boot heterodyne receiver a radio receiver that combines a locally generated frequency with the carrier frequency to produce a supersonic signal that is demodulated and amplified hexachlorophene antibacterial substance that is a water-soluble powder used in antiseptic soaps and toothpaste hex nut a nut with a hexagonal shape hibachi a portable brazier that burns charcoal and has a grill for cooking cook over a hibachi grill hideaway an area where you can be alone hi-fi equipment for the reproduction of sound with high fidelity high altar the main altar in a church high-angle gun a cannon that can be fired at a high elevation for relatively short ranges highball glass a tall glass for serving highballs highboard a high diving board highboy a tall chest of drawers divided into two sections and supported on four legs highchair a chair for feeding a very young child; has four long legs and a footrest and a detachable tray high gear a forward gear with a gear ratio that gives the greatest vehicle velocity for a given engine speed high-hat cymbal cymbals that are operated by a foot pedal highlighter a fluorescent marker used to mark important passages in a text a cosmetic used to highlight the eyes or cheekbones high-pass filter a filter that passes frequencies above a certain value and attenuates frequencies below that value high-rise tower consisting of a multistoried building of offices or apartments; "`tower block' is the British term for `high-rise'" used of buildings of many stories equipped with elevators; tall; "avenues lined with high-rise apartment buildings" highroad a highway high table a dining table in a dining-hall raised on a platform; seats are reserved for distinguished persons high-warp loom a handloom in which the warp is carried vertically; for weaving tapestry highway a major road for any form of motor transport highway system a transportation system consisting of roads for motor transport high wire a tightrope very high above the ground hilt the handle of a sword or dagger hinge a joint that holds two parts together so that one can swing relative to the other a circumstance upon which subsequent events depend; "his absence is the hinge of our plan" attach with a hinge hinging post the gatepost on which the gate is hung hip boot a very high boot; used especially for fishing hipflask a flask that holds spirits hip pad protective garment consisting of a pad worn by football and hockey players hip pocket a pocket in rear of trousers hippodrome a stadium for horse shows or horse races hip roof a roof having sloping ends as well as sloping sides histamine blocker a medicine used to treat the gastric effects of histamine in cases of peptic ulcers and gastritis and gastroesophageal reflux; works by blocking the effects of histamine on the receptor site known as H2 hitching post a fixed post with a ring to which a horse can be hitched to prevent it from straying hitchrack a fixed horizontal rail to which a horse can be hitched to prevent it from straying hob a shelf beside an open fire where something can be kept warm a hard steel edge tool used to cut gears cut with a hob hobble skirt a long skirt very narrow below the knees, worn between 1910 and 1914 hobnail a short nail with a thick head; used to protect the soles of boots supply with hobnails hockey skate an ice skate worn for playing hockey; has a short blade and a strong boot to protect the feet and ankles hockey stick sports implement consisting of a curved or angled stick used by hockey players to move the puck hod an open box attached to a long pole handle; bricks or mortar are carried on the shoulder hodoscope (physics) scientific instrument that traces the path of a charged particle hoe a tool with a flat blade attached at right angles to a long handle dig with a hoe; "He is hoeing the flower beds" hoe handle the handle of a hoe hogan a Navajo lodge covered with earth; traditionally built with the entrance facing east hogshead a large cask especially one holding 63 gals a British unit of capacity for alcoholic beverages hoist lifting device for raising heavy or cumbersome objects raise or haul up with or as if with mechanical help; "hoist the bicycle onto the roof of the car" raise; "hoist the flags"; "hoist a sail" move from one place to another by lifting; "They hoisted the patient onto the operating table" hold a cell in a jail or prison a stronghold power by which something or someone is affected or dominated; "he has a hold over them" keep from exhaling or expelling; "hold your breath" remain committed to; "I hold to these ideas" assert or affirm; "Rousseau's philosophy holds that people are inherently good" hold the attention of; "The soprano held the audience"; "This story held our interest"; "She can hold an audience spellbound" aim, point, or direct; "Hold the fire extinguisher directly on the flames" have or hold in one's hands or grip; "Hold this bowl for a moment, please"; "A crazy idea took hold of him" be the physical support of; carry the weight of; "The beam holds up the roof"; "He supported me with one hand while I balanced on the beam"; "What's holding that mirror?" cover as for protection against noise or smell; "She held her ears when the jackhammer started to operate"; "hold one's nose" support or hold in a certain manner; "She holds her head high"; "He carried himself upright" organize or be responsible for; "hold a reception"; "have, throw, or make a party"; "give a course" take and maintain control over, often by violent means; "The dissatisfied students held the President's office for almost a week" keep from departing; "Hold the taxi"; "Hold the horse" stop dealing with; "hold all calls to the President's office while he is in a meeting" remain in a certain state, position, or condition; "The weather held"; "They held on the road and kept marching" contain or hold; have within; "The jar carries wine"; "The canteen holds fresh water"; "This can contains water" have as a major characteristic; "The novel holds many surprises"; "The book holds in store much valuable advise" holder a holding device; "a towel holder"; "a cigarette holder"; "an umbrella holder" the person who is in possession of a check or note or bond or document of title that is endorsed to him or to whoever holds it; "the bond was marked `payable to bearer'" a person who holds something; "they held two hostages"; "he holds the trophy"; "she holds a United States passport" holding cell a jail in a courthouse where accused persons can be confined during a trial holding device a device for holding something holding pen a pen where livestock is temporarily confined hole an opening deliberately made in or through something one playing period (from tee to green) on a golf course; "he played 18 holes" an opening into or through something a depression hollowed out of solid matter an unoccupied space a fault; "he shot holes in my argument" make holes in hit the ball into the hole hole card (poker) a playing card dealt face down and not revealed until the showdown any assets that are concealed until they can be used advantageously hollowware silverware serving dishes hologram the intermediate photograph (or photographic record) that contains information for reproducing a three-dimensional image by holography holster a sheath (usually leather) for carrying a handgun a belt with loops or slots for carrying small hand tools holy of holies (Judaism) sanctuary comprised of the innermost chamber of the Tabernacle in the temple of Solomon where the Ark of the Covenant was kept (figurative) something regarded as sacred or inviolable; "every politician fears to touch that holy of holies, the Social Security System" Holy Sepulcher the sepulcher in which Christ's body lay between burial and resurrection home an institution where people are cared for; "a home for the elderly" the country or state or city where you live; "Canadian tariffs enabled United States lumber companies to raise prices at home"; "his home is New Jersey" where you live at a particular time; "deliver the package to my home"; "he doesn't have a home to go to"; "your place or mine?" place where something began and flourished; "the United States is the home of basketball" an environment offering affection and security; "home is where the heart is"; "he grew up in a good Christian home"; "there's no place like home" return home accurately from a long distance; "homing pigeons" provide with, or send to, a home relating to or being where one lives or where one's roots are; "my home town" at or to or in the direction of one's home or family; "He stays home on weekends"; "after the game the children brought friends home for supper"; "I'll be home tomorrow"; "came riding home in style"; "I hope you will come home for Christmas"; "I'll take her home"; "don't forget to write home" to the fullest extent; to the heart; "drove the nail home"; "drove his point home"; "his comments hit home" on or to the point aimed at; "the arrow struck home" home appliance an appliance that does a particular job in the home home computer a computer intended for use in the home home court (basketball) the court where the host team plays its home games home-farm a farm that supplies the needs of a large estate of establishment home plate (baseball) base consisting of a rubber slab where the batter stands; it must be touched by a base runner in order to score; "he ruled that the runner failed to touch home" home room a classroom in which all students in a particular grade (or in a division of a grade) meet at certain times under the supervision of a teacher who takes attendance and does other administrative business homespun a rough loosely woven fabric originally made with yarn that was spun at home made of cloth spun or woven in the home; "homespun linen"; "homespun garments" homestead dwelling that is usually a farmhouse and adjoining land land acquired from the United States public lands by filing a record and living on and cultivating it under the homestead law the home and adjacent grounds occupied by a family settle land given by the government and occupy it as a homestead homestretch the straight stretch of a racetrack leading to the finish line the end of an enterprise; "they were on the homestretch when the computer crashed" home theater television and video equipment designed to reproduce in the home the experience of being in a movie theater homing device the mechanism in a guided missile that guides it toward its objective homing torpedo a torpedo that is guided to its target (as by the sound of a ship's engines) homolosine projection an equal-area projection map of the globe; oceans are distorted in order to minimize the distortion of the continents hone a whetstone made of fine gritstone; used for sharpening razors sharpen with a hone; "hone a knife" honeycomb a framework of hexagonal cells resembling the honeycomb built by bees a structure of small hexagonal cells constructed from beeswax by bees and used to store honey and larvae make full of cavities, like a honeycomb penetrate thoroughly and into every part; "the revolutionaries honeycombed the organization" carve a honeycomb pattern into; "The cliffs were honeycombed" honkytonk a cheap disreputable nightclub or dance hall hood latch a catch that holds the hood of a car shut hoodoo something believed to bring bad luck a practitioner of voodoo (geology) a column of weathered and unusually shaped rock; "a tall sandstone hoodoo" bring bad luck; be a source of misfortune hood ornament an ornament on the front of the hood of a car emblematic of the manufacturer hookah an oriental tobacco pipe with a long flexible tube connected to a container where the smoke is cooled by passing through water; "a bipolar world with the hookah and Turkish coffee versus hamburgers and Coca Cola" hook and eye a kind of fastener used on clothing hookup a system of components assembled together for a particular purpose a device providing a connection between a power source and a user; "some campsites have electrical hookups for trailers" hook wrench a wrench with a hook that fits over a nut or bolt head hoop a rigid circular band of metal or wood or other material used for holding or fastening or hanging or pulling; "there was still a rusty iron hoop for tying a horse" a light curved skeleton to spread out a skirt bind or fasten with a hoop; "hoop vats" hoopskirt a skirt stiffened with hoops hoosegow slang for a jail Hoover a kind of vacuum cleaner 31st President of the United States; in 1929 the stock market crashed and the economy collapsed and Hoover was defeated for reelection by Franklin Roosevelt (1874-1964) United States lawyer who was director of the FBI for 48 years (1895-1972) United States industrialist who manufactured vacuum cleaners (1849-1932) Hoover Dam a large dam built in 1933 on the Colorado River in Nevada hope chest chest for storage of clothing (trousseau) and household goods in anticipation of marriage hop garden a garden where hops are grown hopper funnel-shaped receptacle; contents pass by gravity into a receptacle below someone who hops; "at hopscotch, the best hoppers are the children" hop-picker a machine used for picking hops hop pole a tall pole to support the wires on which the hop plant is trained hopsacking a loosely woven coarse fabric of cotton or linen; used in clothing horizontal bar gymnastic apparatus consisting of a bar supported in a horizontal position by uprights at both ends horizontal section a mechanical drawing of an object as if made by a plane cutting through it horizontally horizontal stabilizer the horizontal airfoil of an aircraft's tail assembly that is fixed and to which the elevator is hinged horizontal surface a flat surface at right angles to a plumb line; "park the car on the level" horizontal tail the horizontal stabilizer and elevator in the tail assembly of an aircraft horn button a button that you press to activate the horn of an automobile horoscope a diagram of the positions of the planets and signs of the zodiac at a particular time and place a prediction of someone's future based on the relative positions of the planets horror something that inspires horror; something horrible; "the painting that others found so beautiful was a horror to him" intense and profound fear horsebox a conveyance (railroad car or trailer) for transporting racehorses horsecar an early form of streetcar that was drawn by horses horse cart heavy cart; drawn by a horse; used for farm work horsecloth a cloth for the trapping of a horse horse-drawn vehicle a wheeled vehicle drawn by one or more horses horsehair a fabric made from fibers taken from the mane or tail of horses; used for upholstery hair taken from the mane or tail of a horse horsehair wig a wig made of horsehair; "the English judiciary wear their traditional horsehair wigs" horseless carriage an early term for an automobile; "when automobiles first replaced horse-drawn carriages they were called horseless carriages" horse pistol a large pistol (usually in a holster) formerly carried by horsemen horseshoe U-shaped plate nailed to underside of horse's hoof game equipment consisting of an open ring of iron used in playing horseshoes equip (a horse) with a horseshoe or horseshoes horse-trail a trail for horses horsewhip a whip for controlling horses whip with a whip intended for horses hose a flexible pipe for conveying a liquid or gas man's close-fitting garment of the 16th and 17th centuries covering the legs and reaching up to the waist; worn with a doublet water with a hose; "hose the lawn" hosiery socks and stockings and tights collectively (the British include underwear) hospital a health facility where patients receive treatment a medical institution where sick or injured people are given medical or surgical care hospital bed a single bed with a frame in three sections so the head or middle or foot can be raised as required hospital room a room in a hospital for the care of patients hospital ship a ship built to serve as a hospital; used for wounded in wartime hospital train a military train built to transport wounded troops to a hospital hostel inexpensive supervised lodging (especially for youths on bicycling trips) a hotel providing overnight lodging for travelers hot-air balloon balloon for travel through the air in a basket suspended below a large bag of heated air hotbed a bed of earth covered with glass and heated by rotting manure to promote the growth of plants a situation that is ideal for rapid development (especially of something bad); "it was a hotbed of vice" hotbox a journal bearing (as of a railroad car) that has overheated hotel a building where travelers can pay for lodging and meals and other services hotel-casino a building that houses both a hotel and a casino a business establishment that combines a casino and a hotel hotel room a bedroom (usually with bath) in a hotel hot line a direct telephone line between two officials hot pants skin-tight very short pants worn by young women as an outer garment hot plate a portable electric appliance for heating or cooking or keeping food warm hot rod a car modified to increase its speed and acceleration hot spot a lively entertainment spot a point of relatively intense heat or radiation a place of political unrest and potential violence; "the United States cannot police all of the world's hot spots" hot tub a very large tub (large enough for more than one bather) filled with hot water hot-water bottle a stoppered receptacle (usually made of rubber) that is to be filled with hot water and used for warming a bed or parts of the body houndstooth check textile with a pattern of small broken or jagged checks hourglass a sandglass that runs for sixty minutes hour hand the shorter hand of a clock that points to the hours houseboat a barge that is designed and equipped for use as a dwelling houselights lights that illuminate the audience's part of a theater or other auditorium house of cards an unstable construction with playing cards; "he built three levels of his cardcastle before it collapsed" a speculative scheme that depends on unstable factors that the planner cannot control; "his proposal was nothing but a house of cards"; "a real estate bubble" house of correction (formerly) a jail or other place of detention for persons convicted of minor offences house paint paint used to cover the exterior woodwork of a house housetop the roof of a house; "shout it from the housetops" housing structures collectively in which people are housed a protective cover designed to contain or support a mechanical component hovel small crude shelter used as a dwelling hovercraft a craft capable of moving over water or land on a cushion of air created by jet engines howdah a (usually canopied) seat for riding on the back of a camel or elephant huarache a sandal with flat heels and an upper of woven leather straps hub the central part of a car wheel (or fan or propeller etc) through which the shaft or axle passes a center of activity or interest or commerce or transportation; a focal point around which events revolve; "the playground is the hub of parental supervision"; "the airport is the economic hub of the area" hub-and-spoke a system of air transportation in which local airports offer air transportation to a central airport where long-distance flights are available hubcap cap that fits over the hub of a wheel huck toweling consisting of coarse absorbent cotton or linen fabric hug-me-tight a woman's fitted jacket hula-hoop plaything consisting of a tubular plastic hoop for swinging around the hips hulk a ship that has been wrecked and abandoned hull the frame or body of ship persistent enlarged calyx at base of e.g. a strawberry or raspberry dry outer covering of a fruit or seed or nut remove the hulls from; "hull the berries" Humber Bridge a suspension bridge at Hull, England; 4,626 feet long humeral veil a vestment worn by a priest at High Mass in the Roman Catholic Church; a silk shawl humming top a top that makes a humming noise as it spins Humvee a high mobility, multipurpose, military vehicle with four-wheel drive hunter a watch with a hinged metal lid to protect the crystal someone who hunts game a person who searches for something; "a treasure hunter" hunting knife a large sharp knife with a handle shaped to fit the grip hurdle a light movable barrier that competitors must leap over in certain races an obstacle that you are expected to overcome; "the last hurdle before graduation" jump a hurdle hurricane deck a deck at the top of a passenger ship hurricane lamp an oil lamp with a glass chimney and perforated metal lid to protect the flame from high winds; candlestick with a glass chimney hut temporary military shelter hutch a cage (usually made of wood and wire mesh) for small animals hutment an encampment of huts (chiefly military) hydantoin any of a group of anticonvulsant drugs used in treating epilepsy hydralazine an antihypertensive drug (trade name Apresoline) that dilates blood vessels; used (often with a diuretic) to treat hypertension and congestive heart failure hydrant a discharge pipe with a valve and spout at which water may be drawn from the mains of waterworks hydraulic brake brake system in which a brake pedal moves a piston in the master cylinder; brake fluid then applies great force to the brake pads or shoes hydraulic press press in which a force applied by a piston to a small area is transmitted through water to another piston having a large area hydraulic pump a water pump that uses the kinetic energy of flowing water to force a small fraction of that water to a reservoir at a higher level hydraulic system a mechanism operated by the resistance offered or the pressure transmitted when a liquid is forced through a small opening or tube hydraulic transmission a transmission that depends on a hydraulic system hydrochlorothiazide a diuretic drug (trade name Microzide, Esidrix, and HydroDIURIL) used in the treatment of hypertension hydroelectric turbine turbine consisting of a large and efficient version of a water wheel used to drive an electric generator hydroflumethiazide diuretic used to treat hypertension and edema hydrofoil a speedboat that is equipped with winglike structures that lift it so that it skims the water at high speeds; "the museum houses a replica of the jet hydroplane that broke the record" a device consisting of a flat or curved piece (as a metal plate) so that its surface reacts to the water it is passing through; "the fins of a fish act as hydrofoils" hydrogen bomb a nuclear weapon that releases atomic energy by union of light (hydrogen) nuclei at high temperatures to form helium hydrometer a measuring instrument for determining the specific gravity of a liquid or solid hydromorphone hydrochloride a narcotic analgesic (trade name Dilaudid) used to treat moderate to severe pain hydroxychloroquine anti-inflammatory drug (trade name Plaquenil) used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and malaria and lupus erythematosus hydroxyzine hydrochloride a drug (trade names Atarax and Vistaril) used as a tranquilizer to treat anxiety and motion sickness hygrodeik a wet and dry bulb hygrometer hygrometer measuring instrument for measuring the relative humidity of the atmosphere hygroscope hygrometer that shows variations in the relative humidity of the atmosphere hyoscyamine a poisonous crystalline alkaloid (isometric with atropine but more potent); used to treat excess motility of the gastrointestinal tract hyperbaric chamber a large chamber in which the oxygen pressure is above normal for the atmosphere; used in treating breathing disorders or carbon monoxide poisoning hypercoaster a roller coaster that goes up 200 feet or higher and can catapult riders from 0 to 70 mph in 4 seconds by motors originally designed to launch rockets hypermarket a huge supermarket (usually built on the outskirts of a town) hypodermic needle a hollow needle hypodermic syringe a piston syringe that is fitted with a hypodermic needle for giving injections hypsometer an altimeter that uses the boiling point of water to determine land elevation hysterosalpingogram X ray of the uterus and Fallopian tubes; usually done in diagnosing infertility (to see if there any blockages) I-beam girder having a cross section resembling the letter `I' ibuprofen a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory and analgesic medicine (trade names Advil and Motrin and Nuprin) used to relieve the pain of arthritis and as an antipyretic; "daily use of ibuprofen can irritate the stomach" ice ax an ax used by mountain climbers for cutting footholds in ice iceboat a sailing vessel with runners and a cross-shaped frame; suitable for traveling over ice ice cube a small cube of artificial ice; used for cooling drinks iced-tea spoon a teaspoon with a long handle ice hockey rink an ice rink for playing ice hockey icehouse a house for storing ice ice machine an electric refrigerator to supply ice cubes ice maker an appliance included in some electric refrigerators for making ice cubes ice pack a waterproof bag filled with ice: applied to the body (especially the head) to cool or reduce swelling icepick pick consisting of a steel rod with a sharp point; used for breaking up blocks of ice ice rink a rink with a floor of ice for ice hockey or ice skating; "the crowd applauded when she skated out onto the ice" ice skate skate consisting of a boot with a steel blade fitted to the sole move along on ice skates ice tongs tongs for lifting blocks of ice icetray a tray for making cubes of ice in a refrigerator ice wagon (formerly) a horse-drawn wagon that delivered ice door to door icon a conventional religious painting in oil on a small wooden panel; venerated in the Eastern Church (computer science) a graphic symbol (usually a simple picture) that denotes a program or a command or a data file or a concept in a graphical user interface iconography the images and symbolic representations that are traditionally associated with a person or a subject; "religious iconography"; "the propagandistic iconography of a despot" iconoscope the first practical television-camera for picture pickup; invented in 1923 by Vladimir Kosma Zworykin Identikit a likeness of a person's face constructed from descriptions given to police; uses a set of transparencies of various facial features that can be combined to build up a picture of the person sought Iditarod Trail a trail that extends 1,100 miles from Anchorage over the Alaska Range to Nome idle pulley a pulley on a shaft that presses against a guide belt to guide or tighten it idol a material effigy that is worshipped; "thou shalt not make unto thee any graven image"; "money was his god" someone who is adored blindly and excessively igloo an Eskimo hut; usually built of blocks (of sod or snow) in the shape of a dome ignition coil an induction coil that converts current from a battery into the high-voltage current required by spark plugs ignition key a key that operates the ignition switch of an automotive engine ignition switch switch that operates a solenoid that closes a circuit to operate the starter illustration a visual representation (a picture or diagram) that is used make some subject more pleasing or easier to understand artwork that helps make something clear or attractive imaret a hostel for pilgrims in Turkey imbrication covering with a design in which one element covers a part of another (as with tiles or shingles) imipramine a tricyclic antidepressant (trade names Imavate and Tofranil) used to treat clinical depression counterfeit a copy that is represented as the original not genuine; imitating something superior; "counterfeit emotion"; "counterfeit money"; "counterfeit works of art"; "a counterfeit prince" immersion heater a heating element that is immersed in the liquid that is to be heated (as in a hot-water tank) immovable bandage a bandage of cloth impregnated with a substance (e.g., plaster of Paris) that hardens soon after it is applied immunogen any substance or organism that provokes an immune response (produces immunity) when introduced into the body immunosuppressant a drug that lowers the body's normal immune response impact printer a printer that prints by mechanical impacts impedimenta the baggage and equipment carried by an army impeller the blade of a rotor (as in the compressor of a jet engine) imperial a piece of luggage carried on top of a coach a small tufted beard worn by Emperor Napoleon III belonging to or befitting a supreme ruler; "golden age of imperial splendor"; "purple tyrant"; "regal attire"; "treated with royal acclaim"; "the royal carriage of a stag's head" befitting or belonging to an emperor or empress; "imperial palace" relating to or associated with an empire; "imperial colony"; "the imperial gallon was standardized legally throughout the British Empire" of or belonging to the British Imperial System of weights and measures implant a prosthesis placed permanently in tissue become attached to and embedded in the uterus; "The egg fertilized in vitro implanted in the uterus of the birth mother with no further complications" fix or set securely or deeply; "He planted a knee in the back of his opponent"; "The dentist implanted a tooth in the gum" implement instrumentation (a piece of equipment or tool) used to effect an end apply in a manner consistent with its purpose or design; "implement a procedure" import commodities (goods or services) bought from a foreign country an imported person brought from a foreign country; "the lead role was played by an import from Sweden"; "they are descendants of indentured importees" transfer (electronic data) into a database or document bring in from abroad Impressionism a school of late 19th century French painters who pictured appearances by strokes of unmixed colors to give the impression of reflected light imprint a device produced by pressure on a surface a distinctive influence; "English stills bears the imprint of the Norman invasion" an impression produced by pressure or printing an identification of a publisher; a publisher's name along with the date and address and edition that is printed at the bottom of the title page; "the book was published under a distinguished imprint" establish or impress firmly in the mind; "We imprint our ideas onto our children" improvised explosive device an explosive device that is improvised impulse turbine a turbine that is driven by jets direct against the blades in-basket a wood or metal receptacle placed on your desk to hold your incoming material incendiary bomb a bomb that is designed to start fires; is most effective against flammable targets (such as fuel) incinerator a furnace for incinerating (especially to dispose of refuse) inclined plane a simple machine for elevating objects; consists of plane surface that makes an acute angle with the horizontal inclinometer a measuring instrument for measuring the angle of magnetic dip (as from an airplane) an instrument showing the angle that an aircraft makes with the horizon incrustation a decorative coating of contrasting material that is applied to a surface as an inlay or overlay the formation of a crust incubator apparatus consisting of a box designed to maintain a constant temperature by the use of a thermostat; used for chicks or premature infants indapamide diuretic (trade name Lozal) used in the treatment of hypertension Independence Hall the building in Philadelphia where the Declaration of Independence was signed index register (computer science) a register used to determine the address of an operand Indiaman a large sailing ship that was engaged in the British trade with India Indian club a bottle-shaped club used in exercises Indian trail a trail through the wilderness worn by Amerindians indicator a device for showing the operating condition of some system a signal for attracting attention (chemistry) a substance that changes color to indicate the presence of some ion or substance; can be used to indicate the completion of a chemical reaction or (in medicine) to test for a particular reaction indinavir a protease inhibitor (trade name Crixivan) used for treating HIV indirect lighting a concealed lighting fixture indomethacin a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (trade name Indocin) induction coil a coil for producing a high voltage from a low-voltage source inductor an electrical device (typically a conducting coil) that introduces inductance into a circuit industrial watercourse a canal that is operated by one or more industries inertial guidance system a system to control a plane or spacecraft; uses inertial forces inflater an air pump operated by hand to inflate something (as a tire) infliximab an anti-TNF compound (trade name Remicade) consisting of an antibody directed against TNF; it is given intravenously at one-month to three-month intervals; used in treatment of regional enteritis and rheumatoid arthritis a monoclonal antibody (trade name Remicade) used to treat Crohn's disease and rheumatoid arthritis; administered by infusion; use and dosage must be determined by a physician infrastructure the stock of basic facilities and capital equipment needed for the functioning of a country or area; "the industrial base of Japan" the basic structure or features of a system or organization ingot metal that is cast in the shape of a block for convenient handling ingredient a component of a mixture or compound food that is a component of a mixture in cooking; "the recipe lists all the fixings for a salad" inhalation anesthetic a gas that produces general anesthesia when inhaled inhalant a medication to be taken by inhaling it something that is inhaled inhaling or serving for inhalation; "an inhalant pore" inhaler a dispenser that produces a chemical vapor to be inhaled in order to relieve nasal congestion injector a contrivance for injecting (e.g., water into the boiler of a steam engine or particles into an accelerator etc.) ink bottle a bottle of ink ink cartridge a cartridge that contains ink and can be replaced ink eraser an eraser that removes ink marks ink-jet printer a printer that produces characters by projecting electrically charged droplets of ink inkle a linen tape used for trimming as a decoration inkstand a tray or stand for writing implements and containers for ink inkwell a small well holding writing ink into which a pen can be dipped inlay a decoration made by fitting pieces of wood into prepared slots in a surface (dentistry) a filling consisting of a solid substance (as gold or porcelain) fitted to a cavity in a tooth and cemented into place decorate the surface of by inserting wood, stone, and metal inlet manifold manifold that carries vaporized fuel from the carburetor to the inlet valves of the cylinders inner tube an inflatable rubber tube that fits inside the casing of a pneumatic tire input a component of production; something that goes into the production of output enter (data or a program) into a computer insert an artifact that is inserted or is to be inserted a folded section placed between the leaves of another publication place, fit, or thrust (something) into another thing; "Insert your ticket here" put or introduce into something; "insert a picture into the text" inset a small picture inserted within the bounds or a larger one set or place in inside caliper caliper for measuring inside dimensions (the size of a cavity or hole); points on its legs curve outward inside clinch a clinch with the end of the line inside the loop insole the inner sole of a shoe or boot where the foot rests instep the part of a shoe or stocking that covers the arch of the foot the arch of the foot instillator medical apparatus that puts a liquid into a cavity drop by drop institution an establishment consisting of a building or complex of buildings where an organization for the promotion of some cause is situated a custom that for a long time has been an important feature of some group or society; "the institution of marriage"; "the institution of slavery"; "he had become an institution in the theater" an organization founded and united for a specific purpose instrumentality an artifact (or system of artifacts) that is instrumental in accomplishing some end the quality of being instrumental for some purpose a subsidiary organ of government created for a special purpose; "are the judicial instrumentalities of local governments adequate?"; "he studied the French instrumentalities for law enforcement" instrument of execution an instrument designed and used to take the life of a condemned person instrument of punishment an instrument designed and used to punish a condemned person instrument of torture an instrument of punishment designed and used to inflict torture on the condemned person intaglio glyptic art consisting of a sunken or depressed engraving or carving on a stone or gem (as opposed to cameo) intake an opening through which fluid is admitted to a tube or container intake manifold a manifold consisting of a pipe to carry fuel to each cylinder in an internal-combustion engine intake valve a valve that controls the flow of fluid through an intake integrated circuit a microelectronic computer circuit incorporated into a chip or semiconductor; a whole system rather than a single component integrator a measuring instrument for measuring the area of an irregular plane figure Intelnet a computer network similar to but separate from the internet; devoted to the dissemination of information to and for the Intelligence Community interceptor a fast maneuverable fighter plane designed to intercept enemy aircraft intercommunication system a communication system linking different rooms within a building or ship etc intercontinental ballistic missile a ballistic missile that is capable of traveling from one continent to another interface (chemistry) a surface forming a common boundary between two things (two objects or liquids or chemical phases) (computer science) computer circuit consisting of the hardware and associated circuitry that links one device with another (especially a computer and a hard disk drive or other peripherals) the overlap where two theories or phenomena affect each other or have links with each other; "the interface between chemistry and biology" (computer science) a program that controls a display for the user (usually on a computer monitor) and that allows the user to interact with the system interferometer any measuring instrument that uses interference patterns to make accurate measurements of waves interferon an antiviral protein produced by cells that have been invaded by a virus; inhibits replication of the virus interior door a door that closes off rooms within a building interlayer a layer placed between other layers interlock a device that prevents an automotive engine from starting; "car theives know how to bypass the ignition interlock" coordinate in such a way that all parts work together effectively become engaged or intermeshed with one another; "They were locked in embrace" internal-combustion engine a heat engine in which combustion occurs inside the engine rather than in a separate furnace; heat expands a gas that either moves a piston or turns a gas turbine internal drive a drive mounted inside of a computer internet a computer network consisting of a worldwide network of computer networks that use the TCP/IP network protocols to facilitate data transmission and exchange interphone a telephonic intercommunication system linking different rooms in a building or ship etc interrupter a device for automatically interrupting an electric current interstate one of the system of highways linking major cities in the 48 contiguous states of the United States involving and relating to the mutual relations of states especially of the United States; "Interstate Highway Commission"; "interstate highways"; "Interstate Commerce Commission"; "interstate commerce" interstice small opening between things a small structural space between tissues or parts of an organ; "the interstices of a network" intoxicant a drug that can produce a state of intoxication causing intoxication; "an intoxicating drink" intranet a restricted computer network; a private network created using World Wide Web software intraocular lens an artificial lens that is implanted into the eye of someone to replace a damaged natural lens or someone who has had a cataract removed intrauterine device contraceptive device consisting of a piece of bent plastic or metal that is inserted through the vagina into the uterus intravenous anesthetic an anesthetic that produces anesthesia when injected into the circulatory system intravenous pyelogram X-ray picture of the kidneys and ureters after injection of a radiopaque dye inverted pleat a box pleat reversed so that the fullness is turned inward inverter an electrical converter that converts direct current into alternating current iodochlorhydroxyquin drug used to treat certain fungal infection (as athlete's foot) iodoform a yellowish crystalline solid with a penetrating odor; sometimes used as an antiseptic dressing sweet smelling yellow solid haloform CHI3 ion engine a type of reaction-propulsion engine to propel rockets in space; a stream of positive ions is accelerated to a high velocity by an electric field ionization chamber a measuring instrument that measures the amount of ionizing radiation ion pump a vacuum pump that removes gas by ionizing the atoms or molecules and adsorbing them on a metal surface ipecac a medicinal drug used to evoke vomiting (especially in cases of drug overdose or poisoning) ipratropium bromide an inhaled bronchodilator (trade name Atrovent) iPod (trademark) a pocket-sized device used to play music files video iPod (trademark) an iPod that can also play video files iproclozide an antidepressant drug that acts as a monoamine oxidase inhibitor iris diaphragm consisting of thin overlapping plates that can be adjusted to change the diameter of a central opening muscular diaphragm that controls the size of the pupil which in turn controls the amount of light that enters the eye; it forms the colored portion of the eye plants with sword-shaped leaves and erect stalks bearing bright-colored flowers composed of three petals and three drooping sepals iron home appliance consisting of a flat metal base that is heated and used to smooth cloth a golf club that has a relatively narrow metal head implement used to brand live stock a heavy ductile magnetic metallic element; is silver-white in pure form but readily rusts; used in construction and tools and armament; plays a role in the transport of oxygen by the blood press and smooth with a heated iron; "press your shirts"; "she stood there ironing" irons metal shackles; for hands or legs ironclad a wooden warship of the 19th century that is plated with iron or steel armor inflexibly entrenched and unchangeable; "brassbound traditions"; "brassbound party loyalists"; "an ironclad rule" sheathed in iron plates for protection iron foundry a foundry where cast iron is produced iron horse (c. 1840) an early term for a locomotive ironing board narrow padded board on collapsible supports; used for ironing clothes iron lung respirator that produces alternations in air pressure in a chamber surrounding a patient's chest to force air into and out of the lungs thus providing artificial respiration iron maiden instrument of torture consisting of a hollow iron frame shaped like the human body and lined with spikes to impale the victim ironmongery the merchandise that is sold in an ironmonger's shop ironwork work made of iron (gratings or rails or railings etc); "the houses had much ornamental ironwork" ironworks the workplace where iron is smelted or where iron goods are made irregular merchandise that has imperfections; usually sold at a reduced price without the brand name not occurring at a regular rate or fixed intervals; "an irregular heartbeat" independent in behavior or thought; "she led a somewhat irregular private life"; "maverick politicians" (of a surface or shape); not level or flat or symmetrical; "walking was difficult on the irregular cobblestoned surface" lacking continuity or regularity; "an irregular worker"; "employed on a temporary basis" failing to meet a standard of manufacture due to an imperfection; "an irregular pair of jeans" contrary to rule or accepted order or general practice; "irregular hiring practices" (of solids) not having clear dimensions that can be measured; volume must be determined with the principle of liquid displacement (used of the military) not belonging to or engaged in by regular army forces; "irregular troops"; "irregular warfare" irrigation ditch a ditch to supply dry land with water artificially island a zone or area resembling an island a land mass (smaller than a continent) that is surrounded by water isocarboxazid a monoamine oxidase inhibitor (trade name Marplan) that is used to treat clinical depression isoflurane a widely used inhalation anesthetic isoniazid antibacterial drug (trade name Nydrazid) used to treat tuberculosis isoproterenol drug (trade name Isuprel) used to treat bronchial asthma and to stimulate the heart isosorbide drug (trade name Isordil) used to treat angina pectoris and congestive heart failure izar a voluminous cotton outer garment (usually white) traditionally worn by Muslim women of northern Africa and the Middle East; covers the entire body item a whole individual unit; especially when included in a list or collection; "they reduced the price on many items" a distinct part that can be specified separately in a group of things that could be enumerated on a list; "he noticed an item in the New York Times"; "she had several items on her shopping list"; "the main point on the agenda was taken up first" (used when listing or enumerating items) also; "a length of chain, item a hook"-Philip Guedalla itraconazole an oral antifungal drug (trade name Sporanox) taken for cases of fungal nail disease jabot a ruffle on the front of a woman's blouse or a man's shirt jacket a short coat an outer wrapping or casing; "phonograph records were sold in cardboard jackets" the tough metal shell casing for certain kinds of ammunition the outer skin of a potato put a jacket on; "The men were jacketed" provide with a thermally non-conducting cover; "The tubing needs to be jacketed" jack-in-the-box plaything consisting of a toy clown that jumps out of a box when the lid is opened jacklight a light used as a lure in hunting or fishing at night hunt with a jacklight jack-o'-lantern lantern carved from a pumpkin jack plane a carpenter's plane for rough finishing jackscrew screw-operated jack Jacob's ladder (nautical) a hanging ladder of ropes or chains supporting wooden or metal rungs or steps pinnate-leaved European perennial having bright blue or white flowers jaconet a lightweight cotton cloth with a smooth and slightly stiff finish; used for clothing and bandages jackstraw a thin strip of wood used in playing the game of jackstraws Jacquard loom a loom with an attachment for forming openings for the passage of the shuttle between the warp threads; used in weaving figured fabrics jacquard a highly figured fabric woven on a Jacquard loom jail a correctional institution used to detain persons who are in the lawful custody of the government (either accused persons awaiting trial or convicted persons serving a sentence) jalousie a shutter made of angled slats jamb upright consisting of a vertical side member of a door or window frame jammer a transmitter used to broadcast electronic jamming jampan a kind of sedan chair used in India jampot a jar for holding jellies or preserves japan lacquer with a durable glossy black finish, originally from the orient lacquerware decorated and varnished in the Japanese manner with a glossy durable black lacquer coat with a lacquer, as done in Japan jar a vessel (usually cylindrical) with a wide mouth and without handles the quantity contained in a jar; "he drank a jar of beer" place in a cylindrical vessel; "jar the jam" affect in a disagreeable way; "This play jarred the audience" shock physically; "Georgia was shaken up in the Tech game" Jarvik heart a kind of artificial heart that has been used with some success jaunting car an open two-wheeled one-horse cart formerly widely used in Ireland javelin a spear thrown as a weapon or in competitive field events an athletic competition in which a javelin is thrown as far as possible jaw holding device consisting of one or both of the opposing parts of a tool that close to hold an object the part of the skull of a vertebrate that frames the mouth and holds the teeth the bones of the skull that frame the mouth and serve to open it; the bones that hold the teeth Jaws of Life hydraulic tool inserted into a wrecked vehicle and used to pry the wreckage apart in order to provide access to people trapped inside jeans (used in the plural) close-fitting trousers of heavy denim for manual work or casual wear jeep a car suitable for traveling over rough terrain jellaba a loose cloak with a hood; worn in the Middle East and northern Africa je ne sais quoi something indescribable jerkin a tight sleeveless and collarless jacket (often made of leather) worn by men in former times jeroboam a large wine bottle (holds 4/5 of a gallon) jersey a slightly elastic machine-knit fabric a close-fitting pullover shirt Jerusalem cross a cross with equal arms, each terminating in a small crossbar jet an airplane powered by one or more jet engines the occurrence of a sudden discharge (as of liquid) atmospheric discharges (lasting 10 msec) bursting from the tops of giant storm clouds in blue cones that widen as they flash upward a hard black form of lignite that takes a brilliant polish and is used in jewelry or ornamentation issue in a jet; come out in a jet; stream or spring forth; "Water jetted forth"; "flames were jetting out of the building" fly a jet plane jet bridge an extendible bridge for loading passengers onto large commercial airplanes; provides protected access to the plane from the gate jet engine a gas turbine produces a stream of hot gas that propels a jet plane by reaction propulsion jetliner a large jet plane that carries passengers jetsam the part of a ship's equipment or cargo that is thrown overboard to lighten the load in a storm jewel a precious or semiprecious stone incorporated into a piece of jewelry a person who is as brilliant and precious as a piece of jewelry jeweler's glass an optical instrument used by jewelers; has one or more lenses and is used to view features not readily seen jewelled headdress a headdress adorned with jewels jewelry an adornment (as a bracelet or ring or necklace) made of precious metals and set with gems (or imitation gems) jew's harp a small lyre-shaped musical instrument that is placed between the teeth and played by twanging a wire tongue while changing the shape of the mouth cavity jib any triangular fore-and-aft sail (set forward of the foremast) jibboom a spar that extends the bowsprit jiggermast any small mast on a sailing vessel; especially the mizzenmast of a yawl jigsaw fine-toothed power saw with a narrow blade; used to cut curved outlines jigsaw puzzle a puzzle that requires you to reassemble a picture that has been mounted on a stiff base and cut into interlocking pieces jim crow a crowbar fitted with a claw for pulling nails jimdandy something excellent of its kind; "the bike was a jimdandy" someone excellent of their kind; "he's a jimdandy of a soldier" jimmy a short crowbar; "in Britain they call a jimmy and jemmy" jinrikisha a small two-wheeled cart for one passenger; pulled by one person jobcentre a government office in a town where information about available jobs is displayed and where unemployment benefits are administered job-oriented terminal a terminal designed for a particular application jodhpurs (used in the plural) flared trousers ending at the calves; worn with riding boots jodhpur a short riding boot that fastens with a buckle at the side Johns Hopkins a university in Baltimore joinery fine woodwork done by a joiner joint marijuana leaves rolled into a cigarette for smoking junction by which parts or objects are joined together a disreputable place of entertainment (anatomy) the point of connection between two bones or elements of a skeleton (especially if it allows motion) separate (meat) at the joint fasten with a joint provide with a joint; "the carpenter jointed two pieces of wood" fit as if by joints; "The boards fit neatly" involving both houses of a legislature; "a joint session of Congress" united or combined; "a joint session of Congress"; "joint owners" affecting or involving two or more; "joint income-tax return"; "joint ownership" Joint Direct Attack Munition a pinpoint bomb guidance device that can be strapped to a gravity bomb thus converting dumb bombs into smart bombs jointer a long carpenter's plane used to shape the edges of boards so they will fit together joist beam used to support floors or roofs joker a playing card that is usually printed with a picture of a jester an inconspicuous clause in a document or bill that affects its meaning in a way that is not immediately apparent; "when I demanded my money he showed me the joker in the contract" a person who enjoys telling or playing jokes a person who does something thoughtless or annoying; "some joker is blocking the driveway" jolly boat a yawl used by a ship's sailors for general work jorum a large drinking bowl joss a Chinese god worshipped in the form of an idol joss house a Chinese temple or shrine for idol worship journal the part of the axle contained by a bearing a record book as a physical object a periodical dedicated to a particular subject; "he reads the medical journals" journal bearing the bearing of a journal journal box metal housing for a journal bearing joystick a manual control consisting of a vertical handle that can move freely in two directions; used as an input device to computers or to devices controlled by computers judas a one-way peephole in a door jungle gym a structure of vertical and horizontal rods where children can climb and play junk any of various Chinese boats with a high poop and lugsails jug a large bottle with a narrow mouth the quantity contained in a jug stew in an earthenware jug; "jug the rabbit" Juggernaut a crude idol of Krishna juju a charm superstitiously believed to embody magical powers the power associated with a juju jukebox a cabinet containing an automatic record player; records are played by inserting a coin jumbojet a very large jet plane jumper cable a jumper that consists of a short piece of wire; "it was a tangle of jumper cables and clip leads" jumping jack plaything consisting of a toy figure with movable joints that can be made to dance by pulling strings jump seat a folding seat in an automobile jump suit one-piece uniform worn by parachutists one-piece garment fashioned after a parachutist's uniform junction barrier a junction unit for connecting 2 cables without the need for plugs junk shop a shop that sells cheap secondhand goods jury box an enclosure within a courtroom for the jury jury mast a temporary mast to replace one that has broken off K street names for ketamine the 11th letter of the Roman alphabet Kaaba (Islam) a black stone building in Mecca that is shaped like a cube and that is the most sacred Muslim pilgrim shrine; believed to have been given by Gabriel to Abraham; Muslims turn in its direction when praying kachina a carved doll wearing the costume of a particular Pueblo spirit; usually presented to a child as a gift a deified spirit of the Pueblo people a masked dancer during a Pueblo religious ceremony who is thought to embody some particular spirit kaffiyeh an Arab headdress consisting of a square piece of cloth folded into a triangle and fastened over the crown by an agal Kakemono a Japanese (paper or silk) wall hanging; usually narrow with a picture or writing on it and a roller at the bottom kalansuwa a cap that is wrapped around by a turban and worn by Muslim religious elders Kalashnikov a type of submachine gun made in Russia kaleidoscope an optical toy in a tube; it produces symmetrical patterns as bits of colored glass are reflected by mirrors a complex pattern of constantly changing colors and shapes kameez a long tunic worn by many people from the Indian subcontinent (usually with a salwar or churidars) kamikaze a fighter plane used for suicide missions by Japanese pilots in World War II a pilot trained and willing to cause a suicidal crash Kammon Strait Bridge a suspension bridge between Kyushu and Honshu kanamycin antibiotic (trade name Kantrex) used to treat severe infections kanzu (Swahili) a long garment (usually white) with long sleeves; worn by men in East Africa Kaopectate trade name for a fixed-combination antidiarrheal drug that use kaolin as the adsorbent and pectin as the emollient kat the leaves of the shrub Catha edulis which are chewed like tobacco or used to make tea; has the effect of a euphoric stimulant; "in Yemen kat is used daily by 85% of adults" katharometer measures thermal conductivity kayak a small canoe consisting of a light frame made watertight with animal skins; used by Eskimos travel in a small canoe; "we kayaked down the river" kazoo a toy wind instrument that has a membrane that makes a sound when you hum into the mouthpiece keel one of the main longitudinal beams (or plates) of the hull of a vessel; can extend vertically into the water to provide lateral stability the median ridge on the breastbone of birds that fly a projection or ridge that suggests a keel keelboat river boat with a shallow draught and a keel but no sails; used to carry freight; moved by rowing or punting or towing keelson a longitudinal beam connected to the keel of ship to strengthen it keep the main tower within the walls of a medieval castle or fortress maintain by writing regular records; "keep a diary"; "maintain a record"; "keep notes" hold and prevent from leaving; "The student was kept after school" retain possession of; "Can I keep my old stuffed animals?"; "She kept her maiden name after she married" look after; be the keeper of; have charge of; "He keeps the shop when I am gone" maintain for use and service; "I keep a car in the countryside"; "She keeps an apartment in Paris for her shopping trips" have as a supply; "I always keep batteries in the freezer"; "keep food for a week in the pantry"; "She keeps a sixpack and a week's worth of supplies in the refrigerator" store or keep customarily; "Where do you keep your gardening tools?" supply with room and board; "He is keeping three women in the guest cottage"; "keep boarders" raise; "She keeps a few chickens in the yard"; "he keeps bees" cause to continue in a certain state, position, or activity; e.g., `keep clean'; "hold in place"; "She always held herself as a lady"; "The students keep me on my toes" maintain in safety from injury, harm, or danger; "May God keep you" fail to spoil or rot; "These potatoes keep for a long time" keepsake something of sentimental value keg small cask or barrel the quantity contained in a keg kennel outbuilding that serves as a shelter for a dog put up in a kennel; "kennel a dog" kepi a cap with a flat circular top and a visor keratoscope medical instrument to examine the cornea in order to detect irregularities in its anterior surface kerchief a square scarf that is folded into a triangle and worn over the head or about the neck kern the part of a metal type that projects beyond its body remove a portion of space between (adjacent letters) furnish with a kern Kerr cell optical device consisting of a transparent cell with two electrodes between two polarizing media; passes light only if the two planes of polarization are parallel; used as a high-speed shutter or to modulate a laser beam ketamine a general anesthetic and tranquilizer (not a barbiturate) that is administered intravenously or intramuscularly; used mainly by veterinarians or for minor surgery with geriatric or pediatric patients; taken in large doses it causes hallucinations similar to those associated with the use of PCP ketch a sailing vessel with two masts; the mizzen is forward of the rudderpost ketoprofen nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (trade names Orudis or Orudis KT or Oruvail) ketorolac nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory (trade name Torodal) that is given only orally ketorolac tromethamine nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (trade names Acular and Toradol) that is administered only intramuscularly kettle a metal pot for stewing or boiling; usually has a lid a large hemispherical brass or copper percussion instrument with a drumhead that can be tuned by adjusting the tension on it the quantity a kettle will hold key metal device shaped in such a way that when it is inserted into the appropriate lock the lock's mechanism can be rotated a lever (as in a keyboard) that actuates a mechanism when depressed pitch of the voice; "he spoke in a low key" something crucial for explaining; "the key to development is economic integration" a generic term for any device whose possession entitles the holder to a means of access; "a safe-deposit box usually requires two keys to open it" a list of words or phrases that explain symbols or abbreviations a list of answers to a test; "some students had stolen the key to the final exam" any of 24 major or minor diatonic scales that provide the tonal framework for a piece of music (basketball) a space (including the foul line) in front of the basket at each end of a basketball court; usually painted a different color from the rest of the court; "he hit a jump shot from the top of the key"; "he dominates play in the paint" a coral reef off the southern coast of Florida a kilogram of a narcotic drug; "they were carrying two keys of heroin" harmonize with or adjust to; "key one's actions to the voters' prevailing attitude" regulate the musical pitch of vandalize a car by scratching the sides with a key; "His new Mercedes was keyed last night in the parking lot" provide with a key; "We were keyed after the locks were changed in the building" keyboard holder consisting of an arrangement of hooks on which keys or locks can be hung device consisting of a set of keys on a piano or organ or typewriter or typesetting machine or computer or the like keyboard buffer a buffer that keeps track of key strokes until the computer is ready to respond to them keyboard instrument a musical instrument that is played by means of a keyboard keyhole the hole where a key is inserted keyhole saw a handsaw with a long narrow blade for cutting short radius curves; similar to a compass saw key ring a circular ring of metal for holding keys keystone the central building block at the top of an arch or vault khadi a coarse homespun cotton cloth made in India khaki a sturdy twilled cloth of a yellowish brown color used especially for military uniforms of a yellowish brown color khakis a military uniform made of khaki fabric khimar a headscarf worn by observant Muslim women that hangs down to just above the waist khukuri a curved steel knife with a razor-sharp edge used in combat by the Gurkhas; has cultural and religious significance in Nepal kibble an iron bucket used for hoisting in wells or mining coarsely ground grain in the form of pellets (as for pet food) kick pleat pleat in back of a straight skirt to allow ease in walking kicksorter scientific instrument consisting of an electronic circuit that permits only voltage pulses of predetermined height to pass kickstand a swiveling metal rod attached to a bicycle or motorcycle or other two-wheeled vehicle; the rod lies horizontally when not in use but can be kicked into a vertical position as a support to hold the vehicle upright when it is not being ridden kick starter a starter (as on a motorcycle) that is activated with the foot and the weight of the body kid glove a glove made of fine soft leather (as kidskin) kiln a furnace for firing or burning or drying such things as porcelain or bricks kilt a knee-length pleated tartan skirt worn by men as part of the traditional dress in the Highlands of northern Scotland kimono a loose robe; imitated from robes originally worn by Japanese kinescope a cathode-ray tube in a television receiver; translates the received signal into a picture on a luminescent screen Kinetoscope a device invented by Edison that gave an impression of movement as an endless loop of film moved continuously over a light source with a rapid shutter; precursor of the modern motion picture king (chess) the weakest but the most important piece one of the four playing cards in a deck bearing the picture of a king a checker that has been moved to the opponent's first row where it is promoted to a piece that is free to move either forward or backward a male sovereign; ruler of a kingdom a competitor who holds a preeminent position preeminence in a particular category or group or field; "the lion is the king of beasts" kingbolt bolt that provides a steering joint in a motor vehicle king post post connecting the crossbeam to the apex of a triangular truss Kipp's apparatus a laboratory apparatus for producing a gas (usually hydrogen sulfide) by the action of a liquid on a solid without heating kirk a Scottish church kirpan a ceremonial four-inch curved dagger that Sikh men and women are obliged to wear at all times kirtle a long dress worn by women a garment resembling a tunic that was worn by men in the Middle Ages kitbag a knapsack (usually for a soldier) kitchen a room equipped for preparing meals kitchen appliance a home appliance used in preparing food kitchenette small kitchen kitchen garden a small garden where vegetables are grown kitchen island an unattached counter in a kitchen that permits access from all sides kitchen match a wooden friction match that will light on any granular surface; useful to light wood or gas stoves kitchen sink a sink in a kitchen kitchen table a table in the kitchen kitchen utensil a utensil used in preparing food kitchenware hardware utensils for use in a kitchen kite balloon a barrage balloon with lobes at one end that keep it headed into the wind kite tail a bob on a kite to provide balance kitsch excessively garish or sentimental art; usually considered in bad taste klaxon a kind of loud horn formerly used on motor vehicles Klein bottle a closed surface with only one side; formed by passing one end of a tube through the side of the tube and joining it with the other end klieg light carbon arc lamp that emits an intense light used in producing films klystron an electron tube used to generate or amplify electromagnetic radiation in the microwave region by velocity modulation knee the part of a trouser leg that provides the cloth covering for the knee hinge joint in the human leg connecting the tibia and fibula with the femur and protected in front by the patella knee brace a brace worn to strengthen the knee knee-high a sock or stocking that reaches up to just below the knees kneeler a board (sometimes cushioned) for someone to kneel on a person in a kneeling position knee pad protective garment consisting of a pad worn by football or baseball or hockey players knee piece armor plate that protects the knee knickknack a small inexpensive mass-produced article knife edge tool used as a cutting instrument; has a pointed blade with a sharp edge and a handle a weapon with a handle and blade with a sharp point use a knife on; "The victim was knifed to death" knife blade the blade of a knife knife edge the sharp cutting side of the blade of a knife knife pleat a single pleat turned in one direction knight a chessman shaped to resemble the head of a horse; can move two squares horizontally and one vertically (or vice versa) originally a person of noble birth trained to arms and chivalry; today in Great Britain a person honored by the sovereign for personal merit raise (someone) to knighthood; "The Beatles were knighted" knit needlework created by interlacing yarn in a series of connected loops using straight eyeless needles or by machine a basic knitting stitch made by putting the needle through the front of the stitch from the lefthand side a fabric made by knitting make (textiles) by knitting; "knit a scarf" tie or link together knitting machine a textile machine that makes knitted fabrics knitting needle needle consisting of a slender rod with pointed ends; usually used in pairs knitting stitch a stitch taken in knitting knitwear knitted clothing knob a round handle a circular rounded projection or protuberance an ornament in the shape of a ball on the hilt of a sword or dagger knobble a small knob knobkerrie a short wooden club with a heavy knob on one end; used by aborigines in southern Africa knockabout a sloop with a simplified rig and no bowsprit suitable for rough use; "a knockabout overcoat"; "a knockabout old car" knocker a device (usually metal and ornamental) attached by a hinge to a door a person who knocks (as seeking to gain admittance); "open the door and see who the knocker is" (Yiddish) a big shot who knows it and acts that way; a boastful immoderate person knockoff an unauthorized copy or imitation knockout drops chloral hydrate in combination with alcohol; usually administered surreptitiously to make the drinker unconscious knout a whip with a lash of leather thongs twisted with wire; used for flogging prisoners knuckle joint a joint allowing movement in one plane only kohl a cosmetic preparation used by women in Egypt and Arabia to darken the edges of their eyelids koto Japanese stringed instrument that resembles a zither; has a rectangular wooden sounding board and usually 13 silk strings that are plucked with the fingers kraal a pen for livestock in southern Africa a village of huts for native Africans in southern Africa; usually surrounded by a stockade kremlin citadel of a Russian town Kremlin citadel of Moscow, housing the offices of the Russian government kris a Malayan dagger with a wavy blade krummhorn a Renaissance woodwind with a double reed and a curving tube (crooked horn) Kundt's tube a measuring instrument used to measure the speed of sound Kurdistan an oriental rug woven by Kurds that is noted for fine colors and durability an extensive geographical region in the Middle East to the south of the Caucasus kurta a loose collarless shirt worn by many people on the Indian subcontinent (usually with a salwar or churidars or pyjama) kylie an Australian boomerang; one side flat and the other convex kylix a shallow drinking cup with two handles; used in ancient Greece kymograph scientific instrument consisting of a rotating drum holding paper on which a stylus traces a continuous record (as of breathing or blood pressure) laager a camp defended by a circular formation of wagons lab a workplace for the conduct of scientific research lab bench a workbench in a laboratory lab coat a light coat worn to protect clothing from substances used while working in a laboratory labetalol antihypertensive drug (trade names Trandate and Normodyne) that blocks alpha and beta-adrenergic receptors of the sympathetic nervous system (leading to a decrease in blood pressure) labor camp a penal institution for political prisoners who are used as forced labor Labyrinth of Minos a vast labyrinth built in Crete by Daedalus at the command of Minos in order to contain the Minotaur lace a delicate decorative fabric woven in an open web of symmetrical patterns a cord that is drawn through eyelets or around hooks in order to draw together two edges (as of a shoe or garment) draw through eyes or holes; "lace the shoelaces" do lacework; "The Flemish women were lacing in front of the cathedral" lacework work consisting of (or resembling) lace fabric lacquer a hard glossy coating a black resinous substance obtained from certain trees and used as a natural varnish coat with lacquer; "A lacquered box from China" lacquerware a decorative work made of wood and covered with lacquer and often inlaid with ivory or precious metals lacrosse ball ball used in playing lacrosse lacuna a blank gap or missing part ladder steps consisting of two parallel members connected by rungs; for climbing up or down ascending stages by which somebody or something can progress; "he climbed the career ladder" come unraveled or undone as if by snagging; "Her nylons were running" ladder-back the backrest of a chair that consists of two uprights with connecting slats a chair with a ladder-back ladder truck a fire engine carrying ladders ladies' room a woman's restroom in a public (or semipublic) building ladle a spoon-shaped vessel with a long handle; frequently used to transfer liquids from one container to another remove with or as if with a ladle; "ladle the water out of the bowl" put (a liquid) into a container by means of a ladle; "ladle soup into the bowl" lady chapel a small chapel in a church; dedicated to the Virgin Mary lagan goods (or wreckage) on the sea bed that is attached to a buoy so that it can be recovered lagerphone an Australian percussion instrument used for playing bush music; a long stick with bottle caps nailed loosely to it; played by hitting it with a stick or banging it on the ground lag screw a heavy woodscrew with a square or hexagonal head that is driven in with a wrench lake dwelling dwelling built on piles in or near a lake; specifically in prehistoric villages Lake Mead the largest reservoir in the United States; located in southeastern Nevada and northwestern Arizona and formed by the Hoover Dam on the Colorado River; the center of a recreational area Lake Powell the second largest reservoir in the United States; located in southern Utah and north central Arizona and formed by the Glen Canyon Dam on the Colorado River Lake Volta the Volta river in southeastern has been dammed to create one of the world's largest man-made lakes lally support column consisting of a steel cylinder filled with concrete lamasery a monastery for lamas lambrequin short and decorative hanging for a shelf edge or top of a window casing a scarf that covers a knight's helmet lame a fabric interwoven with threads of metal; "she wore a gold lame dress" lamella thin plate a thin membrane that is one of the calcified layers that form bones laminar flow clean room a clean room free of all extraneous particles; used in fabricating microprocessors laminate a sheet of material made by bonding two or more sheets or layers split (wood) into thin sheets cover with a thin sheet of non-fabric material; "laminate the table" press or beat (metals) into thin sheets create laminate by bonding sheets of material with a bonding material lamivudine a nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor that is very effective in combination with zidovudine in treating AIDS and HIV lamp an artificial source of visible illumination a piece of furniture holding one or more electric light bulbs lamp chimney a glass flue surrounding the wick of an oil lamp lamp house housing that holds a lamp (as in a movie projector) lamppost a metal post supporting an outdoor lamp (such as a streetlight) lampshade a protective ornamental covering for a lamp, used to screen a light bulb from direct view lanai a veranda or roofed patio often furnished and used as a living room lancet a surgical knife with a pointed double-edged blade; used for punctures and small incisions lancet arch an acutely pointed Gothic arch, like a lance lancet window a narrow window having a lancet arch and without tracery landau a four-wheel covered carriage with a roof divided into two parts (front and back) that can be let down separately lander a space vehicle that is designed to land on the moon or another planet landing craft naval craft designed for putting ashore troops and equipment landing flap a flap on the underside of the wing that is lowered to slow the plane for landing landing gear an undercarriage that supports the weight of the plane when it is on the ground landing net a bag-shaped fishnet on a long handle to take a captured fish from the water landing skid one of two parts of the landing gear of a helicopter landing stage platform from which passengers and cargo can be (un)loaded land line a telephone line that travels over terrestrial circuits; "a land line can be wire or fiber optics or microwave" land mine an explosive mine hidden underground; explodes when stepped on or driven over land office a government office where business relating to public lands is transacted landscape a genre of art dealing with the depiction of natural scenery painting depicting an expanse of natural scenery an extensive mental viewpoint; "the political landscape looks bleak without a change of administration"; "we changed the landscape for solving the problem of payroll inequity" an expanse of scenery that can be seen in a single view do landscape gardening; "My sons landscapes for corporations and earns a good living" embellish with plants; "Let's landscape the yard" landside component consisting of a side piece opposite the moldboard lane a narrow way or road a well-defined track or path; for e.g. swimmers or lines of traffic lanolin an emollient containing wool fat (a fatty substance obtained from the wool of sheep) a yellow viscous animal oil extracted from wool; a mixture of fatty acids and esters; used in some ointments and cosmetics lantern light in a transparent protective case lantern pinion a small pinion having cylindrical bars instead of teeth, used chiefly in inexpensive clocks lanyard (nautical) a line used for extending or fastening rigging on ships a cord worn around the neck to hold a knife or whistle a cord with an attached hook that is used to fire certain types of cannon laparoscope a slender endoscope inserted through an incision in the abdominal wall in order to examine the abdominal organs or to perform minor surgery lapboard writing board used on the lap as a table or desk lapel lap at the front of a coat; continuation of the coat collar lap joint joint made by overlapping two ends and joining them together laptop a portable computer small enough to use in your lap larboard the left side of a ship or aircraft to someone who is aboard and facing the bow or nose laryngoscope a medical instrument for examining the larynx laser an acronym for light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation; an optical device that produces an intense monochromatic beam of coherent light laser-guided bomb a smart bomb that seeks the laser light reflected off of the target and uses it to correct its descent; "laser-guided bombs cannot be used in cloudy weather" laser printer electrostatic printer that focuses a laser beam to form images that are transferred to paper electrostatically lash leather strip that forms the flexible part of a whip bind with a rope, chain, or cord; "lash the horse" lash or flick about sharply; "The lion lashed its tail" lashing rope that is used for fastening something to something else; "the boats were held together by lashings" violently urging on by whipping or flogging; "looked at the lashing riders" lash-up any improvised arrangement for temporary use lasso a long noosed rope used to catch animals catch with a lasso; "rope cows" Lastex yarn that has an elastic core wound around with cotton or silk or nylon or rayon threads latch catch for fastening a door or gate; a bar that can be lowered or slid into a groove spring-loaded doorlock that can only be opened from the outside with a key fasten with a latch; "latch the door" latchet a leather strap or thong used to attach a sandal or shoe to the foot latchkey key for raising or drawing back a latch or opening an outside door latchstring opener consisting of a string that can be passed through a hole in a door for raising the latch from outside lateen a triangular fore-and-aft sail used especially in the Mediterranean rigged with a triangular (lateen) sail lateen-rig the rig on a lateen-rigged sailing vessel Lateran Palace a palace that served as the residence of the popes until the 14th century latex paint a water-base paint that has a latex binder lath a narrow thin strip of wood used as backing for plaster or to make latticework lathe machine tool for shaping metal or wood; the workpiece turns about a horizontal axis against a fixed tool lathi club consisting of a heavy stick (often bamboo) bound with iron; used by police in India Latin cross a cross with the lowest arm being longer than the others latrine a public toilet in a military area lattice framework consisting of an ornamental design made of strips of wood or metal an arrangement of points or particles or objects in a regular periodic pattern in 2 or 3 dimensions laudanum narcotic consisting of an alcohol solution of opium or any preparation in which opium is the main ingredient laugh track prerecorded laughter added to the soundtrack of a radio or television show launch a motorboat with an open deck or a half deck smoothen the surface of; "launch plaster" propel with force; "launch the space shuttle"; "Launch a ship" get going; give impetus to; "launch a career"; "Her actions set in motion a complicated judicial process" launch for the first time; launch on a maiden voyage; "launch a ship" launcher armament in the form of a device capable of launching a rocket launching pad a platform from which rockets or space craft are launched launderette a self-service laundry (service mark Laundromat) where coin-operated washing machines are available to individual customers laundry workplace where clothes are washed and ironed garments or white goods that can be cleaned by laundering laundry cart handcart for moving a load of laundry laundry detergent any of various detergents designed for use in a washing machine for clothing laundry truck van that picks up and delivers laundry; "a laundry truck stops by every week" laurel (antiquity) a wreath of laurel foliage worn on the head as an emblem of victory any of various aromatic trees of the laurel family lavalava a skirt consisting of a rectangle of calico or printed cotton; worn by Polynesians (especially Samoans) lavaliere jeweled pendant worn on a chain around the neck laver (Old Testament) large basin used by a priest in an ancient Jewish temple to perform ritual ablutions lawn chair chair left outside for use on a lawn or in a garden lawn furniture furniture intended for use on a lawn or in a garden lawn mower garden tool for mowing grass on lawns laxative a mild cathartic stimulating evacuation of feces layette kit consisting of a complete outfit (clothing and accessories) for a new baby lay figure dummy in the form of an artist's jointed model of the human body lazaretto hospital for persons with infectious diseases (especially leprosy) lazy daisy stitch long chain stitches arranged in flower patterns lead-acid battery a battery with lead electrodes with dilute sulphuric acid as the electrolyte; each cell generates about 2 volts lead-in wire connecting an antenna to a receiver or a transmitter to a transmission line leading edge forward edge of an airfoil leading rein rein to direct the horse's head left or right lead line (nautical) plumb line for determining depth lead pencil pencil that has graphite as the marking substance leaf hinged or detachable flat section (as of a table or door) a sheet of any written or printed material (especially in a manuscript or book) the main organ of photosynthesis and transpiration in higher plants produce leaves, of plants turn over pages; "leaf through a book"; "leaf a manuscript" leaf spring long narrow spring consisting of several layers of metal springs bracketed together Leaning Tower a tall round marble campanile in Pisa that is not perpendicular; construction was begun in 1174 lean-to rough shelter whose roof has only one slope lean-to tent tent that is attached to the side of a building leash restraint consisting of a rope (or light chain) used to restrain an animal leatherette fabric made to look like leather leather strip implement consisting of a strip of leather leatherwork work made of leather Leclanche cell voltaic cell that produces approximately 1.5 volts lectern desk or stand with a slanted top used to hold a text at the proper height for a lecturer lecture room classroom where lectures are given lederhosen leather shorts often worn with suspenders; worn especially by men and boys in Bavaria ledger board top rail of a fence or balustrade leflunomide an anti-TNF compound (trade name Arava) that is given orally; can slow the progression of rheumatoid arthritis by slowing the proliferation of white blood cells which reduces inflammation in the synovium legging a garment covering the leg (usually extending from the knee to the ankle) Lego (trademark) a child's plastic construction set for making mechanical models Leiden jar an electrostatic capacitor of historical interest leister a spear with three or more prongs; used for spearing fish (especially salmon) leisure wear informal clothing designed to be worn when you are relaxing lemon an artifact (especially an automobile) that is defective or unsatisfactory a distinctive tart flavor characteristic of lemons yellow oval fruit with juicy acidic flesh a small evergreen tree that originated in Asia but is widely cultivated for its fruit lemon grove a grove of lemon trees lending library library that provides books for use outside the building length a section of something that is long and narrow; "a length of timber"; "a length of tubing" the linear extent in space from one end to the other; the longest dimension of something that is fixed in place; "the length of the table was 5 feet" the property of being the extent of something from beginning to end; "the editor limited the length of my article to 500 words" lenitive remedy that eases pain and discomfort lens a transparent optical device used to converge or diverge transmitted light and to form images electronic equipment that uses a magnetic or electric field in order to focus a beam of electrons biconvex transparent body situated behind the iris in the eye; its role (along with the cornea) is to focus light on the retina (metaphor) a channel through which something can be seen or understood; "the writer is the lens through which history can be seen" lens cap cap used to keep lens free of dust when not in use lens implant a clear plastic lens that is implanted in the eye; usually done when the natural lens has been removed in a cataract operation leotard a tight-fitting garment of stretchy material that covers the body from the shoulders to the thighs (and may have long sleeves or legs reaching down to the ankles); worn by ballet dancers and acrobats for practice or performance lethal dose the size dose that will cause death letter bomb a thin explosive device inside an envelope or package and detonated when opened send an explosive to; "The Unabomber letter bombed a number of individuals and institutions" letter case case for carrying letters letter opener dull knife used to cut open the envelopes in which letters are mailed or to slit uncut pages of books levallorphan drug (trade name Lorfan) that is related to morphine but that counteracts the respiratory depression produced by morphine poisoning but without affecting its analgesic effects levee an embankment that is built in order to prevent a river from overflowing a pier that provides a landing place on a river a formal reception of visitors or guests (as at a royal court) level indicator that establishes the horizontal when a bubble is centered in a tube of liquid height above ground; "the water reached ankle level"; "the pictures were at the same level" an abstract place usually conceived as having depth; "a good actor communicates on several levels"; "a simile has at least two layers of meaning"; "the mind functions on many strata simultaneously" become level or even; "The ground levelled off" talk frankly with; lay it on the line; "I have to level with you" aim at; "level criticism or charges at somebody" tear down so as to make flat with the ground; "The building was levelled" oriented at right angles to the plumb; "the picture is level" being on a precise horizontal plane; "a billiard table must be level" not showing abrupt variations; "spoke in a level voice"; "she gave him a level look"- Louis Auchincloss level crossing intersection of a railway and a road on the same level; barriers close road when trains pass lever a rigid bar pivoted about a fulcrum a flat metal tumbler in a lever lock a simple machine that gives a mechanical advantage when given a fulcrum lever lock a lock whose tumblers are levers that must be raised to a given position so that the bolt can move Levi's a popular brand of jeans Liberty Bell the bell of Independence Hall; rung 8 July 1776 to announce the signing of the Declaration of Independence liberty cap close-fitting conical cap worn as a symbol of liberty during the French Revolution and in the U.S. before 1800 Liberty ship a slow cargo ship built during World War II library a depository built to contain books and other materials for reading and study a room where books are kept; "they had brandy in the library" a building that houses a collection of books and other materials (computing) a collection of standard programs and subroutines that are stored and available for immediate use a collection of literary documents or records kept for reference or borrowing license plate a plate mounted on the front and back of car and bearing the car's registration number lid a movable top or cover (hinged or separate) for closing the opening at the top of a box, chest, jar, pan, etc.; "he raised the piano lid" lidar a measuring system that detects and locates objects on the same principle as radar but uses light from a laser; a potential technology for detecting air turbulence that can affect aircraft lido a recreational facility including a swimming pool for water sports Lidocaine a local anesthetic (trade names Lidocaine and Xylocaine) used topically on the skin and mucous membranes lido deck an open deck including a swimming pool Liebig condenser a condenser: during distillation the vapor passes through a tube that is cooled by water lie detector a polygraph that records bodily changes sometimes associated with lying lifeboat a strong sea boat designed to rescue people from a sinking ship life buoy a life preserver in the form of a ring of buoyant material life jacket life preserver consisting of a sleeveless jacket of buoyant or inflatable design lifeline line thrown from a vessel that people can cling to in order to save themselves from drowning line that raises or lowers a deep-sea diver support that enables people to survive or to continue doing something (often by providing an essential connection); "the airlift provided a lifeline for Berlin"; "she offered me a lifeline in my time of grief" life mask a cast taken from the face of a living person life office life assurance office life preserver rescue equipment consisting of a buoyant belt or jacket to keep a person from drowning life raft a raft to use if a ship must be abandoned in an emergency life-support system medical equipment that assists or replaces important bodily functions and so enables a patient to live who otherwise might not survive; "the patient is on life support" equipment that makes life possible in otherwise deadly environmental conditions; "the astronauts relied on their life-support systems" lifting device a device for lifting heavy loads lift pump pump used to lift rather than force a liquid up ligament any connection or unifying bond a sheet or band of tough fibrous tissue connecting bones or cartilages or supporting muscles or organs ligature thread used by surgeons to bind a vessel (as to constrict the flow of blood) a metal band used to attach a reed to the mouthpiece of a clarinet or saxophone character consisting of two or more letters combined into one (music) a group of notes connected by a slur light any device serving as a source of illumination; "he stopped the car and turned off the lights" the visual effect of illumination on objects or scenes as created in pictures; "he could paint the lightest light and the darkest dark" public awareness; "it brought the scandal to light" mental understanding as an enlightening experience; "he finally saw the light"; "can you shed light on this problem?" a particular perspective or aspect of a situation; "although he saw it in a different light, he still did not understand" a visual warning signal; "they saw the light of the beacon"; "there was a light at every corner" an illuminated area; "he stepped into the light" a person regarded very fondly; "the light of my life" (physics) electromagnetic radiation that can produce a visual sensation; "the light was filtered through a soft glass window" having abundant light or illumination; "they played as long as it was light"; "as long as the lighting was good" a condition of spiritual awareness; divine illumination; "follow God's light" make lighter or brighter; "This lamp lightens the room a bit" characterized by or emitting light; "a room that is light when the shutters are open"; "the inside of the house was airy and light" (used of color) having a relatively small amount of coloring agent; "light blue"; "light colors such as pastels"; "a light-colored powder" (used of soil) loose and large-grained in consistency; "light soil" (of sleep) easily disturbed; "in a light doze"; "a light sleeper"; "a restless wakeful night" demanding little effort; not burdensome; "light housework"; "light exercise" having relatively few calories; "diet cola"; "light (or lite) beer"; "lite (or light) mayonnaise"; "a low-cal diet" easily assimilated in the alimentary canal; not rich or heavily seasoned; "a light diet" of comparatively little physical weight or density; "a light load"; "magnesium is a light metal--having a specific gravity of 1.74 at 20 degrees C" designed for ease of movement or to carry little weight; "light aircraft"; "a light truck" psychologically light; especially free from sadness or troubles; "a light heart" not great in degree or quantity or number; "a light sentence"; "a light accent"; "casualties were light"; "light snow was falling"; "light misty rain"; "light smoke from the chimney" (physics, chemistry) not having atomic weight greater than average; "light water is ordinary water" of little intensity or power or force; "the light touch of her fingers"; "a light breeze" moving easily and quickly; nimble; "the dancer was light and graceful"; "a lightsome buoyant step"; "walked with a light tripping step" of the military or industry; using (or being) relatively small or light arms or equipment; "light infantry"; "light cavalry"; "light industry"; "light weapons" intended primarily as entertainment; not serious or profound; "light verse"; "a light comedy" having little importance; "losing his job was no light matter" less than the correct or legal or full amount often deliberately so; "a light pound"; "a scant cup of sugar"; "regularly gives short weight" very thin and insubstantial; "thin paper"; "light summer dresses" light arm a rifle or pistol light bulb electric lamp consisting of a transparent or translucent glass housing containing a wire filament (usually tungsten) that emits light when heated by electricity light circuit wiring that provides power to electric lights light-emitting diode diode such that light emitted at a p-n junction is proportional to the bias current; color depends on the material used lighter a device for lighting or igniting fuel or charges or fires; "do you have a light?" transport in a flatbottom boat lighter-than-air craft aircraft supported by its own buoyancy light filter a transparent filter that reduces the light (or some wavelengths of the light) passing through it lighting fixture a fixture providing artificial light light machine gun a submachine gun not greater than .30 millimeter light meter photographic equipment that measures the intensity of light light microscope microscope consisting of an optical instrument that magnifies the image of an object lightning rod a metallic conductor that is attached to a high point and leads to the ground; protects the building from destruction by lightning someone who is a frequent target of negative reactions and serves to distract attention from another light pen (computer science) a pointer that when pointed at a computer display senses whether or not the spot is illuminated lightship a ship equipped like a lighthouse and anchored where a permanent lighthouse would be impracticable likeness picture consisting of a graphic image of a person or thing similarity in appearance or character or nature between persons or things; "man created God in his own likeness" Lilo a type of inflatable air mattress limb the graduated arc that is attached to an instrument for measuring angles; "the limb of the sextant" either of the two halves of a bow from handle to tip; "the upper limb of the bow" one of the jointed appendages of an animal used for locomotion or grasping: arm; leg; wing; flipper (astronomy) the circumferential edge of the apparent disc of the sun or the moon or a planet any of the main branches arising from the trunk or a bough of a tree limber a two-wheeled horse-drawn vehicle used to pull a field gun or caisson cause to become limber; "The violist limbered her wrists before the concert" attach the limber; "limber a cannon" (used of persons' bodies) capable of moving or bending freely (used of artifacts) easily bent (used of e.g. personality traits) readily adaptable; "a supple mind"; "a limber imagination" limbers a channel or gutter on either side of a ship's keelson; carries bilge water into the pump well limekiln a kiln used to reduce naturally occurring forms of calcium carbonate to lime limelight a lamp consisting of a flame directed at a cylinder of lime with a lens to concentrate the light; formerly used for stage lighting a focus of public attention; "he enjoyed being in the limelight"; "when Congress investigates it brings the full glare of publicity to the agency" limiter (electronics) a nonlinear electronic circuit whose output is limited in amplitude; used to limit the instantaneous amplitude of a waveform (to clip off the peaks of a waveform); "a limiter introduces amplitude distortion" limousine large luxurious car; usually driven by a chauffeur linchpin pin inserted through an axletree to hold a wheel on Lincoln Memorial memorial building in Washington containing a large marble statue of Abraham Lincoln lincomycin antibiotic (trade name Lincocin) obtained from a streptomyces bacterium and used in the treatment of certain penicillin-resistant infections linear accelerator ions are accelerated along a linear path by voltage differences on electrodes along the path linecut engraving consisting of a block that has been etched or engraved a print obtained from a line drawing linen white goods or clothing made with linen cloth a fabric woven with fibers from the flax plant a high-quality paper made of linen fibers or with a linen finish line of defense defensive structure consisting of a barrier that can be employed for defense against attack any organization whose responsibility it is to defend against something; "police are the major line of defense against crime" line printer printer that serves as an output device on a computer; prints a whole line of characters at a time lingerie women's underwear and nightclothes liniment a medicinal liquid that is rubbed into the skin to relieve muscular stiffness and pain link a fastener that serves to join or connect; "the walls are held together with metal links placed in the wet mortar during construction" an interconnecting circuit between two or more locations for the purpose of transmitting and receiving data (computing) an instruction that connects one part of a program or an element on a list to another program or list a unit of length equal to 1/100 of a chain the means of connection between things linked in series links a golf course that is built on sandy ground near a shore Link trainer an early form of flight simulator linocut a design carved in relief into a block of linoleum a print that is made from a design carved in relief into a block of linoleum linoleum knife a knife having a short stiff blade with a curved point used for cutting linoleum Linotype a typesetting machine operated from a keyboard that casts an entire line as a single slug of metal linsey-woolsey a rough fabric of linen warp and wool or cotton woof linstock a stick about a meter long with a point on one end (to stick in the ground) and a forked head on the other end (to hold a lighted match); formerly used to fire cannons lint cotton or linen fabric with the nap raised on one side; used to dress wounds fine ravellings of cotton or linen fibers lion-jaw forceps a type of forceps lip balm a balm applied to the lips lip-gloss makeup that makes the lips shiny lipid-lowering medicine a medicine that lowers blood cholesterol levels by inhibiting HMG-CoA reductase lipstick makeup that is used to color the lips apply lipstick to; "She lipsticked her mouth" form by tracing with lipstick; "The clown had lipsticked circles on his cheeks" liqueur glass a small glass for serving a small amount of liqueur (typically after dinner) liquid crystal display a digital display that uses liquid crystal cells that change reflectivity in an applied electric field; used for portable computer displays and watches etc. liquid detergent a detergent in liquid form liquid metal reactor a nuclear reactor using liquid metal as a coolant liquid soap soap in liquid form lisinopril an ACE inhibiting drug (trade names Prinival or Zestril) administered as an antihypertensive and after heart attacks lisle a strong tightly twisted cotton thread (usually made of long-staple cotton) a fabric woven with lisle thread lister moldboard plow with a double moldboard designed to move dirt to either side of a central furrow assessor who makes out the tax lists lithograph duplicator that prints by lithography; a flat surface (of stone or metal) is treated to absorb or repel ink in the desired pattern a print produced by lithography make by lithography litter conveyance consisting of a chair or bed carried on two poles by bearers the offspring at one birth of a multiparous mammal rubbish carelessly dropped or left about (especially in public places) give birth to a litter of animals make a place messy by strewing garbage around strew; "Cigar butts littered the ground" litterbin bin (usually in or outside a public building) into which the public can put rubbish little theater a small theater for experimental drama or collegiate or community groups live axle the axle of a self-propelled vehicle that provides the driving power live load a variable load on a structure (e.g. a bridge) such as moving traffic livery stable stable where horses and vehicles are kept for hire living quarters housing available for people to live in; "he found quarters for his family"; "I visited his bachelor quarters" living room a room in a private house or establishment where people can sit and talk and relax load weight to be borne or conveyed electrical device to which electrical power is delivered the power output of a generator or power plant an amount of alcohol sufficient to intoxicate; "he got a load on and started a brawl" a quantity that can be processed or transported at one time; "the system broke down under excessive loads" corrupt, debase, or make impure by adding a foreign or inferior substance; often by replacing valuable ingredients with inferior ones; "adulterate liquor" fill or place a load on; "load a car"; "load the truck with hay" provide (a device) with something necessary; "He loaded his gun carefully"; "load the camera" put (something) on a structure or conveyance; "load the bags onto the trucks" transfer from a storage device to a computer's memory Loafer a low leather step-in shoe; the top resembles a moccasin but it has a broad flat heel loaner a car that is lent as a replacement for one that is under repair loan office an office where loans are negotiated and repaid lobe a rounded projection that is part of a larger structure (anatomy) a somewhat rounded subdivision of a bodily organ or part; "ear lobe" the enhanced response of an antenna in a given direction as indicated by a loop in its radiation pattern (botany) a part into which a leaf is divided lobster pot trap for catching lobsters local public transport consisting of a bus or train that stops at all stations or stops; "the local seemed to take forever to get to New York" relating to or applicable to or concerned with the administration of a city or town or district rather than a larger area; "local taxes"; "local authorities" affecting only a restricted part or area of the body; "local anesthesia" of or belonging to or characteristic of a particular locality or neighborhood; "local customs"; "local schools"; "the local citizens"; "a local point of view"; "local outbreaks of flu"; "a local bus line" local anesthetic anesthetic that numbs a particular area of the body local area network a local computer network for communication between computers; especially a network connecting computers and word processors and other electronic office equipment to create a communication system between offices local oscillator an oscillator whose output heterodynes with the incoming radio signal to produce sum and difference tones local road a street that is primarily used to gain access to the property bordering it Lochaber ax a battle-ax formerly used by Scottish Highlanders locker a fastener that locks or closes locker room a room (as at an athletic facility or workplace) where you can change clothes and which contains lockers for the temporary storage of your clothing and personal possessions locket a small ornamental case; usually contains a picture or a lock of hair and is worn on a necklace lock-gate a gate that can be locked locking pliers pliers that can be locked in place locknut supplementary nut that is screwed down on a primary nut to prevent it from loosening lockring washer that prevents a nut from loosening lockstitch machine stitch in which the top thread interlocks with the bobbin thread lockup jail in a local police station locomotive a wheeled vehicle consisting of a self-propelled engine that is used to draw trains along railway tracks of or relating to locomotion lodge any of various Native American dwellings a small (rustic) house used as a temporary shelter small house at the entrance to the grounds of a country mansion; usually occupied by a gatekeeper or gardener put, fix, force, or implant; "lodge a bullet in the table"; "stick your thumb in the crack" provide housing for; "We are lodging three foreign students this semester" be a lodger; stay temporarily; "Where are you lodging in Paris?" lodging house a house where rooms are rented Loestrin trade name for an oral contraceptive containing estradiol and norethindrone loft floor consisting of open space at the top of a house just below roof; often used for storage a raised shelter in which pigeons are kept floor consisting of a large unpartitioned space over a factory or warehouse or other commercial space (golf) the backward slant on the head of some golf clubs that is designed to drive the ball high in the air lay out a full-scale working drawing of the lines of a vessel's hull kick or strike high in the air; "loft a ball" propel through the air; "The rocket lofted the space shuttle into the air" store in a loft log measuring instrument that consists of a float that trails from a ship by a knotted line in order to measure the ship's speed through the water a written record of events on a voyage (of a ship or plane) a written record of messages sent or received; "they kept a log of all transmission by the radio station"; "an email log" a segment of the trunk of a tree when stripped of branches enter into a log, as on ships and planes cut lumber, as in woods and forests log cabin a cabin built with logs loge balcony consisting of the forward section of a theater mezzanine loggia a roofed arcade or gallery with open sides stretching along the front or side of a building; often at an upper level logic element an electronic device that performs an elementary logic operation log line a knotted cord that runs out from a reel to a piece of wood that is attached to it Lomotil trade name of an antidiarrheal lomustine an antineoplastic drug often used to treat brain tumors or Hodgkin's disease longboat the largest boat carried by a merchant sailing vessel longbow a powerful wooden bow drawn by hand; usually 5-6 feet long; used in medieval England long iron an iron with a long shaft and a steep face; for hitting long low shots long johns warm underwear with long legs longshot a photograph taken from a distance long sleeve a sleeve extending from shoulder to wrist long tom a long swivel cannon formerly used by the navy long trousers trousers reaching to the foot long underwear an undergarment with shirt and drawers in one piece looking glass a mirror; usually a ladies' dressing mirror loom a textile machine for weaving yarn into a textile weave on a loom; "materials loomed in Egypt" appear very large or occupy a commanding position; "The huge sculpture predominates over the fountain"; "Large shadows loomed on the canyon wall" come into view indistinctly, often threateningly; "Another air plane loomed into the sky" loophole a small hole in a fortified wall; for observation or discharging weapons an ambiguity (especially one in the text of a law or contract) that makes it possible to evade a difficulty or obligation loop knot any of various knots used to make a fixed loop in a rope loop-line a railway branch line that branches from the trunk line and then rejoins it later on Lo/Ovral trade name for an oral contraceptive containing estradiol and norgestrel lorazepam tranquilizer (trade name Ativan) used to treat anxiety and tension and insomnia lorgnette eyeglasses that are held to the eyes with a long handle Lorraine cross a cross with two crossbars, one above and one below the midpoint of the vertical, the lower longer than the upper lorry a large truck designed to carry heavy loads; usually without sides a large low horse-drawn wagon without sides lost-and-found repository in a public building where lost articles can be kept until their owners reclaim them lota a globular water bottle used in Asia lotion any of various cosmetic preparations that are applied to the skin liquid preparation having a soothing or antiseptic or medicinal action when applied to the skin; "a lotion for dry skin" loudspeaker electro-acoustic transducer that converts electrical signals into sounds loud enough to be heard at a distance lounge a room (as in a hotel or airport) with seating where people can wait sit or recline comfortably; "He was lounging on the sofa" lounger an article of clothing designed for comfort and leisure wear lounging jacket a man's soft jacket usually with a tie belt; worn at home lounging pajama pajamas worn while lounging loungewear clothing suitable for relaxation loupe small magnifying glass (usually set in an eyepiece) used by jewelers and horologists louver one of a set of parallel slats in a door or window to admit air and reject rain louvered window a window with glass louvers Louvre an art museum that is a famous tourist attraction in Paris lovastatin an oral drug (trade name Mevacor) to reduce blood cholesterol levels; used when dietary changes have proved inadequate love knot a stylized or decorative knot used as an emblem of love love seat small sofa that seats two people love-token keepsake given as a token of love loving cup a large drinking vessel (usually with two handles) that people drink out of in turn at a banquet lowboy a low chest or table with drawers and supported on four legs lower berth the lower of two berths lower deck the deck below the main deck low-pass filter a filter that passes frequencies below a certain value and attenuates frequencies above that value low-warp-loom a handloom in which the warp is carried horizontally; for weaving tapestry loxapine a tranquilizer (trade name Loxitane) used to treat schizophrenia LP a long-playing phonograph record; designed to be played at 33.3 rpm L-plate a square plate bearing the letter L that is attached to both ends of a car to indicate that the driver is a learner lubber's hole hole in a platform on a mast through which a sailor can climb without going out on the shrouds lubricating system mechanical system of lubricating internal combustion engines in which a pump forces oil into the engine bearings lug a projecting piece that is used to lift or support or turn something carry with difficulty; "You'll have to lug this suitcase" luge a racing sled for one or two people Luger a German semiautomatic pistol luggage carrier carrier (as behind a bicycle seat) for luggage luggage compartment compartment in an automobile that carries luggage or shopping or tools; "he put his golf bag in the trunk" luggage rack carrier for holding luggage above the seats of a train or on top of a car lugger small fishing boat rigged with one or more lugsails lugsail a sail with four corners that is hoisted from a yard that is oblique to the mast lug wrench a wrench with jaws that have projecting lugs to engage the object that is to be rotated lumberjack a short warm outer jacket lumbermill a mill for dressing logs and lumber lumber room a storeroom in a house where odds and ends can be stored (especially furniture) lumberyard a workplace where lumber is stocked for sale lunar excursion module a spacecraft that carries astronauts from the command module to the surface of the moon and back lunchroom a restaurant (in a facility) where lunch can be purchased lunette oval or circular opening; to allow light into a dome or vault temporary fortification like a detached bastion lungi a long piece of brightly colored cloth (cotton or silk) used as clothing (a skirt or loincloth or sash etc.) in India and Pakistan and Burma lunula a crescent-shaped metal ornament of the Bronze Age lusterware pottery with a metallic sheen produced by adding metallic oxides to the glaze lute chordophone consisting of a plucked instrument having a pear-shaped body, a usually bent neck, and a fretted fingerboard a substance for packing a joint or coating a porous surface to make it impervious to gas or liquid luxury liner a liner equipped for sumptuous living lyceum a public hall for lectures and concerts lychgate a roofed gate to a churchyard, formerly used as a temporary shelter for the bier during funerals lymphangiogram an angiogram of the lymph nodes and lymph vessels made after the injection of a radiopaque substance lypressin an antidiuretic and vasoconstrictor used to treat diabetes insipidus lyre a harp used by ancient Greeks for accompaniment lysergic acid diethylamide a powerful hallucinogenic drug manufactured from lysergic acid machete a large heavy knife used in Central and South America as a weapon or for cutting vegetation machicolation a projecting parapet supported by corbels on a medieval castle; has openings through which stones or boiling water could be dropped on an enemy machine any mechanical or electrical device that transmits or modifies energy to perform or assist in the performance of human tasks a device for overcoming resistance at one point by applying force at some other point a group that controls the activities of a political party; "he was endorsed by the Democratic machine" an intricate organization that accomplishes its goals efficiently; "the war machine" an efficient person; "the boxer was a magnificent fighting machine" make by machinery; "The Americans were machining while others still hand-made cars" turn, shape, mold, or otherwise finish by machinery machine bolt a bolt with a square or hexagonal head on one end and a threaded shaft on the other end; tightened with a wrench; used to connect metal parts machine gun a rapidly firing automatic gun (often mounted) shoot with a machine gun machinery machines or machine systems collectively a system of means and activities whereby a social institution functions; "the complex machinery of negotiation"; "the machinery of command labored and brought forth an order" machine screw a screw used either with a nut or with a tapped hole; slotted head can be driven by a screwdriver machine shop workshop where metal is cut and shaped etc., by machine tools machine stitch a sewing stitch made by a sewing machine, sometimes using more than one thread machine tool a powered machine for cutting or shaping or finishing metals or other materials machinist's vise a vise with two parallel iron jaws and a wide opening below machmeter speedometer for measuring the speed of an aircraft relative to the speed of sound macintosh a waterproof raincoat made of rubberized fabric Mackinac Bridge a suspension bridge across the channel between the lower and upper peninsulas of Michigan mackinaw a heavy woolen cloth heavily napped and felted, often with a plaid design a flat-bottomed boat used on upper Great Lakes a thick plaid blanket formerly used in the northwestern United States a short plaid coat made of made of thick woolen material mackintosh a lightweight waterproof (usually rubberized) fabric macrame a relatively coarse lace; made by weaving and knotting cords make knotted patterns; "macrame a plant holder" madras a light patterned cotton cloth Mae West an inflatable life jacket magazine a storehouse (as a compartment on a warship) where weapons and ammunition are stored product consisting of a paperback periodic publication as a physical object; "tripped over a pile of magazines" a light-tight supply chamber holding the film and supplying it for exposure as required a periodic publication containing pictures and stories and articles of interest to those who purchase it or subscribe to it; "it takes several years before a magazine starts to break even or make money" a business firm that publishes magazines; "he works for a magazine" magazine rack a rack for displaying magazines magic bullet a remedy (drug or therapy or preventive) that cures or prevents a disease; "there is no magic bullet against cancer" magic lantern an early form of slide projector magic realism a literary or artistic genre in which realistic narrative or meticulously realistic painting are combined with surreal elements of fantasy or dreams Maginot Line a fortification built before World War II to protect France's eastern border; initially considered to be impregnable, it was easily overrun by the German army in 1940 magnet (physics) a device that attracts iron and produces a magnetic field magnetic bottle container consisting of any configuration of magnetic fields used to contain a plasma during controlled thermonuclear reactions magnetic bubble memory a nonvolatile storage device that holds information in the form of bubbles on a thin film of magnetic silicate; no longer used in most computers magnetic compass compass based on an indicator (as a magnetic needle) that points to the magnetic north magnetic core memory (computer science) a computer memory consisting of an array of magnetic cores; now superseded by semiconductor memories magnetic disk (computer science) a memory device consisting of a flat disk covered with a magnetic coating on which information is stored magnetic head an electromagnet (as on a tape recorder) that converts electrical variations into magnetic variations that can be stored on a surface and later retrieved magnetic mine (nautical) a marine mine that is detonated by a mechanism that responds to magnetic material (as the steel hull of a ship) magnetic needle a slender magnet suspended in a magnetic compass on a mounting with little friction; used to indicate the direction of the earth's magnetic pole magnetic recorder recorder consisting of equipment for making records on magnetic media magnetic stripe a short strip of magnetic tape attached to a credit card or debit card; it contains data that will tell a reading device who you are and what your account number is, etc. magnetic tape memory device consisting of a long thin plastic strip coated with iron oxide; used to record audio or video signals or to store computer information; "he took along a dozen tapes to record the interview" magneto a small dynamo with a secondary winding that produces a high voltage enabling a spark to jump between the poles of a spark plug in a gasoline engine magnetograph a scientific instrument that registers magnetic variations (especially variations of the earth's magnetic field) magnetometer a meter to compare strengths of magnetic fields magnetron a diode vacuum tube in which the flow of electrons from a central cathode to a cylindrical anode is controlled by crossed magnetic and electric fields; used mainly in microwave oscillators magnifier a scientific instrument that magnifies an image magnum a large wine bottle for liquor or wine magnum opus a great work of art or literature magnus hitch a rolling hitch similar to a clove hitch mail a conveyance that transports the letters and packages that are conveyed by the postal system the system whereby messages are transmitted via the post office; "the mail handles billions of items every day"; "he works for the United States mail service"; "in England they call mail `the post'" the bags of letters and packages that are transported by the postal service any particular collection of letters or packages that is delivered; "your mail is on the table"; "is there any post for me?"; "she was opening her post" cause to be directed or transmitted to another place; "send me your latest results"; "I'll mail you the paper when it's written" send via the postal service; "I'll mail you the check tomorrow" mailbag letter carrier's shoulder bag; "in Britain they call a mailbag a postbag" pouch used in the shipment of mail mailboat a boat for carrying mail mailbox a private box for delivery of mail mail car a railway car in which mail is transported and sorted maildrop a drop where mail can be deposited mailer a container for something to be mailed an advertisement that is sent by mail a person who mails something maillot tights for dancers or gymnasts a woman's one-piece bathing suit mail slot a slot (usually in a door) through which mail can be delivered mailsorter a sorter for sorting mail according to the address mail train a train that carries mail main a principal pipe in a system that distributes water or gas or electricity or that collects sewage any very large body of (salt) water main course a square mainsail main deck the uppermost sheltered deck that runs the entire length of a large vessel main drag the main street of a town or city mainframe a large digital computer serving 100-400 users and occupying a special air-conditioned room main line the principal route of a transportation system mainmast the chief mast of a sailing vessel with two or more masts main rotor rotor consisting of large rotating airfoils on a single-rotor helicopter that produce the lift to support the helicopter in the air mainsail the lowermost sail on the mainmast mainspring the most important spring in a mechanical device (especially a clock or watch); as it uncoils it drives the mechanism mainstay the forestay that braces the mainmast main street street that serves as a principal thoroughfare for traffic in a town main-topmast the topmast next above the mainmast main-topsail a topsail set on the mainmast main yard yard for a square mainsail maisonette a small house a self-contained apartment (usually on two floors) in a larger house and with its own entrance from the outside majolica highly decorated earthenware with a glaze of tin oxide major suit (bridge) a suit of superior scoring value, either spades or hearts major tranquilizer tranquilizer used to treat psychotic conditions when a calming effect is desired makeup cosmetics applied to the face to improve or change your appearance an event that is substituted for a previously cancelled event; "he missed the test and had to take a makeup"; "the two teams played a makeup one week later" makeweight a weight added to the scale to reach a required weight anything added to fill out a whole; "some of the items in the collection are mere makeweights" making (usually plural) the components needed for making or doing something; "the recipe listed all the makings for a chocolate cake" Maksutov telescope reflecting telescope in which the aberration of the concave mirror is reduced by a meniscus lens malacca a cane made from the stem of a rattan palm stem of the rattan palm used for making canes and umbrella handles mallet a tool resembling a hammer but with a large head (usually wooden); used to drive wedges or ram down paving stones or for crushing or beating or flattening or smoothing a light drumstick with a rounded head that is used to strike such percussion instruments as chimes, kettledrums, marimbas, glockenspiels, etc. a sports implement with a long handle and a head like a hammer; used in sports (polo or croquet) to hit a ball Maltese cross a cross with triangular or arrow-shaped arms and the points toward the center mammogram X-ray film of the soft tissue of the breast man game equipment consisting of an object used in playing certain board games; "he taught me to set up the men on the chess board"; "he sacrificed a piece to get a strategic advantage" an adult person who is male (as opposed to a woman); "there were two women and six men on the bus" a male person who plays a significant role (husband or lover or boyfriend) in the life of a particular woman; "she takes good care of her man" an adult male person who has a manly character (virile and courageous competent); "the army will make a man of you" the generic use of the word to refer to any human being; "it was every man for himself" a male subordinate; "the chief stationed two men outside the building"; "he awaited word from his man in Havana" provide with workers; "We cannot man all the desks"; "Students were manning the booths" take charge of a certain job; occupy a certain work place; "Mr. Smith manned the reception desk in the morning" mandala any of various geometric designs (usually circular) symbolizing the universe; used chiefly in Hinduism and Buddhism as an aid to meditation mandola an early type of mandolin mandolin a stringed instrument related to the lute, usually played with a plectrum manger a container (usually in a barn or stable) from which cattle or horses feed mangle clothes dryer for drying and ironing laundry by passing it between two heavy heated rollers alter so as to make unrecognizable; "The tourists murdered the French language" press with a mangle; "mangle the sheets" manhole a hole (usually with a flush cover) through which a person can gain access to an underground structure manhole cover a flush iron cover for a manhole (as in a street) manifold a pipe that has several lateral outlets to or from other pipes a set of points such as those of a closed surface or an analogue in three or more dimensions make multiple copies of; "multiply a letter" many and varied; having many features or forms; "manifold reasons"; "our manifold failings"; "manifold intelligence"; "the multiplex opportunities in high technology" mannequin a life-size dummy used to display clothes a woman who wears clothes to display fashions; "she was too fat to be a mannequin" mannitol a diuretic (trade name Osmitrol) used to promote the excretion of urine man-of-war a warship intended for combat manometer a pressure gauge for comparing pressures of a gas manor the mansion of a lord or wealthy person the landed estate of a lord (including the house on it) manor hall the large room of a manor or castle MANPAD a man-portable surface-to-air missile mansard a hip roof having two slopes on each side (of a roof) having two slopes on all sides with the lower slope steeper than the upper; "the story formed by a mansard roof is usually called the garret" manse the residence of a clergyman (especially a Presbyterian clergyman) mansion a large and imposing house mantel shelf that projects from wall above fireplace mantelet short cape worn by women portable bulletproof shelter mantilla a woman's silk or lace scarf mantrap a trap for catching trespassers mantua loose gown of the 17th and 18th centuries Mao jacket a light weight jacket with a high collar; worn by Mao Zedong and the Chinese people during his regime map a diagrammatic representation of the earth's surface (or part of it) to establish a mapping (of mathematical elements or sets) explore or survey for the purpose of making a map; "We haven't even begun to map the many galaxies that we know exist" make a map of; show or establish the features of details of; "map the surface of Venus" depict as if on a map; "sorrow was mapped on the mother's face" plan, delineate, or arrange in detail; "map one's future" locate within a specific region of a chromosome in relation to known DNA or gene sequences; "map the genes" map projection a projection of the globe onto a flat map using a grid of lines of latitude and longitude maquiladora an assembly plant in Mexico (near the United States border); parts are shipped into Mexico and the finished product is shipped back across the border maraca a percussion instrument consisting of a hollow gourd containing pebbles or beans; often played in pairs marble a small ball of glass that is used in various games a sculpture carved from marble a hard crystalline metamorphic rock that takes a high polish; used for sculpture and as building material paint or stain like marble; "marble paper" marching order equipage for marching; "the company was dressed in full marching order" marimba a percussion instrument with wooden bars tuned to produce a chromatic scale and with resonators; played with small mallets marina a fancy dock for small yachts and cabin cruisers Marineland a commercial aquarium featuring trained dolphins marker some conspicuous object used to distinguish or mark something; "the buoys were markers for the channel" a writing implement for making a mark a distinguishing symbol; "the owner's mark was on all the sheep" market garden a garden where fruit and vegetables are grown for marketing marketplace an area in a town where a public mercantile establishment is set up marline a small usually tarred line of 2 strands marlinespike a pointed iron hand tool that is used to separate strands of a rope or cable (as in splicing) marmite a large pot especially one with legs used e.g. for cooking soup soup cooked in a large pot marocain a dress crepe; similar to Canton crepe maroon an exploding firework used as a warning signal a dark purplish-red to dark brownish-red color a person who is stranded (as on an island); "when the tide came in I was a maroon out there" leave stranded on a desert island without resources; "The mutinous sailors were marooned on an island" leave stranded or isolated with little hope of rescue; "the travellers were marooned" of dark brownish to purplish red marquee permanent canopy over an entrance of a hotel etc. marquetry inlaid veneers are fitted together to form a design or picture that is then used to ornament furniture marriage bed the bed shared by a newly wed couple marseille strong cotton fabric with a raised pattern; used for bedspreads marshalling yard a railway yard in which trains are assembled and goods are loaded martello tower a circular masonry fort for coastal defence martingale a harness strap that connects the nose piece to the girth; prevents the horse from throwing back its head mascara makeup that is used to darken and thicken the eye lashes maser an acronym for microwave amplification by stimulated emission of radiation; an amplifier that works on the same principle as a laser and emits coherent microwave radiation masher a kitchen utensil used for mashing (e.g. potatoes) mashie middle-distance iron mashie niblick iron with a lofted face for hitting high shots to the green masjid (Islam) a Muslim place of worship masking piece scenery used to block the audience's view of parts of the stage that should not be seen masking tape adhesive tape used to cover the part of a surface that should not be painted Masonite a type of fiberboard Mason jar a glass jar with an air-tight screw top; used in home canning mason's level a level longer than a carpenter's level Massachusetts Institute of Technology an engineering university in Cambridge massage parlor a business establishment that offers therapeutic massage a place where illicit sex is available under the guise of therapeutic massage mass spectrograph a mass spectrometer that produces a graphical representation of the mass spectrum mass spectrometer spectroscope for obtaining a mass spectrum by deflecting ions into a thin slit and measuring the ion current with an electrometer mast a vertical spar for supporting sails any sturdy upright pole nuts of forest trees used as feed for swine nuts of forest trees (as beechnuts and acorns) accumulated on the ground mastaba an ancient Egyptian mud-brick tomb with a rectangular base and sloping sides and flat roof; "the Egyptian pyramids developed from the mastaba" master an original creation (i.e., an audio recording) from which copies can be made an authority qualified to teach apprentices directs the work of others someone who holds a master's degree from academic institution an officer who is licensed to command a merchant ship have a firm understanding or knowledge of; be on top of; "Do you control these data?" be or become completely proficient or skilled in; "She mastered Japanese in less than two years" master bedroom the principal bedroom in a house; usually occupied by the head of the household masthead the head or top of a mast the title of a newspaper or magazine; usually printed on the front page and on the editorial page a listing printed in all issues of a newspaper or magazine (usually on the editorial page) that gives the name of the publication and the names of the editorial staff, etc. mat a thick flat pad used as a floor covering sports equipment consisting of a piece of thick padding on the floor for gymnastic sports a small pad of material that is used to protect surface from an object placed on it mounting consisting of a border or background for a picture a mass that is densely tangled or interwoven; "a mat of weeds and grass" match lighter consisting of a thin piece of wood or cardboard tipped with combustible chemical; ignites with friction; "he always carries matches to light his pipe"; "as long you've a lucifer to light your fag" an exact duplicate; "when a match is found an entry is made in the notebook" a burning piece of wood or cardboard; "if you drop a match in there the whole place will explode" something that resembles or harmonizes with; "that tie makes a good match with your jacket" a formal contest in which two or more persons or teams compete the score needed to win a match be equal or harmonize; "The two pieces match" make correspond or harmonize; "Match my sweater" bring two objects, ideas, or people together; "This fact is coupled to the other one"; "Matchmaker, can you match my daughter with a nice young man?"; "The student was paired with a partner for collaboration on the project" give or join in marriage provide funds complementary to; "The company matched the employees' contributions" be compatible, similar or consistent; coincide in their characteristics; "The two stories don't agree in many details"; "The handwriting checks with the signature on the check"; "The suspect's fingerprints don't match those on the gun" matchboard a board that has a groove cut into one edge and a tongue cut into the other so they fit tightly together (as in a floor) matchbook a small folder of paper safety matches matchbox a box for holding matches matchlock an early style of musket; a slow-burning wick would be lowered into a hole in the breech to ignite the charge match plane a plane having cutters designed to make the tongues and grooves on the edges of matchboards matchstick a short thin stick of wood used in making matches material things needed for doing or making something; "writing materials"; "useful teaching materials" information (data or ideas or observations) that can be used or reworked into a finished form; "the archives provided rich material for a definitive biography" a person judged suitable for admission or employment; "he was university material"; "she was vice-presidential material" the tangible substance that goes into the makeup of a physical object; "coal is a hard black material"; "wheat is the stuff they use to make bread" derived from or composed of matter; "the material universe" directly relevant to a matter especially a law case; "his support made a material difference"; "evidence material to the issue at hand"; "facts likely to influence the judgment are called material facts"; "a material witness" concerned with or affecting physical as distinct from intellectual or psychological well-being; "material needs"; "the moral and material welfare of all good citizens"- T.Roosevelt concerned with worldly rather than spiritual interests; "material possessions"; "material wealth"; "material comforts" materiel equipment and supplies of a military force maternity hospital a hospital that provides care for women during pregnancy and childbirth and for newborn infants maternity ward a hospital ward that provides care for women during pregnancy and childbirth and for newborn infants matrix mold used in the production of phonograph records, type, or other relief surface the formative tissue at the base of a nail the body substance in which tissue cells are embedded (mathematics) a rectangular array of quantities or expressions set out by rows and columns; treated as a single element and manipulated according to rules an enclosure within which something originates or develops (from the Latin for womb) (geology) a mass of fine-grained rock in which fossils, crystals, or gems are embedded Matthew Walker a kind of stopper knot matting a covering of coarse fabric (usually of straw or hemp) mattock a kind of pick that is used for digging; has a flat blade set at right angles to the handle mattress a large thick pad filled with resilient material and often incorporating coiled springs, used as a bed or part of a bed mattress cover bedclothes that provide a cover for a mattress mattress pad a protective pad over a mattress to protect it maul a heavy long-handled hammer used to drive stakes or wedges injure badly by beating split (wood) with a maul and wedges maulstick a long stick that a painter uses to support the hand holding the brush Mauser trademark for a repeating rifle or pistol German arms manufacturer and inventor of a repeating rifle and pistol (1838-1914) mausoleum a large burial chamber, usually above ground Mausoleum at Halicarnasus a white marble mausoleum 140 feet high built in 352 BC at Halicarnassus as a memorial to a king; destroyed in 1402 maxi a long skirt ending below the calf used of women's clothing having a hemline at the ankle; "wanted a maxi-length coat"; "a maxidress" Maxim gun an obsolete water-cooled machine gun having a single barrel maximum and minimum thermometer thermometer that records the highest and lowest temperatures reached during a period of time Maxzide trade name for an antihypertensive drug containing hydrochlorothiazide and another diuretic Mayflower the ship in which the Pilgrim Fathers sailed from England to Massachusetts in 1620 maypole a vertical pole or post decorated with streamers that can be held by dancers celebrating May Day maze complex system of paths or tunnels in which it is easy to get lost mazer a large hardwood drinking bowl measuring cup graduated cup used to measure liquid or granular ingredients measuring instrument instrument that shows the extent or amount or quantity or degree of something measuring stick measuring instrument having a sequence of marks at regular intervals; used as a reference in making measurements meat counter counter where meats are displayed for sale meat hook a strong pointed hook from which the carcasses of animals are hung meat house a small house (on a farm) where meat is stored meat safe a safe for storing meat meat thermometer a thermometer that is inserted into the center of a roast (with the top away from the heat source); used to measure how well done the meat is mebendazole an anthelmintic used to treat hookworm and pinworm and roundworm infestations Meccano a child's construction set for making mechanical models mechanical device mechanism consisting of a device that works on mechanical principles mechanical drawing scale drawing of a machine or architectural plan etc, mechanical piano a mechanically operated piano that uses a roll of perforated paper to activate the keys mechanical system a system of elements that interact on mechanical principles meclizine an antihistamine (trade name Antivert) used to treat or prevent motion sickness meclofenamate a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory (trade name Meclomen) used to treat arthritis medical building building where medicine is practiced medical instrument instrument used in the practice of medicine medicine ball heavy ball used in physical training medicine chest cabinet that holds medicines and toiletries MEDLINE the computer-based telephone system of the United States National Library of Medicine that provides rapid linkage to MEDLARS meerschaum a pipe having a bowl made of meerschaum a white clayey mineral mefenamic acid a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory and analgesic drug (trade name Ponstel) used to treat mild pain (especially menstrual cramps) mefloquine an antimalarial drug (trade name Larium and Mephaquine) that is effective in cases that do not respond to chloroquine; said to produce harmful neuropsychiatric effects on some people megalith memorial consisting of a very large stone forming part of a prehistoric structure (especially in western Europe) megaphone a cone-shaped acoustic device held to the mouth to intensify and direct the human voice megaton bomb a nuclear weapon with an explosive power equivalent to one million tons of TNT melphalan antineoplastic drug (trade name Alkeran) used to treat multiple myeloma and some other malignancies membrane a thin pliable sheet of material a pliable sheet of tissue that covers or lines or connects the organs or cells of animals or plants memorial a structure erected to commemorate persons or events a written statement of facts submitted in conjunction with a petition to an authority a recognition of meritorious service memory an electronic memory device; "a memory and the CPU form the central part of a computer to which peripherals are attached" the power of retaining and recalling past experience; "he had a good memory when he was younger" the cognitive processes whereby past experience is remembered; "he can do it from memory"; "he enjoyed remembering his father" something that is remembered; "search as he would, the memory was lost" the area of cognitive psychology that studies memory processes; "he taught a graduate course on learning and memory" memory chip a RAM microchip that can be plugged into a computer to provide additional memory memory device a device that preserves information for retrieval menagerie the facility where wild animals are housed for exhibition a collection of live animals for study or display mend sewing that repairs a worn or torn hole (especially in a garment); "her stockings had several mends" heal or recover; "My broken leg is mending" mending garments that must be repaired menhir a tall upright megalith; found primarily in England and northern France meniscus (physics) the curved upper surface of a nonturbulent liquid in a vertical tube (optics) a lens that is concave on one side and convex on the other (anatomy) a disk of cartilage that serves as a cushion between the ends of bones that meet at a joint menorah (Judaism) a candelabrum with nine branches; used during the Hanukkah festival Menorah (Judaism) a candelabrum with seven branches used in ceremonies to symbolize the seven days of Creation man's clothing clothing that is designed for men to wear men's room a public toilet for men mental hospital a hospital for mentally incompetent or unbalanced person menthol a lotion containing menthol which gives it the smell of mint a crystalline compound that has the cool and minty taste and odor that occurs naturally in peppermint oil; used as a flavoring and in medicine to relieve itching, pain, and nasal congestion mentholated salve a salve containing menthol meperidine a synthetic narcotic drug (trade name Demerol) used to treat pain mephenytoin a toxic anticonvulsant drug (trade name Mesantoin) used in the treatment of epilepsy when less toxic anticonvulsants have been ineffective mephobarbital a long-acting crystalline barbiturate (trade name Mebaral) used as a sedative and as an anticonvulsant in the treatment of epilepsy meprobamate a sedative and tranquilizer (trade name Miltown and Equanil and Meprin) used to treat muscle tension and anxiety merbromine a mercurial compound applied topically as an antiseptic; Mercurochrome is the trademark mercantile establishment a place of business for retailing goods mercaptopurine a drug (trade name Purinethol) that interferes with the metabolism of purine and is used to treat acute lymphocytic leukemia Mercator projection a map projection of the earth onto a cylinder; areas appear greater the farther they are from the equator merchandise commodities offered for sale; "good business depends on having good merchandise"; "that store offers a variety of products" mercurial ointment an ointment containing mercury mercury barometer barometer that shows pressure by the height of a column of mercury mercury cell a primary cell consisting of a zinc anode and a cathode of mercury oxide and an electrolyte of potassium hydroxide mercury thermometer thermometer consisting of mercury contained in a bulb at the bottom of a graduated sealed glass capillary tube marked in degrees Celsius or Fahrenheit; mercury expands with a rise in temperature causing a thin thread of mercury to rise in the tube mercury-vapor lamp ultraviolet lamp that emits a strong bluish light (rich in ultraviolet radiation) as electric current passes through mercury vapor mercy seat the golden covering of the ark of the covenant the throne of God merlon a solid section between two crenels in a crenelated battlement Merrimac an ironclad vessel built by the Confederate forces in the hope of breaking the blockade imposed by the North mescaline the hallucinatory alkaloid that is the active agent in mescal buttons mess a (large) military dining room where service personnel eat or relax a meal eaten in a mess hall by service personnel soft semiliquid food; "a mess of porridge" a state of confusion and disorderliness; "the house was a mess"; "she smoothed the mussiness of the bed" make a mess of or create disorder in; "He messed up his room" eat in a mess hall mess jacket waist-length jacket tapering to a point at the back; worn by officers in the mess for formal dinners mess kit kit containing a metal dish and eating utensils; used by soldiers and campers messuage (law) a dwelling house and its adjacent buildings and the adjacent land used by the household metal detector detector that gives a signal when it detects the presence of metal; used to detect the presence of stray bits of metal in food products or to find buried metal metallic a yarn made partly or entirely of metal a fabric made of a yarn that is partly or entirely of metal containing or made of or resembling or characteristic of a metal; "a metallic compound"; "metallic luster"; "the strange metallic note of the meadow lark, suggesting the clash of vibrant blades"- Ambrose Bierce metal screw screw made of metal metalware household articles made of metal (especially for use at table) metal wood golf wood with a metal head instead of the traditional wooden head metalwork the metal parts of something; "there were bullet holes in the metalwork" metaproterenol a bronchodilator (trade name Alupent) used to treat asthma and emphysema and other lung conditions; available in oral or inhalant forms; side effects include tachycardia and shakiness meteorological balloon a small unmanned balloon set aloft to observe atmospheric conditions meter any of various measuring instruments for measuring a quantity rhythm as given by division into parts of equal duration (prosody) the accent in a metrical foot of verse the basic unit of length adopted under the Systeme International d'Unites (approximately 1.094 yards) measure with a meter; "meter the flow of water" stamp with a meter indicating the postage; "meter the mail" meterstick a rule one meter long (usually marked off in centimeters and millimeters) metformin an antidiabetic drug (trade name Glucophage) prescribed to treat type II diabetes methacholine parasympathomimetic drug (trademark Mecholyl) that stimulates secretions and smooth muscle activity methadone synthetic narcotic drug similar to morphine but less habit-forming; used in narcotic detoxification and maintenance of heroin addiction methamphetamine an amphetamine derivative (trade name Methedrine) used in the form of a crystalline hydrochloride; used as a stimulant to the nervous system and as an appetite suppressant methapyrilene antihistamine used to treat allergic responses (as rhinitis or dermatitis or pruritus) methaqualone sedative-hypnotic drug (trade name Quaalude) that is a drug of abuse metharbital anticonvulsant drug (trade name Gemonil) used in the treatment of epilepsy methenamine antibacterial agent (trade names Mandelamine and Urex) that is contained in many products that are used to treat urinary infections methicillin antibiotic drug of the penicillin family used in the treatment of certain staphylococcal infections methocarbamol muscle relaxant for skeletal muscles (trade name Robaxin) used to treat spasms methotrexate toxic antimetabolite that limits cellular reproduction by acting as an antagonist to folic acid; used to treat certain cancers and psoriasis and rheumatoid arthritis methyldopa antihypertensive drug (trade name Aldomet) used in the treatment of high blood pressure methylenedioxymethamphetamine a stimulant drug that is chemically related to mescaline and amphetamine and is used illicitly for its euphoric and hallucinogenic effects; it was formerly used in psychotherapy but in 1985 it was declared illegal in the United States; "MDMA is often used at parties because it enables partygoers to remain active for long periods of time" methylphenidate central nervous system stimulant (trade name Ritalin) used in the treatment of narcolepsy in adults and attention deficit disorder in children metoprolol beta blocker (trade name Lopressor) used in treating hypertension and angina and arrhythmia and acute myocardial infarction; has adverse side effects (depression and exacerbation of congestive heart failure etc.) metro an electric railway operating below the surface of the ground (usually in a city); "in Paris the subway system is called the `metro' and in London it is called the `tube' or the `underground'" metronidazole antiprotozoal medication (trade name Flagyl) used to treat trichomoniasis and giardiasis metronome clicking pendulum indicates the exact tempo of a piece of music mews street lined with buildings that were originally private stables but have been remodeled as dwellings; "she lives in a Chelsea mews" mexiletine antiarrhythmic drug (trade name Mexitil) used to treat ventricular arrhythmias mezzanine intermediate floor just above the ground floor first or lowest balcony mezzo-relievo a sculptural relief between low relief and high relief mezzotint print produced by an engraving that has been scraped to represent light or shade Mickey Finn slang term for knockout drops miconazole an antifungal agent usually administered in the form of a nitrate (trade name Monistat) microbalance balance for weighing very small objects microbrewery a small brewery; consumption of the product is mainly elsewhere microdot photograph reduced to the size of a dot (usually for purposes of security) microfiche small sheet of microfilm on which many pages of material have been photographed; a magnification system is used to read the material microfilm film on which materials are photographed at greatly reduced size; useful for storage; a magnification system is used to read the material record on microfilm micrometer caliper for measuring small distances Micronor trade name for and oral contraceptive containing the progestin compound norethindrone microphone device for converting sound waves into electrical energy microphotometer special kind of densitometer that measures density variations over a very small area microprocessor integrated circuit semiconductor chip that performs the bulk of the processing and controls the parts of a system; "a microprocessor functions as the central processing unit of a microcomputer"; "a disk drive contains a microprocessor to handle the internal functions of the drive" microscope magnifier of the image of small objects; "the invention of the microscope led to the discovery of the cell" microtome scientific instrument that cuts thin slices of something for microscopic examination microwave kitchen appliance that cooks food by passing an electromagnetic wave through it; heat results from the absorption of energy by the water molecules in the food a short electromagnetic wave (longer than infrared but shorter than radio waves); used for radar and microwave ovens and for transmitting telephone, facsimile, video and data cook or heat in a microwave oven; "You can microwave the leftovers" microwave bomb a bomb that explodes in midair and releases a massive burst of electromagnetic energy sufficient to disable computers and telecommunications without killing people or damaging buildings microwave diathermy machine diathermy machine that uses microwave radiation as the source of heat microwave linear accelerator linear accelerator that uses microwaves midazolam an injectable form of benzodiazepine (trade name Versed) useful for sedation and for reducing pain during uncomfortable medical procedures middling any commodity of intermediate quality or size (especially when coarse particles of ground wheat are mixed with bran) middy blouse with a sailor collar midiron long iron with a nearly vertical face mihrab (Islam) a niche in the wall of a mosque that indicates the direction of Mecca (Islam) a design in the shape of niche in a Muslim prayer rug; during worship the niche must be pointed toward Mecca mild silver protein antiseptic consisting of a compound of protein and silver (trade name Argyrol) military hospital hospital for soldiers and other military personnel military installation any facility servicing military forces military post military installation at which a body of troops is stationed; "this military post provides an important source of income for the town nearby"; "there is an officer's club on the post" military quarters living quarters for personnel on a military post military uniform prescribed identifying uniform for soldiers military vehicle vehicle used by the armed forces milk bar snack bar that sells milk drinks and light refreshments (such as ice cream) milk can large can for transporting milk milk float a van (typically powered by electricity) with an open side that is used to deliver milk to houses milking machine machine consisting of a suction apparatus for milking cows mechanically milking stool low three-legged stool with a half round seat; used to sit on while milking a cow milk of magnesia purgative consisting of a milky white liquid suspension of magnesium hydroxide; used as a laxative and (in smaller doses) as an antacid milk wagon wagon for delivering milk mill machinery that processes materials by grinding or crushing grind with a mill; "mill grain" roll out (metal) with a rolling machine produce a ridge around the edge of; "mill a coin" move about in a confused manner milldam dam to make a millpond to provide power for a water mill miller machine tool in which metal that is secured to a carriage is fed against rotating cutters that shape it someone who works in a mill (especially a grain mill) milliammeter a sensitive ammeter graduated in milliamperes millinery hats for women; the wares sold by a milliner shop selling women's hats milling corrugated edge of a coin millivoltmeter sensitive voltmeter that can measure voltage in millivolts millrace a channel for the water current that turns a millwheel millstone one of a pair of heavy flat disk-shaped stones that are rotated against one another to grind the grain any load that is difficult to carry millwheel water wheel that is used to drive machinery in a mill millwork woodwork that has been machined at a mill mimeograph a rotary duplicator that uses a stencil through which ink is pressed (trade mark Roneo) print copies from (a prepared stencil) using a mimeograph; "She mimeographed the syllabus" minaret slender tower with balconies Minato Ohashi Bridge cantilever bridge at Osaka, Japan mincer a kitchen utensil that cuts or chops food (especially meat) into small pieces mine explosive device that explodes on contact; designed to destroy vehicles or ships or to kill or maim personnel excavation in the earth from which ores and minerals are extracted lay mines; "The Vietnamese mined Cambodia" get from the earth by excavation; "mine ores and metals" mine detector detector consisting of an electromagnetic device; used to locate explosive mines minelayer ship equipped for laying marine mines mineshaft excavation consisting of a vertical or sloping passageway for finding or mining ore or for ventilating a mine minesweeper ship equipped to detect and then destroy or neutralize or remove marine mines miniature a copy that reproduces a person or thing in greatly reduced size painting or drawing included in a book (especially in illuminated medieval manuscripts) being on a very small scale; "a miniature camera" minibar sideboard with compartments for holding bottles minibike small motorcycle with a low frame and small wheels and elevated handlebars minibus a light bus (4 to 10 passengers) minicab a minicar used as a taxicab minicar a car that is even smaller than a subcompact car minicomputer a digital computer of medium size miniskirt a very short skirt minisub submersible vessel for one or two persons; for naval operations or underwater exploration minivan a small box-shaped passenger van; usually has removable seats; used as a family car miniver trimming on ceremonial robes consisting of white or light grey fur minocycline tetracycline antibiotic (trade name Minocin) used to treat a variety of bacterial and rickettsial infections minor suit ( bridge) a suit of inferior scoring value, either diamonds or clubs minor tranquilizer a tranquilizer used to relieve anxiety and reduce tension and irritability minoxidil a vasodilator (trade name Loniten) used to treat severe hypertension; one side effect is hirsutism so it is also sold (trade name Rogaine) as a treatment for male-patterned baldness minster any of certain cathedrals and large churches; originally connected to a monastery mint a plant where money is coined by authority of the government a candy that is flavored with a mint oil the leaves of a mint plant used fresh or candied any member of the mint family of plants any north temperate plant of the genus Mentha with aromatic leaves and small mauve flowers form by stamping, punching, or printing; "strike coins"; "strike a medal" minute gun (military) gun that is discharged once every minute (usually as part of a military funeral) minute hand points to the minutes Minuteman a strategic weapon system using a guided missile of intercontinental range; missiles are equipped with nuclear warheads and dispersed in hardened silos an American militiaman prior to and during the American Revolution miotic drug a drug that causes miosis (constriction of the pupil of the eye) mirror polished surface that forms images by reflecting light a faithful depiction or reflection; "the best mirror is an old friend" reflect or resemble; "The plane crash in Milan mirrored the attack in the World Trade Center" reflect as if in a mirror; "The smallest pond at night mirrors the firmament above" mise en scene arrangement of scenery and properties to represent the place where a play or movie is enacted missile a rocket carrying a warhead of conventional or nuclear explosives; may be ballistic or directed by remote control missile defense system naval weaponry providing a defense system miter a liturgical headdress worn by bishops on formal occasions the surface of a beveled end of a piece where a miter joint is made; "he covered the miter with glue before making the joint" fit together in a miter joint bevel the edges of, to make a miter joint confer a miter on (a bishop) miter box hand tool for guiding handsaws in making crosscuts or miter joints miter joint joint that forms a corner; usually both sides are bevelled at a 45-degree angle to form a 90-degree corner mithramycin an antineoplastic drug (trade name Mithracin) used to treat cancer of the testes mitomycin a complex of antibiotic substances obtained from a streptomyces bacterium; one form (trade name Mutamycin) shows promise as an anticancer drug mitten glove that encases the thumb separately and the other four fingers together mixer a kitchen utensil that is used for mixing foods electronic equipment that mixes two or more input signals to give a single output signal club soda or fruit juice used to mix with alcohol mixing bowl bowl used with an electric mixer mixing faucet single faucet for separate hot and cold water pipes mizzen fore-and-aft sail set on the mizzenmast mizzenmast third mast from the bow in a vessel having three or more masts; the after and shorter mast of a yawl, ketch, or dandy moat ditch dug as a fortification and usually filled with water mobcap large high frilly cap with a full crown; formerly worn indoors by women mobile sculpture suspended in midair whose delicately balanced parts can be set in motion by air currents capable of changing quickly from one state or condition to another; "a highly mobile face" moving or capable of moving readily (especially from place to place); "a mobile missile system"; "the tongue is...the most mobile articulator" having transportation available migratory; "a restless mobile society"; "the nomadic habits of the Bedouins"; "believed the profession of a peregrine typist would have a happy future"; "wandering tribes" mobile home a large house trailer that can be connected to utilities and can be parked in one place and used as permanent housing Mobius strip a continuous closed surface with only one side; formed from a rectangular strip by rotating one end 180 degrees and joining it with the other end moccasin soft leather shoe; originally worn by Native Americans mock-up full-scale working model of something built for study or testing or display mod con modern convenience; the appliances and conveniences characteristic of a modern house Model T the first widely available automobile powered by a gasoline engine; mass-produced by Henry Ford from 1908 to 1927 modem (from a combination of MOdulate and DEModulate) electronic equipment consisting of a device used to connect computers by a telephone line Modicon trade name for an oral contraceptive containing estradiol and norethindrone modification slightly modified copy; not an exact copy; "a modification of last year's model" the grammatical relation that exists when a word qualifies the meaning of the phrase modillion (architecture) one of a set of ornamental brackets under a cornice module a self-contained component (unit or item) that is used in combination with other components computer circuit consisting of an assembly of electronic components (as of computer hardware) detachable compartment of a spacecraft mohair fabric made with yarn made from the silky hair of the Angora goat moire silk fabric with a wavy surface pattern (of silk fabric) having a wavelike pattern mold container into which liquid is poured to create a given shape when it hardens sculpture produced by molding a distinctive nature, character, or type; "a leader in the mold of her predecessors" a dish or dessert that is formed in or on a mold; "a lobster mold"; "a gelatin dessert made in a mold" a fungus that produces a superficial growth on various kinds of damp or decaying organic matter loose soil rich in organic matter become moldy; spoil due to humidity; "The furniture molded in the old house" fit tightly, follow the contours of; "The dress molds her beautiful figure" moldboard wedge formed by the curved part of a steel plow blade that turns the furrow moldboard plow plow that has a moldboard moleskin a durable cotton fabric with a velvety nap molindone antipsychotic drug (trade name Moban) used in the treatment of schizophrenia Molotov cocktail a crude incendiary bomb made of a bottle filled with flammable liquid and fitted with a rag wick monastery the residence of a religious community monastic habit a long loose habit worn by monks in a monastery moneybag a drawstring bag for holding money money belt belt with a concealed section for holding money Monitor an ironclad vessel built by Federal forces to do battle with the Merrimac monkey bridge a high narrow platform above a deck or in an engine room or boiler room monkey ladder a light ladder to the monkey bridge on a ship monkey-wrench adjustable wrench that has one fixed and one adjustable jaw monk's cloth a heavy cloth in basket weave monoamine oxidase inhibitor any of a group of antidepressant drugs that inhibit the action of monoamine oxidase in the brain and so allow monoamines to accumulate monochrome painting done in a range of tones of a single color monocle lens for correcting defective vision in one eye; held in place by facial muscles monofocal lens implant a lens with a single focus that is used after cataract surgery to provide clear distance vision monolith a single great stone (often in the form of a column or obelisk) monoplane an airplane with a single wing monopoly board a board used for playing monopoly monorail a railway having a single track monotype a typesetting machine operated from a keyboard that sets separate characters the sole print made by pressing paper against a painted or inked glass or metal plate (biology) a taxonomic group with a single member (a single species or genus) monstrance (Roman Catholic Church) a vessel (usually of gold or silver) in which the consecrated Host is exposed for adoration mooring (nautical) a line that holds an object (especially a boat) in place a place where a craft can be made fast mooring anchor an anchor used to hold a mooring buoy or a channel marker in place mooring tower a tower for mooring airships Moorish arch a round arch that widens before rounding off moped a motorbike that can be pedaled or driven by a low-powered gasoline engine mop handle the handle of a mop moquette a thick velvety synthetic fabric used for carpets and soft upholstery moreen a heavy fabric of wool (or wool and cotton) used mostly in upholstery or for curtains morgue a building (or room) where dead bodies are kept before burial or cremation morion a metal helmet worn by common soldiers in the 16th century morning-after pill a large dose of estrogen taken orally within 24 to 72 hours after intercourse; prevents implantation of a fertilized ovum and so acts as a contraceptive; commonly used after rape or incest morning dress a woman's informal dress for housework formal attire for men during the daytime morning room a sitting room used during the daylight hours morphine an alkaloid narcotic drug extracted from opium; a powerful, habit-forming narcotic used to relieve pain Morris chair an armchair with an adjustable back mortar a muzzle-loading high-angle gun with a short barrel that fires shells at high elevations for a short range a bowl-shaped vessel in which substances can be ground and mixed with a pestle used as a bond in masonry or for covering a wall plaster with mortar; "mortar the wall" mortarboard an academic cap with a flat square with a tassel on top a square board with a handle underneath; used by masons to hold or carry mortar mortise a square hole made to receive a tenon and so to form a joint cut a hole for a tenon in mortise joint a joint made by inserting tenon on one piece into mortise holes in the other mosaic art consisting of a design made of small pieces of colored stone or glass arrangement of aerial photographs forming a composite picture transducer formed by the light-sensitive surface on a television camera tube a pattern resembling a mosaic viral disease in solanaceous plants (tomatoes, potatoes, tobacco) resulting in mottling and often shriveling of the leaves mosque (Islam) a Muslim place of worship that usually has a minaret mosquito net a fine net or screen (especially around beds) to protect against mosquitos motel a motor hotel motel room a sleeping room in a motel mothball a small sphere of camphor or naphthalene used to keep moths away from stored clothing put into long-term storage Mother Hubbard a woman's loose unbelted dress motif a design or figure that consists of recurring shapes or colors, as in architecture or decoration a theme that is repeated or elaborated in a piece of music motion-picture camera a camera that takes a sequence of photographs that can give the illusion of motion when viewed in rapid succession motion-picture film photographic film several hundred feet long and wound on a spool; to be used in a movie camera motley a multicolored woolen fabric woven of mixed threads in 14th to 17th century England a garment made of motley (especially a court jester's costume) make motley; color with different colors having sections or patches colored differently and usually brightly; "a jester dressed in motley"; "the painted desert"; "a particolored dress"; "a piebald horse"; "pied daisies" motor machine that converts other forms of energy into mechanical energy and so imparts motion a nonspecific agent that imparts motion; "happiness is the aim of all men and the motor of all action" motorboat a boat propelled by an internal-combustion engine ride in a motorboat motorcycle a motor vehicle with two wheels and a strong frame motor hotel a hotel for motorists; provides direct access from rooms to parking area motorized wheelchair a wheelchair propelled by a motor motor scooter a wheeled vehicle with small wheels and a low-powered gasoline engine geared to the rear wheel motor vehicle a self-propelled wheeled vehicle that does not run on rails mound structure consisting of an artificial heap or bank usually of earth or stones; "they built small mounds to hide behind" (baseball) the slight elevation on which the pitcher stands form into a rounded elevation; "mound earth" mount a mounting consisting of a piece of metal (as in a ring or other jewelry) that holds a gem in place; "the diamond was in a plain gold mount" fix onto a backing, setting, or support; "mount slides for macroscopic analysis" attach to a support; "They mounted the aerator on a floating" put up or launch; "mount a campaign against pornography" prepare and supply with the necessary equipment for execution or performance; "mount a theater production"; "mount an attack"; "mount a play" mountain bike a bicycle with a sturdy frame and fat tires; originally designed for riding in mountainous country mountain tent a lightweight tent with a floor; flaps close with a zipper mountain trail a trail through mountainous country mounting framework used for support or display mourning ring a ring worn as a memorial to a dead person mouse button a push button on the mouse mouse-tooth forceps a type of forceps mousse toiletry consisting of an aerosol foam used in hair styling a light creamy dish made from fish or meat and set with gelatin a rich, frothy, creamy dessert made with whipped egg whites and heavy cream apply a styling gel to; "she mousses her hair" mousseline de sole a gauze-like fabric of silk or rayon mouth the opening of a jar or bottle; "the jar had a wide mouth" the externally visible part of the oral cavity on the face and the system of organs surrounding the opening; "she wiped lipstick from her mouth" the opening through which food is taken in and vocalizations emerge; "he stuffed his mouth with candy" the point where a stream issues into a larger body of water; "New York is at the mouth of the Hudson" an opening that resembles a mouth (as of a cave or a gorge); "he rode into the mouth of the canyon"; "they built a fire at the mouth of the cave" a person conceived as a consumer of food; "he has four mouths to feed" articulate silently; form words with the lips only; "She mouthed a swear word" touch with the mouth mouth hole a hole (as in a ski mask) for the mouth mousepad a small portable pad that provides traction for the ball of a computer mouse mouthpiece the aperture of a wind instrument into which the player blows directly the tube of a pipe or cigarette holder that a smoker holds in the mouth an acoustic device; the part of a telephone into which a person speaks (especially boxing) equipment that protects an athlete's mouth a part that goes over or into the mouth of a person; "the mouthpiece of a respirator" a spokesperson (as a lawyer) movable barrier a barrier that can be moved to allow passage movie projector projects successive frames from a reel of film to create moving pictures moving-coil galvanometer a galvanometer that is operated by the force exerted by an electric current flowing in a movable coil suspended in a magnetic field moving van a van used for moving home or office furniture mud brick a brick made from baked mud mudguard a curved piece above the wheel of a bicycle or motorcycle to protect the rider from water or mud thrown up by the wheels mudhif a reed hut in the marshlands of Iraq; rare since the marshes were drained muff a warm tubular covering for the hands fail to catch, as of a ball muffle a kiln with an inner chamber for firing things at a low temperature deaden (a sound or noise), especially by wrapping muffler a scarf worn around the neck mufti civilian dress worn by a person who is entitled to wear a military uniform a jurist who interprets Muslim religious law mug with handle and usually cylindrical the quantity that can be held in a mug rob at gunpoint or with the threat of violence; "I was mugged in the streets of New York last night" mug shot a photograph of someone's face (especially one made for police records) mukataa an Arabic word for headquarters or administrative center; "Arafat was holed up in the mukataa of his West Bank compound" mulch a protective covering of rotting vegetable matter spread to reduce evaporation and soil erosion cover with mulch; "mulch the flowerbeds" muller a vessel in which wine is mulled mullion a nonstructural vertical strip between the casements or panes of a window (or the panels of a screen) multichannel recorder a recorder with two or more channels; makes continuous records of two or more signals simultaneously multiengine airplane a plane with two or more engines multifocal lens implant a type of lens implant that contains several rings with a common center and adjusts for near or far vision; the eye is in focus for near and far vision simultaneously multiplex a movie theater than has several different auditoriums in the same building communicates two or more signals over a common channel having many parts or aspects; "the multiplex problem of drug abuse" multiplexer a device that can interleave two or more activities multiprocessor a computer that uses two or more processing units under integrated control multistage rocket a rocket having two or more rocket engines (each with its own fuel) that are fired in succession and jettisoned when the fuel is exhausted munition military supplies supply with weapons mural a painting that is applied to a wall surface of or relating to walls; "mural painting" Murphy bed a bed that can be folded or swung into a cabinet when not being used muscle relaxant a drug that reduces muscle contractility by blocking the transmission of nerve impulses or by decreasing the excitability of the motor end plate or by other actions musette a small bagpipe formerly popular in France musette pipe a small simple oboe museum a depository for collecting and displaying objects having scientific or historical or artistic value mushroom anchor an anchor used for semipermanent moorings; has a bowl-shaped head that will dig in however it falls musical instrument any of various devices or contrivances that can be used to produce musical tones or sounds music box produces music by means of pins on a revolving cylinder that strike the tuned teeth of a comb-like metal plate music hall a theater in which vaudeville is staged music school a school specializing in music a school for the study of music music stand a light stand for holding sheets of printed music music stool a stool for piano players; usually adjustable in height musket a muzzle-loading shoulder gun with a long barrel; formerly used by infantrymen musket ball a solid projectile that is shot by a musket; "they had to carry a ramrod as well as powder and ball" muslin plain-woven cotton fabric musnud a seat with a cushion that is used as a throne by Indian princes mustache cup a drinking cup with a bar inside the rim to keep a man's mustache out of the drink mustard plaster a plaster containing powdered black mustard; applied to the skin as a counterirritant or rubefacient mute a device used to soften the tone of a musical instrument a deaf person who is unable to speak expressed without speech; "a mute appeal"; "a silent curse"; "best grief is tongueless"- Emily Dickinson; "the words stopped at her lips unsounded"; "unspoken grief"; "choking exasperation and wordless shame"- Thomas Wolfe muzzle loader an obsolete firearm that was loaded through the muzzle mycomycin a highly unsaturated antibiotic acid obtained from an actinomycete mydriatic a drug that causes the pupil of the eye to dilate; used to aid eye examinations myelogram X-ray film of the spinal cord and spinal nerve roots and subarachnoid space nabumetone a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (trade name Relafen) nacelle a streamlined enclosure for an aircraft engine nadolol a beta-adrenergic blocking agent (trade name Corgard) that is used to treat hypertension and angina nafcillin a penicillinase-resistant form of penicillin (trade name Nafcil) used (usually in the form of its sodium salt) to treat infections caused by penicillin-resistant strains of staphylococci nail a thin pointed piece of metal that is hammered into materials as a fastener horny plate covering and protecting part of the dorsal surface of the digits a former unit of length for cloth equal to 1/16 of a yard attach something somewhere by means of nails; "nail the board onto the wall" nailbrush a brush used to clean a person's fingernails nailfile a small flat file for shaping the nails nailhead flattened boss on the end of nail opposite to the point something resembling the head of a nail that is used as an ornamental device nail hole a hole left after a nail is removed nail polish a cosmetic lacquer that dries quickly and that is applied to the nails to color them or make them shiny nainsook a soft lightweight muslin used especially for babies nalidixic acid antibacterial agent used especially to treat genitourinary infections nalorphine a narcotic antagonist (trade name Nalline) that counteracts the effects of narcotics (especially the effects of poisoning by morphine) naloxone a potent narcotic antagonist (trade name Narcan) especially effective with morphine naltrexone an oral antagonist against the action of opiates nameplate a plate bearing a name NAND circuit a logic gate that produces an output that is the inverse of the output of an AND gate nankeen a durable fabric formerly loomed by hand in China from natural cotton having a yellowish color naphazoline vasoconstrictor (trade names Privine and Sudafed) used in nasal sprays to treat symptoms of nasal congestion and in eyedrops to treat eye irritation Napier's bones a set of graduated rods formerly used to do multiplication and division by a method invented by John Napier napkin a small piece of table linen that is used to wipe the mouth and to cover the lap in order to protect clothing napkin ring a circular band used to hold a particular person's napkin naproxen a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (trade name Naprosyn) used in the treatment of arthritis and musculoskeletal inflammation and moderate pain naproxen sodium a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (trademarks Aleve and Anaprox and Aflaxen) that fights pain and inflammation narcoleptic a soporific drug that produces an uncontrollable desire to sleep a person who has narcolepsy of or relating to narcolepsy narcotic a drug that produces numbness or stupor; often taken for pleasure or to reduce pain; extensive use can lead to addiction inducing mental lethargy; "a narcotic speech" inducing stupor or narcosis; "narcotic drugs" of or relating to or designating narcotics; "narcotic addicts"; "narcotic stupor" narcotic antagonist an antagonist used to counteract the effects of narcotics (especially to counteract the depression of respiration) nard an aromatic ointment used in antiquity narrowbody aircraft a commercial airliner with a single aisle narrow gauge a railroad track (or its width) narrower than the standard 56.5 inches narrow wale corduroy with narrow ribs narthex a vestibule leading to the nave of a church portico at the west end of an early Christian basilica or church nasal decongestant a decongestant that provides temporary relief of nasal symptoms of the common cold and rhinitis and upper respiratory infections National Association of Securities Dealers Automated Quotations a computerized data system to provide brokers with price quotations for securities traded over the counter nasotracheal tube a tube inserted into the trachea through the nose and pharynx; used to deliver oxygen National Baseball Hall of Fame a Hall of Fame and museum in Cooperstown, New York, honoring great baseball players National Library of Medicine the world's largest medical library national monument memorial consisting of a structure or natural landmark of historic interest; set aside by national government for preservation and public enjoyment naumachy a naval spectacle; a mock sea battle put on by the ancient Romans nautilus a submarine that is propelled by nuclear power navigational system a system that provides information useful in determining the position and course of a ship or aircraft naval chart a chart for a navigator showing the prevailing meteorological and hydrographic and navigational conditions naval equipment equipment for a navy naval gun naval weaponry consisting of a large gun carried on a warship naval installation military installation servicing naval forces naval missile naval weaponry consisting of a missile carried on a warship naval radar naval equipment consisting of a shipboard radar Naval Research Laboratory the United States Navy's defense laboratory that conducts basic and applied research for the Navy in a variety of scientific and technical disciplines naval tactical data system a shipboard system for collecting and displaying tactical data naval weaponry weaponry for warships nave the central area of a church navigational instrument an instrument used for navigating navigation light light on an airplane that indicates the plane's position and orientation; red light on the left (port) wing tip and green light on the right (starboard) wing tip navy base base of operations for a naval fleet navy yard a military shipyard nearside the side of a vehicle nearest the kerb nebuchadnezzar a very large wine bottle holding the equivalent of 20 normal bottles of wine; used especially for display neck an opening in a garment for the neck of the wearer; a part of the garment near the wearer's neck a narrow part of an artifact that resembles a neck in position or form; "the banjo had a long neck"; "the bottle had a wide neck" the part of an organism (human or animal) that connects the head to the rest of the body; "he admired her long graceful neck"; "the horse won by a neck" a cut of meat from the neck of an animal a narrow elongated projecting strip of land kiss, embrace, or fondle with sexual passion; "The couple were necking in the back seat of the car" neckband a band around the collar of a garment neck brace a brace worn to steady the neck neckcloth an ornamental white cravat neckerchief a kerchief worn around the neck necklace jewelry consisting of a cord or chain (often bearing gems) worn about the neck as an ornament (especially by women) necklet decoration worn about the neck (fur piece or tight necklace) as an ornament neckline the line formed by the edge of a garment around the neck neckpiece an article of apparel worn about the neck necktie neckwear consisting of a long narrow piece of material worn (mostly by men) under a collar and tied in knot at the front; "he stood in front of the mirror tightening his necktie"; "he wore a vest and tie" neckwear articles of clothing worn about the neck needle a sharp pointed implement (usually steel) a slender pointer for indicating the reading on the scale of a measuring instrument annoy or provoke, as by constant criticism; "He needled her with his sarcastic remarks" prick with a needle needlenose pliers small pliers with long thin jaws for fine work needlepoint embroidery consisting of allover embroidered canvas resembling tapestry nefazodone an antidepressant drug (trade name Serzone) negative a piece of photographic film showing an image with light and shade or colors reversed a reply of denial; "he answered in the negative" expressing or consisting of a negation or refusal or denial having a negative charge; "electrons are negative" having the quality of something harmful or unpleasant; "ran a negative campaign"; "delinquents retarded by their negative outlook on life" characterized by or displaying negation or denial or opposition or resistance; having no positive features; "a negative outlook on life"; "a colorless negative personality"; "a negative evaluation"; "a negative reaction to an advertising campaign" less than zero; "a negative number" reckoned in a direction opposite to that regarded as positive; "negative interest rates" not indicating the presence of microorganisms or disease or a specific condition; "the HIV test was negative" negative magnetic pole the pole of a magnet that points toward the south when the magnet is suspended freely negative pole the terminal of a battery that is connected to the negative plate negligee a loose dressing gown for women nelfinavir a protease inhibitor (trade name Viracept) used in treating HIV usually in combination with other drugs neolith a stone tool from the Neolithic Age neomycin an antibiotic obtained from an actinomycete and used (as a sulphate under the trade name Neobiotic) as an intestinal antiseptic in surgery neon lamp a lamp consisting of a small gas-discharge tube containing neon at low pressure; luminescence is produced by the action of currents at high frequencies that are wrapped a few turns around the tube Neosporin trade name for a topical drug containing several antibacterials; used as an ointment for skin irritations and in the form of eyedrops for minor eye infections neostigmine a cholinergic drug (trade name Prostigmin) used to treat some ophthalmic conditions and to treat myasthenia gravis nephoscope a measuring instrument that uses a grid for measuring the altitude, direction, and velocity of movement of clouds nest a kind of gun emplacement; "a machine-gun nest"; "a nest of snipers" furniture pieces made to fit close together a gang of people (criminals or spies or terrorists) assembled in one locality; "a nest of thieves" a cosy or secluded retreat a structure in which animals lay eggs or give birth to their young gather nests fit together or fit inside; "nested bowls" inhabit a nest, usually after building; "birds are nesting outside my window every Spring" nest egg device consisting of an artificial egg left in a nest to induce hens to lay their eggs in it net an open fabric of string or rope or wire woven together at regular intervals a trap made of netting to catch fish or birds or insects game equipment consisting of a strip of netting dividing the playing area in tennis or badminton a goal lined with netting (as in soccer or hockey) catch with a net; "net a fish" make as a net profit; "The company cleared $1 million" yield as a net profit; "This sale netted me $1 million" remaining after all deductions; "net profit" network (broadcasting) a communication system consisting of a group of broadcasting stations that all transmit the same programs; "the networks compete to broadcast important sports events" (electronics) a system of interconnected electronic components or circuits a system of intersecting lines or channels; "a railroad network"; "a network of canals" an interconnected system of things or people; "he owned a network of shops"; "retirement meant dropping out of a whole network of people who had been part of my life"; "tangled in a web of cloth" communicate with and within a group; "You have to network if you want to get a good job" neutron bomb atom bomb that produces lethal neutrons with less blast nevirapine a non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (trade name Viramune) used to treat AIDS and HIV newel the central pillar of a circular staircase newel post the post at the top or bottom of a flight of stairs; it supports the handrail Newgate a former prison in London notorious for its unsanitary conditions and burnt down in riots in 1780; a new prison was built on the same spot but was torn down in 1902 newmarket a long close-fitting coat worn for riding in the 19th century New River Gorge Bridge a steel arch bridge across New River at Fayetteville, West Virginia newspaper the physical object that is the product of a newspaper publisher; "when it began to rain he covered his head with a newspaper" a daily or weekly publication on folded sheets; contains news and articles and advertisements; "he read his newspaper at breakfast" a business firm that publishes newspapers; "Murdoch owns many newspapers" cheap paper made from wood pulp and used for printing newspapers; "they used bales of newspaper every day" newsroom a reading room (in a library or club) where newspapers and other periodicals can be read an office in which news is processed by a newspaper or news agency or television or radio station the staff of a newspaper or the news department of a periodical; "every newspaper editor is criticized by the newsroom" newsstand a stall where newspapers and other periodicals are sold Newtonian telescope reflecting telescope in which the image is viewed through an eyepiece perpendicular to main axis New York Stock Exchange a stock exchange in New York nib the writing point of a pen niblick an iron with considerable loft nicad a rechargeable battery with a nickel cathode and a cadmium anode; often used in emergency systems because of its low discharge rate when not in use nick (British slang) a prison; "he's in the nick" mate successfully; of livestock divide or reset the tail muscles of; "nick horses" cut a nick into cut slightly, with a razor; "The barber's knife nicked his cheek" nickel-iron battery a storage battery having a nickel oxide cathode and an iron anode with an electrolyte of potassium hydroxide; each cell gives about 1.2 volts Nicol prism optical device that produces plane-polarized light nifedipine calcium blocker (trade name Procardia); appears to increase the risk of recurrent heart attacks night bell a doorbell to be used at night nightgown lingerie consisting of a loose dress designed to be worn in bed by women night latch doorlock operated by a knob on the inside and a key on the outside night-light light (as a candle or small bulb) that burns in a bedroom at night (as for children or invalids) night-line a fishing line with baited hooks left in the water to catch fish over night nightshirt nightclothes worn by men nightwear garments designed to be worn in bed ninepin a bowling pin of the type used in playing ninepins or (in England) skittles ninepin ball ball used to knock down ninepins nine-spot one of four playing cards in a deck with nine pips on the face ninon a fine strong sheer silky fabric made of silk or rayon or nylon nipple a flexible cap on a baby's feeding bottle or pacifier the small projection of a mammary gland nipple shield a rubber or plastic shield to protect the nipples of nursing women niqab a face veil covering the lower part of the face (up to the eyes) worn by observant Muslim women Nissen hut a prefabricated hut of corrugated iron having a semicircular cross section nitrazepam a hypnotic and sedative drug of the benzodiazepine type nitrofurantoin derivative of nitrofuran used as an antibacterial medicine (trade name Macrodantin) effective against a broad range of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria; used to treat infections of the urinary tract Nitrospan trade names for nitroglycerin used as a coronary vasodilator in the treatment of angina pectoris nitrous oxide inhalation anesthetic used as an anesthetic in dentistry and surgery node (computer science) any computer that is hooked up to a computer network any bulge or swelling of an anatomical structure or part (astronomy) a point where an orbit crosses a plane (physics) the point of minimum displacement in a periodic system (botany) the small swelling that is the part of a plant stem from which one or more leaves emerge any thickened enlargement a connecting point at which several lines come together nog a wooden block built into a masonry wall so that joinery structure can be nailed to it nogging rough brick masonry used to fill in the gaps in a wooden frame noisemaker a device (such as a clapper or bell or horn) used to make a loud noise at a celebration nomogram a graphic representation of numerical relations non-dedicated file server (computer science) a file server that can be used simultaneously as a workstation nonsmoker a passenger car for passengers who want to avoid tobacco smoke a person who does not smoke tobacco non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor an antiviral drug used against HIV; binds directly to reverse transcriptase and prevents RNA conversion to DNA; often used in combination with other drugs nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory an anti-inflammatory drug that does not contain steroids; "NSAIDs inhibit the activity of both Cox-1 and Cox-2 enzymes" nontricyclic a class of antidepressant drugs that are not tricyclic drugs and do not act by inhibiting MAO non-volatile storage computer storage that is not lost when the power is turned off noose a loop formed in a cord or rope by means of a slipknot; it binds tighter as the cord or rope is pulled secure with a noose make a noose in or of Norfolk jacket loose-fitting single-breasted jacket noria a water wheel with buckets attached to the rim; used to raise water for transfer to an irrigation channel Norinyl trade name for an oral contraceptive containing norethindrone and mestranol Norlestrin trade name for an oral contraceptive containing estradiol and norethindrone Nor-Q-D trade name for an oral contraceptive containing norethindrone nortriptyline a tricyclic antidepressant drug (trade name Pamelor) used along with psychotherapy to treat dysthymic depression; may interact dangerously if taken with other drugs nose a front that resembles a human nose (especially the front of an aircraft); "the nose of the rocket heated up on reentry" the front or forward projection of a tool or weapon; "he ducked under the nose of the gun" the organ of smell and entrance to the respiratory tract; the prominent part of the face of man or other mammals; "he has a cold in the nose" a natural skill; "he has a nose for good deals" the sense of smell (especially in animals); "the hound has a good nose" a symbol of inquisitiveness; "keep your nose out of it" a small distance; "my horse lost the race by a nose" defeat by a narrow margin push or move with the nose advance the forward part of with caution; "She nosed the car into the left lane" nosebag a canvas bag that is used to feed an animal (such as a horse); covers the muzzle and fastens at the top of the head noseband a strap that is the part of a bridle that goes over the animal's nose nose cone front consisting of the conical head of a missile or rocket that protects the payload from heat during its passage through the atmosphere nose flute a flute that is played by blowing through the nostrils (used in some Asian countries) nosepiece armor plate that protects the nose nose ring a ring worn on the nose as an ornament or on the nose of an animal to control it nosewheel a wheel located under the nose of an airplane that is part of the plane's landing gear nostrum patent medicine whose efficacy is questionable notebook a small compact portable computer a book with blank pages for recording notes or memoranda notion (usually plural) small personal articles or clothing or sewing items; "buttons and needles are notions" a general inclusive concept an odd or fanciful or capricious idea; "the theatrical notion of disguise is associated with disaster in his stories"; "he had a whimsy about flying to the moon"; "whimsy can be humorous to someone with time to enjoy it" notions counter counter where notions are sold novel a printed and bound book that is an extended work of fiction; "his bookcases were filled with nothing but novels"; "he burned all the novels" an extended fictional work in prose; usually in the form of a story pleasantly new or different; "common sense of a most refreshing sort" novillada a bullfight in which the bulls are less than four years old novobiocin an antibiotic obtained from an actinomycete and used to treat infections by Gram-positive bacteria nozzle a projecting spout from which a fluid is discharged n-type semiconductor a semiconductor in which electrical conduction is due chiefly to the movement of electrons nuclear-powered ship ship whose motive power comes from the energy of a nuclear reactor nuclear reactor (physics) any of several kinds of apparatus that maintain and control a nuclear reaction for the production of energy or artificial elements nuclear rocket a rocket engine in which a nuclear reactor is used to heat a propellant nuclear weapon a weapon of mass destruction whose explosive power derives from a nuclear reaction nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor an antiviral drug used against HIV; is incorporated into the DNA of the virus and stops the building process; results in incomplete DNA that cannot create a new virus; often used in combination with other drugs nude a painting of a naked human figure a statue of a naked human figure a naked person without clothing (especially in the phrase `in the nude'); "they swam in the nude" number an item of clothing; "she preferred the black nylon number"; "this sweater is an all-wool number" a clothing measurement; "a number 13 shoe" the property possessed by a sum or total or indefinite quantity of units or individuals; "the number of parameters is small"; "the figure was about a thousand" the grammatical category for the forms of nouns and pronouns and verbs that are used depending on the number of entities involved (singular or dual or plural); "in English the subject and the verb must agree in number" a numeral or string of numerals that is used for identification and may be attached to accounts, memberships, etc.; "she refused to give them her Social Security number" a numbered item in a series; "take the number 2 to the main square, then change to the number 5" a select company of people; "I hope to become one of their number before I die" a concept of quantity involving zero and units; "every number has a unique position in the sequence" place a limit on the number of enumerate; "We must number the names of the great mathematicians" give numbers to; "You should number the pages of the thesis" number cruncher a computer capable of performing a large number of mathematical operations per second someone able to perform complex and lengthy calculations numdah an embroidered rug made from a coarse Indian felt nunnery the convent of a community of nuns nun's habit a long loose habit worn by nuns in a convent nursery a child's room for a baby nut a small (usually square or hexagonal) metal block with internal screw thread to be fitted onto a bolt usually large hard-shelled seed gather nuts nut and bolt a fastener made by screwing a nut onto a threaded bolt nux vomica a medicine made from the seeds of an Asiatic tree; contains strychnine and brucine; formerly used as a stimulant nylon a synthetic fabric a thermoplastic polyamide; a family of strong resilient synthetic fibers nylons women's stockings made from a sheer material (nylon or rayon or silk) nystatin an antifungal and antibiotic (trade names Mycostatin and Nystan) discovered in New York State; derived from soil fungi actinomycetes oar an implement used to propel or steer a boat oast a kiln for drying hops oast house a building containing an oast (a kiln for drying hops); usually has a conical or pyramidal roof obelisk a stone pillar having a rectangular cross section tapering towards a pyramidal top object ball the billiard ball that is intended to be the first ball struck by the cue ball objective the lens or system of lenses in a telescope or microscope that is nearest the object being viewed belonging to immediate experience of actual things or events; "objective benefits"; "an objective example"; "there is no objective evidence of anything of the kind" undistorted by emotion or personal bias; based on observable phenomena; "an objective appraisal"; "objective evidence" emphasizing or expressing things as perceived without distortion of personal feelings or interpretation; "objective art" serving as or indicating the object of a verb or of certain prepositions and used for certain other purposes; "objective case"; "accusative endings" objet d'art a work of art of some artistic value; "this store sells only objets d'art"; "it is not known who created this piece" oblique bandage a bandage in which successive turns proceed obliquely up or down a limb oboe a slender double-reed instrument; a woodwind with a conical bore and a double-reed mouthpiece oboe da caccia an alto oboe; precursor of the English horn oboe d'amore an oboe pitched a minor third lower than the ordinary oboe; used to perform baroque music observation dome lookout consisting of a dome-shaped observatory observation station a station set up for making observations of something observatory a building designed and equipped to observe astronomical phenomena obstacle an obstruction that stands in the way (and must be removed or surmounted or circumvented) something immaterial that stands in the way and must be circumvented or surmounted; "lack of imagination is an obstacle to one's advancement"; "the poverty of a district is an obstacle to good education"; "the filibuster was a major obstruction to the success of their plan" obturator a prosthesis used to close an opening (as to close an opening of the hard palate in cases of cleft palate) obverse the side of a coin or medal bearing the principal stamp or design the more conspicuous of two alternatives or cases or sides; "the obverse of this issue" ocarina egg-shaped terra cotta wind instrument with a mouthpiece and finger holes octant a measuring instrument for measuring angles to a celestial body; similar to a sextant but with 45 degree calibration odd-leg caliper caliper having the points on its legs both curve in the same direction odometer a meter that shows mileage traversed oeil de boeuf a circular or oval window; 17th or 18th century French architecture oeuvre the total output of a writer or artist (or a substantial part of it); "he studied the entire Wagnerian oeuvre"; "Picasso's work can be divided into periods" office building a building containing offices where work is done office furniture furniture intended for use in an office officer's mess a mess for the exclusive use of officers off-line equipment electronic equipment not in direct communication (or under the control of) the central processing unit ogee a molding that (in section) has the shape of an S with the convex part above and the concave part below ogee arch a pointed arch having an S-shape on both sides Ohio State University a university in Columbus, Ohio ohmmeter a meter for measuring electrical resistance in ohms oil oil paint containing pigment that is used by an artist a slippery or viscous liquid or liquefiable substance not miscible with water cover with oil, as if by rubbing; "oil the wooden surface" oil burner a furnace that burns oil oilcan a can with a long nozzle to apply oil to machinery oilcloth cloth treated on one side with a drying oil or synthetic resin oil filter a filter that removes impurities from the oil used to lubricate an internal-combustion engine oil future petroleum bought or sold at an agreed price for delivery at a specified future date oil heater heater that burns oil (as kerosine) for heating or cooking oil lamp a lamp that burns oil (as kerosine) for light oil paint paint in which a drying oil is the vehicle oil pipeline a pipeline used to transport oil oil pump a pump that keeps a supply of oil on moving parts oil refinery a refinery for petroleum oilskin a macintosh made from cotton fabric treated with oil and pigment to make it waterproof oil slick a thin film of oil floating on top of water (especially crude oil spilled from a ship) oilstone a whetstone for use with oil oil tanker a cargo ship designed to carry crude oil in bulk oil well a well that yields or has yielded oil ointment semisolid preparation (usually containing a medicine) applied externally as a remedy or for soothing an irritation old school tie necktie indicating the school the wearer attended olive drab a cloth of an olive-brown color used for military uniforms military uniform of the United States Army; made from cloth of a dull olive color a dull greyish to yellowish or light olive brown Olympian Zeus a seated statue of the supreme god of ancient Greek mythology created for the temple at Olympia; the statue was 40 feet tall and rested on a base that was 12 feet high omelet pan pan for cooking omelets omnidirectional antenna an antenna that sends or receives signals equally in all directions omnirange a navigational system consisting of a network of radio beacons that provide aircraft with information about exact position and bearing one-spot a domino or die whose upward face shows one pip one-way street a street on which vehicular traffic is allowed to move in only one direction unilateral interaction; "cooperation cannot be a one-way street" onion dome a dome that is shaped like a bulb; characteristic of Russian and Byzantine church architecture op art a style of abstractionism popular in the 1960s; produces dramatic visual effects with colors and contrasts that are difficult for the eye to resolve open-air market a public marketplace where food and merchandise is sold open circuit an incomplete electrical circuit in which no current flows open-end wrench a wrench having parallel jaws at fixed separation (often on both ends of the handle) opener a hand tool used for opening sealed containers (bottles or cans) the first event in a series; "she played Chopin for her opener"; "the season's opener was a game against the Yankees" open-hearth furnace a furnace for making steel in which the steel is placed on a shallow hearth and flames of burning gas and hot air play over it openside plane a woodworking plane designed to cut rabbets open sight rear gunsight having an open notch instead of a peephole or telescope open weave a weave in which warp threads never come together, leaving interstices in the fabric openwork ornamental work (such as embroidery or latticework) having a pattern of openings opera a building where musical dramas are performed a drama set to music; consists of singing with orchestral accompaniment and an orchestral overture and interludes opera cloak a large cloak worn over evening clothes operating microscope binocular microscope used in surgery to provide a clear view of small and inaccessible parts of the body (as in microsurgery) operating room a room in a hospital equipped for the performance of surgical operations; "great care is taken to keep the operating rooms aseptic" operating table table on which the patient lies during a surgical operation ophthalmoscope medical instrument for examining the retina of the eye opiate a narcotic drug that contains opium or an opium derivative opium an addictive narcotic extracted from seed capsules of the opium poppy opium den a building where opium is sold and used optical bench apparatus for observation and measurement of optical phenomena optical device a device for producing or controlling light optical disk a disk coated with plastic that can store digital data as tiny pits etched in the surface; is read with a laser that scans the surface optical fiber a very thin fiber made of glass that functions as a waveguide for light; used in bundles to transmit images optical instrument an instrument designed to aid vision optical pyrometer a pyrometer that uses the color of the light emitted by a hot object optical telescope an astronomical telescope designed to collect and record light from cosmic sources oracle a shrine where an oracular god is consulted a prophecy (usually obscure or allegorical) revealed by a priest or priestess; believed to be infallible orange grove grove of orange trees orb web a circular spider web orchestra seating on the main floor in a theater a musical organization consisting of a group of instrumentalists including string players orchestra pit lowered area in front of a stage where an orchestra accompanies the performers OR circuit a gate circuit in a computer that fires when any of its inputs fire order book a book in which customers' orders are entered; usually makes multiple copies of the order ordinary (heraldry) any of several conventional figures used on shields an early bicycle with a very large front wheel and small back wheel a judge of a probate court a clergyman appointed to prepare condemned prisoners for death the expected or commonplace condition or situation; "not out of the ordinary" not exceptional in any way especially in quality or ability or size or degree; "ordinary everyday objects"; "ordinary decency"; "an ordinary day"; "an ordinary wine" organ wind instrument whose sound is produced by means of pipes arranged in sets supplied with air from a bellows and controlled from a large complex musical keyboard a fully differentiated structural and functional unit in an animal that is specialized for some particular function a periodical that is published by a special interest group; "the organ of the communist party" a government agency or instrument devoted to the performance of some specific function; "The Census Bureau is an organ of the Commerce Department" organdy a sheer stiff muslin organic light-emitting diode a self-luminous diode (it glows when an electrical field is applied to the electrodes) that does not require backlighting or diffusers organ loft a gallery occupied by a church organ organ pipe the flues and stops on a pipe organ organ stop a graduated set of organ pipes of like tone quality organza a fabric made of silk or a silklike fabric that resembles organdy oriel a projecting bay window corbeled or cantilevered out from a wall oriflamme a red or orange-red flag used as a standard by early French kings an inspiring symbol or ideal that serves as a rallying point in a struggle O ring a gasket consisting of a flat ring of rubber or plastic; used to seal a joint against high pressure Orlon an acrylic fiber or the lightweight crease-resistant fabric made with Orlon yarns orlop deck the fourth or lowest deck orphanage a public institution for the care of orphans the condition of being a child without living parents; "his early orphanage shaped his character as an adult" orphenadrine a skeletal muscle relaxant (trade name Norflex) used to treat severe muscle strain and Parkinsonism orphrey a richly embroidered edging on an ecclesiastical vestment orrery planetarium consisting of an apparatus that illustrates the relative positions and motions of bodies in the solar system by rotation and revolution of balls moved by wheelwork; sometimes incorporated in a clock orthicon a now obsolete picture pickup tube in a television camera; electrons emitted from a photoemissive surface in proportion to the intensity of the incident light are focused onto the target causing secondary emission of electrons orthochromatic film a photographic film sensitive to green and blue and violet light orthopter heavier-than-air craft that is propelled by the flapping of wings orthoscope an ophthalmoscope with a layer of water to neutralize the refraction of the cornea oscillator generator that produces sonic oscillations or alternating current oscillogram the recording produced by an oscillograph oscillograph a device for making a record of the wave forms of fluctuating voltages or currents oscilloscope electronic equipment that provides visual images of varying electrical quantities ossuary any receptacle for the burial of human bones otoscope medical instrument consisting of a magnifying lens and light; used for examining the external ear (the auditory meatus and especially the tympanic membrane) ottoman thick cushion used as a seat oubliette a dungeon with the only entrance or exit being a trap door in the ceiling Ouija a board with the alphabet on it; used with a planchette to spell out supernatural messages out-basket a wood or metal receptacle placed on your desk to hold your outgoing material outboard motor internal-combustion engine that mounts at stern of small boat outboard motorboat a motorboat with an outboard motor outbuilding a building that is subordinate to and separate from a main building outerwear clothing for use outdoors outfall the outlet of a river or drain or other source of water outfield the area of a baseball playing field beyond the lines connecting the bases outfit a set of clothing (with accessories); "his getup was exceedingly elegant" any cohesive unit such as a military company outfitter a shop that provides equipment for some specific purpose; "an outfitter provided everything needed for the safari" someone who sells men's clothes outhouse a small outbuilding with a bench having holes through which a user can defecate outlet box (electricity) receptacle consisting of the metal box designed for connections to a wiring system outpost a military post stationed at a distance from the main body of troops output device electronic or electromechanical equipment connected to a computer and used to transfer data out of the computer in the form of text, images, sounds, or other media outrigger a stabilizer for a canoe; spars attach to a shaped log or float parallel to the hull outrigger canoe a seagoing canoe (as in South Pacific) with an outrigger to prevent it from upsetting outside caliper caliper for measuring outside dimensions; points on its legs curve inward outside clinch a clinch with the end of the line outside the loop outside mirror car mirror that reflects the view at side and behind car outsider art a genre of art and outdoor constructions made by untrained artists who do not recognize themselves as artists outsole the outer sole of a shoe or boot that is the bottom of the shoe and makes contact with the ground outwork subsidiary defensive structure lying outside the main fortified area; "the outworks of the castle" Oval Office the office of the President of the United States in the White House oven kitchen appliance used for baking or roasting oven thermometer a thermometer that registers the temperature inside an oven ovenware heat-resistant dishware in which food can be cooked as well as served overall (usually plural) work clothing consisting of denim trousers (usually with a bib and shoulder straps) a loose protective coverall or smock worn over ordinary clothing for dirty work involving only main features; "the overall pattern of his life" including everything; "the overall cost" overcoat an additional protective coating (as of paint or varnish) overdrive a high gear used at high speeds to maintain the driving speed with less output power the state of high or excessive activity or productivity or concentration; "Troops are ready to go into overdrive as soon as the signal is given"; "Melissa's brain was in overdrive" drive or work too hard; "The teacher is overworking his students"; "Overdriving people often suffer stress" overgarment a garment worn over other garments overhand knot a simple small knot (often used as part of other knots) overhand stitch a stitch passing over an edge vertically overhang projection that extends beyond or hangs over something else be suspended over or hang over; "This huge rock beetles over the edge of the town" project over overhead projector a projector operated by a speaker; projects the image over the speaker's head overlay a layer of decorative material (such as gold leaf or wood veneer) applied over a surface put something on top of something else; "cover the meat with a lot of gravy" overload an excessive burden an electrical load that exceeds the available electrical power place too much a load on; "don't overload the car" become overloaded; "The aerator overloaded" overmantel a shelf over a mantelpiece overnighter a small traveling bag to carry clothing and accessories for staying overnight a guest who stays overnight overpass bridge formed by the upper level of a crossing of two highways at different levels overprint something added by overprinting print (additional text or colors) onto an already imprinted paper override a manually operated device to correct the operation of an automatic device ride (a horse) too hard counteract the normal operation of (an automatic gear shift in a vehicle) prevail over; "health considerations override financial concerns" overshoe footwear that protects your shoes from water or snow or cold overskirt an outer skirt worn over another skirt over-the-counter drug a drug that is sold without a prescription over-the-counter market a stock exchange where securities transactions are made via telephone and computer rather than on the floor of an exchange Ovocon trade name for an oral contraceptive containing estradiol and norethindrone ovolo a convex molding having a cross section in the form of a quarter of a circle or of an ellipse Ovral trade name for an oral contraceptive containing estradiol and norgestrel Ovrette trade name for an oral contraceptive containing norgestrel Ovulen trade name for an oral contraceptive containing mestranol and a progestin compound oxacillin a form of penicillin resistant to penicillinase and effective against penicillin-resistant staphylococci oxaprozin a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (trade name Daypro) oxazepam a tranquilizing drug (trade name Serax) used to treat anxiety and insomnia and alcohol withdrawal oxbow a wooden framework bent in the shape of a U; its upper ends are attached to the horizontal yoke and the loop goes around the neck of an ox a U-shaped curve in a stream the land inside an oxbow bend in a river Oxbridge general term for an ancient and prestigious and privileged university (especially Oxford University or Cambridge University) oxcart a cart that is drawn by an ox oxeye an oval or round dormer window Eurasian perennial herbs having daisylike flowers with yellow rays and dark centers oxford a low shoe laced over the instep Oxford University a university in England oximeter a measuring instrument that measures the oxygen in arterial blood oxyacetylene torch a blowtorch that burns oxyacetylene oxygen mask a breathing device that is placed over the mouth and nose; supplies oxygen from an attached storage tank oxyphenbutazone an anti-inflammatory drug (trade name Tandearil) used to treat arthritis and bursitis oxyphencyclimine an anticholinergic drug (trade name Daricon) used in treating peptic ulcers oxytetracycline a yellow crystalline antibiotic (trademark Terramycin) obtained from a soil actinomycete; used to treat various bacterial and rickettsial infections oxytocic a drug that induces labor by stimulating contractions of the muscles of the uterus oyster bar a bar (as in a restaurant) that specializes in oysters prepared in different ways oyster bed a workplace where oysters are bred and grown pace car a high-performance car that leads a parade of competing cars through the pace lap and then pulls off the course pacemaker an implanted electronic device that takes over the function of the natural cardiac pacemaker a specialized bit of heart tissue that controls the heartbeat pacifier anything that serves to pacify pack a convenient package or parcel (as of cigarettes or film) a bundle (especially one carried on the back) a sheet or blanket (either dry or wet) to wrap around the body for its therapeutic effect a cream that cleanses and tones the skin a complete collection of similar things a group of hunting animals treat the body or any part of it by wrapping it, as with blankets or sheets, and applying compresses to it, or stuffing it to provide cover, containment, or therapy, or to absorb blood; "The nurse packed gauze in the wound"; "You had better pack your swollen ankle with ice" carry, as on one's back; "Pack your tents to the top of the mountain" arrange in a container; "pack the books into the boxes" load with a pack compress into a wad; "wad paper into the box" seal with packing; "pack the faucet" fill to capacity; "This singer always packs the concert halls"; "The murder trial packed the court house" set up a committee or legislative body with one's own supporters so as to influence the outcome; "pack a jury" package a wrapped container a collection of things wrapped or boxed together packaged goods groceries that are packaged for sale package store a store that sells alcoholic beverages for consumption elsewhere packet a small package or bundle (computer science) a message or message fragment packing box a large crate in which goods are packed for shipment or storage packinghouse a plant where livestock are slaughtered and processed and packed as meat products a building where foodstuffs are processed and packed; "they came from an apple packinghouse" packing needle a large needle used to sew up canvas packages packsaddle a saddle for pack animals to which loads can be attached packthread a strong three-ply twine used to sew or tie packages padding artifact consisting of soft or resilient material used to fill or give shape or protect or add comfort paddle a short light oar used without an oarlock to propel a canoe or small boat an instrument of punishment consisting of a flat board a blade of a paddle wheel or water wheel small wooden bat with a flat surface; used for hitting balls in various games stir with a paddle propel with a paddle; "paddle your own canoe" swim like a dog in shallow water paddle box a wooden covering for the upper part of a paddlewheel paddle steamer a steam vessel propelled by paddle wheels paddlewheel a large wheel fitted with paddles and driven by an engine in order to propel a boat paddock pen where racehorses are saddled and paraded before a race padlock a detachable lock; has a hinged shackle that can be passed through the staple of a hasp or the links in a chain and then snapped shut fasten with a padlock page printer a printer that prints one page at a time pagoda an Asian temple; usually a pyramidal tower with an upward curving roof paillasse mattress consisting of a thin pad filled with straw or sawdust paint a substance used as a coating to protect or decorate a surface (especially a mixture of pigment suspended in a liquid); dries to form a hard coating; "artists use `paint' and `pigment' interchangeably" apply paint to; coat with paint; "We painted the rooms yellow" apply a liquid to; e.g., paint the gutters with linseed oil make a painting of; "He painted his mistress many times" make a painting; "he painted all day in the garden"; "He painted a painting of the garden" paintball gun an air gun used in the game of paintball; designed to simulate a semiautomatic paintbox a box containing a collection of cubes or tubes of artists' paint paintbrush a brush used as an applicator (to apply paint) painter a line that is attached to the bow of a boat and used for tying up (as when docking or towing) an artist who paints a worker who is employed to cover objects with paint paint roller a roller that has an absorbent surface used for spreading paint paisley a soft wool fabric with a colorful swirled pattern of curved shapes pajama (usually plural) loose-fitting nightclothes worn for sleeping or lounging; have a jacket top and trousers a pair of loose trousers tied by a drawstring around the waist; worn by men and women in some Asian countries palace official residence of an exalted person (as a sovereign) a large and stately mansion a large ornate exhibition hall the governing group of a kingdom; "the palace issued an order binding on all subjects" palanquin a closed litter carried on the shoulders of four bearers paleolith a stone tool from the Paleolithic age palestra a public place in ancient Greece or Rome devoted to the training of wrestlers and other athletes palette board that provides a flat surface on which artists mix paints and the range of colors used the range of colour characteristic of a particular artist or painting or school of art palette knife a spatula used by artists for mixing or applying or scraping off oil paints palisade fortification consisting of a strong fence made of stakes driven into the ground pall burial garment in which a corpse is wrapped lose strength or effectiveness; become or appear boring, insipid, or tiresome (to); "the course palled on her" become less interesting or attractive cause to become flat; "pall the beer" cover with a pall pallet a mattress filled with straw or a pad made of quilts; used as a bed a hand tool with a flat blade used by potters for mixing and shaping clay a portable platform for storing or moving goods that are stacked on it pallette one of the rounded armor plates at the armpits of a suit of armor palliative remedy that alleviates pain without curing pallium cloak or mantle worn by men in ancient Rome (Roman Catholic Church) vestment consisting of a band encircling the shoulders with two lappets hanging in front and back pan shallow container made of metal cooking utensil consisting of a wide metal vessel express a totally negative opinion of; "The critics panned the performance" wash dirt in a pan to separate out the precious minerals make a sweeping movement; "The camera panned across the room" panacea hypothetical remedy for all ills or diseases; once sought by the alchemists panache a feathered plume on a helmet Panama Canal a ship canal 40 miles long across the Isthmus of Panama built by the United States (1904-1914) panatela a long slender cigar pancake turner turner for serving or turning pancakes panchromatic film photographic film sensitive to light of all colors (including red) panda car a police cruiser Pandora's box (Greek mythology) a box that Zeus gave to Pandora with instructions that she not open it; she gave in to her curiosity and opened it; all the miseries and evils flew out to afflict mankind pane sheet glass cut in shapes for windows or doors panel sheet that forms a distinct (usually flat and rectangular) section or component of something a soft pad placed under a saddle a group of people gathered for a special purpose as to plan or discuss an issue or judge a contest etc (law) a group of people summoned for jury service (from whom a jury will be chosen) decorate with panels; "panel the walls with wood" panel heating heating system consisting of wall or floor or baseboard or ceiling panels containing electric conductors or heating pipes paneling a panel or section of panels in a wall or door panel light a light to illuminate an instrument panel panhandle the handle of a pan a relatively narrow strip of land projecting from some larger area; "Wheeling is located in the northern panhandle of West Virginia" beg by accosting people in the street and asking for money panic button a button to push in order to summon help in case of an emergency; "the circuit is operated by a panic button"; "when he saw that I was angry he hit the panic button" pannier set of small hoops used to add fullness over the hips a large basket (usually one of a pair) carried by a beast of burden or on by a person either of a pair of bags or boxes hung over the rear wheel of a vehicle (as a bicycle) pannikin a small pan or cup (usually of tin) panopticon a circular prison with cells distributed around a central surveillance station; proposed by Jeremy Bentham in 1791 an area where everything is visible panorama a picture (or series of pictures) representing a continuous scene panoramic sight gunsight (a telescopic device for an artillery piece) that can be rotated horizontally in a full circle panpipe a primitive wind instrument consisting of several parallel pipes bound together pantaloon trousers worn in former times pantechnicon a large moving van (especially one used for moving furniture) pantheon (antiquity) a temple to all the gods a monument commemorating a nation's dead heroes all the gods of a religion pantie short underpants for women or children (usually used in the plural) pant leg the leg of a pair of trousers pantograph mechanical device used to copy a figure or plan on a different scale pantry a small storeroom for storing foods or wines pants suit a pair of pants and a matching jacket worn by women panty girdle a woman's undergarment that combines a girdle and panties pantyhose a woman's tights consisting of underpants and stockings panzer an armored vehicle or tank papal cross a cross with three crossbars papaverine an alkaloid medicine (trade name Kavrin) obtained from opium; used to relax smooth muscles; it is nonaddictive paperback book a book with paper covers paper chain a chain made of loops of colored paper; used to decorate a room paper clip a wire or plastic clip for holding sheets of paper together; "the paper clip was invented in 1900" paper cutter a cutting implement for cutting sheets of paper to the desired size paper doll a piece of paper cut or folded into the shape of a human being paper fastener a fastener for holding a sheet of paper in place paper feed a device for inserting sheets of paper into a printer or typewriter; "the job was delayed because the paper feed was clogged" paper mill a mill where paper is manufactured paper plate a disposable plate made of cardboard paper towel a disposable towel made of absorbent paper paperweight a weight used to hold down a stack of papers parabolic mirror a parabolic reflector for light radiation parabolic reflector a concave reflector used to produce a parallel beam when the source is placed at its focus or to focus an incoming parallel beam parachute rescue equipment consisting of a device that fills with air and retards your fall parallel bars gymnastic apparatus consisting of two parallel wooden rods supported on uprights parallel circuit a closed circuit in which the current divides into two or more paths before recombining to complete the circuit parallel interface an interface between a computer and a printer where the computer sends multiple bits of information to the printer simultaneously paramagnet magnet made of a substance whose magnetization is proportional to the strength of the magnetic field applied to it parang a stout straight knife used in Malaysia and Indonesia parapet fortification consisting of a low wall a low wall along the edge of a roof or balcony parasail parachute that will lift a person up into the air when it is towed by a motorboat or a car parasol a handheld collapsible source of shade paregoric medicine used to treat diarrhea parer a small sharp knife used in paring fruits or vegetables a manicurist who trims the fingernails parfait glass a tall slender glass with a short stem in which parfait is served pari-mutuel machine computer that registers bets and divides the total amount bet among those who won Paris University a university in Paris; intellectual center of France park a gear position that acts as a parking brake; "the put the car in park and got out" a large area of land preserved in its natural state as public property; "there are laws that protect the wildlife in this park" a piece of open land for recreational use in an urban area; "they went for a walk in the park" place temporarily; "park the car in the yard"; "park the children with the in-laws"; "park your bag in this locker" maneuver a vehicle into a parking space; "Park the car in front of the library"; "Can you park right here?" parka a kind of heavy jacket (`windcheater' is a British term) park bench a bench in a public park parking meter a coin-operated timer located next to a parking space; depositing money into it entitles you to park your car there for a specified length of time parlor reception room in an inn or club where visitors can be received parlor car a passenger car for day travel; you pay extra fare for individual chairs paroxetime a selective-serotonin reuptake inhibitor commonly prescribed as an antidepressant (trade name Paxil) parquet seating on the main floor between the orchestra and the parquet circle a floor made of parquetry parquet circle seating at the rear of the main floor (beneath the balconies) parquetry a patterned wood inlay used to cover a floor parsonage an official residence provided by a church for its parson or vicar or rector Parsons table a sturdy rectangular table with block legs at the four corners; the top and the legs are the same width part something less than the whole of a human artifact; "the rear part of the house"; "glue the two parts together" a line of scalp that can be seen when sections of hair are combed in opposite directions; "his part was right in the middle" that which concerns a person with regard to a particular role or situation; "it requires vigilance on our part"; "they resisted every effort on his part" one of the portions into which something is regarded as divided and which together constitute a whole; "the written part of the exam"; "the finance section of the company"; "the BBC's engineering division" the melody carried by a particular voice or instrument in polyphonic music; "he tried to sing the tenor part" a portion of a natural object; "they analyzed the river into three parts"; "he needed a piece of granite" something determined in relation to something that includes it; "he wanted to feel a part of something bigger than himself"; "I read a portion of the manuscript"; "the smaller component is hard to reach"; "the animal constituent of plankton" parterre an ornamental flower garden; beds and paths are arranged to form a pattern Parthenon the main temple of the goddess Athena; built on the acropolis in Athens more than 400 years B.C.; example of Doric architecture partial denture a denture replacing one or more teeth in a dental arch particle detector a chamber in which particles can be made visible partisan a pike with a long tapering double-edged blade with lateral projections; 16th and 17th centuries a fervent and even militant proponent of something devoted to a cause or party partition a vertical structure that divides or separates (as a wall divides one room from another) (anatomy) a structure that separates areas in an organism (computer science) the part of a hard disk that is dedicated to a particular operating system or application and accessed as a single unit separate or apportion into sections; "partition a room off" divide into parts, pieces, or sections; "The Arab peninsula was partitioned by the British" parts bin a bin for holding spare parts party favor souvenir consisting of a small gift given to a guest at a party party line a telephone line serving two or more subscribers the policy of a political group; "He won in a vote along party lines" party wall a wall erected on the line between two properties and shared by both owners parvis a courtyard or portico in front of a building (especially a cathedral) passageway a passage between rooms or between buildings passenger car a railcar where passengers ride passenger ship a ship built to carry passengers passenger train a train that carries passengers passenger van a van that carries passengers passe-partout a mounting for a picture using gummed tape passive matrix display a type of LCD display used for some portable computers; parallel wires run both vertically and horizontally and pixels are turned on when the wires intersecting at that pixel are both energized; "passive matrix displays are generally inferior to active matrix displays" passkey key that secures entrance everywhere pass-through an opening that resembles a window between two rooms (especially a shelved opening between a kitchen and dining room that is used to pass dishes) paste-up a composition of flat objects pasted on a board or other backing; "they showed him a paste-up of the book jacket" pastiche a work of art that imitates the style of some previous work pastry cart a serving cart for displaying pastry desserts to restaurant patrons pasty (usually used in the plural) one of a pair of adhesive patches worn to cover the nipples of exotic dancers and striptease performers small meat pie or turnover resembling paste in color; pallid; "he looked pasty and red-eyed"; "a complexion that had been pastelike was now chalky white" patch a piece of cloth used as decoration or to mend or cover a hole a short set of commands to correct a bug in a computer program mend by putting a patch on; "patch a hole" to join or unite the pieces of; "patch the skirt" provide with a patch; also used metaphorically; "The field was patched with snow" patchcord a length of wire that has a plug at each end; used to make connections at a patchboard patchouli a heavy perfume made from the patchouli plant small East Indian shrubby mint; fragrant oil from its leaves is used in perfumes patch pocket a flat pocket sewn to the outside of a garment patchwork sewing consisting of pieces of different materials sewn together in a pattern a quilt made by sewing patches of different materials together a theory or argument made up of miscellaneous or incongruous ideas patent log a cigar-shaped log with rotary fins that measure the ship's speed patent medicine medicine that is protected by a patent and available without a doctor's prescription paternoster a type of lift having a chain of open compartments that move continually in an endless loop so that (agile) passengers can step on or off at each floor path a way especially designed for a particular use an established line of travel or access a line or route along which something travels or moves; "the hurricane demolished houses in its path"; "the track of an animal"; "the course of the river" pathway a trodden path patina a fine coating of oxide (produced by oxidation over a long period of time) on the surface of a metal (particularly copper) a gloss or sheen on wooden furniture produced by age, polishing, or handling an acquired change in the appearance of something (other than metal or wood); "a patina of frost"; "a patina of good breeding" patio usually paved outdoor area adjoining a residence patisserie a bakery specializing in French pastry patka a scarf worn by Sikh men patriarchal cross a cross with two crossbars patrol boat a vessel assigned to patrol an area patty-pan a pan for cooking patties or pasties pave a setting with precious stones so closely set that no metal shows cover with a material such as stone or concrete to make suitable for vehicle traffic; "pave the roads in the village" paved surface a level horizontal surface covered with paving material pavement the paved surface of a thoroughfare pavilion large and often sumptuous tent paving stone a stone used for paving pavior a machine for laying pavement pavis (Middle Ages) a large heavy oblong shield protecting the whole body; originally carried but sometimes set up in permanent position pawl a hinged catch that fits into a notch of a ratchet to move a wheel forward or prevent it from moving backward pawnbroker's shop a shop where loans are made with personal property as security pay-phone a coin-operated telephone PC board a removable circuit board for a personal computer; fits into a slot in the mother board peacekeeper the pistol of a law officer in the old West someone who keeps peace; "she's the peacekeeper in that family" a member of a military force that is assigned (often with international sanction) to preserve peace in a trouble area peach orchard a grove of peach trees peacock-throne the golden throne of former kings of Delhi; stolen by the Persians in 1739 and subsequently lost; symbol of the former Shah of Iran pea jacket a sailor's heavy woolen double-breasted jacket pearl fishery a fishery where they fish for pearl oysters pea shooter a straight narrow tube through which pellets (as dried peas) can be blown at a target peavey a stout lever with a sharp spike; used for handling logs pectoral an adornment worn on the chest or breast either of two large muscles of the chest of or relating to the chest or thorax; "pectoral organ" pedal a lever that is operated with the foot operate the pedals on a keyboard instrument of or relating to the feet; "the word for a pedal extremity is `foot'" pedal pushers (used in the plural) snug trousers ending at the calves; worn by women and girls pedestal an architectural support or base (as for a column or statue) a position of great esteem (and supposed superiority); "they put him on a pedestal" pedestal table a table supported by a single central column pedestrian crossing street crossing where pedestrians have right of way; often marked in some way (especially with diagonal stripes) pedicab a tricycle (usually propelled by pedalling); used in the Orient for transporting passengers for hire; "boys who once pulled rickshaws now pedal pedicabs" pediment a triangular gable between a horizontal entablature and a sloping roof pedometer measuring instrument for recording the number of steps taken in walking peeler a device for peeling vegetables or fruits; "she invented a potato peeler" a worker who peels the skins from fruits and vegetables peen the part of a hammerhead opposite the flat striking surface (may have various shapes) peephole a hole (in a door or an oven etc) through which you can peep peep sight rear gunsight having an adjustable eyepiece with a small aperture through which the front sight and the target are aligned peg a wooden pin pushed or driven into a surface a holder attached to the gunwale of a boat that holds the oar in place and acts as a fulcrum for rowing regulator that can be turned to regulate the pitch of the strings of a stringed instrument a prosthesis that replaces a missing leg small markers inserted into a surface to mark scores or define locations etc. stabilize (the price of a commodity or an exchange rate) by legislation or market operations; "The weak currency was pegged to the US Dollar" fasten or secure with a wooden pin; "peg a tent" pierce with a wooden pin or knock or thrust a wooden pin into pegboard a board perforated with regularly spaced holes into which pegs can be fitted peg top a pear-shaped top made of wood with a metal center pin Pelham a bit with a bar mouthpiece that is designed to combine a curb and snaffle pelican crossing an acronym for pedestrian light control; a pedestrian crossing with traffic lights that are controlled by pedestrians pelisse a sleeveless cape that is lined or trimmed with fur pelvimeter measuring instrument for performing pelvimetry penal colony a penal institution where prisoners are exiled (often located on an island from which escape is difficult or impossible) penal institution an institution where persons are confined for punishment and to protect the public penalty box (ice hockey) an enclosed bench to the side of an ice-hockey rink for players who are serving time penalties pen-and-ink a drawing executed with pen and ink pencil a thin cylindrical pointed writing implement; a rod of marking substance encased in wood a cosmetic in a long thin stick; designed to be applied to a particular part of the face; "an eyebrow pencil" a figure formed by a set of straight lines or light rays meeting at a point graphite (or a similar substance) used in such a way as to be a medium of communication; "the words were scribbled in pencil"; "this artist's favorite medium is pencil" write, draw, or trace with a pencil; "he penciled a figure" pencil box a box for holding pencils pencil sharpener a rotary implement for sharpening the point on pencils pendant an adornment that hangs from a piece of jewelry (necklace or earring) pendant earring an earring with a pendant ornament pendulum an apparatus consisting of an object mounted so that it swings freely under the influence of gravity pendulum clock a clock regulated by a pendulum pendulum watch (18th century) a watch with a balance wheel having a fake pendulum attached to it penetration bomb a bomb with about 30% explosive and a casing designed to penetrate hardened targets before the explosive detonates penicillamine a drug (trade name Cuprimine) used to treat heavy metal poisoning and Wilson's disease and severe arthritis penicillin any of various antibiotics obtained from Penicillium molds (or produced synthetically) and used in the treatment of various infections and diseases penicillinase-resistant antibiotic a form of penicillin that is not rendered inactive by penicillinase penicillin F the first form of penicillin that was isolated in Great Britain penicillin G the penicillin that constitutes the principal component of many commercial antibiotics penicillin O a penicillin that is similar in antibiotic action to penicillin G but is obtained differently penicillin V a crystalline penicillin similar in action to penicillin G but more resistant to the action of gastric acids penicillin V potassium a form of penicillin V (trade name Ledercillin VK) penile implant an implant that creates an artificial erection penitentiary a correctional institution for those convicted of major crimes used for punishment or reform of criminals or wrongdoers; "penitentiary institutions" penknife a small pocketknife; originally used to cut quill pens penlight a small flashlight resembling a fountain pen pennant a long flag; often tapering the award given to the champion a flag longer than it is wide (and often tapering) pennoncel a small pennant borne on a lance penny arcade an arcade with coin-operated devices for entertainment pennywhistle an inexpensive fipple flute pentaerythritol a coronary vasodilator (trade name Peritrate) used to treat angina pectoris Pentagon a government building with five sides that serves as the headquarters of the United States Department of Defense the United States military establishment pentazocine analgesic drug (trade name Talwin) that is less addictive than morphine penthouse an apartment located on the top floors of a building pentimento the reappearance in a painting of an underlying image that had been painted over (usually when the later painting becomes transparent with age) pentobarbital sodium a barbiturate (trade name Nembutal) used as a sedative and hypnotic and antispasmodic pentode a thermionic tube having five electrodes pentoxifylline a drug (trade name Trental) used to treat claudication; believed to increase the flexibility of red blood cells so they can flow through the blood vessels to the legs and feet pentylenetetrazol a drug used as a circulatory and respiratory stimulant; larger doses cause convulsions in shock therapy; Metrazol is a trademark peplos a garment worn by women in ancient Greece; cloth caught at the shoulders and draped in folds to the waist peplum a flared ruffle attached to the waistline of a dress or jacket or blouse pepper-and-salt a fabric woven with flecks of light and dark pepper mill a mill for grinding pepper pepper shaker a shaker with a perforated top for sprinkling ground pepper pepper spray a nonlethal aerosol spray made with the pepper derivative oleoresin capiscum; used to cause temporary blindness and incapacitate an attacker; also used as a bear deterrent percale a fine closely woven cotton fabric percolator a coffeepot in which boiling water ascends through a central tube and filters back down through a basket of ground coffee beans percussion cap a detonator that explodes when struck percussion instrument a musical instrument in which the sound is produced by one object striking another perfume a toiletry that emits and diffuses a fragrant odor apply perfume to; "She perfumes herself every day" fill or impregnate with an odor; "orange blossoms perfumed the air in the garden" period piece any work of art whose special value lies in its evocation of a historical period peripheral electronic equipment external to the circuit board that contains the CPU of a computer; "disk drives and printers are important peripherals" on or near an edge or constituting an outer boundary; the outer area; "Russia's peripheral provinces"; "peripheral suburbs" related to the key issue but not of central importance; "a peripheral interest"; "energy is far from a peripheral issue in the economy"; "peripheral issues" periscope an optical instrument that provides a view of an otherwise obstructed field peristyle a colonnade surrounding a building or enclosing a court periwig a wig for men that was fashionable in the 17th and 18th centuries periwinkle plant derivative an antineoplastic drug used to treat some forms of cancer permanent magnet a magnet that retains its magnetism after being removed from a magnetic field permanent press a fabric that has been chemically processed to resist wrinkles and hold its shape perpendicular an extremely steep face a Gothic style in 14th and 15th century England; characterized by vertical lines and a four-centered (Tudor) arch and fan vaulting a straight line at right angles to another line so steep as to be nearly veritcal; "the great perpendicular face of the cliff" intersecting at or forming right angles; "the axes are perpendicular to each other" perpetual motion machine a machine that can continue to do work indefinitely without drawing energy from some external source; impossible under the law of conservation of energy perphenazine tranquilizer and antidepressant (trade name Triavil) sometimes used as an antiemetic for adults personal computer a small digital computer based on a microprocessor and designed to be used by one person at a time personal digital assistant a lightweight consumer electronic device that looks like a hand-held computer but instead performs specific tasks; can serve as a diary or a personal database or a telephone or an alarm clock etc. personnel carrier a military vehicle (usually armored) for transporting military personnel and their equipment pestle a club-shaped hand tool for grinding and mixing substances in a mortar a heavy tool of stone or iron (usually with a flat base and a handle) that is used to grind and mix material (as grain or drugs or pigments) against a slab of stone grind, mash or pulverize in a mortar; "pestle the garlic" petard an explosive device used to break down a gate or wall petcock regulator consisting of a small cock or faucet or valve for letting out air or releasing compression or draining Peter Pan collar a flat collar with rounded ends that meet in front petit point needlepoint done with small stitches a small diagonal needlepoint stitch Petri dish a shallow dish used to culture bacteria petrolatum gauze gauze saturated with petrolatum Petronas Towers twin skyscrapers built in Kuala Lumpur in 1997; 1482 feet high pet shop a shop where pet animals can be purchased petticoat undergarment worn under a skirt pew long bench with backs; used in church by the congregation pharmaceutical drug or medicine that is prepared or dispensed in pharmacies and used in medical treatment of or relating to pharmacy or pharmacists; "the pharmaceutical industry" of or relating to drugs used in medical treatment pharmacopoeia a collection or stock of drugs phenazopyridine analgesic (trade name Pyridium) used to treat urinary tract infections phencyclidine a drug used as an anesthetic by veterinarians; illicitly taken (originally in the form of powder or `dust') for its effects as a hallucinogen phenelzine monoamine oxidase inhibitor (trade name Nardil) used to treat clinical depression pheniramine an antihistamine used in preparations to treat allergies and respiratory infections; used to treat rhinitis and skin rashes and pruritus phenolphthalein a laxative used in many preparations under various trade names; also used as an acid-base indicator in titrations involving weak acids and strong bases because it is brilliant red at high alkalinity and colorless below pH 8 phensuximide anticonvulsant (trade name Milontin) used to treat petit mal phentolamine a virility drug (trade name Vasomax) to treat erectile dysfunction in men phenylbutazone anti-inflammatory drug (trade name Butazolidin) phenylephrine a powerful vasoconstrictor used to dilate the pupils and relieve nasal congestion phenylpropanolamine an adrenergic drug used in many preparations to relieve allergic reactions or respiratory infections; "drugs containing phenylpropanolamine are being recalled" phenyltoloxamine antihistamine included in some preparations used to treat coughing and nasal congestion phial a small bottle that contains a drug (especially a sealed sterile container for injection by needle) Phillips screw a screw with a special head having crossed slots Phillips screwdriver a screwdriver for use with Phillips screws phonograph album an album for holding phonograph records phonograph needle a stylus that formerly made sound by following a groove in a phonograph record phonograph record sound recording consisting of a disk with a continuous groove; used to reproduce music by rotating while a phonograph needle tracks in the groove photocathode a cathode that emits electrons when illuminated photocoagulator surgical instrument containing a laser for use in photocoagulation photocopier a copier that uses photographic methods of making copies photocopy a photographic copy of written or printed or graphic work reproduce by xerography photoelectric cell a transducer used to detect and measure light and other radiations photograph a representation of a person or scene in the form of a print or transparent slide or in digital format record on photographic film; "I photographed the scene of the accident"; "She snapped a picture of the President" undergo being photographed in a certain way; "Children photograph well" stock photograph an exisitng photograph licensed for a specific use photograph album an album for photographs photographic equipment equipment used by a photographer photographic paper light-sensitive paper on which photograph can be printed photographic print a printed picture produced from a photographic negative photolithograph a lithograph produced by photographically produced plates photometer measuring instrument for measuring the luminous intensity of a source by comparing it (visually or photoelectrically) with a standard source photomicrograph a photograph taken with the help of a microscope photomontage a montage that uses photographic images Photostat a duplicating machine that makes quick positive or negative copies directly on the surface of prepared paper photostat a photocopy made on a Photostat machine make a copy by means of a Photostat device phrontistery an establishment for study and learning (sometimes including modern universities) physical pendulum pendulum consisting of an actual object allowed to rotate freely around a horizontal axis physics lab a laboratory for research in physics piano a keyboard instrument that is played by depressing keys that cause hammers to strike tuned strings and produce sounds (music) low loudness (used chiefly as a direction or description in music) soft; in a quiet, subdued tone; "the piano passages in the composition" used as a direction in music; to be played relatively softly piano action action consisting of a system of levers that move a felt hammer to strike the strings when a key is depressed piano keyboard a bank of keys on a musical instrument piano wire thin steel wire of high tensile strength piccolo a small flute; pitched an octave above the standard flute pickelhaube a spiked helmet worn by German soldiers picket boat a boat serving as a picket picket fence a fence made of upright pickets picket ship a ship serving as a picket pickle barrel a barrel holding vinegar in which cucumbers are pickled picot an edging of small loops, as on lace or ribbon picture a visual representation (of an object or scene or person or abstraction) produced on a surface; "they showed us the pictures of their wedding"; "a movie is a series of images projected so rapidly that the eye integrates them" a typical example of some state or quality; "the very picture of a modern general"; "she was the picture of despair" illustrations used to decorate or explain a text; "the dictionary had many pictures" a situation treated as an observable object; "the political picture is favorable"; "the religious scene in England has changed in the last century" show in, or as in, a picture; "This scene depicts country life"; "the face of the child is rendered with much tenderness in this painting" picture book a book consisting chiefly of pictures picture frame a framework in which a picture is mounted picture hat a woman's dressy hat with a wide brim picture rail rail fixed to a wall for hanging pictures picture window a large window with a single pane (usually overlooking a view) piece a separate part of a whole; "an important piece of the evidence" an item that is an instance of some type; "he designed a new piece of equipment"; "she bought a lovely piece of china"; "my dog swallowed a Lego part" a distance; "it is down the road a piece" an artistic or literary composition; "he wrote an interesting piece on Iran"; "the children acted out a comic piece to amuse the guests" an instance of some kind; "it was a nice piece of work"; "he had a bit of good luck" a serving that has been cut from a larger portion; "a piece of pie"; "a slice of bread" repair by adding pieces; "She pieced the china cup" join during spinning; "piece the broken pieces of thread, slivers, and rovings" piece of cloth a separate part consisting of fabric piece of leather a separate part consisting of leather pied-a-terre lodging for occasional or secondary use; "they bought a pied-a-terre in London" pier a platform built out from the shore into the water and supported by piles; provides access to ships and boats a support for two adjacent bridge spans (architecture) a vertical supporting structure (as a portion of wall between two doors or windows) pier arch an arch supported on piers pier glass a large mirror between two windows Pierre Laporte Bridge a suspension bridge across the Saint Lawrence River at Quebec pier table a low table set below a pier glass pieta a representation of the Virgin Mary mourning over the dead body of Jesus piezoelectric crystal a crystal that can be used as a transducer piezometer a measuring instrument for measuring high pressures pig a crude block of metal (lead or iron) poured from a smelting furnace live like a pig, in squalor pig bed mold consisting of a bed of sand in which pig iron is cast piggery a farm where pigs are raised or kept piggy bank a child's coin bank (often shaped like a pig) pikestaff the staff of a pike pilaster a rectangular column that usually projects about a third of its width from the wall to which it is attached pile the yarn (as in a rug or velvet or corduroy) that stands up from the weave; "for uniform color and texture tailors cut velvet with the pile running the same direction" a column of wood or steel or concrete that is driven into the ground to provide support for a structure a collection of objects laid on top of each other a large sum of money (especially as pay or profit); "she made a bundle selling real estate"; "they sank megabucks into their new house" place or lay as if in a pile; "The teacher piled work on the students until the parents protested" pile driver a machine that drives piling into the ground pill a dose of medicine in the form of a small pellet something that resembles a tablet of medicine in shape or size a contraceptive in the form of a pill containing estrogen and progestin to inhibit ovulation and so prevent conception something unpleasant or offensive that must be tolerated or endured; "his competitor's success was a bitter pill to take" a unpleasant or tiresome person pillar box a red pillar-shaped letter box pill bottle a small bottle for holding pills pillbox a small enclosed gun emplacement (usually of fortified concrete) a small case for holding pills a small round woman's hat pillion a seat behind the rider of a horse or motorbike etc. pillory a wooden instrument of punishment on a post with holes for the wrists and neck; offenders were locked in and so exposed to public scorn punish by putting in a pillory expose to ridicule or public scorn pillow a cushion to support the head of a sleeping person rest on or as if on a pillow; "pillow your head" pillow block a cast-iron or steel block for supporting a journal or bearing pillow lace a handmade lace worked on a pillow with threads wound on bobbins; the pattern is marked out on the pillow by pins pillow sham bed linen consisting of a decorative cover for a pillow pilocarpine cholinergic alkaloid used in eyedrops to treat glaucoma pilot balloon meteorological balloon used to observe air currents pilot bit a small bit that drills a first hole to guide a larger drill pilot boat a boat to carry pilots to and from large ships pilot burner small auxiliary gas burner that provides a flame to ignite a larger gas burner pilot cloth a thick blue cloth used to make overcoats and coats for sailors etc pilot engine a locomotive that precedes a train to check the track pilothouse an enclosed compartment from which a vessel can be navigated pilot light indicator consisting of a light to indicate whether power is on or a motor is in operation Pimlico a racetrack for thoroughbred racing; site of the Preakness pimozide the most commonly used diphenylbutyl piperidine pin a small slender (often pointed) piece of wood or metal used to support or fasten or attach things a piece of jewelry that is pinned onto the wearer's garment flagpole used to mark the position of the hole on a golf green cylindrical tumblers consisting of two parts that are held in place by springs; when they are aligned with a key the bolt can be thrown informal terms for the leg; "fever left him weak on his sticks" (chess) immobilize a piece attach or fasten with pins; "pin the needle to the shirt" pierce with a pin; "pin down the butterfly" pinata plaything consisting of a container filled with toys and candy; suspended from a height for blindfolded children to break with sticks pinball machine game equipment on which pinball is played; "in Britain they call a pinball machine a pin table" pince-nez spectacles clipped to the nose by a spring pincer a hand tool for holding consisting of a compound lever for grasping pinch bar a lever with a pointed projection that serves as a fulcrum; used to roll heavy wheels pincurl clip a variety of clip for holding pin curls pincushion a small stiff cushion into which pins are stuck ready for use pindolol an oral beta blocker (trade name Visken) used in treating hypertension pine-tar rag baseball equipment consisting of a rag soaked with pine tar; used on the handle of a baseball bat to give a batter a firm grip pinfold a pen where stray animals are confined pinger a pulse generator used for echo sounding in sonar ping-pong ball light hollow ball used in playing table tennis pinhead the head of a pin pinhole a small puncture that might have been made by a pin pinion a gear with a small number of teeth designed to mesh with a larger wheel or rack cut the wings off (of birds) bind the arms of pinnacle (architecture) a slender upright spire at the top of a buttress of tower a lofty peak raise on or as if on a pinnacle; "He did not want to be pinnacled" surmount with a pinnacle; "pinnacle a pediment" pinner a woman's cap with two long flaps pinned on pinpoint the sharp point of a pin a very brief moment; "they were strangers sharing a pinpoint of time together" locate exactly; "can you pinpoint the position of the enemy?"; "The chemists could not nail the identity of the chromosome" pinprick small puncture (as if made by a pin) a minor annoyance pinstripe a very thin stripe (especially a white stripe on a dark fabric) a fabric with very thin stripes a suit made from a fabric with very thin stripes pintle a pin or bolt forming the pivot of a hinge pinwheel a toy consisting of vanes of colored paper or plastic that is pinned to a stick and spins when it is pointed into the wind a wheel that has numerous pins that are set at right angles to its rim; "he spun the pinwheel and it stopped with the pointer on `Go'" perennial subshrub of Tenerife having leaves in rosettes resembling pinwheels pin wrench a wrench that has a projecting pin that fits into a socket on the object to be turned pipe a long tube made of metal or plastic that is used to carry water or oil or gas etc. a tube with a small bowl at one end; used for smoking tobacco a tubular wind instrument a hollow cylindrical shape trim with piping; "pipe the skirt" play on a pipe; "pipe a tune" transport by pipeline; "pipe oil, water, and gas into the desert" tabor pipe a small fipple flute that is played with the left hand while the right hand is free to beat a tabor pipe bomb a small homemade bomb usually contained in a metal pipe pipe cleaner cleaning implement consisting of a flexible tufted wire that is used to clean a pipe stem pipe cutter a hand tool for cutting pipe pipefitting fitting consisting of threaded pieces of pipe for joining pipes together pipeline a pipe used to transport liquids or gases; "a pipeline runs from the wells to the seaport" piperacillin a synthetic type of penicillin antibiotic (trade name Pipracil) used for moderate to severe infections pipe rack a rack for holding a smoker's pipes piperazine vermifuge used to treat infestations by roundworms or pinworms piperocaine a compound used in the form of its hydrochloride as a local or spinal anesthetic pipet measuring instrument consisting of a graduated glass tube used to measure or transfer precise volumes of a liquid by drawing the liquid up into the tube pipe vise a clamp for holding pipe that is to be cut or threaded pipe wrench adjustable wrench for gripping and turning a pipe; has two serrated jaws that are adjusted to grip the pipe pique tightly woven fabric with raised cords a sudden outburst of anger; "his temper sparked like damp firewood" cause to feel resentment or indignation; "Her tactless remark offended me" pirate a ship that is manned by pirates someone who robs at sea or plunders the land from the sea without having a commission from any sovereign nation copy illegally; of published material piroxicam a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (trade name Feldene) used to treat arthritis and other inflammatory conditions piste a ski run densely packed with snow a flat rectangular area for fencing bouts pistol a firearm that is held and fired with one hand pistol grip a handle (as of a gun or saw) shaped like the butt of a pistol piston mechanical device that has a plunging or thrusting motion piston ring seal consisting of a split metal ring that seals the gap between a piston and the cylinder wall piston rod connecting rod that moves or is moved by a piston pit a surface excavation for extracting stone or slate; "a British term for `quarry' is `stone pit'" a trap in the form of a concealed hole (auto racing) an area at the side of a racetrack where the race cars are serviced and refueled (commodity exchange) the part of the floor of a commodity exchange where trading in a particular commodity is carried on an enclosure in which animals are made to fight a sizeable hole (usually in the ground); "they dug a pit to bury the body" a concavity in a surface (especially an anatomical depression) remove the pits from; "pit plums and cherries" set into opposition or rivalry; "let them match their best athletes against ours"; "pit a chess player against the Russian champion"; "He plays his two children off against each other" pitchfork a long-handled hand tool with sharp widely spaced prongs for lifting and pitching hay lift with a pitchfork; "pitchfork hay" pitching wedge a wedge used to loft the golf ball over obstacles pitch pipe a small pipe sounding a tone of standard frequency; used to establish the starting pitch for unaccompanied singing pithead the entrance to a coal mine pith hat a lightweight hat worn in tropical countries for protection from the sun piton a metal spike with a hole for a rope; mountaineers drive it into ice or rock to use as a hold Pitot-static tube measuring instrument consisting of a combined Pitot tube and static tube that measures total and static pressure; used in aircraft to measure airspeed Pitot tube measuring instrument consisting of a right-angled tube with an open end that is directed in opposition to the flow of a fluid and used to measure the velocity of fluid flow pitprop a wooden prop used to support the roof of a mine pitsaw a large two-handed saw formerly used to cut logs into planks; one man stood above the log and the other in a pit below pivoting window a window that opens by pivoting either horizontally or vertically pixel (computer science) the smallest discrete component of an image or picture on a CRT screen (usually a colored dot); "the greater the number of pixels per inch the greater the resolution" pizzeria a shop where pizzas are made and sold place mat a mat serving as table linen for an individual place setting place of business an establishment (a factory or an assembly plant or retail store or warehouse etc.) where business is conducted, goods are made or stored or processed or where services are rendered place of worship any building where congregations gather for prayer place setting a table service for one person; "a place setting of sterling flatware" placket a piece of cloth sewn under an opening plain weave a basic style of weave in which the weft and warp threads intertwine alternately to produce a checkerboard effect plan scale drawing of a structure; "the plans for City Hall were on file" a series of steps to be carried out or goals to be accomplished; "they drew up a six-step plan"; "they discussed plans for a new bond issue" make plans for something; "He is planning a trip with his family" have the will and intention to carry out some action; "He plans to be in graduate school next year"; "The rebels had planned turmoil and confusion" make or work out a plan for; devise; "They contrived to murder their boss"; "design a new sales strategy"; "plan an attack" planchet a flat metal disk ready for stamping as a coin planchette a triangular board supported on casters; when lightly touched with the fingertips it is supposed to spell out supernatural (or unconscious) messages plane a carpenter's hand tool with an adjustable blade for smoothing or shaping wood; "the cabinetmaker used a plane for the finish work" a power tool for smoothing or shaping wood (mathematics) an unbounded two-dimensional shape; "we will refer to the plane of the graph as the X-Y plane"; "any line joining two points on a plane lies wholly on that plane" a level of existence or development; "he lived on a worldly plane" cut or remove with or as if with a plane; "The machine shaved off fine layers from the piece of wood" make even or smooth, with or as with a carpenter's plane; "plane the top of the door" travel on the surface of water plane seat a seat on a commercial airliner plane table surveying instrument consisting of a drawing board and a ruler that are mounted on a tripod; used to sight and map topographical details planetarium an apparatus or model for representing the solar systems an optical device for projecting images of celestial bodies and other astronomical phenomena onto the inner surface of a hemispherical dome a building housing an instrument for projecting the positions of the planets onto a domed ceiling planetary gear an outer gear that revolves about a central sun gear of an epicyclic train plank-bed a bed of boards (without a mattress) planner a notebook for recording appointments and things to be done, etc. a person who makes plans planter a decorative pot for house plants the owner or manager of a plantation a worker who puts or sets seeds or seedlings into the ground plaster adhesive tape used in dressing wounds a surface of hardened plaster (as on a wall or ceiling); "there were cracks in the plaster" a mixture of lime or gypsum with sand and water; hardens into a smooth solid; used to cover walls and ceilings coat with plaster; "daub the wall" apply a heavy coat to apply a plaster cast to; "plaster the broken arm" affix conspicuously; "She plastered warnings all over the wall" cover conspicuously or thickly, as by pasting something on; "The demonstrators plastered the hallways with posters"; "She let the walls of the apartment be beplastered with stucco" plasterboard wallboard with a gypsum plaster core bonded to layers of paper or fiberboard; used instead of plaster or wallboard to make interior walls plastering trowel a trowel used to spread and smooth plaster plastic art the arts of shaping or modeling; carving and sculpture plastic bag a bag made of thin plastic material plastic bomb a bomb made of plastic explosive plastic explosive an explosive material that is easily molded around the object it is intended to destroy plastic laminate a laminate made by bonding plastic layers plastic wrap wrapping consisting of a very thin transparent sheet of plastic plat a map showing planned or actual features of an area (streets and building lots etc.) make a plat of; "Plat the town" plate dish on which food is served or from which food is eaten a metal sheathing of uniform thickness (such as the shield attached to an artillery piece to protect the gunners) a sheet of metal or wood or glass or plastic a shallow receptacle for collection in church structural member consisting of a horizontal beam that provides bearing and anchorage a full-page illustration (usually on slick paper) a flat sheet of metal or glass on which a photographic image can be recorded the positively charged electrode in a vacuum tube any flat platelike body structure or part a main course served on a plate; "a vegetable plate"; "the blue plate special" the thin under portion of the forequarter a rigid layer of the Earth's crust that is believed to drift slowly the quantity contained in a plate coat with a layer of metal; "plate spoons with silver" plate glass glass formed into large thin sheets plate iron a plate of iron platen the roller on a typewriter against which the keys strike the flat plate of a printing press that presses the paper against the type work table of a machine tool plate rack a rack for holding plates to dry after they have been washed plate rail rail or narrow shelf fixed to a wall to display plates platform a raised horizontal surface; "the speaker mounted the platform" any military structure or vehicle bearing weapons the combination of a particular computer and a particular operating system a document stating the aims and principles of a political party; "their candidate simply ignored the party platform"; "they won the election even though they offered no positive program" platform bed a bed without springs platform rocker rocking chair on a stationary base platter a large shallow dish used for serving food playbox a box for a child's toys and personal things (especially at a boarding school) playground yard consisting of an outdoor area for children's play playhouse plaything consisting of a small model of a house that children can play inside of playing card one of a pack of cards that are used to play card games playpen a portable enclosure in which babies may be left to play playsuit a sports outfit for women or children; usually consists of shorts and a blouse plaything an artifact designed to be played with plaza mercantile establishment consisting of a carefully landscaped complex of shops representing leading merchandisers; usually includes restaurants and a convenient parking area; a modern version of the traditional marketplace; "a good plaza should have a movie house"; "they spent their weekends at the local malls" a public square with room for pedestrians; "they met at Elm Plaza"; "Grosvenor Place" pleat any of various types of fold formed by doubling fabric back upon itself and then pressing or stitching into shape fold into pleats; "Pleat the cloth" plenum an enclosed space in which the air pressure is higher than outside a meeting of a legislative body at which all members are present; "the plenum will vote on all tax increases" plethysmograph a measuring instrument for measuring changes in volume of a part or organ or whole body (usually resulting from fluctuations in the amount of blood it contains) pleximeter a small thin metal plate held against the body and struck with a plexor in percussive examinations plexor (medicine) a small hammer with a rubber head used in percussive examinations of the chest and in testing reflexes pliers a gripping hand tool with two hinged arms and (usually) serrated jaws plimsoll a light gym shoe with a rubber sole and a canvas top plotter an instrument (usually driven by a computer) for drawing graphs or pictures a clerk who marks data on a chart plow a farm tool having one or more heavy blades to break the soil and cut a furrow prior to sowing to break and turn over earth especially with a plow; "Farmer Jones plowed his east field last week"; "turn the earth in the Spring" move in a way resembling that of a plow cutting into or going through the soil; "The ship plowed through the water" plowshare a sharp steel wedge that cuts loose the top layer of soil plug blockage consisting of an object designed to fill a hole tightly an electrical device with two or three pins that is inserted in a socket to make an electrical connection insert as a plug; "She plugged a cork in the wine bottle" insert a plug into; "plug the wall" replace the center of a coin with a baser metal; "plug a nickle" persist in working hard; "Students must plug away at this problem" make a plug for; praise the qualities or in order to sell or promote fill or close tightly with or as if with a plug; "plug the hole"; "stop up the leak" plug fuse a fuse with a thread that screws into a socket plughole a hole into which a plug fits (especially a hole where water drains away) plumb bob the metal bob of a plumb line plumber's snake a long flexible steel coil for dislodging stoppages in curved pipes plumbing fixture a fixture for the distribution and use of water in a building plumb level a carpenter's level with a plumb line at right angles to it plumb line a cord from which a metal weight is suspended pointing directly to the earth's center of gravity; used to determine the vertical from a given point plumb rule a plumb line attached to a narrow board plume a feather or cluster of feathers worn as an ornament anything that resembles a feather in shape or lightness; "a plume of smoke"; "grass with large plumes" form a plume; "The chimneys were pluming the sky"; "The engine was pluming black smoke" deck with a plume; "a plumed helmet" plunger hand tool consisting of a stick with a rubber suction cup at one end; used to clean clogged drains plus fours men's baggy knickers hanging below the knees; formerly worn for sports (especially golf) plush a fabric with a nap that is longer and softer than velvet plutonium trigger a steel or beryllium sphere containing plutonium 239 that triggers nuclear fission when compressed by explosives ply (usually in combinations) one of several layers of cloth or paper or wood as in plywood one of the strands twisted together to make yarn or rope or thread; often used in combination; "three-ply cord"; "four-ply yarn" use diligently; "ply your wits!" wield vigorously; "ply an axe" join together as by twisting, weaving, or molding; "ply fabric" travel a route regularly; "Ships ply the waters near the coast" apply oneself diligently; "Ply one's trade" plywood a laminate made of thin layers of wood pneumatic drill a power drill powered by compressed air pneumatic tire a tire made of reinforced rubber and filled with compressed air; used on motor vehicles and bicycles etc pneumococcal vaccine vaccine (trade name Pneumovax) effective against the 23 most common strains of pneumococcus p-n junction the junction between a p-type semiconductor and an n-type semiconductor; "a p-n junction has marked rectifying characteristics" p-n-p transistor a junction transistor having an n-type semiconductor between a p-type semiconductor that serves as an emitter and a p-type semiconductor that serves as a collector pocket a small pouch inside a garment for carrying small articles an opening at the corner or on the side of a billiard table into which billiard balls are struck a small isolated group of people; "they were concentrated in pockets inside the city"; "the battle was won except for cleaning up pockets of resistance" a supply of money; "they dipped into the taxpayers' pockets" (bowling) the space between the headpin and the pins behind it on the right or left; "the ball hit the pocket and gave him a perfect strike" put in one's pocket; "He pocketed the change" take unlawfully pocket battleship a small battleship built to conform with treaty limitations on tonnage and armament (from 1925 to 1930) pocketbook pocket-sized paperback book your personal financial means; "that car is too expensive for my pocketbook" pocketcomb a small comb suitable for carrying in a pocket pocket flap a flap that covers the access to a pocket pocket-handkerchief a handkerchief that is carried in a pocket pocketknife a knife with a blade that folds into the handle; suitable for carrying in the pocket pocket watch a watch that is carried in a small watch pocket pod a detachable container of fuel on an airplane a group of aquatic mammals a several-seeded dehiscent fruit as e.g. of a leguminous plant the vessel that contains the seeds of a plant (not the seeds themselves) produce pods, of plants take something out of its shell or pod; "pod peas or beans" pogo stick plaything consisting of a pole with foot rests and a strong spring; propelled by jumping point sharp end; "he stuck the point of the knife into a tree"; "he broke the point of his pencil" a wall socket the gun muzzle's direction; "he held me up at the point of a gun" an outstanding characteristic; "his acting was one of the high points of the movie" a distinguishing or individuating characteristic; "he knows my bad points as well as my good points" the property of a shape that tapers to a sharp tip a geometric element that has position but no extension; "a point is defined by its coordinates" the object of an activity; "what is the point of discussing it?" a brief version of the essential meaning of something; "get to the point"; "he missed the point of the joke"; "life has lost its point" a V-shaped mark at one end of an arrow pointer; "the point of the arrow was due north" the precise location of something; a spatially limited location; "she walked to a point where she could survey the whole street" a promontory extending out into a large body of water; "they sailed south around the point" one percent of the total principal of a loan; it is paid at the time the loan is made and is independent of the interest on the loan the unit of counting in scoring a game or contest; "he scored 20 points in the first half"; "a touchdown counts 6 points" a linear unit used to measure the size of type; approximately 1/72 inch a style in speech or writing that arrests attention and has a penetrating or convincing quality or effect a V shape; "the cannibal's teeth were filed to sharp points" a very small circular shape; "a row of points"; "draw lines between the dots" an instant of time; "at that point I had to leave" repair the joints of bricks; "point a chimney" indicate the presence of (game) by standing and pointing with the muzzle; "the dog pointed the dead duck" be positionable in a specified manner; "The gun points with ease" mark (a psalm text) to indicate the points at which the music changes mark with diacritics; "point the letter" mark (Hebrew words) with diacritics point-and-shoot camera a lightweight photographic camera with an autofocus pointed arch an arch with a pointed apex; characteristic of Gothic architecture pointillism a genre of painting characterized by the application of paint in dots and small strokes; developed by Georges Seurat and his followers in late 19th century France a school of painters who used a technique of painting with tiny dots of pure colors that would blend in the viewer's eye; developed by Georges Seurat and his followers late in 19th century France pointing trowel a trowel used to fill and finish masonry joints with mortar or cement point lace lace worked with a needle in a buttonhole stitch on a paper pattern polarimeter an optical device used to measure the rotation of the plane of vibration of polarized light Polaroid (trade mark) a plastic film that can polarize a beam of light; often used in sunglasses to eliminate glare Polaroid camera a camera that develops and produces a positive print within seconds pole a long (usually round) rod of wood or metal or plastic one of the two ends of a magnet where the magnetism seems to be concentrated a long fiberglass sports implement used for pole vaulting one of two divergent or mutually exclusive opinions; "they are at opposite poles"; "they are poles apart" one of two antipodal points where the Earth's axis of rotation intersects the Earth's surface one of two points of intersection of the Earth's axis and the celestial sphere deoxidize molten metals by stirring them with a wooden pole support on poles; "pole climbing plants like beans" poleax a battle ax used in the Middle Ages; a long handled ax and a pick an ax used to slaughter cattle; has a hammer opposite the blade fell with or as if with a poleax police boat a boat used by harbor police police station a station that serves as headquarters for police in a particular district; serves as a place from which policemen are dispatched and to which arrested persons are brought police van van used by police to transport prisoners poliovirus vaccine vaccine prepared from poliovirus to provide immunity to poliomyelitis polka dot design consisting of a pattern of regularly spaced circular spots polling booth a temporary booth in a polling place which people enter to cast their votes polo ball wooden ball that is struck with mallets in playing polo polo mallet a mallet used to strike the ball in polo polonaise a woman's dress with a tight bodice and an overskirt drawn back to reveal a colorful underskirt polo shirt a shirt with short sleeves designed for comfort and casual wear polychrome a piece of work composed of or decorated in many colors color with many colors; make polychrome polyconic projection a conic projection of a map having distances between meridians equal to those distances on a globe polyester any of a large class of synthetic fabrics a complex ester used for making fibers or resins or plastics or as a plasticizer any of numerous synthetic resins; they are light and strong and weather resistant polygraph a medical instrument that records several physiological processes simultaneously (e.g., pulse rate and blood pressure and respiration and perspiration) polymyxin any of several toxic antibiotics obtained from a particular soil bacterium polypropenonitrile acrylic resin used to make a strong soft crease-resistant fabric (trade name Acrilan) pomade hairdressing consisting of a perfumed oil or ointment apply pomade to (hair) pommel handgrip formed by the raised front part of a saddle a handgrip that a gymnast uses when performing exercises on a pommel horse pommel horse a gymnastic horse with a cylindrical body covered with leather and two upright handles (pommels) near the center; held upright by two steel supports, one at each end poncho a blanket-like cloak with a hole in the center for the head pongee a soft thin cloth woven from raw silk (or an imitation) poniard a dagger with a slender blade stab with a poniard Ponte 25 de Abril a suspension bridge across the Tagus River at Lisbon pontifical the vestments and other insignia of a pontiff (especially a bishop) pontoon a float supporting a seaplane (nautical) a floating structure (as a flat-bottomed boat) that serves as a dock or to support a bridge pontoon bridge a temporary bridge built over a series of pontoons pony cart a cart with an underslung axle and two seats pool ball ball used in playing pool poolroom a room with pool tables where pool is played pool table game equipment consisting of a heavy table on which pool is played poop deck an exposed partial weather deck on the stern superstructure of a ship poor box box for collecting alms, especially one in a church poorhouse an establishment maintained at public expense in order to provide housing for the poor and homeless Pop Art a school of art that emerged in the United Kingdom in the 1950s and became prevalent in the United States and the United Kingdom in the 1960s; it imitated the techniques of commercial art (as the soup cans of Andy Warhol) and the styles of popular culture and the mass media pop bottle a bottle for holding soft drinks popgun plaything consisting of a toy gun that makes a popping sound poplin a ribbed fabric used in clothing and upholstery popper a container for cooking popcorn a container of stimulant drug (amyl nitrate or butyl nitrite) poppet a mushroom-shaped valve that rises perpendicularly from its seat; commonly used in internal-combustion engines pop tent a small tent that is easy to carry and quick to set up porcelain ceramic ware made of a more or less translucent ceramic porch a structure attached to the exterior of a building often forming a covered entrance porkpie man's hat with a low, flat crown and a snap brim porringer a shallow metal bowl (usually with a handle); "the child was eating pottage from a porringer" port an opening (in a wall or ship or armored vehicle) for firing through sweet dark-red dessert wine originally from Portugal a place (seaport or airport) where people and merchandise can enter or leave a country modify (software) for use on a different machine or platform drink port; "We were porting all in the club after dinner" carry or hold with both hands diagonally across the body, especially of weapons; "port a rifle" carry, bear, convey, or bring; "The small canoe could be ported easily" turn or go to the port or left side, of a ship; "The big ship was slowly porting" land at or reach a port; "The ship finally ported" bring to port; "the captain ported the ship at night" put or turn on the left side, of a ship; "port the helm" located on the left side of a ship or aircraft portable a small light typewriter; usually with a case in which it can be carried of a motor designed to be attached to the outside of a boat's hull; "a portable outboard motor" easily or conveniently transported; "a portable television set" portable computer a personal computer that can easily be carried by hand portable circular saw a circular saw that is portable and is operated with a hand grip portal a grand and imposing entrance (often extended metaphorically); "the portals of the cathedral"; "the portals of heaven"; "the portals of success" portcullis gate consisting of an iron or wooden grating that hangs in the entry to a castle or fortified town; can be lowered to prevent passage porte-cochere canopy extending out from a building entrance to shelter those getting in and out of vehicles a carriage entrance passing through a building to an enclosed courtyard porthole a window in a ship or airplane portico a porch or entrance to a building consisting of a covered and often columned area portiere a heavy curtain hung across a doorway portmanteau a large travelling bag made of stiff leather portrait any likeness of a person, in any medium; "the photographer made excellent portraits" portrait camera a camera with a portrait lens portrait lens a compound camera lens with a relatively high aperture positive a film showing a photographic image whose tones correspond to those of the original subject the primary form of an adjective or adverb; denotes a quality without qualification, comparison, or relation to increase or diminution having a positive charge; "protons are positive" formally laid down or imposed; "positive laws" characterized by or displaying affirmation or acceptance or certainty etc.; "a positive attitude"; "the reviews were all positive"; "a positive benefit"; "a positive demand" greater than zero; "positive numbers" reckoned, situated or tending in the direction which naturally or arbitrarily is taken to indicate increase or progress or onward motion; "positive increase in graduating students" indicating existence or presence of a suspected condition or pathogen; "a positive pregnancy test" positive pole the pole of a magnet that points toward the north when the magnet is suspended freely the terminal of a battery that is connected to the positive plate positron emission tomography scanner a tomograph that produces cross-sectional X-rays of metabolic processes in the body postage meter meter for bulk mailings that imprints correct prepaid postage on pieces of mail and records the total charge post and lintel a structure consisting of vertical beams (posts) supporting a horizontal beam (lintel) postbox public box for deposit of mail post chaise closed horse-drawn carriage with four wheels; formerly used to transport passengers and mail postern a small gate in the rear of a fort or castle post exchange a commissary on a United States Army post posthole a hole dug in the ground to hold a fence post posthole digger a shovel used to sink postholes post horn wind instrument used by postilions of the 18th and 19th centuries posthouse an inn for exchanging post horses and accommodating riders postmodernism genre of art and literature and especially architecture in reaction against principles and practices of established modernism Post-Office box a numbered compartment in a post office where mail is put to be called for post road a road over which mail is carried pot metal or earthenware cooking vessel that is usually round and deep; often has a handle and lid street names for marijuana a container in which plants are cultivated slang for a paunch the cumulative amount involved in a game (such as poker) the quantity contained in a pot plant in a pot; "He potted the palm" potbelly a bulbous stove in which wood or coal is burned Potemkin village something that seems impressive but in fact lacks substance potential divider resistors connected in series across a voltage source; used to obtain a desired fraction of the voltage potentiometer a resistor with three terminals, the third being an adjustable center terminal; used to adjust voltages in radios and TV sets a measuring instrument for measuring direct current electromotive forces pot farm a plot of ground where marijuana is grown and harvested (often hidden in a national forest) potholder an insulated pad for holding hot pots pothook an S-shaped hook to suspend a pot over a fire potpourri a jar of mixed flower petals and spices used as perfume potsherd a shard of pottery potter's wheel a horizontal rotating wheel holding the clay being shaped by a potter; "the potter's wheel was invented in Asia Minor around 6500 BC" pottle a pot that holds 2 quarts potty seat toilet consisting of a small seat used by young children pouch a small or medium size container for holding or carrying things (anatomy) saclike structure in any of various animals (as a marsupial or gopher or pelican) an enclosed space; "the trapped miners found a pocket of air" send by special mail that goes through diplomatic channels put into a small bag poultice a medical dressing consisting of a soft heated mass of meal or clay that is spread on a cloth and applied to the skin to treat inflamed areas or improve circulation etc. dress by covering with a therapeutic substance pound a public enclosure for stray or unlicensed dogs; "unlicensed dogs will be taken to the pound" a symbol for a unit of currency (especially for the pound sterling in Great Britain) a nontechnical unit of force equal to the mass of 1 pound with an acceleration of free fall equal to 32 feet/sec/sec 16 ounces avoirdupois; "he got a hernia when he tried to lift 100 pounds" a unit of apothecary weight equal to 12 ounces troy break down and crush by beating, as with a pestle; "pound the roots with a heavy flat stone" shut up or confine in any enclosure or within any bounds or limits; "The prisoners are safely pounded" partition off into compartments; "The locks pound the water of the canal" pound net trap consisting of an arrangement of nets directing fish into an enclosure powder any of various cosmetic or medical preparations dispensed in the form of a pulverized powder a solid substance in the form of tiny loose particles; a solid that has been pulverized apply powder to; "She powdered her nose"; "The King wears a powdered wig" powder and shot ammunition consisting of gunpowder and bullets for muskets powdered mustard a substance such that one to three tablespoons dissolved in a glass of warm water is a homemade emetic powder horn container for carrying gunpowder; made of the hollow horn of an animal powder keg keg (usually made of metal) for gunpowder or blasting powder a potentially explosive state powderpuff a soft spherical object made from fluffy fibers; for applying powder to the skin power brake a brake on an automobile that magnifies a small force applied to the brake pedal into a proportionately larger force applied to slow or stop the vehicle power cord a cord to conduct power to an electrical appliance power drill a power tool for drilling holes into hard materials power line cable used to distribute electricity power loom a loom operated mechanically power module module that provides power to operate other modules power mower a lawn mower powered by a gasoline motor power pack a device for converting a power supply to a voltage required by particular equipment power saw a power tool for cutting wood power shovel a machine for excavating power station an electrical generating station power steering automotive steering where engineer power amplifies the torque applied to the steering wheel power system a system of high tension cables by which electrical power is distributed throughout a region power takeoff a device that transfers power from an engine (as in a tractor or other motor vehicle) to another piece of equipment (as to a pump or jackhammer) power tool a tool driven by a motor practice range a place for practicing golf shots praetorium the tent of an ancient Roman general pravastatin an oral drug (trade name Pravachol) administered to reduce blood cholesterol levels; recommended after nonfatal heart attacks prayer rug a small rug used by Muslims during their devotions prayer shawl (Judaism) a shawl with a ritually knotted fringe at each corner; worn by Jews at morning prayer prazosin antihypertensive drug (trade name Minipress) precipitator removes dust particles from gases by electrostatic precipitation predictor a computer for controlling antiaircraft fire that computes the position of an aircraft at the instant of a shell's arrival information that supports a probabilistic estimate of future events; "the weekly bulletin contains several predictors of mutual fund performance" prefab a prefabricated structure manufactured in standard sizes to be shipped and assembled elsewhere; "a prefab structure" presbytery building reserved for the officiating clergy prescription drug a drug that is available only with written instructions from a doctor or dentist to a pharmacist; "he told the doctor that he had been taking his prescription regularly" presence chamber room in which a monarch or other great person receives guests, assemblies, etc. presidio a fortress established in the southwestern United States by the Spanish in order to protect their missions and other holdings; "Tucson was first settled as a walled presidio" press box box reserved for reporters (as at a sports event) press gallery an area (sometimes in a balcony) set aside for reporters (especially in a legislative hall) pressing a metal or plastic part that is made by a mechanical press compelling immediate action; "too pressing to permit of longer delay"; "the urgent words `Hurry! Hurry!'"; "bridges in urgent need of repair" press of sail the greatest amount of sail that a ship can carry safely pressure cabin cabin consisting of the pressurized section of an aircraft or spacecraft pressure cooker autoclave for cooking at temperatures above the boiling point of water pressure dome a dome-shaped building that is pressurized pressure gauge gauge for measuring and indicating fluid pressure pressurized water reactor a nuclear reactor that uses water as a coolant and moderator; the steam produced can drive a steam turbine pressure suit protective garment consisting of an inflatable suit for space or high altitude flying preventive remedy that prevents or slows the course of an illness or disease; "the doctor recommended several preventatives" preventing or contributing to the prevention of disease; "preventive medicine"; "vaccines are prophylactic"; "a prophylactic drug" tending to prevent or hinder prie-dieu low bench for kneeling on primaquine synthetic antimalarial drug Primaxin trade name for a parenteral antibiotic primary coil coil forming the part of an electrical circuit such that changing current in it induces a current in a neighboring circuit; "current through the primary coil induces current in the secondary coil" primidone an anticonvulsant (trade name Mysoline) used to treat grand mal seizures and essential tremor primitivism a genre characteristic of (or imitative of) primitive artists or children Primus stove a portable paraffin cooking stove; used by campers Prince Albert a man's double-breasted frock coat Princeton University a university in New Jersey print a picture or design printed from an engraving a fabric with a dyed pattern pressed onto it (usually by engraved rollers) a copy of a movie on film (especially a particular version of it) availability in printed form; "we've got to get that story into print"; "his book is no longer in print" the text appearing in a book, newspaper, or other printed publication; "I want to see it in print" put into print; "The newspaper published the news of the royal couple's divorce"; "These news should not be printed" write as if with print; not cursive reproduce by printing make into a print; "print the negative" print buffer a buffer that stores data until the printer is ready printed circuit computer circuit consisting of an electronic sub-assembly; copper conductors are laminated on an insulating board or card and circuit components are inserted into holes and dip soldered printer a machine that prints (computer science) an output device that prints the results of data processing someone whose occupation is printing printer cable a cable between a computer and a printer print shop a workplace where printing is done priory religious residence in a monastery governed by a prior or a convent governed by a prioress prism optical device having a triangular shape and made of glass or quartz; used to deviate a beam or invert an image a polyhedron with two congruent and parallel faces (the bases) and whose lateral faces are parallelograms prison a correctional institution where persons are confined while on trial or for punishment a prisonlike situation; a place of seeming confinement prison camp a camp for prisoners of war privateer a privately owned warship commissioned to prey on the commercial shipping or warships of an enemy nation an officer or crew member of a privateer private line a telephone line serving a single subscriber privet hedge hedge of privet plants probenecid a uricosuric drug that reduces the level of uric acid in the blood; used to treat gout procaine a white crystalline powder (trade name Ethocaine) administered near nerves as a local anesthetic in dentistry and medicine procaine hydrochloride procaine administered as a hydrochloride (trade name Novocain) procarbazine an antineoplastic drug used to treat Hodgkin's disease prochlorperazine antipsychotic and antiemetic drug used to treat schizophrenia and to combat nausea and vomiting proctoscope an endoscope for examining the rectum procyclidine drug (trade name Kemadrin) used to reduce tremors in Parkinsonism prod a pointed instrument that is used to prod into a state of motion urge on; cause to act; "The other children egged the boy on, but he did not want to throw the stone through the window" product an artifact that has been created by someone or some process; "they improve their product every year"; "they export most of their agricultural production" a quantity obtained by multiplication; "the product of 2 and 3 is 6" a consequence of someone's efforts or of a particular set of circumstances; "skill is the product of hours of practice"; "his reaction was the product of hunger and fatigue" a chemical substance formed as a result of a chemical reaction; "a product of lime and nitric acid" production line mechanical system in a factory whereby an article is conveyed through sites at which successive operations are performed on it projectile a weapon that is forcibly thrown or projected at a targets but is not self-propelled impelling or impelled forward; "a projectile force"; "a projectile missile" projection any structure that branches out from a central support the representation of a figure or solid on a plane as it would look from a particular direction a prediction made by extrapolating from past observations the projection of an image from a film onto a screen the acoustic phenomenon that gives sound a penetrating quality; "our ukuleles have been designed to have superior sound and projection"; "a prime ingredient of public speaking is projection of the voice" (psychiatry) a defense mechanism by which your own traits and emotions are attributed to someone else any solid convex shape that juts out from something projector an optical instrument that projects an enlarged image onto a screen an optical device for projecting a beam of light prolonge a rope fitted with a hook and used for towing a gun carriage prolonge knot a knot in the rope used to drag a gun carriage promethazine antihistamine (trade name Phenergan) used to treat allergies; also an antiemetic used to treat motion sickness prompt box a booth projecting above the floor in the front of a stage where the prompter sits; opens toward the performers on stage prompter a device that displays words for people to read someone who assists a performer by providing the next words of a forgotten speech prong a pointed projection proof a trial photographic print from a negative any factual evidence that helps to establish the truth of something; "if you have any proof for what you say, now is the time to produce it" (printing) an impression made to check for errors a formal series of statements showing that if one thing is true something else necessarily follows from it a measure of alcoholic strength expressed as an integer twice the percentage of alcohol present (by volume) make resistant (to harm); "proof the materials against shrinking in the dryer" activate by mixing with water and sometimes sugar or milk; "proof yeast" knead to reach proper lightness; "proof dough" make or take a proof of, such as a photographic negative, an etching, or typeset prop a support placed beneath or against something to keep it from shaking or falling propanolol the first beta blocker (trade name Inderal) used in treating hypertension and angina pectoris and essential tremor propellant explosive an explosive that is used to propel projectiles from guns or to propel rockets and missiles or to launch torpedos and depth charges propeller a mechanical device that rotates to push against air or water propeller plane an airplane that is driven by a propeller property any movable articles or objects used on the set of a play or movie; "before every scene he ran down his checklist of props" a basic or essential attribute shared by all members of a class; "a study of the physical properties of atomic particles" a construct whereby objects or individuals can be distinguished; "self-confidence is not an endearing property" something owned; any tangible or intangible possession that is owned by someone; "that hat is my property"; "he is a man of property" propjet an airplane with an external propeller that is driven by a turbojet engine proportional counter tube counter tube whose output pulse is proportional to number of ions produced propoxyphene a mildly narcotic analgesic drug (trade name Darvon) related to methadone but less addictive propulsion system a system that provides a propelling or driving force proscenium the wall that separates the stage from the auditorium in a modern theater the part of a modern theater stage between the curtain and the orchestra (i.e., in front of the curtain) proscenium arch the arch over the opening in the proscenium wall prosthesis corrective consisting of a replacement for a part of the body protease inhibitor an antiviral drug used against HIV; interrupts HIV replication by binding and blocking HIV protease; often used in combination with other drugs protective garment clothing that is intended to protect the wearer from injury proteosome vaccine a form of vaccine that can be administered by an inhaler proton accelerator a collider that collides beams of protons and antiprotons protractor drafting instrument used to draw or measure angles protriptyline tricyclic antidepressant used to treat clinical depression proving ground a workplace for testing new equipment or ideas pruner a long-handled pruning saw with a curved blade at the end and sometimes a clipper; used to prune small trees a worker who thins out and trims trees and shrubs; "untouched by the pruner's axe" pruning knife a knife with a curved or hooked blade pruning saw a handsaw used for pruning trees pruning shears shears with strong blades used for light pruning of woody plants psaltery an ancient stringed instrument similar to the lyre or zither but having a trapezoidal sounding board under the strings psilocybin a hallucinogenic compound obtained from a mushroom psychoactive drug a drug that can produce mood changes and distorted perceptions psychotropic agent a chemical substance that can influence human consciousness psychrometer a hygrometer consisting of a dry-bulb thermometer and a wet-bulb thermometer; their difference indicates the dryness of the surrounding air PT boat a small fast unarmored and lightly armed torpedo boat; P(atrol) T(orpedo) boat p-type semiconductor a semiconductor in which electrical conduction is due chiefly to the movement of positive holes public address system an electronic amplification system used as a communication system in public areas public house tavern consisting of a building with a bar and public rooms; often provides light meals public toilet a toilet that is available to the public public transit a public transportation system for moving passengers public transport conveyance for passengers or mail or freight public works structures (such as highways or schools or bridges or docks) constructed at government expense for public use puck a vulcanized rubber disk 3 inches in diameter that is used instead of a ball in ice hockey pull chain a chain (usually with a handle at the end) that is pulled in order to operate some mechanism (e.g. to flush a toilet) pulley a simple machine consisting of a wheel with a groove in which a rope can run to change the direction or point of application of a force applied to the rope pull-in a roadside cafe especially for lorry drivers pull-off designated paved area beside a main road where cars can stop temporarily Pullman luxurious passenger car; for day or night travel pullover a sweater that is put on by pulling it over the head pull-through cleaning implement consisting of an oily rag attached by a cord to a weight; is pulled through the barrel of a rifle or handgun to clean it pulse counter an electronic counter that counts the number of electric pulses pulse generator a generator of single or multiple voltage pulses; usually adjustable for pulse rate pulse timing circuit a circuit that times pulses pump a mechanical device that moves fluid or gas by pressure or suction a low-cut shoe without fastenings question persistently; "She pumped the witnesses for information" deliver forth; "pump bullets into the dummy" operate like a pump; move up and down, like a handle or a pedal; "pump the gas pedal" raise (gases or fluids) with a pump move up and down; "The athlete pumps weights in the gym" draw or pour with a pump flow intermittently supply in great quantities; "Pump money into a project" pump action action mechanism in a modern rifle or shotgun; a back and forward motion of a sliding lever ejects the empty shell case and cocks the firearm and loads a new round pump house a house where pumps (e.g. to irrigate) are installed and operated pump room a pump house at a spa where medicinal waters are pumped and where patrons gather pump-type pliers a type of pliers pump well an enclosure in the middle of a ship's hold that protects the ship's pumps punchboard a small board full of holes; each hole contains a slip of paper with symbols printed on it; a gambler pays a small sum for the privilege of pushing out a slip in the hope of obtaining one that entitles him to a prize punch bowl a large bowl for serving beverages; usually with a ladle punched card a card on which data can be recorded in the form of punched holes punching bag an inflated ball or bag that is suspended and punched for training in boxing a person on whom another person vents their anger; "he resigned because his boss used him as a punching bag" punch pliers punch consisting of pliers for perforating paper or leather punch press a power driven press used to shape metal parts pung a one-horse sleigh consisting of a box on runners punkah a large fan consisting of a frame covered with canvas that is suspended from the ceiling; used in India for circulating air in a room punnet a small light basket used as a measure for fruits puppet a doll with a hollow head of a person or animal and a cloth body; intended to fit over the hand and be manipulated with the fingers a small figure of a person operated from above with strings by a puppeteer pup tent a wedge-shaped tent; usually without a floor or windows purdah a screen used in India to separate women from men or strangers the traditional Hindu or Muslim system of keeping women secluded purgative a purging medicine; stimulates evacuation of the bowels purifier an apparatus for removing impurities purl a basic knitting stitch made by putting the needle through the front of the stich from the righthand side gold or silver wire thread embroider with gold or silver thread edge or border with gold or silver embroidery knit with a purl stitch purse a small bag for carrying money a sum of money offered as a prize; "the purse barely covered the winner's expenses" a sum of money spoken of as the contents of a money purse; "he made the contribution out of his own purse"; "he and his wife shared a common purse" contract one's lips into a rounded shape gather or contract into wrinkles or folds; pucker; "purse ones's lips" purse seine a seine designed to be set by two boats around a school of fish and then closed at the bottom by means of a line purse string a drawstring used to close the mouth of a purse push-bike a bicycle that must be pedaled push broom a wide broom that is pushed ahead of the sweeper push button an electrical switch operated by pressing; "the elevator was operated by push buttons"; "the push beside the bed operated a buzzer at the desk" push-button radio a radio receiver that can be tuned by pressing buttons push-down storage a storage device that handles data so that the next item to be retrieved is the item most recently stored (LIFO) pusher a sandal attached to the foot by a thong over the toes someone who pushes an unlicensed dealer in illegal drugs one who intrudes or pushes himself forward put-put a small gasoline engine (as on motor boat) puttee a strip of cloth wound around the leg to form legging; used by soldiers in World War I putter the iron normally used on the putting green a golfer who is putting move around aimlessly do random, unplanned work or activities or spend time idly; "The old lady is usually mucking about in her little house" putty knife a spatula used to mix or apply putty puzzle a game that tests your ingenuity a particularly baffling problem that is said to have a correct solution; "he loved to solve chessmate puzzles"; "that's a real puzzler" be uncertain about; think about without fully understanding or being able to decide; "We puzzled over her sudden departure" pyelogram an X ray of the kidneys and ureters pylon a large vertical steel tower supporting high-tension power lines; "power pylons are a favorite target for terrorists" a tower for guiding pilots or marking the turning point in a race pyocyanase a yellow-green mixture of antibiotics obtained from the bacillus of green pus pyocyanin a toxic blue crystalline antibiotic found in green pus Pyramid a massive monument with a square base and four triangular sides; begun by Cheops around 2700 BC as royal tombs in ancient Egypt pyramidal tent a large tent shaped like a pyramid; can hold half a dozen people pyrilamine antihistamine used to treat rhinitis and pruritus pyrograph a design produced by pyrography pyrometer a thermometer designed to measure high temperatures pyrometric cone a pyrometer consisting of a series of cones that melt at different temperatures pyrostat a thermostat that operates at very high temperatures pyx any receptacle in which wafers for the Eucharist are kept a chest in which coins from the mint are held to await assay pyxis a small box used by ancient Greeks to hold medicines quad a rectangular area surrounded on all sides by buildings (printing) a block of type without a raised letter; used for spacing between words or sentences quadrant a measuring instrument for measuring altitude of heavenly bodies the area enclosed by two perpendicular radii of a circle any of the four areas into which a plane is divided by two orthogonal coordinate axes a quarter of the circumference of a circle quadraphony a stereophonic sound recording or reproducing system using four separate channels quadruplicate any four copies; any of four things that correspond to one another exactly; "it was signed in quadruplicate" reproduce fourfold; "quadruplicate the bill" Quaker gun a dummy gun or piece of artillery made usually of wood quarrel an arrow that is shot from a crossbow; has a head with four edges an angry dispute; "they had a quarrel"; "they had words" have a disagreement over something; "We quarreled over the question as to who discovered America"; "These two fellows are always scrapping over something" quarterdeck the stern area of a ship's upper deck quarterlight car window consisting of a small pivoted glass vent in the door of a car quarter plate a photographic plate measuring 3.25 inches by 4.25 inches quarterstaff a long stout staff used as a weapon quartz battery a stamp mill for stamping quartz quartz crystal a thin plate or small rod of quartz cut along certain lines and ground so that it can produce an electric signal at a constant frequency; used in crystal oscillators quartz lamp a mercury-vapor lamp that is enclosed in a quartz container instead of a glass container quay wharf usually built parallel to the shoreline Quebec Bridge a cantilever bridge in Quebec queen post vertical tie post in a roof truss Queensboro Bridge a cantilever bridge across the East River between Manhattan and Queens quern a primitive stone mill for grinding corn by hand quilt bedding made of two layers of cloth filled with stuffing and stitched together create by stitching together stitch or sew together; "quilt the skirt" quilted bedspread a bedspread constructed like a thin quilt quilting a material used for making a quilt, or a quilted fabric stitching through layers of fabric and a filling so as to create a design quinacrine a drug (trade name Atabrine) used to treat certain worm infestations and once used to treat malaria quinidine cardiac drug (trade names Quinidex and Quinora) used to treat certain heart arrhythmias quinine a bitter alkaloid extracted from chinchona bark; used in malaria therapy quipu calculator consisting of a cord with attached cords; used by ancient Peruvians for calculating and keeping records quirk a narrow groove beside a beading twist or curve abruptly; "She quirked her head in a peculiar way" quirk bead beading formed with a narrow groove separating it from the surface it decorates quirk molding a molding having a small groove in it quirt whip with a leather thong at the end quiver case for holding arrows shake with fast, tremulous movements; "His nostrils palpitated" quoin the keystone of an arch expandable metal or wooden wedge used by printers to lock up a form within a chase quoit game equipment consisting of a ring of iron or circle of rope used in playing the game of quoits QWERTY keyboard the standard typewriter keyboard; the keys for Q, W, E, R, T, and Y are the first six from the left on the top row of letter keys R-2 street names for flunitrazepan rabato a wired or starched collar of intricate lace; worn in 17th century rabbet a rectangular groove made to hold two pieces together cut a rectangular groove into join with a rabbet joint rabbet joint a joint formed by fitting together two rabbeted boards rabbit hutch a hutch for rabbits raceabout a small sloop having the keep of a knockabout but with finer lines and carrying more sail racetrack a course over which races are run raceway a canal for a current of water racing boat a boat propelled by oarsmen and designed for racing racing circuit a racetrack for automobile races racing gig a light narrow racing boat for two or more oarsmen racing skiff a shell for a single oarsman rack and pinion a wheel gear (the pinion) meshes with a toothed rack; converts rotary to reciprocating motion (and vice versa) radar measuring instrument in which the echo of a pulse of microwave radiation is used to detect and locate distant objects radial pneumatic tire that has radial-ply casing arranged like rays or radii; radiating from a common center; "radial symmetry"; "a starlike or stellate arrangement of petals"; "many cities show a radial pattern of main highways" issuing in rays from a common center; relating to rays of light; "radial heat" relating to or moving along or having the direction of a radius; "radial velocity" relating to or near the radius; "the radial aspect of the forearm" radial engine an internal-combustion engine having cylinders arranged radially around a central crankcase radiation pyrometer a pyrometer for estimating the temperature of distant sources of heat; radiation is focussed on a thermojunction connected in circuit with a galvanometer radiator a mechanism consisting of a metal honeycomb through which hot fluids circulate; heat is transferred from the fluid through the honeycomb to the airstream that is created either by the motion of the vehicle or by a fan heater consisting of a series of pipes for circulating steam or hot water to heat rooms or buildings any object that radiates energy humidifier an appliance designed to add moisture to the air in a building; "The humidifier assures the appropriate moisture level for our paintings" dehumidifier an applicance to extract moisture from the air and make the environment more comfortable; "in summer, we need to run the dehumidifier in the basement" radiator cap cap on the opening in the top of a radiator through which a coolant liquid can be added radiator hose a flexible hose between the radiator and the engine block radio a communication system based on broadcasting electromagnetic waves medium for communication transmit messages via radio waves; "he radioed for help" indicating radiation or radioactivity; "radiochemistry" radio antenna omnidirectional antenna comprising the part of a radio receiver by means of which radio signals are received radio beacon a radio station that broadcasts a directional signal for navigational purposes a characteristic signal emitted by a transmitter used for navigation radio chassis a chassis for a radio receiver radio compass a direction finder that gives a bearing by determining the direction of incoming radio signals radiogram a photographic image produced on a radiosensitive surface by radiation other than visible light (especially by X-rays or gamma rays) a message transmitted by wireless telegraphy radio interferometer radio telescope that uses interference patterns from two antennas instead of a parabolic antenna radio link a two-way radio communication system (usually microwave); part of a more extensive telecommunication network radiometer meter to detect and measure radiant energy (electromagnetic or acoustic) radiomicrometer radiometer that is extremely sensitive radiopharmaceutical pharmaceutical consisting of a radioactive compound used in radiation therapy radio-phonograph electronic equipment consisting of a combination of a radio receiver and a record player radiophotograph a photograph transmitted by radio waves radio receiver an electronic receiver that detects and demodulates and amplifies transmitted signals radio station station for the production and transmission of AM or FM radio broadcasts radiotelegraph the use of radio to send telegraphic messages (usually by Morse code) telegraphy that uses transmission by radio rather than by wire radiotelephone a telephone that communicates by radio waves rather than along cables telephony that uses transmission by radio rather than by wire radio telescope astronomical telescope that picks up electromagnetic radiations in the radio-frequency range from extraterrestrial sources radiotherapy equipment equipment used to treat diseases with x-rays or radioactivity radio transmitter transmitter that is the part of a radio system that transmits signals radome a housing for a radar antenna; transparent to radio waves raft a flat float (usually made of logs or planks) that can be used for transport or as a platform for swimmers make into a raft; "raft these logs" travel by raft in water; "Raft the Colorado River" transport on a raft; "raft wood down a river" rafter one of several parallel sloping beams that support a roof provide (a ceiling) with rafters raft foundation a foundation (usually on soft ground) consisting of an extended layer of reinforced concrete ragbag a bag in which rags are kept rag doll a cloth doll that is stuffed and (usually) painted raglan a garment (coat or sweater) that has raglan sleeves raglan sleeve a sleeve that extends in one piece to the neckline of a coat or sweater with seams from the armhole to the neck rail fence a fence (usually made of split logs laid across each other at an angle) railhead a railroad depot in a theater of operations where military supplies are unloaded for distribution the end of the completed track on an unfinished railway railing a barrier consisting of a horizontal bar and supports material for making rails or rails collectively railroad bed a bed on which railroad track is laid railroad flat an apartment whose rooms are all in a line with doors between them railroad track a line of track providing a runway for wheels; "he walked along the railroad track" railroad tunnel a tunnel through which the railroad track runs railway line that is the commercial organization responsible for operating a system of transportation for trains that pull passengers or freight railway junction a junction where two or more railway lines meet or cross railway station terminal where trains load or unload passengers or goods rain barrel a barrel used as a cistern to hold rainwater raincoat a water-resistant coat rain gauge gauge consisting of an instrument to measure the quantity of precipitation rain stick a percussion instrument that is made from a dried cactus branch that is hollowed out and filled with small pebbles and capped at both ends; makes the sound of falling rain when tilted; origin was in Chile where tribesmen used it in ceremonies to bring rain rake a long-handled tool with a row of teeth at its head; used to move leaves or loosen soil a dissolute man in fashionable society gather with a rake; "rake leaves" level or smooth with a rake; "rake gravel" move through with or as if with a rake; "She raked her fingers through her hair" sweep the length of; "The gunfire raked the coast" rake handle the handle of a rake RAM disk (computer science) a virtual drive that is created by setting aside part of the random-access memory to use as if it were a group of sectors; "access to a RAM disk is very fast but the data it contains is lost when the system is turned off" ramekin a small fireproof dish used for baking and serving individual portions a cheese dish made with egg and bread crumbs that is baked and served in individual fireproof dishes ramipril an ACE inhibitor (trade name Altace) used to treat high blood pressure or in some patients who have had a heart attack ramjet a simple type of jet engine; must be launched at high speed rammer a tool for driving something with force ramp an inclined surface connecting two levels a movable staircase that passengers use to board or leave an aircraft North American perennial having a slender bulb and whitish flowers stand with arms or forelegs raised, as if menacing creep up -- used especially of plants; "The roses ramped over the wall" be rampant; "the lion is rampant in this heraldic depiction" furnish with a ramp; "The ramped auditorium" behave violently, as if in state of a great anger rampant arch an arch whose support is higher on one side than on the other rampart an embankment built around a space for defensive purposes; "they stormed the ramparts of the city"; "they blew the trumpet and the walls came tumbling down" ramrod a rod used to ram the charge into a muzzle-loading firearm a rod used to clean the barrel of a firearm a harshly demanding overseer ranch farm consisting of a large tract of land along with facilities needed to raise livestock (especially cattle) manage or run a ranch; "Her husband is ranching in Arizona" ranch house a one story house with a low pitched roof random-access memory the most common computer memory which can be used by programs to perform necessary tasks while the computer is on; an integrated circuit memory chip allows information to be stored or accessed in any order and all storage locations are equally accessible range a place for shooting (firing or driving) projectiles of various kinds; "the army maintains a missile range in the desert"; "any good golf club will have a range where you can practice" a variety of different things or activities; "he answered a range of questions"; "he was impressed by the range and diversity of the collection" the limits within which something can be effective; "range of motion"; "he was beyond the reach of their fire" a large tract of grassy open land on which livestock can graze; "they used to drive the cattle across the open range every spring"; "he dreamed of a home on the range" a series of hills or mountains; "the valley was between two ranges of hills"; "the plains lay just beyond the mountain range" let eat; "range the animals in the prairie" lay out orderly or logically in a line or as if in a line; "lay out the clothes"; "lay out the arguments" range or extend over; occupy a certain area; "The plants straddle the entire state" change or be different within limits; "Estimates for the losses in the earthquake range as high as $2 billion"; "Interest rates run from 5 to 10 percent"; "The instruments ranged from tuba to cymbals"; "My students range from very bright to dull" have a range; be capable of projecting over a certain distance, as of a gun; "This gun ranges over two miles" rangefinder a measuring instrument (acoustic or optical or electronic) for finding the distance of an object range hood exhaust hood over a kitchen range range pole surveying instrument consisting of a straight rod painted in bands of alternate red and white each one foot wide; used for sightings by surveyors ranitidine a histamine blocker and antacid (trade name Zantac) used to treat peptic ulcers and gastritis and esophageal reflux rapid transit an urban public transit system using underground or elevated trains rapier a straight sword with a narrow blade and two edges rappee strong snuff made from dark coarse tobacco rariora (plural) rare collector's items rasp a coarse file with sharp pointed projections uttering in an irritated tone utter in a grating voice scrape with a rasp raster the rectangular formation of parallel scanning lines that guide the electron beam on a television screen or a computer monitor ratchet mechanical device consisting of a toothed wheel or rack engaged with a pawl that permits it to move in only one direction move by degrees in one direction only; "a ratcheting lopping tool" ratchet wheel toothed wheel held in place by a pawl or detent and turned by a lever rathole a small dirty uncomfortable room a hole (as in the wall of a building) made by rats rathskeller a tavern below street level featuring beer; originally a German restaurant in the basement of city hall ratline (nautical) a small horizontal rope between the shrouds of a sailing ship; they form a ladder for climbing aloft rat-tail file a thin round file shaped like the tail of a rat rattan a switch made from the stems of the rattan palms the stem of various climbing palms of the genus Calamus and related genera used to make wickerwork and furniture and canes climbing palm of Sri Lanka and southern India remarkable for the great length of the stems which are used for malacca canes rattrap a trap for catching rats filthy run-down dilapidated housing a difficult entangling situation ravehook a hooked hand tool used to prepare the seams of a boat for oakum Rayleigh disk an acoustic radiometer consisting of a light disk suspended from a quartz thread; when exposed to a progressive sound wave its torque can measure velocity rayon a synthetic silklike fabric razor edge tool used in shaving shave with a razor razorblade a blade that has very sharp edge razor edge an edge that is as sharp as the cutting side of a razor reaction-propulsion engine a jet or rocket engine based on a form of aerodynamic propulsion in which the vehicle emits a high-speed stream reaction turbine a turbine with blades arranged to develop torque from gradual decrease of steam pressure from inlet to exhaust reactor an electrical device used to introduce reactance into a circuit reading lamp a lamp that provides light for reading reading room a room set aside for reading read-only memory (computer science) memory whose contents can be accessed and read but cannot be changed read-only memory chip a memory chip providing read-only memory readout an electronic device the displays information in a visual form the information displayed or recorded on an electronic device the output of a computer in readable form read/write head (computer science) a tiny electromagnetic coil and metal pole used to write and read magnetic patterns on a disk ready-made a manufactured artifact (as a garment or piece of furniture) that is made in advance and available for purchase; "their apartment was furnished with ready-mades" made for purchase and immediate use commercially produced; not homemade; "ready-made clothes" ready-to-wear ready-made clothing; "she couldn't find anything in ready-to-wear that she liked" real storage the main memory in a virtual memory system reamer a drill that is used to shape or enlarge holes a squeezer with a conical ridged center that is used for squeezing juice from citrus fruit rear the side that goes last or is not normally seen; "he wrote the date on the back of the photograph" the back of a military formation or procession; "infantrymen were in the rear" the side of an object that is opposite its front; "his room was toward the rear of the hotel" stand up on the hind legs, of quadrupeds; "The horse reared in terror" cause to rise up look after a child until it is an adult; "raise a family"; "bring up children" rearview mirror car mirror that reflects the view out of the rear window rear window car window that allows vision out of the back of the car Reaumur thermometer an alcohol thermometer calibrated in degrees Reaumur reboxetine an antidepressant drug that blocks the reuptake of norepinephrine rebozo a long woolen or linen scarf covering the head and shoulders (also used as a sling for holding a baby); traditionally worn by Latin-American women receiver set that receives radio or tv signals a football player who catches (or is supposed to catch) a forward pass the tennis player who receives the serve receptacle a container that is used to put or keep things in an electrical (or electronic) fitting that is connected to a source of power and equipped to receive an insert enlarged tip of a stem that bears the floral parts reception desk a counter (as in a hotel) where guests are received reception room a room for receiving and entertaining visitors (as in a private house or hotel) recess an enclosure that is set back or indented a small concavity make a recess in; "recess the piece of wood" put into a recess; "recess lights" reciprocating engine an internal-combustion engine in which the crankshaft is turned by pistons moving up and down in cylinders recliner an armchair whose back can be lowered and foot can be raised to allow the sitter to recline in it reconnaissance plane a military airplane used to gain information about an enemy reconnaissance vehicle fast armored military vehicle with four-wheel drive and open top record changer an automatic mechanical device on a record player that causes new records to be played without manual intervention recorder equipment for making records a barrister or solicitor who serves as part-time judge in towns or boroughs recording studio studio where tapes and records are recorded recording system audio system for recoding sound record jacket the jacket for a phonograph record record player machine in which rotating records cause a stylus to vibrate and the vibrations are amplified acoustically or electronically record sleeve a sleeve for storing a phonograph record recovery room a hospital room for the care of patients immediately after surgery recreational drug a narcotic drug that is used only occasionally and is claimed to be nonaddictive recreational facility a public facility for recreation recreational vehicle a motorized wheeled vehicle used for camping or other recreational activities recreation room a room equipped for informal entertaining rectifier electrical device that transforms alternating into direct current a person who corrects or sets right; "a rectifier of prejudices" recycling bin a bin for depositing things to be recycled recycling plant a plant for reprocessing used or abandoned materials redbrick university (British informal) a provincial British university of relatively recent founding; distinguished from Oxford University and Cambridge University red carpet a strip of red carpeting laid down for dignitaries to walk on redoubt an entrenched stronghold or refuge (military) a temporary or supplementary fortification; typically square or polygonal without flanking defenses reducer pipefitting that joins two pipes of different diameter reduction gear gearing that reduces an input speed to a slower output speed reed a vibrator consisting of a thin strip of stiff material that vibrates to produce a tone when air streams over it; "the clarinetist fitted a new reed onto his mouthpiece" tall woody perennial grasses with hollow slender stems especially of the genera Arundo and Phragmites reed pipe organ pipe with a vibrating reed reed stop an organ stop with the tone of a reed instrument reef knot a square knot used in a reef line refectory a communal dining-hall (usually in a monastery) refectory table a long narrow dining table supported by a stretcher between two trestles refill a commercial product that refills a container with its appropriate contents; "he got a refill for his ball-point pen"; "he got a refill for his notebook" a prescription drug that is provided again; "he got a refill of his prescription"; "the prescription specified only one refill" refinery an industrial plant for purifying a crude substance reflecting telescope optical telescope consisting of a large concave mirror that produces an image that is magnified by the eyepiece; "Isaac Newton invented the reflecting telescope in 1668" reflection the image of something as reflected by a mirror (or other reflective material); "he studied his reflection in the mirror" the ability to reflect beams or rays the phenomenon of a propagating wave (light or sound) being thrown back from a surface (mathematics) a transformation in which the direction of one axis is reversed reflectometer a meter that measures the reflectance of a surface reflector device that reflects radiation reflex camera camera that allows the photographer to view and focus the exact scene being photographed reflux condenser condenser such that vapor over a boiling liquid is condensed and flows back into the vessel to prevent its contents from boiling dry reformatory correctional institution for the detention and discipline and training of young or first offenders reformer an apparatus that reforms the molecular structure of hydrocarbons to produce richer fuel; "a catalytic reformer" a disputant who advocates reform refracting telescope optical telescope that has a large convex lens that produces an image that is viewed through the eyepiece refractometer measuring instrument for measuring the refractive index of a substance refrigeration system a cooling system for chilling or freezing (usually for preservative purposes) refrigerator white goods in which food can be stored at low temperatures refrigerator car a freight car that is equipped with refrigeration system refuge a shelter from danger or hardship regalia paraphernalia indicative of royalty (or other high office) regimentals the military uniform and insignia of a regiment register a regulator (as a sliding plate) for regulating the flow of air into a furnace or other heating device an air passage (usually in the floor or a wall of a room) for admitting or excluding heated air from the room (computer science) memory device that is the part of computer memory that has a specific address and that is used to hold information of a specific kind (music) the timbre that is characteristic of a certain range and manner of production of the human voice or of different pipe organ stops or of different musical instruments an official written record of names or events or transactions a book in which names and transactions are listed enter into someone's consciousness; "Did this event register in your parents' minds?" send by registered mail; "I'd like to register this letter" manipulate the registers of an organ show in one's face; "Her surprise did not register" enroll to vote; "register for an election" record in writing; enter into a book of names or events or transactions regulator any of various controls or devices for regulating or controlling fluid flow, pressure, temperature, etc. an official responsible for control and supervision of a particular activity or area of public interest rein one of a pair of long straps (usually connected to the bit or the headpiece) used to control a horse any means of control; "he took up the reins of government" stop or check by or as if by a pull at the reins; "He reined in his horses in front of the post office" stop or slow up one's horse or oneself by or as if by pulling the reins; "They reined in in front of the post office" relaxant a drug that relaxes and relieves tension tending to relax or relieve muscular or nervous tension; "a relaxant drug" relic an antiquity that has survived from the distant past religious residence residence that is a place of religious seclusion (such as a monastery) reliquary a container where religious relics are stored or displayed (especially relics of saints) remake creation that is created again or anew; "it is a remake of an old film" make new; "She is remaking her image" remedy a medicine or therapy that cures disease or relieve pain provide relief for; "remedy his illness" remote control a device that can be used to control a machine or apparatus from a distance; "he lost the remote for his TV" remote-control bomb a bomb that can be detonated by remote control remote terminal a terminal connected to a computer by a data link removable disk a hard disk that can be removed from the disk drive; removal prevents unauthorized use rep a fabric with prominent rounded crosswise ribs informal abbreviation of `representative' repair shop a shop specializing in repairs and maintenance repeater (electronics) electronic device that amplifies a signal before transmitting it again; "repeaters can be used in computer networks to extend cabling distances" a person who repeats; "the audience consisted largely of repeaters who had seen the movie many times" repeating firearm a firearm that can fire several rounds without reloading repertory a storehouse where a stock of things is kept the entire range of skills or aptitudes or devices used in a particular field or occupation; "the repertory of the supposed feats of mesmerism"; "has a large repertory of dialects and characters" replica copy that is not the original; something that has been copied repository a burial vault (usually for some famous person) a person to whom a secret is entrusted reproducer an audio system that can reproduce and amplify signals to produce sound rerebrace cannon that provides plate armor for the upper arm rescue equipment equipment used to rescue passengers in case of emergency research center a center where research is done reseau a network of fine lines used by astronomers as a reference for measurements on star photographs a net or mesh foundation for lace reserpine antihypertensive consisting of an alkaloid extracted from the plant Rauwolfia serpentina (trade names Raudixin or Rau-Sed or Sandril or Serpasil) reservoir tank used for collecting and storing a liquid (as water or oil) lake used to store water for community use anything (a person or animal or plant or substance) in which an infectious agent normally lives and multiplies; "an infectious agent depends on a reservoir for its survival" a large or extra supply of something; "a reservoir of talent" reset device for resetting instruments or controls set to zero; "reset instruments and dials" set anew; "They re-set the date on the clock" reset button a push button that you press to activate the reset mechanism residence the official house or establishment of an important person (as a sovereign or president); "he refused to live in the governor's residence" any address at which you dwell more than temporarily; "a person can have several residences" resistance pyrometer pyrometer that measures high temperatures by the resistance in a heated wire resistance thermometer thermometer that measures temperature by changes in the resistance of a spiral of platinum wire resistor an electrical device that resists the flow of electrical current resonator any system that resonates an electrical circuit that combines capacitance and inductance in such a way that a periodic electric oscillation will reach maximum amplitude a hollow chamber whose dimensions allow the resonant oscillation of electromagnetic or acoustic waves resort hotel a fashionable hotel usually in a resort area respirator a breathing device for administering long-term artificial respiration restaurant a building where people go to eat rest house a building used for shelter by travelers (especially in areas where there are no hotels) resuscitator a breathing apparatus used for resuscitation by forcing oxygen into the lungs of a person who has undergone asphyxia or arrest of respiration retainer a dental appliance that holds teeth (or a prosthesis) in position after orthodontic treatment a fee charged in advance to retain the services of someone retaining wall a wall that is built to resist lateral pressure (especially a wall built to prevent the advance of a mass of earth) reticle a network of fine lines, dots, cross hairs, or wires in the focal plane of the eyepiece of an optical instrument reticulation an arrangement resembling a net or network; "the reticulation of a leaf"; "the reticulation of a photographic emulsion" (photography) the formation of a network of cracks or wrinkles in a photographic emulsion reticule a woman's drawstring handbag; usually made of net or beading or brocade; used in 18th and 19th centuries retort a vessel where substances are distilled or decomposed by heat answer back retractor surgical instrument that holds back the edges of a surgical incision retread a used automobile tire that has been remolded to give it new treads give new treads to (a tire) retrorocket a small rocket engine on a larger rocket or spacecraft that is fired to slow or alter its course return key the key on electric typewriters or computer keyboards that causes a carriage return and a line feed reverberatory furnace a furnace in which the material that is being treated is heated indirectly by flames that are directed at the roof and walls of the furnace revers a lapel on a woman's garment; turned back to show the reverse side reverse transcriptase inhibitor an antiviral drug that inhibits the action of reverse transcriptase in retroviruses such as HIV reversible a garment (especially a coat) that can be worn inside out (with either side of the cloth showing) capable of assuming or producing either of two states; "a reversible chemical reaction"; "a reversible cell" capable of reversing or being reversed; "reversible hypertension" capable of being reversed or used with either side out; "a reversible jacket" capable of being reversed; "a reversible decision is one that can be appealed or vacated" reversing thermometer a thermometer that registers the temperature in deep waters revetment a facing (usually masonry) that supports an embankment a barrier against explosives reviewing stand a stand from which a parade or military force can be reviewed revolver a pistol with a revolving cylinder (usually having six chambers for bullets) revolving door a door consisting of four orthogonal partitions that rotate about a central pivot; a door designed to equalize the air pressure in tall buildings an organization or institution with a high rate of turnover of personnel or membership rheometer an instrument for measuring the flow of liquids (especially arterial blood) rheostat resistor for regulating current rhinoscope medical instrument consisting of a mirror mounted at an angle on a rod; used to examine the nasal passages (through the nasopharynx) rib support resembling the rib of an animal a projecting molding on the underside of a vault or ceiling; may be ornamental or structural a riblike supporting or strengthening part of an animal or plant any of the 12 pairs of curved arches of bone extending from the spine to or toward the sternum in humans (and similar bones in most vertebrates) a teasing remark cut of meat including one or more ribs form vertical ribs by knitting; "A ribbed sweater" riband a ribbon used as a decoration ribavirin an inhaled antiviral agent (trade name Virazole) that may be used to treat serious virus infections ribbed vault vault that resembles a groined vault but has ribbed arches ribbing a framework of ribs ribbon notion consisting of a narrow strip of fine material used for trimming a long strip of inked material for making characters on paper with a typewriter any long object resembling a thin line; "a mere ribbon of land"; "the lighted ribbon of traffic"; "from the air the road was a grey thread"; "a thread of smoke climbed upward" ribbon development building complex in a continuous row along a road rib joint pliers a type of pliers ricer a kitchen utensil used for ricing soft foods by extruding them through small holes rickrack a narrow zigzag ribbon used as trimming riddle a coarse sieve (as for gravel) a difficult problem set a difficult problem or riddle; "riddle me a riddle" explain a riddle speak in riddles pierce with many holes; "The bullets riddled his body" separate with a riddle, as grain from chaff ride a mechanical device that you ride for amusement or excitement copulate with; "The bull was riding the cow" keep partially engaged by slightly depressing a pedal with the foot; "Don't ride the clutch!" move like a floating object; "The moon rode high in the night sky" ride over, along, or through; "Ride the freeways of California" be carried or travel on or in a vehicle; "I ride to work in a bus"; "He rides the subway downtown every day" sit and travel on the back of animal, usually while controlling its motions; "She never sat a horse!"; "Did you ever ride a camel?"; "The girl liked to drive the young mare" climb up on the body; "Shorts that ride up"; "This skirt keeps riding up my legs" sit on and control a vehicle; "He rides his bicycle to work every day"; "She loves to ride her new motorcycle through town" continue undisturbed and without interference; "Let it ride" lie moored or anchored; "Ship rides at anchor" be sustained or supported or borne; "His glasses rode high on his nose"; "The child rode on his mother's hips"; "She rode a wave of popularity"; "The brothers rode to an easy victory on their father's political name" rider plate a horizontal beam (or plate) connected to the top of a ship's vertical keel or to the keelson ridge a beam laid along the edge where two sloping sides of a roof meet at the top; provides an attachment for the upper ends of rafters any long raised border or margin of a bone or tooth or membrane a long narrow natural elevation or striation a long narrow range of hills a long narrow natural elevation on the floor of the ocean any long raised strip form into a ridge spade into alternate ridges and troughs; "ridge the soil" throw soil toward (a crop row) from both sides; "He ridged his corn" plough alternate strips by throwing the furrow onto an unploughed strip extend in ridges; "The land ridges towards the South" ridge rope either of a pair of lifelines running alongside the bowsprit of a ship riding bitt one of the large bitts used to secure the cable of a dropped anchor riding boot a boot without laces that is worn for riding horses; part of a riding habit riding crop a short whip with a thong at the end and a handle for opening gates riding mower a power mower you can ride on rifampin an antibacterial drug (trade names Rifadin and Rimactane) used to treat tuberculosis rifle a shoulder firearm with a long barrel and a rifled bore; "he lifted the rifle to his shoulder and fired" go through in search of something; search through someone's belongings in an unauthorized way; "Who rifled through my desk drawers?" rifle ball a bullet designed to be fired from a rifle; no longer made spherical in shape rifle butt the butt end of a rifle rifle grenade a grenade that is thrown from a launching device attached to the barrel of a rifle rifle range a range where people can practice shooting rifles; "during the war they turned the bowling alleys into rifle ranges" the distance that a rifle bullet will carry; "the target was out of rifle range" rig gear (including necessary machinery) for a particular enterprise formation of masts, spars, sails, etc., on a vessel equip with sails or masts; "rig a ship" connect or secure to; "They rigged the bomb to the ignition" manipulate in a fraudulent manner; "rig prices" arrange the outcome of by means of deceit; "rig an election" rigger a long slender pointed sable brush used by artists a sailing vessel with a specified rig; "a square rigger" someone who rigs ships someone who works on an oil rig rigging gear consisting of ropes etc. supporting a ship's masts and sails right of way the passage consisting of a path or strip of land over which someone has the legal right to pass the right of one vehicle or vessel to take precedence over another the privilege of someone to pass over land belonging to someone else rigout a person's costume (especially if bizarre); "What a queer rigout!" rim the outer part of a wheel to which the tire is attached (basketball) the hoop from which the net is suspended; "the ball hit the rim and bounced off" the shape of a raised edge of a more or less circular object roll around the rim of; "the ball rimmed the basket" furnish with a rim; "rim a hat" run around the rim of; "Sugar rimmed the dessert plate" ring jewelry consisting of a circlet of precious metal (often set with jewels) worn on the finger; "she had rings on every finger"; "he noted that she wore a wedding band" a platform usually marked off by ropes in which contestants box or wrestle a characteristic sound; "it has the ring of sincerity" the sound of a bell ringing; "the distinctive ring of the church bell"; "the ringing of the telephone"; "the tintinnabulation that so voluminously swells from the ringing and the dinging of the bells"--E. A. Poe a toroidal shape; "a ring of ships in the harbor"; "a halo of smoke" attach a ring to the foot of, in order to identify; "ring birds"; "band the geese to observe their migratory patterns" sound loudly and sonorously; "the bells rang" make (bells) ring, often for the purposes of musical edification; "Ring the bells"; "My uncle rings every Sunday at the local church" rings gymnastic apparatus consisting of a pair of heavy metal circles (usually covered with leather) suspended by ropes; used for gymnastic exercises; "the rings require a strong upper body" ringside first row of seating; has an unobstructed view of a boxing or wrestling ring rink building that contains a surface for ice skating or roller skating riot gun a firearm designed to disperse rioters rather than to inflict serious injury or death ripcord a cord that is pulled to open a parachute from its pack during a descent a cord that is pulled to open the gasbag of a balloon wide enough to release gas and so causes the balloon to descend ripping bar a steel lever with one end formed into a ripping chisel and the other a gooseneck with a claw for pulling nails ripping chisel a long chisel with a slightly bent cutting end; used for heavy prying or cleaning mortises ripsaw a handsaw for cutting with the grain of the wood riser structural member consisting of the vertical part of a stair or step a vertical pipe in a building a person who rises (especially from bed); "he's usually a late riser" ritonavir a protease inhibitor (trade name Norvir) used in treating HIV Ritz an ostentatiously elegant hotel Swiss hotelier who created a chain of elegant hotels (1850-1918) river boat a boat used on rivers or to ply a river rivet heavy pin having a head at one end and the other end being hammered flat after being passed through holes in the pieces that are fastened together hold (someone's attention); "The discovery of the skull riveted the paleontologists" fasten with a rivet or rivets riveting machine a machine for driving rivets rivet line a line of rivets at a seam; "the fuselage cracked along the rivet line" roach clip metal tweezers used by marijuana smokers to hold a roach roadbed a bed supporting a road roadblock a barrier set up by police to stop traffic on a street or road in order to catch a fugitive or inspect traffic etc. roadhouse an inn (usually outside city limits on a main road) providing meals and liquor and dancing and (sometimes) gambling road map a map showing roads (for automobile travel) a detailed plan or explanation to guide you in setting standards or determining a course of action; "the president said he had a road map for normalizing relations with Vietnam" roadster an open automobile having a front seat and a rumble seat road surface the paved surface of a paved roadway roadway a road (especially that part of a road) over which vehicles travel roaster a special cooking pan for roasting flesh of a large young chicken over 3 1/2 lb suitable for roasting a cook who roasts food a harsh or humorous critic (sometimes intended as a facetious compliment); "the honoree gave his roasters as good as he got" robe any loose flowing garment Robitussin trade name of an expectorant that loosens phlegm and makes it easier to cough up robotics equipment equipment used in robotics Rochon prism optical device that produces plane-polarized ultraviolet light rock bit a drill bit that has hardened rotating rollers rocker a curved support that permits the supported object to rock to and fro an ice skate with a curved blade a trough that can be rocked back and forth; used by gold miners to shake auriferous earth in water in order to separate the gold a teenager or young adult in the 1960s who wore leather jackets and rode motorcycles a performer or composer or fan of rock music an attendant who rocks a child in a cradle rocker arm a lever pivoted at the center; used especially to push a valve down in an internal-combustion engine rocket a jet engine containing its own propellant and driven by reaction propulsion any vehicle self-propelled by a rocket engine propels bright light high in the sky, or used to propel a lifesaving line or harpoon erect European annual often grown as a salad crop to be harvested when young and tender propel with a rocket shoot up abruptly, like a rocket; "prices skyrocketed" rocket base a military base for rocket missiles rocket range a firing range for rocket missiles rock garden a garden featuring rocks; usually alpine plants rocking chair a chair mounted on rockers roentgenogram a radiogram made by exposing photographic film to X rays; used in medical diagnosis rofecoxib a Cox-2 inhibitor (trade name Vioxx) that relieves pain and inflammation without harming the digestive tract; voluntarily withdrawn from the market in 2004 roller bandage bandage consisting of a strip of sterile fabric (of variable width) rolled into a cylinder to facilitate application in-line skate a shoe with a line of rollers fixed to the sole Rollerblade (trademark) an in-line skate travel on shoes with a single line of rubber wheels attached to their soles; "you'd better wear a helmet and knee protectors when you Rollerblade!"; "The muscular actor loves to Rollerblade" roller blind a window shade that rolls up out of the way roller coaster elevated railway in an amusement park (usually with sharp curves and steep inclines) anything characterized by abrupt and extreme changes (especially up and down); "the economy has been on a roller coaster all year" roller skate a shoe with pairs of rollers fixed to the sole travel on shoes with steel or rubber rollers attached to their soles; "In some fashionable restaurants, the waiters roller skate around" roller towel a towel with the ends sewn together, hung on a roller roll film photographic film wound on a spool rolling hitch a hitch for fastening a line to a spar or another rope rolling mill steel mill where metal is rolled into sheets and bars rolling pin utensil consisting of a cylinder (usually of wood) with a handle at each end; used to roll out dough rolling stock collection of wheeled vehicles owned by a railroad or motor carrier roll of tobacco tobacco leaves that have been made into a cylinder roll-on a woman's foundation garment rolled on to the hips a dispenser of a liquid cosmetic (such as a deodorant) having a revolving ball as an applicator roll-on roll-off a method of transport (as a ferry or train or plane) that vehicles roll onto at the beginning and roll off of at the destination Rolodex (trademark) a desktop rotary card index with removable cards; usually used for names, addresses, and telephone numbers; "a news reporter has to have a good Rolodex" Roman arch a round arch drawn from a single center Roman building a building constructed by the ancient Romans Roman candle a cylindrical firework that projects a series of colored balls of fire romper a one-piece garment for children to wear at play; the lower part is shaped like bloomers a person who romps or frolics rood screen a screen in a church; separates the nave from the choir or chancel roof a protective covering that covers or forms the top of a building protective covering on top of a motor vehicle the inner top surface of a covered area or hollow space; "the roof of the cave was very high"; "I could see the roof of the bear's mouth" provide a building with a roof; cover a building with a roof roof garden a garden on a flat roof of a building roof peak the highest point of a roof room an area within a building enclosed by walls and floor and ceiling; "the rooms were very small but they had a nice view" the people who are present in a room; "the whole room was cheering" space for movement; "room to pass"; "make way for"; "hardly enough elbow room to turn around" opportunity for; "room for improvement" roomette a small private compartment for one on a sleeping car room light light that provides general illumination for a room roost a perch on which domestic fowl rest or sleep a shelter with perches for fowl or other birds settle down or stay, as if on a roost root cellar an excavation where root vegetables are stored rope a strong line fasten with a rope; "rope the bag securely" rope bridge a bridge consisting of ropes rope ladder a ladder with side pieces of rope rope tow a ski tow offering only a moving rope to hold onto ropewalk workplace consisting of a long narrow path or shed where rope is made rope yarn the strands out of which ropes are made rosary a string of beads used in counting prayers (especially by Catholics) rose bed a flower bed in which roses are growing rose garden a garden for growing roses rosemaling a Scandinavian style of carved or painted decoration (as on furniture or walls or dinnerware) consisting of floral motifs rosette an ornament or pattern resembling a rose that is worn as a badge of office or as recognition of having won an honor a cluster of leaves growing in crowded circles from a common center or crown (usually at or close to the ground) rose water perfume consisting of water scented with oil of roses rose window circular window filled with tracery rosin bag a bag filled with rosin; used by baseball pitchers to improve their grip on the ball rotary actuator (computer science) the actuator that moves a read/write head to the proper data track rotary engine an internal-combustion engine in which power is transmitted directly to rotating components rotary press a printing press for printing from a revolving cylinder rotating mechanism a mechanism that rotates rotating shaft a revolving rod that transmits power or motion rotisserie a restaurant that specializes in roasted and barbecued meats an oven or broiler equipped with a rotating spit on which meat cooks as it turns rotor rotating mechanism consisting of an assembly of rotating airfoils; "there are horizontal rotors on a helicopter or compressor rotors in a jet engine" the rotating armature of a motor or generator the revolving bar of a distributor rotor blade the long airfoil that rotates to provide the lift that supports a helicopter in the air rotor head the axis around which the major rotor of a helicopter turns rotunda a large circular room a building having a circular plan and a dome rouge makeup consisting of a pink or red powder applied to the cheeks redden by applying rouge to; "she rouged her cheeks" roughcast a rough preliminary model a coarse plaster for the surface of external walls apply roughcast to; "roughcast a wall" shape roughly rouleau a roll of coins wrapped in paper a roll of ribbon roulette ball the ball used to play roulette roulette wheel game equipment consisting of a wheel with slots that is used for gambling; the wheel rotates horizontally and players bet on which slot the roulette ball will stop in round arch an arch formed in a continuous curve; characteristic of Roman architecture round-bottom flask a spherical flask with a narrow neck rounder a tool for rounding corners or edges round file a file with a circular cross section; used to file the inside of holes Round Table (legend) the circular table for King Arthur and his knights router a power tool with a shaped cutter; used in carpentry for cutting grooves (computer science) a device that forwards data packets between computer networks a worker who routes shipments for distribution and delivery router plane a woodworking plane with a narrow cutting head that will make grooves with smooth bottoms rowel a small spiked wheel at the end of a spur row house a house that is one of a row of identical houses situated side by side and sharing common walls rowing boat a rowboat rowlock arch an arch that is formed with more than one concentric row of voussoirs row of bricks a course of bricks place next to each other (usually in a straight line) royal brace a brace to secure the royal mast royal mast topmast immediately above the topgallant mast rubber band a narrow band of elastic rubber used to hold things (such as papers) together rubber boot a high boot made of rubber rubber bullet a bullet made of hard rubber; designed for use in crowd control rubber eraser an eraser made of rubber (or of a synthetic material with properties similar to rubber); commonly mounted at one end of a pencil rubbing representation consisting of a copy (as of an engraving) made by laying paper over something and rubbing it with charcoal rubbing alcohol lotion consisting of a poisonous solution of isopropyl alcohol or denatured ethanol alcohol for external use rubefacient a medicine for external application that produces redness of the skin rudder (nautical) steering mechanism consisting of a hinged vertical plate mounted at the stern of a vessel a hinged vertical airfoil mounted at the tail of an aircraft and used to make horizontal course changes rudder blade the vertical blade on a rudder rudderpost a vertical post at the forward edge of a rudder that enables the rudder to pivot rue (French) a street or road in France leaves sometimes used for flavoring fruit or claret cup but should be used with great caution: can cause irritation like poison ivy European strong-scented perennial herb with grey-green bitter-tasting leaves; an irritant similar to poison ivy rug floor covering consisting of a piece of thick heavy fabric (usually with nap or pile) rugby ball inflated oval ball used in playing rugby ruin a ruined building; "they explored several Roman ruins" an event that results in destruction an irrecoverable state of devastation and destruction; "you have brought ruin on this entire family" fall into ruin reduce to ruins; "The country lay ruined after the war" destroy or cause to fail; "This behavior will ruin your chances of winning the election" rule measuring stick consisting of a strip of wood or metal or plastic with a straight edge that is used for drawing straight lines and measuring lengths a principle or condition that customarily governs behavior; "it was his rule to take a walk before breakfast"; "short haircuts were the regulation" (mathematics) a standard procedure for solving a class of mathematical problems; "he determined the upper bound with Descartes' rule of signs"; "he gave us a general formula for attacking polynomials" any one of a systematic body of regulations defining the way of life of members of a religious order; "the rule of St. Dominic" prescribed guide for conduct or action directions that define the way a game or sport is to be conducted; "he knew the rules of chess" (linguistics) a rule describing (or prescribing) a linguistic practice the duration of a monarch's or government's power; "during the rule of Elizabeth" keep in check; "rule one's temper" decide with authority; "The King decreed that all firstborn males should be killed" decide on and make a declaration about; "find someone guilty" mark or draw with a ruler; "rule the margins" have an affinity with; of signs of the zodiac rumble seat a folding outside seat in the back of some early cars rummer a large drinking glass (ovoid bowl on a stem) for drinking toasts rumpus room a recreation room for noisy activities (parties or children's play etc) runcible spoon a fork-like spoon with a cutting edge; coined by Edward Lear rundle one of the crosspieces that form the steps of a ladder rung a crosspiece between the legs of a chair running board a narrow footboard serving as a step beneath the doors of some old cars running shoe a light comfortable shoe designed for running running stitch small, even, hand stitches run in and out running suit a matching jacket and pants worn by joggers and made of fabric that absorbs perspiration runway a strip of level paved surface where planes can take off and land a narrow platform extending from the stage into the audience in a theater or nightclub etc. a chute down which logs can slide rushlight a tallow candle with a rush stem as the wick russet a reddish brown homespun fabric of brown with a reddish tinge rya a shag rug made in Sweden saber a fencing sword with a v-shaped blade and a slightly curved handle kill with a saber saber saw a portable power saw with a reciprocating blade; can be used with a variety of blades depending on the application and kind of cut; generally have a plate that rides on the surface that is being cut Sabin vaccine an oral vaccine (containing live but weakened poliovirus) that is given to provide immunity to poliomyelitis sable coat a fur coat made of sable furs sabot a shoe carved from a single block of wood sachet a small soft bag containing perfumed powder; used to perfume items in a drawer or chest sackbut a medieval musical instrument resembling a trombone sackcloth a coarse cloth resembling sacking a garment made of coarse sacking; formerly worn as an indication of remorse sack coat man's hiplength coat with a straight back; the jacket of a suit sacking coarse fabric used for bags or sacks saddlebag a large bag (or pair of bags) hung over a saddle saddle blanket stable gear consisting of a blanket placed under the saddle saddle oxford an oxford with a saddle of contrasting color saddlery workshop where a saddler works saddle seat a chair seat that is slightly concave and sometimes has a thickened ridge in the center; "the saddle seat fitted his buttocks nicely" saddle soap a mild soap for cleansing and conditioning leather saddle stitch a decorative overcast or running stitch, especially in a contrasting color safe strongbox where valuables can be safely kept a ventilated or refrigerated cupboard for securing provisions from pests (of an undertaking) secure from risk free from danger or the risk of harm; "a safe trip"; "you will be safe here"; "a safe place"; "a safe bet" safe-deposit a fireproof metal strongbox (usually in a bank) for storing valuables safehold a refuge from attack safe house a house used as a hiding place or refuge by members of certain organizations safety arch an undecorated arch that is included in order to strengthen or support a construction safety belt belt attaching you to some object as a restraint in order to prevent you from getting hurt safety bicycle bicycle that has two wheels of equal size; pedals are connected to the rear wheel by a multiplying gear safety bolt a bolt that cannot be moved from outside the door or gate safety catch guard consisting of a locking device that prevents a weapon from being fired safety curtain a fireproof theater curtain to be dropped in case of fire safety fuse a slow-burning fuse consisting of a tube or cord filled or saturated with combustible matter; used to ignite detonators from a distance safety lamp an oil lamp that will not ignite flammable gases (methane) safety match a paper match that strikes only on a specially prepared surface safety net a large strong net to catch circus acrobats who fall or jump from a trapeze a guarantee of professional or financial security safety pin a pin in the form of a clasp; has a guard so the point of the pin will not stick the user safety rail a railing placed alongside a stairway or road for safety safety razor a razor with a guard to prevent deep cuts in the skin safety valve a valve in a container in which pressure can build up (as a steam boiler); it opens automatically when the pressure reaches a dangerous level sail a large piece of fabric (usually canvas fabric) by means of which wind is used to propel a sailing vessel any structure that resembles a sail traverse or travel on (a body of water); "We sailed the Atlantic"; "He sailed the Pacific all alone" travel on water propelled by wind; "I love sailing, especially on the open sea"; "the ship sails on" sailboat a small sailing vessel; usually with a single mast sailcloth a strong fabric (such as cotton canvas) used for making sails and tents sailing vessel a vessel that is powered by the wind; often having several masts sailing warship a warship that was powered by sails and equipped with many heavy guns; not built after the middle of the 19th century sailor cap a cap worn by sailors sailor suit a boy's ensemble; copied from a sailor's uniform Saint Lawrence Seaway a seaway involving the Saint Lawrence River and the Great Lakes that was developed jointly by Canada and the United States; oceangoing ships can travel as far west as Lake Superior salad bar a bar where diners can assemble a salad to their own taste salad bowl a large bowl for mixing and serving a salad salad fork a fork intended for eating salads salad plate a plate or bowl for individual servings of salad salinometer a hydrometer that determines the concentration of salt solutions by measuring their density Salk vaccine a poliovirus vaccine consisting of inactivated polio virus that is injected subcutaneously to provide immunity to poliomyelitis sallet a light medieval helmet with a slit for vision salon elegant sitting room where guests are received gallery where works of art can be displayed a shop where hairdressers and beauticians work saltbox a type of house built in New England; has two stories in front and one behind saltcellar a small container for holding salt at the dining table salt mine a mine where salt is dug saltshaker a shaker with a perforated top for sprinkling salt saltworks a plant where salt is produced commercially salver a tray (or large plate) for serving food or drinks; usually made of silver salvinorin a hallucinogen obtained from Salvia divinorum salwar a pair of light loose trousers with a tight fit around the ankles; worn by women from the Indian subcontinent (usually with a kameez) Salyut either of two Soviet space stations launched in the 1970s Sam Browne belt leather belt supported by a strap over the right shoulder samisen a Japanese stringed instrument resembling a banjo with a long neck and three strings and a fretted fingerboard and a rectangular soundbox; played with a plectrum samite a heavy silk fabric (often woven with silver or gold threads); used to make clothing in the Middle Ages samovar a metal urn with a spigot at the base; used in Russia to boil water for tea sampan an Asian skiff usually propelled by two oars sampler a piece of embroidery demonstrating skill with various stitches an assortment of various samples; "a candy sampler"; "a sampler of French poets" sampling station an observation station that is set up to make sample observations of something sanatorium a hospital for recuperation or for the treatment of chronic diseases sanctuary a consecrated place where sacred objects are kept sandal a shoe consisting of a sole fastened by straps to the foot sandbag a bag filled with sand; used as a weapon or to build walls or as ballast protect or strengthen with sandbags; stop up; "The residents sandbagged the beach front" downplay one's ability (towards others) in a game in order to deceive, as in gambling hit something or somebody as if with a sandbag treat harshly or unfairly sandblaster a tool that throws out a blast of steam laden with sand; used to clean or grind hard surfaces sandbox a plaything consisting of a pile of sand or a box filled with sand for children to play in mold consisting of a box with sand shaped to mold metal sandglass timepiece in which the passage of time is indicated by the flow of sand from one transparent container to another through a narrow passage sand painting a painting done by Amerindians (especially Navaho); made of fine colored sands on a neutral background sand wedge a wedge used to get out of sand traps sandwich board signboard consisting of two hinged boards that hang front and back from the shoulders of a walker and are used to display advertisements sanitary napkin a disposable absorbent pad (trade name Kotex); worn to absorb menstrual flow Santa Fe Trail a trail that extends from Missouri to New Mexico; an important route for settlers moving west in the 19th century cling film a thin plastic film made of saran (trade name Saran Wrap) that sticks to itself; used for wrapping food sarcenet a fine soft silk fabric often used for linings sarcophagus a stone coffin (usually bearing sculpture or inscriptions) sari a dress worn primarily by Hindu women; consists of several yards of light material that is draped around the body sarong a loose skirt consisting of brightly colored fabric wrapped around the body; worn by both women and men in the South Pacific sash a framework that holds the panes of a window in the window frame sash cord a strong cord connecting a sash weight to a sliding sash sash fastener a lock attached to the sashes of a double hung window that can fix both in the shut position sash weight a counterweight for a sliding sash sash window a window with (usually two) sashes that slide vertically to let in air satchel luggage consisting of a small case with a flat bottom and (usually) a shoulder strap sateen a cotton fabric with a satiny finish satellite man-made equipment that orbits around the earth or the moon any celestial body orbiting around a planet or star a person who follows or serves another broadcast or disseminate via satellite surrounding and dominated by a central authority or power; "a city and its satellite communities" satellite receiver a receiver on a communications satellite satellite television a television system in which the signal is transmitted to an orbiting satellite that receives the signal and amplifies it and transmits it back to earth satellite transmitter a transmitter on a communications satellite satin a smooth fabric of silk or rayon; has a glossy face and a dull back satinet a fabric with a finish resembling satin but made partly or wholly from cotton or synthetic fiber satin stitch flat stitches worked so closely as to resemble satin satin weave a weave in which the filling and warp threads intersect in such a way as to give a smooth compact surface with no distinguishable twill line Saturday night special a cheap handgun that is easily obtained saucepan a deep pan with a handle; used for stewing or boiling saucepot a cooking pot that has handles on either side and tight fitting lid; used for stewing or boiling saucer a small shallow dish for holding a cup at the table sauna a Finnish steam bath; steam is produced by pouring water over heated rocks save-all a net hung between ship and pier while loading a ship a sail set to catch wind spilled from a larger sail a receptacle for catching waste products for further use savings bank a container (usually with a slot in the top) for keeping money at home; "the coin bank was empty" a thrift institution in the northeastern United States; since deregulation in the 1980s they offer services competitive with many commercial banks saw hand tool having a toothed blade for cutting cut with a saw; "saw wood for the fireplace" sawdust doll a doll that is stuffed with sawdust sawdust saloon a saloon whose floor is covered with sawdust sawed-off shotgun a shotgun with short barrels sawhorse a framework for holding wood that is being sawed sawmill a large sawing machine saw set a tool used to bend each alternate sawtooth at a slight angle outward sawtooth a serration on a saw blade sax a single-reed woodwind with a conical bore saxhorn any of a family of brass wind instruments that resemble a bugle with valves scabbard a sheath for a sword or dagger or bayonet scaffold a temporary arrangement erected around a building for convenience of workers a platform from which criminals are executed (hanged or beheaded) provide with a scaffold for support; "scaffold the building before painting it" scaffolding a system of scaffolds scaler an electronic pulse counter used to count pulses that occur too rapidly to be recorded individually scaling ladder a ladder used to scale walls (as in an attack) scalpel a thin straight surgical knife used in dissection and surgery scanner a radio receiver that moves automatically across some selected range of frequencies looking for some signal or condition; "they used scanners to monitor police radio channels" a radar dish that rotates or oscillates in order to scan a broad area an electronic device that generates a digital representation of an image for data input to a computer someone who scans verse to determine the number and prosodic value of the syllables scantling an upright in house framing scarecrow an effigy in the shape of a man to frighten birds away from seeds scarf a garment worn around the head or neck or shoulders for warmth or decoration wrap in or adorn with a scarf unite by a scarf joint masturbate while strangling oneself scarf joint a joint made by notching the ends of two pieces of timber or metal so that they will lock together end-to-end scatter pin small pin usually worn in groups of two or more scatter rug a small rug; several can be used in a room scauper a graver used to scoop out broad areas when engraving wood or metal scene graphic art consisting of the graphic or photographic representation of a visual percept; "he painted scenes from everyday life"; "figure 2 shows photographic and schematic views of the equipment" a consecutive series of pictures that constitutes a unit of action in a film a subdivision of an act of a play; "the first act has three scenes" an incident (real or imaginary); "their parting was a sad scene" the place where some action occurs; "the police returned to the scene of the crime" scenery the painted structures of a stage set that are intended to suggest a particular locale; "they worked all night painting the scenery" the appearance of a place scenic railway small railway in an amusement park scheduler computer hardware that arranges jobs to be done by the computer in an appropriate order schematic diagram of an electrical or mechanical system schlock merchandise that is shoddy or inferior Schmidt telescope reflecting telescope that has plate that corrects for aberration so a wide area of sky can be photographed school a building where young people receive education; "the school was built in 1932"; "he walked to school every morning" the process of being formally educated at a school; "what will you do when you finish school?" a large group of fish; "a school of small glittering fish swam by" a body of creative artists or writers or thinkers linked by a similar style or by similar teachers; "the Venetian school of painting" an educational institution; "the school was founded in 1900" an educational institution's faculty and students; "the school keeps parents informed"; "the whole school turned out for the game" the period of instruction in a school; the time period when school is in session; "stay after school"; "he didn't miss a single day of school"; "when the school day was done we would walk home together" swim in or form a large group of fish; "A cluster of schooling fish was attracted to the bait" educate in or as if in a school; "The children are schooled at great cost to their parents in private institutions" schoolbag a bag for carrying school books and supplies; "found just the right dictionary to fit into his schoolbag" school bell a bell rung to announce beginning or ending of class school bus a bus used to transport children to or from school school crossing a pedestrian crossing where school children cross a street on the way to school school ship a ship used to train students as sailors school system establishment including the plant and equipment for providing education from kindergarten through high school schooner sailing vessel used in former times a large beer glass science museum a museum that collects and displays objects having scientific interest scientific instrument an instrument used by scientists scimitar a curved oriental saber; the edge is on the convex side of the blade scintillation counter counter tube in which light flashes when exposed to ionizing radiation sclerometer a measuring instrument that measures the hardness of materials by penetrating them with a stylus that has a diamond point scoinson arch an arch that supports part of the wall sconce a decorative wall bracket for holding candles or other sources of light a candle or flaming torch secured in a sconce a small fort or earthwork defending a ford, pass, or castle gate a shelter or screen providing protection from enemy fire or from the weather scoop a large ladle; "he used a scoop to serve the ice cream" the shovel or bucket of a dredge or backhoe the quantity a scoop will hold a hollow concave shape made by removing something take out or up with or as if with a scoop; "scoop the sugar out of the container" scooter child's two-wheeled vehicle operated by foot scopolamine an alkaloid with anticholinergic effects that is used as a sedative and to treat nausea and to dilate the pupils in ophthalmic procedures; "transdermal scopolamine is used to treat motion sickness"; "someone sedated with scopolamine has difficulty lying" scoreboard a large board for displaying the score of a contest (and some other information) scourge a whip used to inflict punishment (often used for pedantic humor) punish severely; excoriate scouring pad a small abrasive cleaning pad used for scouring pots and pans scow a barge carrying bulk materials in an open hold any of various flat-bottomed boats with sloping ends scrambler electronic equipment that makes speech unintelligible during transmission and restores it at reception a rapid mover; someone who scrambles; "their quarterback was a good scrambler"; "scramblers can often unnerve a better tennis player" scrap a small piece of something that is left over after the rest has been used; "she jotted it on a scrap of paper"; "there was not a scrap left" make into scrap or refuse; "scrap the old airplane and sell the parts" scrapbook an album into which clippings or notes or pictures can be pasted scraper any of various hand tools for scraping scratcher a device used for scratching a person who scratches to relieve an itch a workman who uses a tool for scratching scratchpad (computer science) a high-speed internal memory used for temporary storage of preliminary information screed an accurately levelled strip of material placed on a wall or floor as guide for the even application of plaster or concrete a long piece of writing a long monotonous harangue screen a protective covering consisting of netting; can be mounted in a frame; "they put screens in the windows for protection against insects"; "a metal screen protected the observers" a covering that serves to conceal or shelter something; "a screen of trees afforded privacy"; "under cover of darkness"; "the brush provided a covert for game"; "the simplest concealment is to match perfectly the color of the background" partition consisting of a decorative frame or panel that serves to divide a space the display that is electronically created on the surface of the large end of a cathode-ray tube a white or silvered surface where pictures can be projected for viewing examine methodically; "screen the suitcases" prevent from entering; "block out the strong sunlight" project onto a screen for viewing; "screen a film" examine in order to test suitability; "screen these samples"; "screen the job applicants" test or examine for the presence of disease or infection; "screen the blood for the HIV virus" screen door a door that consists of a frame holding metallic or plastic netting; used to allow ventilation and to keep insects from entering a building through the open door; "he heard the screen door slam as she left" screen saver (computer science) a moving design that appears on a computer screen when there has been no input for a specified period of time; "screen savers prevent the damage that occurs when the same areas of light and dark are displayed too long" screw a fastener with a tapered threaded shank and a slotted head a propeller with several angled blades that rotates to push against water or air a simple machine of the inclined-plane type consisting of a spirally threaded cylindrical rod that engages with a similarly threaded hole tighten or fasten by means of screwing motions; "Screw the bottle cap on" cause to penetrate, as with a circular motion; "drive in screws or bolts" turn like a screw screwdriver a hand tool for driving screws; has a tip that fits into the head of a screw a cocktail made with vodka and orange juice screw eye a woodscrew having its shank bent into a ring screw key a wrench for turning a screw screw thread the raised helical rib going around a screw screwtop the top of a container that must be screwed off and on screw wrench adjustable wrench that has one jaw that can be adjusted by turning a screw scribble an aimless drawing poor handwriting write down quickly without much attention to detail write carelessly scriber a sharp-pointed awl for marking wood or metal to be cut scrim a firm open-weave fabric used for a curtain in the theater scrimshaw a carving (or engraving) on whalebone, whale ivory, walrus tusk, etc., usually by American whalers scriptorium a room in a monastery that is set aside for writing or copying manuscripts scrubber a purifier that removes impurities from a gas a worker who uses a scrub brush to clean a surface (usually a floor or deck) scrub brush a brush with short stiff bristles for heavy cleaning scrub plane a narrow woodworking plane used to cut away excess stock scuffer a lightweight flexible sandal with a sturdy sole; worn as play shoes by children and as sportswear by adults scuffle a hoe that is used by pushing rather than pulling fight or struggle in a confused way at close quarters; "the drunken men started to scuffle" scull a racing shell that is propelled by sculls each of a pair of short oars that are used by a single oarsman a long oar that is mounted at the stern of a boat and moved left and right to propel the boat forward propel with sculls; "scull the boat" scullery a small room (in large old British houses) next to the kitchen; where kitchen utensils are cleaned and kept and other rough household jobs are done scum a film of impurities or vegetation that can form on the surface of a liquid remove the scum from scupper drain that allows water on the deck of a vessel to flow overboard scuttle container for coal; shaped to permit pouring the coal onto the fire scyphus an ancient Greek drinking cup; two handles and footed base scythe an edge tool for cutting grass; has a long handle that must be held with both hands and a curved blade that moves parallel to the ground cut with a scythe; "scythe grass or grain" sea anchor restraint consisting of a canvas covered frame that floats behind a vessel; prevents drifting or maintains the heading into a wind seabag a cylindrical drawstring bag used by sailors to hold their clothing and other gear sea boat a boat that is seaworthy; that is adapted to the open seas sea chest a sailor's storage chest for personal property sea ladder (nautical) ladder to be lowered over a ship's side for coming aboard seal bomb a small explosive device (resembling a firecracker) that is used underwater in order to frighten mammals away from fishing grounds sealing wax fastener consisting of a resinous composition that is plastic when warm; used for sealing documents and parcels and letters sealskin a garment (as a jacket or coat or robe) made of sealskin seam joint consisting of a line formed by joining two pieces a stratum of ore or coal thick enough to be mined with profit; "he worked in the coal beds" put together with a seam; "seam a dress" seaplane an airplane that can land on or take off from water; "the designer of marine aircraft demonstrated his newest hydroplane" searchlight a light source with reflectors that projects a beam of light in a particular direction searing iron a hot iron used to destroy tissue Sears Tower a skyscraper built in Chicago in 1974; 1454 feet tall seascape a painting of the sea (as distinguished from a landscape) a view of the sea seat any support where you can sit (especially the part of a chair or bench etc. on which you sit); "he dusted off the seat before sitting down" furniture that is designed for sitting on; "there were not enough seats for all the guests" the cloth covering for the buttocks; "the seat of his pants was worn through" a part of a machine that supports or guides another part the legal right to sit as a member in a legislative or similar body; "he was elected to a seat in the Senate" the location (metaphorically speaking) where something is based; "the brain is said to be the seat of reason" a space reserved for sitting (as in a theater or on a train or airplane); "he booked their seats in advance"; "he sat in someone else's place" a center of authority (as a city from which authority is exercised) show to a seat; assign a seat for; "The host seated me next to Mrs. Smith" place in or on a seat; "the mother seated the toddler on the high chair" place or attach firmly in or on a base; "seat the camera on the tripod" provide with seats; "seat a concert hall" put a seat on a chair be able to seat; "The theater seats 2,000" seat belt a safety belt used in a car or plane to hold you in your seat in case of an accident seat cushion a cushion that makes a seat more comfortable seaway a lane at sea that is a regularly used route for vessels secateurs small pruning shears with a spring that holds the handles open and a single blade that closes against a flat surface secobarbital sodium barbiturate that is a white odorless slightly bitter powder (trade name Seconal) used as a sodium salt for sedation and to treat convulsions secondary coil coil such that current is induced in it by passing a current through the primary coil second balcony rearmost or uppermost area in the balcony containing the least expensive seats second gear the gear that has the second lowest forward gear ratio in the gear box of a motor vehicle; "he had to shift down into second to make the hill" second hand hand marking seconds on a timepiece an intermediate person; used in the phrase `at second hand'; "he could learn at second hand from books" from a source of previously owned goods; "I prefer to buy second hand" secretary a desk used for writing an assistant who handles correspondence and clerical work for a boss or an organization a person who is head of an administrative department of government section one of several parts or pieces that fit with others to constitute a whole object; "a section of a fishing rod"; "metal sections were used below ground"; "finished the final segment of the road" a self-contained part of a larger composition (written or musical); "he always turns first to the business section"; "the history of this work is discussed in the next section" a segment of a citrus fruit; "he ate a section of the orange" a small team of policemen working as part of a police platoon a small army unit usually having a special function a division of an orchestra containing all instruments of the same class a small class of students who are part of a larger course but are taught separately; "a graduate student taught sections for the professor's lecture course" (geometry) the area created by a plane cutting through a solid a distinct region or subdivision of a territorial or political area or community or group of people; "no section of the nation is more ardent than the South"; "there are three synagogues in the Jewish section" a very thin slice (of tissue or mineral or other substance) for examination under a microscope; "sections from the left ventricle showed diseased tissue" a land unit equal to 1 square mile sectional a piece of furniture made up of sections that can be arranged individually or together related or limited to a distinct region or subdivision of a territory or community or group of people; "sectional tensions arose over slavery" consisting of or divided into sections; "a sectional sofa"; "sectioned plates" relating to or based upon a section (i.e. as if cut through by an intersecting plane); "a sectional view"; "sectional drawings" sector measuring instrument consisting of two graduated arms hinged at one end a particular aspect of life or activity; "he was helpless in an important sector of his life" a social group that forms part of the society or the economy; "the public sector" a portion of a military position the minimum track length that can be assigned to store information; unless otherwise specified a sector of data consists of 512 bytes a plane figure bounded by two radii and the included arc of a circle security blanket a blanket (or toy) that a child carries around in order to reduce anxiety anything that an adult person uses to reduce anxiety security system an electrical device that sets off an alarm when someone tries to break in (computing) a system that enforces boundaries between computer networks sedan a car that is closed and that has front and rear seats and two or four doors a closed litter for one passenger sedative a drug that reduces excitability and calms a person sedative-hypnotic a sedative that depresses activity of the central nervous system and reduces anxiety and induces sleep seedbed a bed where seedlings are grown before transplanting seeder a kitchen utensil that removes seeds from fruit a mechanical device that sows grass seed or grain evenly over the ground a person who seeds clouds seeker a missile equipped with a device that is attracted toward some kind of emission (heat or light or sound or radio waves) someone making a search or inquiry; "they are seekers after truth" seersucker a light puckered fabric (usually striped) seesaw a plaything consisting of a board balanced on a fulcrum; the board is ridden up and down by children at either end move up and down as if on a seesaw segmental arch a shallow arch; an arch that is less than a semicircle Segway (trademark) a self-balancing personal transportation device with two wheels; can operate in any level pedestrian environment seidel a glass for beer seine a large fishnet that hangs vertically, with floats at the top and weights at the bottom fish with a seine; catch fish with a seine seismogram the graphical record of an earth tremor made by using a seismograph seismograph a measuring instrument for detecting and measuring the intensity and direction and duration of movements of the ground (as an earthquake) seizing small stuff that is used for lashing two or more ropes together selective-serotonin reuptake inhibitor an antidepressant drug that acts by blocking the reuptake of serotonin so that more serotonin is available to act on receptors in the brain selector a switch that is used to select among alternatives selenium cell a photoelectric cell that uses a strip of selenium self-feeder a machine that automatically provides a supply of some material; "the feeder discharged feed into a trough for the livestock" self-portrait a portrait of yourself created by yourself self-propelled vehicle a wheeled vehicle that carries in itself a means of propulsion self-registering thermometer a thermometer that records the temperature automatically self-starter an electric starting motor that automatically starts an internal-combustion engine an energetic person with unusual initiative selsyn a system consisting of a generator and a motor so connected that the motor will assume the same relative position as the generator; the generator and the motor are synchronized selvage the edge of a fabric that is woven so that it will not ravel or fray border consisting of an ornamental fringe at either end of an oriental carpet semaphore an apparatus for visual signaling with lights or mechanically moving arms convey by semaphore, of information send signals by or as if by semaphore semi-abstraction a semiabstract painting semiautomatic firearm an autoloader that fires only one shot at each pull of the trigger semiautomatic pistol a pistol that is a semiautomatic firearm capable of loading and firing continuously semiconductor device a conductor made with semiconducting material semi-detached house a dwelling that is attached to something on only one side semigloss a paint that dries with a finish between glossy and flat semitrailer a trailer having wheels only in the rear; the front is supported by the towing vehicle sennit flat braided cordage that is used on ships sensitometer a measuring instrument for measuring the light sensitivity of film over a range of exposures sentry box a small shelter with an open front to protect a sentry from the weather separate a garment that can be purchased separately and worn in combinations with other garments divide into components or constituents; "Separate the wheat from the chaff" force, take, or pull apart; "He separated the fighting children"; "Moses parted the Red Sea" come apart; "The two pieces that we had glued separated" go one's own way; move apart; "The friends separated after the party" make a division or separation discontinue an association or relation; go different ways; "The business partners broke over a tax question"; "The couple separated after 25 years of marriage"; "My friend and I split up" act as a barrier between; stand between; "The mountain range divides the two countries" separated according to race, sex, class, or religion; "separate but equal"; "girls and boys in separate classes" independent; not united or joint; "a problem consisting of two separate issues"; "they went their separate ways"; "formed a separate church" septic tank large tank where solid matter or sewage is disintegrated by bacteria sequence film consisting of a succession of related shots that develop a given subject in a movie a following of one thing after another in time; "the doctor saw a sequence of patients" several repetitions of a melodic phrase in different keys serial arrangement in which things follow in logical order or a recurrent pattern; "the sequence of names was alphabetical"; "he invented a technique to determine the sequence of base pairs in DNA" arrange in a sequence determine the order of constituents in; "They sequenced the human genome" sequencer computer hardware that sorts data or programs into a predetermined sequence (chemistry) an apparatus that can determine the sequence of monomers in a polymer sequin adornment consisting of a small piece of shiny material used to decorate clothing serape a long brightly colored shawl; worn mainly by Mexican men serge a twilled woolen fabric serger a sewing machine that overcasts the raw edges of a fabric with a V-shaped stitch serial port an interface (commonly used for modems and mice and some printers) that transmits data a bit at a time series circuit a circuit having its parts connected serially serpent an obsolete bass cornet; resembles a snake a firework that moves in serpentine manner when ignited serration a single notch in a row of notches; "one of the serrations was broken off" a row of notches; "the pliers had serrations to improve the grip" the condition of being serrated; "the serrations of a city skyline" sertraline a selective-serotonin reuptake inhibitor commonly prescribed as an antidepressant (trade name Zoloft) server utensil used in serving food or drink (computer science) a computer that provides client stations with access to files and printers as shared resources to a computer network (court games) the player who serves to start a point service club a recreational center for servicemen a club of professional or business people organized for their coordination and active in public services service door an entrance intended for the use of servants or for delivery of goods and removal of refuse service station a station where gasoline and oil are sold and facilities are available for repairing or maintaining automobiles serving cart a handcart for serving food serving dish a dish used for serving food servo control system that converts a small mechanical motion into one requiring much greater power; may include a negative feedback system set-back structure where a wall or building narrows abruptly set decoration a decoration used as part of the set of a theatrical or movie production set gun a gun that is set to fire on any intruder that comes in contact with the wire that sets it off set piece a piece of scenery intended to stand alone as part of the stage setting setscrew a screw (often without a head) that fits into the boss or hub of a wheel or cam etc. and prevents motion of the part relative to the shaft on which it is mounted a screw that is used to adjust the tension on a spring set square a try square with an adjustable sliding head settee a small sofa settle a long wooden bench with a back take up residence and become established; "The immigrants settled in the Midwest" form a community; "The Swedes settled in Minnesota" become settled or established and stable in one's residence or life style; "He finally settled down" establish or develop as a residence; "He settled the farm 200 years ago"; "This land was settled by Germans" become resolved, fixed, established, or quiet; "The roar settled to a thunder"; "The wind settled in the West"; "it is settling to rain"; "A cough settled in her chest"; "Her mood settled into lethargy" settle conclusively; come to terms; "We finally settled the argument" end a legal dispute by arriving at a settlement; "The two parties finally settled" accept despite lack of complete satisfaction; "We settled for a lower price" get one's revenge for a wrong or an injury; "I finally settled with my old enemy" arrange or fix in the desired order; "She settled the teacart" cause to become clear by forming a sediment (of liquids) become clear by the sinking of particles; "the liquid gradually settled" come to rest settle into a position, usually on a surface or ground; "dust settled on the roofs" dispose of; make a financial settlement settlement house a center in an underprivileged area that provides community services seven-spot one of four playing cards in a deck with seven pips on the face seventy-eight a shellac based phonograph record that played at 78 revolutions per minute the cardinal number that is the sum of seventy and eight being eight more than seventy Seven Wonders of the Ancient World impressive monuments created in the ancient world that were regarded with awe sewage disposal plant a plant for disposing of sewage sewage farm a farm that is irrigated and fertilized with raw sewage sewage system facility consisting of a system of sewers for carrying off liquid and solid sewage sewer a waste pipe that carries away sewage or surface water someone who sews; "a sewer of fine gowns" sewer main a main in a sewage system sewing basket a workbasket in which sewing materials can be stored sewing kit a kit of articles used in sewing sewing machine a textile machine used as a home appliance for sewing sewing needle a needle used in sewing to pull thread through cloth sewing room a room set aside for sewing sewing stitch a stitch made with thread and a threaded sewing needle through fabric or leather sextant a measuring instrument for measuring the angular distance between celestial objects; resembles an octant a unit of angular distance equal to 60 degrees sgraffito a ceramic or mural decoration made by scratching off a surface layer to reveal the ground shackle a restraint that confines or restricts freedom (especially something used to tie down or restrain a prisoner) a U-shaped bar; the open end can be passed through chain links and closed with a bar shade protective covering that protects something from direct sunlight; "they used umbrellas as shades"; "as the sun moved he readjusted the shade" a representation of the effect of shadows in a picture or drawing (as by shading or darker pigment) a quality of a given color that differs slightly from another color; "after several trials he mixed the shade of pink that she wanted" a position of relative inferiority; "an achievement that puts everything else in the shade"; "his brother's success left him in the shade" relative darkness caused by light rays being intercepted by an opaque body; "it is much cooler in the shade"; "there's too much shadiness to take good photographs" pass from one quality such as color to another by a slight degree; "the butterfly wings shade to yellow" vary slightly; "shade the meaning" protect from light, heat, or view; "Shade your eyes when you step out into the bright sunlight" represent the effect of shade or shadow on shadow box a shallow rectangular box with a transparent front used to protect and display small items (jewelry, coins, etc.) shaft a long rod or pole (especially the handle of an implement or the body of a weapon like a spear or arrow) a long vertical passage sunk into the earth, as for a mine or tunnel (architecture) upright consisting of the vertical part of a column a vertical passageway through a building (as for an elevator) a line that forms the length of an arrow pointer equip with a shaft shag rug a rug with long pile shaker a container in which something can be shaken a person who wields power and influence; "a shaker of traditional beliefs"; "movers and shakers in the business world" shantung a heavy silk fabric with a rough surface (or a cotton imitation) shaper a machine tool for shaping metal or wood shaping tool a tool for shaping metal shard a broken piece of a brittle artifact sharkskin a smooth crisp fabric sharp a long thin sewing needle with a sharp point a musical notation indicating one half step higher than the note named having or made by a thin edge or sharp point; suitable for cutting or piercing; "a sharp knife"; "a pencil with a sharp point" keenly and painfully felt; as if caused by a sharp edge or point; "a sharp pain"; "sharp winds" quick and forceful; "a sharp blow" very sudden and in great amount or degree; "a sharp drop in the stock market" (of a musical note) raised in pitch by one chromatic semitone; "C sharp" harsh; "sharp criticism"; "a sharp-worded exchange"; "a tart remark" sharpener any implement that is used to make something (an edge or a point) sharper; "a knife sharpener" sharpie a shallow-draft sailboat with a sharp prow, flat bottom, and triangular sail; formerly used along the northern Atlantic coast of the United States Sharpie a pen with indelible ink that will write on any surface sharpshooter a fast schooner once used by New England fisherman for illegal fishing in Canadian waters an athlete noted for accurate aim shaver a razor powered by an electric motor an adult male who shaves shaving brush a brush used to apply lather prior to shaving shaving cream toiletry consisting of a preparation of soap and fatty acids that forms a rich lather for softening the beard before shaving shaving foam toiletry consisting of a liquid preparation containing many small bubbles that soften the beard before shaving shawl cloak consisting of an oblong piece of cloth used to cover the head and shoulders shawm a medieval oboe shear a large edge tool that cuts sheet metal by passing a blade through it (physics) a deformation of an object in which parallel planes remain parallel but are shifted in a direction parallel to themselves; "the shear changed the quadrilateral into a parallelogram" become deformed by forces tending to produce a shearing strain cut with shears; "shear hedges" cut or cut through with shears; "shear the wool off the lamb" shears large scissors with strong blades sheath a protective covering (as for a knife or sword) an enveloping structure or covering enclosing an animal or plant organ or part sheathing protective covering consisting, for example, of a layer of boards applied to the studs and joists of a building to strengthen it and serve as a foundation for a weatherproof exterior shed an outbuilding with a single story; used for shelter or storage cast off hair, skin, horn, or feathers; "our dog sheds every Spring" get rid of; "he shed his image as a pushy boss"; "shed your clothes" sheep bell a bell hung round the neck of a sheep so that the sheep can be easily located sheepshank a knot for shortening a line sheepskin coat a coat made of sheepskin sheepwalk farm devoted to raising sheep sheet bed linen consisting of a large rectangular piece of cotton or linen cloth; used in pairs (nautical) a line (rope or chain) that regulates the angle at which a sail is set in relation to the wind a flat artifact that is thin relative to its length and width paper used for writing or printing any broad thin expanse or surface; "a sheet of ice" cover with a sheet, as if by wrapping; "sheet the body" come down as if in sheets; "The rain was sheeting down during the monsoon" sheet anchor spare anchor for use in emergency sheet bend a hitch used for temporarily tying a rope to the middle of another rope (or to an eye) sheeting fabric from which bed sheets are made sheet iron plate iron thinner than tank iron sheet metal sheet of metal formed into a thin plate sheet pile a pile in a row of piles driven side by side to retain earth or prevent seepage Sheetrock a kind of plasterboard sheet web an irregular spider web woven in a single plane and looking like flattened hammocks shelf a support that consists of a horizontal surface for holding objects shelf bracket a bracket to support a shelf shellac a thin varnish made by dissolving lac in ethanol; used to finish wood lac purified by heating and filtering; usually in thin orange or yellow flakes but sometimes bleached white cover with shellac; "She wanted to shellac the desk to protect it from water spots" shell plating the plates covering the frame of a steel ship and corresponding to the planking of a wooden ship shell stitch a crochet stitch make by shell stitching shelter a structure that provides privacy and protection from danger protective covering that provides protection from the weather temporary housing for homeless or displaced persons invest (money) so that it is not taxable provide shelter for; "After the earthquake, the government could not provide shelter for the thousands of homeless people" sheltered workshop a workshop that offers jobs to members of the physically or developmentally disabled population Sheraton a furniture style that originated in England around 1800; simple in design with straight lines and classical ornamentation shield armor carried on the arm to intercept blows a protective covering or structure protect, hide, or conceal from danger or harm shift key the key on the typewriter keyboard that shifts from lower-case letters to upper-case letters shift register (computer science) register in which all bits can be shifted one or more positions to the left or to the right shillelagh a cudgel made of hardwood (usually oak or blackthorn) shim a thin wedge of material (wood or metal or stone) for driving into crevices shingle a small signboard outside the office of a lawyer or doctor, e.g. coarse beach gravel of small waterworn stones and pebbles (or a stretch of shore covered with such gravel) building material used as siding or roofing cover with shingles; "shingle a roof" shin guard a stiff protective garment worn by hockey players or a catcher in baseball to protect the shins ship a vessel that carries passengers or freight place on board a ship; "ship the cargo in the hold of the vessel" travel by ship hire for work on a ship shipboard system a system designed to work as a coherent entity on board a naval ship ship canal a canal large enough for seagoing vessels shipping conveyance provided by the ships belonging to one country or industry shipping office the office of a shipping agent; an office where seamen are hired shipping room a room where goods are packaged and shipped ship-towed long-range acoustic detection system a shipboard system consisting of an acoustic detection system that is towed behind the ship shipwreck a wrecked ship (or a part of one) an accident that destroys a ship at sea an irretrievable loss; "that was the shipwreck of their romance" destroy a ship; "The vessel was shipwrecked" cause to experience shipwreck; "They were shipwrecked in one of the mysteries at sea" suffer failure, as in some enterprise ruin utterly; "You have shipwrecked my career" shipyard a workplace where ships are built or repaired shirt a garment worn on the upper half of the body put a shirt on shirt button a button on a shirt shirtdress a dress that is tailored like a shirt and has buttons all the way down the front shirtfront the front of a shirt (usually the part not covered by a jacket); "he had spilled catsup on his shirtfront" shirting any of various fabrics used to make men's shirts shirtsleeve the sleeve of a shirt shirttail fabric forming the tail of a shirt a brief addendum at the end of a newspaper article shirtwaist a blouse with buttons down the front; "in Britain they call a shirtwaist a shirtwaister" shiv a knife used as a weapon shock absorber a mechanical damper; absorbs energy of sudden impulses; "the old car needed a new set of shocks" shoe footwear shaped to fit the foot (below the ankle) with a flexible upper of leather or plastic and a sole and heel of heavier material (card games) a case from which playing cards are dealt one at a time furnish with shoes; "the children were well shoed" shoe bomb an explosive device concealed inside the heel and sole of a shoe shoebox an oblong rectangular (usually cardboard) box designed to hold a pair of shoes a structure resembling a shoebox (as a rectangular building or a cramped room or compartment) shoehorn a device used for easing the foot into a shoe fit for a specific purpose even when not well suited shoelace a lace used for fastening shoes shoe shop a shop where shoes are sold shoetree a wooden or metal device that is inserted into a shoe to preserve its shape when it is not being worn shofar an ancient musical horn made from the horn of a ram; used in ancient times by the Israelites to sound a warning or a summons; used in synagogues today on solemn occasions shoji a translucent screen made of a wooden frame covered with rice paper shoofly a child's rocking chair with the seat built between two flat sides that are shaped to resemble an animal (such as a swan or duck) an undercover police officer who investigates other policemen shook a disassembled barrel; the parts packed for storage or shipment shooting brake another name for a station wagon shooting gallery an enclosed firing range with targets for rifle or handgun practice a building (usually abandoned) where drug addicts buy and use heroin shooting lodge a small country house used by hunters during the shooting season shooting stick device that resembles a spiked walking stick but the top opens into a seat shop a mercantile establishment for the retail sale of goods or services; "he bought it at a shop on Cape Cod" do one's shopping; "She goes shopping every Friday" shop around; not necessarily buying; "I don't need help, I'm just browsing" shop bell a bell attached to the door of a small shop; warns the proprietor that a customer has entered the shop shop floor workplace consisting of the part of a factory housing the machines; "the productive work is done on the shop floor" shopfront the front side of a store facing the street; usually contains display windows shopping bag a bag made of plastic or strong paper (often with handles); used to transport goods after shopping shopping basket a handbasket used to carry goods while shopping shopping cart a handcart that holds groceries or other goods while shopping shore a beam or timber that is propped against a structure to provide support the land along the edge of a body of water serve as a shore to; "The river was shored by trees" short the location on a baseball field where the shortstop is stationed tending to crumble or break into flakes due to a large amount of shortening; "shortbread is a short crumbly cookie"; "a short flaky pie crust" (primarily spatial sense) having little length or lacking in length; "short skirts"; "short hair"; "the board was a foot short"; "a short toss" primarily temporal sense; indicating or being or seeming to be limited in duration; "a short life"; "a short flight"; "a short holiday"; "a short story"; "only a few short months" of speech sounds or syllables of relatively short duration; "the English vowel sounds in `pat', `pet', `pit', `pot', putt' are short" not holding securities or commodities that one sells in expectation of a fall in prices; "a short sale"; "short in cotton" lacking foresight or scope; "a short view of the problem"; "shortsighted policies"; "shortsighted critics derided the plan"; "myopic thinking" low in stature; not tall; "he was short and stocky"; "short in stature"; "a short smokestack"; "a little man" at a disadvantage; "I was caught short" so as to interrupt; "She took him up short before he could continue" at some point or distance before a goal is reached; "he fell short of our expectations" clean across; "the car's axle snapped short" without possessing something at the time it is contractually sold; "he made his fortune by selling short just before the crash" short circuit accidental contact between two points in an electric circuit that have a potential difference shortcut a route shorter than the usual one short iron an iron with a short shaft and pitched face; for hitting short high shots short line a transportation system that operates over relatively short distances short pants (used in the plural) trousers that end at or above the knee short sleeve a sleeve extending from the shoulder to the elbow shortwave diathermy machine a diathermy machine that uses short wave radiation as the source of heat shot glass a small glass adequate to hold a single swallow of whiskey shotgun firearm that is a double-barreled smoothbore shoulder weapon for firing shot at short ranges shotgun shell a shell containing lead shot; used in shotguns shot hole drill hole for a charge of an explosive shot tower tower of a kind once used to make shot; molten lead was poured through a sieve and dropped into water shoulder a narrow edge of land (usually unpaved) along the side of a road; "the car pulled off onto the shoulder" the part of a garment that covers or fits over the shoulder; "an ornamental gold braid on the shoulder of his uniform" the part of the body between the neck and the upper arm a ball-and-socket joint between the head of the humerus and a cavity of the scapula a cut of meat including the upper joint of the foreleg push with the shoulders; "He shouldered his way into the crowd" carry a burden, either real or metaphoric; "shoulder the burden" lift onto one's shoulders shoulder bag a large handbag that can be carried by a strap looped over the shoulder shoulder board epaulets that indicate rank shouldered arch an arch consisting of a horizontal lintel supported at each end by corbels that project into the aperture shoulder holster a holster worn over your shoulder so a gun can be concealed under your jacket shoulder pad protective garment consisting of a hard rounded pad worn by football players to protect their shoulders shoulder patch patch worn on the shoulder of a military uniform to indicate rank shovel a hand tool for lifting loose material; consists of a curved container or scoop and a handle a fire iron consisting of a small shovel used to scoop coals or ashes in a fireplace the quantity a shovel can hold dig with or as if with a shovel; "shovel sand"; "he shovelled in the backyard all afternoon long" shovel hat a stiff broad-brimmed hat with the brim turned up at the sides and projecting in front; worn by some clergymen in Britain showboat a river steamboat on which theatrical performances could be given (especially on the Mississippi River) shower cap a tight cap worn to keep hair dry while showering shower curtain a curtain that keeps water from splashing out of the shower area showerhead a perforated nozzle that showers water on a bather shower room a room with several showers shower stall booth for washing yourself, usually in a bathroom showroom an area where merchandise (such as cars) can be displayed; "in Britain a showroom is called a salesroom" shrapnel shell containing lead pellets that explodes in flight shredder a device that shreds documents (usually in order to prevent the wrong people from reading them) shrimper a vessel engaged in shrimping shrine a place of worship hallowed by association with some sacred thing or person shrink-wrap the clinging transparent plastic film that is used to shrinkwrap something shroud a line that suspends the harness from the canopy of a parachute wrap in a shroud; "shroud the corpses" cover as if with a shroud; "The origins of this civilization are shrouded in mystery" form a cover like a shroud; "Mist shrouded the castle" shunt implant consisting of a tube made of plastic or rubber; for draining fluids within the body a conductor having low resistance in parallel with another device to divert a fraction of the current a passage by which a bodily fluid (especially blood) is diverted from one channel to another; "an arteriovenus shunt" transfer to another track, of trains provide with or divert by means of an electrical shunt shunter a small locomotive used to move cars around but not to make trips shutter a hinged blind for a window a mechanical device on a camera that opens and closes to control the time of a photographic exposure close with shutters; "We shuttered the window to keep the house cool" shutting post the gatepost against which the gate closes shuttle bobbin that passes the weft thread between the warp threads public transport that consists of a bus or train or airplane that flies back and forth between two points travel back and forth between two points shuttle bus shuttle consisting of a bus that travels between two points shuttlecock badminton equipment consisting of a ball of cork or rubber with a crown of feathers send or toss to and fro, like a shuttlecock shuttle helicopter a helicopter that shuttles back and forth siamese an inlet with two or more couplings to which a hose can be attached so that fire engines can pump water into the sprinkler system of a building Sibley tent a light conical canvas tent erected on a tripod with ventilation at the top sick bag a bag provided on an airplane for passengers who are suffering from airsickness and need to vomit sickbay (nautical) a room for the treatment of the sick or injured (as on a ship) sickbed the bed on which a sick person lies sickle an edge tool for cutting grass or crops; has a curved blade and a short handle sickroom a room to which a sick person is confined side an extended outer surface of an object; "he turned the box over to examine the bottom side"; "they painted all four sides of the house" either the left or right half of a body; "he had a pain in his side" an aspect of something (as contrasted with some other implied aspect); "he was on the heavy side"; "he is on the purchasing side of the business"; "it brought out his better side" an opinion that is held in opposition to another in an argument or dispute; "there are two sides to every question" a lengthwise dressed half of an animal's carcass used for food a family line of descent; "he gets his brains from his father's side" one of two or more contesting groups; "the Confederate side was prepared to attack" a surface forming part of the outside of an object; "he examined all sides of the crystal"; "dew dripped from the face of the leaf"; "they travelled across the face of the continent" a line segment forming part of the perimeter of a plane figure; "the hypotenuse of a right triangle is always the longest side" a place within a region identified relative to a center or reference location; "they always sat on the right side of the church"; "he never left my side" take sides for or against; "Who are you siding with?"; "I'm siding against the current candidate" sideboard a board that forms part of the side of a bed or crib a removable board fitted on the side of a wagon to increase its capacity sidecar conveyance consisting of a small carrier attached to the side of a motorcycle a cocktail made of orange liqueur with lemon juice and brandy side chapel a small chapel off the side aisle of a church side door an exterior door at one side of a building sidelight light carried by a boat that indicates the boat's direction; vessels at night carry a red light on the port bow and a green light on the starboard bow sideline an auxiliary line of merchandise a line that marks the side boundary of a playing field remove from the center of activity or attention; place into an inferior position; "The outspoken cabinet member was sidelined by the President" side pocket a pocket on the side of a billiard table side road a minor road branching off of a main road sidesaddle a saddle for a woman; rider sits with both feet on the same side of the horse on or as if on a sidesaddle; "she rode sidesaddle" side street a street intersecting a main street and terminating there sidewalk walk consisting of a paved area for pedestrians; usually beside a street or roadway sidewall a wall that forms the side of a structure the side of an automobile tire; "the car had white sidewalls" side-wheeler a paddle steamer having a paddle wheel on each side side yard the grounds at either side of a house siding a short stretch of railroad track used to store rolling stock or enable trains on the same line to pass material applied to the outside of a building to make it weatherproof Siege Perilous the legendary seat at King Arthur's Round Table reserved for the knight who would find the Holy Grail; it was fatal for anyone else to sit in it Siegfried line German fortifications facing the Maginot Line sieve a strainer for separating lumps from powdered material or grading particles distinguish and separate out; "sift through the job candidates" check and sort carefully; "sift the information" sifter a household sieve (as for flour) sights an optical instrument for aiding the eye in aiming, as on a firearm or surveying instrument sight setting the adjustment of a gunsight for elevation and windage on a particular range under favorable light conditions sigmoidoscope an endoscope (a flexible fiberoptic probe) for examining the sigmoid colon signal box a building from which signals are sent to control the movements of railway trains signaling device a device used to send signals signboard structure displaying a board on which advertisements can be posted; "the highway was lined with signboards" signet a seal (especially one used to mark documents officially) signet ring a ring bearing a signet sildenafil virility drug (trade name Viagra) used to treat erectile dysfunction in men silencer a tubular acoustic device inserted in the exhaust system that is designed to reduce noise short tube attached to the muzzle of a gun that deadens the sound of firing silent butler a small receptacle with a handle and a hinged lid; used for collecting crumbs or ashes silesia a sturdy twill-weave cotton fabric; used for pockets and linings Silex a vacuum coffee maker silhouette a drawing of the outline of an object; filled in with some uniform color an outline of a solid object (as cast by its shadow) represent by a silhouette project on a background, such as a screen, like a silhouette silk a fabric made from the fine threads produced by certain insect larvae animal fibers produced by silkworms and other larvae that spin cocoons and by most spiders silks the brightly colored garments of a jockey; emblematic of the stable silkscreen a print made using a stencil process in which an image or design is superimposed on a very fine mesh screen and printing ink is squeegeed onto the printing surface through the area of the screen that is not covered by the stencil print by silkscreen sill structural member consisting of a continuous horizontal timber forming the lowest member of a framework or supporting structure (geology) a flat (usually horizontal) mass of igneous rock between two layers of older sedimentary rock silo a cylindrical tower used for storing silage military installation consisting of an underground structure where ballistic missiles can be stored and fired silver medal a trophy made of silver (or having the appearance of silver) that is usually awarded for winning second place in a competition silver mine a mine where silver ore is dug silver plate a thin layer of silver deposited on something tableware that is plated with silver silverpoint a drawing made on specially prepared paper with an instrument having a silver tip (15th and 16th centuries) silver protein a colloid preparation of protein (albumin or gelatin) and silver oxide; used in aqueous solution as an antibacterial agent silverware tableware made of silver or silver plate or pewter or stainless steel silverwork decorative work made of silver simple pendulum a hypothetical pendulum suspended by a weightless frictionless thread of constant length simulator a machine that simulates an environment for the purpose of training or research simvastatin an oral lipid-lowering medicine (trade name Zocor) administered to reduce blood cholesterol levels; recommended after heart attacks single bed a bed for one occupant single-breasted jacket a jacket having fronts that overlap only enough for a single row of buttons single-breasted suit a suit having a single-breasted jacket single crochet the basic crochet stitch make by single stitching single prop a propeller plane with a single propeller single-reed instrument a beating-reed instrument with a single reed (as a clarinet or saxophone) single-rotor helicopter a helicopter having a single rotor singlestick a stick used instead of a sword for fencing singlet a collarless men's undergarment for the upper part of the body singleton the playing card that is the only card in a suit held in a bridge hand as initially dealt a set containing a single member a single object (as distinguished from a pair) sink plumbing fixture consisting of a water basin fixed to a wall or floor and having a drainpipe (technology) a process that acts to absorb or remove energy or a substance from a system; "the ocean is a sink for carbon dioxide" descend into or as if into some soft substance or place; "He sank into bed"; "She subsided into the chair" pass into a specified state or condition; "He sank into nirvana" fall or descend to a lower place or level; "He sank to his knees" cause to sink; "The Japanese sank American ships in Pearl Harbor" go under; "The raft sank and its occupants drowned" sinusoidal projection an equal-area map projection showing parallels and the equator as straight lines and other meridians as curved; used to map tropical latitudes sister ship a ship that is one of two or more similar ships built at the same time Sistine Chapel the private chapel of the popes in Rome; it was built by and named after Sixtus IV in 1473 sitar a stringed instrument of India; has a long neck and movable frets; has 6 or 7 metal strings for playing and usually 13 resonating strings sitz bath a bathtub in which your buttocks and hips are immersed as if you were sitting in a chair and you bathe in a sitting position six-pack a carton containing six bottles or cans sixpenny nail a nail 2 inches long six-spot a playing card or domino or die whose upward face shows six pips size stick a mechanical measuring stick used by shoe fitters to measure the length and width of your foot skateboard a board with wheels that is ridden in a standing or crouching position and propelled by foot ride on a flat board with rollers attached to the bottom skeen arch an arch whose height is less than half its width skeg a brace that extends from the rear of the keel to support the rudderpost skein coils of worsted yarn skeleton the internal supporting structure that gives an artifact its shape; "the building has a steel skeleton" a scandal that is kept secret; "there must be a skeleton somewhere in that family's closet" something reduced to its minimal form; "the battalion was a mere skeleton of its former self"; "the bare skeleton of a novel" skeleton key a passkey with much of the bit filed away so that it can open different locks skep a domed beehive made of twisted straw a large round wicker basket (used on farms) sketch preliminary drawing for later elaboration; "he made several studies before starting to paint" short descriptive summary (of events) a brief literary description describe roughly or briefly or give the main points or summary of; "sketch the outline of the book"; "outline his ideas" make a sketch of; "sketch the building" sketchbook a book containing sheets of paper on which sketches can be drawn sketcher an implement for sketching someone who draws sketches sketch map a map drawn from observation (rather than from exact measurements) and representing the main features of an area skew arch an arch whose jambs are not at right angles with the face skewer a long pin for holding meat in position while it is being roasted drive a skewer through; "skewer the meat for the BBQ" ski narrow wood or metal or plastic runners used in pairs for gliding over snow move along on skis; "We love to ski the Rockies"; "My children don't ski" ski binding one of a pair of mechanical devices that are attached to a ski and that will grip a ski boot; the bindings should release in case of a fall skibob a vehicle resembling a bicycle but having skis instead of wheels; the rider wears short skis for balancing ski boot a stiff boot that is fastened to a ski with a ski binding ski cap a close-fitting woolen cap; often has a tapering tail with a tassel skidder a tractor used to haul logs over rough terrain a worker who uses a skid to move logs a person who slips or slides because of loss of traction skid lid a crash helmet skidpan a paved surface on which cars can be made to skid so that drivers can practice controlling them skid road a road made of logs on which freshly cut timber can be hauled the district of a town frequented by loggers skiff any of various small boats propelled by oars or by sails or by a motor ski jump a steep downward ramp from which skiers jump jump on skis ski lodge a hotel at a ski resort ski mask a woolen face mask to protect the face from cold while skiing on snow skin an outer surface (usually thin); "the skin of an airplane" a bag serving as a container for liquids; it is made from the hide of an animal a natural protective body covering and site of the sense of touch; "your skin is the largest organ of your body" a person's skin regarded as their life; "he tried to save his skin" strip the skin off; "pare apples" bruise, cut, or injure the skin or the surface of; "The boy skinned his knee when he fell" ski parka a parka to be worn while skiing ski-plane an airplane equipped with skis so it can land on a snowfield ski pole a pole with metal points used as an aid in skiing ski rack a carrier for holding skis on top of a vehicle skirt a garment hanging from the waist; worn mainly by girls and women cloth covering that forms the part of a garment below the waist pass around or about; move along the border; "The boat skirted the coast" form the edge of skirt of tasses armor plate that protects the body below the waist ski run trail or slope prepared for skiing ski tow a powered conveyance that carries skiers up a hill skivvies (used in the plural) men's underwear consisting of cotton undershirt and underpants skull and crossbones emblem warning of danger or death skullcap rounded brimless cap fitting the crown of the head a herbaceous plant of the genus Scutellaria which has a calyx that, when inverted, resembles a helmet with its visor raised skybox an elevated box for viewing events at a sports stadium skyhook a hook that is imagined to be suspended from the sky helicopter carrying a reel of steel cable that can be used to lift and transport heavy objects Skylab United States space station; in orbit from 1973 to 1979 skylight a window in a roof to admit daylight skyrocket sends a firework display high into the sky skysail the sail above the royal on a square-rigger skyscraper a very tall building with many stories skywalk an elevated walkway between buildings (usually enclosed) slab block consisting of a thick piece of something slack a cord or rope or cable that is hanging loosely; "he took up the slack" the quality of being loose (not taut); "he hadn't counted on the slackness of the rope" a stretch of water without current or movement; "suddenly they were in a slack and the water was motionless" dust consisting of a mixture of small coal fragments and coal dust and dirt that sifts out when coal is passed over a sieve cause to heat and crumble by treatment with water; "slack lime" make less active or fast; "He slackened his pace as he got tired"; "Don't relax your efforts now" release tension on; "slack the rope" be inattentive to, or neglect; "He slacks his attention" avoid responsibilities and work, be idle flowing with little speed as e.g. at the turning of the tide; "slack water" slacks (used in the plural) pants for casual wear slack suit casual dress consisting of slacks and matching jacket slapstick acoustic device consisting of two paddles hinged together; used by an actor to make a loud noise without inflicting injury when striking someone a boisterous comedy with chases and collisions and practical jokes characterized by horseplay and physical action; "slapstick style of humor" slasher a weapon (a sword or dagger) used for slashing someone who slashes another person slash pocket a pocket in a garment (usually below the waist) to which access is provided by a vertical or diagonal slit in the outside of the garment slat a thin strip (wood or metal) close the slats of (windows) equip or bar with slats; "Slat the windows" slate (formerly) a writing tablet made of slate a list of candidates nominated by a political party to run for election to public offices a fine-grained metamorphic rock that can be split into thin layers thin layers of rock used for roofing designate or schedule; "He slated his talk for 9 AM"; "She was slated to be his successor" cover with slate; "slate the roof" enter on a list or slate for an election; "He was slated for borough president" slate pencil a pencil of soft slate (or soapstone) used for writing on a slate slate roof a roof covered with slate slave market a marketplace where slaves were auctioned off (especially in the southern United States before the American Civil War) slave ship a ship used to transport slaves from their homes to places of bondage sled a vehicle mounted on runners and pulled by horses or dogs; for transportation over snow ride (on) a sled sleeping bag large padded bag designed to be slept in outdoors; usually rolls up like a bedroll sleeping car a passenger car that has berths for sleeping sleeping pill a soporific drug in the form of a pill (or tablet or capsule) sleeve the part of a garment that is attached at the armhole and that provides a cloth covering for the arm small case into which an object fits sleigh bed a bed with solid headboard and footboard that roll outward at the top sleigh bell a bell attached to a sleigh, or to the harness of a horse that is pulling a sleigh slice bar iron bar used to loosen and rake clinkers out of furnaces slicer knife especially designed for slicing particular foods, as cheese a machine for cutting; usually with a revolving blade a golfer whose shots typically curve right (for right-handed golfers) slick a trowel used to make a surface slick a film of oil or garbage floating on top of water a magazine printed on good quality paper give a smooth and glossy appearance; "slick one's hair" make slick or smooth made slick by e.g. ice or grease; "sidewalks slick with ice"; "roads are slickest when rain has just started and hasn't had time to wash away the oil" slide fastener a fastener for locking together two toothed edges by means of a sliding tab slide projector projector that projects an enlarged image of a slide onto a screen slide rule analog computer consisting of a handheld instrument used for rapid calculations; have been replaced by pocket calculators slide valve valve that opens and closes a passageway by sliding over a port sliding door a door that opens by sliding instead of swinging sliding seat rower's seat that slides fore and aft sliding window a window that opens by sliding horizontally sling bandage to support an injured forearm; consisting of a wide triangular piece of cloth hanging from around the neck a simple weapon consisting of a looped strap in which a projectile is whirled and then released a highball with liquor and water with sugar and lemon or lime juice hurl as if with a sling hold or carry in a sling; "he cannot button his shirt with his slinged arm" move with a sling; "sling the cargo onto the ship" hang loosely or freely; let swing slingback a shoe that has a strap that wraps around the heel slinger ring dispenser consisting of a tubular ring around the propeller hub of an airplane through which antifreeze solution is spread over the blades slingshot a plaything consisting of a Y-shaped stick with elastic between the arms; used to propel small stones slip clutch a friction clutch that will slip when the torque is too great slip coach a railway car at the end of the train; it can be detached without stopping the train slipcover a removable fitted cloth covering for upholstered furniture slip-joint pliers pliers with a joint adjustable to two positions in order to increase the opening of the jaws slipknot a knot at the end of a cord or rope that can slip along the cord or rope around which it is made slip-on an article of clothing (garment or shoe) that is easily slipped on or off slipper low footwear that can be slipped on and off easily; usually worn indoors slip ring connection consisting of a metal ring on a rotating part of a machine; provides a continuous electrical connection through brushes on stationary contacts slip stitch a loose stitch catching only a thread or two of fabric; designed to be invisible from the right side slit a long narrow opening a narrow fissure cut a slit into; "slit the throat of the victim" make a clean cut through; "slit her throat" slit lamp (ophthalmology) a lamp that emits a narrow but intense beam of light that enables an ophthalmologist, using a microscope, to view the retina and optic nerve slit trench narrow trench for shelter in battle sloop a sailing vessel with a single mast set about one third of the boat's length aft of the bow sloop of war a sailing or steam warship having cannons on only one deck slop basin a bowl into which the dregs of teacups and coffee cups are emptied at the table slop chest commissary maintained aboard merchant ships to sell merchandise to the crew slop pail a large pail used to receive waste water from a washbasin or chamber pot slops cheap clothing (as formerly issued to sailors in Britain) slopshop a store that sells cheap ready-made clothing slot a small slit (as for inserting a coin or depositing mail); "he put a quarter in the slot" a slot machine that is used for gambling; "they spend hours and hours just playing the slots" (computer) a socket in a microcomputer that will accept a plug-in circuit board; "the PC had three slots for additional memory" a position in a grammatical linguistic construction in which a variety of alternative units are interchangeable; "he developed a version of slot grammar" the trail of an animal (especially a deer); "he followed the deer's slot over the soft turf to the edge of the trees" a position in a hierarchy or organization; "Bob Dylan occupied the top slot for several weeks"; "she beat some tough competition for the number one slot" assign a time slot; "slot a television program" slot machine a machine that is operated by the insertion of a coin in a slot slow lane the traffic lane for vehicles that are moving slowly slow match match or fuse made to burn slowly and evenly sluice conduit that carries a rapid flow of water controlled by a sluicegate irrigate with water from a sluice; "sluice the earth" draw through a sluice; "sluice water" transport in or send down a sluice; "sluice logs" pour as if from a sluice; "An aggressive tide sluiced across the barrier reef" sluicegate regulator consisting of a valve or gate that controls the rate of water flow through a sluice small boat a boat that is small small computer system interface interface consisting of a standard port between a computer and its peripherals that is used in some computers small ship a ship that is small small stores personal items conforming to regulations that are sold aboard ship or at a naval base and charged to the person's pay small stuff any light rope used on shipboard smart bomb a bomb that can be guided (by a laser beam or radio) to its target; "smart bombs have revolutionized aerial bombardment" smelling bottle a bottle containing smelling salts smelter an industrial plant for smelting smocking embroidery consisting of ornamental needlework on a garment that is made by gathering the cloth tightly in stitches smoke bomb a bomb that gives off thick smoke when it explodes; used to make a smoke screen or to mark a position smoke hole a vent (as in a roof) for smoke to escape smokehouse a small house where smoke is used to cure meat or fish smoker a passenger car for passengers who wish to smoke a person who smokes tobacco smokestack a large tall chimney through which combustion gases and smoke can be evacuated smoking mixture a blend of tobaccos to be smoked in a pipe smoking room room in a hotel or club set apart for smokers smoothbore a firearm that has no rifling smooth plane a small plane for finish work snack bar usually inexpensive bar snaffle a simple jointed bit for a horse; without a curb fit or restrain with a snaffle; "snaffle a horse" snap brim a brim that can be turned up and down on opposite sides snap-brim hat a hat with a snap brim snapshot an informal photograph; usually made with a small hand-held camera; "my snapshots haven't been developed yet"; "he tried to get unposed shots of his friends" snare a trap for birds or small mammals; often has a slip noose strings stretched across the lower head of a snare drum; they make a rattling sound when the drum is hit a surgical instrument consisting of wire hoop that can be drawn tight around the base of polyps or small tumors to sever them; used especially in body cavities snare drum a small drum with two heads and a snare stretched across the lower head snatch block a pulley-block that can be opened to receive the bight of a rope Snellen chart display consisting of a printed card with letters and numbers in lines of decreasing size; used to test visual acuity snifter a globular glass with a small top; used for serving brandy snip a small piece of anything (especially a piece that has been snipped off) cultivate, tend, and cut back the growth of; "dress the plants in the garden" sniper rifle an extremely powerful rifle developed for the military; capable of destroying light armored vehicles and aircraft more than a mile away snips (plural) hand shears for cutting sheet metal Sno-cat a kind of snowmobile snood an ornamental net in the shape of a bag that confines a woman's hair; pins or ties at the back of the head snorkel air passage provided by a retractable device containing intake and exhaust pipes; permits a submarine to stay submerged for extended periods of time breathing device consisting of a bent tube fitting into a swimmer's mouth and extending above the surface; allows swimmer to breathe while face down in the water dive with a snorkel snorter something that is extraordinary or remarkable or prominent; "a snorter of a sermon"; "the storm wasn't long but it was a snorter" something outstandingly difficult; "the problem was a real snorter" someone who expresses contempt or indignation by uttering a snorting sound snowball snow pressed into a ball for throwing (playfully) ball of crushed ice with fruit syrup ball of ice cream covered with coconut and usually chocolate sauce plant having heads of fragrant white trumpet-shaped flowers; grows in sandy arid regions increase or accumulate at a rapidly accelerating rate throw snowballs at snowbank a mound or heap of snow snowboard a board that resembles a broad ski or a small surfboard; used in a standing position to slide down snow-covered slopes glide down a snow-covered slope while standing on a board; "The children love to snowboard in winter" snowman a figure of a person made of packed snow snowmobile tracked vehicle for travel on snow having skis in front ride a snowmobile snowplow a vehicle used to push snow from roads snowshoe a device to help you walk on deep snow; a lightweight frame shaped like a racquet is strengthened with cross pieces and contains a network of thongs; one is worn on each foot travel on snowshoes; "After a heavy snowfall, we have to snowshoe to the grocery store" snowsuit a child's overgarment for cold weather snow thrower a machine that removes snow by scooping it up and throwing it forcefully through a chute snow tire an automobile pneumatic tire with deep tread to give traction in snow snuff finely powdered tobacco for sniffing up the nose a pinch of smokeless tobacco inhaled at a single time the charred portion of a candlewick inhale (something) through the nose; "snuff coke" sniff or smell inquiringly snuff colored; of a greyish to yellowish brown snuffbox a small ornamental box for carrying snuff in your pocket snuffer a cone-shaped implement with a handle; for extinguishing candles a person who uses snuff a person who snuffs out candles snuffers scissors for cropping and holding the snuff of a candlewick soap a cleansing agent made from the salts of vegetable or animal fats street names for gamma hydroxybutyrate money offered as a bribe rub soap all over, usually with the purpose of cleaning soapbox a crate for packing soap soap dish a bathroom or kitchen fixture for holding a bar of soap soap dispenser dispenser of liquid soap soap film a film left on objects after they have been washed in soap soap flakes soap that has been cut into flakes to make suds faster soap pad a cleaning pad containing soap soap powder soap in powdered form mixed with alkaline builders soccer ball an inflated ball used in playing soccer sock hosiery consisting of a cloth covering for the foot; worn inside the shoe; reaches to between the ankle and the knee hit hard socket a receptacle into which an electric device can be inserted receptacle where something (a pipe or probe or end of a bone) is inserted a bony hollow into which a structure fits socket wrench a wrench with a handle onto which sockets of different sizes can be fitted socle a plain plinth that supports a wall soda can a can for holding soft drinks soda fountain an apparatus for dispensing soda water a counter where ice cream and sodas and sundaes are prepared and served sod house a house built of sod or adobe laid in horizontal courses sodium salicylate a crystalline salt used as an analgesic and antipyretic sodium thiopental a long-acting barbiturate used as a sedative sodium-vapor lamp lamp in which an electric current passed through a tube of sodium vapor makes a yellow light; used is street lighting sofa an upholstered seat for more than one person soffit the underside of a part of a building (such as an arch or overhang or beam etc.) soft drug a drug of abuse that is considered relatively mild and not likely to cause addiction soft pedal a pedal on a piano that moves the action closer to the strings and so soften the sound soft soap a soft (or liquid) soap made from vegetable oils; used in certain skin diseases software package merchandise consisting of a computer program that is offered for sale soil pipe drain that conveys liquid waste from toilets, etc. solar array electrical device consisting of a large array of connected solar cells solar cell a cell that converts solar energy into electrical energy solar dish a concave mirror that concentrates the rays of the sun; can produce high temperatures solar heater a heater that makes direct use of solar energy solar house a house designed to use solar radiation for heating; usually has large areas of glass in front of heat-absorbing materials solar telescope a telescope designed to make observations of the sun solar thermal system a system that converts sunlight into heat soldering iron a hand tool with a heatable tip; used to melt and apply solder solenoid a coil of wire around an iron core; becomes a magnet when current passes through the coil solleret armor plate that protects the foot; consists of mail with a solid toe and heel sombrero a straw hat with a tall crown and broad brim; worn in American southwest and in Mexico sonar a measuring instrument that sends out an acoustic pulse in water and measures distances in terms of the time for the echo of the pulse to return; "sonar is an acronym for sound navigation ranging"; "asdic is an acronym for antisubmarine detection investigation committee" sonic depth finder depth finder for determining depth of water or a submerged object by means of ultrasound waves sonogram an image of a structure that is produced by ultrasonography (reflections of high-frequency sound waves); used to observe fetal growth or to study bodily organs sonograph an instrument that uses the differential transmission and reflection of ultrasonic waves in order to provide an image of a bodily organ soothing syrup medicine in the form of a syrup that has a calming effect soporific a drug that induces sleep sleep inducing sorter a machine for sorting things (such as punched cards or letters) into classes a clerk who sorts things (as letters at the post office) souk an open-air market in an Arabian city sound bow contact (the part of a bell) against which the clapper strikes soundbox a resonating chamber in a musical instrument (as the body of a violin) sound camera a movie camera that records sounds in synchrony with the visual images sounder a device for making soundings sound film motion-picture film with sound effects and dialogue recorded on it sound hole a hole in a soundboard (as of a violin) designed to resonate with the tones sounding board (music) resonator consisting of a thin board whose vibrations reinforce the sound of the instrument a person whose reactions to something serve as an indication of its acceptability; "I would use newspapermen as a sounding board for such policies" sounding lead a metal bob at the end of a sounding line sounding rocket a research rocket used to obtain information about the atmosphere at various altitudes sound recording a recording of acoustic signals sound spectrograph a spectrograph for acoustic spectra soundtrack sound recording on a narrow strip of a motion picture film sound truck a truck equipped with a loudspeaker and used for advertising soup bowl a bowl for serving soup soup ladle a ladle for serving soup soup plate a deep plate with a wide rim soupspoon a spoon with a rounded bowl for eating soup source a facility where something is available anything that provides inspiration for later work a document (or organization) from which information is obtained; "the reporter had two sources for the story" (technology) a process by which energy or a substance enters a system; "a heat source"; "a source of carbon dioxide" specify the origin of; "The writer carefully sourced her report" get (a product) from another country or business; "She sourced a supply of carpet"; "They are sourcing from smaller companies" source of illumination any device serving as a source of visible electromagnetic radiation sourdine an organ stop resulting in a soft muted sound a mute for a violin soutache a narrow braid used as a decorative trimming soutane a long cassock with buttons down the front; worn by Roman Catholic priests sou'wester waterproof hat with wide slanting brim longer in back than in front soybean future soybeans bought or sold at an agreed price for delivery at a specified future date space bar the bar-shaped typewriter key that introduces spaces when used space capsule a spacecraft designed to transport people and support human life in outer space spacecraft a craft capable of traveling in outer space; technically, a satellite around the sun space heater heater consisting of a self-contained (usually portable) unit to warm a room space helmet a helmet worn by astronauts while in outer space Space Needle a tower 605 feet tall in Seattle; a tourist attraction space probe a rocket-propelled guided missile that can escape the earth's atmosphere; makes observations of the solar system that cannot be made by terrestrial observation space rocket a rocket powerful enough to travel into outer space space shuttle a reusable spacecraft with wings for a controlled descent through the Earth's atmosphere space station a manned artificial satellite in a fixed orbit designed for scientific research spacesuit a pressure suit worn by astronauts while in outer space spade a sturdy hand shovel that can be pushed into the earth with the foot a playing card in the major suit that has one or more black figures on it; "she led a low spade"; "spades were trumps" dig (up) with a spade; "I spade compost into the flower beds" spade bit a thin bit with a center point and cutting edges on either side spaghetti junction a complicated highway interchange with multiple overpasses Spandau a German machine gun spandex an elastic synthetic fabric spandrel an approximately triangular surface area between two adjacent arches and the horizontal plane above them spanker a fore-and-aft sail set on the aftermost lower mast (usually the mizzenmast) of a vessel spare part an extra component of a machine or other apparatus sparge pipe a horizontal pipe having fine holes drilled throughout its length so as to deliver a spray of water spark arrester a wire net to stop sparks from an open fireplace or smokestack electrical device to reduce sparking when electrical contacts are opened or closed spark chamber an instrument that detects ionizing radiation from elementary particles spark coil an induction coil used to create sparks spark gap the gap between two high-potential terminals a component of an ignition system; consists of two shaped electrodes and the space between them sparkler a firework that burns slowly and throws out a shower of sparks spark lever (on early automobiles) a lever mounted on the steering column and used to adjust the timing of the ignition spark plug electrical device that fits into the cylinder head of an internal-combustion engine and ignites the gas by means of an electric spark sparkplug wrench a wrench for removing or tightening spark plugs into the cylinder head of an internal combustion engine spark transmitter an early radio transmitter using a discharge across a spark gap as the source of its power spatula a hand tool with a thin flexible blade used to mix or spread soft substances a turner with a narrow flexible blade speakeasy (during prohibition) an illegal barroom speakerphone a telephone with a microphone and loudspeaker; can be used without picking up a handset; several people can participate in a call at the same time speaking trumpet a trumpet-shaped acoustic device to intensify and direct the human voice; formerly held to the ear by a hard-of-hearing person speaking tube a tube for conveying the sound of a voice from one room to another spear a long pointed rod used as a tool or weapon an implement with a shaft and barbed point used for catching fish pierce with a spear; "spear fish" thrust up like a spear; "The branch speared up into the air" spearhead the head and sharpened point of a spear the leading military unit in an attack someone who leads or initiates an activity (attack or campaign etc.) be the leader of; "She spearheaded the effort to find a cure for the disease" specialty store a store that sells only one kind of merchandise specific a medicine that has a mitigating effect on a specific disease; "quinine is a specific for malaria" stated explicitly or in detail; "needed a specific amount" (sometimes followed by `to') applying to or characterized by or distinguishing something particular or special or unique; "rules with specific application"; "demands specific to the job"; "a specific and detailed account of the accident" being or affecting a disease produced by a particular microorganism or condition; used also of stains or dyes used in making microscope slides; "quinine is highly specific for malaria"; "a specific remedy"; "a specific stain is one having a specific affinity for particular structural elements" relating to or distinguishing or constituting a taxonomic species; "specific characters" specimen bottle a bottle for holding urine specimens spectacles (plural) optical instrument consisting of a frame that holds a pair of lenses for correcting defective vision spectator pump a woman's pump with medium heel; usually in contrasting colors for toe and heel spectinomycin an antibiotic used to treat gonorrhea spectrogram a photographic record of a spectrum spectrograph a spectroscope by which spectra can be photographed spectrophotometer a photometer for comparing two light radiations wavelength by wavelength spectroscope an optical instrument for spectrographic analysis speculum a medical instrument for dilating a bodily passage or cavity in order to examine the interior a mirror (especially one made of polished metal) for use in an optical instrument speedboat a fast motorboat speed bump a hindrance to speeding created by a crosswise ridge in the surface of a roadway speedometer a meter fixed to a vehicle that measures and displays its speed speed skate an ice skate with a long blade; worn for racing race on skates speedway a racetrack for racing automobiles or motorcycles road where high speed driving is allowed sperm bank a depository for storing sperm spermicide a contraceptive agent that kills spermatozoa sphere any spherically shaped artifact the geographical area in which one nation is very influential a three-dimensional closed surface such that every point on the surface is equidistant from the center a solid figure bounded by a spherical surface (including the space it encloses) a particular environment or walk of life; "his social sphere is limited"; "it was a closed area of employment"; "he's out of my orbit" spherometer a measuring instrument for measuring the curvature of a surface sphinx one of a number of large stone statues with the body of a lion and the head of a man that were built by the ancient Egyptians an inscrutable person who keeps his thoughts and intentions secret sphygmomanometer a pressure gauge for measuring blood pressure spicemill a mill for grinding spices spice rack a rack for displaying containers filled with spices spider web a web spun by spiders to trap insect prey a web resembling the webs spun by spiders spike sports equipment consisting of a sharp point on the sole of a shoe worn by athletes; "spikes provide greater traction" a large stout nail; "they used spikes to fasten the rails to a railroad tie" any holding device consisting of a rigid, sharp-pointed object; "the spike pierced the receipts and held them in order" a long, thin sharp-pointed implement (wood or metal); "one of the spikes impaled him" a sharp-pointed projection along the top of a fence or wall (or a dinosaur) each of the sharp points on the soles of athletic shoes to prevent slipping (or the shoes themselves); "the second baseman sharpened his spikes before every game"; "golfers' spikes damage the putting greens" a transient variation in voltage or current a sharp rise followed by a sharp decline; "the seismograph showed a sharp spike in response to the temblor" (botany) an indeterminate inflorescence bearing sessile flowers on an unbranched axis manifest a sharp increase; "the voltage spiked" add alcohol to (beverages); "the punch is spiked!" bring forth a spike or spikes; "my hyacinths and orchids are spiking now" secure with spikes stand in the way of spike heel a very high narrow heel on women's shoes spike microphone a contact microphone for listening through walls spillway a channel that carries excess water over or around a dam or other obstruction spinal anesthetic an anesthetic that is injected into the spine spindle a stick or pin used to twist the yarn in spinning any of various rotating shafts that serve as axes for larger rotating parts a piece of wood that has been turned on a lathe; used as a baluster, chair leg, etc. (biology) tiny fibers that are seen in cell division; the fibers radiate from two poles and meet at the equator in the middle; "chromosomes are distributed by spindles in mitosis and meiosis" spin dryer a clothes dryer that uses centrifugal motion to dry the clothes that are put into it spinet early model harpsichord with only one string per note a small and compactly built upright piano spinnaker a large and usually triangular headsail; carried by a yacht as a headsail when running before the wind spinner fisherman's lure; revolves when drawn through the water board game equipment that consists of a dial and an arrow that is spun to determine the next move in the game someone who spins (who twists fibers into threads) spinning frame spinning machine that draws, twists, and winds yarn spinning jenny an early spinning machine with multiple spindles spinning machine a textile machine for spinning yarn and thread spinning rod a fishing rod designed for casting a spinning lure spinning wheel a small domestic spinning machine with a single spindle that is driven by hand or foot spiral bandage an oblique bandage in which successive turns overlap preceding turns spiral ratchet screwdriver a screwdriver with a ratchet (so the blade turns in only one direction) and a spiral in the handle (so the blade rotates) with downward pressure on the handle spiral spring a spring that is wound like a spiral spirit lamp a lamp that burns a volatile liquid fuel such as alcohol spirit stove a stove that burns a volatile liquid fuel such as alcohol spirogram a recording of breathing made with a spirograph spirograph a measuring instrument for recording the depth and rapidity of breathing movements spirometer a measuring instrument for measuring the vital capacity of the lungs spittoon a receptacle for spit (usually in a public place) splashboard protective covering consisting of a panel to protect people from the splashing water or mud etc. splasher a protective covering over or beside a wheel to protect the upper part of a vehicle from splashes of mud splat a slat of wood in the middle of the back of a straight chair a single splash; "he heard a splat as it hit the floor" flatten on impact; "The snowballs splatted on the trees" split open and flatten for cooking; "splat fish over an open fire" give off the sound of a bullet flattening on impact splay an outward bevel around a door or window that makes it seem larger spread open or apart; "He splayed his huge hands over the table" turned outward in an ungainly manner; "splay knees" splice a junction where two things (as paper or film or magnetic tape) have been joined together; "the break was due to an imperfect splice" join by interweaving strands; "Splice the wires" join together so as to form new genetic combinations; "splice genes" join the ends of; "splice film" splicer a mechanical device for joining two pieces of paper or film or magnetic tape a worker who splices ropes together by interweaving strands a woodworker who joins pieces of wood with a splice spline a flexible strip (wood or rubber) used in drawing curved lines splint an orthopedic mechanical device used to immobilize and protect a part of the body (as a broken leg) a thin sliver of wood; "he lit the fire with a burning splint" support with a splint; "splint a broken finger" split rail a rail that is split from a log Spode a brand of fine English porcelain English potter who started a pottery famous for its bone china (1754-1827) spoiler a hinged airfoil on the upper surface of an aircraft wing that is raised to reduce lift and increase drag an airfoil mounted on the rear of a car to reduce lift at high speeds a candidate with no chance of winning but who may draw enough votes to prevent one of the leading candidates from winning spoke support consisting of a radial member of a wheel joining the hub to the rim spokeshave a small plane that has a handle on each side of its blade; used for shaping or smoothing cylindrical wooden surfaces (originally wheel spokes) sponge cloth any soft porous fabric (especially in a loose honeycomb weave) sponge mop a wet mop with a sponge as the absorbent spoon a piece of cutlery with a shallow bowl-shaped container and a handle; used to stir or serve or take up food formerly a golfing wood with an elevated face as much as a spoon will hold; "he added two spoons of sugar" scoop up or take up with a spoon; "spoon the sauce over the roast" Spork trademark for a plastic eating utensil that has both tines and a bowl like a spoon sporran a fur or leather pouch worn at the front of the kilt as part of the traditional dress of Scottish Highlanders sporting goods sports equipment sold as a commodity sport kite a maneuverable kite controlled by two lines and flown with both hands sports car a small low car with a high-powered engine; usually seats two persons sports equipment equipment needed to participate in a particular sport sports implement an implement used in a sport sportswear attire worn for sport or for casual wear sport utility a high-performance four-wheel drive car built on a truck chassis spot a business establishment for entertainment; "night spot" a playing card with a specified number of pips on it to indicate its value; "an eight-spot" a small contrasting part of something; "a bald spot"; "a leopard's spots"; "a patch of clouds"; "patches of thin ice"; "a fleck of red" a section of an entertainment that is assigned to a specific performer or performance; "they changed his spot on the program" a short section or illustration (as between radio or tv programs or in a magazine) that is often used for advertising a mark on a die or on a playing card (shape depending on the suit) a small piece or quantity of something; "a spot of tea"; "a bit of paper"; "a bit of lint"; "I gave him a bit of my mind" mark with a spot or spots so as to allow easy recognition; "spot the areas that one should clearly identify" become spotted; "This dress spots quickly" make a spot or mark onto; "The wine spotted the tablecloth" detect with the senses; "The fleeing convicts were picked out of the darkness by the watchful prison guards"; "I can't make out the faces in this photograph" spotlight a lamp that produces a strong beam of light to illuminate a restricted area; used to focus attention of a stage performer illuminate with a spotlight, as in the theater spot market a market in which a commodity is bought or sold for immediate delivery or delivery in the very near future spot weld each of the welds made by welding at a separate point spout an opening that allows the passage of liquids or grain sprag a chock or bar wedged under a wheel or between the spokes to prevent a vehicle from rolling down an incline spray flower arrangement consisting of a single branch or shoot bearing flowers and foliage a jet of vapor a quantity of small objects flying through the air; "a spray of bullets" a pesticide in suspension or solution; intended for spraying water in small drops in the atmosphere; blown from waves or thrown up by a waterfall scatter in a mass or jet of droplets; "spray water on someone"; "spray paint on the wall" cover by spraying with a liquid; "spray the wall with paint" be discharged in sprays of liquid; "Water sprayed all over the floor" spray gun an applicator resembling a gun for applying liquid substances (as paint) in the form of a spray spray paint paint applied with a spray gun spreader a hand tool for spreading something; "he used his knife as a spreader" sprig an ornament that resembles a spray of leaves or flowers spring a metal elastic device that returns to its shape or position when pushed or pulled or pressed; "the spring was broken" a point at which water issues forth a natural flow of ground water the season of growth; "the emerging buds were a sure sign of spring"; "he will hold office until the spring of next year" develop suddenly; "The tire sprang a leak" produce or disclose suddenly or unexpectedly; "He sprang these news on me just as I was leaving" spring balance a balance that measure weight by the tension on a helical spring spring mattress a mattress containing springs in a rigid frame sprinkler mechanical device that attaches to a garden hose for watering lawn or garden sprinkler system a system for extinguishing fires; water from a network of overhead pipes is released through nozzles that open automatically with the rise in temperature sprit a light spar that crosses a fore-and-aft sail diagonally spritsail a fore-and-aft sail extended by a sprit sprocket thin wheel with teeth that engage with a chain roller that has teeth on the rims to pull film or paper through spud a sharp hand shovel for digging out roots and weeds initiate drilling operations, as for petroleum; "The well was spudded in April" spun yarn (nautical) small stuff consisting of a lightweight rope made of several rope yarns loosely wound together spur a sharp prod fixed to a rider's heel and used to urge a horse onward; "cowboys know not to squat with their spurs on" tubular extension at the base of the corolla in some flowers any sharply pointed projection goad with spurs; "the rider spurred his horse" equip with spurs; "spur horses" strike with a spur give heart or courage to incite or stimulate; "The Academy was formed to spur research" spur gear gear wheels that mesh in the same plane sputnik a Russian artificial satellite; "Sputnik was the first man-made satellite to orbit the earth" spy satellite a satellite with sensors to detect nuclear explosions squad room a room in a barracks where soldiers are billeted a room in a police station where members of the force assemble for roll call and duty assignments square a hand tool consisting of two straight arms at right angles; used to construct or test right angles; "the carpenter who built this room must have lost his square" any artifact having a shape similar to a plane geometric figure with four equal sides and four right angles; "a checkerboard has 64 squares" a formal and conservative person with old-fashioned views someone who doesn't understand what is going on the product of two equal terms; "nine is the second power of three"; "gravity is inversely proportional to the square of the distance" (geometry) a plane rectangle with four equal sides and four right angles; a four-sided regular polygon; "you can compute the area of a square if you know the length of its sides" something approximating the shape of a square make square; "Square the circle"; "square the wood with a file" raise to the second power position so as to be square; "He squared his shoulders" pay someone and settle a debt; "I squared with him" be compatible with; "one idea squares with another" cause to match, as of ideas or acts rigidly conventional or old-fashioned having four equal sides and four right angles or forming a right angle; "a square peg in a round hole"; "a square corner" square knot a double knot made of two half hitches and used to join the ends of two cords square nut nut with a square shape square-rigger a square-rigged sailing ship square sail a four-sided sail set beneath a horizontal yard suspended at the middle from a mast squash ball rubber ball used in playing squash squash court the indoor court in which squash is played squash racket a small racket with a long handle used for playing squash squawk box the loudspeaker on an intercom or public address system squeaker any artifact that makes a squeaking sound when used; "those sneakers are squeakers"; "which hinge is the squeaker?" squeegee T-shaped cleaning implement with a rubber edge across the top; drawn across a surface to remove water (as in washing windows) wipe with a squeegee; "squeegee the windows" squeezer a kitchen utensil for squeezing juice from fruit squelch circuit an electric circuit that cuts off a receiver when the signal becomes weaker than the noise squib firework consisting of a tube filled with powder (as a broken firecracker) that burns with a fizzing noise saquinavir a weak protease inhibitor (trade name Invirase) used in treating HIV squinch a small arch built across the interior angle of two walls (usually to support a spire) crouch down squirrel cage cage with a cylindrical framework that rotates as a small animal runs inside it stabile a sculpture having fixed units (usually constructed of sheet metal) and attached to a fixed support (chemistry, physics, biology) resistant to change stabilizer a device for making something stable airfoil consisting of a device for stabilizing an aircraft a chemical that is added to a solution or mixture or suspension to maintain it in a stable or unchanging state stabilizer bar a rigid metal bar between the front suspensions and between the rear suspensions of cars and trucks; serves to stabilize the chassis stable a farm building for housing horses or other livestock shelter in a stable; "stable horses" maintaining equilibrium not taking part readily in chemical change firm and dependable; subject to little fluctuation; "the economy is stable" resistant to change of position or condition; "a stable ladder"; "a stable peace"; "a stable relationship"; "stable prices" stable gear gear for a horse stabling accommodation for animals (especially for horses) stacked heel a heel made of many layers of leather stacks storage space in a library consisting of an extensive arrangement of bookshelves where most of the books are stored staddle a base or platform on which hay or corn is stacked stadium a large structure for open-air sports or entertainments staff a strong rod or stick with a specialized utilitarian purpose; "he walked with the help of a wooden staff" (music) the system of five horizontal lines on which the musical notes are written a rod carried as a symbol the body of teachers and administrators at a school; "the dean addressed the letter to the entire staff of the university" personnel who assist their superior in carrying out an assigned task; "the hospital has an excellent nursing staff"; "the general relied on his staff to make routine decisions" building material consisting of plaster and hair; used to cover external surfaces of temporary structure (as at an exposition) or for decoration provide with staff; "This position is not always staffed" serve on the staff of; "The two men staff the reception desk" stagecoach a large coach-and-four formerly used to carry passengers and mail on regular routes between towns; "we went out of town together by stage about ten or twelve miles" stage door an entrance to the backstage area of theater; used by performers and other theater personnel stage set representation consisting of the scenery and other properties used to identify the location of a dramatic production; "the sets were meticulously authentic" stained-glass window a window made of stained glass stair-carpet a strip of carpet for laying on stairs stairhead platform at the top of a staircase stair-rod a rod that holds a stair-carpet in the angle between two steps stairs a flight of stairs or a flight of steps stairway a way of access (upward and downward) consisting of a set of steps stairwell a vertical well around which there is a stairway stake a strong wooden or metal post with a point at one end so it can be driven into the ground instrument of execution consisting of a vertical post that a victim is tied to for burning the money risked on a gamble mark with a stake; "stake out the path" tie or fasten to a stake; "stake your goat" stall bar a gymnastic apparatus used for strengthening exercises; uprights fastened to a wall and connected by horizontal rungs stammel a coarse woolen cloth formerly used for undergarments and usually dyed bright red stamp a block or die used to imprint a mark or design machine consisting of a heavy bar that moves vertically for pounding or crushing ores a symbol that is the result of printing or engraving; "he put his stamp on the envelope" a type or class; "more men of his stamp are needed" destroy or extinguish as if by stamping with the foot; "Stamp fascism into submission"; "stamp out tyranny" to mark, or produce an imprint in or on something; "a man whose name is permanently stamped on our maps" affix a stamp to; "Are the letters properly stamped?" crush or grind with a heavy instrument; "stamp fruit extract the juice" form or cut out with a mold, form, or die; "stamp needles" reveal clearly as having a certain character; "His playing stamps him as a Romantic" stamp album an album for stamps stamp mill a mill in which ore is crushed with stamps stamping machine a power tool that stamps; "a metal stamper" stanchion any vertical post or rod used as a support standard any distinctive flag an upright pole or beam (especially one used as a support); "distance was marked by standards every mile"; "lamps supported on standards provided illumination" a basis for comparison; a reference point against which other things can be evaluated; "the schools comply with federal standards"; "they set the measure for all subsequent work" the value behind the money in a monetary system a board measure = 1980 board feet commonly used or supplied; "standard procedure"; "standard car equipment" regularly and widely used or sold; "a standard size"; "a stock item" established or well-known or widely recognized as a model of authority or excellence; "a standard reference work"; "the classical argument between free trade and protectionism" conforming to or constituting a standard of measurement or value; or of the usual or regularized or accepted kind; "windows of standard width"; "standard sizes"; "the standard fixtures"; "standard brands"; "standard operating procedure" conforming to the established language usage of educated native speakers; "standard English" (American); "received standard English is sometimes called the King's English" (British) standard cell a primary cell used as a standard of electromotive force standard gauge railroad track having the standard width of 56.5 inches standard transmission a transmission that is operated manually with a gear lever and a clutch pedal standby something that can be relied on when needed ready for emergency use; "a standby generator"; "a standby crew" standee a lifesize cardboard cutout (usually of a celebrity); "he had his picture taken with a standee of the president" someone who stands in a place where one might otherwise sit (as a spectator who uses standing room in a theater or a passenger on a crowded bus or train); "the allowed number of standees is posted" standing press a large printing press that exerts pressure vertically standing room room for passengers or spectators to stand; "there was standing room for thousands more people" standpipe a vertical pipe St. Andrew's cross a cross resembling the letter x, with diagonal bars of equal length Stanford University a university in California stanhope a light open horse-drawn carriage with two or four wheels and one seat Stanley Steamer a steam-powered automobile staple paper fastener consisting of a short length of U-shaped wire that can fasten papers together a short U-shaped wire nail for securing cables a natural fiber (raw cotton, wool, hemp, flax) that can be twisted to form yarn; "staple fibers vary widely in length" secure or fasten with a staple or staples; "staple the papers together" necessary or important, especially regarding food or commodities; "wheat is a staple crop" staple gun a hand-held machine for driving staples home stapler a machine that inserts staples into sheets of paper in order to fasten them together starboard the right side of a ship or aircraft to someone who is aboard and facing the bow or nose turn to the right, of helms or rudders located on the right side of a ship or aircraft star drill a steel rock drill with a star-shaped point that is used for making holes in stones or masonry; it is operated by hitting the end with a hammer while rotating it between blows Stars and Bars the first flag of the Confederate States of America starship a spacecraft designed to carry a crew into interstellar space (especially in science fiction) starting block block providing bracing for a runner's feet at start of a race starting gate a movable barrier on the starting line of a race course stash house a house where weapons and supplies are hidden; "attacks on stash houses is the most frequently used method of counterterrorism" Stassano furnace an electric furnace in which an electric arc provides the source of heat for making steel Statehouse a government building in which a state legislature meets stately home a mansion that is (or formerly was) occupied by an aristocratic family state prison a prison maintained by a state of the U.S. stateroom a guest cabin static line a cord used instead of a ripcord to open a parachute; the cord is attached at one end to the aircraft and temporarily attached to the pack of a parachute at the other; it opens the parachute after the jumper is clear of the plane static tube a measuring instrument used to measure static pressure in a stream of fluid station a facility equipped with special equipment and personnel for a particular purpose; "he started looking for a gas station"; "the train pulled into the station" the frequency assigned to a broadcasting station (nautical) the location to which a ship or fleet is assigned for duty assign to a station Station of the Cross a representation of any of the 14 stages in Christ's journey to Calvary stator mechanical device consisting of the stationary part of a motor or generator in or around which the rotor revolves statue a sculpture representing a human or animal Statue of Liberty a large monumental statue symbolizing liberty on Liberty Island in New York Bay stave one of several thin slats of wood forming the sides of a barrel or bucket burst or force (a hole) into something furnish with staves; "stave a ladder" staysail a fore-and-aft sail set on a stay (as between two masts) steakhouse a restaurant that specializes in steaks steak knife a sharp table knife used in eating steak stealth aircraft an aircraft designed in accordance with technology that makes detection by radar difficult stealth bomber a bomber that is difficult to detect by radar stealth fighter a fighter that is difficult to detect by radar; is built for precise targeting and uses laser-guided bombs steam bath a room that can be filled with steam in which people bathe; `vapour bath' is a British term steamboat a boat propelled by a steam engine steam chest the chamber from which steam is distributed to a cylinder steam engine external-combustion engine in which heat is used to raise steam which either turns a turbine or forces a piston to move up and down in a cylinder steamer a ship powered by one or more steam engines a cooking utensil that can be used to cook food by steaming it travel by means of steam power; "The ship steamed off into the Pacific" steam heat a heating system in which steam is generated in boilers and piped to radiators steam iron a pressing iron that can emit steam steam line a pipe conducting steam steam locomotive a locomotive powered by a steam engine steamroller vehicle equipped with heavy wide smooth rollers for compacting roads and pavements overwhelm by using great force; "steamroller the opposition" crush with a steamroller as if to level; "steamroller the road" proceed with great force; "The new teacher tends to steamroller" bring to a specified state by overwhelming force or pressure; "The Senator steamrollered the bill to defeat" steamship company a line responsible for the operation of a fleet of steamships steam shovel a power shovel that is driven by steam steam turbine turbine in which steam strikes blades and makes them turn steam whistle a whistle in which the sound is produced by steam; usually attached to a steam boiler steel knife sharpener consisting of a ridged steel rod an alloy of iron with small amounts of carbon; widely used in construction; mechanical properties can be varied over a wide range cover, plate, or edge with steel get ready for something difficult or unpleasant steel arch bridge a steel bridge constructed in the form of an arch steel drum a concave percussion instrument made from the metal top of an oil drum; has an array of flattened areas that produce different tones when struck (of Caribbean origin) steel mill a factory where steel is made steel plate a plate of steel steel trap a trap made of steel with a strong spring and sharp toothlike projections to hold the prey an acute intelligence (an analogy based on the well-known sharpness of steel traps); "he's as sharp as a steel trap"; "a mind like a steel trap" steel-wool pad abrader consisting of a pad of steel wool used for polishing or smoothing steelyard a portable balance consisting of a pivoted bar with arms of unequal length steeper a vessel (usually a pot or vat) used for steeping steeple a tall tower that forms the superstructure of a building (usually a church or temple) and that tapers to a point at the top steerage the cheapest accommodations on a passenger ship steering gear a gear that couples the steering wheel to the steering linkage of a motor vehicle steering linkage mechanism consisting of a system of rods and levers connected to the front wheels of a motor vehicle; the steering gear pushes it left or right which swivels the front wheels, causing the vehicle to turn steering system a mechanism by which something is steered (especially a motor vehicle) steering wheel a handwheel that is used for steering stele an ancient upright stone slab bearing markings the usually cylindrical central vascular portion of the axis of a vascular plant stem the tube of a tobacco pipe remove the stem from; "for automatic natural language processing, the words must be stemmed" stop the flow of a liquid; "staunch the blood flow"; "stem the tide" grow out of, have roots in, originate in; "The increase in the national debt stems from the last war" cause to point inward; "stem your skis" stemmer a device for removing stems from fruit (as from grapes or apples) a miner's tamping bar for ramming packing in over a blasting charge an algorithm for removing inflectional and derivational endings in order to reduce word forms to a common stem a worker who makes or applies stems for artificial flowers stem-winder a watch that is wound by turning a knob at the stem stencil a sheet of material (metal, plastic, cardboard, waxed paper, silk, etc.) that has been perforated with a pattern (printing or a design); ink or paint can pass through the perforations to create the printed pattern on the surface below mark or print with a stencil Sten gun a lightweight British submachine gun stenograph a machine for typewriting shorthand characters a shorthand character write in shorthand; "The students were able to stenograph and record the conversation" stent a slender tube inserted inside a tubular body part (as a blood vessel) to provide support during and after surgical anastomosis step-down transformer a transformer that reduces voltage step ladder a folding portable ladder hinged at the top step stool a stool that has one or two steps that fold under the seat step-up transformer a transformer that increases voltage stereo reproducer in which two microphones feed two or more loudspeakers to give a three-dimensional effect to the sound two photographs taken from slightly different angles that appear three-dimensional when viewed together stereoscope an optical device for viewing stereoscopic photographs stern the rear part of a ship severe and unremitting in making demands; "an exacting instructor"; "a stern disciplinarian"; "strict standards" stern chaser a naval gun able to fire astern at a ship in chase sternpost (nautical) the principal upright timber at the stern of a vessel sternwheeler a paddle steamer having the paddle wheel in the stern stethoscope a medical instrument for listening to the sounds generated inside the body stewing pan a saucepan used for stewing stick figure drawing of a human or animal that represents the head by a circle and the rest of the body by straight lines stick horse a child's plaything consisting on an imitation horse's head on one end of a stick stickpin a decorative pin that is worn in a necktie stile an upright that is a member in a door or window frame stiletto a small dagger with a tapered blade still an apparatus used for the distillation of liquids; consists of a vessel in which a substance is vaporized by heat and a condenser where the vapor is condensed a static photograph (especially one taken from a movie and used for advertising purposes); "he wanted some stills for a magazine ad" make motionless lessen the intensity of or calm; "The news eased my conscience"; "still the fears" free from noticeable current; "a still pond"; "still waters run deep" used of pictures; of a single or static photograph not presented so as to create the illusion of motion; or representing objects not capable of motion; "a still photograph"; "Cezanne's still life of apples" not sparkling; "a still wine"; "still mineral water" with reference to action or condition; without change, interruption, or cessation; "it's still warm outside"; "will you still love me when we're old and grey?" without moving or making a sound; "he sat still as a statue"; "time stood still"; "they waited stock-still outside the door"; "he couldn't hold still any longer" still life a painting of inanimate objects such as fruit or flowers stillroom a pantry or storeroom connected with the kitchen (especially in a large house) for preparing tea and beverages and for storing liquors and preserves and tea etc Stillson wrench a large pipe wrench with L-shaped adjustable jaws that tighten as pressure on the handle is increased stimulant a drug that temporarily quickens some vital process that stimulates; "stimulant phenomena" Stinger a portable low altitude surface-to-air missile system using infrared guidance and an impact fuse; fired from the shoulder stink bomb a small bomb designed to give off a foul odor when it explodes stinker anything that gives off an offensive odor (especially a cheap cigar) stirrer an implement used for stirring stirrup support consisting of metal loops into which rider's feet go stirrup pump a hand-operated reciprocating pump; used in fighting fires stitch a link or loop or knot made by an implement in knitting, crocheting, embroidery, or sewing a sharp spasm of pain in the side resulting from running stob a short straight stick of wood stock the merchandise that a shop has on hand; "they carried a vast inventory of hardware"; "they stopped selling in exact sizes in order to reduce inventory" the handle end of some implements or tools; "he grabbed the cue by the stock" the handle of a handgun or the butt end of a rifle or shotgun or part of the support of a machine gun or artillery gun; "the rifle had been fitted with a special stock" lumber used in the construction of something; "they will cut round stock to 1-inch diameter" any of several Old World plants cultivated for their brightly colored flowers a plant or stem onto which a graft is made; especially a plant grown specifically to provide the root part of grafted plants persistent thickened stem of a herbaceous perennial plant the capital raised by a corporation through the issue of shares entitling holders to an ownership interest (equity); "he owns a controlling share of the company's stock" the reputation and popularity a person has; "his stock was so high he could have been elected mayor" have on hand; "Do you carry kerosene heaters?" provide or furnish with a stock of something; "stock the larder with meat" amass so as to keep for future use or sale or for a particular occasion or use; "let's stock coffee as long as prices are low" supply with livestock; "stock a farm" supply with fish; "stock a lake" equip with a stock; "stock a rifle" routine; "a stock answer" stockade fortification consisting of a fence made of a line of stout posts set firmly for defense surround with a stockade in order to fortify stockcar boxcar with latticed sides; for transporting livestock stock car a racing car with the basic chassis of a commercially available car a car kept in dealers' stock for regular sales stock exchange an exchange where security trading is conducted by professional stockbrokers stockinet knit used especially for infants' wear and undergarments stockinette stitch knitting stitch having alternate rows of knit stitches and purl stitches, producing a fabric as for stockings stock-in-trade any equipment constantly used as part of a profession or occupation; "friendliness is the salesman's stock in trade" stockpot a pot used for preparing soup stock stockroom storeroom for storing goods and supplies used in a business stocks a former instrument of punishment consisting of a heavy timber frame with holes in which the feet (and sometimes the hands) of an offender could be locked a frame for constraining an animal while it is receiving veterinary attention or while being shod a frame that supports a boat while it is under construction stock saddle an ornamented saddle used by cowboys; has a high horn to hold the lariat stockyard enclosed yard where cattle, pigs, horses, or sheep are kept temporarily stogy a cheap cigar stokehold (nautical) chamber or compartment in which the furnaces of a ship are stoked or fired stoker a mechanical device for stoking a furnace a laborer who tends fires (as on a coal-fired train or steamship) stole a wide scarf worn about their shoulders by women stomacher garment consisting of a V-shaped panel of stiff material worn over the chest and stomach in the 16th century stomach pump a suction pump used to remove the contents of the stomach stone building material consisting of a piece of rock hewn in a definite shape for a special purpose; "he wanted a special stone to mark the site" a lack of feeling or expression or movement; "he must have a heart of stone"; "her face was as hard as stone" the hard inner (usually woody) layer of the pericarp of some fruits (as peaches or plums or cherries or olives) that contains the seed; "you should remove the stones from prunes before cooking" an avoirdupois unit used to measure the weight of a human body; equal to 14 pounds; "a heavy chap who must have weighed more than twenty stone" kill by throwing stones at; "People wanted to stone the woman who had a child out of wedlock" of any of various dull tannish or grey colors stone wall a fence built of rough stones; used to separate fields stoneware ceramic ware that is fired in high heat and vitrified and nonporous stonework masonry done with stone stool a simple seat without a back or arms (forestry) the stump of a tree that has been felled or headed for the production of saplings have a bowel movement; "The dog had made in the flower beds" grow shoots in the form of stools or tillers react to a decoy, of wildfowl lure with a stool, as of wild fowl stool pigeon a dummy pigeon used to decoy others stop bath an acid bath used to stop the action of a developer stopcock faucet consisting of a rotating device for regulating flow of a liquid stopper (bridge) a playing card with a value sufficiently high to insure taking a trick in a particular suit; "if my partner has a spade stopper I can bid no trump" close or secure with or as if with a stopper; "She stoppered the wine bottle"; "The mothers stoppered their babies' mouths with pacifiers" stopper knot a knot that prevents a rope from passing through a hole stopwatch a timepiece that can be started or stopped for exact timing (as of a race) storage battery a voltaic battery that stores electric charge storage cell a cell that can be recharged storage ring container consisting of a set of magnets set in a doughnut-shaped ring around which charged particles from an accelerator can be kept circulating until they are used storage space the area in any structure that provides space for storage storehouse a depository for goods; "storehouses were built close to the docks" storeroom a room in which things are stored storm cellar an underground shelter where you can go until a storm passes storm door an extra outer door for protection against severe weather or winter storm window a window outside an ordinary window to protect against severe weather or winter stoup basin for holy water an archaic drinking vessel stove any heating apparatus a kitchen appliance used for cooking food; "dinner was already on the stove" stove bolt a small machine bolt stovepipe chimney consisting of a metal pipe of large diameter that is used to connect a stove to a flue stovepipe iron plate iron that is thinner than tank iron Stradavarius a violin made by Antonio Stradivari or a member of his family straightaway a straight segment of a roadway or racecourse straight chair a straight-backed chair without arms straightedge hand tool consisting of a flat rigid rectangular bar (metal or wood) that can be used to draw straight lines (or test their straightness) straightener a device for straightening; "a hair straightener" straight flute a rock drill with flutes that are straight straight pin pin consisting of a short straight stiff piece of wire with a pointed end; used to fasten pieces of cloth or paper together straight razor a razor with a straight cutting edge enclosed in a case that forms a handle when the razor is opened for use strainer a filter to retain larger pieces while smaller pieces and liquids pass through strain gauge a gauge for measuring strain in a surface straitjacket a garment similar to a jacket that is used to bind the arms tightly against the body as a means of restraining a violent person anything immaterial that severely hinders or confines; "they defected because Russian dance was in a straitjacket"; "the government is operating in an economic straitjacket" strand line consisting of a complex of fibers or filaments that are twisted together to form a thread or a rope or a cable a pattern forming a unity within a larger structural whole; "he tried to pick up the strands of his former life"; "I could hear several melodic strands simultaneously" a poetic term for a shore (as the area periodically covered and uncovered by the tides) drive (a vessel) ashore strap whip consisting of a strip of leather used in flogging an elongated leather strip (or a strip of similar material) for binding things together or holding something in position a band that goes over the shoulder and supports a garment or bag hanger consisting of a loop of leather suspended from the ceiling of a bus or train; passengers hold onto it secure (a sprained joint) with a strap sharpen with a strap; "strap a razor" tie with a strap strap hinge a hinge with two long straps; one strap is fastened to the surface of a moving part (e.g., a door or lid) and the other is fastened to the adjacent stationary frame strapless a woman's garment that exposes the shoulders and has no shoulder straps having no straps; "a strapless evening gown" straw a thin paper or plastic tube used to suck liquids into the mouth plant fiber used e.g. for making baskets and hats or as fodder cover or provide with or as if with straw; "cows were strawed to weather the snowstorm" of a pale yellow color like straw; straw-colored streamer fly an artificial fly that has wings extending back beyond the crook of the fishhook streamliner a streamlined train street a thoroughfare (usually including sidewalks) that is lined with buildings; "they walked the streets of the small town"; "he lives on Nassau Street" the part of a thoroughfare between the sidewalks; the part of the thoroughfare on which vehicles travel; "be careful crossing the street" people living or working on the same street; "the whole street protested the absence of street lights" a situation offering opportunities; "he worked both sides of the street"; "cooperation is a two-way street" the streets of a city viewed as a depressed environment in which there is poverty and crime and prostitution and dereliction; "she tried to keep her children off the street" streetcar a wheeled vehicle that runs on rails and is propelled by electricity street clothes ordinary clothing suitable for public appearances (as opposed to costumes or sports apparel or work clothes etc.) streetlight a lamp supported on a lamppost; for illuminating a street strengthener a device designed to provide additional strength; "the cardboard backing was just a strengthener"; "he used gummed reinforcements to hold the page in his notebook" streptomycin an antibiotic produced by the actinomycete Streptomyces griseus and used to treat tuberculosis streptothricin a basic antibiotic derived from a soil actinomycete stretcher a litter for transporting people who are ill or wounded or dead; usually consists of a sheet of canvas stretched between two poles a mechanical device used to make something larger (as shoes or gloves) by stretching it a wooden framework on which canvas is stretched and fixed for oil painting stretch pants trousers made of a stretchy fabric strickle a tool used in a foundry to shape a mold in sand a tool or rod used to level off grain or other granular material that is heaped in a measure an implement for sharpening scythes smooth with a strickle; "strickle the grain in the measure" level off with a strickle in a measuring container; "strickle sand" striker the part of a mechanical device that strikes something an employee on strike against an employer someone receiving intensive training for a naval technical rating a forward on a soccer team string a lightweight cord a tightly stretched cord of wire or gut, as a part of an instrument or a tennis racket a collection of objects threaded on a single strand a linear sequence (as of characters, words, proteins, etc.) a sequentially ordered set of things or events or ideas in which each successive member is related to the preceding; "a string of islands"; "train of mourners"; "a train of thought" (cosmology) a hypothetical one-dimensional subatomic particle having a concentration of energy and the dynamic properties of a flexible loop a tough piece of fiber in vegetables, meat, or other food (especially the tough fibers connecting the two halves of a bean pod) add as if on a string; "string these ideas together"; "string up these songs and you'll have a musical" provide with strings; "string my guitar" thread on or as if on a string; "string pearls on a string"; "the child drew glass beads on a string"; "thread dried cranberries" remove the stringy parts of; "string beans" string together; tie or fasten with a string; "string the package" stretch out or arrange like a string move or come along stringed instrument a musical instrument in which taut strings provide the source of sound stringer a long horizontal timber to connect uprights brace consisting of a longitudinal member to strengthen a fuselage or hull a worker who strings; "a stringer of beads" a member of a squad on a team; "a first stringer"; "a second stringer" string tie a very narrow necktie usually tied in a bow strip lighting light consisting of long tubes (instead of bulbs) that provide the illumination strip mall a mercantile establishment consisting of a row of various stores and business and restaurants along a road or busy street; usually opening on a parking lot strip mine an open mine (usually for coal) where the seams run close to the surface extract (ore) from a strip-mine stripper well an oil well whose production has declined to less than ten barrels a day stroboscope scientific instrument that provides a flashing light synchronized with the periodic movement of an object; can make moving object appear stationary strongbox a strongly made box for holding money or valuables; can be locked stronghold a strongly fortified defensive structure strongroom a burglarproof and fireproof room in which valuables are kept strop a leather strap used to sharpen razors sharpen on a strop; "strop razors" structural member support that is a constituent part of any structure or building structure a thing constructed; a complex entity constructed of many parts; "the structure consisted of a series of arches"; "she wore her hair in an amazing construction of whirls and ribbons" the manner of construction of something and the arrangement of its parts; "artists must study the structure of the human body"; "the structure of the benzene molecule" a particular complex anatomical part of a living thing and its construction and arrangement; "he has good bone structure" the complex composition of knowledge as elements and their combinations; "his lectures have no structure" give a structure to; "I need to structure my days" stub nail a short thick nail student center a center for student activities at a college or university student lamp a reading lamp with a flexible neck; used on a desk student union a building on a college campus dedicated to social and organizational activities of the student body stud farm a farm where horses are bred stud finder a small permanent magnet in a metal container; when the magnet clicks against the container it indicates that the magnet is directly over an iron nail that holds the wallboard to a stud studio workplace for the teaching or practice of an art; "she ran a dance studio"; "the music department provided studios for their students"; "you don't need a studio to make a passport photograph" workplace consisting of a room or building where movies or television shows or radio programs are produced and recorded studio apartment an apartment with a living space and a bathroom and a small kitchen studio couch convertible consisting of an upholstered couch that can be converted into a double bed study a room used for reading and writing and studying; "he knocked lightly on the closed door of the study" a state of deep mental absorption; "she is in a deep study" applying the mind to learning and understanding a subject (especially by reading); "mastering a second language requires a lot of work"; "no schools offer graduate study in interior design" a composition intended to develop one aspect of the performer's technique; "a study in spiccato bowing" someone who memorizes quickly and easily (as the lines for a part in a play); "he is a quick study" learn by reading books; "He is studying geology in his room"; "I have an exam next week; I must hit the books now" be a student; follow a course of study; be enrolled at an institute of learning think intently and at length, as for spiritual purposes; "He is meditating in his study" give careful consideration to; "consider the possibility of moving" study hall a classroom reserved for study a period of time during the school day that is set aside for study stuff miscellaneous unspecified objects; "the trunk was full of stuff" unspecified qualities required to do or be something; "the stuff of heros"; "you don't have the stuff to be a United States Marine" a critically important or characteristic component; "suspense is the very stuff of narrative" senseless talk; "don't give me that stuff" information in some unspecified form; "it was stuff I had heard before"; "there's good stuff in that book" informal terms for personal possessions; "did you take all your clobber?" fill tightly with a material; "stuff a pillow with feathers" treat with grease, fill, and prepare for mounting; "stuff a bearskin" obstruct; "My nose is all stuffed"; "Her arteries are blocked" cram into a cavity; "The child stuffed candy into his pockets" stuffing padding put in mattresses and cushions and upholstered furniture a mixture of seasoned ingredients used to stuff meats and vegetables stuffing box a small chamber in which packing is compressed around a reciprocating shaft or piston to form a seal stuffing nut a nut used to tighten a stuffing box stumbling block any obstacle or impediment stump (cricket) any of three upright wooden posts that form the wicket the part of a limb or tooth that remains after the rest is removed the base part of a tree that remains standing after the tree has been felled remove tree stumps from; "stump a field" cause to be perplexed or confounded; "This problem stumped her" travel through a district and make political speeches; "the candidate stumped the Northeast" stun gun a weapon designed to disable a victim temporarily by delivering a nonlethal high-voltage electric shock stupa a dome-shaped shrine erected by Buddhists sty a pen for swine an infection of the sebaceous gland of the eyelid stylus a pointed tool for writing or drawing or engraving; "he drew the design on the stencil with a steel stylus" a sharp pointed device attached to the cartridge of a record player sub-assembly a unit assembled separately but designed to fit with other units in a manufactured product subbase the lowest molding of an architectural base or of a baseboard subcompact a car smaller than a compact car subject something (a person or object or scene) selected by an artist or photographer for graphic representation; "a moving picture of a train is more dramatic than a still picture of the same subject" (grammar) one of the two main constituents of a sentence; the grammatical constituent about which something is predicated (logic) the first term of a proposition the subject matter of a conversation or discussion; "he didn't want to discuss that subject"; "it was a very sensitive topic"; "his letters were always on the theme of love" a person who is subjected to experimental or other observational procedures; someone who is an object of investigation; "the subjects for this investigation were selected randomly"; "the cases that we studied were drawn from two different communities" make accountable for; "He did not want to subject himself to the judgments of his superiors" cause to experience or suffer or make liable or vulnerable to; "He subjected me to his awful poetry"; "The sergeant subjected the new recruits to many drills"; "People in Chernobyl were subjected to radiation" likely to be affected by something; "the bond is subject to taxation"; "he is subject to fits of depression" being under the power or sovereignty of another or others; "subject peoples"; "a dependent prince" submachine gun machine gun that is a portable automatic firearm submarine a submersible warship usually armed with torpedoes attack by submarine; "The Germans submarined the Allies" control a submarine bring down with a blow to the legs throw with an underhand motion move forward or under in a sliding motion; "The child was injured when he submarined under the safety belt of the car" beneath the surface of the sea submarine torpedo a torpedo designed to be launched from a submarine submersible a warship designed to operate under water an apparatus intended for use under water capable of being immersed in water or functioning while submerged; "a submersible pump"; "a submergible electric frying pan" subsection a section of a section; a part of a part; i.e., a part of something already divided substation a subsidiary station where electricity is transformed for distribution by a low-voltage network subtilin a polypeptide antibiotic (similar to bacitracin) obtained from a soil bacterium subtracter a machine that subtracts numbers a person who subtracts numbers subway station a terminal where subways load and unload passengers subway token a token that is used to pay for entry to the subway system subway train a train that runs in a subway system subwoofer a loudspeaker that is designed to reproduce very low bass frequencies succinylcholine a muscle relaxant for striated muscle that is used as an adjunct to anesthesia during certain surgical procedures sucralfate medicine consisting of a tablet (trade name Carafate) used to treat peptic ulcers; said to bind to the ulcer site and coat it suction cup a cup-shaped device (made of rubber, glass, or plastic) that produces a partial vacuum; used to adhere or draw something to a surface suction pump a pump for raising fluids by suction sudatorium a bathhouse for hot air baths or steam baths sudorific a medicine that causes or increases sweating suede cloth a fabric made to resemble suede leather sugar bowl a dish in which sugar is served sugar refinery a refinery for sugar sugar spoon a spoon for serving sugar; often made in the shape of a seashell suit a set of garments (usually including a jacket and trousers or skirt) for outerwear all of the same fabric and color; "they buried him in his best suit" playing card in any of four sets of 13 cards in a pack; each set has its own symbol and color; "a flush is five cards in the same suit"; "in bridge you must follow suit"; "what suit is trumps?" a petition or appeal made to a person of superior status or rank (slang) a businessman dressed in a business suit; "all the suits care about is the bottom line" be agreeable or acceptable to; "This suits my needs" be agreeable or acceptable; "This time suits me" suite apartment consisting of a series of connected rooms used as a living unit (as in a hotel) a musical composition of several movements only loosely connected a matching set of furniture suiting a fabric used for suits sulfacetamide a topical sulfonamide (trade name Sulamyd) used to treat eye infections sulfadiazine a sulfa drug used in treating meningitis and pneumonia and other infections sulfa drug antibacterial consisting of any of several synthetic organic compounds capable of inhibiting the growth of bacteria that require PABA sulfamethazine a sulfa drug used like sulfadiazine and also in veterinary medicine sulfamethoxazole a sulfonamide (trade name Gantanol) used to treat infections (especially infections of the urinary tract) sulfanilamide a white odorless crystalline sulfa drug; the parent compound of most of the sulfa drugs sulfapyridine sulfa drug derived from pyridine and sulfanilamide sulfisoxazole a sulfonamide (trade name Gantrisin) used to treat infections of the urinary tract sulfonylurea antidiabetic consisting of any of several drugs that reduce the level of glucose in the blood; used to treat diabetes mellitus sulindac a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (trade name Clinoril) sulky a light two-wheeled vehicle for one person; drawn by one horse sulphur mine a mine where sulphur is dug from the ground sum the whole amount a quantity obtained by the addition of a group of numbers the final aggregate; "the sum of all our troubles did not equal the misery they suffered" a quantity of money; "he borrowed a large sum"; "the amount he had in cash was insufficient" summer house a country house (usually located in the country) that provides a cool place to live in the summer sumo ring the circular ring in which Sumo wrestlers compete sump a well or other hole in which water has collected an oil reservoir in an internal combustion engine sump pump a suction pump for removing liquid from a sump sunbonnet a large bonnet that shades the face; worn by girls and women sunburst a jeweled brooch with a pattern resembling the sun a design consisting of a central disk resembling the sun and rays emanating from it a sudden emergence of the sun from behind clouds sunburst pleat knife pleat cut on the bias to produce a flared effect Sunday best the best attire you have which is worn to church on Sunday sun deck an unroofed deck sundial timepiece that indicates the daylight hours by the shadow that the gnomon casts on a calibrated dial sundress a light loose sleeveless summer dress with a wide neckline and thin shoulder straps that expose the arms and shoulders sundries miscellaneous objects too numerous or too small to be specified sun gear the central gear in an epicyclic train sunglass a convex lens that focuses the rays of the sun; used to start a fire sunglasses (plural) spectacles that are darkened or polarized to protect the eyes from the glare of the sun; "he was wearing a pair of mirrored shades" sunken garden a garden set below the level of the ground surrounding it sunk fence a ditch with one side being a retaining wall; used to divide lands without defacing the landscape sunhat a hat with a broad brim that protects the face from direct exposure to the sun sunlamp a mercury-vapor lamp used in medical or cosmetic treatments sun parlor a room enclosed largely with glass and affording exposure to the sun sunroof an automobile roof having a sliding or raisable panel; "`sunshine-roof' is a British term for `sunroof'" sunscreen a cream spread on the skin; contains a chemical (as PABA) to filter out ultraviolet light and so protect from sunburn sunsuit a child's garment consisting of a brief top and shorts suntrap a terrace or garden oriented to take advantage of the sun while protected from cold winds sun visor a shade (sometimes of green mica) affixed above the windshield of an automobile supercharger compressor that forces increased oxygen into the cylinders of an internal-combustion engine supercomputer a mainframe computer that is one of the most powerful available at a given time superconducting supercollider a collider that operates at very low temperatures superficies outer surface of an area or a body the purely external aspect of a thing; superficial appearance; "the audience was held by the substance of the play rather than by the superficies of the production"-R.W.Speaight superhighway an extensive electronic network (such as the internet) used for the rapid transfer of sound and video and graphics in digital form supermarket a large self-service grocery store selling groceries and dairy products and household goods superstructure structure consisting of the part of a ship above the main deck supertanker the largest class of oil tankers supper club usually a small luxurious nightclub supplejack walking stick made from the wood of an American tropical vine supply chamber a mechanical device for holding something and supplying it as needed supply closet a closet for storing supplies support column a column that supports a heavy weight support hose elasticized stocking intended to reduce pressure on the veins of the leg (as in case of varicose veins) supporting structure a structure that serves to support something supporting tower a tower that serves to support something suppository a small plug of medication designed for insertion into the rectum or vagina where it melts suppressant a drug that suppresses appetite suppressor an electrical device for suppressing unwanted currents a gene that suppresses the phenotypic expression of another gene (especially of a mutant gene) someone who suppresses; "dictators are suppressors of free speech" surbase the molding or border above the base of a structure (a pedestal or podium or wall) surcoat a tunic worn over a knight's armor a loose outer coat usually of rich material surface the outer boundary of an artifact or a material layer constituting or resembling such a boundary; "there is a special cleaner for these surfaces"; "the cloth had a pattern of red dots on a white surface" a superficial aspect as opposed to the real nature of something; "it was not what it appeared to be on the surface" the extended two-dimensional outer boundary of a three-dimensional object; "they skimmed over the surface of the water"; "a brush small enough to clean every dental surface"; "the sun has no distinct surface" the outermost level of the land or sea; "earthquakes originate far below the surface"; "three quarters of the Earth's surface is covered by water" come to the surface on the surface; "surface materials of the moon" surface gauge gauge consisting of a scriber mounted on an adjustable stand; used to test the accuracy of plane surfaces surface lift a ski tow that pulls skiers up a slope without lifting them off the ground surface search radar a naval radar to search for surface targets surface ship a warship that operates on the surface of the water surface-to-air missile a guided missile fired from land or shipboard against an airborne target surface-to-air missile system the shipboard system that fires missiles at aircraft surfboard a narrow buoyant board for riding surf ride the waves of the sea with a surfboard; "Californians love to surf" surfboat a boat that can be launched or landed in heavy surf surgeon's knot any of several knots used in tying stitches or ligatures surgery a room where a doctor or dentist can be consulted; "he read the warning in the doctor's surgery" the branch of medical science that treats disease or injury by operative procedures; "he is professor of surgery at the Harvard Medical School" surge suppressor electrical device inserted in a power line to protect equipment from sudden fluctuations in current surgical dressing a loosely woven cotton dressing for incisions made during surgery surgical instrument a medical instrument used in surgery surgical knife a very sharp knife used in surgery surplice a loose-fitting white ecclesiastical vestment with wide sleeves surrey a light four-wheeled horse-drawn carriage; has two or four seats surtout a man's overcoat in the style of a frock coat surveillance system a closed-circuit television system used to maintain close observation of a person or group surveying instrument an instrument used by surveyors surveyor's level surveying instrument consisting basically of a small telescope with an attached spirit level rotating around a vertical axis; for measuring relative heights of land sushi bar a bar where sushi is served suspension bridge a bridge that has a roadway supported by cables that are anchored at both ends suspensory a bandage of elastic fabric applied to uplift a dependant part (as the scrotum or a pendulous breast) sustaining pedal a pedal on a piano that lifts the dampers from the strings and so allows them to continue vibrating suture thread of catgut or silk or wire used by surgeons to stitch tissues together a seam used in surgery an immovable joint (especially between the bones of the skull) join with a suture; "suture the wound after surgery" swab cleaning implement consisting of absorbent material fastened to a handle; for cleaning floors implement consisting of a small piece of cotton that is used to apply medication or cleanse a wound or obtain a specimen of a secretion wash with a swab or a mop; "swab the ship's decks" swag a bundle containing the personal belongings of a swagman valuable goods sway heavily or unsteadily swage block an iron block cut with holes and grooves to assist in cold working metal swagger stick a short cane or stick covered with leather and carried by army officers swallow-tailed coat a man's full-dress jacket with two long tapering tails at the back swamp buggy an amphibious vehicle typically having four-wheel drive and a raised body swatch a sample piece of cloth swathe an enveloping bandage swathing cloth coverings wrapped around something (as a wound or a baby) swatter an implement with a flat part (of mesh or plastic) and a long handle; used to kill insects splash and flutter about in or as if in water; "She swattered about in the pool" sweat bag a porous bag (usually of canvas) that holds water and cools it by evaporation sweatband a band of fabric or leather sewn inside the crown of a hat a band of material tied around the forehead or wrist to absorb sweat sweatbox a device that causes tobacco leaves or fruit or hides to sweat small or narrow cell sweater a crocheted or knitted garment covering the upper part of the body sweat pants loose-fitting trousers with elastic cuffs; worn by athletes sweatshirt cotton knit pullover with long sleeves worn during athletic activity sweatshop factory where workers do piecework for poor pay and are prevented from forming unions; common in the clothing industry sweat suit garment consisting of sweat pants and a sweatshirt sweep hand a second hand that is mounted on the same center as the hour and minute hand and is read on the minutes swimming pool pool that provides a facility for swimming; "`swimming bath' is a British term" swimming trunks swimsuit worn by men while swimming swimsuit tight fitting garment worn for swimming swing door a door that swings on a double hinge; opens in either direction switchblade a pocketknife with a blade that springs open at the press of a button switchboard telephone central where circuits are completed with patchcords switch engine a locomotive for switching rolling stock in a railroad yard swivel a coupling (as in a chain) that has one end that turns on a headed pin swivel chair a chair that swivels on its base swizzle stick a small stick used to stir mixed drinks sword a cutting or thrusting weapon that has a long metal blade and a hilt with a hand guard sword cane a cane concealing a sword or dagger sword knot an ornamental tassel on the hilt of a sword S wrench a wrench with an S-shaped handle Sydney Harbor Bridge a steel arch bridge in Sydney, Australia synagogue (Judaism) the place of worship for a Jewish congregation synchrocyclotron cyclotron that achieves relativistic velocities by modulating the frequency of the accelerating electric field synchroflash a device used in photography to synchronize the peak of a flash with the opening of the camera shutter synchromesh an automotive system for shifting gears in which the gears revolve at the same speed and so shift smoothly synchronous converter electrical converter consisting of a synchronous machine that converts alternating to direct current or vice versa synchronous motor electric motor in which the speed of rotation is proportional to the frequency of the A.C. power synchrotron cyclotron in which the electric field is maintained at a constant frequency synchroscope an instrument that indicates whether two periodic motions are synchronous (especially an instrument that enables a pilot to synchronize the propellers of a plane that has two or more engines) synergist a drug that augments the activity of another drug synthesizer (music) an electronic instrument (usually played with a keyboard) that generates and modifies sounds electronically and can imitate a variety of other musical instruments synthetism a genre of French painting characterized by bright flat shapes and symbolic treatments of abstract ideas syringe a medical instrument used to inject or withdraw fluids spray or irrigate (a body part) with a syringe system instrumentality that combines interrelated interacting artifacts designed to work as a coherent entity; "he bought a new stereo system"; "the system consists of a motor and a small computer" the living body considered as made up of interdependent components forming a unified whole; "exercise helped him get the alcohol out of his system" a group of physiologically or anatomically related organs or parts; "the body has a system of organs for digestion" a complex of methods or rules governing behavior; "they have to operate under a system they oppose"; "that language has a complex system for indicating gender" a procedure or process for obtaining an objective; "they had to devise a system that did not depend on cooperation" a group of independent but interrelated elements comprising a unified whole; "a vast system of production and distribution and consumption keep the country going" (physical chemistry) a sample of matter in which substances in different phases are in equilibrium; "in a static system oil cannot be replaced by water on a surface"; "a system generating hydrogen peroxide" system clock an electronic device in a computer that issues a steady high-frequency signal that synchronizes all the internal components a time-of-day clock in a computer system tab a short strip of material attached to or projecting from something in order to facilitate opening or identifying or handling it; "pull the tab to open the can"; "files with a red tab will be stored separately"; "the collar has a tab with a button hole"; "the filing cards were organized by cards having indexed tabs" tabard a short sleeveless outer tunic emblazoned with a coat of arms; worn by a knight over his armor or by a herald Tabernacle (Judaism) a portable sanctuary in which the Jews carried the Ark of the Covenant on their exodus the Mormon temple tabi a sock with a separation for the big toe; worn with thong sandals by the Japanese tab key the key on a typewriter or a word processor that causes a tabulation table a piece of furniture having a smooth flat top that is usually supported by one or more vertical legs; "it was a sturdy table" a piece of furniture with tableware for a meal laid out on it; "I reserved a table at my favorite restaurant" a set of data arranged in rows and columns; "see table 1" a company of people assembled at a table for a meal or game; "he entertained the whole table with his witty remarks" arrange or enter in tabular form tablecloth a covering spread over a dining table tablefork a fork for eating at a dining table table knife a knife used for eating at dining table table lamp a lamp that sits on a table table linen linens for the dining table table mat a pad for use under a hot dish to protect a table table saw a circular saw mounted under a table or bench so that the blade of the saw projects up through a slot tablespoon a spoon larger than a dessert spoon; used for serving as much as a tablespoon will hold tablet a small flat compressed cake of some substance; "a tablet of soap" a slab of stone or wood suitable for bearing an inscription tablet-armed chair a chair with an arm that has been widened for writing table-tennis table a table used for playing table tennis table-tennis racquet paddle used to play table tennis tabletop the top horizontal work surface of a table tableware articles for use at the table (dishes and silverware and glassware) tabor a small drum with one head of soft calfskin taboret a low stool in the shape of a drum tachistoscope scientific instrument used by psychologists; presents visual stimuli for brief exposures tachograph a tachometer that produces a graphical record of its readings; used to record the speed and duration of trips in a motor vehicle tachometer measuring instrument for indicating speed of rotation tachymeter a theodolite designed for rapid measurements tack hammer a light hammer that is used to drive tacks Tacoma Narrows Bridge a suspension bridge across Puget Sound at Tacoma tadalafil virility drug (trade name Cialis) used to treat erectile dysfunction in men taffeta a crisp smooth lustrous fabric taffrail the railing around the stern of a ship tailgate a gate at the rear of a vehicle; can be lowered for loading follow at a dangerously close distance; "it is dangerous to tailgate another vehicle" tail gate a gate downstream from a lock or canal that is used to control the flow of water at the lower end taillight lamp (usually red) mounted at the rear of a motor vehicle tailor-made custom-made clothing tailor's chalk chalk used by tailors to make temporary marks on cloth tailor's tack a loose, looped, sewing stitch used to transfer marking for darts, etc., from a pattern to material tailpiece appendage added to extend the length of something tailpipe a pipe carrying fumes from the muffler to the rear of a car tailrace a watercourse that carries water away from a mill or water wheel or turbine tail rotor rotor consisting of a rotating airfoil on the tail of a single-rotor helicopter; keeps the helicopter from spinning in the direction opposite to the rotation of the main rotor tailstock support consisting of the movable part of a lathe that slides along the bed in alignment with the headstock and is locked into position to support the free end of the workpiece Taj Mahal beautiful mausoleum at Agra built by the Mogul emperor Shah Jahan (completed in 1649) in memory of his favorite wife talaria a winged sandal (as worn by Hermes in Graeco-Roman art) talcum a toilet powder made of purified talc and usually scented; absorbs excess moisture talking book sound recording of someone reading a book; frequently used by blind people tam a woolen cap of Scottish origin tambour a drum a frame made of two hoops; used for embroidering tambourine a shallow drum with a single drumhead and with metallic disks in the sides tammy plain-woven (often glazed) fabric of wool or wool and cotton used especially formerly for linings and garments and curtains tamp a tool for tamping (e.g., for tamping tobacco into a pipe bowl or a charge into a drill hole etc.) Tampax tampon used to absorb menstrual flow tampion plug for the muzzle of a gun to keep out dust and moisture tampon plug of cotton or other absorbent material; inserted into wound or body cavity to absorb exuded fluids (especially blood) plug with a tampon tandem trailer trucking rig with two trailers in tandem tandoor a clay oven used in northern India and Pakistan tangram a Chinese puzzle consisting of a square divided into seven pieces that must be arranged to match particular designs tank a large (usually metallic) vessel for holding gases or liquids an enclosed armored military vehicle; has a cannon and moves on caterpillar treads as much as a tank will hold treat in a tank; "tank animal refuse" consume excessive amounts of alcohol store in a tank by causing (something) to flow into it tanka a Tibetan religious painting on fabric a form of Japanese poetry; the 1st and 3rd lines have five syllables and the 2nd, 4th, and 5th have seven syllables tankard large drinking vessel with one handle tank car a freight car that transports liquids or gases in bulk tank circuit an oscillatory circuit tank destroyer an armored vehicle equipped with an antitank gun and capable of high speeds tank engine a locomotive that carries its own fuel and water; no tender is needed tanker plane an airplane constructed to transport chemicals that can be dropped in order to fight a forest fire tank furnace furnace into one end of which a batch of measured raw materials is shoveled and from the other end molten glass is obtained tank iron plate iron that is thinner than boilerplate but thicker than sheet iron or stovepipe iron tank shell a shell fired by the cannon on a tank tank top a tight-fitting sleeveless shirt with wide shoulder straps and low neck and no front opening; often worn over a shirt or blouse tannery workplace where skins and hides are tanned tannoy a loudspeaker tapa a paperlike cloth made in the South Pacific by pounding tapa bark the thin fibrous bark of the paper mulberry and Pipturus albidus tape a long thin piece of cloth or paper as used for binding or fastening; "he used a piece of tape for a belt"; "he wrapped a tape around the package" a recording made on magnetic tape; "the several recordings were combined on a master tape" measuring instrument consisting of a narrow strip (cloth or metal) marked in inches or centimeters and used for measuring lengths; "the carpenter should have used his tape measure" the finishing line for a foot race; "he broke the tape in record time" fasten or attach with tape; "tape the shipping label to the box" tape cartridge a cartridge containing magnetic tape; for use with audio or video recorders or computer systems tape deck electronic equipment for making or playing magnetic tapes (but without amplifiers or speakers); a component in an audio system tape drive a mechanism that transports magnetic tape across the read/write heads of a tape playback/recorder tape player electronic equipment for playing back magnetic tapes tape recorder a magnetic recorder using magnetic tape taper file a file with converging edges tapestry a wall hanging of heavy handwoven fabric often with pictorial designs a heavy textile with a woven design; used for curtains and upholstery something that resembles a tapestry in its intricacy; "the tapestry of European history" Tappan Zee Bridge a cantilever bridge across the Hudson River tappet a lever that is moved in order to tap something else tap wrench a wrench for turning a tap to create an internal screw thread tare (chemical analysis) a counterweight used in chemical analysis; consists of an empty container that counterbalances the weight of the container holding chemicals the weight of a motor vehicle, railroad car, or aircraft without its fuel or cargo any of several weedy vetches grown for forage an adjustment made for the weight of the packaging in order to determine the net weight of the goods target sports equipment consisting of an object set up for a marksman or archer to aim at a reference point to shoot at; "his arrow hit the mark" the location of the target that is to be hit intend (something) to move towards a certain goal; "He aimed his fists towards his opponent's face"; "criticism directed at her superior"; "direct your anger towards others, not towards yourself" target acquisition system a shipboard system for the detection and identification and location of a target with enough detail to permit effective weapon employment tarmacadam a paved surface having compressed layers of broken rocks held together with tar a paving material of tar and broken stone; mixed in a factory and shaped during paving tarot card any of a set of (usually 78) cards that include 22 cards representing virtues and vices and death and fortune etc.; used for playing card games and for divination by fortunetellers tarpaulin waterproofed canvas tartan a cloth having a crisscross design tassel adornment consisting of a bunch of cords fastened at one end tasset one of two pieces of armor plate hanging from the fauld to protect the upper thighs tatting needlework consisting of handmade lace made by looping and knotting a single thread on a small shuttle tau cross cross resembling the Greek letter tau tavern a building with a bar that is licensed to sell alcoholic drinks taw a large marble used for shooting in the game of marbles the 23rd letter of the Hebrew alphabet tawse a leather strap for punishing children taximeter a meter in a taxi that registers the fare (based on the length of the ride) taxiway a paved surface in the form of a strip; used by planes taxiing to or from the runway at an airport T-bar lift a surface lift where riders hold a bar and are pulled up the hill on their skis tea bag small paper bag holding a measure of tea a measured amount of tea in a bag for an individual serving of tea tea ball a kitchen utensil consisting of a perforated metal ball for making tea tea cart serving cart for serving tea or light refreshments tea chest chest for storing or transporting tea teaching aid materials and equipment used in teaching tea cloth a small tablecloth teacup a cup from which tea is drunk as much as a teacup will hold tea garden a public garden where tea is served tea gown a long loose-fitting gown formerly popular for wear at afternoon tea teakettle kettle for boiling water to make tea tea maker a covered spoon with perforations tea napkin a small napkin used when tea is served teapot pot for brewing tea; usually has a spout and handle teaser a device for teasing wool; "a teaser is used to disentangle the fibers" an attention-getting opening presented at the start of a television show an advertisement that offers something free in order to arouse customers' interest a worker who teases wool tea service a set of china or silverware for serving tea teashop a restaurant where tea and light meals are available teaspoon a small spoon used for stirring tea or coffee; holds about one fluid dram as much as a teaspoon will hold tea-strainer a device to keep back tea leaves when pouring a cup of tea tea table a small table for serving afternoon tea tea tray a tray that accommodates a tea service tea urn an urn in which tea is brewed and from which it is served technical a pickup truck with a gun mounted on it resulting from or dependent on market factors rather than fundamental economic considerations; "analysts content that the stock market is due for a technical rally"; "the fall is only a technical correction" characterizing or showing skill in or specialized knowledge of applied arts and sciences; "a technical problem"; "highly technical matters hardly suitable for the general public"; "a technical report"; "producing the A-bomb was a challenge to the technical people of this country"; "technical training"; "technical language" of or relating to or requiring special knowledge to be understood; "technical terminology"; "a technical report"; "technical language" of or relating to technique or proficiency in a practical skill; "his technical innovation was his brushwork"; "the technical dazzle of her dancing" according to strict interpretation of the law or set of rules of or relating to a practical subject that is organized according to scientific principles; "technical college"; "technological development" teddy plaything consisting of a child's toy bear (usually plush and stuffed with soft materials) tee a short peg put into the ground to hold a golf ball off the ground support holding a football on end and above the ground preparatory to the kickoff the starting place for each hole on a golf course; "they were waiting on the first tee" connect with a tee; "tee two pipes" place on a tee; "tee golf balls" tee hinge a hinge that looks like the letter T when it is opened; similar to a strap hinge except that one strap has been replaced by half of a butt hinge that can be mortised flush into the stationary frame telecom hotel a building that houses telecommunications equipment; "the telecom hotels are prime targets for bombing" telecommunication system a communication system for communicating at a distance telegraph apparatus used to communicate at a distance over a wire (usually in Morse code) telegraph key key consisting of a lever that sends a telegraph signal when it is depressed and the circuit is closed telemeter any scientific instrument for observing events at a distance and transmitting the information back to the observer telephone electronic equipment that converts sound into electrical signals that can be transmitted over distances and then converts received signals back into sounds; "I talked to him on the telephone" transmitting speech at a distance telephone bell electric bell that rings to signal a call telephone booth booth for using a telephone telephone cord the telephone wire that connects to the handset telephone jack a jack for plugging in a telephone telephone line a telephone connection telephone plug a plug for connecting a telephone telephone pole tall pole supporting telephone wires telephone receiver earphone that converts electrical signals into sounds telephone system a communication system that transmits sound between distant points telephone wire the wire that carries telegraph and telephone signals telephotograph a photograph made with a telephoto lens a photograph transmitted and reproduced over a distance telephoto lens a camera lens that magnifies the image Teleprompter a prompter for television performers telescope a magnifier of images of distant objects make smaller or shorter; "the novel was telescoped into a short play" crush together or collapse; "In the accident, the cars telescoped"; "my hiking sticks telescope and can be put into the backpack" telescopic sight gunsight consisting of a telescope on a firearm for use as a sight telethermometer a thermometer that registers the temperature at some distant point teletypewriter a character printer connected to a telegraph that operates like a typewriter television a telecommunication system that transmits images of objects (stationary or moving) between distant points broadcasting visual images of stationary or moving objects; "she is a star of screen and video"; "Television is a medium because it is neither rare nor well done" - Ernie Kovacs television antenna an omnidirectional antenna tuned to the broadcast frequencies assigned to television television camera television equipment consisting of a lens system that focuses an image on a photosensitive mosaic that is scanned by an electron beam television-camera tube a tube that rapidly scans an optical image and converts it into electronic signals television equipment electronic equipment that broadcasts or receives electromagnetic waves representing images and sound television monitor monitor used in a studio for monitoring the program being broadcast television receiver an electronic device that receives television signals and displays them on a screen; "the British call a tv set a telly" television room a room set aside for viewing television television station station for the production and transmission of television broadcasts television transmitter transmitter that is part of a television system telpher one of the conveyances (or cars) in a telpherage telpherage a transportation system in which cars (telphers) are suspended from cables and operated on electricity temazepam a frequently prescribed benzodiazepine (trade name Restoril); takes effect slowly and lasts long enough to help those people who wake up frequently during the night tempera pigment mixed with water-soluble glutinous materials such as size and egg yolk temple place of worship consisting of an edifice for the worship of a deity an edifice devoted to special or exalted purposes the flat area on either side of the forehead; "the veins in his temple throbbed" Temple of Apollo (Greek mythology) the oracle at Delphi where a priestess supposedly delivered messages from Apollo to those who sought advice; the messages were usually obscure or ambiguous Temple of Artemis a large temple at Ephesus that was said to be one of the seven wonders of the ancient world Temple of Jerusalem any of three successive temples in Jerusalem that served as the primary center for Jewish worship; the first temple contained the Ark of the Covenant and was built by Solomon in the 10th century BC and destroyed by Nebuchadnezzar in 586 BC; the second was built in 515 BC and the third was an enlargement by Herod the Great in 20 BC that was destroyed by the Romans during a Jewish revolt in AD 70; all that remains is the Wailing Wall temporary hookup a connection intended to be used for a limited time tender ship that usually provides supplies to other ships a boat for communication between ship and shore car attached to a locomotive to carry fuel and water something that can be used as an official medium of payment make tender or more tender as by marinating, pounding, or applying a tenderizer; "tenderize meat" make a tender of; in legal settlements offer or present for acceptance (of plants) not hardy; easily killed by adverse growing condition; "tender green shoots" young and immature; "at a tender age" easy to cut or chew; "tender beef" physically untoughened; "tender feet" given to sympathy or gentleness or sentimentality; "a tender heart"; "a tender smile"; "tender loving care"; "tender memories"; "a tender mother" tenement a run-down apartment house barely meeting minimal standards tennis ball ball about the size of a fist used in playing tennis tennis camp a camp where tennis is taught tennis court the court on which tennis is played tennis racket a racket used to play tennis tenon a projection at the end of a piece of wood that is shaped to fit into a mortise and form a mortise joint tenor drum any of various drums with small heads Tenoretic trade name for an antihypertensive drug consisting of a fixed combination of atenolol and a diuretic tenoroon a tenor bassoon; pitched a fifth higher than the ordinary bassoon tenpenny nail a nail 3 inches long tenpin one of the bottle-shaped pins used in bowling tensimeter a manometer for measuring vapor pressure tensiometer a measuring instrument for measuring the surface tension of a liquid a measuring instrument for measuring the tension in a wire or fiber or beam a measuring instrument for measuring the moisture content of soil ten-spot one of four playing cards in a deck with ten pips on the face tent a portable shelter (usually of canvas stretched over supporting poles and fastened to the ground with ropes and pegs); "he pitched his tent near the creek" a web that resembles a tent or carpet tenter a framework with hooks used for stretching and drying cloth tenterhook one of a series of hooks used to hold cloth on a tenter tent-fly flap consisting of a piece of canvas that can be drawn back to provide entrance to a tent tent peg a peg driven into the ground to hold a rope supporting a tent tepee a Native American tent; usually of conical shape terazosin antihypertensive drug (trade name Hytrin) used to treat high blood pressure terbinafine an oral antifungal drug (trade name Lamisil) used to treat cases of fungal nail disease terminal station where transport vehicles load or unload passengers or goods a contact on an electrical device (such as a battery) at which electric current enters or leaves electronic equipment consisting of a device providing access to a computer; has a keyboard and display causing or ending in or approaching death; "a terminal patient"; "terminal cancer" being or situated at an end; "the endmost pillar"; "terminal buds on a branch"; "a terminal station"; "the terminal syllable" relating to or occurring in a term or fixed period of time; "terminal examinations"; "terminal payments" of or relating to or situated at the ends of a delivery route; "freight pickup is a terminal service"; "terminal charges" terminus either end of a railroad or bus route (architecture) a statue or a human bust or an animal carved out of the top of a square pillar; originally used as a boundary marker in ancient Rome terraced house a house that is part of a terrace terra cotta a hard unglazed brownish-red earthenware terrarium a vivarium in which selected living plants are kept and observed terra sigillata earthenware made from the reddish-brown clay found on the Aegean island of Lemnos terry a pile fabric (usually cotton) with uncut loops on both sides; used to make bath towels and bath robes Tesla coil a step-up transformer with an air core; used to produce high voltages at high frequencies tessella a small tessera tessera a small square tile of stone or glass used in making mosaics test bed a place equipped with instruments for testing (e.g. engines or machinery or computer programs etc.) under working conditions test equipment equipment required to perform a test tester a flat canopy (especially one over a four-poster bed) test paper paper impregnated with an indicator for use in chemical tests a written examination test range a range for conducting tests test rocket a rocket fired for test purposes test room a room in which tests are conducted test tube glass tube closed at one end testudo a movable protective covering that provided protection from above; used by Roman troops when approaching the walls of a besieged fortification tetracaine a crystalline compound used in the form of a hydrochloride as a local anesthetic tetrachlorethylene anthelmintic agent used against hookworm and other nematodes tetracycline an antibiotic (trade name Achromycin) derived from microorganisms of the genus Streptomyces and used broadly to treat infections tetrahydrocannabinol psychoactive substance present in marijuana tetraskelion a figure consisting of four stylized human arms or legs (or bent lines) radiating from a center tetrode a thermionic tube having four electrodes textile machine a machine for making textiles textile mill a factory for making textiles thalidomide a sedative and hypnotic drug; withdrawn from sale after discovered to cause severe birth defects because it inhibits angiogenesis thatch a house roof made with a plant material (as straw) hair resembling thatched roofing material plant stalks used as roofing material cover with thatch; "thatch the roofs" theater a building where theatrical performances or motion-picture shows can be presented; "the house was full" theater curtain a hanging cloth that conceals the stage from the view of the audience; rises or parts at the beginning and descends or closes between acts and at the end of a performance theater light any of various lights used in a theater theater stage a stage in a theater on which actors can perform theodolite a surveying instrument for measuring horizontal and vertical angles, consisting of a small telescope mounted on a tripod theophylline a colorless crystalline alkaloid derived from tea leaves or made synthetically; used in medicine as a bronchial dilator theremin an electronic musical instrument; melodies can be played by moving the right hand between two rods that serve as antennas to control pitch; the left hand controls phrasing thermal printer a printer that produces characters by applying heat to special paper that is sensitive to heat thermal reactor a nuclear reactor in which nuclear fissions are caused by neutrons that are slowed down by a moderator thermistor a semiconductor device made of materials whose resistance varies as a function of temperature; can be used to compensate for temperature variation in other components of a circuit thermobaric bomb a bomb that uses a fuel-air explosive; "a thermobaric bomb can create overpressures equal to an atomic bomb" thermocouple a kind of thermometer consisting of two wires of different metals that are joined at both ends; one junction is at the temperature to be measured and the other is held at a fixed lower temperature; the current generated in the circuit is proportional to the temperature difference thermoelectric thermometer a thermometer that uses thermoelectric current to measure temperature thermograph a thermometer that records temperature variations on a graph as a function of time medical instrument that uses an infrared camera to reveal temperature variations on the surface of the body thermohydrometer a hydrometer that includes a thermometer thermojunction a junction between two dissimilar metals across which a voltage appears thermometer measuring instrument for measuring temperature thermonuclear reactor a nuclear reactor that uses controlled nuclear fusion to generate energy thermopile a kind of thermometer for measuring heat radiation; consists of several thermocouple junctions in series thermos vacuum flask that preserves temperature of hot or cold drinks thermostat a regulator for automatically regulating temperature by starting or stopping the supply of heat control the temperature with a thermostat thiabendazole an antifungal agent and anthelmintic thiazide any of a group of drugs commonly used as diuretics in the treatment of hypertension; they block the reabsorption of sodium in the kidneys thigh pad protective garment consisting of a pad worn over the thighs by football players thill one of two shafts extending from the body of a cart or carriage on either side of the animal that pulls it thimble a small metal cap to protect the finger while sewing; can be used as a small container as much as a thimble will hold thimerosal a light-colored crystalline powder (trade name Merthiolate) used as a surgical antiseptic thinning shears shears with one serrate blade; used for thinning hair thioguanine an antineoplastic drug used to treat acute leukemias thiopental barbiturate that is a hygroscopic powder (trade name Pentothal) that is a strong barbiturate that acts rapidly; induces a relaxed state when injected as a general anesthetic thioridazine a tranquilizer (trade name Mellaril) used to treat schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders Thiosulfil trade name for a sulfonamide antibacterial thiotepa an antineoplastic drug used to treat certain malignancies thiothixene a tranquilizer (trade name Navane) used to treat schizophrenia third gear the third from the lowest forward ratio gear in the gear box of a motor vehicle; "you shouldn't try to start in third gear" third rail a rail through which electric current is supplied to an electric locomotive thong a thin strip of leather; often used to lash things together underpants resembling a G-string; worn by women especially under very tight pants; "she wore thongs in her quest for the callipygian ideal" thoroughfare a public road from one place to another thread a fine cord of twisted fibers (of cotton or silk or wool or nylon etc.) used in sewing and weaving pass through or into; "thread tape"; "thread film" remove facial hair by tying a fine string around it and pulling at the string; "She had her eyebrows threaded" pass a thread through; "thread a needle" three-centered arch a round arch whose inner curve is drawn with circles having three centers three-decker a warship carrying guns on three decks any ship having three decks three-dimensional radar radar that will report altitude as well as azimuth and distance of a target three-piece suit a business suit consisting of a jacket and vest and trousers three-quarter binding the spine and much of the sides are a different material from the rest of the cover three-way switch an electric switch that has three terminals; used to control a circuit from two different locations threshing floor a floor or ground area for threshing or treading out grain threshold element a logic element that performs a threshold operation thriftshop a shop that sells secondhand goods at reduced prices throat protector protective garment worn by hockey goalkeeper and catcher in baseball thrombolytic a kind of pharmaceutical that can break up clots blocking the flow of blood to the heart muscle throstle a spinning machine formerly used to twist and wind fibers of cotton or wool continuously throughput output relative to input; the amount passing through a system from input to output (especially of a computer program over a period of time) throwing stick a device resembling a sling that is used in various primitive societies to propel a dart or spear throw pillow a small cushion that is used for decorative purposes thrust bearing a bearing designed to take thrusts parallel to the axis of revolution thruster a small rocket engine that provides the thrust needed to maneuver a spacecraft thrust stage a theater stage that extends out into the audience's part of a theater and has seats on three sides thumb the part of a glove that provides a covering for the thumb the thick short innermost digit of the forelimb thumbhole a finger hole made to fit the thumb (as in a bowling ball) the hole in a woodwind that is closed and opened with the thumb thumb index one of a series of rounded notches in the fore edge of a book to indicate sections thumbscrew screw designed to be turned with the thumb and fingers instrument of torture that crushes the thumb thumbstall protective covering for an injured thumb thumbtack a tack for attaching papers to a bulletin board or drawing board fasten with thumbtacks; "The teacher thumbtacked the notice on the bulletin board" thunderer a noisemaker that makes a sound like thunder thwart a crosspiece spreading the gunnels of a boat; used as a seat in a rowboat hinder or prevent (the efforts, plans, or desires) of; "What ultimately frustrated every challenger was Ruth's amazing September surge"; "foil your opponent" tiara a jeweled headdress worn by women on formal occasions ticker a character printer that automatically prints stock quotations on ticker tape ticket window a window through which tickets are sold (as from a ticket booth) ticking a strong fabric used for mattress and pillow covers tickler coil a small coil in series with the anode of a vacuum tube and coupled to the grid to provide feedback tidemark indicator consisting of a line at the highwater or low-water limits of the tides tidy receptacle that holds odds and ends (as sewing materials) put (things or places) in order; "Tidy up your room!" marked by order and cleanliness in appearance or habits; "a tidy person"; "a tidy house"; "a tidy mind" tie a cord (or string or ribbon or wire etc.) with which something is tied; "he needed a tie for the packages" a horizontal beam used to prevent two other structural members from spreading apart or separating; "he nailed the rafters together with a tie beam" one of the cross braces that support the rails on a railway track; "the British call a railroad tie a sleeper" (music) a slur over two notes of the same pitch; indicates that the note is to be sustained for their combined time value equality of score in a contest form a knot or bow in; "tie a necktie" limit or restrict to; "I am tied to UNIX"; "These big jets are tied to large airports" finish a game with an equal number of points, goals, etc.; "The teams drew a tie" fasten or secure with a rope, string, or cord; "They tied their victim to the chair" unite musical notes by a tie make by tying pieces together; "The fishermen tied their flies" tie clip a piece of jewelry that holds a man's tie in place tier one of two or more layers one atop another; "tier upon tier of huge casks"; "a three-tier wedding cake" something that is used for tying; "the sail is fastened to the yard with tiers" a worker who ties something any one of two or more competitors who tie one another tie rack a rack for storing ties tiered seat seating that is arranged in sloping tiers so that spectators in the back can see over the heads of those in front tie rod either of two rods that link the steering gear to the front wheels tie tack a pin used to hold the tie in place tightrope tightly stretched rope or wire on which acrobats perform high above the ground tights skintight knit hose covering the body from the waist to the feet worn by acrobats and dancers and as stockings by women and girls tile a flat thin rectangular slab (as of fired clay or rubber or linoleum) used to cover surfaces game equipment consisting of a flat thin piece marked with characters and used in board games like Mah-Jong, Scrabble, etc. a thin flat slab of fired clay used for roofing cover with tiles; "tile the wall and the floor of the bathroom" tile cutter a cutter (tool for cutting) for floor tiles tile roof a roof made of fired clay tiles tiller lever used to turn the rudder on a boat someone who tills land (prepares the soil for the planting of crops) a shoot that sprouts from the base of a grass tilter a device for emptying a cask by tilting it without disturbing the dregs someone who engages in a tilt or joust tilt-top table a pedestal table whose top is hinged so that it can be tilted to a vertical position timber a beam made of wood a post made of wood timber hitch a hitch used to secure a rope to a log or spar; often supplemented by a half hitch timbrel small hand drum similar to a tambourine; formerly carried by itinerant jugglers time-ball a ball that slides down a staff to show a fixed time; especially at an observatory time bomb a bomb that has a detonating mechanism that can be set to go off at a particular time a problematic situation that will eventually become dangerous if not addressed; "India is a demographic time bomb"; "the refugee camp is a ticking bomb waiting to go off" time capsule container for preserving historical records to be discovered at some future time timecard a card used with a time clock to record an employee's starting and quitting times each day a card recording an employee's starting and quitting times each work day time clock clock used to record the hours that people work time-delay measuring instrument chronoscope for measuring the time difference between two events time-fuse a fuse made to burn for a given time (especially to explode a bomb) time machine a science fiction machine that is supposed to transport people or objects into the past or the future timepiece a measuring instrument or device for keeping time timer a timepiece that measures a time interval and signals its end a regulator that activates or deactivates a mechanism at set times time-switch a switch set to operate at a desired time timolol a beta blocker (trade name Blocadren) administered after heart attacks tin a vessel (box, can, pan, etc.) made of tinplate and used mainly in baking a silvery malleable metallic element that resists corrosion; used in many alloys and to coat other metals to prevent corrosion; obtained chiefly from cassiterite where it occurs as tin oxide prepare (a metal) for soldering or brazing by applying a thin layer of solder to the surface plate with tin tin can informal term for a destroyer tincture (pharmacology) a medicine consisting of an extract in an alcohol solution a substance that colors or dyes stain or tinge with a slight amount of a color; "The sky was tinctured red" tincture of iodine a tincture consisting of a solution of iodine in ethyl alcohol; applied topically to wounds as an antiseptic tinderbox a box for holding tinder a dangerous state of affairs; a situation that is a potential source of violence; "the Balkans are the tinderbox of Europe" tine prong on a fork or pitchfork or antler tinfoil foil made of tin or an alloy of tin and lead tin plate a thin sheet of metal (iron or steel) coated with tin to prevent rusting; used especially for cans, pots, and tins tinsel a thread with glittering metal foil attached a showy decoration that is basically valueless; "all the tinsel of self-promotion" interweave with tinsel; "tinseled velvet" adorn with tinsel; "snow flakes tinseled the trees" impart a cheap brightness to; "his tinseled image of Hollywood" tintack tack or small nail of tinned iron tinware articles of commerce made of tin plate tippet a woman's fur shoulder cape with hanging ends; often consisting of the whole fur of a fox or marten tire hoop that covers a wheel; "automobile tires are usually made of rubber and filled with compressed air" exhaust or get tired through overuse or great strain or stress; "We wore ourselves out on this hike" lose interest or become bored with something or somebody; "I'm so tired of your mother and her complaints about my food" tire chain chain attached to wheels to increase traction on ice or snow tire iron hand tool consisting of a lever that is used to force the casing of a pneumatic tire onto a steel wheel tissue plasminogen activator a thrombolytic agent (trade name Activase) that causes fibrinolysis at the site of a blood clot; used in treating acute myocardial infarction titfer a hat (Cockney rhyming slang: `tit for tat' rhymes with `hat') tithe barn barn originally built to hold tithes paid in kind and common in England titrator an apparatus for performing a titration T-junction a junction where two roads or pipes etc. meet to form a T T-network a circuit formed by two equal series circuits with a shunt between them TNT explosive consisting of a yellow crystalline compound that is a flammable toxic derivative of toluene toaster a kitchen appliance (usually electric) for toasting bread someone who proposes a toast; someone who drinks to the health of success of someone or some venture toaster oven kitchen appliance consisting of a small electric oven for toasting or warming food toasting fork long-handled fork for cooking or toasting frankfurters or bread etc. (especially over an open fire) toastrack a rack for holding slices of toast tobacco leaves of the tobacco plant dried and prepared for smoking or ingestion aromatic annual or perennial herbs and shrubs tobacco pouch a pouch for carrying pipe tobacco tobacco shop a shop that sells pipes and pipe tobacco and cigars and cigarettes toboggan a long narrow sled without runners; boards curve upward in front move along on a luge or toboggan tobramycin an antibiotic (trade name Nebcin) that is especially effective against Gram-negative bacteria toby a drinking mug in the shape of a stout man wearing a three-cornered hat tocainide antiarrhythmic drug (trade name Tonocard) used to treat ventricular arrhythmias when less dangerous drugs have failed tocsin a bell used to sound an alarm the sound of an alarm (usually a bell) toe the part of footwear that provides a covering for the toes (golf) the part of a clubhead farthest from the shaft one of the digits of the foot forepart of a hoof touch with the toe drive (a golf ball) with the toe of the club hit (a golf ball) with the toe of the club drive obliquely; "toe a nail" walk so that the toes assume an indicated position or direction; "She toes inwards" toe box the forward tip of the upper of a shoe or boot that provides space and protection for the toes; "the toe box may be rounded or pointed" toecap a protective leather or steel cover for the toe of a boot or shoe, reinforcing or decorating it toga a one-piece cloak worn by men in ancient Rome toga virilis (ancient Rome) a toga worn by a youth as a symbol of manhood and citizenship toggle a fastener consisting of a peg or pin or crosspiece that is inserted into an eye at the end of a rope or a chain or a cable in order to fasten it to something (as another rope or chain or cable) any instruction that works first one way and then the other; it turns something on the first time it is used and then turns it off the next time release by a toggle switch; "toggle a bomb from an airplane" fasten with, or as if with, a toggle provide with a toggle or toggles toggle bolt a fastener consisting of a threaded bolt and a hinged spring-loaded toggle; used to fasten objects to hollow walls toggle joint a joint made by two arms attached by a pivot; used to apply pressure at the two ends by straightening the joint toggle switch a hinged switch that can assume either of two positions togs informal terms for clothing toilet bag a waterproof bag for holding bathrooms items (soap and toothpaste etc.) when you are travelling toilet bowl the bowl of a toilet that can be flushed with water toilet kit a kit for carrying toilet articles while traveling toilet powder a fine powder for spreading on the body (as after bathing) toiletry artifacts used in making your toilet (washing and taking care of your body) gel jellylike substance used in hair styling a colloid in a more solid form than a sol become a gel; "The solid, when heated, gelled" toilet seat the hinged seat on a toilet toilet soap soap used as a toiletry toilet water a perfumed liquid lighter than cologne tokamak a doughnut-shaped chamber used in fusion research; a plasma is heated and confined in a magnetic bottle token a metal or plastic disk that can be redeemed or used in designated slot machines something serving as a sign of something else an individual instance of a type of symbol; "the word `error' contains three tokens of `r'" tolazamide a drug (trade name Tolinase) used in treating stable adult-onset diabetes mellitus tolazoline vasodilator that is used to treat spasms of peripheral blood vessels (as in acrocyanosis) tolbutamide sulfonylurea; an oral antidiabetic drug (trade name Orinase) used in the treatment of adult-onset diabetes mellitus tole enameled or lacquered metalware (usually gilded and elaborately painted); popular in the 18th century; "the Pennsylvania Dutch tole watering can might be a reproduction but it looks convincing" tollbooth a booth at a tollgate where the toll collector collects tolls toll bridge a bridge where toll is charged for crossing tollgate a gate or bar across a toll bridge or toll road which is lifted when the toll is paid toll line a telephone line for long-distance calls tolmetin sodium a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (trade name Tolectin) tomahawk weapon consisting of a fighting ax; used by North American Indians kill with a tomahawk cut with a tomahawk Tommy gun a .45-caliber submachine gun tomograph X-ray machine in which a computer builds a detailed image of a particular plane through an object from multiple X-ray measurements tone arm mechanical device consisting of a light balanced arm that carries the cartridge toner a lotion for cleansing the skin and contracting the pores a black or colored powder used in a printer to develop a xerographic image a solution containing chemicals that can change the color of a photographic print tongs any of various devices for taking hold of objects; usually have two hinged legs with handles above and pointed hooks below tongue the flap of material under the laces of a shoe or boot a mobile mass of muscular tissue covered with mucous membrane and located in the oral cavity a manner of speaking; "he spoke with a thick tongue"; "she has a glib tongue" the tongue of certain animals used as meat any long thin projection that is transient; "tongues of flame licked at the walls"; "rifles exploded quick knives of fire into the dark" lick or explore with the tongue articulate by tonguing, as when playing wind instruments tongue and groove joint a mortise joint made by fitting a projection on the edge of one board into a matching groove on another board tongue depressor a thin depressor used to press the tongue down during an examination of the mouth and throat tonic a medicine that strengthens and invigorates (music) the first note of a diatonic scale lime- or lemon-flavored carbonated water containing quinine (used of syllables) bearing the principle stress, usually accompanied by a change in pitch; "a tonic syllables carries the main stress in a word" relating to or being the keynote of a major or minor scale; "tonic harmony" employing variations in pitch to distinguish meanings of otherwise similar words; "Chinese is a tonal language" of or relating to or producing normal tone or tonus in muscles or tissue; "a tonic reflex"; "tonic muscle contraction" tonometer measuring instrument for measuring tension or pressure (especially for measuring intraocular pressure in testing for glaucoma) tool an implement used in the practice of a vocation work with a tool drive; "The convertible tooled down the street" furnish with tools tool bag a bag in which tools are carried toolbox a box or chest or cabinet for holding hand tools toolshed a shed for storing tools toothbrush small brush; has long handle; used to clean teeth toothpaste a dentifrice in the form of a paste toothpick pick consisting of a small strip of wood or plastic; used to pick food from between the teeth tooth powder a dentifrice in the form of a powder top a garment (especially for women) that extends from the shoulders to the waist or hips; "he stared as she buttoned her top" covering for a hole (especially a hole in the top of a container); "he removed the top of the carton"; "he couldn't get the top off of the bottle"; "put the cover back on the kettle" a conical child's plaything tapering to a steel point on which it can be made to spin; "he got a bright red top and string for his birthday" platform surrounding the head of a lower mast the greatest possible intensity; "he screamed at the top of his lungs" the highest or uppermost side of anything; "put your books on top of the desk"; "only the top side of the box was painted" the upper part of anything; "the mower cuts off the tops of the grass"; "the title should be written at the top of the first page" the first half of an inning; while the visiting team is at bat; "a relief pitcher took over in the top of the fifth" finish up or conclude; "They topped off their dinner with a cognac"; "top the evening with champagne" cut the top off; "top trees and bushes" strike (the top part of a ball in golf, baseball, or pool) giving it a forward spin reach or ascend the top of; "The hikers topped the mountain just before noon" provide with a top or finish the top (of a structure); "the towers were topped with conical roofs" be at the top of or constitute the top or highest point; "A star tops the Christmas Tree" topgallant a mast fixed to the head of a topmast on a square-rigged vessel a sail set on a yard of a topgallant mast top lift the bottom layer of a heel topmast the mast next above a lower mast and topmost in a fore-and-aft rig top of the line the best (most expensive) in a given line of merchandise topper a woman's short coat an exceedingly good witticism that surpasses all that have gone before a worker who cuts tops off (of trees or vegetables etc.) a worker who makes or adds the top to something topsail a sail (or either of a pair of sails) immediately above the lowermost sail of a mast and supported by a topmast topside (usually plural) weather deck; the part of a ship's hull that is above the waterline toque a tall white hat with a pouched crown; worn by chefs torch a light usually carried in the hand; consists of some flammable substance burn maliciously, as by arson; "The madman torched the barns" tormenter a flat at each side of the stage to prevent the audience from seeing into the wings torpedo armament consisting of a long cylindrical self-propelled underwater projectile that detonates on contact with a target a small explosive device that is placed on a railroad track and fires when a train runs over it; the sound of the explosion warns the engineer of danger ahead a small firework that consists of a percussion cap and some gravel wrapped in paper; explodes when thrown forcefully against a hard surface an explosive device that is set off in an oil well (or a gas well) to start or to increase the flow of oil (or gas) attack or hit with torpedoes torpedo boat small high-speed warship designed for torpedo attacks in coastal waters torpedo-boat destroyer small destroyer that was the forerunner of modern destroyers; designed to destroy torpedo boats torpedo tube a tube near the waterline of a vessel through which a torpedo is fired torque converter converter for transmitting and amplifying torque (especially by hydraulic means) torque wrench a wrench that has a gauge that indicates the amount of torque being applied torsion balance measuring instrument designed to measure small forces by the torsion they exert on a thin wire torture chamber a room in which torture is inflicted torus commonly the lowest molding at the base of a column a ring-shaped surface generated by rotating a circle around an axis that does not intersect the circle totem emblem consisting of an object such as an animal or plant; serves as the symbol of a family or clan (especially among American Indians) a clan or tribe identified by their kinship to a common totemic object totem pole a tribal emblem consisting of a pillar carved and painted with totemic figures; erected by Indian tribes of the northwest Pacific coast touch screen a computer display that enables the user to interact with the computer by touching areas on the screen toupee a small hairpiece to cover partial baldness touring car large open car seating four with folding top tourist class inexpensive accommodations on a ship or train towel a rectangular piece of absorbent cloth (or paper) for drying or wiping wipe with a towel; "towel your hair dry" toweling any of various fabrics (linen or cotton) used to make towels towel rack a rack consisting of one or more bars on which towels can be hung towel rail a horizontal bar a few inches from a wall for holding towels towel ring a circular hoop for holding a towel tower a structure taller than its diameter; can stand alone or be attached to a larger building Tower of Babel (Genesis 11:1-11) a tower built by Noah's descendants (probably in Babylon) who intended it to reach up to heaven; God foiled them by confusing their language so they could no longer understand one another Tower of London a fortress in London on the Thames; used as a palace and a state prison and now as a museum containing the crown jewels Tower of Pharos a great lighthouse (500 feet high) built at Alexandria in 285 BC towline (nautical) a rope used in towing town hall a government building that houses administrative offices of a town government towpath a path along a canal or river used by animals towing boats tow truck a truck equipped to hoist and pull wrecked cars (or to remove cars from no-parking zones) toy a device regarded as providing amusement; "private airplanes are a rich man's toy" a nonfunctional replica of something else (frequently used as a modifier); "a toy stove" manipulate manually or in one's mind or imagination; "She played nervously with her wedding ring"; "Don't fiddle with the screws"; "He played with the idea of running for the Senate" toy box chest for storage of toys toyshop shop where toys are sold toy soldier a doll that resembles a soldier trace either of two lines that connect a horse's harness to a wagon or other vehicle or to a whiffletree an indication that something has been present; "there wasn't a trace of evidence for the claim"; "a tincture of condescension" a visible mark (as a footprint) left by the passage of person or animal or vehicle a just detectable amount; "he speaks French with a trace of an accent"; "a hint mockery in her manner"; "a tint of glamour" follow, discover, or ascertain the course of development of something; "We must follow closely the economic development is Cuba"; "trace the student's progress"; "trace one's ancestry" make a mark or lines on a surface; "draw a line"; "trace the outline of a figure in the sand" copy by following the lines of the original drawing on a transparent sheet placed upon it; make a tracing of; "trace a design"; "trace a pattern" make one's course or travel along a path; travel or pass over, around, or along; "The children traced along the edge of the dark forest"; "The women traced the pasture" to go back over again; "we retraced the route we took last summer"; "trace your path" discover traces of; "She traced the circumstances of her birth" trace detector a screening device for traces of explosives; used at airline terminals tracer ammunition whose flight can be observed by a trail of smoke (radiology) any radioactive isotope introduced into the body to study metabolism or other biological processes an instrument used to make tracings an investigator who is employed to find missing persons or missing goods tracery decoration consisting of an open pattern of interlacing ribs trackball an electronic device consisting of a rotatable ball in a housing; used to position the cursor and move images on a computer screen; "a trackball is essentially an upside-down mouse" tracked vehicle a self-propelled vehicle that moves on tracks tract house one of many houses of similar design constructed together on a tract of land tract housing housing consisting of similar houses constructed together on a tract of land traction engine steam-powered locomotive for drawing heavy loads along surfaces other than tracks tractor a wheeled vehicle with large wheels; used in farming and other applications a truck that has a cab but no body; used for pulling large trailers or vans trading card a card with a picture on it; collected and traded by children traffic circle a road junction at which traffic streams circularly around a central island; "the accident blocked all traffic at the rotary" traffic island a curbed area in a roadway from which traffic is excluded; provides safe area for pedestrians traffic lane a lane of a main road that is defined by painted lines; "that car is in the wrong traffic lane" trail a path or track roughly blazed through wild or hilly country a track or mark left by something that has passed; "there as a trail of blood"; "a tear left its trail on her cheek" drag loosely along a surface; allow to sweep the ground; "The toddler was trailing his pants"; "She trained her long scarf behind her" hang down so as to drag along the ground; "The bride's veiled trailed along the ground" move, proceed, or walk draggingly or slowly; "John trailed behind his class mates"; "The Mercedes trailed behind the horse cart" trail bike a lightweight motorcycle equipped with rugged tires and suspension; an off-road motorcycle designed for riding cross country or over unpaved ground trailer a wheeled vehicle that can be pulled by a car or truck and is equipped for occupancy a large transport conveyance designed to be pulled by a truck or tractor trailer camp a camp where space for house trailers can be rented; utilities are generally provided trailer truck a truck consisting of a tractor and trailer together trailing edge the rear edge of an airfoil train public transport provided by a line of railway cars coupled together and drawn by a locomotive; "express trains don't stop at Princeton Junction" piece of cloth forming the long back section of a gown that is drawn along the floor; "the bride's train was carried by her two young nephews" a series of consequences wrought by an event; "it led to a train of disasters" exercise in order to prepare for an event or competition; "She is training for the Olympics" undergo training or instruction in preparation for a particular role, function, or profession; "She is training to be a teacher"; "He trained as a legal aid" create by training and teaching; "The old master is training world-class violinists"; "we develop the leaders for the future" travel by rail or train; "They railed from Rome to Venice"; "She trained to Hamburg" cause to grow in a certain way by tying and pruning it; "train the vine" train set a toy consisting of small models of railroad trains and the track for them to run on tramcar a four-wheeled wagon that runs on tracks in a mine; "a tramcar carries coal out of a coal mine" tramline the track on which trams or streetcars run trammel a restraint that is used to teach a horse to amble an adjustable pothook set in a fireplace trammel net a fishing net with three layers; the outer two are coarse mesh and the loose inner layer is fine mesh trampoline gymnastic apparatus consisting of a strong canvas sheet attached with springs to a metal frame; used for tumbling tramp steamer a commercial steamer for hire; one having no regular schedule tramway a conveyance that transports passengers or freight in carriers suspended from cables and supported by a series of towers trandolapril an ACE inhibiting drug (trade name Mavik) used in some patients after a heart attack or to treat hypertension tranquilizer a drug used to reduce stress or tension without reducing mental clarity transcription a sound or television recording (e.g., from a broadcast to a tape recording) something written, especially copied from one medium to another, as a typewritten version of dictation (genetics) the organic process whereby the DNA sequence in a gene is copied into mRNA; the process whereby a base sequence of messenger RNA is synthesized on a template of complementary DNA transdermal patch a medicated adhesive pad placed on the skin for absorption of a time released dose of medication into the bloodstream transducer an electrical device that converts one form of energy into another transept structure forming the transverse part of a cruciform church; crosses the nave at right angles transformer an electrical device by which alternating current of one voltage is changed to another voltage transistor a semiconductor device capable of amplification transit instrument a telescope mounted on an axis running east and west and used to time the transit of a celestial body across the meridian transit line a line providing public transit transmission shaft rotating shaft that transmits rotary motion from the engine to the differential transmitter set used to broadcast radio or tv signals transom a horizontal crosspiece across a window or separating a door from a window over it a window above a door that is usually hinged to a horizontal crosspiece over the door transponder electrical device designed to receive a specific signal and automatically transmit a specific reply transportation system a facility consisting of the means and equipment necessary for the movement of passengers or goods transporter a crane for moving material with dispatch as in loading and unloading ships a long truck for carrying motor vehicles transport ship a ship for carrying soldiers or military equipment tranylcypromine an antidepressant drug that is a monoamine oxidase inhibitor; administered as a sulfate trap a device in which something (usually an animal) can be caught and penned a light two-wheeled carriage a device to hurl clay pigeons into the air for trapshooters drain consisting of a U-shaped section of drainpipe that holds liquid and so prevents a return flow of sewer gas informal terms for the mouth something (often something deceptively attractive) that catches you unawares; "the exam was full of trap questions"; "it was all a snare and delusion" to hold fast or prevent from moving; "The child was pinned under the fallen tree" catch in or as if in a trap; "The men trap foxes" hold or catch as if in a trap; "The gaps between the teeth trap food particles" place in a confining or embarrassing position; "He was trapped in a difficult situation" trap-and-drain auger a plumber's snake for clearing a trap and drain trap door a hinged or sliding door in a floor or ceiling trapeze a swing used by circus acrobats trave a horizontal beam that extends across something travel iron a small lightweight iron that can be carried while traveling trawl a conical fishnet dragged through the water at great depths a long fishing line with many shorter lines and hooks attached to it (usually suspended between buoys) fish with trawlers trawler a fishing boat that uses a trawl net or dragnet to catch fish a fisherman who use a trawl net tray an open receptacle for holding or displaying or serving articles or food tray cloth table linen consisting of a small cloth for a tray trazodone oral antidepressant (trade name Desyrel) that is a nontricyclic drug used as a sedative tread structural member consisting of the horizontal part of a stair or step the part (as of a wheel or shoe) that makes contact with the ground the grooved surface of a pneumatic tire brace (an archer's bow) by pressing the foot against the center mate with; "male birds tread the females" crush as if by treading on; "tread grapes to make wine" tread or stomp heavily or roughly; "The soldiers trampled across the fields" apply (the tread) to a tire treasure chest a chest filled with valuables treasure house a storehouse for treasures treasure ship a 16th-century ship loaded with treasure treasury a depository (a room or building) where wealth and precious objects can be kept safely the government department responsible for collecting and managing and spending public revenues the funds of a government or institution or individual tree house a playhouse built in the branches of a tree treenail a wooden peg that is used to fasten timbers in shipbuilding; water causes the peg to swell and hold the timbers fast trefoil an architectural ornament in the form of three arcs arranged in a circle trefoil arch a pointed arch having cusps in the intrados on either side of the apex trellis latticework used to support climbing plants train on a trellis, as of a vine trench a ditch dug as a fortification having a parapet of the excavated earth any long ditch cut in the ground a long steep-sided depression in the ocean floor dig a trench or trenches; "The National Guardsmen were sent out to trench" cut a trench in, as for drainage; "ditch the land to drain it"; "trench the fields" set, plant, or bury in a trench; "trench the fallen soldiers"; "trench the vegetables" cut or carve deeply into; "letters trenched into the stone" fortify by surrounding with trenches; "He trenched his military camp" trench coat a military style raincoat; belted with deep pockets trencher a wooden board or platter on which food is served or carved someone who digs trenches trench knife a knife with a double-edged blade for hand-to-hand fighting trepan a drill for cutting circular holes around a center a surgical instrument used to remove sections of bone from the skull cut a hole with a trepan, as in surgery trestle sawhorses used in pairs to support a horizontal tabletop a supporting tower used to support a bridge trestle bridge a bridge supported by trestlework trestle table a table supported on trestles trestlework a supporting structure composed of a system of connected trestles; for a bridge or pier or scaffold e.g. trews (used in the plural) tight-fitting trousers; usually of tartan trey one of four playing cards in a deck having three pips trial balloon a balloon sent up to test air currents a test of public opinion triazolam a form of benzodiazepine (trade name Halcion) frequently prescribed as a sleeping pill; usually given to people who have trouble falling asleep triangle a percussion instrument consisting of a metal bar bent in the shape of an open triangle any of various triangular drafting instruments used to draw straight lines at specified angles a three-sided polygon something approximating the shape of a triangle; "the coastline of Chile and Argentina and Brazil forms two legs of a triangle" tribromoethanol an intravenous anesthetic tribune the apse of a Christian church that contains the bishop's throne (ancient Rome) an official elected by the plebeians to protect their interests trichlormethiazide diuretic drug (trade name Naqua) used to treat hypertension triclinium a dining table with couches along three sides in ancient Rome a dining room (especially a dining room containing a dining table with couches along three sides) tricolor a flag having three colored stripes (especially the French flag) tricolor television tube a color television tube in which three primary colors are combined to give the full range of colors tricorn cocked hat with the brim turned up to form three points tricot a knitted fabric or one resembling knitting tricycle a vehicle with three wheels that is moved by foot pedals tricyclic an antidepressant drug that acts by blocking the reuptake of norepinephrine and serotonin and thus making more of those substances available to act on receptors in the brain trident a spear with three prongs trigon a triangular lyre of ancient Greece and Rome trimaran a fast sailboat with 3 parallel hulls trimipramine tricyclic antidepressant drug (trade name Surmontil) used to treat depression and anxiety and (sometimes) insomnia trimmer joist that receives the end of a header in floor or roof framing in order to leave an opening for a staircase or chimney etc. capacitor having variable capacitance; used for making fine adjustments a machine that trims timber trimmer arch an arch built between trimmers in a floor (to support the weight of a hearth) triode a thermionic vacuum tube having three electrodes; fluctuations of the charge on the grid control the flow from cathode to anode which makes amplification possible triphammer a massive power hammer; raised by a cam until released to fall under gravity triplicate one of three copies; any of three things that correspond to one another exactly reproduce threefold; "triplicate the letter for the committee" trip line a light rope used in lumbering to free a dog hook from a log at a distance tripod a three-legged rack used for support tripper a catch mechanism that acts as a switch; "the pressure activates the tripper and releases the water" (slang) someone who has taken a psychedelic drug and is undergoing hallucinations triptych art consisting of a painting or carving (especially an altarpiece) on three panels (usually hinged together) trip wire a wire stretched close to the ground that activates something (a trap or camera or weapon) when tripped over a small military force that serves as a first line of defense; if they become engaged in hostilities it will trigger the intervention of stronger military forces trireme ancient Greek or Roman galley or warship having three tiers of oars on each side triskelion a figure consisting of three stylized human arms or legs (or three bent lines) radiating from a center triumphal arch a monumental archway; usually they are built to commemorate some notable victory trivet a stand with short feet used under a hot dish on a table a three-legged metal stand for supporting a cooking vessel in a hearth triviality something of small importance troika a Russian carriage pulled by three horses abreast a modern Russian triumvirate Trojan Horse a large hollow wooden figure of a horse (filled with Greek soldiers) left by the Greeks outside Troy during the Trojan War trolleybus a passenger bus with an electric motor that draws power from overhead wires trolley line a transit line using streetcars or trolley buses trombone a brass instrument consisting of a long tube whose length can be varied by a U-shaped slide trompe l'oeil a painting rendered in such great detail as to deceive the viewer concerning its reality troop carrier any land or sea or air vehicle designed to carry troops troopship ship for transporting troops trophy something given as a token of victory an award for success in war or hunting trophy case a case in which to display trophies trou-de-loup a sloping pit with a stake in the middle used as an obstacle to the enemy trough a long narrow shallow receptacle a narrow depression (as in the earth or between ocean waves or in the ocean bed) trouser a garment (or part of a garment) designed for or relating to trousers; "in his trouser's pocket"; "he ripped his left trouser on the fence" trouser cuff a cuff on the bottoms of trouser legs trouser press a home appliance in which trousers can be hung and the wrinkles pressed out trousers (usually in the plural) a garment extending from the waist to the knee or ankle, covering each leg separately; "he had a sharp crease in his trousers" trousseau the personal outfit of a bride; clothes and accessories and linens trowel a small hand tool with a handle and flat metal blade; used for scooping or spreading plaster or similar materials use a trowel on; for light garden work or plaster work truck an automotive vehicle suitable for hauling convey (goods etc.) by truck; "truck fresh vegetables across the mountains" truck bed the floor or bottom of a wagon or truck or trailer truck farm a farm where vegetables are grown for market truck stop a roadside service station (and restaurant) that caters to truck drivers trump (card games) the suit that has been declared to rank above all other suits for the duration of the hand; "clubs were declared trumps"; "a trump can take a trick even when a card of a different suit is led" a playing card in the suit that has been declared trumps; "the ace of trumps is a sure winner" proclaim or announce with or as if with a fanfare play a trump produce a sound as if from a trumpet trumpet arch a conical squinch truncheon a short stout club used primarily by policemen trundle small wheel or roller move heavily; "the streetcar trundled down the avenue" trundle bed a low bed to be slid under a higher bed trunk luggage consisting of a large strong case used when traveling or for storage the main stem of a tree; usually covered with bark; the bole is usually the part that is commercially useful for lumber trunk hose puffed breeches of the 16th and 17th centuries usually worn over hose trunk lid hinged lid for a trunk trunk line a telephone line connecting two exchanges directly line that is the main route on a railway truss a framework of beams (rafters, posts, struts) forming a rigid structure that supports a roof or bridge or other structure (medicine) a bandage consisting of a pad and belt; worn to hold a hernia in place by pressure support structurally; "truss the roofs"; "trussed bridges" tie the wings and legs of a bird before cooking it truss bridge a bridge supported by trusses truth serum an intravenous anesthetic drug that has a hypnotic effect; induces relaxation and weakens inhibitions; is believed to induce people to talk freely try square a square having a metal ruler set at right angles to another straight piece T-square a square used by draftsmen to draw parallel lines tub a large open vessel for holding or storing liquids the amount that a tub will hold; "a tub of water" tube conduit consisting of a long hollow object (usually cylindrical) used to hold and conduct objects or liquids or gases electronic device consisting of a system of electrodes arranged in an evacuated glass or metal envelope (anatomy) any hollow cylindrical body structure place or enclose in a tube ride or float on an inflated tube; "We tubed down the river on a hot summer day" convey in a tube; "inside Paris, they used to tube mail" provide with a tube or insert a tube into tubeless pneumatic tire not needing an inner tube to be airtight of a tire; not needing an inner tube tuck a narrow flattened pleat or fold that is stitched in place (sports) a bodily position adopted in some sports (such as diving or skiing) in which the knees are bent and the thighs are drawn close to the chest eatables (especially sweets) fit snugly into; "insert your ticket into the slot"; "tuck your shirttail in" make a tuck or several folds in; "tuck the fabric"; "tuck in the sheet" tuck box a box for storing eatables (especially at boarding school) tucker a detachable yoke of linen or lace worn over the breast of a low-cut dress a sewer who tucks tucker-bag a bag used for carrying food; "the swagman filled his tuckerbag" tuck shop a candy store in Great Britain Tudor arch a low elliptical or pointed arch; usually drawn from four centers tudung a scarf worn around the head by Muslim women in Malaysia; conceals the hair but not the face tugboat a powerful small boat designed to pull or push larger ships Tuileries formal gardens next to the Louvre in Paris palace and royal residence built for Catherine de Medicis in 1564 and burned down in 1871; all that remains today are the formal gardens tuille armor plate that protects the hip and thigh tulip bed a flowerbed in which tulips are growing tulle a fine (often starched) net used for veils or tutus or gowns tumble-dryer a clothes dryer that spins wet clothes inside a cylinder with heated air tumbler a glass with a flat bottom but no handle or stem; originally had a round bottom a movable obstruction in a lock that must be adjusted to a given position (as by a key) before the bolt can be thrown a gymnast who performs rolls and somersaults and twists etc. tumbrel a farm dumpcart for carrying dung; carts of this type were used to carry prisoners to the guillotine during the French Revolution tun a large cask especially one holding a volume equivalent to 2 butts or 252 gals tunic any of a variety of loose fitting cloaks extending to the hips or knees an enveloping or covering membrane or layer of body tissue tuning fork a metal implement with two prongs that gives a fixed tone when struck; used to tune musical instruments tunnel a passageway through or under something, usually underground (especially one for trains or cars); "the tunnel reduced congestion at that intersection" force a way through tupik tent that is an Eskimo summer dwelling turban a traditional Muslim headdress consisting of a long scarf wrapped around the head turbine rotary engine in which the kinetic energy of a moving fluid is converted into mechanical energy by causing a bladed rotor to rotate turbogenerator generator consisting of a steam turbine coupled to an electric generator for the production of electric power tureen large deep serving dish with a cover; for serving soups and stews Turing machine a hypothetical computer with an infinitely long memory tape Turkish towel a bath towel with rough loose pile Turk's head an ornamental knot that resembles a small turban turnbuckle an oblong metal coupling with a swivel at one end and an internal thread at the other into which a threaded rod can be screwed in order to form a unit that can be adjusted for length or tension turner cooking utensil having a flat flexible part and a long handle; used for turning or serving food one of two persons who swing ropes for jumpers to skip over in the game of jump rope a lathe operator a tumbler who is a member of a turnverein turnery products made on a lathe workshop where objects are made on a lathe turnip bed a bed in which turnips are growing turnoff a side road where you can turn off; "I missed the turnoff and went 15 miles out of my way" something causing antagonism or loss of interest turnpike an expressway on which tolls are collected (from 16th to 19th centuries) gates set across a road to prevent passage until a toll had been paid turnspit a roasting spit that can be turned turnstile a gate consisting of a post that acts as a pivot for rotating arms; set in a passageway for controlling the persons entering turntable a circular horizontal platform that rotates a phonograph record while it is being played a rotatable platform with a track; used to turn locomotives and cars a revolving tray placed on a dining table turret a small tower extending above a building turret clock a clock with more than one dial to show the time in all directions from a tower turtleneck a sweater or jersey with a high close-fitting collar turtleneck collar a high close-fitting turnover collar tweed thick woolen fabric used for clothing; originated in Scotland tweeter a loudspeaker that reproduces higher audio frequency sounds; "the sound system had both tweeters and woofers" twenty-two a .22 caliber firearm (pistol or rifle) the cardinal number that is the sum of twenty-one and one being two more than twenty twenty-two pistol a .22-caliber pistol twenty-two rifle a .22-caliber rifle twill a cloth with parallel diagonal lines or ribs a weave used to produce the effect of parallel diagonal ribs weave diagonal lines into (textiles) twin bed one of a pair of identical beds twinjet a jet plane propelled by two jet engines twist bit a bit or drill having deep helical grooves two-by-four a timber measuring (slightly under) 2 inches by 4 inches in cross section two-handed saw a saw with handles at both ends; intended for use by two people two-man tent a tent designed for occupancy by two persons two-piece a business suit consisting of a matching jacket and skirt or trousers (of clothing) made in or consisting of two parts or pieces; "a two-piece swimsuit" two-way street a street on which vehicular traffic can move in either of two directions; "you have to look both ways crossing a two-way street" type a small metal block bearing a raised character on one end; produces a printed character when inked and pressed on paper; "he dropped a case of type, so they made him pick them up" a subdivision of a particular kind of thing; "what type of sculpture do you prefer?" all of the tokens of the same symbol; "the word `element' contains five different types of character" printed characters; "small type is hard to read" (biology) the taxonomic group whose characteristics are used to define the next higher taxon identify as belonging to a certain type; "Such people can practically be typed" write by means of a keyboard with types; "type the acceptance letter, please" typesetting machine a printer that sets textual material in type type slug a strip of type metal used for spacing typewriter hand-operated character printer for printing written messages one character at a time typewriter carriage a carriage for carrying a sheet of paper typewriter keyboard a keyboard for manually entering characters to be printed tyrocidine a basic polypeptide antibiotic derived from a soil bacterium; a major component of tyrothricin tyrolean soft green felt hat with a feather or brush cockade tyrosine kinase inhibitor a drug used in cases of chronic myeloid leukemia tyrothricin a mixture of antibiotics applied locally to infections caused by Gram-positive bacteria uke a small guitar having four strings ulster loose long overcoat of heavy fabric; usually belted ultracentrifuge a high speed centrifuge used to determine the relative molecular masses of large molecules in high polymers and proteins subject to the action of an ultracentrifuge ultramicroscope light microscope that uses scattered light to show particles too small to see with ordinary microscopes Ultrasuede a synthetic suede cloth ultraviolet lamp any source of illumination that emits ultraviolet radiation umbrella tent a small tent with a single supporting pole and radiating metal ribs undercarriage framework that serves as a support for the body of a vehicle undercharge an insufficient charge a price that is too low charge (someone) too little money underfelt a carpet pad of thick felt undergarment a garment worn under other garments underpants an undergarment that covers the body from the waist no further than to the thighs; usually worn next to the skin underpass an underground tunnel or passage enabling pedestrians to cross a road or railway underwear undergarment worn next to the skin and under the outer garments undies women's underwear uneven parallel bars a pair of parallel bars set at different heights; used in women's gymnastics unicycle a vehicle with a single wheel that is driven by pedals ride a unicycle uniform clothing of distinctive design worn by members of a particular group as a means of identification provide with uniforms; "The guards were uniformed" evenly spaced; "at regular (or uniform) intervals" always the same; showing a single form or character in all occurrences; "a street of uniform tall white buildings" Union Jack national flag of the United Kingdom United States Army Criminal Investigation Laboratory a defense laboratory of the Criminal Investigation Command; the United States Army's primary forensic laboratory in support of criminal intelligence United States Mint the mint that manufactures and distributes United States coins for circulation through Federal Reserve Banks; processes gold and silver bullion universal joint coupling that connects two rotating shafts allowing freedom of movement in all directions; "in motor vehicles a universal joint allows the driveshaft to move up and down as the vehicle passes over bumps" university establishment where a seat of higher learning is housed, including administrative and living quarters as well as facilities for research and teaching the body of faculty and students at a university a large and diverse institution of higher learning created to educate for life and for a profession and to grant degrees University of California at Berkeley a university in Berkeley, California University of Chicago a university in Chicago, Illinois University of Michigan a university in Ann Arbor, Michigan University of Nebraska a university in Lincoln, Nebraska University of North Carolina a university in Chapel Hill, North Carolina University of Pennsylvania a university in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania University of Pittsburgh a university in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania University of Sussex a red-brick university in Brighton, England University of Texas a university in Austin, Texas University of Vermont a university in Burlington, Vermont University of Washington a university in Seattle, Washington University of West Virginia a university in Morgantown, West Virginia University of Wisconsin a university in Madison, Wisconsin upcast air passage consisting of a ventilation shaft through which air leaves a mine upholstery material the fabric used in upholstering upholstery needle any of several very heavy and sometimes curved sewing needles used by upholsterers uplift a brassiere that lifts and supports the breasts lift up or elevate lift up from the earth, as by geologic forces; "the earth's movement uplifted this part of town" upper piece of leather or synthetic material that forms the part of a shoe or boot above the sole that encases the foot; "Uppers come in many styles" higher in place or position; "the upper bunk"; "in the upper center of the picture"; "the upper stories" superior in rank or accomplishment; "the upper half of the class" the topmost one of two upper berth the higher of two berths upper deck a higher deck upper surface the side that is uppermost upright a piano with a vertical sounding board a vertical structural member as a post or stake; "the ball sailed between the uprights" in a vertical position; not sloping; "an upright post" upstage the rear part of the stage steal the show, draw attention to oneself away from someone else; "When the dog entered the stage, he upstaged the actress" move upstage, forcing the other actors to turn away from the audience treat snobbishly, put in one's place of the back half of a stage; "she crossed to the upstage chair forcing the lead to turn his back to the audience" at or toward the rear of the stage; "the dancers were directed to move upstage" upstairs the part of a building above the ground floor; "no one was allowed to see the upstairs" on or of upper floors of a building; "the upstairs maid"; "an upstairs room" on a floor above; "they lived upstairs" with respect to the mind; "she's a bit weak upstairs" urceole a vessel that holds water for washing the hands urinal a plumbing fixture (usually attached to the wall) used by men to urinate urn a large vase that usually has a pedestal or feet a large pot for making coffee or tea used-car a car that has been previously owned; not a new car USS Cole a United States destroyer; "17 sailors died as the result of a terrorist attack while the USS Cole was anchored in Aden" utensil an implement for practical use (especially in a household) Uzi a type of submachine gun that is designed and manufactured in Israel; "the Uzi is used throughout the world as a police and special forces firearm" vacation home a dwelling (a second home) where you live while you are on vacation vaccine immunogen consisting of a suspension of weakened or dead pathogenic cells injected in order to stimulate the production of antibodies vacuum an electrical home appliance that cleans by suction a region that is devoid of matter the absence of matter clean with a vacuum cleaner; "vacuum the carpets" vacuum chamber a chamber from which nearly all matter (especially air) has been removed vacuum flask flask with double walls separated by vacuum; used to maintain substances at high or low temperatures vacuum gauge a gauge for indicating negative atmospheric pressure valdecoxib a Cox-2 inhibitor (trade name Bextra) that relieves pain and inflammation without harming the digestive tract Valenciennes a type of bobbin lace with floral patterns a town in northeastern France long noted for its lace industry valise a small overnight bag for short trips valproic acid anticonvulsant (trade name Depokene) used to prevent some kinds of seizures valsartan an angiotensin II inhibitor that is used to treat high blood pressure valve-in-head engine internal-combustion engine having both inlet and exhaust valves located in the cylinder head vambrace cannon of plate armor protecting the forearm vamp piece of leather forming the front part of the upper of a shoe an improvised musical accompaniment provide (a shoe) with a new vamp; "revamp my old boots" act seductively with (someone) piece (something old) with a new part; "vamp up an old speech" make up; "vamp up an excuse for not attending the meeting" van a truck with an enclosed cargo space a camper equipped with living quarters (Great Britain) a closed railroad car that carries baggage or freight vancomycin an antibiotic (trade name Vancocin) effective against some bacterial infections vaporizer a device that puts out a substance in the form of a vapor (especially for medicinal inhalation) vapor lock a stoppage in a pipeline caused by gas bubbles (especially a stoppage that develops in hot weather in an internal-combustion engine when fuel in the gas line boils and forms bubbles that block the flow of gasoline to the carburetor) vardenafil virility drug (trade name Levitra) used to treat erectile dysfunction in men variable-pitch propeller propeller for which the angle of the blades is adjustable variometer a measuring instrument for measuring variations in a magnetic field varnish a coating that provides a hard, lustrous, transparent finish to a surface cover with varnish vase an open jar of glass or porcelain used as an ornament or to hold flowers Vaseline a trademarked brand of petroleum jelly vasoconstrictor any agent that causes a narrowing of an opening of a blood vessel: cold or stress or nicotine or epinephrine or norepinephrine or angiotensin or vasopressin or certain drugs; maintains or increases blood pressure vasodilator a drug that causes dilation of blood vessels vasopressor any agent that produces vasoconstriction and a rise in blood pressure (usually understood as increased arterial pressure) Vatican the residence of the Catholic Pope in the Vatican City vaulting (architecture) a vaulted structure; "arches and vaulting" vaulting horse a gymnastic horse without pommels and with one end elongated; used lengthwise for vaulting vehicle a conveyance that transports people or objects a medium for the expression or achievement of something; "his editorials provided a vehicle for his political views"; "a congregation is a vehicle of group identity"; "the play was just a vehicle to display her talents" any substance that facilitates the use of a drug or pigment or other material that is mixed with it Velcro nylon fabric used as a fastening velocipede any of several early bicycles with pedals on the front wheel velodrome a banked oval track for bicycle or motorcycle racing velour heavy fabric that resembles velvet velvet a silky densely piled fabric with a plain back resembling velvet in having a smooth soft surface smooth and soft to sight or hearing or touch or taste velveteen a usually cotton fabric with a short pile imitating velvet vending machine a slot machine for selling goods veneer coating consisting of a thin layer of superior wood glued to a base of inferior wood cover with veneer; "veneer the furniture to protect it" Venetian blind a window blind made of horizontal strips that overlap when closed Venetian glass fine glassware made near Venice Venn diagram a diagram that uses circles to represent mathematical or logical sets pictorially inside a rectangle (the universal set); elements that are common to more than one set are represented by intersections of the circles venogram an X ray of a vein injected with a radiopaque contrast medium ventilation shaft a shaft in a building; serves as an air passage for ventilation ventilator a device (such as a fan) that introduces fresh air or expels foul air ventriloquist's dummy a wooden dummy into which a ventriloquist projects the voice venturi a tube with a constriction; used to control fluid flow (as in the air inlet of a carburetor) Venturi tube a short tube inserted into a pipeline and used to measure the quantity of a liquid that is flowing in the pipeline veranda a porch along the outside of a building (sometimes partly enclosed) verapamil a drug (trade names Calan and Isoptin) used as an oral or parenteral calcium blocker in cases of hypertension or congestive heart failure or angina or migraine verdigris a green patina that forms on copper or brass or bronze that has been exposed to the air or water for long periods of time a blue or green powder used as a paint pigment color verdigris verge a grass border along a road the limit beyond which something happens or changes; "on the verge of tears"; "on the brink of bankruptcy" border on; come close to; "His behavior verges on the criminal" vermicide an agent that kills worms (especially those in the intestines) vermiculation a decoration consisting of wormlike carvings vermifuge a medication capable of causing the evacuation of parasitic intestinal worms vernier caliper a caliper with a vernier scale for very fine measurements vernier scale a small movable scale that slides along a main scale; the small scale is calibrated to indicate fractional divisions of the main scale Verrazano-Narrows Bridge a suspension bridge across the Verrazano Narrows between Brooklyn and Staten Island Versailles a palace built in the 17th century for Louis XIV southwest of Paris near the city of Versailles a city in north central France near Paris; site of the Palace of Versailles that was built by Louis XIV in the 17th century vertical file a file in which records are stored upright on one edge vertical section a mechanical drawing showing the interior of an object as if made by a vertical plane passing through it vertical stabilizer a stabilizer that is part of the vertical tail structure of an airplane vertical surface a surface that is vertical vertical tail the vertical airfoil in the tail assembly of an aircraft Very pistol a pistol for firing Very-light flares vessel a craft designed for water transportation an object used as a container (especially for liquids) a tube in which a body fluid circulates vest a man's sleeveless garment worn underneath a coat clothe formally; especially in ecclesiastical robes clothe oneself in ecclesiastical garments become legally vested; "The property vests in the trustees" place (authority, property, or rights) in the control of a person or group of persons; "She vested her vast fortune in her two sons" vestiture an archaic term for clothing vestment gown (especially ceremonial garments) worn by the clergy vest pocket a small pocket in a man's vest vestry a room in a church where sacred vessels and vestments are kept or meetings are held in the Protestant Episcopal Church: a committee elected by the congregation to work with the churchwardens in managing the temporal affairs of the church viaduct bridge consisting of a series of arches supported by piers used to carry a road (or railroad) over a valley vibraphone a percussion instrument similar to a xylophone but having metal bars and rotating disks in the resonators that produce a vibrato sound vibrator mechanical device that produces vibratory motion; used for massage a mechanical device that vibrates; "a reed is the vibrator that produces the sound" victory garden a kitchen garden planted during wartime to relieve food shortages Victrola a brand of gramophone videocassette a cassette for videotape videocassette recorder a magnetic tape recorder for recording (and playing back) TV programs videodisk a digital recording (as of a movie) on an optical disk that can be played on a computer or a television set video recording a recording of both the visual and audible components (especially one containing a recording of a movie or television program) videotape a relatively wide magnetic tape for use in recording visual images and associated sound a video recording made on magnetic tape record on videotape viewer an optical device for viewing photographic transparencies viewgraph a transparency for use with an overhead projector vigil light a candle lighted by a worshiper in a church vignette a small illustrative sketch (as sometimes placed at the beginning of chapters in books) a photograph whose edges shade off gradually villa pretentious and luxurious country residence with extensive grounds country house in ancient Rome consisting of residential quarters and farm buildings around a courtyard detached or semidetached suburban house vinblastine periwinkle plant derivative used as an antineoplastic drug (trade name Velban) that disrupts cell division vincristine periwinkle plant derivative used as an antineoplastic drug (trade name Oncovin); used to treat cancer of the lymphatic system vineyard a farm of grapevines where wine grapes are produced viol any of a family of bowed stringed instruments that preceded the violin family viola a bowed stringed instrument slightly larger than a violin, tuned a fifth lower any of the numerous plants of the genus Viola viola da braccio a member of the viol family with approximately the range of a viola viola da gamba viol that is the bass member of the viol family with approximately the range of the cello viola d'amore viol that is the tenor of the viol family violin bowed stringed instrument that is the highest member of the violin family; this instrument has four strings and a hollow body and an unfretted fingerboard and is played with a bow viomycin a basic polypeptide antibiotic (trade name Viocin) administered intramuscularly (along with other drugs) in the treatment of tuberculosis virginal a legless rectangular harpsichord; played (usually by women) in the 16th and 17th centuries untouched or undefiled; "nor is there anything more virginal than the shimmer of young foliage"- L.P.Smith characteristic of a virgin or virginity; "virginal white dresses" virility drug drug to treat impotence attributable to erectile dysfunction virtu objet d'art collectively (especially fine antiques) artistic quality love of or taste for fine objects of art virtual memory (computer science) memory created by using the hard disk to simulate additional random-access memory; the addressable storage space available to the user of a computer system in which virtual addresses are mapped into real addresses viscometer a measuring instrument for measuring viscosity viscose rayon a rayon fabric made from viscose (cellulose xanthate) fibers vise a holding device attached to a workbench; has two jaws to hold workpiece firmly in place visible speech spectrogram of speech; speech displayed spectrographically a phonetic alphabet invented by Melville Bell in the 19th century visor a piece of armor plate (with eye slits) fixed or hinged to a medieval helmet to protect the face visual display unit (British) British term for video display vivarium an indoor enclosure for keeping and raising living animals and plants and observing them under natural conditions Viyella a fabric made from a twilled mixture of cotton and wool V neck the neck of a garment has the shape of the letter V voider a piece of chain mail covering a place unprotected by armor plate voile a light semitransparent fabric volatile storage computer storage that is erased when the power is turned off volleyball court the court on which volleyball is played volleyball net the high net that separates the two teams and over which the volleyball must pass voltage regulator a transformer whose voltage ratio of transformation can be adjusted voltaic battery battery consisting of a number of voltaic cells arranged in series or parallel voltaic cell an electric cell that generates an electromotive force by an irreversible conversion of chemical to electrical energy; cannot be recharged voltaic pile battery consisting of voltaic cells arranged in series; the earliest electric battery devised by Volta voltmeter meter that measures the potential difference between two points volumeter a meter to measure the volume of gases, liquids, or solids (either directly or by displacement) vomitory an entrance to an amphitheater or stadium von Neumann machine any digital computer incorporating the ideas of stored programs and serial counters that were proposed in 1946 by von Neumann and his colleagues voting booth a booth in which a person can cast a private vote voting machine a mechanical device for recording and counting votes mechanically vouge a kind of pike used by foot soldiers in the 14th century voussoir wedge-shaped stone building block used in constructing an arch or vault vox angelica an organ stop producing a gentle tremolo effect vox humana an organ reed stop producing tones imitative of the human voice waders waterproof hip boots (sometimes extending to the chest) worn by anglers wading pool a shallow pool for children waffle iron a kitchen appliance for baking waffles; the appliance usually consists of two indented metal pans hinged together so that they create a pattern on the waffle wagon any of various kinds of wheeled vehicles drawn by an animal or a tractor a child's four-wheeled toy cart sometimes used for coasting wagon tire a metal hoop forming the tread of a wheel wagon wheel a wheel of a wagon wain large open farm wagon wainscot wooden panels that can be used to line the walls of a room panel forming the lower part of an interior wall when it is finished differently from the rest of the wall wainscoting a wainscoted wall (or wainscoted walls collectively) waist pack a small pouch (usually with a zipper) that attaches to a belt and is worn around the waist wake board a buoyant board (resembling a surfboard) that is used to ride over water while being pulled behind a motorboat wale thick plank forming a ridge along the side of a wooden ship a raised mark on the skin (as produced by the blow of a whip); characteristic of many allergic reactions walker an enclosing framework on casters or wheels; helps babies learn to walk a light enclosing framework (trade name Zimmer) with rubber castors or wheels and handles; helps invalids or the handicapped or the aged to walk a shoe designed for comfortable walking walkie-talkie small portable radio link (receiver and transmitter) walk-in a small room large enough to admit entrance an assured victory (especially in an election) an operative who initiates his own defection (usually to a hostile country) for political asylum person who walks in without having an appointment; "the emergency room was overrun with walk-ins" walking shoe a light comfortable shoe designed for vigorous walking Walkman (trademark) a pocket-sized stereo system with light weight earphones walk-up an apartment building without an elevator a building with no elevator; "a walk-up apartment" walk-up apartment an apartment in a building without an elevator wall an architectural partition with a height and length greater than its thickness; used to divide or enclose an area or to support another structure; "the south wall had a small window"; "the walls were covered with pictures" a masonry fence (as around an estate or garden); "the wall followed the road"; "he ducked behind the garden wall and waited" a layer of material that encloses space; "the walls of the cylinder were perforated"; "the container's walls were blue" (anatomy) a layer (a lining or membrane) that encloses a structure; "stomach walls" anything that suggests a wall in structure or function or effect; "a wall of water"; "a wall of smoke"; "a wall of prejudice"; "negotiations ran into a brick wall" a vertical (or almost vertical) smooth rock face (as of a cave or mountain) a difficult or awkward situation; "his back was to the wall"; "competition was pushing them to the wall" surround with a wall in order to fortify wallboard a wide flat board used to cover walls or partitions; made from plaster or wood pulp or other materials and used primarily to form the interior walls of houses wall clock a clock mounted on a wall wallet a pocket-size case for holding papers and paper money wall panel paneling that forms part of a wall wall plate plate (a timber along the top of a wall) to support the ends of joists, etc., and distribute the load wall socket receptacle providing a place in a wiring system where current can be taken to run electrical devices wall tent a canvas tent with four vertical walls wall unit a piece of furniture having several units that stands against one wall of a room Walt Whitman Bridge a suspension bridge across the Delaware River wampum small cylindrical beads made from polished shells and fashioned into strings or belts; used by certain Native American peoples as jewelry or currency wand a rod used by a magician or water diviner a thin supple twig or rod; "stems bearing slender wands of flowers" Wankel engine a rotary engine that is a four-stroke internal-combustion engine without reciprocating parts ward block forming a division of a hospital (or a suite of rooms) shared by patients who need a similar kind of care; "they put her in a 4-bed ward" a district into which a city or town is divided for the purpose of administration and elections a person who is under the protection or in the custody of another wardrobe a tall piece of furniture that provides storage space for clothes; has a door and rails or hooks for hanging clothes collection of clothing belonging to one person collection of costumes belonging to a theatrical company wardroom military quarters for dining and recreation for officers of a warship (except the captain) ware articles of the same kind or material; usually used in combination: `silverware', `software' warehouse a storehouse for goods and merchandise store in a warehouse warfarin an anticoagulant (trade name Coumadin) use to prevent and treat a thrombus or embolus warhead the front part of a guided missile or rocket or torpedo that carries the nuclear or explosive charge or the chemical or biological agents warming pan a long-handled covered pan holding live coals to warm a bed warp yarn arranged lengthways on a loom and crossed by the woof a moral or mental distortion a shape distorted by twisting or folding war paint full ceremonial regalia adornment consisting of paint applied to the face and body of certain Amerindians before a battle warplane an aircraft designed and used for combat war room a room where strategic decisions are made (especially for military or political campaigns) warship a government ship that is available for waging war wash-and-wear a fabric treated to be easily washable and to require no ironing treated so as to be easily or quickly washed and dried and requiring little or no ironing; "a wash-and-wear shirt" washbasin a basin for washing the hands (`wash-hand basin' is a British expression) a bathroom sink that is permanently installed and connected to a water supply and drainpipe; where you can wash your hands and face; "he ran some water in the basin and splashed it on his face" washboard protective covering consisting of a broad plank along a gunwale to keep water from splashing over the side device consisting of a corrugated surface to scrub clothes on washcloth bath linen consisting of a piece of cloth used to wash the face and body washer a home appliance for washing clothes and linens automatically seal consisting of a flat disk placed to prevent leakage someone who washes things for a living washhouse a building or outbuilding where laundry is done Washington Monument a stone obelisk built in Washington in 1884 to honor George Washington; 555 feet tall washroom a lavatory (particularly a lavatory in a public place) washstand furniture consisting of a table or stand to hold a basin and pitcher of water for washing: `wash-hand stand' is a British term washtub a tub in which clothes or linens can be washed wastepaper basket a container with an open top; for discarded paper and other rubbish watchband a band of cloth or leather or metal links attached to a wristwatch and wrapped around the wrist watch cap a knitted dark blue wool cap worn by seamen in cold or stormy weather watch case the metal case in which the works of a watch are housed watch glass laboratory glassware; a shallow glass dish used as an evaporating surface or to cover a beaker watch key winder consisting of a key with a square hole; used for winding some watches watchtower an observation tower for a lookout to watch over prisoners or watch for fires or enemies water back water heater consisting of a tank or pipes set at the back of a fireplace or in the firebox of a stove water-base paint paint in which water is used as the vehicle water bed a bed with a mattress made of strong plastic that is filled with water water bottle a bottle for holding water water butt a butt set on end to contain water especially to store rainwater water cannon a hose (carried on a truck) that fires water under high pressure to disperse crowds (especially crowds of rioters) water cart cart with a tank for water (especially with fresh water for sale) water chute chute with flowing water down which toboggans and inner tubes and people slide into a pool water clock clock that measures time by the escape of water water closet a toilet in Britain water-cooled reactor nuclear reactor using water as a coolant water cooler a device for cooling and dispensing drinking water watercourse a conduit through which water flows natural or artificial channel through which water flows water faucet a faucet for drawing water from a pipe or cask water filter a filter to remove impurities from the water supply water gauge gauge for indicating the level of water in e.g. a tank or boiler or reservoir water glass a glass for drinking water water hazard hazard provided by ponds of water that the golfer must avoid water heater a heater and storage tank to supply heated water watering can a container with a handle and a spout with a perforated nozzle; used to sprinkle water over plants watering cart water cart with a tank and sprinkler for sprinkling roads water jacket a container filled with water that surrounds a machine to cool it; especially that surrounding the cylinder block of an engine water jug a jug that holds water water jump a pool or stream in a steeplechase or similar contest water level a water gauge that shows the level by showing the surface of the water in a trough or U-shaped tube the level of the surface of a body of water water main main (a pipe or conduit) for conveying water water meter meter for measuring the quantity of water passing through a particular outlet water mill a mill powered by a water wheel water pistol plaything consisting of a toy pistol that squirts water waterproof any fabric impervious to water make watertight; "Waterproof the coat" water pump the pump in the cooling system of an automobile that cause the water to circulate water scooter a motorboat resembling a motor scooter water ski broad ski for skimming over water towed by a speedboat ride water skis waterskin a container of skin for holding water waterspout a channel through which water is discharged (especially one used for drainage from the gutters of a roof) a tornado passing over water and picking up a column of water and mist water system a facility that provides a source of water; "the town debated the purification of the water supply"; "first you have to cut off the water" a river and all of its tributaries water tower a large reservoir for water water wagon a wagon that carries water (as for troops or work gangs or to sprinkle down dusty dirt roads in the summertime) waterwheel a wheel that rotates by direct action of water; a simple turbine a wheel with buckets attached to its rim; raises water from a stream or pond water wings a life preserver consisting of a connected pair of inflatable bags that fit under a person's arms and provide buoyancy; used by children learning to swim waterworks workplace where water is stored and purified and distributed for a community WATS a telephone line;long distance service at fixed rates for fixed zones; an acronym for wide area telephone service wattle framework consisting of stakes interwoven with branches to form a fence a fleshy wrinkled and often brightly colored fold of skin hanging from the neck or throat of certain birds (chickens and turkeys) or lizards any of various Australasian trees yielding slender poles suitable for wattle interlace to form wattle build of or with wattle wattmeter an instrument for measuring in watts the flow of power in an electrical circuit waveguide a hollow metal conductor that provides a path to guide microwaves; used in radar waxwork an effigy (usually of a famous person) made of wax ways structure consisting of a sloping way down to the water from the place where ships are built or repaired wayside edge of a way or road or path; "flowers along the wayside" weapon any instrument or instrumentality used in fighting or hunting; "he was licensed to carry a weapon" a means of persuading or arguing; "he used all his conversational weapons" weapon of mass destruction a weapon that kills or injures civilian as well as military personnel (nuclear and chemical and biological weapons) weaponry weapons considered collectively weapons carrier military vehicle that is a light truck designed to carry mortars or machine guns and their crews weathercock weathervane with a vane in the form of a rooster weather deck upper deck having no overhead protection from the weather, but sheltering the deck below weatherglass a simple barometer for indicating changes in atmospheric pressure weather map (meteorology) a map showing the principal meteorological elements at a given time and over an extended region weather radar radar that is able to detect clouds and precipitation weather satellite a satellite that transmits frequent picture of the earth below weather ship an oceangoing vessel equipped to make meteorological observations weather strip a narrow strip of material to cover the joint of a door or window to exclude the cold weathervane mechanical device attached to an elevated structure; rotates freely to show the direction of the wind weave pattern of weaving or structure of a fabric interlace by or as if by weaving create a piece of cloth by interlacing strands of fabric, such as wool or cotton; "tissue textiles" to move or cause to move in a sinuous, spiral, or circular course; "the river winds through the hills"; "the path meanders through the vineyards"; "sometimes, the gout wanders through the entire body" webbing a strong fabric woven in strips a narrow closely woven tape; used in upholstery or for seat belts something forming a web (as between the toes of birds) webcam a digital camera designed to take digital photographs and transmit them over the internet wedding picture photographs of bride and groom and their friends taken at their wedding wedding ring a ring (usually plain gold) given to the bride (and sometimes one is also given to the groom) at the wedding wedge something solid that is usable as an inclined plane (shaped like a V) that can be pushed between two things to separate them (golf) an iron with considerable loft and a broad sole any shape that is triangular in cross section squeeze like a wedge into a tight space; "I squeezed myself into the corner" wedge heel a heel that is an extension of the sole of the shoe wedgie a shoe with a wedge heel Wedgwood a type of pottery made by Josiah Wedgwood and his successors; typically has a classical decoration in white on a blue background English potter (1730-1795) weeder a hand tool for removing weeds a farmhand hired to remove weeds weeds a black garment (dress) worn by a widow as a sign of mourning weed a black band worn by a man (on the arm or hat) as a sign of mourning any plant that crowds out cultivated plants clear of weeds; "weed the garden" weekender a small suitcase to carry clothing and accessories for a weekend trip someone who vacations on a weekend weighbridge platform scale flush with a roadway for weighing vehicles and cattle etc weight an artifact that is heavy sports equipment used in calisthenic exercises and weightlifting; it is not attached to anything and is raised and lowered by use of the hands and arms the vertical force exerted by a mass as a result of gravity the relative importance granted to something; "his opinion carries great weight"; "the progression implied an increasing weightiness of the items listed" an oppressive feeling of heavy force; "bowed down by the weight of responsibility" (statistics) a coefficient assigned to elements of a frequency distribution in order to represent their relative importance weir a low dam built across a stream to raise its level or divert its flow a fence or wattle built across a stream to catch or retain fish welcome wagon a wheeled vehicle carrying information and gifts from local merchants for new residents in an area weld a metal joint formed by softening with heat and fusing or hammering together unite closely or intimately; "Her gratitude welded her to him" join together by heating; "weld metal" welder's mask a mask that you wear for protection when doing welding weldment an assembly of parts welded together well a deep hole or shaft dug or drilled to obtain water or oil or gas or brine an enclosed compartment in a ship or plane for holding something as e.g. fish or a plane's landing gear or for protecting something as e.g. a ship's pumps an open shaft through the floors of a building (as for a stairway) a cavity or vessel used to contain liquid an abundant source; "she was a well of information" come up, as of a liquid; "Tears well in her eyes"; "the currents well up" in good health especially after having suffered illness or injury; "appears to be entirely well"; "the wound is nearly well"; "a well man"; "I think I'm well; at least I feel well" (often used as a combining form) in a good or proper or satisfactory manner or to a high standard (`good' is a nonstandard dialectal variant for `well'); "the children behaved well"; "a task well done"; "the party went well"; "he slept well"; "a well-argued thesis"; "a well-seasoned dish"; "a well-planned party"; "the baby can walk pretty good" without unusual distress or resentment; with good humor; "took the joke well"; "took the tragic news well" indicating high probability; in all likelihood; "I might well do it"; "a mistake that could easily have ended in disaster"; "you may well need your umbrella"; "he could equally well be trying to deceive us" thoroughly or completely; fully; often used as a combining form; "The problem is well understood"; "she was well informed"; "shake well before using"; "in order to avoid food poisoning be sure the meat is well cooked"; "well-done beef"; "well-satisfied customers"; "well-educated" favorably; with approval; "their neighbors spoke well of them"; "he thought well of the book" to a suitable or appropriate extent or degree; "the project was well underway"; "the fetus has well developed organs"; "his father was well pleased with his grades" in financial comfort; "They live well"; "she has been able to live comfortably since her husband died" in a manner affording benefit or advantage; "she married well"; "The children were settled advantageously in Seattle" to a great extent or degree; "I'm afraid the film was well over budget"; "painting the room white made it seem considerably (or substantially) larger"; "the house has fallen considerably in value"; "the price went up substantially" with skill or in a pleasing manner; "she dances well"; "he writes well" with prudence or propriety; "You would do well to say nothing more"; "could not well refuse" with great or especially intimate knowledge; "we knew them well" (used for emphasis or as an intensifier) entirely or fully; "a book well worth reading"; "was well aware of the difficulties ahead"; "suspected only too well what might be going on" wellhead a structure built over a well the source of water for a well well point a perforated tube driven into the ground to collect water from the surrounding area welt a raised or strengthened seam put a welt on; "welt the shoes" Weston cell a standard voltaic cell (trademark Weston) wet bar a bar for mixing drinks that has a sink with running water wet-bulb thermometer a thermometer with a bulb that is covered with moist muslin; used in a psychrometer to measure humidity wet cell a primary voltaic cell having a liquid electrolyte wet fly fisherman's fly that floats under the surface of the water wet suit a close-fitting garment made of a permeable material; worn in cold water (as by skin divers) to retain body heat whacker something especially big or impressive of its kind whaleboat a long narrow boat designed for quick turning and use in rough seas whaler a ship engaged in whale fishing a seaman who works on a ship that hunts whales whaling gun a gun (or device resembling a gun) for discharging a projectile (especially a harpoon) at a whale Wheatstone bridge a bridge used to measure resistances wheat future wheat bought or sold at an agreed price for delivery at a specified future date wheel a simple machine consisting of a circular frame with spokes (or a solid disc) that can rotate on a shaft or axle (as in vehicles or other machines) a circular helm to control the rudder of a vessel forces that provide energy and direction; "the wheels of government began to turn" move along on or as if on wheels or a wheeled vehicle; "The President's convoy rolled past the crowds" change directions as if revolving on a pivot; "They wheeled their horses around and left" wheel somebody or something wheel and axle hoist so arranged that a rope unwinding from a wheel is wound onto a cylindrical drum or shaft coaxial with the wheel wheelchair a movable chair mounted on large wheels; for invalids or those who cannot walk; frequently propelled by the occupant wheeled vehicle a vehicle that moves on wheels and usually has a container for transporting things or people; "the oldest known wheeled vehicles were found in Sumer and Syria and date from around 3500 BC" wheel lock an obsolete gunlock using flint and a revolving wheel wheelwork mechanical device including an arrangement of wheel in a machine (especially a train of gears) wherry light rowboat for use in racing or for transporting goods and passengers in inland waters and harbors sailing barge used especially in East Anglia whetstone a flat stone for sharpening edged tools or knives whiffletree a crossbar that is attached to the traces of a draft horse and to the vehicle or implement that the horse is pulling whipcord a strong worsted or cotton fabric with a diagonal rib closely twisted hard cord used for the lashes of whips whipping post post formerly used in public to which offenders are tied to be whipped whipping top a top that is spun by whipping whipstitch a sewing stitch passing over an edge diagonally whirler a revolving mechanism whisk a small short-handled broom used to brush clothes a mixer incorporating a coil of wires; used for whipping eggs or cream whip with or as if with a wire whisk; "whisk the eggs" brush or wipe off lightly move somewhere quickly; "The President was whisked away in his limo" move quickly and nimbly; "He whisked into the house" whiskey bottle a bottle for holding whiskey whiskey jug a jug that contains whiskey whispering gallery a space beneath a dome or arch in which sounds produced at certain points are clearly audible at certain distant points whistle acoustic device that forces air or steam against an edge or into a cavity and so produces a loud shrill sound a small wind instrument that produces a whistling sound by blowing into it the act of signalling (e.g., summoning) by whistling or blowing a whistle; "the whistle signalled the end of the game" the sound made by something moving rapidly or by steam coming out of a small aperture utter or express by whistling; "She whistled a melody" give a signal by whistling; "She whistled for her maid" make a whining, ringing, or whistling sound; "the kettle was singing"; "the bullet sang past his ear" move with, or as with, a whistling sound; "The bullets whistled past him" move, send, or bring as if by whistling; "Her optimism whistled away these worries" make whistling sounds; "He lay there, snoring and whistling" whistle stop a small railway station between the principal stations or a station where the train stops only on a signal white (board games) the lighter pieces the quality or state of the achromatic color of greatest lightness (bearing the least resemblance to black) of or belonging to a racial group having light skin coloration; "voting patterns within the white population" of summer nights in northern latitudes where the sun barely sets; "white nights" being of the achromatic color of maximum lightness; having little or no hue owing to reflection of almost all incident light; "as white as fresh snow"; "a bride's white dress" (of hair) having lost its color; "the white hairs of old age" (of coffee) having cream or milk added benevolent; without malicious intent; "that's white of you" glowing white with heat; "white flames"; "a white-hot center of the fire" restricted to whites only; "under segregation there were even white restrooms and white drinking fountains"; "a lily-white movement which would expel Negroes from the organization" marked by the presence of snow; "a white Christmas"; "the white hills of a northern winter" free from moral blemish or impurity; unsullied; "in shining white armor" white flag flag consisting of a piece of white cloth that is hoisted to signal surrender or to ask for a truce white goods drygoods for household use that are typically made of white cloth large electrical home appliances (refrigerators or washing machines etc.) that are typically finished in white enamel White House the government building that serves as the residence and office of the President of the United States the chief executive department of the United States government white tie bow tie worn as part of a man's formal evening dress whizbang a firecracker that (like the whizbang shell) makes a whizzing sound followed by a loud explosion a small high-velocity shell; it makes a whizzing sound followed by a bang when it hits whorehouse a building where prostitutes are available wick a loosely woven cord (in a candle or oil lamp) that draws fuel by capillary action up into the flame any piece of cord that conveys liquid by capillary action; "the physician put a wick in the wound to drain it" wicker work made of interlaced slender branches (especially willow branches) slender flexible branches or twigs (especially of willow or some canes); used for wickerwork wicker basket a basket made of wickerwork wicket small opening (like a window in a door) through which business can be transacted small gate or door (especially one that is part of a larger door) a small arch used as croquet equipment cricket equipment consisting of a set of three stumps topped by crosspieces; used in playing cricket wickiup a lodge consisting of a frame covered with matting or brush; used by nomadic American Indians in the southwestern United States wide-angle lens a camera lens having a wider than normal angle of view (and usually a short focal length); produces an image that is foreshortened in the center and increasingly distorted in the periphery wide area network a computer network that spans a wider area than does a local area network widebody aircraft a commercial airliner with two aisles wide screen a projection screen that is much wider than it is high wide wale corduroy with wide ribs widow's walk a lookout atop a coastal house Wiffle (trademark) a hollow plastic ball with cutouts wig hairpiece covering the head and made of real or synthetic hair British slang for a scolding wigwam a Native American lodge frequently having an oval shape and covered with bark or hides wild card a playing card whose value can be determined by the person who holds it an unpredictable factor; "the weather was a wild card" wildcat well an exploratory oil well drilled in land not known to be an oil field willow a textile machine having a system of revolving spikes for opening and cleaning raw textile fibers any of numerous deciduous trees and shrubs of the genus Salix willowware chinaware decorated with a blue Chinese design on a white background depicting a willow tree and often a river Wilton a carpet woven on a Jacquard loom with loops like a Brussels carpet but having the loops cut to form a close velvety pile wimple headdress of cloth; worn over the head and around the neck and ears by medieval women wincey a plain or twilled fabric of wool and cotton used especially for warm shirts or skirts and pajamas winceyette cotton flannelette with a nap on both sides winch lifting device consisting of a horizontal cylinder turned by a crank on which a cable or rope winds pull or lift up with or as if with a winch; "winch up the slack line" Winchester a shoulder rifle a city in southern England; administrative center of Hampshire windbreak hedge or fence of trees designed to lessen the force of the wind and reduce erosion wind chime a decorative arrangement of pieces of metal or glass or pottery that hang together loosely so the wind can cause them to tinkle winder mechanical device around which something can be wound mechanical device used to wind another device that is driven by a spring (as a clock) a worker who winds (e.g., a winch or clock or other mechanism) wind farm a power plant that uses wind turbines to generate electricity wind instrument a musical instrument in which the sound is produced by an enclosed column of air that is moved by bellows or the human breath windjammer a large sailing ship windmill generator that extracts usable energy from winds a mill that is powered by the wind window a framework of wood or metal that contains a glass windowpane and is built into a wall or roof to admit light or air a transparent opening in a vehicle that allow vision out of the sides or back; usually is capable of being opened a transparent panel (as of an envelope) inserted in an otherwise opaque material (computer science) a rectangular part of a computer screen that contains a display different from the rest of the screen an opening in a wall or screen that admits light and air and through which customers can be served; "he stuck his head in the window" an opening that resembles a window in appearance or function; "he could see them through a window in the trees" the time period that is considered best for starting or finishing something; "the expanded window will give us time to catch the thieves"; "they had a window of less than an hour when an attack would have succeeded" window blind a blind for privacy or to keep out light window box a long narrow box for growing plants on a windowsill window envelope an envelope with a transparent panel that reveals the address on the enclosure window frame the framework that supports a window window screen screen to keep insects from entering a building through the open window window seat a bench or similar seat built into a window recess window shade an opaque window blind that can cover or uncover a window windowsill the sill of a window; the horizontal member at the bottom of the window frame wind rose weather map showing the frequency and strength of winds from different directions windshield transparent screen (as of glass) to protect occupants of a vehicle windshield wiper a mechanical device that cleans the windshield Windsor chair straight chair having a shaped seat and a back of many spindles Windsor knot a wide triangular slipknot for tying a tie Windsor tie a wide necktie worn in a loose bow wind tee weather vane shaped like a T and located at an airfield wind tunnel a structure resembling a tunnel where air is blown at known velocities for testing parts of aircraft wind turbine a turbine that is driven by the wind wine bar a bar that serves only wine wine bottle a bottle for holding wine wine bucket a bucket of ice used to chill a bottle of wine wine cask a barrel that holds wine wineglass a glass that has a stem and in which wine is served wineglass heel a heel on a woman's shoe in the shape of a wineglass winepress a press that is used to extract the juice from grapes winery an establishment where wine is made wineskin an animal skin (usually a goatskin) that forms a bag and is used to hold and dispense wine wing chair easy chair having wings on each side of a high back wing nut a threaded nut with winglike projections for thumb and forefinger leverage in turning any tree of the genus Pterocarya; fruit is a small winged nutlet; Caucasus to southeastern Asia wing tip a decorative toecap having a point extending toward the throat of the shoe a shoe having a wing-tip toecap winker blind consisting of a leather eyepatch sewn to the side of the halter that prevents a horse from seeing something on either side a person who winks wiper contact consisting of a conducting arm that rotates over a series of fixed contacts and comes to rest on an outlet a worker who wipes wiper motor electric motor that moves the windshield wiper wire ligament made of metal and used to fasten things or make cages or fences etc a metal conductor that carries electricity over a distance the finishing line on a racetrack fasten with wire; "The columns were wired to the beams for support" string on a wire; "wire beads" provide with electrical circuits; "wire the addition to the house" wire cloth fabric woven of metallic wire wire cutter an edge tool used in cutting wire wire gauge gauge for measuring the diameter of wire wireless local area network a local area network that uses high frequency radio signals to transmit and receive data over distances of a few hundred feet; uses ethernet protocol wire matrix printer an impact printer in which each character is represented by a pattern of dots made by wires or styli wire recorder an early type of magnetic recorder using iron wire wire stripper a hand tool used by electricians to remove insulation from the cut end of an insulated wire wirework mesh netting made of wires wiring diagram a schematic drawing of the wiring of an electrical system wishing cap a magical cap that secures whatever one wishes for witch hazel lotion consisting of an astringent alcoholic solution containing an extract from the witch hazel plant any of several shrubs or trees of the genus Hamamelis; bark yields an astringent lotion withe band or rope made of twisted twigs or stems strong flexible twig witness box a box enclosure for a witness when testifying wobbler something that wobbles wok pan with a convex bottom; used for frying in Chinese cooking woman's clothing clothing that is designed for women to wear wood a golf club with a long shaft used to hit long shots; originally made with a wooden head; "metal woods are now standard" the hard fibrous lignified substance under the bark of trees woodcarving a carving created by carving wood wood chisel a chisel for working wood; it is either struck with a mallet or pushed by hand woodcut engraving consisting of a block of wood with a design cut into it; used to make prints a print made from a woodcut woodenware ware for domestic use made of wood wooden spoon a spoon made of wood a booby prize consisting of a spoon made of wood woodscrew a metal screw that tapers to a point so that it can be driven into wood with a screwdriver woodshed a shed for storing firewood or garden tools wood vise a vise with jaws that are padded in order to hold lumber without denting it woodwind any wind instrument other than the brass instruments woodwork work made of wood; especially moldings or stairways or furniture woof the yarn woven across the warp yarn in weaving woofer a loudspeaker that reproduces lower audio frequency sounds worldly possession a commodity or good associated with the earthly, rather than the spiritual, existence of human beings workbasket container for holding implements and materials for work (especially for sewing) workbench a strong worktable for a carpenter or mechanic workboard a horizontal board that provides a supported surface for manual work work camp a camp for trustworthy prisoners employed in government projects work-clothing clothing worn for doing manual labor workhouse a county jail that holds prisoners for periods up to 18 months a poorhouse where able-bodied poor are compelled to labor working a mine or quarry that is being or has been worked serving to permit or facilitate further work or activity; "discussed the working draft of a peace treaty"; "they need working agreements with their neighbor states on interstate projects" adequate for practical use; especially sufficient in strength or numbers to accomplish something; "the party has a working majority in the House"; "a working knowledge of Spanish" work in progress a piece of work that is not yet finished work of art art that is a product of one of the fine arts (especially a painting or sculpture of artistic merit) workpiece work consisting of a piece of metal being machined workplace a place where work is done; "he arrived at work early today" workroom room where work is done work-shirt heavy-duty shirts worn for manual or physical work workstation a desktop digital computer that is conventionally considered to be more powerful than a microcomputer work surface a horizontal surface for supporting objects used in working or playing games worktable a table designed for a particular task workwear heavy-duty clothes for manual or physical work World Trade Center twin skyscrapers 110 stories high in New York City; built 1368 feet tall in 1970 to 1973; destroyed by a terrorist attack on September 11, 2001 World Wide Web computer network consisting of a collection of internet sites that offer text and graphics and sound and animation resources through the hypertext transfer protocol worm fence rail fence consisting of a zigzag of interlocking rails worm gear gear consisting of a shaft with screw thread (the worm) that meshes with a toothed wheel (the worm wheel); changes the direction of the axis of rotary motion worm wheel gear with the thread of a worm worsted a woolen fabric with a hard textured surface and no nap; woven of worsted yarns "he wore a worsted suit" a tightly twisted woolen yarn spun from long-staple wool wrap cloak that is folded or wrapped around a person a sandwich in which the filling is rolled up in a soft tortilla arrange or fold as a cover or protection; "wrap the baby before taking her out"; "Wrap the present" crash into so as to coil around; "The teenager wrapped his car around the fire hydrant" wraparound a garment (as a dress or coat) with a full length opening; adjusts to the body by wrapping around wrapping the covering (usually paper or cellophane) in which something is wrapped wreath flower arrangement consisting of a circular band of foliage or flowers for ornamental purposes wreck a ship that has been destroyed at sea something or someone that has suffered ruin or dilapidation; "the house was a wreck when they bought it"; "thanks to that quack I am a human wreck" wreckage the remaining parts of something that has been wrecked; "they searched the wreckage for signs of survivors" wrench a hand tool that is used to hold or twist a nut or bolt a sharp strain on muscles or ligaments; "the wrench to his knee occurred as he fell"; "he was sidelined with a hamstring pull" twist or pull violently or suddenly, especially so as to remove (something) from that to which it is attached or from where it originates; "wrench a window off its hinges"; "wrench oneself free from somebody's grip"; "a deep sigh was wrenched from his chest" make a sudden twisting motion wrestling mat a mat on which wrestling matches are conducted wrestling ring a square ring in which wrestlers compete wringer a clothes dryer consisting of two rollers between which the wet clothes are squeezed wristband band consisting of a part of a sleeve that covers the wrist wristlet a band or bracelet worn around the wrist wrist pad protective garment consisting of a pad worn by football players wrist pin pin joining a piston to a connecting rod wristwatch a watch that is worn strapped to the wrist writing arm an arm of a tablet-armed chair; widened to provide a writing surface writing board work surface consisting of a wide lightweight board that can be placed across the lap and used for writing writing desk a desk for writing (usually with a sloping top) a portable case containing writing materials and having a writing surface writing implement an implement that is used to write xerographic printer a page printer that uses the xerographic process Xerox a duplicator (trade mark Xerox) that copies graphic matter by the action of light on an electrically charged photoconductive insulating surface in which the latent image is developed with a resinous powder xerox a copy made by a xerographic copier X-OR circuit gate for exclusive OR; a circuit in a computer that fires only if only one of its inputs fire X-ray film photographic film used to make X-ray pictures X-ray machine an apparatus that provides a source of X rays X-ray tube a vacuum tube containing a metal target onto which a beam of electrons is directed at high energy for the generation of X rays yacht an expensive vessel propelled by sail or power and used for cruising or racing travel in a yacht yacht chair a light folding armchair for outdoor use yagi a sharply directional antenna Yale University a university in Connecticut yard an enclosure for animals (as chicken or livestock) a long horizontal spar tapered at the end and used to support and spread a square sail or lateen the enclosed land around a house or other building; "it was a small house with almost no yard" an area having a network of railway tracks and sidings for storage and maintenance of cars and engines a tract of land enclosed for particular activities (sometimes paved and usually associated with buildings); "they opened a repair yard on the edge of town" a tract of land where logs are accumulated a unit of length equal to 3 feet; defined as 91.44 centimeters; originally taken to be the average length of a stride yardarm either end of the yard of a square-rigged ship yarder a winch (or system of winches) powered by an engine and used to haul logs from a stump to a landing or to a skid road (used only in combinations) the height or length of something in yards; "the golfer hit a 300-yarder to the green" yard goods merchandise in the form of fabrics sold by the yard yard marker (football) a marker indicating the yard line yardstick a ruler or tape that is three feet long a measure or standard used for comparison; "on what kind of yardstick is he basing his judgment?" yarmulke a skullcap worn by religious Jews (especially at prayer) yashmak the face veil worn by Muslim women yataghan a long Turkish knife with a curved blade having a single edge yawl a sailing vessel with two masts; a small mizzen is aft of the rudderpost a ship's small boat (usually rowed by 4 or 6 oars) yield an amount of a product consent reluctantly cease opposition; stop fighting bring in; "interest-bearing accounts"; "How much does this savings certificate pay annually?" be the cause or source of; "He gave me a lot of trouble"; "Our meeting afforded much interesting information" give in, as to influence or pressure yoke stable gear that joins two draft animals at the neck so they can work together as a team fabric comprising a fitted part at the top of a garment a connection (like a clamp or vise) between two things so they move together support consisting of a wooden frame across the shoulders that enables a person to carry buckets hanging from each end a pair of draft animals joined by a yoke; "pulled by a yoke of oxen" an oppressive power; "under the yoke of a tyrant"; "they threw off the yoke of domination" put a yoke on or join with a yoke; "Yoke the draft horses together" link with or as with a yoke; "yoke the oxen together" become joined or linked together yo-yo a toy consisting of a spool that is reeled up and down on a string by motions of the hand yurt a circular domed dwelling that is portable and self-supporting; originally used by nomadic Mongol and Turkic people of central Asia but now used as inexpensive alternative or temporary housing Zamboni the trademark for a machine that smooths the ice in an ice-skating rink zapper an electrical device that can injure or kill by means of electric currents; "a bug zapper" zarf an ornamental metal cup-shaped holder for a hot coffee cup zeppelin a large rigid dirigible designed to carry passengers or bombs zero the sight setting that will cause a projectile to hit the center of the target with no wind blowing the point on a scale from which positive or negative numerical quantities can be measured a mathematical element that when added to another number yields the same number adjust (as by firing under test conditions) the zero of (a gun); "He zeroed in his rifle at 200 yards" adjust (an instrument or device) to zero value indicating the absence of any or all units under consideration; "a zero score" indicating an initial point or origin of or relating to the null set (a set with no members) ziggurat a rectangular tiered temple or terraced mound erected by the ancient Assyrians and Babylonians zill one of a pair of small metallic cymbals worn on the thumb and middle finger; used in belly dancing in rhythm with the dance zinc ointment an ointment containing zinc that is used to treat certain skin diseases zip gun a crude homemade pistol zither a musical stringed instrument with strings stretched over a flat sounding board; it is laid flat and played with a plectrum and with fingers zodiac (astrology) a circular diagram representing the 12 zodiacal constellations and showing their signs a belt-shaped region in the heavens on either side to the ecliptic; divided into 12 constellations or signs for astrological purposes zoot suit a flashy suit of extreme cut human nature the shared psychological attributes of humankind that are assumed to be shared by all human beings; "a great observer of human nature" trait a distinguishing feature of your personal nature character (genetics) an attribute (structural or functional) that is determined by a gene or group of genes the inherent complex of attributes that determines a persons moral and ethical actions and reactions; "education has for its object the formation of character"- Herbert Spencer an actor's portrayal of someone in a play; "she played the part of Desdemona" a formal recommendation by a former employer to a potential future employer describing the person's qualifications and dependability; "requests for character references are all too often answered evasively" a written symbol that is used to represent speech; "the Greek alphabet has 24 characters" a person of a specified kind (usually with many eccentricities); "a real character"; "a strange character"; "a friendly eccentric"; "the capable type"; "a mental case" good repute; "he is a man of character" engrave or inscribe characters on unit character (genetics) a character inherited on an all-or-none basis and dependent on the presence of a single gene common denominator an attribute that is common to all members of a category an integer that is a common multiple of the denominators of two or more fractions personality the complex of all the attributes--behavioral, temperamental, emotional and mental--that characterize a unique individual; "their different reactions reflected their very different personalities"; "it is his nature to help others" a person of considerable prominence; "she is a Hollywood personality" identity the distinct personality of an individual regarded as a persisting entity; "you can lose your identity when you join the army" exact sameness; "they shared an identity of interests" the individual characteristics by which a thing or person is recognized or known; "geneticists only recently discovered the identity of the gene that causes it"; "it was too dark to determine his identity"; "she guessed the identity of his lover" an operator that leaves unchanged the element on which it operates; "the identity under numerical multiplication is 1" gender identity your identity as it is experienced with regard to your individuality as male or female; awareness normally begin in infancy and is reinforced during adolescence identification the attribution to yourself (consciously or unconsciously) of the characteristics of another person (or group of persons) evidence of identity; something that identifies a person or thing the condition of having the identity (of a person or object) established; "the thief's identification was followed quickly by his arrest"; "identification of the gun was an important clue" personhood being a person; "finding her own personhood as a campus activist" personableness the complex of attributes that make a person socially attractive anal personality (psychoanalysis) a personality characterized by meticulous neatness and suspicion and reserve; said to be formed in early childhood by fixation during the anal stage of development (usually as a consequence of toilet training) genital personality (psychoanalysis) the mature personality which is not dominated by infantile pleasure drives narcissistic personality personality marked by self-love and self-absorption; unrealistic views about your own qualities and little regard for others obsessive-compulsive personality personality characterized by a strong need to repeat certain acts or rituals oral personality (psychoanalysis) a personality characterized either by generous optimism or aggressive and ambitious selfishness; formed in early childhood by fixation during the oral stage of development spirit a fundamental emotional and activating principle determining one's character any incorporeal supernatural being that can become visible (or audible) to human beings the vital principle or animating force within living things the general atmosphere of a place or situation and the effect that it has on people; "the feel of the city excited him"; "a clergyman improved the tone of the meeting"; "it had the smell of treason" infuse with spirit; "The company spirited him up" outwardness a concern with or responsiveness to outward things (especially material objects as opposed to ideal concepts); "hearty showmanship and all-round outwardness" the quality or state of being outside or directed toward or relating to the outside or exterior; "the outwardness of the world" concern with outward things or material objects as opposed to the mind and spirit; "what is the origin of the outwardness of our sensations of sound, smell, or taste"; "an abstract conception with feelings of reality and spatial outwardness attached to it" inwardness preoccupation with what concerns human inner nature (especially ethical or ideological values); "Socrates' inwardness, integrity, and inquisitiveness"- H.R.Finch the quality or state of being inward or internal; "the inwardness of the body's organs" preoccupation especially with one's attitudes and ethical or ideological values; "the sensitiveness of James's characters, their seeming inwardness"; "inwardness is what an Englishman quite simply has, painlessly, as a birthright" spirituality concern with things of the spirit worldliness concern with worldly affairs to the neglect of spiritual needs; "he disliked the worldliness of many bishops around him" extraversion (psychology) an extroverted disposition; concern with what is outside the self introversion (psychology) an introverted disposition; concern with one's own thoughts and feelings ambiversion (psychology) a balanced disposition intermediate between extroversion and introversion aloneness a disposition toward being alone friendlessness being without friends reclusiveness a disposition to prefer seclusion or isolation privacy the quality of being secluded from the presence or view of others the condition of being concealed or hidden nature the complex of emotional and intellectual attributes that determine a person's characteristic actions and reactions; "it is his nature to help others" the essential qualities or characteristics by which something is recognized; "it is the nature of fire to burn"; "the true nature of jealousy" a particular type of thing; "problems of this type are very difficult to solve"; "he's interested in trains and things of that nature"; "matters of a personal nature" the natural physical world including plants and animals and landscapes etc.; "they tried to preserve nature as they found it" a causal agent creating and controlling things in the universe; "the laws of nature"; "nature has seen to it that men are stronger than women" animality the physical (or animal) side of a person as opposed to the spirit or intellect disposition your usual mood; "he has a happy disposition" a natural or acquired habit or characteristic tendency in a person or thing; "a swelling with a disposition to rupture" complexion (obsolete) a combination of elements (of dryness and warmth or of the four humors) that was once believed to determine a person's health and temperament texture and appearance of the skin of the face the coloring of a person's face a point of view or general attitude or inclination; "he altered the complexion of his times"; "a liberal political complexion" a combination that results from coupling or interlinking; "diphthongs are complexions of vowels" give a certain color to; "The setting sun complexioned the hills" animalism preoccupation with satisfaction of physical drives and appetites the doctrine that human beings are purely animal in nature and lacking a spiritual nature bloodiness a disposition to shed blood the state of being bloody nervousness a sensitive or highly strung temperament an uneasy psychological state; "he suffered an attack of nerves" esprit de corps the spirit of a group that makes the members want the group to succeed restlessness inability to rest or relax or be still the quality of being ceaselessly moving or active; "the restlessness of the wind" a lack of patience; irritation with anything that causes delay jactitation (pathology) extremely restless tossing and twitching usually by a person with a severe illness (law) a false boast that can harm others; especially a false claim to be married to someone (formerly actionable at law) skittishness characterized by nervousness and quickness to take fright compulsiveness the trait of acting compulsively obsessiveness extreme compulsiveness workaholism compulsiveness about working emotionality emotional nature or quality drama the quality of being arresting or highly emotional the literary genre of works intended for the theater an episode that is turbulent or highly emotional demonstrativeness tending to express your feelings freely affectionateness a quality proceeding from feelings of affection or love tenderness a tendency to express warm and affectionate feeling warm compassionate feelings a pain that is felt (as when the area is touched); "the best results are generally obtained by inserting the needle into the point of maximum tenderness"; "after taking a cold, rawness of the larynx and trachea come on" uxoriousness foolish fondness for or excessive submissiveness to one's wife mawkishness falsely emotional in a maudlin way insincere pathos corn something sentimental or trite; "that movie was pure corn" ears of corn that can be prepared and served for human food tall annual cereal grass bearing kernels on large ears: widely cultivated in America in many varieties; the principal cereal in Mexico and Central and South America since pre-Columbian times (Great Britain) any of various cereal plants (especially the dominant crop of the region--wheat in Great Britain or oats in Scotland and Ireland) the dried grains or kernels or corn used as animal feed or ground for meal a hard thickening of the skin (especially on the top or sides of the toes) caused by the pressure of ill-fitting shoes preserve with salt; "corned beef" feed (cattle) with corn schmaltz (Yiddish) excessive sentimentality in art or music sentimentalism a predilection for sentimentality the excessive expression of tender feelings, nostalgia, or sadness in any form heat the trait of being intensely emotional the sensation caused by heat energy a preliminary race in which the winner advances to a more important race a form of energy that is transferred by a difference in temperature make hot or hotter; "the sun heats the oceans"; "heat the water on the stove" gain heat or get hot; "The room heated up quickly" provide with heat; "heat the house" fieriness a passionate and quick-tempered nature the heat or the color of fire moodiness having temperamental and changeable moods a sullen gloomy feeling blood temperament or disposition; "a person of hot blood" the fluid (red in vertebrates) that is pumped through the body by the heart and contains plasma, blood cells, and platelets; "blood carries oxygen and nutrients to the tissues and carries away waste products"; "the ancients believed that blood was the seat of the emotions" people viewed as members of a group; "we need more young blood in this organization" smear with blood, as in a hunting initiation rite, where the face of a person is smeared with the blood of the kill excitability being easily excited excessive sensitivity of an organ or body part boiling point being highly angry or excited; ready to boil over; "after an hour of waiting I was at the boiling point" the temperature at which a liquid boils at sea level; "they brought the water to a boil" unemotionality absence of emotion blandness the trait of exhibiting no personal embarrassment or concern; "the blandness of his confession enraged the judge" lacking any distinctive or interesting taste property coldness a lack of affection or enthusiasm; "a distressing coldness of tone and manner" the absence of heat; "the coldness made our breath visible"; "come in out of the cold"; "cold is a vasoconstrictor" dispassion objectivity and detachment; "her manner assumed a dispassion and dryness very unlike her usual tone" stoicism an indifference to pleasure or pain tepidness lack of passion, force or animation cheerfulness the quality of being cheerful and dispelling gloom; "flowers added a note of cheerfulness to the drab room" a feeling of spontaneous good spirits; "his cheerfulness made everyone feel better" good-temperedness a cheerful willingness to be obliging uncheerfulness not conducive to cheer or good spirits gloominess the quality of excessive mournfulness and uncheerfulness chirpiness cheerful and lively pertness quality of being lively and confident; "there was a pertness about her that attracted him" airiness lightness in movement or manner the property of something weightless and insubstantial the property of something spacious and abounding in fresh air alacrity liveliness and eagerness; "he accepted with alacrity"; "the smartness of the pace soon exhausted him" energy an imaginative lively style (especially style of writing); "his writing conveys great energy"; "a remarkable muscularity of style" enterprising or ambitious drive; "Europeans often laugh at American energy" forceful exertion; "he plays tennis with great energy"; "he's full of zip" any source of usable power; "the DOE is responsible for maintaining the energy policy" (physics) a thermodynamic quantity equivalent to the capacity of a physical system to do work; the units of energy are joules or ergs; "energy can take a wide variety of forms" a healthy capacity for vigorous activity; "jogging works off my excess energy"; "he seemed full of vim and vigor" vitality an energetic style elan enthusiastic and assured vigor and liveliness; "a performance of great elan and sophistication" esprit liveliness of mind or spirit breeziness a breezy liveliness; "a delightful breeziness of manner" a mildly windy state of the air irrepressibility irrepressible liveliness and good spirit; "I admired his buoyancy and persistent good humor" high-spiritedness exuberant liveliness vivacity characterized by high spirits and animation mettlesomeness courageous high-spiritedness exuberance overflowing with eager enjoyment or approval joyful enthusiasm lyricism unrestrained and exaggerated enthusiasm pep liveliness and energy; "this tonic is guaranteed to give you more pep" inanition exhaustion resulting from lack of food weakness characterized by a lack of vitality or energy activeness the trait of being active; moving or acting rapidly and energetically; "the level of activity declines with age" dynamism the activeness of an energetic personality any of the various theories or doctrines or philosophical systems that attempt to explain the phenomena of the universe in terms of some immanent force or energy inactiveness a disposition to remain inactive or inert; "he had to overcome his inertia and get back to work" languor inactivity; showing an unusual lack of energy; "the general appearance of sluggishness alarmed his friends" a feeling of lack of interest or energy a relaxed comfortable feeling oppressively still air; "the afternoon was hot, quiet, and heavy with languor"; "Summer shows all the languor of a hot, breezeless day as the dancer lazily brushes her hand over her brow" restfulness the attribute of being restful; "he longed for the restfulness of home" passivity the trait of remaining inactive; a lack of initiative submission to others or to outside influences apathy the trait of lacking enthusiasm for or interest in things generally an absence of emotion or enthusiasm listlessness inactivity resulting from lethargy and lack of vigor or energy indolence inactivity resulting from a dislike of work faineance the trait of being idle out of a reluctance to work shiftlessness a failure to be active as a consequence of lack of initiative or ambition perfectionism a disposition to feel that anything less than perfect is unacceptable; "his perfectionism seemed excessive to his students" permissiveness a disposition to allow freedom of choice and behavior self acceptance an acceptance of yourself as you are, warts and all softness a disposition to be lenient in judging others; "softness is not something permitted of good leaders" the property of giving little resistance to pressure and being easily cut or molded a visual property that is subdued and free from brilliance or glare; "the softness of the morning sky" a sound property that is free from loudness or stridency; "and in softness almost beyond hearing" a state of declining economic condition; "orders have recently picked up after a period of extreme softness"; "he attributes the disappointing results to softness in the economy" overtolerance too much permissiveness unpermissiveness a lack of permissiveness or indulgence and a tendency to confine behavior within certain specified limits sternness uncompromising resolution the quality (as of scenery) being grim and gloomy and forbidding; "the sternness of his surroundings made him uncomfortable" Puritanism strictness and austerity in conduct and religion the beliefs and practices characteristic of Puritans (most of whom were Calvinists who wished to purify the Church of England of its Catholic aspects) severity excessive sternness; "severity of character"; "the harshness of his punishment was inhuman"; "the rigors of boot camp" good nature a cheerful, obliging disposition grace a disposition to kindness and compassion; "the victor's grace in treating the vanquished" (Christian theology) the free and unmerited favor or beneficence of God; "God's grace is manifested in the salvation of sinners"; "there but for the grace of God go I" elegance and beauty of movement or expression; "a beautiful figure which she used in subtle movements of unparalleled grace" a short prayer of thanks before a meal; "their youngest son said grace" (Christian theology) a state of sanctification by God; the state of one who is under such divine influence; "the conception of grace developed alongside the conception of sin"; "it was debated whether saving grace could be obtained outside the membership of the church"; "the Virgin lived in a state of grace" a period of time past the deadline for fulfilling an obligation during which a penalty that would be imposed for being late is waived, especially an extended period granted as a special favor; "The payment had originally been due on April 1 but we had a grace period which expired in June." patience good-natured tolerance of delay or incompetence easygoingness being without worry or concern risibility a disposition to laugh agreeableness a temperamental disposition to be agreeable pleasantness resulting from agreeable conditions; "a well trained staff saw to the agreeableness of our accommodations"; "he discovered the amenities of reading at an early age" complaisance a disposition or tendency to yield to the will of others ill nature a disagreeable, irritable, or malevolent disposition crabbiness a disposition to be ill-tempered crankiness a fussy and eccentric disposition sulkiness a sullen moody resentful disposition a feeling of sulky resentment temper a disposition to exhibit uncontrolled anger; "his temper was well known to all his employees" the elasticity and hardness of a metal object; its ability to absorb considerable energy before cracking a characteristic (habitual or relatively temporary) state of feeling; "whether he praised or cursed me depended on his temper at the time"; "he was in a bad humor" make more temperate, acceptable, or suitable by adding something else; "she tempered her criticism" adjust the pitch (of pianos) harden by reheating and cooling in oil; "temper steel" impatience a dislike of anything that causes delay a restless desire for change and excitement intolerance impatience with annoyances; "his intolerance of interruptions" unwillingness to recognize and respect differences in opinions or beliefs shrewishness a nature given to nagging or scolding querulousness the quality of being given to complaining asperity harshness of manner something hard to endure; "the asperity of northern winters" disagreeableness an ill-tempered and offensive disposition the quality of being disagreeable and unpleasant bitterness a rough and bitter manner the property of having a harsh unpleasant taste aggressiveness a natural disposition to be hostile the quality of being bold and enterprising bellicosity a natural disposition to fight quarrelsomeness an inclination to be quarrelsome and contentious truculence obstreperous and defiant aggressiveness litigiousness a quarrelsome disposition to engage in or carry on lawsuits; "charges of litigiousness and widespread perjury" willingness cheerful compliance; "he expressed his willingness to help" readiness prompt willingness; "readiness to continue discussions"; "they showed no eagerness to spread the gospel"; "they disliked his zeal in demonstrating his superiority"; "he tried to explain his forwardness in battle" the state of having been made ready or prepared for use or action (especially military action); "putting them in readiness"; "their preparation was more than adequate" receptiveness willingness or readiness to receive (especially impressions or ideas); "he was testing the government's receptiveness to reform"; "this receptiveness is the key feature in oestral behavior, enabling natural mating to occur"; "their receptivity to the proposal" wholeheartedness undivided commitment or unreserved enthusiasm unwillingness the trait of being unwilling; "his unwillingness to cooperate vetoed every proposal I made"; "in spite of our warnings he plowed ahead with the involuntariness of an automaton" reluctance a certain degree of unwillingness; "a reluctance to commit himself"; "his hesitancy revealed his basic indisposition"; "after some hesitation he agreed" (physics) opposition to magnetic flux (analogous to electric resistance) seriousness the trait of being serious; "a lack of solemnity is not necessarily a lack of seriousness"- Robert Rice the quality of arousing fear or distress; "he learned the seriousness of his illness" committedness the trait of sincere and steadfast fixity of purpose; "a man of energy and commitment" graveness a manner that is serious and solemn sedateness a trait of dignified seriousness stodginess dull and pompous gravity frivolity the trait of being frivolous; not serious or sensible giddiness an impulsive scatterbrained manner lightsomeness the trait of being lighthearted and frivolous levity a manner lacking seriousness feeling an inappropriate lack of seriousness flippancy inappropriate levity; "her mood changed and she was all lightness and joy" jocoseness the trait of merry joking playfulness a disposition to find (or make) causes for amusement; "her playfulness surprised me"; "he was fun to be with" facetiousness playful humor impertinence inappropriate playfulness friskiness lively high-spirited playfulness impishness the trait of behaving like an imp humor the trait of appreciating (and being able to express) the humorous; "she didn't appreciate my humor"; "you can't survive in the army without a sense of humor" the quality of being funny; "I fail to see the humor in it" (Middle Ages) one of the four fluids in the body whose balance was believed to determine your emotional and physical state; "the humors are blood and phlegm and yellow and black bile" put into a good mood communicativeness the trait of being communicative frankness the trait of being blunt and outspoken bluffness good-natured frankness effusiveness a friendly open trait of a talkative person fluency the quality of being facile in speech and writing skillfulness in speaking or writing garrulity the quality of being wordy and talkative leresis rambling talkativeness (especially in the aged) uncommunicativeness the trait of being uncommunicative muteness a refusal to speak when expected; "his silence about my contribution was surprising" secrecy the trait of keeping things secret mum secrecy; "mum's the word" failing to speak or communicate etc when expected to; "the witness remained silent" reserve the trait of being uncommunicative; not volunteering anything more than necessary something kept back or saved for future use or a special purpose (medicine) potential capacity to respond in order to maintain vital functions obtain or arrange (for oneself) in advance; "We managed to reserve a table at Maxim's" hold back or set aside, especially for future use or contingency; "they held back their applause in anticipation" arrange for and reserve (something for someone else) in advance; "reserve me a seat on a flight"; "The agent booked tickets to the show for the whole family"; "please hold a table at Maxim's" sociality the tendency to associate with others and to form social groups; "mammals as a class are not strong on sociality" sociability the relative tendency or disposition to be sociable or associate with one's fellows conviviality a jovial nature companionability suitability to be a companion chumminess the quality of affording easy familiarity and sociability gregariousness the quality of being gregarious--having a dislike of being alone openness characterized by an attitude of ready accessibility (especially about one's actions or purposes); without concealment; not secretive without obstructions to passage or view; "the openness of the prairies" friendliness a friendly disposition a feeling of liking for another person; enjoyment in their company affability a disposition to be friendly and approachable (easy to talk to) amicability having a disposition characterized by warmth and friendliness a disinclination to quarrel condescension affability to your inferiors and temporary disregard for differences of position or rank; "the queen's condescension was intended to make us feel comfortable" the trait of displaying arrogance by patronizing those considered inferior a communication that indicates lack of respect by patronizing the recipient approachability the attribute of being easy to meet or deal with congeniality a congenial disposition amity a cordial disposition a state of friendship and cordiality neighborliness a disposition to be friendly and helpful to neighbors hospitableness having a disposition that welcomes guests and is fond of entertaining mellowness geniality, as through the effects of alcohol or marijuana a soft shade of a color; "a mellowness of light and shade not attainable in marble" a taste (especially of fruit) that is ripe and of full flavor a feeling of good humor and sympathy through maturity or intoxication or a relaxed state sweetness and light a mild reasonableness; "when he learned who I was he became all sweetness and light" unsociability an unsociable disposition; avoiding friendship or companionship aloofness a disposition to be distant and unsympathetic in manner unapproachability a disposition to be unapproachable; unfriendly and inaccessible closeness characterized by a lack of openness (especially about one's actions or purposes) a feeling of being intimate and belonging together; "their closeness grew as the night wore on" furtiveness a disposition to be sly and stealthy and to do things surreptitiously unfriendliness an unfriendly disposition dislike experienced as an absence of friendliness hostility a hostile (very unfriendly) disposition; "he could not conceal his hostility" the feeling of a hostile person; "he could no longer contain his hostility" a state of deep-seated ill-will virulence extreme hostility; "the virulence of the malicious old man" extreme harmfulness (as the capacity of a microorganism to cause disease); "the virulence of the plague" misanthropy a disposition to dislike and mistrust other people hatred of mankind uncongeniality a disposition not to be congenial unneighborliness an unneighborly disposition inhospitableness having an unfriendly and inhospitable disposition the environmental condition in a region that lacks a favorable climate or terrain for life or growth adaptability the ability to change (or be changed) to fit changed circumstances flexibility the quality of being adaptable or variable; "he enjoyed the flexibility of his working arrangement" the property of being flexible; easily bent or shaped wiggle room flexibility of interpretation or of options; "the request left some wiggle room for future restructuring" pliability adaptability of mind or character; "he was valued for his reliability and pliability"; "he increased the leanness and suppleness of the organization" unadaptability the inability to change or be changed to fit changed circumstances inflexibility the quality of being rigid and rigorously severe a lack of physical flexibility thoughtfulness the trait of thinking carefully before acting pensiveness deep serious thoughtfulness persistent morbid meditation on a problem introspectiveness thoughtfulness about your own situation and feelings deliberation the trait of thoughtfulness in action or decision; "he was a man of judicial deliberation" careful consideration; "a little deliberation would have deterred them" (usually plural) discussion of all sides of a question; "the deliberations of the jury" intentionality expressive of intentions reflectiveness the capability of quiet thought or contemplation unthoughtfulness the trait of not thinking carefully before acting recklessness the trait of giving little thought to danger adventurism recklessness in politics or foreign affairs brashness the trait of being rash and hasty desperation desperate recklessness; "it was a policy of desperation" impulsiveness the trait of acting suddenly on impulse without reflection impetuousness rash impulsiveness hastiness hasty impulsiveness attentiveness the trait of being observant and paying attention the trait of being considerate and thoughtful of others paying particular notice (as to children or helpless people); "his attentiveness to her wishes"; "he spends without heed to the consequences" inattentiveness the trait of not being considerate and thoughtful of others a lack of attentiveness (as to children or helpless people) carefulness the quality of being careful and painstaking; "I admired the carefulness of his work" mindfulness the trait of staying aware of (paying close attention to) your responsibilities caution the trait of being cautious; being attentive to possible danger; "a man of caution" judiciousness in avoiding harm or danger; "he exercised caution in opening the door"; "he handled the vase with care" a warning against certain acts; "a caveat against unfair practices" warn strongly; put on guard wariness the trait of being cautious and watchful alertness lively attentiveness a state of readiness to respond; "alerting was indicated by the desynchronization of the EEG" watchfulness vigilant attentiveness; "he keeps a weather eye open for trouble" the process of paying close and continuous attention; "wakefulness, watchfulness, and bellicosity make a good hunter"; "vigilance is especially susceptible to fatigue" carelessness the quality of not being careful or taking pains incaution the trait of forgetting or ignoring possible danger unwariness the trait of not being cautious and watchful unmindfulness the trait of forgetting or ignoring your responsibilities laxness the quality of being lax and neglectful the condition of being physiologically lax; "baths can help the laxness of the bowels" masculinity the trait of behaving in ways considered typical for men manfulness the trait of being manly; having the characteristics of an adult male boyishness being characteristic of a boy machismo exaggerated masculinity hoydenism masculinity in women (especially in girls and young women) femininity the trait of behaving in ways considered typical for women womanliness the trait of being womanly; having the characteristics of an adult female ladylikeness behavior befitting a lady maidenliness behavior befitting a young maiden girlishness being characteristic of a girl effeminacy the trait of being effeminate (derogatory of a man); "the students associated science with masculinity and arts with effeminacy"; "Spartans accused Athenians of effeminateness"; "he was shocked by the softness of the atmosphere surrounding the young prince, arising from the superfluity of the femininity that guided him" emasculation loss of power and masculinity trustworthiness the trait of deserving trust and confidence creditworthiness trustworthiness with money as based on a person's credit history; a general qualification for borrowing responsibility a form of trustworthiness; the trait of being answerable to someone for something or being responsible for one's conduct; "he holds a position of great responsibility" accountability responsibility to someone or for some activity dependability the quality of being dependable or reliable untrustworthiness the trait of not deserving trust or confidence irresponsibility a form of untrustworthiness; the trait of lacking a sense of responsibility and not feeling accountable for your actions solidity the quality of being solid and reliable financially or factually or morally; "the solidity of the evidence worked in his favor"; "the solidness of her faith gave her enduring hope" the consistency of a solid state of having the interior filled with matter undependability the trait of not being dependable or reliable flightiness the trait of acting unpredictably and more from whim or caprice than from reason or judgment; "I despair at the flightiness and whimsicality of my memory" carefreeness the trait of being without worry or responsibility the cheerful feeling you have when nothing is troubling you conscientiousness the trait of being painstaking and careful the quality of being in accord with the dictates of conscience meticulousness strict attention to minute details thoroughness conscientiousness in performing all aspects of a task diligence conscientiousness in paying proper attention to a task; giving the degree of care required in a given situation persevering determination to perform a task; "his diligence won him quick promotions"; "frugality and industry are still regarded as virtues" strictness conscientious attention to rules and details unconscientiousness the trait of not being painstaking or careful the quality of being willing to ignore the dictates of conscience nonchalance the trait of remaining calm and seeming not to care; a casual lack of concern recommendation any quality or characteristic that gains a person a favorable reception or acceptance or admission; "her pleasant personality is already a recommendation"; "his wealth was not a passport into the exclusive circles of society" something (as a course of action) that is recommended as advisable something that recommends (or expresses commendation of) a person or thing as worthy or desirable agerasia youthful appearance in an old person color the appearance of objects (or light sources) described in terms of a person's perception of their hue and lightness (or brightness) and saturation a visual attribute of things that results from the light they emit or transmit or reflect; "a white color is made up of many different wavelengths of light" the timbre of a musical sound; "the recording fails to capture the true color of the original music" interest and variety and intensity; "the Puritan Period was lacking in color"; "the characters were delineated with exceptional vividness" (physics) the characteristic of quarks that determines their role in the strong interaction; "each flavor of quarks comes in three colors" add color to; "The child colored the drawings"; "Fall colored the trees"; "colorize black and white film" give a deceptive explanation or excuse for; "color a lie" decorate with colors; "color the walls with paint in warm tones" modify or bias; "His political ideas color his lectures" having or capable of producing colors; "color film"; "he rented a color television"; "marvelous color illustrations" image the general impression that something (a person or organization or product) presents to the public; "although her popular image was contrived it served to inspire music and pageantry"; "the company tried to project an altruistic image" an iconic mental representation; "her imagination forced images upon her too awful to contemplate" (mathematics) the set of values of the dependent variable for which a function is defined; "the image of f(x) = x^2 is the set of all non-negative real numbers if the domain of the function is the set of all real numbers" render visible, as by means of MRI mark the impression created by doing something unusual or extraordinary that people notice and remember; "it was in London that he made his mark"; "he left an indelible mark on the American theater" a number or letter indicating quality (especially of a student's performance); "she made good marks in algebra"; "grade A milk"; "what was your score on your homework?" a symbol of disgrace or infamy; "And the Lord set a mark upon Cain"--Genesis a visible indication made on a surface; "some previous reader had covered the pages with dozens of marks"; "paw prints were everywhere" a written or printed symbol (as for punctuation); "his answer was just a punctuation mark" formerly the basic unit of money in Germany make or leave a mark on; "the scouts marked the trail"; "ash marked the believers' foreheads" designate as if by a mark; "This sign marks the border" perspective the appearance of things relative to one another as determined by their distance from the viewer phase (astronomy) the particular appearance of a body's state of illumination (especially one of the recurring shapes of the part of Earth's moon that is illuminated by the sun); "the full phase of the moon" (physical chemistry) a distinct state of matter in a system; matter that is identical in chemical composition and physical state and separated from other material by the phase boundary; "the reaction occurs in the liquid phase of the system" a particular point in the time of a cycle; measured from some arbitrary zero and expressed as an angle any distinct time period in a sequence of events; "we are in a transitional stage in which many former ideas must be revised or rejected" adjust so as to be in a synchronized condition; "he phased the intake with the output of the machine" arrange in phases or stages; "phase a withdrawal" tout ensemble a total impression or effect of something made up of individual parts vanishing point the appearance of a point on the horizon at which parallel lines converge the point beyond which something disappears or ceases to exist format the general appearance of a publication the organization of information according to preset specifications (usually for computer processing) divide (a disk) into marked sectors so that it may store data; "Please format this disk before entering data!" determine the arrangement of (data) for storage and display (in computer science) set (printed matter) into a specific format; "Format this letter so it can be printed out" persona (Jungian psychology) a personal facade that one presents to the world; "a public image is as fragile as Humpty Dumpty" semblance an outward or token appearance or form that is deliberately misleading; "he hoped his claims would have a semblance of authenticity"; "he tried to give his falsehood the gloss of moral sanction"; "the situation soon took on a different color" color of law a mere semblance of legal right; something done with the apparent authority of law but actually in contravention of law; "the plaintiff claimed that under color of law the officer had deprived him of his civil rights" simulacrum an insubstantial or vague semblance face value the apparent worth as opposed to the real worth guise an artful or simulated semblance; "under the guise of friendship he betrayed them" verisimilitude the appearance of truth; the quality of seeming to be true countenance the appearance conveyed by a person's face; "a pleasant countenance"; "a stern visage" the human face (`kisser' and `smiler' and `mug' are informal terms for `face' and `phiz' is British) leer a suggestive or sneering look or grin look suggestively or obliquely; look or gaze with a sly, immodest, or malign expression; "The men leered at the young women on the beach" poker face a face without any interpretable expression (as that of a good poker player) stretch mark a narrow band resulting from tension on the skin (as on abdominal skin after pregnancy) blaze a light-colored marking; "they chipped off bark to mark the trail with blazes"; "the horse had a blaze between its eyes" a strong flame that burns brightly; "the blaze spread rapidly" indicate by marking trees with blazes; "blaze a trail" move rapidly and as if blazing; "The spaceship blazed out into space" burn brightly and intensely; "The summer sun alone can cause a pine to blaze" shine brightly and intensively; "Meteors blazed across the atmosphere" speck a very small spot; "the plane was just a speck in the sky" produce specks in or on; "speck the cloth" crisscross a marking that consists of lines that cross each other mark with a pattern of crossing lines; "crisscross the sheet of paper" mark with or consist of a pattern of crossed lines; "wrinkles crisscrossed her face" cross in a pattern, often random marked with crossing lines crossing one another in opposite directions eyespot an eyelike marking (as on the wings of some butterflies); usually a spot of color inside a ring of another color nebula (pathology) a faint cloudy spot on the cornea an immense cloud of gas (mainly hydrogen) and dust in interstellar space cloudiness of the urine a medicinal liquid preparation intended for use in an atomizer worn spot a spot that has been worn away by abrasion or erosion stripe a narrow marking of a different color or texture from the background; "a green toad with small black stripes or bars"; "may the Stars and Stripes forever wave" a kind or category; "businessmen of every stripe joined in opposition to the proposal" a piece of braid, usually on the sleeve, indicating military rank or length of service mark with stripes hairiness the quality of having hair hirsuteness excessive hairiness hairlessness the quality of not having hair the condition of being void of hair beauty the qualities that give pleasure to the senses an outstanding example of its kind; "his roses were beauties"; "when I make a mistake it's a beaut" raw beauty beauty that is stark and powerfully impressive glory brilliant radiant beauty; "the glory of the sunrise" a state of high honor; "he valued glory above life itself" rejoice proudly exquisiteness extreme beauty of a delicate sort picturesqueness visually vivid and pleasing the quality of being strikingly expressive or vivid pleasingness the quality of giving pleasure to the senses; "the liveliness and pleasingness of dark eyes"- T.N. Carver pulchritude physical beauty (especially of a woman) glamor alluring beauty or charm (often with sex-appeal) comeliness the quality of being good looking and attractive prettiness the quality of being appealing in a delicate or graceful way (of a girl or young woman) handsomeness the quality of having regular well-defined features (especially of a man) attractiveness sexual allure adorability extreme attractiveness bewitchery magnetic personal charm charisma a personal attractiveness or interestingness that enables you to influence others curvaceousness the quality of having a well-rounded body sex appeal attractiveness to the opposite sex sultriness the quality of expressing or arousing sexual desire; "the sultriness of her look was unmistakable"; "the sultriness of lust was in the air" oppressively hot and humid weather siren call the enticing appeal of something alluring but potentially dangerous; "he succumbed to the siren call of the wilderness" spiff attractiveness in appearance or dress or manner; "he gets by largely on pure spiff" winsomeness childlike charm or appeal associability the capability of being easily associated or joined or connected in thought attraction the quality of arousing interest; being attractive or something that attracts; "her personality held a strange attraction for him" a characteristic that provides pleasure and attracts; "flowers are an attractor for bees" an entertainment that is offered to the public the force by which one object attracts another affinity a natural attraction or feeling of kinship; "an affinity for politics"; "the mysterious affinity between them"; "James's affinity with Sam" inherent resemblance between persons or things the force attracting atoms to each other and binding them together in a molecule; "basic dyes have an affinity for wool and silk" (immunology) the attraction between an antigen and an antibody a close connection marked by community of interests or similarity in nature or character; "found a natural affinity with the immigrants"; "felt a deep kinship with the other students"; "anthropology's kinship with the humanities" (biology) state of relationship between organisms or groups of organisms resulting in resemblance in structure or structural parts; "in anatomical structure prehistoric man shows close affinity with modern humans" (anthropology) kinship by marriage or adoption; not a blood relationship allure the power to entice or attract through personal charm invitation a tempting allurement; "she was an invitation to trouble" a request (spoken or written) to participate or be present or take part in something; "an invitation to lunch"; "she threw the invitation away" drawing power the capacity for attracting people (customers or supporters) fascination the capacity to attract intense interest; "he held the children spellbound with magic tricks and other fascinations" the state of being intensely interested (as by awe or terror) lure qualities that attract by seeming to promise some kind of reward sexual attraction attractiveness on the basis of sexual desire show-stopper something that is strikingly attractive or has great popular appeal; "she has a show-stopper of a smile"; "the brilliant orange flowers against the green foliage were a showstopper" an act so striking or impressive that the show must be delayed until the audience quiets down ugliness qualities of appearance that do not give pleasure to the senses unsightliness ugliness that is unpleasant to look at grotesqueness ludicrous or incongruous unnaturalness or distortion garishness strident color or excessive ornamentation unpleasingness the quality of being unpleasant to to the senses hideousness dreadful ugliness; horrible repulsiveness disfigurement an appearance that has been spoiled or is misshapen; "there were distinguishing disfigurements on the suspect's back"; "suffering from facial disfiguration" unattractiveness an ugliness of appearance that is not appealing to viewers homeliness an appearance that is not attractive or beautiful; "fine clothes could not conceal the girl's homeliness" shapelessness the quality of lacking an esthetically pleasing shape an amorphous or indefinite shape; "a shapeless mass" blemish a mark or flaw that spoils the appearance of something (especially on a person's body); "a facial blemish" mar or impair with a flaw; "her face was blemished" birthmark a blemish on the skin that is formed before birth chatter mark a mark made by a chattering tool on the surface of a workpiece marks on a glaciated rock caused by the movement of a glacier craze a fine crack in a glaze or other surface state of violent mental agitation develop a fine network of cracks; "Crazed ceramics" dent an impression in a surface (as made by a blow) an appreciable consequence (especially a lessening); "it made a dent in my bank account" eyesore something very ugly and offensive scratch an indication of damage (golf) a handicap of zero strokes; "a golfer who plays at scratch should be able to achieve par on a course" a competitor who has withdrawn from competition cut the surface of; wear away the surface of carve, cut, or etch into a material or surface; "engrave a pen"; "engraved the trophy cup with the winner's name"; "the lovers scratched their names into the bark of the tree" cigarette burn a burn mark left by a smoldering cigarette; "a cigarette burn on the edge of the table" smudge a blemish made by dirt; "he had a smudge on his cheek" a smoky fire to drive away insects blotch an irregularly shaped spot fingermark a smudge made by a (dirty) finger inkblot a blot made with ink stain a soiled or discolored appearance; "the wine left a dark stain" (microscopy) a dye or other coloring material that is used in microscopy to make structures visible color for microscopic study; "The laboratory worker dyed the specimen" color with a liquid dye or tint; "Stain this table a beautiful walnut color"; "people knew how to stain glass a beautiful blue in the middle ages" produce or leave stains; "Red wine stains the table cloth" scorch a discoloration caused by heat a plant disease that produces a browning or scorched appearance of plant tissues a surface burn become scorched or singed under intense heat or dry conditions; "The exposed tree scorched in the hot sun" destroy completely by or as if by fire; "The wildfire scorched the forest and several homes"; "the invaders scorched the land" become superficially burned; "my eyebrows singed when I bent over the flames" bloodstain a discoloration caused by blood iron mold a spot caused the staining with rust or ink mud stain a stain produced by mud oil stain a stain produced by oil tarnish discoloration of metal surface caused by oxidation make dirty or spotty, as by exposure to air; also used metaphorically; "The silver was tarnished by the long exposure to the air"; "Her reputation was sullied after the affair with a married man" stigma a skin lesion that is a diagnostic sign of some disease an external tracheal aperture in a terrestrial arthropod the apical end of the style where deposited pollen enters the pistil port-wine stain a flat birthmark varying from pink to purple strawberry a soft red birthmark sweet fleshy red fruit any of various low perennial herbs with many runners and bearing white flowers followed by edible fruits having many small achenes scattered on the surface of an enlarged red pulpy berry wart (pathology) a firm abnormal elevated blemish on the skin; caused by a virus any small rounded protuberance (as on certain plants or animals) an imperfection in someone or something that is suggestive of a wart (especially in smallness or unattractiveness) common wart a benign growth (often with a rough surface) genital wart a small benign wart on or around the genitals and anus juvenile wart a small benign growth on the faces of hands of children plantar wart a wart occurring on the sole of the foot; "pressure causes plantar warts to develop a painful callus around the soft center" plainness the appearance of being plain and unpretentious the state of being unmixed with other material; "the plainness of vanilla ice cream" chasteness lack of ornamentation; "the room was simply decorated with great restraint" austereness extreme plainness bareness an extreme lack of furnishings or ornamentation; "I was struck by the starkness of my father's room" the state of being unclothed and exposed (especially of a part of the body) ornateness an ornate appearance; being elaborately (even excessively) decorated baroque elaborate and extensive ornamentation in decorative art and architecture that flourished in Europe in the 17th century having elaborate symmetrical ornamentation; "the building...frantically baroque"-William Dean Howells of or relating to or characteristic of the elaborately ornamented style of architecture, art, and music popular in Europe between 1600 and 1750 classical style the artistic style of ancient Greek art with its emphasis on proportion and harmony Doric order the oldest and simplest of the Greek orders and the only one that normally has no base Ionic order the second Greek order; the capital is decorated with spiral scrolls Corinthian order the last Greek order; similar to the Ionic order except the capital is decorated with carvings of acanthus leaves Composite order a Roman order that combines the Corinthian acanthus leaves with the spiral scrolls of the Ionic order Tuscan order a Roman order that resembles the Doric order but without a fluted shaft rococo fanciful but graceful asymmetric ornamentation in art and architecture that originated in France in the 18th century having excessive asymmetrical ornamentation; "an exquisite gilded rococo mirror" flamboyance extravagant elaborateness; "he wrote with great flamboyance" fussiness unnecessary elaborateness in details decorativeness an appearance that serves to decorate and make something more attractive glaze a coating for ceramics, metal, etc. a glossy finish on a fabric any of various thin shiny (savory or sweet) coatings applied to foods become glassy or take on a glass-like appearance; "Her eyes glaze over when she is bored" coat with a glaze; "the potter glazed the dishes"; "glaze the bread with eggwhite" luster a surface coating for ceramics or porcelain a quality that outshines the usual clearness the quality of clear water; "when she awoke the clarity was back in her eyes" pellucidness passing light without diffusion or distortion transparency the quality of being clear and transparent permitting the free passage of electromagnetic radiation translucence the quality of allowing light to pass diffusely visibility capability of providing a clear unobstructed view; "a windshield with good visibility" quality or fact or degree of being visible; perceptible by the eye or obvious to the eye; "low visibility caused by fog" degree of exposure to public notice; "that candidate does not have sufficient visibility to win an election" distinctness the quality of being sharp and clear definition clarity of outline; "exercise had given his muscles superior definition" a concise explanation of the meaning of a word or phrase or symbol discernability distinctness that makes perception easy focus maximum clarity or distinctness of an image rendered by an optical system; "in focus"; "out of focus" maximum clarity or distinctness of an idea; "the controversy brought clearly into focus an important difference of opinion" the concentration of attention or energy on something; "the focus of activity shifted to molecular biology"; "he had no direction in his life" a fixed reference point on the concave side of a conic section a point of convergence of light (or other radiation) or a point from which it diverges a central point or locus of an infection in an organism; "the focus of infection" put (an image) into focus; "Please focus the image; we cannot enjoy the movie" become focussed or come into focus; "The light focused" cause to converge on or toward a central point; "Focus the light on this image" opacity the quality of being opaque to a degree; the degree to which something reduces the passage of light incomprehensibility resulting from obscurity of meaning the phenomenon of not permitting the passage of electromagnetic radiation cloudiness the quality of being cloudy gloomy semidarkness caused by cloud cover the state of the sky when it is covered by clouds turbidity muddiness created by stirring up sediment or having foreign particles suspended haziness cloudiness resulting from haze or mist or vapor vagueness attributable to being not clearly defined indistinctness the quality of being indistinct and without sharp outlines dimness the quality of being dim or lacking contrast the property of lights or sounds that lack brilliance or are reduced in intensity the state of being poorly illuminated vagueness indistinctness of shape or character; "the scene had the swirling vagueness of a painting by Turner" unclearness by virtue of being poorly expressed or not coherent in meaning; "the Conservative manifesto is a model of vagueness"; "these terms were used with a vagueness that suggested little or no thought about what each might convey" divisibility the quality of being divisible; the capacity to be divided into parts or divided among a number of persons fissiparity the tendency to break into parts; "the fissiparity of religious sects" reproduction of some multicellular organisms by division, as in the case of some starfish sharpness thinness of edge or fineness of point the quality of being keenly and painfully felt; "the sharpness of her loss" acuteness the quality of having a sharp edge or point a quick and penetrating intelligence; "he argued with great acuteness"; "I admired the keenness of his mind" a sensitivity that is keen and highly developed; "dogs have a remarkable acuteness of smell" dullness without sharpness or clearness of edge or point; "the dullness of the pencil made his writing illegible" lack of sensibility; "there was a dullness in his heart"; "without him the dullness of her life crept into her work no matter how she tried to compartmentalize it." a lack of visual brightness; "the brightness of the orange sky was reflected in the dullness of the orange sea" the quality of lacking interestingness; "the stories were of a dullness to bring a buffalo to its knees" the quality of being slow to understand obtuseness the quality of lacking a sharp edge or point conspicuousness high visibility the state of being conspicuous obviousness the property of being easy to see and understand apparentness the property of being apparent blatancy the property of being both obvious and offensive; "the blatancy of his attempt to whitewash the crime was unforgivable" obtrusiveness an unwelcome conspicuousness boldness the quality of standing out strongly and distinctly impudent aggressiveness; "I couldn't believe her boldness"; "he had the effrontery to question my honesty" the trait of being willing to undertake things that involve risk or danger; "the proposal required great boldness"; "the plan required great hardiness of heart" predomination the quality of being more noticeable than anything else; "the predomination of blues gave the painting a quiet tone" inconspicuousness the quality of being not easily seen unnoticeableness the quality of being not easily noticed unobtrusiveness the quality of not sticking out in an unwelcome way ease freedom from difficulty or hardship or effort; "he rose through the ranks with apparent ease"; "they put it into containers for ease of transportation"; "the very easiness of the deed held her back" freedom from constraint or embarrassment; "I am never at ease with strangers" a freedom from financial difficulty that promotes a comfortable state; "a life of luxury and ease"; "he had all the material comforts of this world" move gently or carefully; "He eased himself into the chair" effortlessness the quality of requiring little effort; "such effortlessness is achieved only after hours of practice" smoothness the quality of being free from errors or interruptions; "the five-speed manual gearbox is smoothness personified" the quality of having a level and even surface; "the water was a glassy smoothness"; "the weather system of the Pacific is determined by the uninterrupted smoothness of the ocean" a texture without roughness; smooth to the touch; "admiring the slim smoothness of her thighs"; "some artists prefer the smoothness of a board" difficulty the quality of being difficult; "they agreed about the difficulty of the climb" a factor causing trouble in achieving a positive result or tending to produce a negative result; "serious difficulties were encountered in obtaining a pure reagent" a condition or state of affairs almost beyond one's ability to deal with and requiring great effort to bear or overcome; "grappling with financial difficulties" effortfulness the quality of requiring deliberate effort arduousness extreme effortfulness laboriousness the quality of requiring extended effort hardness the quality of being difficult to do; "he assigned a series of problems of increasing hardness"; "the ruggedness of his exams caused half the class to fail" a quality of water that contains dissolved mineral salts that prevent soap from lathering; "the costs of reducing hardness depend on the relative amounts of calcium and magnesium compounds that are present" the property of being rigid and resistant to pressure; not easily scratched; measured on Mohs scale formidability impressive difficulty burdensomeness unwelcome burdensome difficulty subtlety the quality of being difficult to detect or analyze; "you had to admire the subtlety of the distinctions he drew" troublesomeness a difficulty that causes anxiety awkwardness trouble in carrying or managing caused by bulk or shape; "the movers cursed the unwieldiness of the big piano" the inelegance of someone stiff and unrelaxed (as by embarrassment) the carriage of someone whose movements and posture are ungainly or inelegant the quality of an embarrassing situation; "he sensed the awkwardness of his proposal" unskillfulness resulting from a lack of training flea bite a very minor inconvenience sting inflicted by a flea fly in the ointment an inconvenience that detracts from the usefulness of something unwieldiness the quality of being difficult to direct or control by reason of complexity; "avoiding the unwieldiness of formal legal processes"; "the onset of unwieldiness and bureaucracy in large organizations" combustibility the quality of being capable of igniting and burning flammability the quality of being easily ignited and burning rapidly compatibility capability of existing or performing in harmonious or congenial combination a feeling of sympathetic understanding congenialness compatibility between persons harmony compatibility in opinion and action an agreeable sound property the structure of music with respect to the composition and progression of chords agreement of opinions a harmonious state of things in general and of their properties (as of colors and sounds); congruity of parts with one another and with the whole accord sympathetic compatibility concurrence of opinion; "we are in accord with your proposal" allow to have; "grant a privilege" agreement compatibility of observations; "there was no agreement between theory and measurement"; "the results of two tests were in correspondence" the thing arranged or agreed to; "they made arrangements to meet in Chicago" the statement (oral or written) of an exchange of promises; "they had an agreement that they would not interfere in each other's business"; "there was an understanding between management and the workers" the verbal act of agreeing the determination of grammatical inflection on the basis of word relations harmony of people's opinions or actions or characters; "the two parties were in agreement" justness conformity with some esthetic standard of correctness or propriety; "it was performed with justness and beauty" normality conformity with the norm expectedness as a consequence of being usual or regular or common (of a solution) concentration expressed in gram equivalents of solute per liter being within certain limits that define the range of normal functioning congruity the quality of agreeing; being suitable and appropriate incompatibility the quality of being unable to exist or work in congenial combination the relation between propositions that cannot both be true at the same time (immunology) the degree to which the body's immune system will try to reject foreign material (as transfused blood or transplanted tissue) incongruity the quality of disagreeing; being unsuitable and inappropriate irony incongruity between what might be expected and what actually occurs; "the irony of Ireland's copying the nation she most hated" a trope that involves incongruity between what is expected and what occurs Socratic irony admission of your own ignorance and willingness to learn while exposing someone's inconsistencies by close questioning suitability the quality of having the properties that are right for a specific purpose; "an important requirement is suitability for long trips" arability the quality of land that is appropriate for cultivation appropriateness the quality of being specially suitable appropriate conduct; doing the right thing felicity pleasing and appropriate manner or style (especially manner or style of expression) aptness appropriateness for the occasion; "the phrase had considerable aptness" a disposition to behave in a certain way; "the aptness of iron to rust"; "the propensity of disease to spread" ticket the appropriate or desirable thing; "this car could be just the ticket for a small family" a commercial document showing that the holder is entitled to something (as to ride on public transportation or to enter a public entertainment) a summons issued to an offender (especially to someone who violates a traffic regulation) provide with a ticket for passage or admission; "Ticketed passengers can board now" issue a ticket or a fine to as a penalty; "I was fined for parking on the wrong side of the street"; "Move your car or else you will be ticketed!" fitness the quality of being suitable; "they had to prove their fitness for the position" the quality of being qualified good physical condition; being in shape or in condition eligibility the quality or state of being eligible; "eligibility of a candidate for office"; "eligibility for a loan" insurability the quality of being insurable; the conditions under which an insurance company will issue insurance to an applicant (based on standards set by the insurance company) marriageability eligibility for marriage ineligibility the quality or state of being ineligible uninsurability the quality of being uninsurable; the conditions under which an insurance company will refuse to issue insurance to an applicant (based on standards set by the insurance company) convenience the quality of being useful and convenient; "they offered the convenience of an installment plan" the state of being suitable or opportune; "chairs arranged for his own convenience" opportuneness timely convenience handiness the quality of being at hand when needed skillfulness with the hands; "he can do any sort of work requiring handiness and dexterity" command availability for use; "the materials at the command of the potters grew" the power or authority to command; "an admiral in command" great skillfulness and knowledge of some subject or activity; "a good command of French" an authoritative direction or instruction to do something a military unit or region under the control of a single officer a position of highest authority; "the corporation has just undergone a change in command" make someone do something be in command of; "The general commanded a huge army" demand as one's due; "This speaker commands a high fee"; "The author commands a fair hearing from his readers" impressiveness the quality of making a strong or vivid impression on the mind splendid or imposing in size or appearance; "the grandness of the architecture"; "impressed by the richness of the flora" navigability the quality of being suitable for the passage of a ship or aircraft neediness the quality of needing attention and affection and reassurance to a marked degree; "he recognized her neediness but had no time to respond to it" painfulness the quality of being painful; "she feared the painfulness of childbirth" piquancy the quality of being agreeably stimulating or mentally exciting publicity the quality of being open to public view; "the publicity of the court room" spinnability the quality of being suitable for spinning or the capability of being spun (used of textile fibers) spinnbarkeit the capacity of a viscous liquid (especially the cervical mucus) to be drawn out into a strand or blown up into a bubble unsuitability the quality of having the wrong properties for a specific purpose inaptness inappropriateness; "greater inaptness of expression would be hard to imagine" inappropriateness the quality of being not particularly suitable or befitting; "he retracted nothing that he had said about the inappropriateness of either a corporeal God or a God who is a person"; "his praise released from her loud protestations of her unworthiness" inappropriate conduct infelicity inappropriate and unpleasing manner or style (especially manner or style of expression) habitability suitability for living in or on unfitness the quality of not being suitable; "the judges agreed on his unfitness for the appointment" poor physical condition; being out of shape or out of condition (as from a life of ease and luxury) inconvenience the quality of not being useful or convenient an inconvenient discomfort inaccessibility the quality of not being available when needed inopportuneness the quality of occurring at an inconvenient time ethos (anthropology) the distinctive spirit of a culture or an era; "the Greek ethos" eidos (anthropology) the distinctive expression of the cognitive or intellectual character of a culture or a social group protectiveness the quality of providing protection; "statistical evidence for the protectiveness of vaccination" a feeling of protective affection quality an essential and distinguishing attribute of something or someone; "the quality of mercy is not strained"--Shakespeare a degree or grade of excellence or worth; "the quality of students has risen"; "an executive of low caliber" a characteristic property that defines the apparent individual nature of something; "each town has a quality all its own"; "the radical character of our demands" high social status; "a man of quality" of high social status; "people of quality"; "a quality family" humanness the quality of being human; "he feared the speedy decline of all manhood" air a distinctive but intangible quality surrounding a person or thing; "an air of mystery"; "the house had a neglected air"; "an atmosphere of defeat pervaded the candidate's headquarters"; "the place had an aura of romance" medium for radio and television broadcasting; "the program was on the air from 9 til midnight"; "the president used the airwaves to take his message to the people" the region above the ground; "her hand stopped in mid air"; "he threw the ball into the air" a mixture of gases (especially oxygen) required for breathing; the stuff that the wind consists of; "air pollution"; "a smell of chemicals in the air"; "open a window and let in some air"; "I need some fresh air" once thought to be one of four elements composing the universe (Empedocles) expose to warm or heated air, so as to dry; "Air linen" broadcast over the airwaves, as in radio or television; "We cannot air this X-rated song" be broadcast; "This show will air Saturdays at 2 P.M." mystique an aura of heightened value or interest or meaning surrounding a person or thing note a characteristic emotional quality; "it ended on a sour note"; "there was a note of gaiety in her manner"; "he detected a note of sarcasm" a brief written record; "he made a note of the appointment" a short personal letter; "drop me a line when you get there" a comment or instruction (usually added); "his notes were appended at the end of the article"; "he added a short notation to the address on the envelope" a notation representing the pitch and duration of a musical sound; "the singer held the note too long" a tone of voice that shows what the speaker is feeling; "there was a note of uncertainty in his voice" a promise to pay a specified amount on demand or at a certain time; "I had to co-sign his note at the bank" make mention of; "She observed that his presentation took up too much time"; "They noted that it was a fine day to go sailing" make a written note of; "she noted everything the teacher said that morning" observe with care or pay close attention to; "Take note of this chemical reaction" superiority the quality of being superior displaying a sense of being better than others; "he hated the white man's superiority and condescension" the quality of being at a competitive advantage fineness the quality of being very good indeed; "the inn is distinguished by the fineness of its cuisine" having a very fine texture; "the fineness of the sand on the beach" the property of being very narrow or thin; "he marvelled at the fineness of her hair" excellence the quality of excelling; possessing good qualities in high degree an outstanding feature; something in which something or someone excels; "a center of manufacturing excellence"; "the use of herbs is one of the excellencies of French cuisine" ultimate the finest or most superior quality of its kind; "the ultimate in luxury" being the last or concluding element of a series; "the ultimate sonata of that opus"; "a distinction between the verb and noun senses of `conflict' is that in the verb the stress is on the ultimate (or last) syllable" furthest or highest in degree or order; utmost or extreme; "the ultimate achievement"; "the ultimate question"; "man's ultimate destiny"; "the ultimate insult"; "one's ultimate goal in life" admirability admirable excellence expansiveness a quality characterized by magnificence of scale or the tendency to expand; "the expansiveness of their extravagant life style was soon curtailed" stateliness impressiveness in scale or proportion an elaborate manner of doing something; "she served coffee with great stateliness" first water the highest quality gems ingenuity the property of being ingenious; "a plot of great ingenuity"; "the cleverness of its design" inferiority an inferior quality the quality of being a competitive disadvantage the state of being inferior poorness the quality of being poorly made or maintained; "she was unrecognizable because of the poorness of the photography" less than adequate; "the relative poorness of New England farmland" scrawniness the property of being stunted and inferior in size or quality; "the scrawniness of sickly trees" second class not the highest quality in a classification not the highest rank in a classification by second class conveyance; "we traveled second class" wretchedness the quality of being poor and inferior and sorry; "he has compiled a record second to none in its wretchedness" the character of being uncomfortable and unpleasant; "the wretchedness for which these prisons became known"; "the grey wretchedness of the rain" characteristic a distinguishing quality any measurable property of a device measured under closely specified conditions the integer part (positive or negative) of the representation of a logarithm; in the expression log 643 = 2.808 the characteristic is 2 typical or distinctive; "heard my friend's characteristic laugh"; "red and gold are the characteristic colors of autumn"; "stripes characteristic of the zebra" salability the quality of being salable or marketable selling point a characteristic of something that is up for sale that makes it attractive to potential customers hallmark a distinctive characteristic or attribute saving grace a redeeming quality or characteristic; "her love of music remains her one saving grace"; "her sense of humor has to be a saving grace"; "the saving grace for both developments is that they are creating jobs" aspect a characteristic to be considered a distinct feature or element in a problem; "he studied every facet of the question" the beginning or duration or completion or repetition of the action of a verb gaseousness having the consistency of a gas bubbliness the property of giving off bubbles foaminess the property of being foamy changeableness the quality of being changeable; having a marked tendency to change; "the changeableness of the weather" commutability the quality of being commutable fluidity a changeable quality; "a charming Oriental fluidity of manner"; "a certain fluidness in his perception of time made him an unpredictable colleague"; "demographers try to predict social fluidity" the property of flowing easily; "adding lead makes the alloy easier to cast because the melting point is reduced and the fluidity is increased"; "they believe that fluidity increases as the water gets warmer" reversibility the quality of being reversible in either direction shiftiness the quality of being changeable in direction; "the shiftiness of the wind caused the boat to veer unpredictably" inconstancy the quality of being changeable and variable capriciousness the quality of being guided by sudden unpredictable impulses variability the quality of being subject to variation variedness characterized by variation diversity the condition or result of being changeable variegation variability in coloration exchangeability the quality of being capable of exchange or interchange duality (geometry) the interchangeability of the roles of points and planes in the theorems of projective geometry (physics) the property of matter and electromagnetic radiation that is characterized by the fact that some properties can be explained best by wave theory and others by particle theory transferability the quality of being transferable or exchangeable; "sterling transferability affords a means of multilateral settlement for....trade between nondollar countries" convertibility the quality of being exchangeable (especially the ability to convert a currency into gold or other currencies without restriction) inconvertibility the quality of not being exchangeable; "the inconvertibility of their currency made international trade impossible" replaceability exchangeability by virtue of being replaceable liquidity being in cash or easily convertible to cash; debt paying ability permutability ability to change sequence progressiveness advancement toward better conditions or policies or methods changelessness the quality of being unchangeable; having a marked tendency to remain unchanged the property of remaining unchanged absoluteness the quality of being absolute; "the absoluteness of the pope's decree could not be challenged" constancy the quality of being enduring and free from change or variation; "early mariners relied on the constancy of the trade winds" faithfulness and dependability in personal attachments (especially sexual fidelity) (psychology) the tendency for perceived objects to give rise to very similar perceptual experiences in spite of wide variations in the conditions of observation invariance the nature of a quantity or property or function that remains unchanged when a given transformation is applied to it; "the invariance of the configuration under translation" metastability the quality of a physical system that persists in its existing equilibrium when undisturbed (or only slightly disturbed) but able to pass to a more stable equilibrium when sufficiently disturbed monotony constancy of tone or pitch or inflection the quality of wearisome constancy, routine, and lack of variety; "he had never grown accustomed to the monotony of his work"; "he was sick of the humdrum of his fellow prisoners"; "he hated the sameness of the food the college served" innateness the quality of being innate irreversibility the quality of being irreversible (once done it cannot be changed) invariability the quality of being resistant to variation unvariedness characterized by an absence of variation fixedness the quality of being fixed and unchangeable; "the fixedness of his gaze upset her" unexchangeability the quality of being incapable of exchange or interchange incommutability the quality of being not interchangeable irreplaceableness the quality of being irreplaceable mutability the quality of being capable of mutation alterability the quality of being alterable vicissitude mutability in life or nature (especially successive alternation from one condition to another) a variation in circumstances or fortune at different times in your life or in the development of something; "the project was subject to the usual vicissitudes of exploratory research" immutability the quality of being incapable of mutation; "Darwin challenged the fixity of species" unalterability the quality of not being alterable incurability incapability of being altered in disposition or habits; "the incurability of his optimism" incapability of being cured or healed agelessness the quality of being timeless and eternal sameness the quality of being alike; "sameness of purpose kept them together" otherness the quality of being not alike; being distinct or different from that otherwise experienced or known oneness the quality of being united into one selfsameness the quality of being identical with itself similarity the quality of being similar a Gestalt principle of organization holding that (other things being equal) parts of a stimulus field that are similar to each other tend to be perceived as belonging together as a unit homogeny (biology) similarity because of common evolution homology the quality of being similar or corresponding in position or value or structure or function homomorphism similarity of form isomorphism (biology) similarity or identity of form or shape or structure parallelism similarity by virtue of corresponding uniformity the quality of lacking diversity or variation (even to the point of boredom) a condition in which everything is regular and unvarying homogeneity the quality of being similar or comparable in kind or nature; "there is a remarkable homogeneity between the two companies" the quality of being of uniform throughout in composition or structure consistency a harmonious uniformity or agreement among things or parts (logic) an attribute of a logical system that is so constituted that none of the propositions deducible from the axioms contradict one another the property of holding together and retaining its shape; "wool has more body than rayon"; "when the dough has enough consistency it is ready to bake" logical coherence and accordance with the facts; "a rambling argument that lacked any consistency" sort an approximate definition or example; "she wore a sort of magenta dress"; "she served a creamy sort of dessert thing" a person of a particular character or nature; "what sort of person is he?"; "he's a good sort" an operation that segregates items into groups according to a specified criterion; "the bottleneck in mail delivery is the process of sorting" analogue something having the property of being analogous to something else of a circuit or device having an output that is proportional to the input; "analogue device"; "linear amplifier" mirror image a likeness in which left and right are reversed naturalness the likeness of a representation to the thing represented; "engineers strove to increase the naturalness of recorded music" the quality of being natural or based on natural principles; "he accepted the naturalness of death"; "the spontaneous naturalness of his manner" resemblance similarity in appearance or external or superficial details spitting image a perfect likeness or counterpart mutual resemblance symmetrical resemblance equality the quality of being the same in quantity or measure or value or status a state of being essentially equal or equivalent; equally balanced; "on a par with the best" equatability capability of being equated equivalence essential equality and interchangeability parity functional equality (physics) parity is conserved in a universe in which the laws of physics are the same in a right-handed system of coordinates as in a left-handed system (mathematics) a relation between a pair of integers: if both integers are odd or both are even they have the same parity; if one is odd and the other is even they have different parity; "parity is often used to check the integrity of transmitted data" (obstetrics) the number of liveborn children a woman has delivered; "the parity of the mother must be considered"; "a bipara is a woman who has given birth to two children" evenness the quality of being balanced a quality of uniformity and lack of variation the parity of even numbers (divisible by two) isometry equality of measure (e.g., equality of height above sea level or equality of loudness etc.) equality of elevation above sea level a one-to-one mapping of one metric space into another metric space that preserves the distances between each pair of points; "the isometries of the cube" the growth rates in different parts of a growing organism are the same difference the quality of being unlike or dissimilar; "there are many differences between jazz and rock" a significant change; "the difference in her is amazing"; "his support made a real difference" differential a quality that differentiates between similar things relating to or showing a difference; "differential treatment" involving or containing one or more derivatives; "differential equation" differentia distinguishing characteristics (especially in different species of a genus) distinction a distinguishing difference between similar things or people; "he learned the distinction between gold and lead" an honor awarded to someone in recognition of achievement or superiority; "she graduated with the highest distinction" discrepancy a difference between conflicting facts or claims or opinions; "a growing divergence of opinion" an event that departs from expectations dissimilarity the quality of being dissimilar disparateness utter dissimilarity heterology (biology) the lack of correspondence of apparently similar body parts unlikeness dissimilarity evidenced by an absence of likeness nonuniformity the quality of being diverse and interesting heterogeneity the quality of being diverse and not comparable in kind diverseness noticeable heterogeneity; "a diversity of possibilities"; "the range and variety of his work is amazing" biodiversity the diversity of plant and animal life in a particular habitat (or in the world as a whole); "a high level of biodiversity is desirable" inconsistency the quality of being inconsistent and lacking a harmonious uniformity among things or parts variety a difference that is usually pleasant; "he goes to France for variety"; "it is a refreshing change to meet a woman mechanic" (biology) a taxonomic category consisting of members of a species that differ from others of the same species in minor but heritable characteristics; "varieties are frequently recognized in botany" inequality lack of equality; "the growing inequality between rich and poor" nonequivalence not interchangeable disparity inequality or difference in some respect far cry a disappointing disparity; "it was a far cry from what he had expected" distance estimated in terms of the audibility of a cry; "it's a far cry from here" gulf an unbridgeable disparity (as from a failure of understanding); "he felt a gulf between himself and his former friends"; "there is a vast disconnect between public opinion and federal policy" a deep wide chasm an arm of a sea or ocean partly enclosed by land; larger than a bay unevenness the quality of being unbalanced the quality of being uneven and lacking uniformity certainty something that is certain; "his victory is a certainty" the state of being certain; "his certainty reassured the others" cert an absolute certainty; "it's a dead cert" ineluctability the quality of being impossible to avoid or evade inevitability the quality of being unavoidable determinateness the quality of being predictable with great confidence finality the quality of being final or definitely settled; "the finality of death" surety something clearly established indisputability the quality of being beyond question or dispute or doubt incontrovertibility the quality of being undeniable and not worth arguing about demonstrability capability of being demonstrated or logically proved givenness the quality of being granted as a supposition; of being acknowledged or assumed moral certainty certainty based on an inner conviction; "she believed in the importance of moral absolutes and moral certainty"; "the prosecutor had a moral certainty that the prisoner was guilty" predictability the quality of being predictable probability the quality of being probable; a probable event or the most probable event; "for a while mutiny seemed a probability"; "going by past experience there was a high probability that the visitors were lost" a measure of how likely it is that some event will occur; a number expressing the ratio of favorable cases to the whole number of cases possible; "the probability that an unbiased coin will fall with the head up is 0.5"; "if that phone call is for me, chances are it's my wife" odds the likelihood of a thing occurring rather than not occurring the ratio by which one better's wager is greater than that of another; "he offered odds of two to one" likelihood the probability of a specified outcome uncertainty being unsettled or in doubt or dependent on chance; "the uncertainty of the outcome"; "the precariousness of his income" doubt uncertainty about the truth or factuality or existence of something; "the dubiousness of his claim"; "there is no question about the validity of the enterprise" the state of being unsure of something consider unlikely or have doubts about; "I doubt that she will accept his proposal of marriage" lack confidence in or have doubts about; "I doubt these reports"; "I suspect her true motives"; "she distrusts her stepmother" indefiniteness the quality of being vague and poorly defined inconclusiveness the quality of being inconclusive unpredictability lacking predictability improbability the quality of being improbable; "impossibility should never be confused with improbability"; "the improbability of such rare coincidences" unlikelihood the improbability of a specified outcome fortuitousness the quality of happening accidentally and by lucky chance speculativeness the quality of being a conclusion or opinion based on supposition and conjecture rather than on fact or investigation; "her work is highly contentious because of its speculativeness and lack of supporting evidence" financial risk; "he rejected stocks that didn't pay dividends because of their speculativeness" factuality the quality of being actual or based on fact; "the realm of factuality must be distinguished from the realm of imagination" counterfactuality the quality of being contrary to fact concreteness the quality of being concrete (not abstract) tangibility the quality of being perceivable by touch intangibility the quality of being intangible and not perceptible by touch literalness adhereing to the concrete construal of something materiality the quality of being physical; consisting of matter relevance requiring careful consideration substantiality the quality of being substantial or having substance immateriality the quality of not being physical; not consisting of matter complete irrelevance requiring no further consideration insubstantiality lacking substance or reality lack of solid substance and strength abstractness the quality of being considered apart from a specific instance or object reality the quality possessed by something that is real the state of being actual or real; "the reality of his situation slowly dawned on him" the state of the world as it really is rather than as you might want it to be; "businessmen have to face harsh realities" unreality the quality possessed by something that is unreal the state of being insubstantial or imaginary; not existing objectively or in fact particularity the quality of being particular and pertaining to a specific case or instance; "the particularity of human situations" specificity the quality of being specific rather than general; "add a desirable note of specificity to the discussion"; "the specificity of the symptoms of the disease" the quality of being specific to a particular organism; "host specificity of a parasite" individuality the quality of being individual; "so absorbed by the movement that she lost all sense of individuality" singularity the quality of being one of a kind; "that singularity distinguished him from all his companions" strangeness by virtue of being remarkable or unusual peculiarity a distinguishing trait an odd or unusual characteristic idiosyncrasy a behavioral attribute that is distinctive and peculiar to an individual generality the quality of being general or widespread or having general applicability commonality sharing of common attributes solidarity a union of interests or purposes or sympathies among members of a group pervasiveness the quality of filling or spreading throughout; "the pervasiveness of the odor of cabbage in tenement hallways" prevalence the quality of prevailing generally; being widespread; "he was surprised by the prevalence of optimism about the future" (epidemiology) the ratio (for a given time period) of the number of occurrences of a disease or event to the number of units at risk in the population currency general acceptance or use; "the currency of ideas" the metal or paper medium of exchange that is presently used universality the quality of being universal; existing everywhere totality the quality of being complete and indiscriminate; "the totality of war and its consequences"; "the all-embracing totality of the state" simplicity the quality of being simple or uncompounded; "the simplicity of a crystal" absence of affectation or pretense a lack of penetration or subtlety; "they took advantage of her simplicity" complexity the quality of being intricate and compounded; "he enjoyed the complexity of modern computers" complicatedness puzzling complexity elaborateness marked by elaborately complex detail trickiness the quality of requiring skill or caution; "these puzzles are famous for their trickiness" regularity the quality of being characterized by a fixed principle or rate; "he was famous for the regularity of his habits" a property of polygons: the property of having equal sides and equal angles cyclicity the quality of recurring at regular intervals rhythm recurring at regular intervals the arrangement of spoken words alternating stressed and unstressed elements; "the rhythm of Frost's poetry" the basic rhythmic unit in a piece of music; "the piece has a fast rhythm"; "the conductor set the beat" cardiac rhythm the rhythm of a beating heart atrioventricular nodal rhythm the normal cardiac rhythm when the heart is controlled by the atrioventricular node orderliness the quality of appreciating method and system a condition of regular or proper arrangement; "he put his desk in order"; "the machine is now in working order" inhomogeneity the quality of being inhomogeneous even spacing regularity of spacing steadiness the quality of being steady--regular and unvarying the quality of being steady or securely and immovably fixed in place freedom from wavering or indecision; constancy of resolve or conduct; "He trusted her clear steadiness that she would do what she said" irregularity not characterized by a fixed principle or rate; at irregular intervals an irregular asymmetry in shape; an irregular spatial pattern fitfulness the quality of being spasmodic and irregular intermittence the quality of being intermittent; subject to interruption or periodic stopping fluctuation the quality of being unsteady and subject to changes; "he kept a record of price fluctuations" a wave motion; "the fluctuations of the sea" scintillation the twinkling of the stars caused when changes in the density of the earth's atmosphere produce uneven refraction of starlight a brilliant display of wit (physics) a flash of light that is produced in a phosphor when it absorbs a photon or ionizing particle randomness the quality of lacking any predictable order or plan (thermodynamics) a thermodynamic quantity representing the amount of energy in a system that is no longer available for doing mechanical work; "entropy increases as matter and energy in the universe degrade to an ultimate state of inert uniformity" ergodicity an attribute of stochastic systems; generally, a system that tends in probability to a limiting form that is independent of the initial conditions spasticity the quality of moving or acting in spasms rockiness the quality of abounding in rocks and stones; "due to the rockiness of the land it was quickly dry even after a heavy rain" ruggedness the quality of being topologically uneven; "the ruggedness of the mountains" hilliness the quality of being hilly; "the hilliness of West Virginia" jaggedness something irregular like a bump or crack in a smooth surface patchiness unevenness in quality or performance waviness unevenness produced by waves or wrinkles personal equation variability attributable to individual differences unsteadiness the quality of being unsteady--varying and unpredictable the quality of not being steady or securely fixed in place mobility the quality of moving freely motility ability to move spontaneously and independently movability the quality of being movable; capable of being moved or rearranged maneuverability the quality of being maneuverable manipulability the quality of being controllable by skilled movements of the hands looseness movement or space for movement; "there was too much play in the steering wheel" the quality of movability by virtue of being free from attachment or other restraints a lack of strict accuracy; laxity of practice; "misunderstandings can often be traced to a looseness of expression" freedom from restraint; "the flexibility and looseness of the materials from which mythology is made" weatherliness (of a sailing vessel) the quality of being able to sail close to the wind with little drift to the leeward (even in a stiff wind); "the Spanish ships had superior speed and weatherliness" wiggliness a jerky back and forth kind of mobility; "he walked with the wiggliness of a child on high heels" instability the quality or attribute of being unstable and irresolute unreliability attributable to being unstable an unstable order shakiness the quality of being unstable and insecure; "the shakiness of the present regime" portability the quality of being light enough to be carried immobility the quality of not moving immotility lacking an ability to move inertness immobility by virtue of being inert immovability not capable of being moved or rearranged tightness lack of movement or room for movement fastness the quality of being fixed in place as by some firm attachment lodgment the state or quality of being lodged or fixed even temporarily; "the lodgment of the balloon in the tree" bringing a charge or accusation against someone granite something having the quality of granite (unyielding firmness); "a man of granite" plutonic igneous rock having visibly crystalline texture; generally composed of feldspar and mica and quartz sureness the quality of being steady and unfailing; "sureness of hand" stability the quality or attribute of being firm and steadfast a stable order (especially of society) pleasantness the quality of giving pleasure; "he was charmed by the sweetness of her manner"; "the pleasantness of a cool breeze on a hot summer day" the feeling caused by agreeable stimuli; one pole of a continuum of states of feeling enjoyableness pleasantness resulting from something that can be enjoyed; "the enjoyableness of an afternoon at the beach" niceness the quality of nice unpleasantness the quality of giving displeasure; "the recent unpleasantness of the weather" the feeling caused by disagreeable stimuli; one pole of a continuum of states of feeling abrasiveness the quality of being sharply disagreeable acridity the quality of being sharply disagreeable in language or tone extreme bitterness; "the acridity of alkali" having an acrid smell unpalatability the property of being unacceptable to the mind; "the policy's unpalatability caused an uproar" the property of being unacceptable to the mouth disgustingness the property of being extremely unacceptable to the mind extreme unpalatability to the mouth nastiness the quality of being highly unpleasant; "I flinched at the nastiness of his wound" offensiveness the quality of being offensive loathsomeness the quality of being disgusting to the senses or emotions; "the vileness of his language surprised us" hatefulness the quality of being hateful beastliness unpleasant nastiness; used especially of nasty weather the quality of being deliberately mean awfulness a quality of extreme unpleasantness frightfulness the quality of being frightful ghastliness the quality of being ghastly credibility the quality of being believable or trustworthy authenticity undisputed credibility real McCoy informal usage attributing authenticity cogency the quality of being valid and rigorous persuasive relevance plausibility apparent validity reasonableness the quality of being plausible or acceptable to a reasonable person; "he questioned the tenability of my claims" moderation in expectations; "without greater reasonableness by both parties we will never settle this matter!" the property of being moderate in price or expenditures; "the store is famous for the reasonableness of its prices"; "the modestness of the living standards here becomes obvious immediately" goodness of reason and judgment; "the judiciary is built on the reasonableness of judges" incredibility the quality of being incredible implausibility the quality of provoking disbelief street credibility credibility among young fashionable urban individuals logicality correct and valid reasoning rationality the quality of being consistent with or based on logic the state of having good sense and sound judgment; "his rationality may have been impaired"; "he had to rely less on reason than on rousing their emotions" completeness (logic) an attribute of a logical system that is so constituted that a contradiction arises if any proposition is introduced that cannot be derived from the axioms of the system the state of being complete and entire; having everything that is needed illogicality invalid or incorrect reasoning unaffectedness not affected; a personal manner that is not consciously constrained sincerity a quality of naturalness and simplicity; "the simple sincerity of folk songs" the quality of being open and truthful; not deceitful or hypocritical; "his sincerity inspired belief"; "they demanded some proof of my sincerity" spontaneity the quality of being spontaneous and coming from natural feelings without constraint; "the spontaneity of his laughter" unpretentiousness the quality of being natural and without pretensions unnaturalness the quality of being unnatural or not based on natural principles affectedness the quality of being false or artificial (as to impress others) airs affected manners intended to impress others; "don't put on airs with me" coyness the affectation of being demure in a provocative way preciosity the quality of being fastidious or excessively refined artificiality the quality of being produced by people and not occurring naturally staginess an artificial and mannered quality pretension a false or unsupportable quality the advancing of a claim; "his pretension to the crown"; "the town still puts forward pretensions as a famous resort" pretentiousness the quality of being pretentious (behaving or speaking in such a manner as to create a false appearance of great importance or worth) ostentation pretentious or showy or vulgar display lack of elegance as a consequence of being pompous and puffed up with vanity a gaudy outward display supernaturalism the quality of being attributed to power that seems to violate or go beyond natural forces a belief in forces beyond ordinary human understanding wholesomeness the quality of being beneficial and generally good for you nutritiousness the quality of being nourishing and promoting healthy growth healthfulness the quality of promoting good health salubrity the quality of being salubrious and invigorating unwholesomeness the quality of being unhealthful and generally bad for you harmfulness the quality of being noxious destructiveness that causes harm or injury perniciousness grave harmfulness or deadliness deadliness the quality of being deadly fatality the quality of being able to cause death or fatal disasters a death resulting from an accident or a disaster; "a decrease in the number of automobile fatalities" jejunity quality of inadequate nutritive value the quality of being vapid and unsophisticated putrescence the quality of rotting and becoming putrid in a state of progressive putrefaction unhealthfulness the quality of promoting poor health insalubrity the quality of being insalubrious and debilitating satisfactoriness the quality of giving satisfaction sufficient to meet a demand or requirement adequacy the quality of being able to meet a need satisfactorily: "he questioned the adequacy of the usual sentimental interpretation of the Golden Rule" acceptability satisfactoriness by virtue of conforming to approved standards admissibility acceptability by virtue of being admissible permissibility admissibility as a consequence of being permitted unsatisfactoriness the quality of being inadequate or unsuitable inadequacy unsatisfactoriness by virtue of being inadequate perishability unsatisfactoriness by virtue of being subject to decay or spoilage or destruction unacceptability unsatisfactoriness by virtue of not conforming to approved standards inadmissibility unacceptability as a consequence of not being admissible impermissibility inadmissibility as a consequence of not being permitted palatability acceptability to the mind or feelings; "the pursuit of electoral palatability" the property of being acceptable to the mouth ordinariness the quality of being commonplace and ordinary averageness ordinariness as a consequence of being average and not outstanding the state of being that is average; indicates normality but with connotations of mediocrity expectedness ordinariness as a consequence of being expected and not surprising commonness ordinariness as a consequence of being frequent and commonplace the state of being that is commonly observed prosiness commonplaceness as a consequence of being humdrum and not exciting usualness commonness by virtue of not being unusual extraordinariness the quality of being extraordinary and not commonly encountered unexpectedness extraordinariness by virtue of being unexpected; "the unexpectedness of the warm welcome" uncommonness extraordinariness as a consequence of being rare and seldom encountered extraordinariness as a consequence of being marked by an uncommon or superlative quality unusualness uncommonness by virtue of being unusual unfamiliarity unusualness as a consequence of not being well known oddity a strange attitude or habit eccentricity that is not easily explained eeriness strangeness by virtue of being mysterious and inspiring fear outlandishness strikingly out of the ordinary quaintness strangeness as a consequence of being old fashioned; "some words in her dialect had a charming quaintness" the quality of being quaint and old-fashioned; "she liked the old cottage; its quaintness was appealing" eccentricity strange and unconventional behavior a circularity that has a different center or deviates from a circular path (geometry) a ratio describing the shape of a conic section; the ratio of the distance between the foci to the length of the major axis; "a circle is an ellipse with zero eccentricity" ethnicity an ethnic quality or affiliation resulting from racial or cultural ties; "ethnicity has a strong influence on community status relations" foreignness the quality of being alien or not native; "the strangeness of a foreigner" exoticism the quality of being exotic; "he loved the exoticism of Egypt" alienage the quality of being alien nativeness the quality of belonging to or being connected with a certain place or region by virtue of birth or origin indigenousness nativeness by virtue of originating or occurring naturally (as in a particular place) originality the quality of being new and original (not derived from something else) the ability to think and act independently freshness originality by virtue of being refreshingly novel the property of being pure and fresh (as if newly made); not stale or deteriorated; "she loved the freshness of newly baked bread"; "the freshness of the air revived him" an alert and refreshed state unorthodoxy the quality of being unorthodox any opinions or doctrines at variance with the official or orthodox position unconventionality unorthodoxy by virtue of being unconventional originality by virtue of being unconventional unoriginality the quality of being unoriginal uncreativeness due to a lack of originality orthodoxy the quality of being orthodox (especially in religion) a belief or orientation agreeing with conventional standards conventionality orthodoxy as a consequence of being conventional unoriginality as a result of being too conventional conformity with conventional thought and behavior ossification hardened conventionality the developmental process of bone formation the process of becoming rigidly fixed in a conventional pattern of thought or behavior the calcification of soft tissue into a bonelike material scholasticism orthodoxy of a scholastic variety correctness conformity to fact or truth the quality of conformity to social expectations incorrectness the quality of not conforming to fact or truth lack of conformity to social expectations erroneousness inadvertent incorrectness accuracy the quality of being near to the true value; "he was beginning to doubt the accuracy of his compass"; "the lawyer questioned the truth of my account" (mathematics) the number of significant figures given in a number; "the atomic clock enabled scientists to measure time with much greater accuracy" exactness the quality of being exact; "he demanded exactness in all details"; "a man of great exactitude" minuteness great precision; painstaking attention to details; "he examined the essay with the greatest minuteness" preciseness the quality of being reproducible in amount or performance; "he handled it with the preciseness of an automaton"; "note the meticulous precision of his measurements" clarity as a consequence of precision trueness exactness of adjustment; "I marveled at the trueness of his aim" fidelity accuracy with which an electronic system reproduces the sound or image of its input signal the quality of being faithful inaccuracy the quality of being inaccurate and having errors inexactness the quality of being inexact impreciseness the quality of lacking precision infallibility the quality of never making an error inerrancy (Christianity) exemption from error; "biblical inerrancy" errancy fallibility as indicated by erring or a tendency to err (Christianity) holding views that disagree with accepted doctrine; especially disagreement with papal infallibility; "he denies the errancy of the Catholic Church" papal infallibility belief of the Roman Catholic Church that God protects the pope from error when he speaks about faith or morality reproducibility the quality of being reproducible irreproducibility the quality of being unreproducible; "he could not explain the irreproducibility of the results of his experiment" fallibility the likelihood of making errors worthiness the quality or state of having merit or value deservingness the quality of being deserving (e.g., deserving assistance); "there were many children whose deservingness he recognized and rewarded" desert (usually plural) a person's deservingness of or entitlement to reward or punishment arid land with little or no vegetation leave behind; "the students deserted the campus after the end of exam period" praiseworthiness the quality of being worthy of praise quotability the quality of being worthy of being quoted roadworthiness (of motor vehicles) the quality of being fit to drive on the open road unworthiness the quality or state of lacking merit or value baseness unworthiness by virtue of lacking higher values shamefulness unworthiness meriting public disgrace and dishonor scandalousness disgracefulness that offends public morality popularity the quality of being widely admired or accepted or sought after; "his charm soon won him affection and popularity"; "the universal popularity of American movies" hot stuff the quality of being popular; "skiing is hot stuff in New Hampshire" the quality of being attractive and exciting (especially sexually exciting); "he thought she was really hot stuff" unpopularity the quality of lacking general approval or acceptance legality lawfulness by virtue of conformity to a legal statute validity the quality of having legal force or effectiveness effect (of a law) having legal validity; "the law is still in effect" an impression (especially one that is artificial or contrived); "he just did it for effect" the central meaning or theme of a speech or literary work a symptom caused by an illness or a drug; "the effects of sleep loss"; "the effect of the anesthetic" produce; "The scientists set up a shock wave" act so as to bring into existence; "effect a change" lawfulness the quality of conforming to law legitimacy lawfulness by virtue of being authorized or in accordance with law licitness the quality of strictly conforming to law illegality unlawfulness by virtue of violating some legal statute invalidity illogicality as a consequence of having a conclusion that does not follow from the premisses fallaciousness result of a fallacy or error in reasoning unlawfulness the quality of failing to conform to law lawlessness illegality as a consequence of unlawful acts; defiance of the law infection (international law) illegality that taints or contaminates a ship or cargo rendering it liable to seizure moral corruption or contamination; "ambitious men are led astray by an infection that is almost unavoidable" an incident in which an infectious disease is transmitted (medicine) the invasion of the body by pathogenic microorganisms and their multiplication which can lead to tissue damage and disease (phonetics) the alteration of a speech sound under the influence of a neighboring sound the pathological state resulting from the invasion of the body by pathogenic microorganisms illegitimacy unlawfulness by virtue of not being authorized by or in accordance with law illicitness the quality of not conforming strictly to law shadiness questionable honesty or legality; "they acted with such obvious shadiness that they were instantly recognizable"; "the shadiness of their transactions" refinement the quality of excellence in thought and manners and taste; "a man of intellectual refinement"; "he is remembered for his generosity and civilization" the result of improving something; "he described a refinement of this technique" elegance a refined quality of gracefulness and good taste; "she conveys an aura of elegance and gentility" a quality of neatness and ingenious simplicity in the solution of a problem (especially in science or mathematics); "the simplicity and elegance of his invention" daintiness the quality of being beautiful and delicate in appearance; "the daintiness of her touch"; "the fineness of her features" courtliness elegance suggestive of a royal court tastefulness elegance indicated by good taste chic elegance by virtue of being fashionable elegant and stylish; "chic elegance"; "a smart new dress"; "a suit of voguish cut" jauntiness stylishness as evidenced by a smart appearance magnificence the quality of being magnificent or splendid or grand; "for magnificence and personal service there is the Queen's hotel"; "his `Hamlet' lacks the brilliance that one expects"; "it is the university that gives the scene its stately splendor"; "an imaginative mix of old-fashioned grandeur and colorful art"; "advertisers capitalize on the grandness and elegance it brings to their products" eclat brilliant or conspicuous success or effect; "the eclat of a great achievement" pomp ceremonial elegance and splendor; "entered with much eclat in a coach drawn by eight white horses" class elegance in dress or behavior; "she has a lot of class" people having the same social, economic, or educational status; "the working class"; "an emerging professional class" a collection of things sharing a common attribute; "there are two classes of detergents" (biology) a taxonomic group containing one or more orders a body of students who are taught together; "early morning classes are always sleepy" a body of students who graduate together; "the class of '97"; "she was in my year at Hoehandle High" a league ranked by quality; "he played baseball in class D for two years"; "Princeton is in the NCAA Division 1-AA" inelegance the quality of lacking refinement and good taste woodenness the quality of being wooden and awkward; "he criticized the woodenness of the acting"; "there was a certain woodenness in his replies" rusticity the quality of being rustic or gauche urbanity the quality or character of life in a city or town; "there is an important difference between rusticity and urbanity" polished courtesy; elegance of manner dowdiness having a drab or dowdy quality; lacking stylishness or elegance shabbiness a lack of elegance as a consequence of wearing threadbare or dirty clothing tweediness an informal, homely, outdoor look characteristic of those who wear tweeds raggedness shabbiness by virtue of being in rags coarseness the quality of lacking taste and refinement looseness or roughness in texture (as of cloth) the quality of being composed of relatively large particles crudeness an unpolished unrefined quality; "the crudeness of frontier dwellings depressed her" an impolite manner that is vulgar and lacking tact or refinement; "the whole town was famous for its crudeness" a wild or unrefined state boorishness inelegance by virtue of being an uncouth boor the manner of a rude or insensitive person tastelessness inelegance indicated by a lack of good taste cheapness tastelessness by virtue of being cheap and vulgar flashiness tasteless showiness comprehensibility the quality of comprehensible language or thought legibility a quality of writing (print or handwriting) that can be easily read intelligibility the quality of language that is comprehensible expressiveness the quality of being expressive readability the quality of written language that makes it easy to read and understand speech intelligibility the intelligibility of speech (usually measured in the presence of noise or distortion) clarity free from obscurity and easy to understand; the comprehensibility of clear expression monosemy having a single meaning (absence of ambiguity) usually of individual words or phrases coherence logical and orderly and consistent relation of parts the state of cohering or sticking together perspicuity clarity as a consequence of being perspicuous unambiguity clarity achieved by the avoidance of ambiguity explicitness clarity as a consequence of being explicit incomprehensibility the quality of being incomprehensible inscrutability the quality of being impossible to investigate; "the inscrutability of the future" illegibility the quality of writing (print or handwriting) that cannot be deciphered impenetrability incomprehensibility by virtue of being too dense to understand the quality of being impenetrable (by people or light or missiles etc.) noise incomprehensibility resulting from irrelevant information or meaningless facts or remarks; "all the noise in his speech concealed the fact that he didn't have anything to say" the auditory experience of sound that lacks musical quality; sound that is a disagreeable auditory experience; "modern music is just noise to me" a loud outcry of protest or complaint; "the announcement of the election recount caused a lot of noise"; "whatever it was he didn't like it and he was going to let them know by making as loud a noise as he could" sound of any kind (especially unintelligible or dissonant sound); "he enjoyed the street noises"; "they heard indistinct noises of people talking"; "during the firework display that ended the gala the noise reached 98 decibels" electrical or acoustic activity that can disturb communication obscureness the quality of being unclear or abstruse and hard to understand unintelligibility incomprehensibility as a consequence of being unintelligible unclearness incomprehensibility as a result of not being clear elusiveness the quality of being difficult to grasp or pin down; "the author's elusiveness may at times be construed as evasiveness" inexplicitness unclearness by virtue of not being explicit implicitness inexplicitness as a consequence of being implied or indirect ambiguity unclearness by virtue of having more than one meaning an expression whose meaning cannot be determined from its context polysemy the ambiguity of an individual word or phrase that can be used (in different contexts) to express two or more different meanings twilight zone the ambiguous region between two categories or states or conditions (usually containing some features of both); "but there is still a twilight zone, the tantalizing occurrences that are probably noise but might possibly be a signal"; "in the twilight zone between humor and vulgarity"; "in that no man's land between negotiation and aggression" the lowest level of the ocean to which light can reach righteousness adhering to moral principles impeccability the quality of being exempt from sin or incapable of sinning uprightness righteousness as a consequence of being honorable and honest piety righteousness by virtue of being pious devoutness piety by virtue of being devout religiosity exaggerated or affected piety and religious zeal dutifulness piety by virtue of devotion to duty godliness piety by virtue of being a godly person unrighteousness failure to adhere to moral principles; "forgave us our sins and cleansed us of all unrighteousness" mark of Cain the mark that God set upon Cain now refers to a person's sinful nature impiety unrighteousness by virtue of lacking respect for a god undutifulness impiety characterized by lack of devotion to duty irreligiousness the quality of not being devout ungodliness impiety by virtue of not being a godly person humaneness the quality of compassion or consideration for others (people or animals) humanity the quality of being humane mercifulness a disposition to be kind and forgiving; "in those days a wife had to depend on the mercifulness of her husband" the feeling that motivates compassion compassion the humane quality of understanding the suffering of others and wanting to do something about it a deep awareness of and sympathy for another's suffering forgivingness tendency to be kind and forgiving inhumaneness the quality of lacking compassion or consideration for others ferociousness the trait of extreme cruelty murderousness cruelty evidence by a capability to commit murder a bloodthirsty hatred arousing murderous impulses mercilessness inhumaneness evidenced by an unwillingness to be kind or forgiving pitilessness mercilessness characterized by a lack of pity relentlessness mercilessness characterized by an unwillingness to relent or let up; "the relentlessness or their pursuit" charitableness generosity as manifested by practicing charity (as for the poor or unfortunate) bounty generosity evidenced by a willingness to give freely payment or reward (especially from a government) for acts such as catching criminals or killing predatory animals or enlisting in the military bigheartedness the quality of being kind and generous liberality the trait of being generous in behavior and temperament an inclination to favor progress and individual freedom munificence liberality in bestowing gifts; extremely liberal and generous of spirit unselfishness the quality of not putting yourself first but being willing to give your time or money or effort etc. for others; "rural people show more devotion and unselfishness than do their urban cousins" altruism the quality of unselfish concern for the welfare of others stinginess a lack of generosity; a general unwillingness to part with money meanness extreme stinginess pettiness lack of generosity in trifling matters the quality of being unimportant and petty or frivolous narrowness of mind or ideas or views miserliness total lack of generosity with money penuriousness a disposition to be niggardly with money illiberality a disposition not to be liberal (generous) with money selfishness stinginess resulting from a concern for your own welfare and a disregard of others greediness an excessive desire for wealth (usually in large amounts); "the greediness of lawyers" an excessive desire for food egoism concern for your own interests and welfare (ethics) the theory that the pursuit of your own welfare in the basis of morality self-love an exceptional interest in and admiration for yourself; "self-love that shut out everyone else" opportunism taking advantage of opportunities without regard for the consequences for others ambition a strong drive for success a cherished desire; "his ambition is to own his own business" have as one's ambition aspiration a will to succeed a manner of articulation involving an audible release of breath power hunger a drive to acquire power competitiveness an aggressive willingness to compete; "the team was full of fight" combativeness a militant aggressiveness scrappiness the trait of being scrappy and pugnacious intrusiveness aggressiveness as evidenced by intruding; by advancing yourself or your ideas without invitation audacity aggressive boldness or unmitigated effrontery; "he had the audacity to question my decision" fearless daring uppityness assumption of airs beyond one's station fairness conformity with rules or standards; "the judge recognized the fairness of my claim" ability to make judgments free from discrimination or dishonesty non-discrimination fairness in treating people without prejudice sportsmanship fairness in following the rules of the game unfairness injustice by virtue of not conforming with rules or standards partiality that is not fair or equitable gamesmanship the use of dubious (although not technically illegal) methods to win a game beneficence the quality of being kind or helpful or generous doing good; feeling beneficent benignity the quality of being kind and gentle loving-kindness tender kindness motivated by a feeling of affection kindliness friendliness evidence by a kindly and helpful disposition tact consideration in dealing with others and avoiding giving offense delicacy subtly skillful handling of a situation smallness of stature refined taste; tact savoir-faire social skill malevolence the quality of threatening evil wishing evil to others cattiness malevolence by virtue of being malicious or spiteful or nasty malignity quality of being disposed to evil; intense ill will sensitivity the ability to respond to affective changes in your interpersonal environment the ability to respond to physical stimuli or to register small physical amounts or differences; "a galvanometer of extreme sensitivity"; "the sensitiveness of Mimosa leaves does not depend on a change of growth" (physiology) responsiveness to external stimuli; the faculty of sensation; "sensitivity to pain" sensitivity to emotional feelings (of self and others) susceptibility to a pathogen defensiveness excessive sensitivity to criticism; "his defensiveness was manifested in hurt silence"; "the fear of being sued for malpractice has magnified physicians' defensiveness" bunker mentality defensiveness resulting from repeated attacks; "after so many suicide bombings the Israelis have to resist developing a bunker mentality" perceptiveness the quality of insight and sympathetic understanding insensitivity the inability to respond to affective changes in your interpersonal environment crassness the quality of being crass--devoid of refinement tin ear insensitivity to the appropriateness or subtlety of language; "he has a tin ear for dialogue" unfeelingness devoid of passion or feeling; hardheartedness unperceptiveness the lack of insight and sympathetic understanding unkindness lack of sympathy unhelpfulness an inability to be helpful inconsideration the quality of failing to be considerate of others tactlessness the quality of lacking tact bluntness the quality of being direct and outspoken; "the bluntness of a Yorkshireman" maleficence the quality or nature of being harmful or evil doing or causing evil morality concern with the distinction between good and evil or right and wrong; right or good conduct rightness according with conscience or morality virtue the quality of doing what is right and avoiding what is wrong a particular moral excellence morality with respect to sexual relations cardinal virtue one of the seven preeminent virtues natural virtue (scholasticism) one of the four virtues (prudence, justice, fortitude, and temperance) derived from nature theological virtue according to Christian ethics: one of the three virtues (faith, hope, and charity) created by God to round out the natural virtues hope one of the three Christian virtues a specific instance of feeling hopeful; "it revived their hope of winning the pennant" the general feeling that some desire will be fulfilled; "in spite of his troubles he never gave up hope" someone (or something) on which expectations are centered; "he was their best hope for a victory" intend with some possibility of fulfilment; "I hope to have finished this work by tomorrow evening" be optimistic; be full of hope; have hopes; "I am still hoping that all will turn out well" expect and wish; "I trust you will behave better from now on"; "I hope she understands that she cannot expect a raise" saintliness the quality of resembling a saint conscience conformity to one's own sense of right conduct; "a person of unflagging conscience" a feeling of shame when you do something immoral; "he has no conscience about his cruelty" motivation deriving logically from ethical or moral principles that govern a person's thoughts and actions religiousness the quality of being extremely conscientious; "his care in observing the rules of good health amounted to a kind of religiousness" good moral excellence or admirableness; "there is much good to be found in people" that which is pleasing or valuable or useful; "weigh the good against the bad"; "among the highest goods of all are happiness and self-realization" benefit; "for your own good"; "what's the good of worrying?" thorough; "had a good workout"; "gave the house a good cleaning" generally admired; "good taste" resulting favorably; "it's a good thing that I wasn't there"; "it is good that you stayed"; "it is well that no one saw you"; "all's well that ends well" not left to spoil; "the meat is still good" not forged; "a good dollar bill" having desirable or positive qualities especially those suitable for a thing specified; "good news from the hospital"; "a good report card"; "when she was good she was very very good"; "a good knife is one good for cutting"; "this stump will make a good picnic table"; "a good check"; "a good joke"; "a good exterior paint"; "a good secretary"; "a good dress for the office" morally admirable tending to promote physical well-being; beneficial to health; "beneficial effects of a balanced diet"; "a good night's sleep"; "the salutary influence of pure air" in excellent physical condition; "good teeth"; "I still have one good leg"; "a sound mind in a sound body" appealing to the mind; "good music"; "a serious book" agreeable or pleasing; "we all had a good time"; "good manners" most suitable or right for a particular purpose; "a good time to plant tomatoes"; "the right time to act"; "the time is ripe for great sociological changes" capable of pleasing; "good looks" of moral excellence; "a genuinely good person"; "a just cause"; "an upright and respectable man" summum bonum the supreme good in which all moral values are included or from which they are derived honor a woman's virtue or chastity the quality of being honorable and having a good name; "a man of honor" the state of being honored accept as pay; "we honor checks and drafts" bestow honor or rewards upon; "Today we honor our soldiers"; "The scout was rewarded for courageous action" immorality the quality of not being in accord with standards of right or good conduct; "the immorality of basing the defense of the West on the threat of mutual assured destruction" corruptibility the capability of being corrupted licentiousness the quality of being lewd and lascivious anomie lack of moral standards in a society personal state of isolation and anxiety resulting from a lack of social control and regulation wrongness contrary to conscience or morality nefariousness the quality of being wicked filthiness moral corruption or pollution; "this deformity and filthiness of sin" reprehensibility being reprehensible; worthy of and deserving reprehension or reproof perversity deliberately deviating from what is good; "there will always be a few people who, through macho perversity, gain satisfaction from bullying and terrorism" frailty moral weakness corruptness lack of integrity or honesty (especially susceptibility to bribery); use of a position of trust for dishonest gain the state of being corrupt venality prostitution of talents or offices or services for reward amorality the quality of being amoral divinity the quality of being divine; "ancient Egyptians believed in the divinity of the Pharaohs" white creamy fudge made with egg whites holiness the quality of being holy sacredness the quality of being sacred ideality the quality of being ideal unholiness the quality of being unholy profaneness unholiness by virtue of being profane an attitude of irreverence or contempt for a divinity sacrilegiousness profaneness by virtue of committing sacrilege safeness the quality of being safe dangerousness the quality of not being safe precariousness extreme dangerousness curability capability of being cured or healed courage a quality of spirit that enables you to face danger or pain without showing fear heroism the qualities of a hero or heroine; exceptional or heroic courage when facing danger (especially in battle); "he showed great heroism in battle"; "he received a medal for valor" dauntlessness resolute courageousness Dutch courage courage resulting from intoxication stoutheartedness the trait of having a courageous spirit fearlessness the trait of feeling no fear feeling no fear coolness fearless self-possession in the face of danger calm and unruffled self-assurance; "he performed with all the coolness of a veteran" adventurousness the trait of being adventurous daredevilry boldness as manifested in rash and daredevil behavior shamelessness behavior marked by a bold defiance of the proprieties and lack of shame gutsiness the trait of showing courage and determination in spite of possible loss or injury cowardice the trait of lacking courage cravenness meanspirited cowardice faintheartedness the trait of lacking boldness and courage; "faintness of heart and infirmity of purpose" fearfulness the trait of being afraid timidity fearfulness in venturing into new and unknown places or activities fear of the unknown or unfamiliar or fear of making decisions pusillanimity contemptible fearfulness poltroonery abject pusillanimity dastardliness despicable cowardice gutlessness the trait of lacking courage and determination; fearful of loss or injury resoluteness the trait of being resolute; "his resoluteness carried him through the battle"; "it was his unshakeable resolution to finish the work" self-control the trait of resolutely controlling your own behavior nerves control of your emotions; "this kind of tension is not good for my nerves" sturdiness resoluteness evidenced by strength of character; "sturdiness of moral principle" the property of something that is strongly built the state of being vigorous and robust presence of mind self-control in a crisis; ability to say or do the right thing in an emergency stiffness firm resoluteness in purpose or opinion or action; "a charming host without any touch of stiffness or pomposity" the property of moving with pain or difficulty; "he awoke with a painful stiffness in his neck" the physical property of being inflexible and hard to bend stubbornness resolute adherence to your own ideas or desires the trait of being difficult to handle or overcome impenitence the trait of refusing to repent intransigency the trait of being intransigent; stubbornly refusing to compromise single-mindedness characterized by one unified purpose adamance resoluteness by virtue of being unyielding and inflexible decisiveness the trait of resoluteness as evidenced by firmness of character or purpose; "a man of unusual decisiveness" doggedness persistent determination indefatigability tireless determination steadfastness steadfast resolution loyalty in the face of trouble and difficulty assiduity great and constant diligence and attention intentness the quality of being intent and concentrated; "the intentness of his gaze" singleness the quality of concentrating on one central objective; "his singleness of purpose" without hypocrisy; "the singleness of his motives could not be questioned" sedulity the quality of being constantly diligent and attentive studiousness diligent study bookishness exaggerated studiousness irresoluteness the trait of being irresolute; lacking firmness of purpose volatility the trait of being unpredictably irresolute; "the volatility of the market drove many investors away" the property of changing readily from a solid or liquid to a vapor indecisiveness the trait of irresolution; a lack of firmness of character or purpose; "the king's incurable indecisiveness caused turmoil in his court" sooth truth or reality; "in sooth" heartiness the quality of hearty sincerity insincerity the quality of not being open or truthful; deceitful or hypocritical hypocrisy insincerity by virtue of pretending to have qualities or beliefs that you do not really have an expression of agreement that is not supported by real conviction sanctimoniousness the quality of being hypocritically devout fulsomeness smug self-serving earnestness honorableness the quality of deserving honor or respect; characterized by honor scrupulousness conformity to high standards of ethics or excellence venerability the quality of deserving veneration integrity moral soundness; "he expects to find in us the common honesty and integrity of men of business"; "they admired his scrupulous professional integrity" an undivided or unbroken completeness or totality with nothing wanting; "the integrity of the nervous system is required for normal development"; "he took measures to insure the territorial unity of Croatia" probity complete and confirmed integrity; having strong moral principles; "in a world where financial probity may not be widespread"; "he enjoys an exaggerated reputation for probity" incorruptness characterized by integrity or probity incorruptibility the incapability of being corrupted nobility the quality of elevation of mind and exaltation of character or ideals or conduct a privileged class holding hereditary titles the state of being of noble birth high-mindedness elevated ideals or conduct; the quality of believing that ideals should be pursued sublimity nobility in thought or feeling or style respectability honorableness by virtue of being respectable and having a good reputation decency the quality of being polite and respectable the quality of conforming to standards of propriety and morality honesty the quality of being honest southeastern European plant cultivated for its fragrant purplish flowers and round flat papery silver-white seedpods that are used for indoor decoration candor the quality of being honest and straightforward in attitude and speech good faith having honest intentions; "he acted in good faith"; "doubt was expressed as to the good faith of the immigrants" truthfulness the quality of being truthful veracity unwillingness to tell lies ingenuousness openly straightforward or frank artlessness ingenuousness by virtue of being free from artful deceit the quality of innocent naivete parental quality a quality appropriate to a parent motherliness the quality of having or showing the tenderness and warmth and affection of or befitting a mother; "the girl's motherliness made her invaluable in caring for the children" fatherliness the benignity and protectiveness of or befitting a father; "the gentleness and fatherliness of the strange old man eased her fears" dishonorableness the quality of not deserving honor or respect ignobleness the quality of being ignoble dishonor lacking honor or integrity a state of shame or disgrace; "he was resigned to a life of dishonor" refuse to accept; "dishonor checks and drafts" bring shame or dishonor upon; "he dishonored his family by committing a serious crime" unscrupulousness the quality of unscrupulous dishonesty sleaziness morally dishonorable; "an embarrassing sleaziness that I hope will be corrected by the more ethical newspapers" unrespectability dishonorableness by virtue of lacking respectability or a good reputation deceptiveness the quality of being deceptive speciousness an appearance of truth that is false or deceptive; seeming plausibility; "the speciousness of his argument" fraudulence the quality of being fraudulent a fraudulent or duplicitous representation jobbery corruptness among public officials crookedness the quality of being deceitful and underhanded having or distinguished by crooks or curves or bends or angles rascality the quality of being a slippery rascal thievishness having a disposition to steal untruthfulness the quality of being untruthful mendacity the tendency to be untruthful disingenuousness the quality of being disingenuous and lacking candor craftiness the quality of being crafty artfulness the quality of being adroit in taking unfair advantage cunning crafty artfulness (especially in deception) attractive especially by means of smallness or prettiness or quaintness; "a cute kid with pigtails"; "a cute little apartment"; "cunning kittens"; "a cunning baby" dedication complete and wholehearted fidelity a short message (as in a book or musical work or on a photograph) dedicating it to someone or something a ceremony in which something (as a building) is dedicated to some goal or purpose loyalty the quality of being loyal feelings of allegiance allegiance the loyalty that citizens owe to their country (or subjects to their sovereign) patriotism love of country and willingness to sacrifice for it; "they rode the same wave of popular patriotism"; "British nationalism was in the air and patriotic sentiments ran high" regionalism loyalty to the interests of a particular region a foreign policy that defines the international interests of a country in terms of particular geographic areas a feature (as a pronunciation or expression or custom) that is characteristic of a particular region chauvinism fanatical patriotism infidelity the quality of being unfaithful faithlessness unfaithfulness by virtue of being unreliable or treacherous disloyalty the quality of being disloyal disaffection disloyalty to the government or to established authority; "the widespread disaffection of the troops" betrayal the quality of aiding an enemy perfidy betrayal of a trust insidiousness the quality of being designed to entrap subtle and cumulative harmfulness (especially of a disease) naivete lack of sophistication or worldliness innocency an innocent quality or thing or act; "the innocencies of childhood" credulousness tendency to believe too readily and therefore to be easily deceived self-discipline the trait of practicing self discipline austerity the trait of great self-denial (especially refraining from worldly pleasures) monasticism asceticism as a form of religious life; usually conducted in a community under a common rule and characterized by celibacy and poverty and obedience eremitism monasticism characterized by solitude in which the social dimension of life is sacrificed to the primacy of religious experience continence the exercise of self constraint in sexual matters voluntary control over urinary and fecal discharge self-restraint exhibiting restraint imposed on the self; "an effective temperateness in debate" stiff upper lip self-restraint in the expression of emotion (especially fear or grief); "the British like to keep a stiff upper lip" abstemiousness moderation in eating and drinking restricted to bare necessities taboo an inhibition or ban resulting from social custom or emotional aversion a prejudice (especially in Polynesia and other South Pacific islands) that prohibits the use or mention of something because of its sacred nature declare as sacred and forbidden forbidden to profane use especially in South Pacific islands indiscipline the trait of lacking discipline dissoluteness indiscipline with regard to sensuous pleasures rakishness the quality of a rake unrestraint the quality of lacking restraint abandon the trait of lacking restraint or control; reckless freedom from inhibition or worry; "she danced with abandon" stop maintaining or insisting on; of ideas or claims; "He abandoned the thought of asking for her hand in marriage"; "Both sides have to give up some claims in these negotiations" leave someone who needs or counts on you; leave in the lurch; "The mother deserted her children" give up with the intent of never claiming again; "Abandon your life to God"; "She gave up her children to her ex-husband when she moved to Tahiti"; "We gave the drowning victim up for dead" forsake, leave behind; "We abandoned the old car in the empty parking lot" madness unrestrained excitement or enthusiasm; "poetry is a sort of divine madness" sottishness lack of restraint in use of alcohol stupefaction from drink edacity extreme gluttony excessive desire to eat civic pride pride in your city dignity the quality of being worthy of esteem or respect; "it was beneath his dignity to cheat"; "showed his true dignity when under pressure" formality in bearing and appearance; "he behaved with great dignity" high office or rank or station; "he respected the dignity of the emissaries" conceit the trait of being unduly vain and conceited; false pride an artistic device or effect; "the architect's brilliant conceit was to build the house around the tree" a witty or ingenious turn of phrase; "he could always come up with some inspired off-the-wall conceit" an elaborate poetic image or a far-fetched comparison of very dissimilar things boastfulness outspoken conceit egotism an exaggerated opinion of your own importance posturing adopting a vain conceited posture superiority complex an exaggerated estimate of your own value and importance arrogance overbearing pride evidenced by a superior manner toward inferiors contemptuousness the manifestation of scorn and contempt; "every subordinate sensed his contemptuousness and hated him in return" hubris overbearing pride or presumption imperiousness the trait of being imperious and overbearing snobbery the trait of condescending to those of lower social status clannishness tendency to associate with only a select group humility a disposition to be humble; a lack of false pride; "not everyone regards humility as a virtue" a humble feeling; "he was filled with humility at the sight of the Pope" meekness a disposition to be patient and long suffering the feeling of patient, submissive humbleness spinelessness the quality of lacking a strong character; an irresolute disposition wisdom the trait of utilizing knowledge and experience with common sense and insight the quality of being prudent and sensible ability to apply knowledge or experience or understanding or common sense and insight accumulated knowledge or erudition or enlightenment judiciousness the trait of forming opinions by distinguishing and evaluating good judgment knowledgeability wisdom as evidenced by the possession of knowledge; "his knowledgeability impressed me"; "his dullness was due to lack of initiation" statesmanship wisdom in the management of public affairs discretion the trait of judging wisely and objectively; "a man of discernment" knowing how to avoid embarrassment or distress; "the servants showed great tact and discretion" freedom to act or judge on one's own circumspection the trait of being circumspect and prudent absurdity a ludicrous folly; "the crowd laughed at the absurdity of the clown's behavior" a message whose content is at variance with reason asininity the quality of being asinine; stupidity combined with stubbornness objectivity judgment based on observable phenomena and uninfluenced by emotions or personal prejudices subjectivity judgment based on individual personal impressions and feelings and opinions rather than external facts prudence discretion in practical affairs foresight providence by virtue of planning prudently for the future frugality prudence in avoiding waste parsimony extreme care in spending money; reluctance to spend money unnecessarily imprudence a lack of caution in practical affairs heedlessness the trait of acting rashly and without prudence lightheadedness a frivolous lack of prudence improvidence a lack of prudence and care by someone in the management of resources thriftlessness the trait of wasting resources; "a life characterized by thriftlessness and waste"; "the wastefulness of missed opportunities" trust the trait of believing in the honesty and reliability of others; "the experience destroyed his trust and personal dignity" a consortium of independent organizations formed to limit competition by controlling the production and distribution of a product or service; "they set up the trust in the hope of gaining a monopoly" something (as property) held by one party (the trustee) for the benefit of another (the beneficiary); "he is the beneficiary of a generous trust set up by his father" have confidence or faith in; "We can trust in our government" (chiefly archaic) extend credit to; "don't trust my ex-wife; I won't pay her debts anymore" allow without fear credulity tendency to believe readily overcredulity too much credulity distrust the trait of not trusting others regard as untrustworthy; regard with suspicion; have no faith or confidence in suspicion being of a suspicious nature; "his suspiciousness destroyed his marriage" the state of being suspected; "he tried to shield me from suspicion" cleanliness diligence in keeping clean the habit of keeping free of superficial imperfections fastidiousness the trait of being meticulous about matters of taste or style; "neatness and fastidiousness of dress" tidiness the trait of being neat and orderly the habit of being tidy uncleanliness lack of cleanly habits slovenliness habitual uncleanliness slatternliness in the manner of a slattern squeamishness the trait of being excessively fastidious and easily shocked; "the program was withdrawn because of the squeamishness of some viewers"; "he refused to allow squeamishness to deter him from his duty" untidiness the trait of being untidy and messy the condition of being untidy disarray untidiness (especially of clothing and appearance) demeanor (behavioral attributes) the way a person behaves toward other people manners social deportment; "he has the manners of a pig" citizenship conduct as a citizen; "award for good citizenship" the status of a citizen with rights and duties swashbuckling flamboyantly reckless and boastful behavior propriety correct or appropriate behavior decorum propriety in manners and conduct good form behavior that conforms to social conventions of the time; "it is not good form to brag about winning" faultlessness the quality of being without an error or fault political correctness avoidance of expressions or actions that can be perceived to exclude or marginalize or insult people who are socially disadvantaged or discriminated against priggishness exaggerated and arrogant properness modesty formality and propriety of manner freedom from vanity or conceit demureness the trait of behaving with reserve and decorum seemliness a sense of propriety and consideration for others; "a place where the company of others must be accepted with good grace" becomingness the quality of being becoming primness excessive or affected modesty impropriety an improper demeanor the condition of being improper political incorrectness the use of expressions or actions that can be perceived to exclude or marginalize or insult groups who are socially disadvantaged or discriminated against gaminess behavior or language bordering on indelicacy indecorum a lack of decorum unseemliness a lack of consideration for others unbecomingness the quality of being unbecoming immodesty the trait of being vain and conceited outrageousness the quality of being outrageous smuttiness obscenity in speech or writing the state of being dirty with soot composure steadiness of mind under stress; "he accepted their problems with composure and she with equanimity" aplomb great coolness and composure under strain; "keep your cool" repose a disposition free from stress or emotion put or confide something in a person or thing; "These philosophers reposed the law in the people" to put something (eg trust) in something; "The nation reposed its confidence in the King" lie when dead; "Mao reposes in his mausoleum" ataraxia peace of mind discomposure a temperament that is perturbed and lacking in composure disquiet the trait of seeming ill at ease perturbation a disposition that is confused or nervous and upset activity that is a malfunction, intrusion, or interruption; "the term `distress' connotes some degree of perturbation and emotional upset"; "he looked around for the source of the disturbance"; "there was a disturbance of neural function" (physics) a secondary influence on a system that causes it to deviate slightly tractability the trait of being easily persuaded manageability capable of being managed or controlled docility the trait of being agreeably submissive and manageable tameness the attribute of having been domesticated amenability the trait of being cooperative submissiveness the trait of being willing to yield to the will of another person or a superior force etc. obsequiousness abject or cringing submissiveness sycophancy fawning obsequiousness subordination the quality of obedient submissiveness the grammatical relation of a modifying word or phrase to its head the state of being subordinate to something intractability the trait of being hard to influence or control refractoriness the trait of being unmanageable wildness an intractably barbarous or uncultivated state of nature an unruly disposition to do as one pleases; "Liza had always had a tendency to wildness"; "the element of wildness in his behavior was a protest against repressive convention" a feeling of extreme emotional intensity; "the wildness of his anger" obstreperousness noisy defiance unruliness the trait of being prone to disobedience and lack of discipline balkiness likely to stop abruptly and unexpectedly contrariness deliberate and stubborn unruliness and resistance to guidance or discipline cussedness meanspirited disagreeable contrariness naughtiness an attribute of mischievous children prankishness the trait of indulging in disreputable pranks manner a way of acting or behaving how something is done or how it happens; "her dignified manner"; "his rapid manner of talking"; "their nomadic mode of existence"; "in the characteristic New York style"; "a lonely way of life"; "in an abrasive fashion" a kind; "what manner of man are you?" bedside manner manner or conduct of a physician in the presence of a patient foppishness the manner and dress of a fop or dandy gentleness acting in a manner that is gentle and mild and even-tempered; "his fingers have learned gentleness"; "suddenly her gigantic power melted into softness for the baby"; "even in the pulpit there are moments when mildness of manner is not enough" ceremoniousness a ceremonial manner informality a manner that does not take forms and ceremonies seriously casualness a casual manner slanginess casualness in use of language unceremoniousness an unceremonial manner suavity the quality of being bland and gracious or ingratiating in manner graciousness excellence of manners or social conduct chivalry courtesy towards women the medieval principles governing knighthood and knightly conduct civility formal or perfunctory politeness impoliteness a discourteous manner that ignores accepted social usage bad manners impoliteness resulting from ignorance ungraciousness an offensive lack of good manners incivility deliberate discourtesy abruptness an abrupt discourteous manner the quality of happening with headlong haste or without warning the property possessed by a slope that is very steep crust the trait of being rude and impertinent; inclined to take liberties the outer layer of the Earth a hard outer layer that covers something form a crust or form into a crust; "The bread crusted in the oven" chutzpa (Yiddish) unbelievable gall; insolence; audacity actinism the property of radiation that enables it to produce photochemical effects isotropy (physics) the property of being isotropic; having the same value when measured in different directions anisotropy the property of being anisotropic; having a different value when measured in different directions connectivity the property of being connected or the degree to which something has connections directness trueness of course toward a goal; "rivaling a hawk in directness of aim" downrightness the quality of being direct and straightforward; "what some people take for rudeness is really straightforwardness" immediacy lack of an intervening or mediating agency; "the immediacy of television coverage" the quickness of action or occurrence; "the immediacy of their response"; "the instancy of modern communication" immediate intuitive awareness pointedness the quality of being obviously directed at a particular person or thing; "the pointedness of his sarcasm was unmistakable" indirectness having the characteristic of lacking a true course toward a goal allusiveness a quality characterized by indirect reference mediacy the quality of being mediate deviousness the quality of being oblique and rambling indirectly discursiveness the quality of being discursive robustness the characteristic of being strong enough to withstand intellectual challenge; "the lack of robustness in the findings may be due to the small size of the sample" the property of being strong and healthy in constitution rurality a rural characteristic or trait; "a place with the rurality of a turnip field" streak a distinctive characteristic; "he has a stubborn streak"; "a streak of wildness" a sudden flash (as of lightning) an unbroken series of events; "had a streak of bad luck"; "Nicklaus had a run of birdies" run naked in a public place move quickly in a straight line; "The plane streaked across the sky" heredity the total of inherited attributes the biological process whereby genetic factors are transmitted from one generation to the next birthright personal characteristics that are inherited at birth a right or privilege that you are entitled to at birth; "free public education is the birthright of every American child" an inheritance coming by right of birth (especially by primogeniture) upbringing properties acquired during a person's formative years raising the properties acquired as a consequence of the way you were treated as a child increasing in quantity or value; "a cost-raising increase in the basic wage rate" heterosis (genetics) the tendency of a crossbred organism to have qualities superior to those of either parent ancestry inherited properties shared with others of your bloodline X-linked dominant inheritance hereditary pattern in which a dominant gene on the X chromosome causes a characteristic to be manifested in the offspring X-linked recessive inheritance hereditary pattern in which a recessive gene on the X chromosome results in the manifestation of characteristics in male offspring and a carrier state in female offspring origin properties attributable to your ancestry; "he comes from good origins" the point of intersection of coordinate axes; where the values of the coordinates are all zero an event that is a beginning; a first part or stage of subsequent events the source of something's existence or from which it derives or is derived; "the rumor had its origin in idle gossip"; "vegetable origins"; "mineral origin"; "origin in sensation" pedigree ancestry of a purebred animal line of descent of a purebred animal full blood descent from parents both of one pure breed age how long something has existed; "it was replaced because of its age" a time of life (usually defined in years) at which some particular qualification or power arises; "she was now of school age"; "tall for his eld" begin to seem older; get older; "The death of his wife caused him to age fast" make older; "The death of his child aged him tremendously" chronological age age measured by the time (years and months) that something or someone has existed; "his chronological age was 71 years" bone age a person's age measured by matching their bone development (as shown by X rays) with bone development of an average person of known chronological age developmental age a measure of a child's development (in body size or motor skill or psychological function) expressed in terms of age norms fetal age the age of an embryo counting from the time of fertilization mental age the level of intellectual development as measured by an intelligence test oldness the quality of being old; the opposite of newness the opposite of youngness obsoleteness the property of being out of date and not current ancientness extreme oldness old-fashionedness the property of being no longer fashionable vintage the oldness of wines a season's yield of wine from a vineyard hoariness great age (especially grey or white with age) newness the quality of being new; the opposite of oldness brand-newness the property of being very new crispness a pleasing firmness and freshness; "crispness of new dollar bills"; "crispness of fresh lettuce" an expressive style that is direct and to the point; "the crispness of his reply" recency the property of having happened or appeared not long ago a time immediately before the present agedness the property characteristic of old age senility the state of being senile longevity the property of being long-lived duration of service; "her longevity as a star"; "had unusual longevity in the company" staleness having lost purity and freshness as a consequence of aging mustiness the quality of smelling or tasting old or stale or mouldy youngness the opposite of oldness youth the freshness and vitality characteristic of a young person early maturity; the state of being young or immature or inexperienced the time of life between childhood and maturity an early period of development; "during the youth of the project" childishness a property characteristic of a child artistic style the style of a particular artist or school or movement; "an imaginative orchestral idiom" High Renaissance the artistic style of early 16th century painting in Florence and Rome; characterized by technical mastery and heroic composition and humanistic content fit the manner in which something fits; "I admired the fit of her coat" a display of bad temper; "he had a fit"; "she threw a tantrum"; "he made a scene" insert or adjust several objects or people; "Can you fit the toy into the box?"; "This man can't fit himself into our work environment" make fit; "fit a dress"; "He fitted other pieces of paper to his cut-out" fill, satisfy or meet a want or need or condtion ro restriction; "does this paper meet the requirements for the degree?"; "This job doesn't match my dreams"; "meet a need" be the right size or shape; fit correctly or as desired; "This piece won't fit into the puzzle" conform to some shape or size; "How does this shirt fit?" physically and mentally sound or healthy; "felt relaxed and fit after their holiday"; "keeps fit with diet and exercise" meeting adequate standards for a purpose; "a fit subject for discussion"; "it is fit and proper that you be there"; "water fit to drink"; "fit for duty"; "do as you see fit to" life style a manner of living that reflects the person's values and attitudes free living a lifestyle given to easy indulgence of the appetites vanity fair a vain and frivolous lifestyle especially in large cities setup the way something is organized or arranged; "it takes time to learn the setup around here" common touch the property of appealing to people in general (usually by appearing to have qualities in common with them) wise a way of doing or being; "in no wise"; "in this wise" having or prompted by wisdom or discernment; "a wise leader"; "a wise and perceptive comment" computer architecture (computer science) the structure and organization of a computer's hardware or system software; "the architecture of a computer's system software" the art of assembling logical elements into a computing device; the specification of the relation between parts of a computer system complex instruction set computing (computer science) a kind of computer architecture that has a large number of instructions hard coded into the CPU chip reduced instruction set computing (computer science) a kind of computer architecture that has a relatively small set of computer instructions that it can perform cytoarchitecture the cellular composition of a bodily structure phenotype what an organism looks like as a consequence of the interaction of its genotype and the environment genotype the particular alleles at specified loci present in an organism a group of organisms sharing a specific genetic constitution texture the physical composition of something (especially with respect to the size and shape of the small constituents of a substance); "breadfruit has the same texture as bread"; "sand of a fine grain"; "fish with a delicate flavor and texture"; "a stone of coarse grain" the feel of a surface or a fabric; "the wall had a smooth texture" the characteristic appearance of a surface having a tactile quality the musical pattern created by parts being played or sung together; "then another melodic line is added to the texture" the essential quality of something; "the texture of Neapolitan life" viscosity resistance of a liquid to shear forces (and hence to flow) stickiness the property of sticking to a surface sliminess a property resembling or being covered with slime adhesiveness the property of sticking together (as of glue and wood) or the joining of surfaces of different composition; "the mutual adhesiveness of cells"; "a heated hydraulic press was required for adhesion" cohesiveness the property of being cohesive and sticky gelatinousness the property of having a viscosity like jelly thickness resistance to flow the dimension through an object as opposed to its length or width used of a line or mark indistinct articulation; "judging from the thickness of his speech he had been drinking heavily" semifluidity a property midway between a solid and a liquid creaminess the property of having the thickness of heavy cream thinness a consistency of low viscosity; "he disliked the thinness of the soup" relatively small dimension through an object as opposed to its length or width; "the tenuity of a hair"; "the thinness of a rope" wateriness the property of resembling the viscosity of water meagerness or poorness connoted by a superfluity of water (in a literary style as well as in a food); "the haziness and wateriness of his disquisitions"; "the wateriness of his blood"; "no one enjoys the burning of his soup or the wateriness of his potatoes" the wetness of ground that is covered or soaked with water; "the baseball game was canceled because of the wateriness of the outfield"; "the water's muddiness made it undrinkable"; "the sloppiness of a rainy November day" firmness the property of being unyielding to the touch the muscle tone of healthy tissue; "his muscular firmness" compressibility the property of being able to occupy less space incompressibility the property of being incompressible downiness a light softness flabbiness a flabby softness mushiness a mushy pulpy softness breakableness the consistency of something that breaks under pressure brittleness firm but easily broken crumbliness excessive breakableness flakiness having or breaking into thin crisp flakes unbreakableness a consistency of something that does not break under pressure porosity the property of being porous; being able to absorb fluids sponginess the porosity of a sponge permeability the property of something that can be pervaded by a liquid (as by osmosis or diffusion) penetrability the quality of being penetrable (by people or light or missiles etc.) absorbency the property of being absorbent compactness the consistency of a compact solid density the amount per unit size specific gravity the density of a substance relative to the density of water vapor density the density of a gas relative to the density of hydrogen impermeability the property of something that cannot be pervaded by a liquid retentiveness the power of retaining liquid; "moisture retentivity of soil" the property of retaining possessions that have been acquired urinary retention holding urine in the urinary bladder; "he has a problem with urinary retention" nonabsorbency the property of not being absorbent mordacity a disposition to biting predisposition a disposition in advance to react in a particular way an inclination beforehand to interpret statements in a particular way proneness being disposed to do something; "accident proneness" separatism a disposition toward schism and secession from a larger group; the principles and practices of separatists; "separatism is a serious problem in Quebec"; "demands for some form of separatism on grounds of religion have been perceived as a threat to mainstream education" tendency a characteristic likelihood of or natural disposition toward a certain condition or character or effect; "the alkaline inclination of the local waters"; "fabric with a tendency to shrink" a general direction in which something tends to move; "the shoreward tendency of the current"; "the trend of the stock market" buoyancy the tendency to float in water or other liquid cheerfulness that bubbles to the surface electronegativity (chemistry) the tendency of an atom or radical to attract electrons in the formation of an ionic bond stainability (cytology) the capacity of cells or cell parts to stain specifically with certain dyes basophilia the tendency of cells to stain with basic dyes; "cytoplasmic basophilia" desire an inclination to want things; "a man of many desires" the feeling that accompanies an unsatisfied state something that is desired feel or have a desire for; want strongly; "I want to go home now"; "I want my own room" express a desire for hunger strong desire for something (not food or drink); "a thirst for knowledge"; "hunger for affection" a physiological need for food; the consequence of food deprivation feel the need to eat greed excessive desire to acquire or possess more (especially more material wealth) than one needs or deserves possessiveness excessive desire to possess or dominate acquisitiveness strong desire to acquire and possess bibliomania preoccupation with the acquisition and possession of books tactile property a property perceived by touch silkiness the smooth feel of silk fabric slickness a slippery smoothness; "he could feel the slickness of the tiller" soapiness the quality of being soap or being covered with soap; "she could smell the soapiness of the doctor's hands" scaliness the property of being scaly slub soft lump or unevenness in a yarn; either an imperfection or created by design harshness the roughness of a substance that causes abrasions the quality of being harsh or rough or grating to the senses sandiness a texture resembling that of sand shagginess roughness of nap produced by long woolly hairs unkemptness of hair bumpiness the texture of a surface that has many bumps prickliness the quality of being covered with prickly thorns or spines optics optical properties; "the optics of a telescope" the branch of physics that studies the physical properties of light visual property an attribute of vision sleekness the quality of being well-groomed and neatly tailored; "the sleekness of his appearance reminded me of his financial successes" grain the direction, texture, or pattern of fibers found in wood or leather or stone or in a woven fabric; "saw the board across the grain" the smallest possible unit of anything; "there was a grain of truth in what he said"; "he does not have a grain of sense" foodstuff prepared from the starchy grains of cereal grasses a relatively small granular particle of a substance; "a grain of sand"; "a grain of sugar" a cereal grass; "wheat is a grain that is grown in Kansas" dry seed-like fruit produced by the cereal grasses: e.g. wheat, barley, Indian corn 1/7000 pound; equals a troy grain or 64.799 milligrams 1/60 dram; equals an avoirdupois grain or 64.799 milligrams a weight unit used for pearls or diamonds: 50 mg or 1/4 carat the side of leather from which the hair has been removed paint (a surface) to make it look like stone or wood wood grain texture produced by the fibers in wood graining a texture like that of wood marbleization a texture like that of marble aura an indication of radiant light drawn around the head of a saint a sensation (as of a cold breeze or bright light) that precedes the onset of certain disorders such as a migraine attack or epileptic seizure sunniness lightness created by sunlight cloudlessness the lightness of a sunny day when there are no clouds in the sky highlight an area of lightness in a picture the most interesting or memorable part; "the highlight of the tour was our visit to the Vatican" apply a highlighter to one's cheeks or eyebrows in order to make them more prominent; "highlight the area above your eyebrows" brightness the location of a visual perception along a continuum from black to white intelligence as manifested in being quick and witty dazzle brightness enough to blind partially and temporarily amaze or bewilder, as with brilliant wit or intellect or skill; "Her arguments dazzled everyone"; "The dancer dazzled the audience with his turns and jumps" to cause someone to lose clear vision, especially from intense light; "She was dazzled by the bright headlights" glitter the quality of shining with a bright reflected light the occurrence of a small flash or spark be shiny, as if wet; "His eyes were glistening" glint a spatially localized brightness sparkle merriment expressed by a brightness or gleam or animation of countenance; "he had a sparkle in his eye"; "there's a perpetual twinkle in his eyes" be lively or brilliant or exhibit virtuosity; "The musical performance sparkled"; "A scintillating conversation"; "his playing coruscated throughout the concert hall" reflect brightly; "Unquarried marble sparkled on the hillside" opalescence the visual property of something having a milky brightness and a play of colors from the surface radiance the quality of being bright and sending out rays of light the amount of electromagnetic radiation leaving or arriving at a point on a surface an attractive combination of good health and happiness; "the radiance of her countenance" radio brightness the strength of a radio wave picked up by a radio telescope gleam an appearance of reflected light a flash of light (especially reflected light) appear briefly; "A terrible thought gleamed in her mind" shine brightly, like a star or a light shininess the visual property of something that shines with reflected light polish the property of being smooth and shiny a highly developed state of perfection; having a flawless or impeccable quality; "they performed with great polish"; "I admired the exquisite refinement of his prose"; "almost an inspiration which gives to all work that finish which is almost art"--Joseph Conrad a preparation used in polishing bring to a highly developed, finished, or refined state; "polish your social manners" improve or perfect by pruning or polishing; "refine one's style of writing" make (a surface) shine; "shine the silver, please"; "polish my shoes" flatness the property of having little or no contrast; lacking highlights or gloss a deficiency in flavor; "it needed lemon juice to sharpen the flatness of the dried lentils" a want of animation or brilliance; "the almost self-conscious flatness of Hemingway's style" primary color any of three colors from which all others can be obtained by mixing primary color for pigments any of three pigments from which all colors can be obtained by mixing; "the primary colors for pigments are red, blue, and yellow" primary color for light any of three primary colors of light from which all colors can be obtained by additive mixing; "the primary colors for light are red, blue, and green" primary subtractive color for light any of the three colors that give the primary colors for light after subtraction from white light; "the primary subtractive colors for light are magenta, cyan, and yellow" heather mixture interwoven yarns of mixed colors producing muted greyish shades with flecks of color richness a strong deep vividness of hue; "the fire-light gave a richness of coloring to that side of the room" the property of producing abundantly and sustaining vigorous and luxuriant growth; "he praised the richness of the soil"; "weeds lovely in their rankness" the quality of having high intrinsic value; "the richness of the mines and pastureland"; "the cut of her clothes and the richness of the fabric were distinctive" colorlessness the visual property of being without chromatic color mottle an irregular arrangement of patches of color; "it was not dull grey as distance had suggested, but a mottle of khaki and black and olive-green" colour with streaks or blotches of different shades mark with spots or blotches of different color or shades of color as if stained achromia an absence of normal pigmentation especially in the skin (as in albinism) or in red blood cells undertone a pale or subdued color a subdued emotional quality underlying an utterance; implicit meaning a quiet or hushed tone of voice; "spoke in undertones" chromatic color a color that has hue achromatic color a color lacking hue; white or grey or black coal black a very dark black alabaster a very light white a compact fine-textured, usually white gypsum used for carving a hard compact kind of calcite of or resembling alabaster; "alabaster statue" bone a shade of white the color of bleached bones rigid connective tissue that makes up the skeleton of vertebrates the porous calcified substance from which bones are made remove the bones from; "bone the turkey before roasting it" consisting of or made up of bone; "a bony substance"; "the bony framework of the body" frostiness a silvery-white color coldness as evidenced by frost gray a neutral achromatic color midway between white and black the SI unit of energy absorbed from ionizing radiation; equal to the absorption of one joule of radiation energy by one kilogram of matter; one gray equals 100 rad ash grey a light shade of grey dapple-grey grey with a mottled pattern of darker grey markings iron-grey the color of freshly broken cast iron of the grey color of iron tattletale grey a greyish white red red color or pigment; the chromatic color resembling the hue of blood of a color at the end of the color spectrum (next to orange); resembling the color of blood or cherries or tomatoes or rubies sanguine a blood-red color confidently optimistic and cheerful chrome red a red pigment used in paints; basic lead chromate Turkey red a bright orange-red color produced in cotton cloth with alizarine dye crimson a deep and vivid red color characterized by violence or bloodshed; "writes of crimson deeds and barbaric days"- Andrea Parke; "fann'd by Conquest's crimson wing"- Thomas Gray; "convulsed with red rage"- Hudson Strode (especially of the face) reddened or suffused with or as if with blood from emotion or exertion; "crimson with fury"; "turned red from exertion"; "with puffy reddened eyes"; "red-faced and violent"; "flushed (or crimson) with embarrassment" dark red a red color that reflects little light burgundy a dark purplish-red to blackish-red color claret a dark purplish-red color dry red Bordeaux or Bordeaux-like wine drink claret; "They were clareting until well past midnight" oxblood red a dark brownish-red color wine a red as dark as red wine fermented juice (of grapes especially) treat to wine; "Our relatives in Italy wined and dined us for a week" drink wine purplish red a red with a tinge of purple cerise a red the color of ripe cherries magenta a primary subtractive color for light; a dark purple-red color; the dye for magenta was discovered in 1859, the year of the battle of Magenta of deep purplish red fuschia a dark purplish-red color scarlet a variable color that is vivid red but sometimes with an orange tinge orange orange color or pigment; any of a range of colors between red and yellow round yellow to orange fruit of any of several citrus trees any citrus tree bearing oranges any pigment producing the orange color of the color between red and yellow; similar to the color of a ripe orange reddish orange an orange color closer to red than to yellow tangerine a reddish to vivid orange color any of various deep orange mandarins grown in the United States and southern Africa a variety of mandarin orange of a strong reddish orange color yellow yellow color or pigment; the chromatic color resembling the hue of sunflowers or ripe lemons turn yellow; "The pages of the book began to yellow" of the color intermediate between green and orange in the color spectrum; of something resembling the color of an egg yolk cowardly or treacherous; "the little yellow stain of treason"-M.W.Straight; "too yellow to stand and fight" changed to a yellowish color by age; "yellowed parchment" blond a light grayish yellow to near white a person with fair skin and hair being or having light colored skin and hair and usually blue or grey eyes; "blond Scandinavians"; "a house full of light-haired children" canary yellow a moderate yellow with a greenish tinge amber a deep yellow color; "an amber light illuminated the room"; "he admired the gold of her hair" a hard yellowish to brownish translucent fossil resin; used for jewelry of a medium to dark brownish yellow color brownish yellow a yellow color of low lightness with a brownish tinge gamboge a strong yellow color a gum resin used as a yellow pigment and a purgative old gold a dark yellow orange yellow a shade of yellow tinged with orange ocher a moderate yellow-orange to orange color any of various earths containing silica and alumina and ferric oxide; used as a pigment of a moderate orange-yellow color pale yellow a variable yellow tint; dull yellow, often diluted with white greenish yellow a shade of yellow tinged with green green green color or pigment; resembling the color of growing grass an area of closely cropped grass surrounding the hole on a golf course; "the ball rolled across the green and into the bunker" turn or become green; "The trees are greening" of the color between blue and yellow in the color spectrum; similar to the color of fresh grass; "a green tree"; "green fields"; "green paint" not fully developed or mature; not ripe; "unripe fruit"; "fried green tomatoes"; "green wood" looking pale and unhealthy; "you're looking green"; "green around the gills" concerned with or supporting or in conformity with the political principles of the Green Party greenishness the property of being somewhat green sea green the property of a moderate green color resembling the waters of the sea sage green the color of sage leaves bottle green dark to moderate or greyish green chrome green a brilliant green color any of a class of green pigments consisting of chrome yellow and iron blue emerald the green color of an emerald a transparent piece of emerald that has been cut and polished and is valued as a precious gem a green transparent form of beryl; highly valued as a gemstone olive green a color that is lighter and greener than olive yellow green a shade of green tinged with yellow bluish green a blue-green color or pigment; "they painted it a light shade of bluish green" of a bluish shade of green cyan a primary subtractive color for light; has a blue-green color jade green a light green color varying from bluish green to yellowish green azure a light shade of blue color azure; "Morning azured the village" of a deep somewhat purplish blue color similar to that of a clear October sky; "October's bright blue weather" powder blue a pale blue color with grey in it of a moderate to pale blue or purplish blue steel blue a greyish blue color Prussian blue a dark greenish-blue color dark blue a dark shade of blue greenish blue a shade of blue tinged with green purplish blue a shade of blue tinged with purple Tyrian purple a vivid purplish-red color; in ancient Rome and Byzantium, it was the color worn by an emperor or senior magistrate a red-purple to deep purple dye obtained from snails or made synthetically indigo a blue-violet color deciduous subshrub of southeastern Asia having pinnate leaves and clusters of red or purple flowers; a source of indigo dye having a color between blue and violet; "indigo flowers" lavender a pale purple color any of various Old World aromatic shrubs or subshrubs with usually mauve or blue flowers; widely cultivated of a pale purple color mauve a moderate purple of a pale to moderate greyish violet color reddish purple a shade of purple tinged with red violet a variable color that lies beyond blue in the spectrum any of numerous low-growing violas with small flowers pink a light shade of red any of various flowers of plants of the genus Dianthus cultivated for their fragrant flowers cut in a zigzag pattern with pinking shears, in sewing sound like a car engine that is firing too early; "the car pinged when I put in low-octane gasoline"; "The car pinked when the ignition was too far retarded" of a light shade of red pinkness the quality of being pink carnation a pink or reddish-pink color Eurasian plant with pink to purple-red spice-scented usually double flowers; widely cultivated in many varieties and many colors pink or pinkish rose a dusty pink color any of many shrubs of the genus Rosa that bear roses of something having a dusty purplish pink color; "the roseate glow of dawn" old rose a greyish-pink color solferino a pink dye that was discovered in 1859, the year a battle was fought at Solferino yellowish pink a shade of pink tinged with yellow brown an orange of low brightness and saturation fry in a pan until it changes color; "brown the meat in the pan" (of skin) deeply suntanned of a color similar to that of wood or earth Vandyke brown a moderate brown color chocolate a medium brown to dark-brown color a food made from roasted ground cacao beans hazel a shade of brown that is yellowish or reddish; it is a greenish shade of brown when used to describe the color of someone's eyes the fine-grained wood of a hazelnut tree (genus Corylus) and the hazel tree (Australian genus Pomaderris) Australian tree grown especially for ornament and its fine-grained wood and bearing edible nuts of a light brown or yellowish brown color light brown a brown that is light but unsaturated mocha a dark brown color a superior dark coffee made from beans from Arabia a flavoring made from coffee mixed with chocolate soft suede glove leather from goatskin tan a light brown the color of topaz a browning of the skin resulting from exposure to the rays of the sun get a tan, from wind or sun treat skins and hides with tannic acid so as to convert them into leather of a light yellowish-brown color beige a very light brown of a light greyish-brown color reddish brown a shade of brown with a tinge of red brick red a bright reddish-brown color Indian red a reddish-brown color resembling the red soil used as body paint by American Indians a red soil containing ferric oxide; often used as a pigment a red pigment composed in part from ferric oxide which is often used in paints and cosmetics yellowish brown a medium to dark tan color puce a color varying from dark purplish brown to dark red olive brown a shade of brown tinged with green olive a yellow-green color of low brightness and saturation one-seeded fruit of the European olive tree usually pickled and used as a relish hard yellow often variegated wood of an olive tree; used in cabinetwork evergreen tree cultivated in the Mediterranean region since antiquity and now elsewhere; has edible shiny black fruits small ovoid fruit of the European olive tree; important food and source of oil of a yellow-green color similar to that of an unripe olive pastel any of various pale or light colors delicate and pale in color; "pastel pink" lacking in body or vigor; "faded pastel charms of the naive music" snuff-color dark yellowish brown taupe a greyish brown ultramarine a vivid blue to purple-blue color blue pigment made of powdered lapis lazuli of a brilliant pure blue to purplish blue color color property an attribute of color hue the quality of a color as determined by its dominant wavelength take on color or become colored; "In highlights it hued to a dull silver-grey" paleness being deficient in color the property of having a naturally light complexion complementary color either one of two chromatic colors that when mixed together give white (in the case of lights) or grey (in the case of pigments); "yellow and blue are complementaries" pigmentation coloration of living tissues by pigment the deposition of pigment in animals or plants or human beings chromatism abnormal pigmentation hallucinatory perception of colored lights melanoderma abnormally dark skin caused by increased deposits of melatonin depigmentation absence or loss of pigmentation (or less than normal pigmentation) in the skin or hair poliosis loss of color from the hair ruddiness a healthy reddish complexion lividness unnatural lack of color in the skin (as from bruising or sickness or emotional distress) sallowness a sickly yellowish skin color tawniness the quality or state of being the color of tanned leather; "the tawniness of his complexion" darkness a swarthy complexion having a dark or somber color an unilluminated area; "he moved off into the darkness" whiteness lightness or fairness of complexion; "only the whiteness of her cheeks gave any indication of the stress from which she was suffering" nonsolid color a color produced by a pattern of differently colored dots that together simulate the desired color protective coloration coloration making an organism less visible or attractive to predators aposematic coloration conspicuous coloration or markings of an animal serving to warn off predators; "a skunk's aposematic coloration" apatetic coloration coloring serving as natural camouflage cryptic coloration coloring that conceals or disguises an animal's shape value relative darkness or lightness of a color; "I establish the colors and principal values by organizing the painting into three values--dark, medium...and light"-Joe Hing Lowe the quality (positive or negative) that renders something desirable or valuable; "the Shakespearean Shylock is of dubious value in the modern world" a numerical quantity measured or assigned or computed; "the value assigned was 16 milliseconds" an ideal accepted by some individual or group; "he has old-fashioned values" the amount (of money or goods or services) that is considered to be a fair equivalent for something else; "he tried to estimate the value of the produce at normal prices" (music) the relative duration of a musical note fix or determine the value of; assign a value to; "value the jewelry and art work in the estate" lightness having a light color the property of being comparatively small in weight; "the lightness of balsa wood" olfactory property any property detected by the olfactory system malodorousness the attribute of having a strong offensive smell body odor malodorousness resulting from a failure to bathe muskiness having the olfactory properties of musk sound the particular auditory effect produced by a given cause; "the sound of rain on the roof"; "the beautiful sound of music" the subjective sensation of hearing something; "he strained to hear the faint sounds" the sudden occurrence of an audible event; "the sound awakened them" a large ocean inlet or deep bay; "the main body of the sound ran parallel to the coast" mechanical vibrations transmitted by an elastic medium; "falling trees make a sound in the forest even when no one is there to hear them" appear in a certain way; "This sounds interesting" give off a certain sound or sounds; "This record sounds scratchy" make a certain noise or sound; "She went `Mmmmm'"; "The gun went `bang'" cause to sound; "sound the bell"; "sound a certain note" announce by means of a sound; "sound the alarm" complete; thorough; "politicians have no sound grasp of technology issues"; "he has a sound understanding of the law" free from moral defect; "a man of sound character" financially secure and safe; "sound investments"; "a sound economy" in good condition; free from defect or damage or decay; "a sound timber"; "the wall is sound"; "a sound foundation" vigorous or severe; "a sound thrashing" noisiness the auditory effect characterized by loud and constant noise unison (music) two or more sounds or tones at the same pitch or in octaves; "singing in unison" occurring together or simultaneously; "the two spoke in unison" corresponding exactly; "marching in unison" androglossia a woman's voice with male qualities silence the absence of sound; "he needed silence in order to sleep"; "the street was quiet" the state of being silent (as when no one is speaking); "there was a shocked silence"; "he gestured for silence" keep from expression, for example by threats or pressure; "All dissenters were silenced when the dictator assumed power" hush (poetic) tranquil silence; "the still of the night" run water over the ground to erode (soil), revealing the underlying strata and valuable minerals wash by removing particles; "Wash ores" become quiet or still; fall silent; "hush my baby!" cause to be quiet or not talk; "Please silence the children in the church!" speechlessness the property of being speechless quietness the property of making no sound noiselessness the property of making no noise sound property an attribute of sound musicality the property of sounding like music lyricality the property of being suitable for singing melodiousness the property of having a melody consonance the property of sounding harmonious the repetition of consonants (or consonant patterns) especially at the ends of words dissonance disagreeable sounds discordance a harsh mixture of sounds disharmony a lack of harmony cacophony loud confusing disagreeable sounds boisterousness the property of being noisy and lively and unrestrained a turbulent and stormy state of the sea concert pitch the pitch used to tune instruments for concert performances; usually assigns 440 Hz to the A above middle C high pitch a pitch that is perceived as above other pitches soprano the pitch range of the highest female voice the highest female voice; the voice of a boy before puberty a female singer having or denoting a high range; "soprano voice"; "soprano sax"; "the boy still had a fine treble voice"; "the treble clef" tenor the pitch range of the highest male voice the general meaning or substance of an utterance; "although I disagreed with him I could follow the tenor of his argument" a settled or prevailing or habitual course of a person's life; "nothing disturbed the even tenor of her ways" the adult male singing voice above baritone an adult male with a tenor voice of or close in range to the highest natural adult male voice; "tenor voice" (of a musical instrument) intermediate between alto and baritone or bass; "a tenor sax" low pitch a pitch that is perceived as below other pitches deepness a low pitch that is loud and voluminous the quality of being physically deep; "the profundity of the mine was almost a mile" alto the pitch range of the lowest female voice (of a musical instrument) the second highest instrument in a family of musical instruments a singer whose voice lies in the alto clef (of a musical instrument) second highest member of a group; "alto clarinet or recorder" of or being the lowest female voice tone (linguistics) a pitch or change in pitch of the voice that serves to distinguish words in tonal languages; "the Beijing dialect uses four tones" the quality of something (an act or a piece of writing) that reveals the attitudes and presuppositions of the author; "the general tone of articles appearing in the newspapers is that the government should withdraw"; "from the tone of her behavior I gathered that I had outstayed my welcome" a steady sound without overtones; "they tested his hearing with pure tones of different frequencies" a musical interval of two semitones the quality of a person's voice; "he began in a conversational tone"; "he spoke in a nervous tone of voice" give a healthy elasticity to; "Let's tone our muscles" change to a color image; "tone a photographic image" change the color or tone of; "tone a negative" vary the pitch of one's speech utter monotonously and repetitively and rhythmically; "The students chanted the same slogan over and over again" timbre (music) the distinctive property of a complex sound (a voice or noise or musical sound); "the timbre of her soprano was rich and lovely"; "the muffled tones of the broken bell summoned them to meet" harmonic any of a series of musical tones whose frequencies are integral multiples of the frequency of a fundamental a tone that is a component of a complex sound relating to vibrations that occur as a result of vibrations in a nearby body; "sympathetic vibration" of or relating to harmony as distinct from melody and rhythm; "subtleties of harmonic change and tonality"- Ralph Hill of or relating to the branch of acoustics that studies the composition of musical sounds; "the sound of the resonating cavity cannot be the only determinant of the harmonic response" of or relating to harmonics resonance the quality imparted to voiced speech sounds by the action of the resonating chambers of the throat and mouth and nasal cavities a vibration of large amplitude produced by a relatively small vibration near the same frequency of vibration as the natural frequency of the resonating system an excited state of a stable particle causing a sharp maximum in the probability of absorption of electromagnetic radiation gruffness a throaty harshness fullness the property of a sensation that is rich and pleasing; "the music had a fullness that echoed through the hall"; "the cheap wine had no body, no mellowness"; "he was well aware of the richness of his own appearance" greatness of volume the condition of being filled to capacity nasality a quality of the voice that is produced by nasal resonators twang exaggerated nasality in speech (as in some regional dialects) a sharp vibrating sound (as of a plucked string) pronounce with a nasal twang pluck (strings of an instrument); "He twanged his bow" twitch or throb with pain sound with a twang; "the bowstring was twanging" cause to sound with a twang; "He twanged the guitar string" plangency having the character of a loud deep sound; the quality of being resonant shrillness having the timbre of a loud high-pitched sound the quality of being sharp or harsh to the senses; "the shrillness of her hair color" volume the magnitude of sound (usually in a specified direction); "the kids played their music at full volume" a publication that is one of a set of several similar publications; "the third volume was missing"; "he asked for the 1989 volume of the Annual Review" the amount of 3-dimensional space occupied by an object; "the gas expanded to twice its original volume" a relative amount; "mix one volume of the solution with ten volumes of water" crescendo (music) a gradual increase in loudness grow louder; "The music crescendoes here" (music) gradually increasing in volume swell a crescendo followed by a decrescendo the undulating movement of the surface of the open sea a rounded elevation (especially one on an ocean floor) expand abnormally; "The bellies of the starving children are swelling" cause to become swollen; "The water swells the wood" increase in size, magnitude, number, or intensity; "The music swelled to a crescendo" become filled with pride, arrogance, or anger; "The mother was swelling with importance when she spoke of her son" faintness barely audible the property of being without strength; "the faintness or potency of the feeling" a feeling of faintness and of being ready to swoon decrescendo (music) a gradual decrease in loudness grow quieter; "The music decrescendoes here" (music) gradually decreasing in volume rhythmicity the rhythmic property imparted by the accents and relative durations of notes in a piece of music cadence a recurrent rhythmical series the close of a musical section lilt a jaunty rhythm in music articulate in a very careful and rhythmic way taste property a property appreciated via the sense of taste rancidness the property of being rancid spiciness the property of being seasoned with spice and so highly flavored pungency a strong odor or taste property; "the pungency of mustard"; "the sulfurous bite of garlic"; "the sharpness of strange spices"; "the raciness of the wine" wit having a sharp and caustic quality; "he commented with typical pungency"; "the bite of satire" hotness a hot spiciness the presence of heat saltiness the property of containing salt (as a compound or in solution) language or humor that is down-to-earth; "the saltiness of their language was inappropriate"; "self-parody and saltiness riddled their core genre" brininess the relative proportion of salt in a solution brackishness the quality of being salty, as the saltiness of water sourness the property of being acidic acerbity a sharp sour taste a sharp bitterness vinegariness a sourness resembling that of vinegar sweetness the property of tasting as if it contains sugar saccharinity the excessive sweetness of saccharin sugariness the sweetness of sugar tastiness a pleasing palatability appetizingness the property of stimulating the appetite delectability extreme appetizingness flavorsomeness having an appetizing flavor sapidity a pleasant flavor succulence a juicy appetizingness unappetizingness the property of spoiling the appetite flavorlessness the property of having no flavor edibility the property of being fit to eat digestibility the property of being easy to digest indigestibility the property of being difficult to digest bodily property an attribute of the body bipedalism the bodily attribute of being bipedal; having two feet; "bipedalism made the human form of birth possible" laterality superior development of one side of the body physique constitution of the human body lankiness a tall and thin physique dumpiness a short and stout physique body type a category of physique asthenic type slender, weak, and lightweight endomorphy round, fat, and heavy athletic type muscular and big-boned fatness excess bodily weight; "she disliked fatness in herself as well as in others" adiposity having the property of containing fat; "he recommended exercise to reduce my adiposity" abdominousness the bodily property of a protruding belly greasiness consisting of or covered with oil fleshiness more than average fatness corpulence the property of excessive fatness exogenous obesity obesity caused by overeating steatopygia an extreme accumulation of fat on the buttocks plumpness the bodily property of being well rounded chubbiness the property of having a plump and round body buxomness the bodily property of being attractively plump and vigorous and (of women) full-bosomed leanness the property of having little body fat skinniness the bodily property of lacking flesh bonyness extreme leanness (usually caused by starvation or disease) slenderness the property of an attractively thin person the quality of being slight or inadequate; "he knew the slenderness of my wallet"; "the slenderness of the chances that anything would be done"; "the slenderness of the evidence" stature (of a standing person) the distance from head to foot high level of respect gained by impressive development or achievement; "a man of great stature" tallness the property of being taller than average stature shortness the property of being shorter than average stature the property of being of short temporal extent; "the shortness of air travel time" the property of being of short spatial extent; "the shortness of the Channel crossing" the property of being truncated or short the condition of being short of something; "there was no shortness of money"; "can cause shortness of breath" slouch a stooping carriage in standing and walking an incompetent person; usually used in negative constructions; "he's no slouch when it comes to baseball" walk slovenly gracefulness beautiful carriage agility the gracefulness of a person or animal that is quick and nimble lissomeness the gracefulness of a person or animal that is flexible and supple gracelessness an unpleasant lack of grace in carriage or form or movement or expression gawkiness the carriage of someone whose movements and posture are extremely ungainly and inelegant physiology processes and functions of an organism the branch of the biological sciences dealing with the functioning of organisms physiological property a property having to do with the functioning of the body animateness the property of being animated; having animal life as distinguished from plant life sentience the readiness to perceive sensations; elementary or undifferentiated consciousness; "gave sentience to slugs and newts"- Richard Eberhart inanimateness not having life deadness the inanimate property of something that has died the physical property of something that has lost its elasticity; "he objected to the deadness of the tennis balls" insentience lacking consciousness or ability to perceive sensations sex the properties that distinguish organisms on the basis of their reproductive roles; "she didn't want to know the sex of the foetus" all of the feelings resulting from the urge to gratify sexual impulses; "he wanted a better sex life"; "the film contained no sex or violence" either of the two categories (male or female) into which most organisms are divided; "the war between the sexes" tell the sex (of young chickens) sex characteristic those characteristics (both anatomical and psychological) that are strongly associated with one sex relative to the other primary sex characteristic the genetically determined sex characteristics bound up with reproduction (genitals and organs of reproduction) secondary sex characteristic the genetically determined sex characteristics that are not functionally necessary for reproduction (pitch of the voice and body hair and musculature) asexuality having no evident sex or sex organs maleness the properties characteristic of the male sex virility the masculine property of being capable of copulation and procreation virilism the development of male secondary sexual characteristics in a female (or prematurely in a young boy) androgyny showing characteristics of both sexes femaleness the properties characteristic of the female sex physical property any property used to characterize matter and energy and their interactions chemical property a property used to characterize materials in reactions that change their identity absorptivity (physics) the property of a body that determines the fraction of the incident radiation or sound flux absorbed or absorbable by the body dissolubility the property of being dissoluble; "he measure the dissolubility of sugar in water" drippiness the physical property of being soft and drippy re-echo the echo of an echo deflection the property of being bent or deflected the movement of the pointer or pen of a measuring instrument from its zero position the amount by which a propagating wave is bent a twist or aberration; especially a perverse or abnormal way of judging or acting windage the deflection of a projectile resulting from the effects of wind exposure to the wind (as the exposed part of a vessel's hull which is responsible for wind resistance) the space between the projectile of a smoothbore gun and the surface of the bore of the gun the retarding force of air friction on a moving object refractivity the physical property of a medium as determined by its index of refraction temperature the degree of hotness or coldness of a body or environment (corresponding to its molecular activity) the somatic sensation of cold or heat heat content (thermodynamics) a thermodynamic quantity equal to the internal energy of a system plus the product of its volume and pressure; "enthalpy is the amount of energy in a system capable of doing mechanical work" conformational entropy entropy calculated from the probability that a state could be reached by chance alone absolute temperature temperature measured on the absolute scale absolute zero (cryogenics) the lowest temperature theoretically attainable (at which the kinetic energy of atoms and molecules is minimal); 0 Kelvin or -273.15 centigrade or -459.67 Fahrenheit Curie temperature the temperature above which a ferromagnetic substance loses its ferromagnetism and becomes paramagnetic dew point the temperature at which the water vapor in the air becomes saturated and condensation begins flash point the lowest temperature at which the vapor of a combustible liquid can be ignited in air point at which something is ready to blow up freezing point the temperature below which a liquid turns into a solid mercury temperature measured by a mercury thermometer; "the mercury was falling rapidly" a heavy silvery toxic univalent and bivalent metallic element; the only metal that is liquid at ordinary temperatures room temperature the normal temperature of room in which people live simmer temperature just below the boiling point; "the stew remained at a simmer for hours" boil slowly at low temperature; "simmer the sauce"; "simmering water" basal body temperature body temperature in the morning before rising or moving about or eating anything body temperature temperature of the body; normally 98.6 F or 37 C in humans; usually measured to obtain a quick evaluation of a person's health chill coldness due to a cold environment a sudden numbing dread a sensation of cold that often marks the start of an infection and the development of a fever depress or discourage; "The news of the city's surrender chilled the soldiers" chilliness the property of being moderately cold; "the chilliness of early morning" cool the quality of being at a refreshingly low temperature; "the cool of early morning" loose heat; "The air cooled considerably after the thunderstorm" lose intensity; "His enthusiasm cooled considerably" make cool or cooler; "Chill the food" marked by calm self-control (especially in trying circumstances); unemotional; "play it cool"; "keep cool"; "stayed coolheaded in the crisis"; "the most nerveless winner in the history of the tournament" fashionable and attractive at the time; often skilled or socially adept; "he's a cool dude"; "that's cool"; "Mary's dress is really cool"; "it's not cool to arrive at a party too early" used of a quantity or amount (especially of money) for emphasis; "a cool million bucks" neither warm nor very cold; giving relief from heat; "a cool autumn day"; "a cool room"; "cool summer dresses"; "cool drinks"; "a cool breeze" psychologically cool and unenthusiastic; unfriendly or unresponsive or showing dislike; "relations were cool and polite"; "a cool reception"; "cool to the idea of higher taxes" inducing the impression of coolness; used especially of greens and blues and violets when referring to color; "cool greens and blues and violets"; "the cool sound of rushing water" calefaction the property of being warming torridity extreme heat warmth the quality of having a moderate degree of heat; "an agreeable warmth in the house" lukewarmness a warmness resembling the temperature of the skin white heat the hotness of something heated until it turns white perceptibility the property of being perceptible by the mind or the senses visual range distance at which a given standard object can be seen with the unaided eye invisibility the quality of not being perceivable by the eye luminosity the quality of being luminous; emitting or reflecting light; "its luminosity is measured relative to that of our sun" illuminance the luminous flux incident on a unit area incandescence light from heat the phenomenon of light emission by a body as its temperature is raised luminescence light from nonthermal sources light not due to incandescence; occurs at low temperatures audibility quality or fact or degree of being audible or perceptible by the ear inaudibility the quality of not being perceptible by the ear imperceptibility the property of being imperceptible by the mind or the senses reluctivity (physics) the resistance of a material to the establishment of a magnetic field in it frequency response (electronics) a curve representing the output-to-input ratio of a transducer as a function of frequency magnetization the physical property of being magnetic the process that makes a substance magnetic (temporarily or permanently) the extent or degree to which something is magnetized elasticity the tendency of a body to return to its original shape after it has been stretched or compressed; "the waistband had lost its snap" resilience the physical property of a material that can return to its original shape or position after deformation that does not exceed its elastic limit an occurrence of rebounding or springing back bounce the quality of a substance that is able to rebound rebounding from an impact (or series of impacts) hit something so that it bounces; "bounce a ball" eject from the premises; "The ex-boxer's job is to bounce people who want to enter this private club" spring back; spring away from an impact; "The rubber ball bounced"; "These particles do not resile but they unite after they collide" move up and down repeatedly leap suddenly; "He bounced to his feet" refuse to accept and send back; "bounce a check" come back after being refused; "the check bounced" give the elasticity of something that can be stretched and returns to its original length proffer (a body part); "She gave her hand to her little sister" consent to engage in sexual intercourse with a man; "She gave herself to many men" occur; "what gives?" estimate the duration or outcome of something; "He gave the patient three months to live"; "I gave him a very good chance at success" dedicate; "give thought to"; "give priority to"; "pay attention to" inflict as a punishment; "She gave the boy a good spanking"; "The judge gave me 10 years" allow to have or take; "I give you two minutes to respond" guide or direct, as by behavior of persuasion; "You gave me to think that you agreed with me" submit for consideration, judgment, or use; "give one's opinion"; "give an excuse" give entirely to a specific person, activity, or cause; "She committed herself to the work of God"; "give one's talents to a good cause"; "consecrate your life to the church" offer in good faith; "He gave her his word" manifest or show; "This student gives promise of real creativity"; "The office gave evidence of tampering" convey or communicate; of a smile, a look, a physical gesture; "Throw a glance"; "She gave me a dirty look" convey, as of a compliment, regards, attention, etc.; bestow; "Don't pay him any mind"; "give the orders"; "Give him my best regards"; "pay attention" bestow; "give homage"; "render thanks" accord by verdict; "give a decision for the plaintiff" propose; "He gave the first of many toasts at the birthday party" be flexible under stress of physical force; "This material doesn't give" cause to happen or be responsible for; "His two singles gave the team the victory" perform for an audience; "Pollini is giving another concert in New York" present to view; "He gave the sign to start" transfer possession of something concrete or abstract to somebody; "I gave her my money"; "can you give me lessons?"; "She gave the children lots of love and tender loving care" leave with; give temporarily; "Can I give you my keys while I go in the pool?"; "Can I give you the children for the weekend?" give as a present; make a gift of; "What will you give her for her birthday?" convey or reveal information; "Give one's name" give or convey physically; "She gave him First Aid"; "I gave him a punch in the nose" give (as medicine); "I gave him the drug" cause to have, in the abstract sense or physical sense; "She gave him a black eye"; "The draft gave me a cold" deliver in exchange or recompense; "I'll give you three books for four CDs" emit or utter; "Give a gulp"; "give a yelp" execute and deliver; "Give bond" elasticity of shear the elasticity of a body that has been pulled out of shape by a shearing force malleability the property of being physically malleable; the property of something that can be worked or hammered or shaped without breaking ductility the malleability of something that can be drawn into threads or wires or hammered into thin sheets fibrosity the quality of being fibrous bendability the property of being easily bent without breaking pliancy the property of being pliant and flexible inelasticity the lack of elasticity rigidity the physical property of being stiff and resisting bending unmalleability a lack of malleability mass the property of a body that causes it to have weight in a gravitational field an ill-structured collection of similar things (objects or people) a body of matter without definite shape; "a huge ice mass" join together into a mass or collect or form a mass; "Crowds were massing outside the palace" biomass the total mass of living matter in a given unit area plant materials and animal waste used as fuel critical mass the minimum mass of fissionable material that can sustain a chain reaction the minimum amount (of something) required to start or maintain a venture; "the battle for the computer market has now reached critical mass"; "there is now a critical mass of successful women to take the lead"; "they sold the business because it lacked critical mass" rest mass (physics) the mass of a body as measured when the body is at rest relative to an observer, an inherent property of the body relativistic mass (physics) the mass of a body in motion relative to the observer: it is equal to the rest mass multiplied by a factor that is greater than 1 and that increases as the magnitude of the velocity increases bulk the property possessed by a large mass the property of something that is great in magnitude; "it is cheaper to buy it in bulk"; "he received a mass of correspondence"; "the volume of exports" stick out or up; "The parcel bulked in the sack" gravitational mass (physics) the mass of a body as measured by its gravitational attraction for other bodies inertial mass (physics) the mass of a body as determined by the second law of motion from the acceleration of the body when it is subjected to a force that is not due to gravity atomic mass (chemistry) the mass of an atom of a chemical element expressed in atomic mass units mass energy (physics) the mass of a body regarded relativistically as energy molecular weight (chemistry) the sum of the relative atomic masses of the constituent atoms of a molecule equivalent the atomic weight of an element that has the same combining capacity as a given weight of another element; the standard is 8 for oxygen a person or thing equal to another in value or measure or force or effect or significance etc; "send two dollars or the equivalent in stamps" being essentially equal to something; "it was as good as gold"; "a wish that was equivalent to a command"; "his statement was tantamount to an admission of guilt" milliequivalent one-thousandth of an equivalent body weight the weight of a person's body reporting weight a person's body weight (as an athlete's) at the beginning of the season (when first reporting for practice) dead weight a heavy motionless weight an oppressive encumbrance heaviness the property of being comparatively great in weight; "the heaviness of lead" persisting sadness; "nothing lifted the heaviness of her heart after her loss" heft the property of being large in mass test the weight of something by lifting it preponderance exceeding in heaviness; having greater weight; "the least preponderance in either pan will unbalance the scale" a superiority in numbers or amount; "a preponderance of evidence against the defendant" superiority in power or influence; "the preponderance of good over evil"; "the preponderance of wealth and power" poundage weight expressed in pounds a fee charged for the recovery of impounded animals a charge based on weight measured in pounds throw-weight the weight of the payload of a missile (not including the weight of the rocket) momentum the product of a body's mass and its velocity; "the momentum of the particles was deduced from meteoritic velocities" an impelling force or strength; "the car's momentum carried it off the road" angular momentum the product of the momentum of a rotating body and its distance from the axis of rotation; "any rotating body has an angular momentum about its center of mass"; "angular momentum makes the world go round" sustainability the property of being sustainable strength the property of being physically or mentally strong; "fatigue sapped his strength" the condition of financial success; "the strength of the company's stock in recent weeks" good part a place of especial strength tensile strength the strength of material expressed as the greatest longitudinal stress it can bear without tearing apart brawn possessing muscular strength might physical strength vigor active strength of body or mind huskiness the property of being big and strong smallness the property of having relatively little strength or vigor; "the smallness of her voice" the property of having a relatively small size the property of being a relatively small amount; "he was attracted by the smallness of the taxes" stoutness the property of being strong and resolute indomitability the property being difficult or impossible to defeat fortitude strength of mind that enables one to endure adversity with courage endurance the power to withstand hardship or stress; "the marathon tests a runner's endurance" sufferance patient endurance especially of pain or distress stamina enduring strength and energy legs staying power; "that old Broadway play really has legs" wiriness the property of being lean and tough and sinewy long-sufferance patient endurance of pain or unhappiness invulnerability the property of being invulnerable; the property of being incapable of being hurt (physically or emotionally) having the strength to withstand attack immunity the quality of being unaffected by something; "immunity to criticism" (medicine) the condition in which an organism can resist disease power of appointment authority given (in a will or deed) by a donor to a donee to appoint the beneficiaries of the donor's property potency capacity to produce strong physiological or chemical effects; "the toxin's potency"; "the strength of the drinks" the state of being potent; a male's capacity to have sexual intercourse valence (chemistry) a property of atoms or radicals; their combining power given in terms of the number of hydrogen atoms (or the equivalent) (biology) a relative capacity to unite or react or interact as with antigens or a biological substrate covalence valence characterized by the sharing of electrons in a chemical compound; the number of pairs of electrons an atom can share sea power naval strength a nation that possesses formidable naval strength force physical energy or intensity; "he hit with all the force he could muster"; "it was destroyed by the strength of the gale"; "a government has not the vitality and forcefulness of a living man" a powerful effect or influence; "the force of his eloquence easily persuaded them" a group of people having the power of effective action; "he joined forces with a band of adventurers" group of people willing to obey orders; "a public force is necessary to give security to the rights of citizens" (physics) the influence that produces a change in a physical quantity; "force equals mass times acceleration" impose urgently, importunately, or inexorably; "She forced her diet fads on him" do forcibly; exert force; "Don't force it!" force into or from an action or state, either physically or metaphorically; "She rammed her mind into focus"; "He drives me mad" brunt main force of a blow etc; "bore the brunt of the attack" athleticism intense energy; "his music is characterized by a happy athleticism" intensity high level or degree; the property of being intense the amount of energy transmitted (as by acoustic or electromagnetic radiation); "he adjusted the intensity of the sound"; "they measured the station's signal strength" badness used of the degree of something undesirable e.g. pain or weather foulness (of weather) the badness of the weather; "they were wearied with the foulness of the weather" disgusting wickedness and immorality; "he understood the foulness of sin"; "his display of foulness deserved severe punishment"; "mouths which speak such foulness must be cleansed" vehemence intensity or forcefulness of expression; "the vehemence of his denial"; "his emphasis on civil rights" overemphasis too much emphasis ferocity the property of being wild or turbulent; "the storm's violence" savageness the property of being untamed and ferocious; "the coastline is littered with testaments to the savageness of the waters"; "a craving for barbaric splendor, for savagery and color and the throb of drums" titer the concentration of a solution as determined by titration hydrogen ion concentration the number of moles of hydrogen ions per cubic decimeter pH (from potential of Hydrogen) the logarithm of the reciprocal of hydrogen-ion concentration in gram atoms per liter; provides a measure on a scale from 0 to 14 of the acidity or alkalinity of a solution (where 7 is neutral and greater than 7 is more basic and less than 7 is more acidic) acidity pH values below 7 the taste experience when something acidic is taken into the mouth hyperacidity excessive acidity alkalinity pH values above 7 molality concentration measured by the number of moles of solute per kilogram of solvent molarity concentration measured by the number of moles of solute per liter of solution weakness the property of lacking physical or mental strength; liability to failure under pressure or stress or strain; "his weakness increased as he became older"; "the weakness of the span was overlooked until it collapsed" a penchant for something even though it might not be good for you; "he has a weakness for chocolate" the condition of being financially weak; "the weakness of the dollar against the yen" adynamia lack of strength or vigor (especially from illness) feebleness the quality of lacking intensity or substance; "a shrill yet sweet tenuity of voice"- Nathaniel Hawthorne flimsiness the property of weakness by virtue of careless construction fragility lack of physical strength quality of being easily damaged or destroyed attenuation the property of something that has been weakened or reduced in thickness or density weakening in force or intensity; "attenuation in the volume of the sound" fatigability susceptibility to fatigue; a tendency to get tired or lose strength weak part a place of especial vulnerability Achilles' heel a seemingly small but actual mortal weakness jugular a vital part that is vulnerable to attack; "he always goes for the jugular" relating to or located in the region of the neck or throat; "jugular vein" underbelly the quality of being weak or unprotected; "the soft underbelly of the Axis"- Winston Churchill the soft belly or underside of an animal's body lower side; "the underbellies of clouds" vulnerability susceptibility to injury or attack the state of being vulnerable or exposed; "his vulnerability to litigation"; "his exposure to ridicule" defenselessness the property of being helpless in the face of attack assailability vulnerability to forceful attack destructibility vulnerability to destruction indestructibility the strength to resist destruction solarization exposure to the rays of the sun temporal property a property relating to time temporal arrangement arrangement of events in time rain anything happening rapidly or in quick successive; "a rain of bullets"; "a pelting of insults" water falling in drops from vapor condensed in the atmosphere drops of fresh water that fall as precipitation from clouds precipitate as rain; "If it rains much more, we can expect some flooding" row a continuous chronological succession without an interruption; "they won the championship three years in a row" an arrangement of objects or people side by side in a line; "a row of chairs" a linear array of numbers, letters, or symbols side by side a long continuous strip (usually running horizontally); "a mackerel sky filled with rows of clouds"; "rows of barbed wire protected the trenches" propel with oars; "row the boat across the lake" earliness quality of coming early or earlier in time forwardness an advanced stage; "the forwardness of the harvest this year"; "the arts are in no kind of forwardness in this matter" lateness quality of coming late or later in time priority preceding in time posteriority following in time the quality of being toward the back or toward the rear end punctuality the quality or habit of adhering to an appointed time tardiness the quality or habit of not adhering to a correct or usual or expected time simultaneity happening or existing or done at the same time concomitance occurrence or existence together or in connection with one another overlap the property of partial coincidence in time a representation of common ground between theories or phenomena; "there was no overlap between their proposals" coincide partially or wholly; "Our vacations overlap" extend over and cover a part of; "The roofs of the houses overlap in this crowded city" contemporaneity the quality of belonging to the same period of time seasonableness being at the right time unseasonableness being at an inappropriate time pastness the quality of being past futurity the quality of being in or of the future presentness the quality of being the present; "a study of the pastness of the present and...of the presentness of the past"- R.E.Spiller currentness the property of belonging to the present time; "the currency of a slang term" modernity the quality of being current or of the present; "a shopping mall would instill a spirit of modernity into this village" spark advance the timing of ignition relative to the position of the piston in an internal-combustion engine duration continuance in time; "the ceremony was of short duration"; "he complained about the length of time required" the property of enduring or continuing in time the period of time during which something continues longness duration as an extension the property of being of long spatial extent; "one gene causes shortness and the other causes longness" lengthiness the consequence of being lengthened in duration fermata (music) a prolongation of unspecified length on a note or chord or rest a musical notation (over a note or chord or rest) that indicates it is to be prolonged by an unspecified amount endlessness the property of being (or seeming to be) without end continuousness the quality of something that continues without end or interruption brevity the attribute of being brief or fleeting the use of brief expressions permanence the property of being able to exist for an indefinite duration perpetuity the property of being perpetual (seemingly ceaseless) lastingness permanence by virtue of the power to resist stress or force; "they advertised the durability of their products" continuity the property of a continuous and connected period of time a detailed script used in making a film in order to avoid discontinuities from shot to shot uninterrupted connection or union everlastingness the property of lasting forever imperishability the property of being resistant to decay; "he advertised the imperishability of the product" perdurability the property of being extremely durable impermanence the property of not existing for indefinitely long durations temporariness the property of lasting only a short time transience an impermanence that suggests the inevitability of ending or dying fugacity the lack of enduring qualities (used chiefly of plant parts) the tendency of a gas to expand or escape ephemerality the property of lasting for a very short time mortality the quality or state of being mortal immortality the quality or state of being immortal perpetual life after death viability (of living things) capable of normal growth and development capable of being done in a practical and useful way radio frequency an electromagnetic wave frequency between audio and infrared infrared the infrared region of the electromagnetic spectrum; electromagnetic wave frequencies below the visible range; "they could sense radiation in the infrared" electromagnetic radiation with wavelengths longer than visible light but shorter than radio waves having or employing wavelengths longer than light but shorter than radio waves; lying outside the visible spectrum at its red end; "infrared radiation"; "infrared photography" extremely low frequency below 3 kilohertz very low frequency 3 to 30 kilohertz low frequency 30 to 300 kilohertz medium frequency 300 to 3000 kilohertz high frequency 3 to 30 megahertz very high frequency 30 to 300 megahertz ultrahigh frequency 300 to 3000 megahertz superhigh frequency 3 to 30 gigahertz extremely high frequency 30 to 300 gigahertz fleetness rapidity of movement; "fleetness of foot" celerity a rate that is rapid promptness the characteristic of doing things without delay precipitation an unexpected acceleration or hastening; "he is responsible for the precipitation of his own demise" the act of casting down or falling headlong from a height the falling to earth of any form of water (rain or snow or hail or sleet or mist) the process of forming a chemical precipitate the quantity of water falling to earth at a specific place within a specified period of time; "the storm brought several inches of precipitation" execution speed (computer science) the speed with which a computational device can execute instructions; measured in MIPS graduality the quality of being gradual or of coming about by gradual stages slowness a rate demonstrating an absence of haste or hurry leisureliness slowness by virtue of being leisurely dilatoriness slowness as a consequence of not getting around to it sluggishness the pace of things that move relatively slowly; "the sluggishness of the economy"; "the sluggishness of the compass in the Arctic cold" spatial property any property relating to or occupying space dimensionality the spatial property of having dimensions; "all matter has dimensionality" one-dimensionality the property of having one dimension two-dimensionality the property of having two dimensions three-dimensionality the property of having three dimensions cubicity the property of resembling a cube directionality the property of being directional or maintaining a direction; "the directionality of written English is from left to right" topography the configuration of a surface and the relations among its man-made and natural features precise detailed study of the surface features of a region lobularity the property of having lobules symmetry (mathematics) an attribute of a shape or relation; exact reflection of form on opposite sides of a dividing line or plane balance among the parts of something bilaterality the property of being symmetrical about a vertical plane radial symmetry the property of symmetry about an axis; "the starfish illustrates radial symmetry" asymmetry (mathematics) a lack of symmetry lopsidedness an oblique or slanting asymmetry obliqueness the property of being neither parallel nor perpendicular, but at a slanting angle radial asymmetry the absence of symmetry about an axis directivity the property of a microphone or antenna of being more sensitive in one direction than in another; "the antenna received signals with no directivity" the quality of being directive handedness the property of using one hand more than the other ambidexterity the property of being equally skillful with each hand left-handedness preference for using the left hand the status of being born of a morganatic marriage right-handedness preference for using the right hand footedness the property of favoring one foot over the other (as in kicking a ball) eyedness the property of favoring one eye over the other (as in taking aim) occlusion (dentistry) the normal spatial relation of the teeth when the jaws are closed closure or blockage (as of a blood vessel) tilt the property possessed by a line or surface that departs from the vertical; "the tower had a pronounced tilt"; "the ship developed a list to starboard"; "he walked with a heavy inclination to the right" a slight but noticeable partiality; "the court's tilt toward conservative rulings" charge with a tilt gradient the property possessed by a line or surface that departs from the horizontal; "a five-degree gradient" a graded change in the magnitude of some physical quantity or dimension downgrade the property possessed by a slope or surface that descends rate lower; lower in value or esteem gradualness the property possessed by a slope that is very gradual concavity the property possessed by a concave shape hollowness the property of having a sunken area the state of being hollow: having an empty space within convexity the property possessed by a convex shape roundedness the property possessed by a rounded convexity oblateness the property possessed by a round shape that is flattened at the poles; "the oblateness of the planet" angularity the property possessed by a shape that has angles coarctation (biology) a narrowing or constriction of a vessel or canal; especially a congenital narrowing of the aorta taper the property possessed by a shape that narrows toward a point (as a wedge or cone) a convex shape that narrows toward a point diminish gradually; "Interested tapered off" unpointedness the property of having only a dull tip (if any) rectangularity the property of being shaped like a rectangle orthogonality the quality of lying or intersecting at right angles the relation of opposition between things at right angles perpendicularity the quality of being at right angles to a given line or plane (especially the plane of the horizon) squareness the property of being shaped like a square triangularity the property of being shaped like a triangle curvature the property possessed by the curving of a line or surface the rate of change (at a point) of the angle between a curve and a tangent to the curve (medicine) a curving or bending; often abnormal; "curvature of the spine" roundness the property possessed by a line or surface that is curved and not angular the quality of being round numbers; "he gave us the results in round numbers, but their roundness didn't affect the point he was making" the fullness of a tone of voice; "there is a musky roundness to his wordiness" sphericity the roundness of a 3-dimensional object cylindricality the roundness of a 3-dimensional cylinder circularity the roundness of a 2-dimensional figure concentricity the quality of having the same center (as circles inside one another) straightness freedom from crooks or curves or bends or angles (of hair) lack of a tendency to curl curliness (of hair) a tendency to curl columniation (architecture) the arrangement of columns (especially freestanding columns) in a structure point of view the spatial property of the position from which something is observed a mental position from which things are viewed; "we should consider this problem from the viewpoint of the Russians"; "teaching history gave him a special point of view toward current events" camera angle the point of view of a camera proportion harmonious arrangement or relation of parts or elements within a whole (as in a design); "in all perfectly beautiful objects there is found the opposition of one part to another and a reciprocal balance"- John Ruskin magnitude or extent; "a building of vast proportions" the relation between things (or parts of things) with respect to their comparative quantity, magnitude, or degree; "an inordinate proportion of the book is given over to quotations"; "a dry martini has a large proportion of gin" the quotient obtained when the magnitude of a part is divided by the magnitude of the whole adjust in size relative to other things give pleasant proportions to; "harmonize a building with those surrounding it" true proper alignment; the property possessed by something that is in correct or proper alignment; "out of true" make level, square, balanced, or concentric; "true up the cylinder of an engine" accurately placed or thrown; "his aim was true"; "he was dead on target" accurately fitted; level; "the window frame isn't quite true" devoted (sometimes fanatically) to a cause or concept or truth; "true believers bonded together against all who disagreed with them" consistent with fact or reality; not false; "the story is true"; "it is undesirable to believe a proposition when there is no ground whatever for supposing it true"- B. Russell; "the true meaning of the statement" conforming to definitive criteria; "the horseshoe crab is not a true crab"; "Pythagoras was the first true mathematician" as acknowledged; "true, she is the smartest in her class" misalignment the spatial property of things that are not properly aligned coincidence the quality of occupying the same position or area in space; "he waited for the coincidence of the target and the cross hairs" an event that might have been arranged although it was really accidental dead center the position of a crank when it is in line with the connecting rod and not exerting torque centrality the property of being central marginality the property of being marginal or on the fringes anteriority the quality of being in front or (in lower animals) toward the head malposition faulty position northernness the property of being to the north southernness the property of being to the south horizontality the quality of being parallel to the horizon; "houses with a pronounced horizontality" verticality position at right angles to the horizon ballet position classical position of the body and especially the feet in ballet decubitus a reclining position (as in a bed) eversion the position of being turned outward; "the eversion of the foot" lithotomy position a position lying on your back with knees bent and thighs apart; assumed for vaginal or rectal examination lotus position a sitting position with the legs crossed; used in yoga missionary position a position for sexual intercourse; a man and woman lie facing each other with the man on top; so-called because missionaries thought it the proper position for primitive peoples pose a posture assumed by models for photographic or artistic purposes pretend to be someone you are not; sometimes with fraudulent intentions; "She posed as the Czar's daughter" behave affectedly or unnaturally in order to impress others; "Don't pay any attention to him--he is always posing to impress his peers!"; "She postured and made a total fool of herself" ectopia abnormal position of a part or organ (especially at the time of birth) asana (Hinduism) a posture or manner of sitting (as in the practice of yoga) matsyendra (Hinduism) a religious posture sprawl an ungainly posture with arms and legs spread about sit or lie with one's limbs spread out go, come, or spread in a rambling or irregular way; "Branches straggling out quite far" stance standing posture address the stance assumed by a golfer in preparation for hitting a golf ball (computer science) the code that identifies where a piece of information is stored written directions for finding some location; written on letters or packages that are to be delivered to that location a sign in front of a house or business carrying the conventional form by which its location is described the manner of speaking to another individual; "he failed in his manner of address to the captain" the act of delivering a formal spoken communication to an audience; "he listened to an address on minor Roman poets" the place where a person or organization can be found or communicated with adjust and aim (a golf ball) at in preparation of hitting speak to; "He addressed the crowd outside the window" give a speech to; "The chairman addressed the board of trustees" speak to someone put an address on (an envelope) direct a question at someone address or apply oneself to something, direct one's efforts towards something, such as a question access or locate by address greet, as with a prescribed form, title, or name; "He always addresses me with `Sir'"; "Call me Mister"; "She calls him by first name" erectness the property of being upright in posture ramification an arrangement of branching parts spacing the property possessed by an array of things that have space between them the time between occurrences of a repeating event; "some women do not control the spacing of their children" tandem an arrangement of two or more objects or persons one behind another one behind the other; "ride tandem on a bicycle built for two"; "riding horses down the path in tandem" patency the openness (lack of obstruction) of a bodily passage or duct distance the property created by the space between two objects or points size of the gap between two places; "the distance from New York to Chicago"; "he determined the length of the shortest line segment joining the two points" indifference by personal withdrawal; "emotional distance" a distant region; "I could see it in the distance" the interval between two times; "the distance from birth to death"; "it all happened in the space of 10 minutes" a remote point in time; "if that happens it will be at some distance in the future"; "at a distance of ten years he had forgotten many of the details" keep at a distance; "we have to distance ourselves from these events in order to continue living" mean distance the arithmetic mean of the maximum and minimum distances of a celestial body (satellite or secondary star) from its primary farness the property of being remote nearness the spatial property resulting from a relatively small distance; "the sudden closeness of the dock sent him into action" proximity the property of being close together a Gestalt principle of organization holding that (other things being equal) objects or events that are near to one another (in space or time) are perceived as belonging together as a unit the region close around a person or thing adjacency the attribute of being so near as to be touching wavelength the distance (measured in the direction of propagation) between two points in the same phase in consecutive cycles of a wave a shared orientation leading to mutual understanding; "they are on the same wavelength" focal distance the distance from a lens to its focus hyperfocal distance the distance in front of a lens that is focused at infinity beyond which all objects are well defined and clear span the distance or interval between two points a unit of length based on the width of the expanded human hand (usually taken as 9 inches) the complete duration of something; "the job was finished in the span of an hour" wheelbase the distance from the center of a car's front wheel to the rear axle complementary distribution (linguistics) a distribution of related speech sounds or forms in such a way that they only appear in different contexts diaspora the dispersion or spreading of something that was originally localized (as a people or language or culture) the body of Jews (or Jewish communities) outside Palestine or modern Israel dissemination the property of being diffused or dispersed the opening of a subject to widespread discussion and debate innervation the distribution of nerve fibers to an organ or body region diffuseness the spatial property of being spread out over a wide area or through a large volume bits per inch a measure of how densely information is packed on a storage medium flux density (physics) the number of changes in energy flow across a given surface per unit area optical density (physics) a measure of the extent to which a substance transmits light or other electromagnetic radiation rarity a rarified quality; "the tenuity of the upper atmosphere" noteworthy scarcity relative density the ratio of the density of something to the density of a standard interval the distance between things; "fragile items require separation and cushioning" a set containing all points (or all real numbers) between two given endpoints the difference in pitch between two notes remove degree of figurative distance or separation; "just one remove from madness"; "it imitates at many removes a Shakespearean tragedy" remove something concrete, as by lifting, pushing, or taking off, or remove something abstract; "remove a threat"; "remove a wrapper"; "Remove the dirty dishes from the table"; "take the gun from your pocket"; "This machine withdraws heat from the environment" get rid of something abstract; "The death of her mother removed the last obstacle to their marriage"; "God takes away your sins" shift the position or location of, as for business, legal, educational, or military purposes; "He removed his children to the countryside"; "Remove the troops to the forest surrounding the city"; "remove a case to another court" remove from a position or an office magnitude the property of relative size or extent (whether large or small); "they tried to predict the magnitude of the explosion"; "about the magnitude of a small pea" relative importance; "a problem of the first magnitude" absolute magnitude (astronomy) the magnitude that a star would have if it were viewed from a distance of 10 parsecs (32.62 light years) from the earth information (communication theory) a numerical measure of the uncertainty of an outcome; "the signal contained thousands of bits of information" knowledge acquired through study or experience or instruction a message received and understood formal accusation of a crime conditional probability the probability that an event will occur given that one or more other events have occurred cross section (physics) the probability that a particular interaction (as capture or ionization) will take place between particles; measured in barns a sample meant to be representative of a whole population a section created by a plane cutting a solid perpendicular to its longest axis exceedance (geology) the probability that an earthquake will generate a level of ground motion that exceeds a specified reference level during a given exposure time; "the concept of exceedance can be applied to any type of environmental risk modeling" fair chance a reasonable probability of success fat chance little or no chance of success joint probability the probability of two events occurring together dimension the magnitude of something in a particular direction (especially length or width or height) one of three Cartesian coordinates that determine a position in space shape or form to required dimensions indicate the dimensions on; "These techniques permit us to dimension the human heart" degree a position on a scale of intensity or amount or quality; "a moderate grade of intelligence"; "a high level of care is required"; "it is all a matter of degree" the seriousness of something (e.g., a burn or crime); "murder in the second degree"; "a second degree burn" the highest power of a term or variable a measure for arcs and angles; "there are 360 degrees in a circle" a unit of temperature on a specified scale; "the game was played in spite of the 40-degree temperature" a specific identifiable position in a continuum or series or especially in a process; "a remarkable degree of frankness"; "at what stage are the social sciences?" depth degree of psychological or intellectual profundity the attribute or quality of being deep, strong, or intense; "the depth of his breathing"; "the depth of his sighs"; "the depth of his emotion" the extent downward or backward or inward; "the depth of the water"; "depth of a shelf"; "depth of a closet" (usually plural) a low moral state; "he had sunk to the depths of addiction" profundity intellectual depth; penetrating knowledge; keen insight; etc; "the depth of my feeling"; "the profoundness of the silence" superficiality lack of depth of knowledge or thought or feeling shallowness in terms of affecting only surface layers of something; "he ignored the wound because of its superficiality" glibness a kind of fluent easy superficiality; "the glibness of a high-pressure salesman" sciolism pretentious superficiality of knowledge size the property resulting from being one of a series of graduated measurements (as of clothing); "he wears a size 13 shoe" the physical magnitude of something (how big it is); "a wolf is about the size of a large dog" a large magnitude; "he blanched when he saw the size of the bill"; "the only city of any size in that area" the actual state of affairs; "that's the size of the situation"; "she hates me, that's about the size of it" any glutinous material used to fill pores in surfaces or to stiffen fabrics; "size gives body to a fabric" make to a size; bring to a suitable size sort according to size cover or stiffen or glaze a porous material with size or sizing (a glutinous substance) (used in combination) sized; "the economy-size package"; "average-size house" extra large a garment size for a very large person large a garment size for a large person having broad power and range and scope; "taking the large view"; "a large effect"; "a large sympathy" above average in size or number or quantity or magnitude or extent; "a large city"; "set out for the big city"; "a large sum"; "a big (or large) barn"; "a large family"; "big businesses"; "a big expenditure"; "a large number of newspapers"; "a big group of scientists"; "large areas of the world" fairly large or important in effect; influential; "played a large role in the negotiations" with the wind abaft the beam; "a ship sailing large" at a distance, wide of something (as of a mark) octavo the size of a book whose pages are made by folding a sheet of paper three times to form eight leaves outsize an unusual garment size (especially one that is very large) larger than normal for its kind petite a garment size for short or slender women quarto the size of a book whose pages are made by folding a sheet of paper twice to form four leaves regular a garment size for persons of average height and weight a regular patron; "an habitue of the racetrack"; "a bum who is a Central Park fixture" a dependable follower (especially in party politics); "he is one of the party regulars" a soldier in the regular army in accord with regular practice or procedure; "took his regular morning walk"; "her regular bedtime" relating to a person who does something regularly; "a regular customer"; "a steady drinker" officially full-time; "regular students" not deviating from what is normal; "her regular bedtime" in accordance with fixed order or procedure or principle; "his regular calls on his customers"; "regular meals"; "regular duties" (of solids) having clear dimensions that can be measured; volume can be determined with a suitable geometric formula (used of the military) belonging to or engaged in by legitimate army forces; "the regular army" conforming to a standard or pattern; "following the regular procedure of the legislature"; "a regular electrical outlet" regularly scheduled for fixed times; "at a regular meeting of the PTA"; "regular bus departures" small a garment size for a small person the slender part of the back limited or below average in number or quantity or magnitude or extent; "a little dining room"; "a little house"; "a small car"; "a little (or small) group" have fine or very small constituent particles; "a small misty rain" on a small scale; "think small" stout a garment size for a large or heavy person a strong very dark heavy-bodied ale made from pale malt and roasted unmalted barley and (often) caramel malt with hops tall a garment size for a tall person great in vertical dimension; high in stature; "tall people"; "tall buildings"; "tall trees"; "tall ships" highness a high degree (of amount or force etc.); "responsible for the highness of the rates" the quality of being high or lofty high a lofty level or position or degree; "summer temperatures reached an all-time high" a high place; "they stood on high and observed the countryside"; "he doesn't like heights" a state of altered consciousness induced by alcohol or narcotics; "they took drugs to get a high on" a state of sustained elation; "I'm on a permanent high these days" an air mass of higher than normal pressure; "the east coast benefits from a Bermuda high" happy and excited and energetic slightly and pleasantly intoxicated from alcohol or a drug (especially marijuana) (literal meaning) being at or having a relatively great or specific elevation or upward extension (sometimes used in combinations like `knee-high'); "a high mountain"; "high ceilings"; "high buildings"; "a high forehead"; "a high incline"; "a foot high" greater than normal in degree or intensity or amount; "a high temperature"; "a high price"; "the high point of his career"; "high risks"; "has high hopes"; "the river is high"; "he has a high opinion of himself" used of sounds and voices; high in pitch or frequency at a great altitude; "he climbed high on the ladder" far up toward the source; "he lives high up the river" in or to a high position, amount, or degree; "prices have gone up far too high" in a rich manner; "he lives high" low a low level or position or degree; "the stock market fell to a new low" an air mass of lower pressure; often brings precipitation; "a low moved in over night bringing sleet and snow" literal meanings; being at or having a relatively small elevation or upward extension; "low ceilings"; "low clouds"; "low hills"; "the sun is low"; "low furniture"; "a low bow" less than normal in degree or intensity or amount; "low prices"; "the reservoir is low" used of sounds and voices; low in pitch or frequency very low in volume; "a low murmur"; "the low-toned murmur of the surf" unrefined in character; "low comedy" in a low position; near the ground; "the branches hung low" lowness a low or small degree of any quality (amount or force or temperature etc.); "he took advantage of the lowness of interest rates" the quality of being low; lacking height; "he was suddenly aware of the lowness of the ceiling" extreme the furthest or highest degree of something; "he carried it to extremes" most distant in any direction; "the extreme edge of town" of the greatest possible degree or extent or intensity; "extreme cold"; "extreme caution"; "extreme pleasure"; "utmost contempt"; "to the utmost degree"; "in the uttermost distress" far beyond a norm in quantity or amount or degree; to an utmost degree; "an extreme example"; "extreme temperatures"; "extreme danger" beyond a norm in views or actions; "an extreme conservative"; "an extreme liberal"; "extreme views on integration"; "extreme opinions" extremeness the quality of being extreme amplitude greatness of magnitude the property of copious abundance (physics) the maximum displacement of a periodic wave amplitude level the level on a scale of amplitude signal level the amplitude level of the desired signal noise level the amplitude level of the undesired background noise multiplicity the property of being multiple triplicity the property of being triple (astrology) one of four groups of the zodiac where each group consists of three signs separated from each other by 120 degrees muchness greatness of quantity or measure or extent threshold level the intensity level that is just barely perceptible field strength the vector sum of all the forces exerted by an electrical or magnetic field (on a unit mass or unit charge or unit magnetic pole) at a given point in the field magnetic field strength the amount of magnetic flux in a unit area perpendicular to the direction of magnetic flow candlepower luminous intensity measured in candelas acoustic power the physical intensity of sound acoustic radiation pressure (acoustics) the pressure exerted on a surface normal to the direction of propagation of a sound wave half-intensity half the maximum intensity circumference the size of something as given by the distance around it the length of the closed curve of a circle the boundary line encompassing an area or object; "he had walked the full circumference of his land"; "a danger to all races over the whole circumference of the globe" girth the distance around a person's body diameter the length of a straight line passing through the center of a circle and connecting two points on the circumference a straight line connecting the center of a circle with two points on its perimeter (or the center of a sphere with two points on its surface) radius the length of a line segment between the center and circumference of a circle or sphere the outer and slightly shorter of the two bones of the human forearm a circular region whose area is indicated by the length of its radius; "they located it within a radius of 2 miles" a straight line from the center to the perimeter of a circle (or from the center to the surface of a sphere) semidiameter the apparent radius of a celestial body when viewed as a disc from the earth radius of curvature the radius of the circle of curvature; the absolute value of the reciprocal of the curvature of a curve at a given point center of curvature the center of the circle of curvature circle of curvature the circle that touches a curve (on the concave side) and whose radius is the radius of curvature largeness the property of having a relatively great size large or extensive in breadth or importance or comprehensiveness; "the might have repercussions of unimaginable largeness"; "the very extensiveness of his power was a temptation to abuse it" ampleness the property of impressive largeness in size; "he admired the ampleness of its proportions" the property of being more than sufficient; comfortable sufficiency; "the ampleness of her servings more than satisfied his hunger" bulkiness an unwieldy largeness enormousness unusual largeness in size or extent or number capaciousness spatial largeness and extensiveness (especially inside a building); "the capaciousness of Santa's bag astounded the child"; "roominess in this size car is always a compromise"; "his new office lacked the spaciousness that he had become accustomed to" intellectual breadth; "the very capaciousness of the idea meant that agreement on fundamentals was unnecessary"; "his unselfishness gave him great intellectual roominess" seating capacity the number of people that can be seated in a vehicle or auditorium or stadium etc. gigantism excessive largeness of stature diminutiveness the property of being very small in size; "hence the minuteness of detail in the painting" puniness smallness of stature dwarfishness smallness of stature amount the relative magnitude of something with reference to a criterion; "an adequate amount of food for four people" be tantamount or equivalent to; "Her action amounted to a rebellion" positivity an amount greater than zero a quality or state characterized by certainty or acceptance or affirmation and dogmatic assertiveness the character of the positive electric pole negativity an amount less than zero characterized by habitual skepticism and a disagreeable tendency to deny or oppose or resist suggestions or commands the character of the negative electric pole quantity an adequate or large amount; "he had a quantity of ammunition" the concept that something has a magnitude and can be represented in mathematical expressions by a constant or a variable complement something added to complete or embellish or make perfect; "a fine wine is a perfect complement to the dinner"; "wild rice was served as an accompaniment to the main dish" either of two parts that mutually complete each other a word or phrase used to complete a grammatical construction number needed to make up a whole force; "a full complement of workers" a complete number or quantity; "a full complement" one of a series of enzymes in the blood serum that are part of the immune response make complete or perfect; supply what is wanting or form the complement to; "I need some pepper to complement the sweet touch in the soup" fare increase increase in the sum charged for riding in a public conveyance price increase increase in price supplement a quantity added (e.g. to make up for a deficiency) add as a supplement to what seems insufficient; "supplement your diet" serve as a supplement to; "Vitamins supplemented his meager diet" tax-increase the amount by which taxes are increased; "a tax increase of 15 percent" up-tick a small increase; "the up-tick in terrorist activity" loop gain (telecommunication) the gain of a feedback amplifier or system as a function of how much output is fed back to the input; "if the loop gain is too great the system may go into oscillation" voltage drop a decrease in voltage along a conductor through which current is flowing shrinkage the amount by which something shrinks dollar volume the volume measured in dollars; "the store's dollar volume continues to rise" stuffiness the quality of being close and poorly ventilated state of obstruction or stoppage or air in the nose or throat sufficiency the quality of being sufficient for the end in view; "he questioned the sufficiency of human intelligence" sufficient resources to provide comfort and meet obligations; "her father questioned the young suitor's sufficiency" insufficiency lack of an adequate quantity or number; "the inadequacy of unemployment benefits" (pathology) inability of a bodily part or organ to function normally a lack of competence; "pointed out the insufficiencies in my report"; "juvenile offenses often reflect an inadequacy in the parents" meagerness the quality of being meager; "an exiguity of cloth that would only allow of miniature capes"-George Eliot deficit the property of being an amount by which something is less than expected or required; "new blood vessels bud out from the already dilated vascular bed to make up the nutritional deficit" an excess of liabilities over assets (usually over a certain period); "last year there was a serious budgetary deficit" (sports) the score by which a team or individual is losing a deficiency or failure in neurological or mental functioning; "the people concerned have a deficit in verbal memory"; "they have serious linguistic deficits" oxygen deficit temporary oxygen shortage in cells resulting from strenuous exercise sparseness the property of being scanty or scattered; lacking denseness abundance the property of a more than adequate quantity or supply; "an age of abundance" (chemistry) the ratio of the total mass of an element in the earth's crust to the total mass of the earth's crust; expressed as a percentage or in parts per million (physics) the ratio of the number of atoms of a specific isotope of an element to the total number of isotopes present plenty a full supply; "there was plenty of food for everyone" profusion the property of being extremely abundant; "the profusion of detail"; "the idiomatic richness of English" wealth the quality of profuse abundance; "she has a wealth of talent" property that has economic utility: a monetary value or an exchange value an abundance of material possessions and resources the state of being rich and affluent; having a plentiful supply of material goods and money; "great wealth is not a sign of great intelligence" luxuriance the property of being lush and abundant and a pleasure to the senses overgrowth a profusion of growth on or over something else greenness the lush appearance of flourishing vegetation the state of not being ripe wilderness a bewildering profusion; "the duties of citizenship are lost sight of in the wilderness of interests of individuals and groups"; "a wilderness of masts in the harbor" a wild and uninhabited area left in its natural condition; "it was a wilderness preserved for the hawks and mountaineers" (politics) a state of disfavor; "he led the Democratic party back from the wilderness" scarcity a small and inadequate amount dearth an insufficient quantity or number an acute insufficiency golden mean the middle between extremes immoderation the quality of being excessive and lacking in moderation excess immoderation as a consequence of going beyond sufficient or permitted limits a quantity much larger than is needed more than is needed, desired, or required; "trying to lose excess weight"; "found some extra change lying on the dresser"; "yet another book on heraldry might be thought redundant"; "skills made redundant by technological advance"; "sleeping in the spare room"; "supernumerary ornamentation"; "it was supererogatory of her to gloat"; "delete superfluous (or unnecessary) words"; "extra ribs as well as other supernumerary internal parts"; "surplus cheese distributed to the needy" sun protection factor the degree to which a sunscreen protects the skin from the direct rays of the sun exorbitance excessive excess luxury something that is an indulgence rather than a necessity wealth as evidenced by sumptuous living overabundance a quantity that is more than what is appropriate; "four-year-olds have an overabundance of energy"; "we received an inundation of email" glut the quality of being so overabundant that prices fall bellyful an undesirable overabundance; "a bellyful of your complaints" overplus extreme excess; "an embarrassment of riches" margin an amount beyond the minimum necessary; "the margin of victory" the blank space that surrounds the text on a page; "he jotted a note in the margin" the amount of collateral a customer deposits with a broker when borrowing from the broker to buy securities the boundary line or the area immediately inside the boundary margin of safety the margin required in order to insure safety; "in engineering the margin of safety is the strength of the material minus the anticipated stress" narrow margin a small margin; "the president was not humbled by his narrow margin of victory"; "the landslide he had in the electoral college obscured the narrowness of a victory based on just 43% of the popular vote" numerousness a large number multitudinousness a very large number (especially of people) innumerableness a number beyond counting majority the property resulting from being or relating to the greater in number of two parts; the main part; "the majority of his customers prefer it"; "the bulk of the work is finished" (elections) more than half of the votes the age at which persons are considered competent to manage their own affairs minority being or relating to the smaller in number of two parts; "when the vote was taken they were in the minority"; "he held a minority position" a group of people who differ racially or politically from a larger group of which it is a part any age prior to the legal age fewness the quality of being small in number extent the distance or area or volume over which something extends; "the vast extent of the desert"; "an orchard of considerable extent" the point or degree to which something extends; "the extent of the damage"; "the full extent of the law"; "to a certain extent she was right" coverage the extent to which something is covered; "the dictionary's coverage of standard English is excellent" the news as presented by reporters for newspapers or radio or television; "they accused the paper of biased coverage of race relations" the total amount and type of insurance carried frontage the extent of land abutting on a street or water the direction in which something (such as a building) faces limit the greatest possible degree of something; "what he did was beyond the bounds of acceptable behavior"; "to the limit of his ability" the boundary of a specific area as far as something can go the greatest amount of something that is possible or allowed; "there are limits on the amount you can bet"; "it is growing rapidly with no limitation in sight" the mathematical value toward which a function goes as the independent variable approaches infinity restrict or confine within limits; "I limit you to two visits to the pub a day"; "please confine your questions to the topic"; "our actions are circumscribed by our biology, personality, and by the social and cultural context into which we are born" knife-edge a narrow boundary; "he lived on a knife-edge between genius and insanity" starkness the quality of being complete or utter or extreme; "the starkness of his contrast between justice and fairness was open to many objections" thermal barrier a limit to high speed flight imposed by aerodynamic heating utmost the greatest possible degree; "he tried his utmost" scope an area in which something acts or operates or has power or control: "the range of a supersonic jet"; "a piano has a greater range than the human voice"; "the ambit of municipal legislation"; "within the compass of this article"; "within the scope of an investigation"; "outside the reach of the law"; "in the political orbit of a world power" approximate range near to the scope or range of something; "his answer wasn't even in the right ballpark" confines a bounded scope; "he stayed within the confines of the city" internationality quality of being international in scope; "he applauded the internationality of scientific terminology" head register the higher ranges of the voice in speaking or singing; the vibrations of sung notes are felt in the head falsetto a male singing voice with artificially high tones in an upper register artificially high; above the normal voice range; "a falsetto voice" chest register the lower ranges of the voice in speaking or singing latitude scope for freedom of e.g. action or thought; freedom from restriction the angular distance between an imaginary line around a heavenly body parallel to its equator and the equator itself an imaginary line around the Earth parallel to the equator freedom from normal restraints in conduct; "the new freedom in movies and novels"; "allowed his children considerable latitude in how they spent their money" horizon the range of interest or activity that can be anticipated; "It is beyond the horizon of present knowledge" the line at which the sky and Earth appear to meet the great circle on the celestial sphere whose plane passes through the sensible horizon and the center of the Earth a specific layer or stratum of soil or subsoil in a vertical cross section of land gamut a complete extent or range: "a face that expressed a gamut of emotions" the entire scale of musical notes spectrum a broad range of related objects or values or qualities or ideas or activities an ordered array of the components of an emission or wave acreage an area of ground used for some particular purpose (such as building or farming); "he wanted some acreage to build on" footprint the area taken up by some object; "the computer had a desktop footprint of 10 by 16 inches" a mark of a foot or shoe on a surface; "the police made casts of the footprints in the soft earth outside the window" a trace suggesting that something was once present or felt or otherwise important; "the footprints of an earlier civilization" arm's length a distance sufficient to exclude intimacy light time distance measured in terms of the speed of light (or radio waves); "the light time from Jupiter to the sun is approximately 43 minutes" skip distance the shortest distance that permits radio signals (of a given frequency) to travel from the transmitter to the receiver by reflection from the ionosphere wingspan linear distance between the extremities of an airfoil wingspread distance between the tips of the wings (as of a bird or insect) when fully extended yardage distance measured in the aggregate number of yards; "what is the yardage of this golf course?" hour distance measured by the time taken to cover it; "we live an hour from the airport"; "its just 10 minutes away" a period of time equal to 1/24th of a day; "the job will take more than an hour" clock time; "the hour is getting late" a special and memorable period; "it was their finest hour" mileage distance measured in miles a travel allowance at a given rate per mile traveled the ratio of the number of miles traveled to the number of gallons of gasoline burned altitude elevation especially above sea level or above the earth's surface; "the altitude gave her a headache" the perpendicular distance from the base of a geometric figure to the opposite vertex (or side if parallel) sea level level of the ocean's surface (especially that halfway between mean high and low tide); used as a standard in reckoning land elevation or sea depth absolute ceiling the maximum altitude at which an airplane can maintain horizontal flight combat ceiling altitude above which a plane cannot climb faster than a given rate coextension equality of extension or duration curtailment the temporal property of being cut short briefness the temporal property of being very short bottomlessness the property of being very deep; without limit shallowness the quality of lacking physical depth; "take into account the shallowness at that end of the pool before you dive" width the extent of something from side to side wideness the property of being wide; having great width narrowness the property of being narrow; having little width; "the narrowness of the road" a restriction of range or scope; "the problem with achievement tests is the narrowness they impose on students"; "the attraction of the book is precisely its narrowness of focus"; "frustrated by the narrowness of people's horizons" height the vertical dimension of extension; distance from the base of something to the top squatness the property of being short and broad third dimension the dimension whereby a solid object differs from a two-dimensional drawing of it worth the quality that renders something desirable or valuable or useful an indefinite quantity of something having a specified value; "10 dollars worth of gasoline" merit any admirable quality or attribute; "work of great merit" demerit the quality of being inadequate or falling short of perfection; "they discussed the merits and demerits of her novel"; "he knew his own faults much better than she did" a mark against a person for misconduct or failure; usually given in school or armed forces; "ten demerits and he loses his privileges" praisworthiness the property of deserving praise worthwhileness value sufficient to repay time or effort spent worthlessness having no qualities that would render it valuable or useful; "the drill sergeant's intent was to convince all the recruits of their worthlessness" the quality of being without practical use fecklessness worthlessness due to being feeble and ineffectual groundlessness the quality of lacking substance or value; "the groundlessness of their report was quickly recognized" paltriness worthlessness due to insignificance valuelessness having none of the properties that endow something with value shoddiness the quality of being cheaply imitative of something better damn something of little value; "his promise is not worth a damn"; "not worth one red cent"; "not worth shucks" used as expletives; "oh, damn (or goddamn)!" vanity the quality of being valueless or futile; "he rejected the vanities of the world" invaluableness the positive quality of being precious and beyond value gold something likened to the metal in brightness or preciousness or superiority etc.; "the child was as good as gold"; "she has a heart of gold" great wealth; "Whilst that for which all virtue now is sold, and almost every vice--almighty gold"--Ben Jonson coins made of gold a soft yellow malleable ductile (trivalent and univalent) metallic element; occurs mainly as nuggets in rocks and alluvial deposits; does not react with most chemicals but is attacked by chlorine and aqua regia made from or covered with gold; "gold coins"; "the gold dome of the Capitol"; "the golden calf"; "gilded icons" price the high value or worth of something; "her price is far above rubies" value measured by what must be given or done or undergone to obtain something; "the cost in human life was enormous"; "the price of success is hard work"; "what price glory?" a monetary reward for helping to catch a criminal; "the cattle thief has a price on his head" the amount of money needed to purchase something; "the price of gasoline"; "he got his new car on excellent terms"; "how much is the damage?" cost of bribing someone; "they say that every politician has a price" ascertain or learn the price of; "Have you priced personal computers lately?" determine the price of; "The grocer priced his wares high" desirability the quality of being worthy of desiring undesirability the quality possessed by something that should be avoided benefit something that aids or promotes well-being; "for the benefit of all" a performance to raise money for a charitable cause financial assistance in time of need be beneficial for; "This will do you good" advantage benefit resulting from some event or action; "it turned out to my advantage"; "reaping the rewards of generosity" the quality of having a superior or more favorable position; "the experience gave him the advantage over me" (tennis) first point scored after deuce give an advantage to; "This system advantages the rich" sake a reason for wanting something done; "for your sake"; "died for the sake of his country"; "in the interest of safety"; "in the common interest" the purpose of achieving or obtaining; "for the sake of argument" Japanese alcoholic beverage made from fermented rice; usually served hot better something superior in quality or condition or effect; "a change for the better" the superior one of two alternatives; "chose the better of the two" a superior person having claim to precedence; "the common man has been kept in his place by his betters" get better; "The weather improved toward evening" to make better; "The editor improved the manuscript with his changes" surpass in excellence; "She bettered her own record"; "break a record" (comparative of `good') superior to another (of the same class or set or kind) in excellence or quality or desirability or suitability; more highly skilled than another; "You're a better man than I am, Gunga Din"; "a better coat"; "a better type of car"; "a suit with a better fit"; "a better chance of success"; "produced a better mousetrap"; "she's better in math than in history" (comparative of `good') changed for the better in health or fitness; "her health is better now"; "I feel better" more than half; "argued for the better part of an hour" comparative of `well'; in a better or more excellent manner or more advantageously or attractively or to a greater degree etc.; "She had never sung better"; "a deed better left undone"; "better suited to the job" from a position of superiority or authority; "father knows best"; "I know better." optimum most favorable conditions or greatest degree or amount possible under given circumstances most desirable possible under a restriction expressed or implied; "an optimum return on capital"; "optimal concentration of a drug" bad that which is below standard or expectations as of ethics or decency; "take the bad with the good" feeling physical discomfort or pain (`tough' is occasionally used colloquially for `bad'); "my throat feels bad"; "she felt bad all over"; "he was feeling tough after a restless night" (of foodstuffs) not in an edible or usable condition; "bad meat"; "a refrigerator full of spoilt food" not working properly; "a bad telephone connection"; "a defective appliance" reproduced fraudulently; "like a bad penny..."; "a forged twenty dollar bill" having undesirable or negative qualities; "a bad report card"; "his sloppy appearance made a bad impression"; "a bad little boy"; "clothes in bad shape"; "a bad cut"; "bad luck"; "the news was very bad"; "the reviews were bad"; "the pay is bad"; "it was a bad light for reading"; "the movie was a bad choice" characterized by wickedness or immorality; "led a very bad life" capable of harming; "bad air"; "smoking is bad for you" physically unsound or diseased; "has a bad back"; "a bad heart"; "bad teeth"; "an unsound limb"; "unsound teeth" very intense; "a bad headache"; "in a big rage"; "had a big (or bad) shock"; "a bad earthquake"; "a bad storm" not financially safe or secure; "a bad investment"; "high risk investments"; "anything that promises to pay too much can't help being risky"; "speculative business enterprises" nonstandard; "so-called bad grammar" below average in quality or performance; "a bad chess player"; "a bad recital" not capable of being collected; "a bad (or uncollectible) debt" worse something inferior in quality or condition or effect; "for better or for worse"; "accused of cheating and lying and worse" (comparative of `bad') inferior to another in quality or condition or desirability; "this road is worse than the first one we took"; "the road is in worse shape than it was"; "she was accused of worse things than cheating and lying" changed for the worse in health or fitness; "I feel worse today"; "her cold is worse" (comparative of `ill') in a less effective or successful or desirable manner; "he did worse on the second exam" Four Horsemen (New Testament) the four evils that will come at the end of the world: conquest rides a white horse; war a red horse; famine a black horse; plague a pale horse monetary value the property of having material worth (often indicated by the amount of money something would bring if sold); "the fluctuating monetary value of gold and silver"; "he puts a high price on his services"; "he couldn't calculate the cost of the collection" average cost total cost for all units bought (or produced) divided by the number of units marginal cost the increase or decrease in costs as a result of one more or one less unit of output expensiveness the quality of being high-priced assessment the market value set on assets an amount determined as payable; "the assessment for repairs outraged the club's membership" tax assessment the value set on taxable property costliness the quality possessed by something with a great price or value lavishness the quality possessed by something that is excessively expensive inexpensiveness the quality of being affordable bargain rate a price below the standard price fruitfulness the quality of something that causes or assists healthy growth productiveness the quality of being productive or having the power to produce fruitlessness the quality of yielding nothing of value a lack of creative imagination unproductiveness the quality of lacking the power to produce detergency detergent quality; the quality of having cleansing power raison d'etre the purpose that justifies a thing's existence reason for being helpfulness the property of providing useful assistance avail a means of serving; "of no avail"; "there's no help for it" use to one's advantage; "He availed himself of the available resources" take or use; "She helped herself to some of the office supplies" be of use to, be useful to; "It will avail them to dispose of their booty" serviceability the quality of being able to provide good service inutility the quality of having no practical use futility uselessness as a consequence of having no practical result practicality concerned with actual use rather than theoretical possibilities functionality capable of serving a purpose well; "software with greater functionality" sensibleness the quality of showing good sense or practical judgment realism the attribute of accepting the facts of life and favoring practicality and literal truth (philosophy) the philosophical doctrine that physical objects continue to exist when not perceived practicability the quality of being usable feasibility the quality of being doable impracticality concerned with theoretical possibilities rather than actual use idealism impracticality by virtue of thinking of things in their ideal form rather than as they really are (philosophy) the philosophical theory that ideas are the only reality romanticism impractical romantic ideals and attitudes an exciting and mysterious quality (as of a heroic time or adventure) knight errantry quixotic (romantic and impractical) behavior (Middle Ages) the code of conduct observed by a knight errant who is wandering in search of deeds of chivalry impracticability the quality of not being usable infeasibility the quality of not being doable competence the quality of being adequately or well qualified physically and intellectually linguistic competence (linguistics) a speaker's implicit, internalized knowledge of the rules of their language (contrasted with linguistic performance) proficiency the quality of having great facility and competence skillfulness in the command of fundamentals deriving from practice and familiarity; "practice greatly improves proficiency" incompetence lack of physical or intellectual ability or qualifications inability of a part or organ to function properly asset a useful or valuable quality resource a source of aid or support that may be drawn upon when needed; "the local library is a valuable resource" the ability to deal resourcefully with unusual problems; "a man of resource" available source of wealth; a new or reserve supply that can be drawn upon when needed shadow refuge from danger or observation; "he felt secure in his father's shadow" a premonition of something adverse; "a shadow over his happiness" an inseparable companion; "the poor child was his mother's shadow" a dominating and pervasive presence; "he received little recognition working in the shadow of his father" shade within clear boundaries follow, usually without the person's knowledge; "The police are shadowing her" make appear small by comparison; "This year's debt dwarfs that of last year" cast a shadow over resourcefulness the quality of being able to cope with a difficult situation; "a man of great resourcefulness" inner resource a resource provided by the mind or one's personal capabilities; "to have an inner resource against loneliness" bargaining chip leverage in the form of an inducement or a concession useful in successful negotiations handicap advantage given to a competitor to equalize chances of winning put at a disadvantage; "The brace I have to wear is hindering my movements" attempt to forecast the winner (especially in a horse race) and assign odds for or against a contestant homecourt advantage the advantage of playing on your home court in front of fans who are rooting for you profit the advantageous quality of being beneficial make a profit; gain money or materially; "The company has not profited from the merger" derive a benefit from; "She profited from his vast experience" account the quality of taking advantage; "she turned her writing skills to good account" importance or value; "a person of considerable account"; "he predicted that although it is of small account now it will rapidly increase in importance" a statement of recent transactions and the resulting balance; "they send me an accounting every month" a formal contractual relationship established to provide for regular banking or brokerage or business services; "he asked to see the executive who handled his account" furnish a justifying analysis or explanation; "I can't account for the missing money" keep an account of be the sole or primary factor in the existence, acquisition, supply, or disposal of something; "Passing grades account for half of the grades given in this exam" profitableness the quality of affording gain or benefit or profit preference grant of favor or advantage to one over another (especially to a country or countries in matters of international trade, such as levying duties) the right or chance to choose; "given my druthers, I'd eat cake" a strong liking; "my own preference is for good literature"; "the Irish have a penchant for blarney" privilege a special advantage or immunity or benefit not enjoyed by all (law) the right to refuse to divulge information obtained in a confidential relationship bestow a privilege upon expedience the quality of being suited to the end in view inside track a favorable position in a competition; "the boss's son had the inside track for that job" the inner side of a curved racecourse upper hand position of advantage and control green thumb a special ability to make plants grow weak point an attribute that is inadequate or deficient common good the good of a community unsoundness not mentally or physically healthy; "no one can be a poet without a certain unsoundness of mind" a misconception that is fallacious and not true or valid; "the unsoundness of his conclusion was obvious" a condition of damage or decay advisability the quality of being advisable; "they questioned the advisability of our policy" favorableness the quality of being encouraging or promising of a successful outcome auspiciousness the favorable quality of strongly indicating a successful result liability the quality of being something that holds you back the state of being legally obliged and responsible disadvantage the quality of having an inferior or less favorable position put at a disadvantage; hinder, harm; "This rule clearly disadvantages me" unfavorableness the quality of not being encouraging or indicative of success inauspiciousness the quality of suggesting an unsuccessful result defect a failing or deficiency; "that interpretation is an unfortunate defect of our lack of information" an imperfection in a bodily system; "visual defects"; "this device permits detection of defects in the lungs" an imperfection in an object or machine; "a flaw caused the crystal to shatter"; "if there are any defects you should send it back to the manufacturer" desert (a cause, a country or an army), often in order to join the opposing cause, country, or army; "If soldiers deserted Hitler's army, they were shot" penalty (games) a handicap or disadvantage that is imposed on a competitor (or a team) for an infraction of the rules of the game the disadvantage or painful consequences of an action or condition; "neglected his health and paid the penalty" a payment required for not fulfilling a contract game misconduct (ice hockey) a penalty that suspends a player for the remainder of a game (but allows the team to send in a substitute for the suspended player) death toll the number of deaths resulting from some particular cause such as an accident or a battle or a natural disaster drawback the quality of being a hindrance; "he pointed out all the drawbacks to my plan" inadvisability the quality of being ill-advised inexpedience the quality of being unsuited to the end in view unprofitableness the quality of affording no gain or no benefit or no profit constructiveness the quality of serving to build or improve destructiveness the quality of causing destruction poison anything that harms or destroys; "the poison of fascism" any substance that causes injury or illness or death of a living organism administer poison to; "She poisoned her husband but he did not die" add poison to; "Her husband poisoned her drink in order to kill her" kill with poison; "She poisoned her husband" kill by its poison; "This mushrooms can poison" spoil as if by poison; "poison someone's mind"; "poison the atmosphere in the office" affirmativeness the agreeable quality of one who assents assertiveness aggressive self-assurance; given to making bold assertions bumptiousness offensive boldness and assertiveness occidentalism the quality or customs or mannerisms characteristic of Western civilizations orientalism the quality or customs or mannerisms characteristic of Asian civilizations; "orientalisms can be found in Mozart's operas" importance the quality of being important and worthy of note; "the importance of a well-balanced diet" a prominent status; "a person of importance" big deal anything of great importance or consequence momentousness utmost importance prominence relative importance the state of being prominent: widely known or eminent greatness the property possessed by something or someone of outstanding importance or eminence significance the quality of being significant; "do not underestimate the significance of nuclear power" a meaning that is not expressly stated but can be inferred; "the significance of his remark became clear only later"; "the expectation was spread both by word and by implication" historicalness significance owing to its history the state of having in fact existed in the past meaningfulness the quality of having great value or significance purposefulness the quality of having a definite purpose consequence having important effects or influence; "decisions of great consequence are made by the president himself"; "virtue is of more moment than security"; "that result is of no consequence" the outcome of an event especially as relative to an individual a phenomenon that follows and is caused by some previous phenomenon; "the magnetic effect was greater when the rod was lengthwise"; "his decision had depressing consequences for business"; "he acted very wise after the event" hell to pay dire consequences; "when the pig ran away there was hell to pay" essentiality basic importance vitalness the quality of being essential to maintain life indispensability the quality possessed by something that you cannot possibly do without urgency pressing importance requiring speedy action; "the urgency of his need" an urgent situation calling for prompt action; "I'll be there, barring any urgencies"; "they departed hurriedly because of some great urgency in their affairs" the state of being urgent; an earnest and insistent necessity imperativeness the quality of being insistent; "he pressed his demand with considerable instancy" the state of demanding notice or attention; "the insistence of their hunger"; "the press of business matters" unimportance the quality of not being important or worthy of note inessentiality not of basic importance dispensability the quality possessed by something that you can get along without joke a triviality not to be taken seriously; "I regarded his campaign for mayor as a joke" a humorous anecdote or remark intended to provoke laughter; "he told a very funny joke"; "he knows a million gags"; "thanks for the laugh"; "he laughed unpleasantly at his own jest"; "even a schoolboy's jape is supposed to have some ascertainable point" act in a funny or teasing way tell a joke; speak humorously; "He often jokes even when he appears serious" insignificance the quality of having little or no significance meaninglessness the quality of having no value or significance; "he resented the meaninglessness of the tasks they assigned him" inanity total lack of meaning or ideas purposelessness the quality of lacking any definite purpose inconsequence having no important effects or influence advowson the right in English law of presenting a nominee to a vacant ecclesiastical benefice due that which is deserved or owed; "give the devil his due" a payment that is due (e.g., as the price of membership); "the society dropped him for non-payment of dues" owed and payable immediately or on demand; "payment is due" suitable to or expected in the circumstances; "all due respect"; "due cause to honor them"; "a long due promotion"; "in due course"; "due esteem"; "exercising due care" directly or exactly; straight; "went due North" authority official permission or approval; "authority for the program was renewed several times" the power or right to give orders or make decisions; "he has the authority to issue warrants"; "deputies are given authorization to make arrests"; "a place of potency in the state" an authoritative written work; "this book is the final authority on the life of Milton" an expert whose views are taken as definitive; "he is an authority on corporate law" (usually plural) persons who exercise (administrative) control over others; "the authorities have issued a curfew" human right (law) any basic right or freedom to which all human beings are entitled and in whose exercise a government may not interfere (including rights to life and liberty as well as freedom of thought and expression and equality before the law) legal right a right based in law compulsory process the right of a defendant to have a court use its subpoena power to compel the appearance of material witnesses before the court conjugal right the right of married persons to the enjoyment of association and sympathy and confidence and domestic happiness and the comfort of living together and eating meals at the same table and profiting from joint property right and the intimacies of domestic relations conjugal visitation right the legal right in a prison for the inmate and spouse to have sexual intercourse prerogative a right reserved exclusively by a particular person or group (especially a hereditary or official right); "suffrage was the prerogative of white adult males" public easement any easement enjoyed by the public in general (as the public's right to use public streets) easement (law) the privilege of using something that is not your own (as using another's land as a right of way to your own land) privilege of the floor the right to be admitted onto the floor of a legislative assembly while it is in session attorney-client privilege the right of a lawyer to refuse to divulge confidential information from his client informer's privilege the right of the government to refuse to reveal the identity of an informer journalist's privilege the right of a journalist to refuse to divulge sources of confidential information marital communications privilege neither spouse can divulge confidential communications from the other while they were married physician-patient privilege the right of a physician to refuse to divulge confidential information from a patient without the consent of the patient priest-penitent privilege the right of a clergyman to refuse to divulge confidential information received from a person during confession or similar exchanges open door freedom of access; "he maintained an open door for all employees" title an established or recognized right; "a strong legal claim to the property"; "he had no documents confirming his title to his father's estate"; "he staked his claim" an identifying appellation signifying status or function: e.g. `Mr.' or `General'; "the professor didn't like his friends to use his formal title" an appellation signifying nobility; "`your majesty' is the appropriate title to use in addressing a king" the name of a work of art or literary composition etc.; "he looked for books with the word `jazz' in the title"; "he refused to give titles to his paintings"; "I can never remember movie titles" a heading that names a statute or legislative bill; may give a brief summary of the matters it deals with; "Title 8 provided federal help for schools" (usually plural) written material introduced into a movie or TV show to give credits or represent dialogue or explain an action; "the titles go by faster than I can read" a general or descriptive heading for a section of a written work; "the novel had chapter titles" entitlement right granted by law or contract (especially a right to benefits); "entitlements make up the major part of the federal budget" right to privacy right to be free of unsanctioned intrusion right to life the right to live right to liberty the right to be free right to the pursuit of happiness the right to try to find happiness freedom of thought the right to hold unpopular ideas equality before the law the right to equal protection of the laws civil right right or rights belonging to a person by reason of citizenship including especially the fundamental freedoms and privileges guaranteed by the 13th and 14th amendments and subsequent acts of Congress including the right to legal and social and economic equality civil liberty fundamental individual right protected by law and expressed as immunity from unwarranted governmental interference one's freedom to exercise one's rights as guaranteed under the laws of the country habeas corpus the civil right to obtain a writ of habeas corpus as protection against illegal imprisonment a writ ordering a prisoner to be brought before a judge freedom of religion a civil right guaranteed by the First Amendment to the US Constitution freedom of speech a civil right guaranteed by the First Amendment to the US Constitution freedom of the press a right guaranteed by the First Amendment to the US Constitution freedom of assembly the right to peaceably assemble and to petition the government for redress of grievances; guaranteed by the First Amendment to the US Constitution freedom to bear arms a right guaranteed by the 2nd amendment to the US Constitution freedom from search and seizure a right guaranteed by the 4th amendment to the US Constitution right to due process a right guaranteed by the Fifth Amendment to the US Constitution; reaffirmed by the Fourteenth Amendment freedom from self-incrimination the civil right (guaranteed by the Fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution) to refuse to answer questions or otherwise give testimony against yourself freedom from double jeopardy a civil right guaranteed by the Fifth Amendment to the US Constitution right to speedy and public trial by jury a civil right guaranteed by the 6th amendment to the US Constitution right to an attorney a civil right guaranteed by the 6th amendment to the US Constitution right to confront accusors a right guaranteed by the 6th amendment to the US Constitution freedom from cruel and unusual punishment a right guaranteed by the 8th amendment to the US Constitution freedom from involuntary servitude a civil right guaranteed by the 13th amendment to the US Constitution equal protection of the laws a right guaranteed by the Fourteenth Amendment to the US Constitution and by the due-process clause of the Fifth Amendment right to vote a legal right guaranteed by the 15th amendment to the US Constitution; guaranteed to women by the 19th amendment; "American women got the vote in 1920" universal suffrage suffrage for all adults who are not disqualified by the laws of the country freedom from discrimination immunity from discrimination on the basis of race or sex or nationality or religion or age; guaranteed by federal laws of the United States equal opportunity the right to equivalent opportunities for employment regardless of race or color or sex or national origin eminent domain the right of the state to take private property for public use; the Fifth Amendment that was added to the Constitution of the United States requires that just compensation be made franchise a statutory right or privilege granted to a person or group by a government (especially the rights of citizenship and the right to vote) an authorization to sell a company's goods or services in a particular place a business established or operated under an authorization to sell or distribute a company's goods or services in a particular area grant a franchise to right of action the legal right to sue right of search the right of a belligerent to stop neutral ships on the high seas in wartime and search them states' rights the rights conceded to the states by the United States constitution a doctrine that federal powers should be curtailed and returned to the individual states voting right the right to vote; especially the right of a common shareholder to vote in person or by proxy on the affairs of a company water right right of access to water patent right the right granted by a patent; especially the exclusive right to an invention right of election in probate law: the legal right of a surviving spouse to elect to take either what the deceased spouse gave under the will or the share of the estate as set forth by statute right of entry the legal right to take possession of real estate in a peaceable manner right of re-entry the legal right to resume possession (a right that was reserved when a former possession was parted with) right of offset (banking) the legal right of a bank to seize deposited funds to cover a loan that is in default right of privacy a legal right (not explicitly provided in the United States Constitution) to be left alone; the right to live life free from unwarranted publicity usufruct a legal right to use and derive profit from property belonging to someone else provided that the property itself is not injured in any way visitation right the right granted by a court to a parent (or other relative) who is deprived of custody of a child to visit the child on a regular basis power possession of controlling influence; "the deterrent power of nuclear weapons"; "the power of his love saved her"; "his powerfulness was concealed by a gentle facade" one possessing or exercising power or influence or authority; "the mysterious presence of an evil power"; "may the force be with you"; "the forces of evil" (physics) the rate of doing work; measured in watts (= joules/second) supply the force or power for the functioning of; "The gasoline powers the engines" puissance power to influence or coerce; "the puissance of the labor vote" persuasiveness the power to induce the taking of a course of action or the embracing of a point of view by means of argument or entreaty; "the strength of his argument settled the matter" convincingness the power of argument or evidence to cause belief irresistibility the quality of being overpowering and impossible to resist interest the power of attracting or holding one's attention (because it is unusual or exciting etc.); "they said nothing of great interest"; "primary colors can add interest to a room" a sense of concern with and curiosity about someone or something; "an interest in music" (usually plural) a social group whose members control some field of activity and who have common aims; "the iron interests stepped up production" (law) a right or legal share of something; a financial involvement with something; "they have interests all over the world"; "a stake in the company's future" a fixed charge for borrowing money; usually a percentage of the amount borrowed; "how much interest do you pay on your mortgage?" excite the curiosity of; engage the interest of newsworthiness the quality of being sufficiently interesting to be reported in news bulletins; "the judge conceded the newsworthiness of the trial"; "he is no longer news in the fashion world" topicality the attribute of being of interest at the present time; "the library had to discard books that had lost their topicality" sway controlling influence dead hand the oppressive influence of past events or decisions grip an intellectual hold or understanding; "a good grip on French history"; "they kept a firm grip on the two top priorities"; "he was in the grip of a powerful emotion"; "a terrible power had her in its grasp" worker who moves the camera around while a film or television show is being made the friction between a body and the surface on which it moves (as between an automobile tire and the road) hold fast or firmly; "He gripped the steering wheel" pressure a force that compels; "the public brought pressure to bear on the government" the somatic sensation that results from applying force to an area of skin; "the sensitivity of his skin to pressure and temperature was normal" the force applied to a unit area of surface; measured in pascals (SI unit) or in dynes (cgs unit); "the compressed gas exerts an increased pressure" an oppressive condition of physical or mental or social or economic distress duress compulsory force or threat; "confessed under duress" heartbeat an animating or vital unifying force; "New York is the commercial heartbeat of America" lifeblood an essential or life-giving force; "water is the lifeblood of India" the blood considered as the seat of vitality repellent the power to repel; "she knew many repellents to his advances" a chemical substance that repels animals a compound with which fabrics are treated to repel water incapable of absorbing or mixing with; "a water-repellent fabric"; "plastic highly resistant to steam and water" hydrophobicity the property of being water-repellent; tending to repel and not absorb water corporatism control of a state or organization by large interest groups; "individualism is in danger of being swamped by a kind of corporatism" iron fist rigorous or ruthless control; "she rules the office with an iron fist"; "it takes an iron fist to contain the dissenting factions" carte blanche complete freedom or authority to act imperium supreme authority; absolute dominion lordship the authority of a lord muscle authority or power or force (especially when used in a coercive way); "the senators used their muscle to get the party leader to resign" animal tissue consisting predominantly of contractile cells one of the contractile organs of the body make one's way by force; "He muscled his way into the office" sovereignty the authority of a state to govern another state government free from external control legal power (law) the right and power to interpret and apply the law; "courts having jurisdiction in this district" free will the power of making free choices unconstrained by external agencies self-determination determination of one's own fate or course of action without compulsion effectiveness power to be effective; the quality of being able to bring about an effect incisiveness keenness and forcefulness of thought or expression or intellect efficacy capacity or power to produce a desired effect; "concern about the safety and efficacy of the vaccine" ability the quality of being able to perform; a quality that permits or facilitates achievement or accomplishment possession of the qualities (especially mental qualities) required to do something or get something done; "danger heightened his powers of discrimination" interoperability (computer science) the ability to exchange and use information (usually in a large heterogeneous network made up of several local area networks) magical ability an ability to perform magic lycanthropy (folklore) the magical ability of a person to assume the characteristics of a wolf Midas touch an ability to make and manage large amounts of money physical ability the ability to perform some physical act; contrasting with mental ability contractility the capability or quality of shrinking or contracting, especially by muscle fibers and even some other forms of living matter astringency the ability to contract or draw together soft body tissues to check blood flow or restrict secretion of fluids a sharp astringent taste; the taste experience when a substance causes the mouth to pucker lung-power the ability to speak loudly capability the quality of being capable -- physically or intellectually or legally; "he worked to the limits of his capability" an aptitude that may be developed the susceptibility of something to a particular treatment; "the capability of a metal to be fused" defensibility capability of being defended; "they built their castles with an eye to their defensibility"; "client complaints create a felt need for the defensibility of individual actions" executability capability of being executed; "the job is executable for two million dollars"; "this contract is not executable" military capability capability in terms of personnel and materiel that affect the capacity to fight a war; "we faced an army of great strength"; "politicians have neglected our military posture" firepower (military) the relative capacity for delivering fire on a target operating capability the capability of a technological system to perform as intended powerlessness the quality of lacking strength or power; being weak and feeble helplessness powerlessness revealed by an inability to act; "in spite of their weakness the group remains active" a feeling of being unable to manage the state of needing help from something unpersuasiveness inability to persuade uninterestingness inability to capture or hold one's interest voicelessness having no voice in the management or control of affairs; "the voicelessness of those who live in situations of hopelessness" boringness extreme dullness; lacking spirit or interest tediousness dullness owing to length or slowness ponderousness an oppressive quality that is laborious and solemn and lacks grace or fluency; "a book so serious that it sometimes subsided into ponderousness"; "his lectures tend to heaviness and repetition" inability lacking the power to perform lack of ability (especially mental ability) to do something paper tiger the nature of a person or organization that appears powerful but is actually powerless and ineffectual; "he reminded Mao that the paper tiger had nuclear teeth" incapability the quality of not being capable -- physically or intellectually or legally lack of potential for development incapacity lack of physical or natural qualifications lack of intellectual power ineffectiveness lacking the power to be effective inefficacy a lack of efficacy stardust a dreamy romantic or sentimental quality analyticity the property of being analytic compositeness the property of being a composite number primality the property of being a prime number selectivity the property of being selective infiniteness the quality of being infinite; without bound or limit finiteness the quality of being finite quantifiability the quality of being measurable ratability the quality of being capable of being rated or estimated the state of being liable to assessment or taxation scalability the quality of being scalable solubility the quality of being soluble and easily dissolved in liquid the quantity of a particular substance that can dissolve in a particular solvent (yielding a saturated solution) insolubility the quality of being insoluble and difficult to dissolve in liquid comicality the quality of being comical pathos a quality that arouses emotions (especially pity or sorrow); "the film captured all the pathos of their situation" a style that has the power to evoke feelings optimism a general disposition to expect the best in all things the optimistic feeling that all is going to turn out well pessimism a general disposition to look on the dark side and to expect the worst in all things the feeling that things will turn out badly epicurism the disposition and habits of an epicure gourmandism the disposition and habits of a gourmand brachycephaly the quality of being brachycephalic dolichocephaly the quality of being dolichocephalic relativity the quality of being relative and having significance only in relation to something else (physics) the theory that space and time are relative concepts rather than absolute concepts response the manner in which an electrical or mechanical device responds to an input signal or a range of input signals a phrase recited or sung by the congregation following a versicle by the priest or minister a result; "this situation developed in response to events in Africa" responsiveness the quality of being responsive; reacting quickly; as a quality of people, it involves responding with emotion to people and events responsive to stimulation unresponsiveness the quality of being unresponsive; not reacting; as a quality of people, it is marked by a failure to respond quickly or with emotion to people or events; "she began to recover from her numb unresponsiveness after the accident"; "in an instant all the deadness and withdrawal were wiped away" frigidity sexual unresponsiveness (especially of women) and inability to achieve orgasm during intercourse subjectivism the quality of being subjective (philosophy) the doctrine that knowledge and value are dependent on and limited by your subjective experience fair use the conditions under which you can use material that is copyrighted by someone else without paying royalties fruition enjoyment derived from use or possession the condition of bearing fruit vascularity the property being vascular; "a prominent vascularity" snootiness the quality of being snooty; "he disliked his neighbors' snootiness" totipotency the ability of a cell to give rise to unlike cells and so to develop a new organism or part; "animal cells lose their totipotency at an early stage in embryonic development" ulteriority the quality of being ulterior; "their conversation was limited to ulteriorities"; "a terrible feeling of ulteriority"; "his stories were too susceptible to ulteriority" solvability the property (of a problem or difficulty) that makes it possible to solve unsolvability the property (of a problem or difficulty) that makes it impossible to solve memorability the quality of being worth remembering; "continuous change results in lack of memorability"; "true memorability of phrase" woodiness the quality of abounding in trees waxiness the quality of being made of wax or covered with wax life form the characteristic bodily form of a mature organism human body alternative names for the body of a human being; "Leonardo studied the human body"; "he has a strong physique"; "the spirit is willing but the flesh is weak" cadaver the dead body of a human being; "the cadaver was intended for dissection"; "the end of the police search was the discovery of a corpse"; "the murderer confessed that he threw the stiff in the river"; "honor comes to bless the turf that wraps their clay" cremains the remains of a dead body after cremation mummy a body embalmed and dried and wrapped for burial (as in ancient Egypt) live body the body of a living animal or person juvenile body the body of a young person child's body the body of a human child adult body the body of an adult human being male body the body of a male human being female body the body of a female human being adult female body the body of an adult woman adult male body the body of an adult man body part any part of an organism such as an organ or extremity corpus the main part of an organ or other bodily structure a collection of writings; "he edited the Hemingway corpus" adnexa accessory or adjoining anatomical parts or appendages to an organ (especially of the embryo); "Fallopian tubes and ovaries are adnexa of the uterus" groove (anatomy) any furrow or channel on a bodily structure or part a long narrow furrow cut either by a natural process (such as erosion) or by a tool (as e.g. a groove in a phonograph record) make a groove in, or provide with a groove; "groove a vinyl record" septum (anatomy) a dividing partition between two tissues or cavities a partition or wall especially in an ovary nasal septum a partition of bone and cartilage between the nasal cavities costal groove groove between the ribs where the nerves and blood vessels are fissure (anatomy) a long narrow slit or groove that divides an organ into lobes break into fissures or fine cracks sulcus (anatomy) any of the narrow grooves in an organ or tissue especially those that mark the convolutions on the surface of the brain fissure of Rolando a brain fissure extending upward on the lateral surface of both hemispheres; separates the frontal and parietal lobes fissure of Sylvius the deepest and most prominent of the cortical fissures; separates the frontal lobes and temporal lobes in both hemispheres parieto-occipital sulcus a sulcus near the posterior end of each hemisphere that separates the parietal lobes and the occipital lobes in both hemispheres calcarine sulcus a sulcus in the mesial surface of the occipital lobe of the cerebrum hilus (anatomy) a depression or fissure where vessels or nerves or ducts enter a bodily organ; "the hilus of the kidney" erogenous zone any area of the body especially sensitive to sexual stimulation external body part any body part visible externally arthromere any of the segments in the body of a jointed animal like an arthropod birth canal a passage in the uterus and vagina through which a fetus passes during vaginal birth carina any of various keel-shaped structures or ridges such as that on the breastbone of a bird or that formed by the fused petals of a pea blossom carina fornicis ridge on the lower surface of the fornix of the brain fornix an arched bundle of white fibers at the base of the brain by which the hippocampus of each hemisphere projects to the contralateral hippocampus and to the thalamus and mamillary bodies generally any arch shaped structure (but often it refers to the arched roof of an anatomical space) mamillary body one of two small round structures on the undersurface of the brain that form the terminals of the anterior arches of the fornix cauda any taillike structure chiasma an intersection or crossing of two tracts in the form of the letter X cingulum (anatomy) an encircling structure (as the ridge around the base of a tooth) optic chiasma the crossing of the optic nerves from the two eyes at the base of the brain optic radiation a nerve pathway from the lateral geniculate body to the visual cortex concha (anatomy) a structure that resembles a shell in shape nasal concha one of several turbinate bones in the nasal cavity germ a small apparently simple structure (as a fertilized egg) from which new tissue can develop into a complete organism infundibulum any of various funnel-shaped parts of the body (but especially the hypophyseal stalk) landmark an anatomical structure used as a point of origin in locating other anatomical structures (as in surgery) or as point from which measurements can be taken a mark showing the boundary of a piece of land an event marking a unique or important historical change of course or one on which important developments depend; "the agreement was a watershed in the history of both nations" the position of a prominent or well-known object in a particular landscape; "the church steeple provided a convenient landmark" craniometric point a landmark on the skull from which craniometric measurements can be taken acanthion the craniometric point at the anterior extremity of the intermaxillary suture asterion the craniometric point at the junction of the lamboid suture and the occipitomastoid suture and the parietomastoid suture auriculare the craniometric point at the center of the opening of the external acoustic meatus bregma the craniometric point at the junction of the sagittal and coronal sutures at the top of the cranium condylion the craniometric point at the tip of the mandibular condyle coronion the craniometric point at the tip of the coronoid process of the mandible crotaphion the tip of the greater wing of the sphenoid bone dacryon the craniometric point at the junction of the anterior border of the lacrimal bone with the frontal bone entomion the craniometric point at the tip of the angular part of the parietal bone that articulates with the temporal bone glabella a smooth prominence of the frontal bone between and above the eyebrows; the most forward projecting point of the forehead in the midline at the level of the supraorbital ridges gnathion the most inferior point of the mandible in the midline gonion the craniometric point on either side at the apex of the lower jaw inion the craniometric point that is the most prominent point at the back of the head (at the occipital protuberance) jugale the craniometric point at the union of the frontal and temporal processes of the zygomatic bone lambda the craniometric point at the junction of the sagittal and lamboid sutures of the skull the 11th letter of the Greek alphabet mandibular notch small indentation in the middle of the lower jawbone mastoidale the craniometric point at the lowest point of the mastoid process metopion the craniometric point midway between the frontal eminences of the skull nasion the craniometric point at the bridge of the nose where the frontal and nasal bones of the skull meet obelion the craniometric point on the sagittal suture near the lamboid suture ophryon the craniometric point in the midline of the forehead immediately above the orbits orbitale the craniometric point at the lowest point on the lower edge of the orbit pogonion the craniometric point that is the most forward-projecting point on the anterior surface of the chin prosthion craniometric point that is the most anterior point in the midline on the alveolar process of the maxilla pterion the craniometric point in the region of the sphenoid fontanelle rhinion the anterior tip at the end of the suture of the nasal bones sphenion the anterior tip of the parietal bone stephanion the craniometric point on the coronal suture above the acoustic meatus symphysion the most forward point of the alveolar process of the mandible limbus a border or edge of any of various body parts distinguished by color or structure radicle (anatomy) a small structure resembling a rootlet (such as a fibril of a nerve) plexus a network of intersecting blood vessels or intersecting nerves or intersecting lymph vessels aortic plexus a plexus of lymph nodes in the lower portion of the abdominal aorta autonomic plexus a plexus of sympathetic and parasympathetic nerve fibers nerve plexus a network of intersecting nerves body covering any covering for the body or a body part pressure point an area on the skin that is highly sensitive to pressure; "you must know the pressure points in order to administer shiatsu" where problems or difficulties are likely to occur; "a key pressure point in the controversy was the building permit" any of several points on the body where the pulse can be felt and where pressure on an underlying artery will control bleeding from that artery at a more distal point integument an outer protective covering such as the skin of an animal or a cuticle or seed coat or rind or shell skin graft a piece of skin taken from a donor area and surgically grafted at the site of an injury or burn dewlap a hanging fold of loose skin on an elderly person's neck epithelium membranous tissue covering internal organs and other internal surfaces of the body exuviae cast-off skins or coverings of various organisms during ecdysis epidermis the outer layer of the skin covering the exterior body surface of vertebrates endothelium an epithelium of mesoblastic origin; a thin layer of flattened cells that lines the inside of some body cavities mesothelium epithelium originating in the embryonic mesoderm; lines the primordial body cavity neuroepithelium epithelium associated with special sense organs and containing sensory nerve endings skin cell any of the cells making up the skin epidermal cell any of the cells making up the epidermis melanoblast an epidermal cell that is a precursor of a melanocyte melanocyte a cell in the basal layer of the epidermis that produces melanin under the control of the melanocyte-stimulating hormone prickle cell a cell in the germinal layer of the skin (the prickle-cell layer); has many spines and radiating processes epithelial cell one of the closely packed cells forming the epithelium columnar cell an epithelial cell that is shaped like a column; some have cilia spongioblast any of various columnar epithelial cells in the central nervous system that develop into neuroglia cuboidal cell an epithelial cell that shaped like a cube goblet cell an epithelial cell that secretes mucous hair cell a sensory epithelial cell present in the organ of Corti Kupffer's cell specialized cells in the liver that destroy bacteria, foreign proteins, and worn-out blood cells squamous cell an epithelial cell that is flat like a plate and form a single layer of epithelial tissue stratum corneum the outermost layer of the epidermis consisting of dead cells that slough off stratum lucidum the layer of epidermis immediately under the stratum corneum in the skin of the palms and soles stratum granulosum the layer of epidermis just under the stratum corneum or (on the palms and soles) just under the stratum lucidum; contains cells (with visible granules) that die and move to the surface stratum germinativum the innermost layer of the epidermis dermis the deep vascular inner layer of the skin mantle (zoology) a protective layer of epidermis in mollusks or brachiopods that secretes a substance forming the shell the cloak as a symbol of authority; "place the mantle of authority on younger shoulders" the layer of the earth between the crust and the core cover like a mantle; "The ivy mantles the building" spread over a surface, like a mantle plaque (pathology) a small abnormal patch on or inside the body amyloid plaque a plaque consisting of tangles of amyloid protein in nervous tissue (a pathological mark of Alzheimer's disease) arterial plaque a fatty deposit inside an arterial wall; characteristic of atherosclerosis dental plaque a film of mucus and bacteria deposited on the teeth that encourages the development of dental caries macule a patch of skin that is discolored but not usually elevated; caused by various diseases freckle a small brownish spot (of the pigment melanin) on the skin mark with freckles become freckled; "I freckle easily" liver spot a type of skin disease that causes brown spots on the skin plague spot a spot on the skin characteristic of the plague whitehead a small whitish lump in the skin due to a clogged sebaceous gland blackhead a black-tipped plug clogging a pore of the skin pore any small opening in the skin or outer surface of an animal any tiny hole admitting passage of a liquid (fluid or gas) aortic orifice the orifice from the lower left chamber of the heart to the aorta stoma a mouth or mouthlike opening (especially one created by surgery on the surface of the body to create an opening to an internal organ) a minute epidermal pore in a leaf or stem through which gases and water vapor can pass tubule a small tube microtubule a microscopically small tubule salpinx a tube in the uterus or the ear nephron any of the small tubules that are the excretory units of the vertebrate kidney malpighian body the capsule that contains Bowman's capsule and a glomerulus at the expanded end of a nephron Bowman's capsule thin double membrane surrounding the glomerulus of a nephron glomerulus a small intertwined group of capillaries in the malpighian body; it filters the blood during urine formation tomentum a network of tiny blood vessels between the cerebral surface of the pia mater and the cerebral cortex meatus a natural body passageway auditory meatus either of the passages in the outer ear from the auricle to the tympanic membrane deltoid tuberosity a bump on the outside of the humerus where the deltoid muscle attaches nasal meatus the passages in the nasal cavity formed by the projections of the nasal conchae spinal canal the canal in successive vertebrae through which the spinal cord passes spinal nerve root one of two roots of the spinal nerves anastomosis a natural or surgical joining of parts or branches of tubular structures so as to make or become continuous orifice an aperture or hole that opens into a bodily cavity; "the orifice into the aorta from the lower left chamber of the heart" porta hepatis opening for major blood vessels to enter and leave the liver spiracle a breathing orifice blowhole the spiracle of a cetacean located far back on the skull ductule a very small duct canaliculus a small canal or duct as in some bones and parts of plants canal of Schlemm a circular canal in the eye that drains aqueous humor from the anterior chamber of the eye into the anterior ciliary veins venous sinus a wide channel containing blood; does not have the coating of an ordinary blood vessel cavernous sinus either of a pair of large venous sinuses in the cranial cavity coronary sinus a short sinus receiving most of the veins of the heart; empties into the right atrium sigmoid sinus an S-shaped dural sinus on the temporal and occipital bones straight sinus an unpaired sinus of the dura mater transverse sinus a paired dural sinus; terminates in the sigmoid sinus sinus any of various air-filled cavities especially in the bones of the skull ethmoid sinus a sinus of the meatuses of the nasal cavity (behind the bridge of the nose) frontal sinus one of a pair of cavities in the frontal bone maxillary sinus one of a pair of sinuses forming a cavity in the maxilla paranasal sinus any of the paired sinuses in the bones of the face adjacent to the nasal cavity that are lined with mucous membrane that is continuous with the lining of the nasal cavities sinusoid tiny endothelium-lined passages for blood in the tissue of an organ locule a small cavity or space within an organ or in a plant or animal lumen a cavity or passage in a tubular organ; "the lumen of the intestine" a unit of luminous flux equal to the amount of light given out through a solid angle of 1 steradian by a point source of 1 candela intensity radiating uniformly in all directions ingrown hair a hair that does not emerge from the follicle but remains embedded in the skin (usually causing inflammation) headful a covering over the surface of your head; "a headful of tight curls"; "a headful of lice" the quantity of information that a head will hold; "he has a headful of baseball statistics" body hair short hair growing over a person's body lanugo the fine downy hair covering a human fetus; normally shed during the ninth month of gestation hairline the natural margin formed by hair on the head a very thin line widow's peak a V-shaped point in the hairline in the middle of the forehead cowlick a tuft of hair that grows in a different direction from the rest of the hair and usually will not lie flat hairdo the arrangement of the hair (especially a woman's hair) bouffant a woman's hairstyle in which the hair gives a puffy appearance being puffed out; used of hair style or clothing; "a bouffant skirt" sausage curl a fat sausage-shaped curl quiff a prominent forelock (especially one brushed upward from the forehead) crimp a lock of hair that has been artificially waved or curled someone who tricks or coerces men into service as sailors or soldiers curl tightly; "crimp hair" make ridges into by pinching together pin curl a curl of hair made by dampening a strand of hair and curling it and holding the curl with a clip or bobby pin spit curl a spiral curl plastered on the forehead or cheek dreadlock one of many long thin braids of hair radiating from the scalp; popularized by Rastafarians Afro a rounded thickly curled hairdo bang a border of hair that is cut short and hangs across the forehead a sudden very loud noise the swift release of a store of affective force; "they got a great bang out of it"; "what a boot!"; "he got a quick rush from injecting heroin"; "he does it for kicks" move noisily; "The window banged shut"; "The old man banged around the house" to produce a sharp often metallic explosive or percussive sound; "One of them banged the sash of the window nearest my bed" directly; "he ran bang into the pole"; "ran slap into her" finger wave a wave made with the fingers chignon a roll of hair worn at the nape of the neck queue a braid of hair at the back of the head (information processing) an ordered list of tasks to be performed or messages to be transmitted a line of people or vehicles waiting for something pigtail a plait of braided hair marcel a hairdo characterized by deep regular waves that are made by a heated curling iron make a marcel in a woman's hair pageboy a smooth hair style with the ends of the hair curled inward pompadour a hair style in which the front hair is swept up from the forehead style women's hair in a pompadour ponytail a hair style that draws the hair back so that it hangs down in back of the head like a pony's tail permanent wave a series of waves in the hair made by applying heat and chemicals brush cut a short haircut with hairs standing up like a brush crew cut a closely cropped haircut; usually for men or boys mohawk haircut in which the head is shaved except for a band of hair down the middle of the scalp scalp lock a long tuft of hair left on top of the shaven head facial hair hair on the face (especially on the face of a man) fuzz the first beard of an adolescent boy mustache an unshaved growth of hair on the upper lip; "he looked younger after he shaved off his mustache" soup-strainer slang for a mustache mustachio a large bushy moustache (with hair growing sometimes down the sides of the mouth) walrus mustache a bushy droopy mustache sideburn facial hair that has grown down the side of a man's face in front of the ears (especially when the rest of the beard is shaved off) goatee a small chin beard trimmed to a point; named for its resemblance to a goat's beard stubble short stiff hairs growing on a man's face when he has not shaved for a few days vandyke beard a short pointed beard (named after the artist Anthony Vandyke) soul patch a small patch of facial hair just below the lower lip and above the chin pubic hair hair growing in the pubic area minge vulgar term for a woman's pubic hair or genitals body substance the substance of the body solid body substance the solid parts of the body scab the crustlike surface of a healing skin lesion someone who works (or provides workers) during a strike form a scab; "the wounds will eventually scab" eschar a dry scab formed on the skin following a burn or cauterization of the skin fundus (anatomy) the base of a hollow organ or that part of the organ farthest from its opening; "the uterine fundus"; "the fundus of the stomach" funiculus any of several body structure resembling a cord nodule a small node (mineralogy) a small rounded lump of mineral substance (usually harder than the surrounding rock or sediment) small rounded wartlike protuberance on a plant smear a thin tissue or blood sample spread on a glass slide and stained for cytologic examination and diagnosis under a microscope slanderous defamation make a smudge on; soil by smudging stain by smearing or daubing with a dirty substance alimentary tract smear any of several cytologic smears obtained from different parts of the alimentary tract; obtained by specialized lavage techniques and used mainly to diagnose cancer in those parts esophageal smear alimentary tract smear of material obtained from the esophagus gastric smear alimentary tract smear of material obtained from the stomach oral smear alimentary tract smear of material obtained from the mouth paraduodenal smear alimentary tract smear of material obtained from the duodenum cervical smear a sample of secretions and superficial cells of the uterine cervix and uterus; examined with a microscope to detect any abnormal cells lower respiratory tract smear any of several cytologic smears obtained from different parts of the lower respiratory tract; used for cytologic study of cancer and other diseases of the lungs vaginal smear smear taken from the vaginal mucosa for cytological analysis specimen a bit of tissue or blood or urine that is taken for diagnostic purposes; "they collected a urine specimen for urinalysis" an example regarded as typical of its class cytologic specimen a specimen used for cytologic examination and diagnosis isthmus a cord-like tissue connecting two larger parts of an anatomical structure a relatively narrow strip of land (with water on both sides) connecting two larger land areas tissue part of an organism consisting of an aggregate of cells having a similar structure and function a soft thin (usually translucent) paper animal tissue the tissue in the bodies of animals flesh the soft tissue of the body of a vertebrate: mainly muscle tissue and fat remove adhering flesh from (hides) when preparing leather manufacture areolar tissue fibrous connective tissue with the fibers arranged in a mesh or net beta cell a cell that produces insulin in the isles of Langerhans in the pancreas capillary bed a layer of tissue densely packed with capillaries parenchyma animal tissue that constitutes the essential part of an organ as contrasted with e.g. connective tissue and blood vessels the primary tissue of higher plants composed of thin-walled cells that remain capable of cell division even when mature; constitutes the greater part of leaves, roots, the pulp of fruits, and the pith of stems interstitial tissue tissue between the cells of a structure or part in plant or animal adipose tissue a kind of body tissue containing stored fat that serves as a source of energy; it also cushions and insulates vital organs; "fatty tissue protected them from the severe cold" flab loose or flaccid body fat atheroma a fatty deposit in the intima (inner lining) of an artery; can obstruct blood flow cellulite lumpy deposits of body fat especially on women's thighs etc. puppy fat fat on the body of a baby or child; disappears at adolescence anklebone the bone in the ankle that articulates with the leg bones to form the ankle joint bare bone bone stripped of flesh cuboid bone the cube shaped bone on the outer side of the tarsus carpal bone any of the eight small bones of the wrist of primates carpal tunnel a passageway in the wrist through which nerves and the flexor muscles of the hands pass scaphoid bone the largest wrist bone on the thumb side lunate bone one of the eight small wrist bones triquetral a wrist bone that articulates with the pisiform and hamate and lunate bones pisiform a small wrist bone that articulates only with the triquetral trapezium the wrist bone on the thumb side of the hand that articulates with the 1st and 2nd metacarpals a quadrilateral with no parallel sides trapezoid the wrist bone between the trapezium and the capitate bones a quadrilateral with two parallel sides capitate the wrist bone with a rounded head shape that articulates with the 3rd metacarpus being abruptly enlarged and globose at the tip hamate the wrist bone in line with the 4th and 5th fingers cartilage bone any bone that develops within cartilage rather than a fibrous tissue centrum the main body of a vertebra cheekbone the arch of bone beneath the eye that forms the prominence of the cheek clavicle bone linking the scapula and sternum coccyx the end of the vertebral column in humans and tailless apes dentine bone (calcified tissue) surrounding the pulp cavity of a tooth a calcareous material harder and denser than bone that comprises the bulk of a tooth ethmoid one of the eight bones of the cranium; a small bone filled with air spaces that forms part of the eye sockets and the nasal cavity heelbone the largest tarsal bone; forms the human heel hipbone large flaring bone forming one half of the pelvis; made up of the ilium and ischium and pubis hyoid a U-shaped bone at the base of the tongue that supports the tongue muscles of or relating to the hyoid bone ilium the upper and widest of the three bones making up the hipbone ischium one of the three sections of the hipbone; situated below the ilium long bone in limbs of vertebrate animals: a long cylindrical bone that contains marrow lower jaw the jaw in vertebrates that is hinged to open the mouth ramus the posterior part of the mandible that is more or less vertical raphe a ridge that forms a seam between two parts palatine raphe the seam at the middle of the hard palate mandibular joint the joint between the head of the lower jawbone and the temporal bone membrane bone any bone that develops within membranous tissue without previous cartilage formation; e.g. the clavicle and bones of the skull mentum a projection below the mouth of certain mollusks that resembles a chin a projection like a chin formed by the sepals and base of the column in some orchids metacarpal any bone of the hand between the wrist and fingers of or relating to the metacarpus; "metacarpal bones" metatarsal any bone of the foot between the ankle and the toes of or relating to the metatarsus; "metatarsal bones" nasal an elongated rectangular bone that forms the bridge of the nose ossicle a small bone; especially one in the middle ear auditory ossicle ossicles of the middle ear that transmit acoustic vibrations from the eardrum to the inner ear palatine either of two irregularly shaped bones that form the back of the hard palate and helps to form the nasal cavity and the floor of the orbits (Middle Ages) the lord of a palatinate who exercised sovereign powers over his lands any of various important officials in ancient Rome of or relating to a palace of or relating to a count palatine and his royal prerogatives patella a small flat triangular bone in front of the knee that protects the knee joint phalanx any of the bones of the fingers or toes a body of troops in close array any closely ranked crowd of people pubis one of the three sections of the hipbone; together these two bones form the front of the pelvis punctum (anatomy) a point or small area round bone bones that are round in shape sacrum wedge-shaped bone consisting of five fused vertebrae forming the posterior part of the pelvis; its base connects with the lowest lumbar vertebra and its tip with the coccyx scapula either of two flat triangular bones one on each side of the shoulder in human beings glenoid fossa the concavity in the head of the scapula that receives the head of the humerus to form the shoulder joint a deep concavity in the temporal bone at the root of the zygomatic arch that receives the condyle of the mandible acromion the outermost point of the spine of the shoulder blade sesamoid bone any of several small round bones formed in a tendon where it passes over a joint short bone a bone that is of approximately equal dimension in all directions sphenoid bone butterfly-shaped bone at the base of the skull sternum the flat bone that articulates with the clavicles and the first seven pairs of ribs gladiolus the large central part of the breastbone any of numerous plants of the genus Gladiolus native chiefly to tropical and South Africa having sword-shaped leaves and one-sided spikes of brightly colored funnel-shaped flowers; widely cultivated manubrium the upper part of the breastbone xiphoid process smallest of the three parts of the breastbone; articulates with the corpus sternum and the seventh rib tarsal any bone of the tarsus of or relating to or near the tarsus of the foot; "tarsal bones" temporal bone a thick bone forming the side of the human cranium and encasing the inner ear primary dentition dentition of deciduous teeth secondary dentition dentition of permanent teeth dentition the kind and number and arrangement of teeth (collectively) in a person or animal diastema a gap or vacant space between two teeth pulp cavity the central cavity of a tooth containing the pulp (including the root canal) chopper informal terms for a human `tooth' carnassial tooth the last upper premolar and first lower molar teeth of a carnivore; having sharp edges for cutting flesh turbinate bone any of the scrolled spongy bones of the nasal passages in man and other vertebrates tympanic bone the bone enclosing the middle ear upper jaw the jaw in vertebrates that is fused to the cranium vertebra one of the bony segments of the spinal column intervertebral disc a fibrocartilaginous disc serving as a cushion between all of the vertebrae of the spinal column (except between the first two) zygoma the slender arch formed by the temporal process of the cheekbone that bridges to the zygomatic process of the temporal bone hip socket the socket part of the ball-and-socket joint between the head of the femur and the innominate bone eye socket the bony cavity in the skull containing the eyeball tooth socket a bony socket in the alveolar ridge that holds a tooth marrow the fatty network of connective tissue that fills the cavities of bones large elongated squash with creamy to deep green skins very tender and very nutritious tissue from marrowbones any of various squash plants grown for their elongated fruit with smooth dark green skin and whitish flesh red marrow bone marrow of children and some adult bones that is required for the formation of red blood cells yellow marrow bone marrow that is yellow with fat; found at the ends of long bones in adults axolemma outer membrane covering an axon basilar membrane a membrane in the cochlea that supports the organ of Corti cambium the inner layer of the periosteum a formative one-cell layer of tissue between xylem and phloem in most vascular plants that is responsible for secondary growth connective tissue tissue of mesodermal origin consisting of e.g. collagen fibroblasts and fatty cells; supports organs and fills spaces between them and forms tendons and ligaments collagen a fibrous scleroprotein in bone and cartilage and tendon and other connective tissue; yields gelatin on boiling elastic tissue connective tissue consisting chiefly of elastic fibers found in the dermis of the skin and in the walls of veins and arteries and in some tendons and ligaments endoneurium delicate connective tissue around individual nerve fibers in nerve elastin a fibrous scleroprotein found in elastic tissues such as the walls of arteries lymphatic tissue tissue making up the lymphatic system cartilage tough elastic tissue; mostly converted to bone in adults fibrocartilage cartilage that is largely composed of fibers like those in ordinary connective tissue hyaline cartilage translucent cartilage that is common in joints and the respiratory passages; forms most of the fetal skeleton erectile tissue vascular tissue capable of filling with blood and becoming rigid contractile organ a bodily organ that contracts striated muscle tissue muscle tissue characterized by transverse stripes skeletal muscle a muscle that is connected at either or both ends to a bone and so move parts of the skeleton; a muscle that is characterized by transverse stripes voluntary muscle striated muscle that can be controlled voluntarily abductor a muscle that draws a body part away from the median line musculus abductor digiti minimi manus the abductor muscle of the little finger musculus abductor digiti minimi pedis the abductor muscles of the little toe musculus abductor hallucis the abductor muscle of the great toe musculus abductor pollicis the abductor muscle of the thumb adductor a muscle that draws a body part toward the median line musculus adductor brevis the short adductor muscle of the thigh musculus adductor longus the long adductor muscle of the thigh musculus adductor magnus the muscle that adducts and extends the thigh musculus adductor hallucis the adductor muscle of the great toe pronator a muscle that produces or assists in pronation supinator a muscle (especially in the forearm) that produces or assists in supination levator a muscle that serves to lift some body part (as the eyelid or lip) anconeous muscle the muscle that extends the forearm and abducts the ulna in pronation of the wrist antagonistic muscle (physiology) a muscle that opposes the action of another; "the biceps and triceps are antagonistic muscles" articular muscle a muscle that inserts directly onto the capsule of a joint musculus articularis cubiti a small branch of the triceps that inserts into the capsule of the elbow joint musculus articularis genus the articular muscle of the knee cheek muscle a muscle that flattens the cheek and retracts the angle of the mouth masseter a large muscle that raises the lower jaw and is used in chewing platysma either of two broad muscles located on either side of the neck and innervated by the facial nerve; extends from lower jaw to clavicle and is involved in moving the mouth and jaw extensor muscle a skeletal muscle whose contraction extends or stretches a body part quadriceps a muscle of the thigh that extends the leg fibrous tissue tissue consisting of or containing fibers in both animals and plants trabecula rod-shaped structures of fibrous tissue that divide an organ into parts (as in the penis) or stabilize the structure of an organ (as in the spleen) falciform ligament a ligament that attaches part of the liver to the diaphragm and the abdominal wall round ligament of the uterus ligament attached to the uterus on either side in front of and below the opening of the Fallopian tube and passing through the inguinal canal to the labia majora perineurium the sheath of connective tissue that covers a bundle of nerve fibers perimysium the sheath of connective tissue that covers a bundle of muscle fibers tendon a cord or band of inelastic tissue connecting a muscle with its bony attachment flexor muscle a skeletal muscle whose contraction bends a joint articulatory system the system of joints in the body nervous tissue tissue composed of neurons ganglion an encapsulated neural structure consisting of a collection of cell bodies or neurons autonomic ganglion any of the ganglia of the autonomic system whose unmyelinated fibers innervate the internal organs otic ganglion an autonomic ganglion whose postganglionic fibers are distributed to the parotid gland primordium an organ in its earliest stage of development; the foundation for subsequent development vital organ a bodily organ that is essential for life effector an organ (a gland or muscle) that becomes active in response to nerve impulses a nerve fiber that terminates on a muscle or gland and stimulates contraction or secretion external organ an organ that is situated on or near the surface of the body internal organ a main organ that is situated inside the body viscera internal organs collectively (especially those in the abdominal cavity); "`viscera' is the plural form of `viscus'" sense organ an organ having nerve endings (in the skin or viscera or eye or ear or nose or mouth) that respond to stimulation interoceptor any receptor that responds to stimuli inside the body exteroceptor any receptor that responds to stimuli outside the body third eye a sensory structure capable of light reception located on the dorsal side of the diencephalon in various reptiles baroreceptor a sensory receptor that responds to pressure chemoreceptor a sensory receptor that responds to chemical stimuli thermoreceptor a sensory receptor that responds to heat and cold auditory system the sensory system for hearing auditory apparatus all of the components of the organ of hearing including the outer and middle and inner ears visual system the sensory system for vision articulator a movable speech organ someone who pronounces words glottis the vocal apparatus of the larynx; the true vocal folds and the space between them where the voice tone is generated epiglottis a flap of cartilage that covers the windpipe while swallowing os a mouth or mouthlike opening buccal cavity the cavity between the jaws and the cheeks incompetent cervix (obstetrics) uterine cervix that becomes dilated before term and without labor often resulting in miscarriage or premature birth cervix necklike opening to the uterus cavity (anatomy) a natural hollow or sinus within the body soft decayed area in a tooth; progressive decay can lead to the death of a tooth space that is surrounded by something antrum a natural cavity or hollow in a bone cloaca (zoology) the cavity (in birds, reptiles, amphibians, most fish, and monotremes but not mammals) at the end of the digestive tract into which the intestinal, genital, and urinary tracts open vestibule any of various bodily cavities leading to another cavity (as of the ear or vagina) vestibule of the ear the central cavity of the bony labyrinth of the ear gingiva the tissue (covered by mucous membrane) of the jaws that surrounds the bases of the teeth tastebud an oval sensory end organ on the surface of the tongue taste cell an epithelial cell in a taste bud that activates sensory fibers of the facial nerve or the glossopharyngeal nerve or the vagus nerve speech organ any of the organs involved in speech production overlip the upper lip underlip the lower lip front tooth a tooth situated at the front of the mouth; "his malocclusion was caused by malposed anteriors" bucktooth a large projecting front tooth back tooth a tooth situated at the back of the mouth malposed tooth a tooth that has grown in a faulty position permanent tooth any of the 32 teeth that replace the deciduous teeth of early childhood and (with luck) can last until old age primary tooth one of the first temporary teeth of a young mammal (one of 20 in children) premolar a tooth having two cusps or points; located between the incisors and the molars incisor a tooth for cutting or gnawing; located in the front of the mouth in both jaws molar grinding tooth with a broad crown; located behind the premolars containing one mole of a substance; "molar weight" designating a solution containing one mole of solute per liter of solution of or pertaining to the grinding teeth in the back of a mammal's mouth; "molar teeth" wisdom tooth any of the last 4 teeth on each side of the upper and lower jaw; the last of the permanent teeth to erupt (between ages 16 and 21) root the embedded part of a bodily structure such as a tooth, nail, or hair (linguistics) the form of a word after all affixes are removed; "thematic vowels are part of the stem" (botany) the usually underground organ that lacks buds or leaves or nodes; absorbs water and mineral salts; usually it anchors the plant to the ground a number that, when multiplied by itself some number of times, equals a given number take root and begin to grow; "this plant roots quickly" cause to take roots plant by the roots cheer for; "She roots for the Broncos" come into existence, originate; "The problem roots in her depression" root canal the passage in the root of a tooth through which its nerve and blood vessels enter the pulp cavity cementum a specialized bony substance covering the root of a tooth pulp the soft inner part of a tooth an inexpensive magazine printed on poor quality paper any soft or soggy mass; "he pounded it to a pulp" a soft moist part of a fruit a mixture of cellulose fibers reduce to pulp; "pulp fruit"; "pulp wood" remove the pulp from, as from a fruit tonsil either of two masses of lymphatic tissue one on each side of the oral pharynx uvula a small pendant fleshy lobe at the back of the soft palate soft palate a muscular flap that closes off the nasopharynx during swallowing or speaking hard palate the bony part of the roof of the mouth palate the upper surface of the mouth that separates the oral and nasal cavities alveolar arch the part of the upper or lower jawbones in which the teeth are set alveolar ridge a ridge that forms the borders of the upper and lower jaws and contains the sockets of the teeth caul the inner membrane of embryos in higher vertebrates (especially when covering the head at birth) fetal membrane any membrane that functions for the protection or nourishment or respiration or excretion of a developing fetus naked eye the eye unaided by any optical instrument that alters the power of vision or alters the apparent size or distance of objects; "it is not safe to look directly at the sun with the naked eye" oculus dexter the right eye oculus sinister the left eye simple eye an eye having a single lens compound eye in insects and some crustaceans: composed of many light-sensitive elements each forming a portion of an image ommatidium any of the numerous small cone-shaped eyes that make up the compound eyes of some arthropods cell membrane a thin membrane (a double layer of lipids) enclosing the cytoplasm of a cell; proteins in the membrane control passage of ions (like sodium or potassium or calcium) in and out of the cell; "all cells have a cell membrane" choroid a highly vascular membrane in the eye between the retina and the sclera; a dark pigmentation minimizes the scattering of light inside the eye ciliary body the part of the tunic of the eye between the choroid coat and the iris; "the ciliary body produces aqueous humor" eyebrow the arch of hair above each eye protective fold a flap of tissue that protects what it covers eyelid either of two folds of skin that can be moved to cover or open the eye; "his lids would stay open no longer" canthus either of the corners of the eye where the upper and lower eyelids meet epicanthus a vertical fold of skin over the nasal canthus; typical for many east Asian peoples; sometimes occurs in Down's syndrome nasal canthus the inner corner of the eye temporal canthus the outer corner of the eye nictitating membrane a protective fold of skin in the eyes of reptiles and birds and some mammals haw the nictitating membrane of a horse utter `haw'; "he hemmed and hawed" eyelash any of the short curved hairs that grow from the edges of the eyelids conjunctiva a transparent lubricating mucous membrane that covers the eyeball and the under surface of the eyelid bulbar conjunctiva the part of the conjunctiva covering the anterior face of the sclera and the surface epithelium of the cornea palpebra conjunctiva the part of the conjunctiva lining the posterior surface of the eyelids; continuous with the bulbar conjunctiva pinguecula a slightly elevated elastic tissue deposit in the conjunctiva that may extend to the cornea but does not cover it eyeball the ball-shaped capsule containing the vertebrate eye ocular muscle one of the small muscles of the eye that serve to rotate the eyeball abducens muscle the ocular muscle whose contraction turns the eyeball outward rectus any of various straight muscles inferior rectus muscle the ocular muscle whose contraction turns the eyeball down and medially medial rectus muscle the ocular muscle whose contraction turns the eyeball medially superior rectus muscle the ocular muscle whose contraction turns the eyeball upward and medially cornea the transparent dome-shaped anterior portion of the outer covering of the eye; it covers the iris and pupil and is continuous with the sclera pterygium either of two thickened triangular layers of conjunctiva extending from the nasal edge of the eye to the cornea; it arises from irritation of the pinguecula arcus a whitish deposit in the shape of an arc that is sometimes seen in the cornea uvea the part of the eye that contains the iris and ciliary body and choroid uveoscleral pathway a tubule that drains excess aqueous humor aqueous humor the limpid fluid within the eyeball between the cornea and the lens vitreous humor the clear colorless transparent jelly that fills the posterior chamber of the eyeball eardrum the membrane in the ear that vibrates to sound endocranium membrane lining the inside of the skull endosteum vascular membrane that lines the inner surface of long bones ependyma thin epithelial membrane lining the ventricles of the brain and the spinal cord canal fertilization membrane the membrane that forms around a fertilized ovum and prevents penetration by additional spermatozoon hyaloid membrane the transparent membrane enveloping the vitreous humor of the eye and separating it from the retina intima the innermost membrane of an organ (especially the inner lining of an artery or vein or lymphatic vessel) pupil the contractile aperture in the center of the iris of the eye; resembles a large black dot lens cortex the tissue that surrounds the lens nucleus lens nucleus the central structure of the lens that is surrounded by the cortex ear the sense organ for hearing and equilibrium good hearing; "he had a keen ear"; "a good ear for pitch" attention to what is said; "he tried to get her ear" fruiting spike of a cereal plant especially corn organ of hearing the part of the ear that is responsible for sensations of sound inner ear a complex system of interconnecting cavities; concerned with hearing and equilibrium membranous labyrinth the sensory structures of the inner ear including the labyrinthine receptors and the cochlea; contained within the bony labyrinth bony labyrinth cavity in the petrous part of the temporal bone that contains the membranous labyrinth endolymph the bodily fluid that fills the membranous labyrinth of the inner ear perilymph the bodily fluid that fills the space between the bony labyrinth and the membranous labyrinth of the inner ear utricle a small pouch into which the semicircular canals open saccule a small sac or pouch (especially the smaller chamber of the membranous labyrinth) modiolus the central conical bony pillar of the cochlea organ of Corti the hearing organ of the inner ear; contains receptors that respond to sound waves vestibular apparatus organs mediating the labyrinthine sense; concerned with equilibrium semicircular canal one of three tube loops filled with fluid and in planes nearly at right angles with one another; concerned with equilibrium stretch receptor a receptor in a muscle that responds to stretching of the muscle tissue earlobe the fleshy pendulous part of the external human ear external ear the part of the ear visible externally auricle the externally visible cartilaginous structure of the external ear a small conical pouch projecting from the upper anterior part of each atrium of the heart tragus a small cartilaginous flap in front of the external opening of the ear cauliflower ear an auricle deformed by injury; common among boxers perforated eardrum an eardrum with a hole or tear in it; can interfere with normal hearing and cause other ear problems umbo a slight rounded elevation where the malleus attaches to the eardrum mediastinum the part of the thoracic cavity between the lungs that contains the heart and aorta and esophagus and trachea and thymus middle ear the main cavity of the ear; between the eardrum and the inner ear Eustachian tube either of the paired tubes connecting the middle ears to the nasopharynx; equalizes air pressure on the two sides of the eardrum fenestra a small opening covered with membrane (especially one in the bone between the middle and inner ear) fenestra ovalis fenestra that has the base of the stapes attached to it fenestra rotunda fenestra leading into the cochlea malleus the ossicle attached to the eardrum lens capsule a tenuous mesoblastic membrane surrounding the lens of the eye incus the ossicle between the malleus and the stapes stapes the stirrup-shaped ossicle that transmits sound from the incus to the cochlea cochlea the snail-shaped tube (in the inner ear coiled around the modiolus) where sound vibrations are converted into nerve impulses by the organ of Corti meninx a membrane (one of 3) that envelops the brain and spinal cord mucous membrane mucus-secreting membrane lining all body cavities or passages that communicate with the exterior periosteum a dense fibrous membrane covering the surface of bones (except at their extremities) and serving as an attachment for tendons and muscles; contains nerves and blood vessels that nourish the enclosed bone perithelium tissue layer around small blood vessels gland any of various organs that synthesize substances needed by the body and release it through ducts or directly into the bloodstream oil gland a gland that secretes oil sebaceous gland a cutaneous gland that secretes sebum (usually into a hair follicle) for lubricating hair and skin Meibomian gland a long sebaceous gland that lubricates the eyelids; "bacterial infection of a Meibomian gland produces a stye" Montgomery's tubercle one of the sebaceous glands on the areolae of the breast that lubricate the breast during breast-feeding exocrine gland a gland that secretes externally through a duct digestive system the system that makes food absorbable into the body endocrine system the system of glands that produce endocrine secretions that help to control bodily metabolic activity endocrine gland any of the glands of the endocrine system that secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream thyroid gland located near the base of the neck parathyroid gland any one of four endocrine glands situated above or within the thyroid gland sweat duct a small duct that conveys sweat from a sudoriferous gland to the surface of the skin sweat gland any of the glands in the skin that secrete perspiration apocrine gland a large sweat gland that produces both a fluid and an apocrine secretion; in human beings located in hairy regions of the body eccrine gland a small sweat gland that produces only a fluid; restricted to the human skin adrenal gland either of a pair of complex endocrine glands situated near the kidney prostate gland a firm partly muscular chestnut sized gland in males at the neck of the urethra; produces a viscid secretion that is the fluid part of semen lacrimal gland any of the glands in the eyes that secrete tears lacrimal duct any of several small ducts that carry tears from the lacrimal glands lacrimal sac either of the two dilated ends of the lacrimal ducts at the nasal ends of the eyes that fill with tears secreted by the lacrimal glands lacrimal bone small fragile bone making up part of the front inner walls of each eye socket and providing room for the passage of the lacrimal ducts nasolacrimal duct a duct that carries tears from the lacrimal sac to the nasal cavity thymus gland a ductless glandular organ at the base of the neck that produces lymphocytes and aids in producing immunity; atrophies with age kidney either of two bean-shaped excretory organs that filter wastes (especially urea) from the blood and excrete them and water in urine; "urine passes out of the kidney through ureters to the bladder" excretory organ an organ that separates waste substances from the blood and discharges them spleen a large dark-red oval organ on the left side of the body between the stomach and the diaphragm; produces cells involved in immune responses alveolar artery a branch of the maxillary artery that supplies the alveolar process inferior alveolar artery the alveolar artery that goes through the mandibular canal to supply the lower teeth superior alveolar artery the alveolar artery that supplies the upper teeth angular artery the terminal branch of the facial artery aorta the large trunk artery that carries blood from the left ventricle of the heart to branch arteries ascending aorta the ascending part of the aorta as it emerges from the left ventricle aortic arch the part of the aorta that arches and turns downward descending aorta the descending part of the aorta that branches into the thoracic and abdominal aortae abdominal aorta a branch of the descending aorta thoracic aorta a branch of the descending aorta; divides into the iliac arteries appendicular artery the branch of the ileocolic artery that supplies the vermiform appendix arcuate artery curved artery in the foot arcuate artery of the kidney curved arteries of the kidney arteriole one of the small thin-walled arteries that end in capillaries artery of the penis bulb a branch of the internal pudendal artery of males that supplies the bulb of the penis artery of the vestibule bulb a branch of the internal pudendal artery in females that supplies the bulb of the vestibule ascending artery the branch of the ileocolic artery that supplies the ascending colon auricular artery artery that supplies blood to the ear axillary artery the part of the main artery of the arm that lies in the armpit and is continuous with the subclavian artery above and the brachial artery below basilar artery an unpaired artery; supplies the pons and cerebellum and the back part of the cerebrum and the inner ear brachial artery the main artery of the upper arm; a continuation of the axillary artery; bifurcates into the radial and ulnar arteries at the elbow radial artery branch of the brachial artery beginning below the elbow and extending down the forearm around the wrist and into the palm bronchial artery arteries that accompany the bronchioles buccal artery a branch of the maxillary artery that supplies blood to the buccinator muscle and the cheek carotid artery either of two major arteries of the neck and head; branches from the aorta common carotid artery runs upward in the neck and divides into the external and internal carotid arteries external carotid artery the branch of the carotid artery that supplies blood to the face and tongue and external parts of the head internal carotid artery the branch of the carotid artery that supplies blood to the brain and eyes and internal parts of the head carotid body a chemoreceptor located near the bifurcations of the carotid arteries; monitors oxygen content of the blood and helps control respiration celiac trunk an artery that originates from the abdominal aorta just below the diaphragm and branches into the left gastric artery and the common hepatic artery and the splenic artery central artery of the retina a branch of the ophthalmic artery; enters the eyeball with the optic nerve cerebellar artery an artery that supplies the cerebellum inferior cerebellar artery the inferior branch of the cerebellar artery superior cerebellar artery the superior branch of the cerebellar artery cerebral artery any of the arteries supplying blood to the cerebral cortex anterior cerebral artery one of two branches of the internal carotid artery; divides into two branches that serve (1) the thalamus and (2) parts of the frontal and parietal cortex middle cerebral artery one of two branches of the internal carotid artery; divides into three branches posterior cerebral artery arises from the basilar artery; divides into three branches cervical artery an artery that supplies the muscles of the neck choroidal artery an artery that supplies the choroid plexus ciliary artery one of several arteries supplying the choroid coat of the eye circle of Willis a ring of arteries at the base of the brain circumflex artery any of several paired curving arteries circumflex artery of the thigh an artery that supplies the hip joint and thigh muscles circumflex humeral artery an artery that supplies the shoulder joint and shoulder muscles circumflex iliac artery an artery that supplies the lower abdominal walls and skin and the sartorius muscle circumflex scapular artery an artery that serves the muscles of the shoulder and scapular area colic artery arteries that supply blood to the colon communicating artery any of three arteries in the brain that make up the circle of Willis coronary artery the artery that branches from the aorta to supply blood to the heart atrial artery the branch of the coronary artery that supplies the muscles of the atria right coronary artery arises from the right aortic sinus; supplies the right side of the heart left coronary artery arises from the left aortic sinus; supplies the left side of the heart cystic artery a branch of the hepatic artery; supplies the gall bladder and the surface of the liver digital arteries arteries in the hand and foot that supply the fingers and toes epigastric artery one of three arteries supplying the anterior walls of the abdomen ethmoidal artery a branch of the ophthalmic artery supplying structures in and around the nasal capsule facial artery an artery that originates in the external carotid and gives off branches that supply the neck and face femoral artery the chief artery of the thigh; a continuation of the external iliac artery popliteal artery a continuation of the femoral artery that branches to supply the legs and feet gastric artery the arteries that supply the walls of the stomach right gastric artery a branch of the hepatic artery that supplies the pyloric portion of the stomach on the lesser curvature left gastric artery a branch of the celiac artery that supplies the lesser curvature of the stomach and the abdominal part of the esophagus short gastric artery several small arteries branching off of the splenic artery and going to the greater curvature of the stomach gluteal artery branches of the internal iliac artery that supply the hip joint and gluteal region hepatic artery arteries that supply the liver ileal artery branch of the superior mesenteric artery that supplies the ileum ileocolic artery an artery that originates from the superior mesenteric artery and supplies the terminal part of the ileum and the cecum and the vermiform appendix and the ascending colon iliac artery one of the large arteries supplying blood to the pelvis and legs common iliac artery terminal branches of the abdominal aorta external iliac artery the outer branch of the common iliac artery on either side of the body; becomes the femoral artery internal iliac artery the inner branch of the common iliac artery on either side of the body; divides into several branches that supply blood to the pelvic and gluteal areas iliolumbar artery an artery that originates in the internal iliac artery and supplies the pelvic muscles and bones infraorbital artery an artery that originates from the maxillary artery and supplies structures below the orbit (from lower eyelid to upper lip) innominate artery a large artery arising from the arch of the aorta and divides into the right subclavian artery and the right common carotid artery; supplies the right side of the neck and head and the right shoulder and arm intercostal artery several arteries and supplying the intercostal spaces of the rib cage jejunal artery an artery that is a branch of the superior mesenteric artery that supplies the jejunum labial artery an artery that is a branch of the facial artery that supplies the lips of the mouth inferior labial artery an artery that is a branch of the facial artery that supplies the lower lip superior labial artery an artery that is a branch of the facial artery that supplies the upper lip labyrinthine artery an artery that is a branch of the basilar artery that supplies the labyrinth lacrimal artery an artery that originates from the ophthalmic artery and supplies the lacrimal gland and rectal eye muscles and the upper eyelid and the forehead laryngeal artery either of two arteries that supply blood to the larynx lienal artery an artery that originates from the celiac trunk and supplies blood to the spleen lingual artery an artery originating from the external carotid artery and supplying the under side of the tongue lumbar artery one of four or five pairs of arteries that originate in the abdominal aorta and supply the lumbar vertebrae and the back muscles and abdominal wall maxillary artery either of two arteries branching from the external carotid artery and supplying structure of the face internal maxillary artery the maxillary artery that supplies deep structure of the face and some of the meninges meningeal artery any of three arteries supplying the meninges of the brain and neighboring structures anterior meningeal artery branch of the anterior ethmoidal artery that supplies meninges in the anterior cranial fossa middle meningeal artery branch of the maxillary artery; its branches supply meninges posterior meningeal artery branch of the ascending pharyngeal artery that supplies the dura mater of the posterior cranial fossa mesenteric artery one of two branches of the aorta that pass between the two layers of the mesentery to the intestines inferior mesenteric artery arises near the lower end of the aorta and supplies the large intestine superior mesenteric artery originates from the upper part of the aorta that supplies the small intestines and the cecum and the colon metacarpal artery dorsal and palmar arteries of the hand metatarsal artery dorsal and plantar arteries to the metatarsal region of the foot musculophrenic artery an artery that supplies the abdomen and intercostal muscles nutrient artery an artery that supplies the medullary cavity of the long bone ophthalmic artery a branch of the internal carotid artery that supplies the eye and neighboring structures ovarian artery the artery that branches from the aorta and supplies blood to the ovaries palatine artery one of several arteries supplying the face pancreatic artery a branch of the splenic artery that supplies the pancreas perineal artery a branch of the internal pudendal artery that supplies superficial structures of the perineum pudendal artery arteries supplying the external genital organs of humans pulmonary artery one of two arteries (branches of the pulmonary trunk) that carry venous blood from the heart to the lungs pulmonary trunk the artery that carries venous blood from the right ventricle of the heart and divides into the right and left pulmonary arteries rectal artery one of the arteries supplying the rectal area renal artery an artery originating from the abdominal aorta and supplying the kidneys and adrenal glands and ureters subclavian artery either of two arteries that supply blood to the neck and arms temporal artery any of the three arteries on either side of the brain supplying the cortex of the temporal lobe anterior temporal artery temporal artery that goes to the anterior part of the cerebral cortex of the temporal lobe intermediate temporal artery temporal artery that goes to the middle part of the cerebral cortex of the temporal lobe posterior temporal artery temporal artery that supplies the posterior part of the cortex of the temporal lobe testicular artery a branch of the aorta supplying the testicles ulnar artery large artery that branches from the brachial artery to supply the muscles of the forearm and wrist and hand uterine artery a branch of the internal iliac artery that supplies the uterus and the upper part of the vagina vaginal artery a branch of the internal iliac that provides blood for the vagina and the base of the bladder and the rectum vertebral artery the first branch of the subclavian artery; divided into four parts accessory cephalic vein a vein that passes along the radial edge of the forearm and joins the cephalic vein near the elbow accessory hemiazygos vein a vein formed by the union of the 4th to 7th posterior intercostal veins; empties into the azygos vein accessory vertebral vein a vein that accompanies the vertebral vein but passes through the foramen of the transverse process of the 7th cervical vertebra and empties into the brachiocephalic vein accompanying vein a vein accompanying another structure; a vein may accompany an artery in such a way that the arterial pulses aid venous return anastomotic vein either of two communicating veins serving the brain angular vein a short vein formed by the supraorbital vein and the supratrochlear vein and continuing as the facial vein anterior vertebral vein a vein that accompanies the ascending cervical artery and opens into the vertebral vein appendicular vein a vein that accompanies the appendicular artery and empties into the ileocolic vein arcuate vein of the kidney veins that receive blood from interlobular veins of kidney and rectal venules auricular vein one of two veins serving the ear region axillary vein a continuation of the basilic vein and brachial vein that becomes the subclavian vein azygos vein one of a system of veins that drain the thoracic and abdominal walls; arises as a continuation of the right ascending lumbar vein and terminates in the superior vena cava basal vein a large vein passing along the medial surface of the temporal lobe and emptying into the great cerebral vein basilic vein a vein that drains the back of the hand and forearm and empties into the axillary vein basivertebral vein one of a number of veins draining the spongy substance of the vertebrae and emptying into the anterior internal vertebral venous plexus brachial vein two veins in either arm that accompany the brachial artery and empty into the axillary vein brachiocephalic vein veins formed by the union of the internal jugular and subclavian veins bronchial vein veins serving the bronchi; empty into the azygos vein cardinal vein any of the major venous channels in primitive adult vertebrates and in embryos of higher vertebrates anterior cardinal vein a major drainage channel from the cephalic part of the body posterior cardinal vein a major drainage channel from the caudal part of the body common cardinal vein the major return channels to the heart; formed by anastomosis of the anterior and posterior cardinal veins central veins of liver terminal branches of the hepatic veins that lie in the hepatic lobules and receive blood from the liver sinusoids central vein of retina vein formed by the union of the retinal veins; accompanies central arteries of the retina in the optic nerve central vein of suprarenal gland a single draining vein; on the right it empties into the inferior vena cava; on the left it empties into the left renal vein cephalic vein a large vein of the arm that empties into the axillary vein cerebellar vein the veins draining the cerebellum cerebral vein any of several veins serving the cerebral hemispheres of the brain anterior cerebral vein accompanies the anterior cerebral artery and empties into the basal vein anterior facial vein a continuation of the angular vein; unites with the retromandibular vein before emptying into the internal jugular vein great cerebral vein a cerebral vein formed by the two internal cerebral veins and continuing into the sinus rectus inferior cerebral vein veins that drain the undersurface of the cerebral hemispheres and empty into the cavernous and transverse sinuses internal cerebral vein two paired veins passing caudally near the midline and uniting to form the great cerebral vein middle cerebral vein either of two cerebral veins deep middle cerebral vein accompanies the middle cerebral artery deep in the Sylvian fissure; empties into the basal vein superficial middle cerebral vein a large vein along the line of the Sylvian fissure to the cavernous sinus superior cerebral vein a cerebral vein that drains the dorsal convexity of the cerebral hemisphere and empties into the cavernous sinus cervical vein a vein that accompanies an artery of the same name choroid vein either of two veins serving the choroid coat of the eye ciliary veins small veins coming from the ciliary body circumflex vein any of several curved parallel veins accompanying arteries of the same name circumflex iliac vein accompanies the artery of the same name circumflex femoral vein either of two veins that accompany arteries of the same name serving the hip and thigh clitoral vein veins that serve the clitoris colic vein vein serving the large intestine common facial vein vein formed by union of facial vein and the retromandibular vein and emptying into the jugular vein conjunctival veins veins draining the conjunctiva costoaxillary vein one of several veins connecting intercostal veins with the lateral thoracic vein or the thoracoepigastric vein cutaneous vein one of a number of veins in the subcutaneous tissue that empty into deep veins cystic vein vein that drains the gallbladder digital vein one of the veins serving the fingers or toes diploic vein one of the veins serving the spongy part of the cranial bones dorsal scapular vein vein that is a tributary of the subclavian vein or external jugular vein and accompanies the descending scapular artery emissary vein one of several connecting veins in the scalp and head that drain blood from sinuses in the dura mater to veins outside the skull epigastric vein veins serving the anterior walls of the abdomen inferior epigastric vein empties into the external iliac vein superficial epigastric vein empties into the great saphenous vein superior epigastric veins veins that accompany the superior epigastric artery episcleral veins small veins in the sclera near the corneal margin; empty into the anterior ciliary veins esophageal veins small veins from the esophagus emptying into the brachiocephalic vein or the azygos veins ethmoidal vein veins that drain the ethmoidal sinuses and empty into the superior ophthalmic vein external nasal vein one of the veins that drain the external nose and empty into the angular or facial vein facial vein any of several veins draining the face femoral vein a vein that accompanies the femoral artery in the same sheath; a continuation of the popliteal vein; becomes the external iliac vein gastric vein one of several veins draining the stomach walls gastroomental vein one of two veins serving the great curvature of the stomach genicular vein veins that drain blood from structures around the knee; empty into the popliteal vein glans a small rounded structure; especially that at the end of the penis or clitoris glans clitoridis small mass of erectile tissue at the end of the body of the clitoris glans penis the conical mass of erectile tissue that forms the head of the penis gluteal vein veins draining the gluteal muscles on either side of the body hemizygos vein a continuation of the left ascending lumbar vein; crosses the midline at the 8th vertebra and empties into the azygos vein hemorrhoidal vein any of several veins draining the walls of the anal canal and rectum hepatic vein a vein that drains the liver; empties into the vena cava hypogastric vein a vein that unites with the external iliac vein to form the common iliac vein ileocolic vein a vein that drains the end of the ileum and the appendix and the cecum and the lower part of the ascending colon external iliac vein a continuation of the femoral vein; unites with the internal iliac vein to form the common iliac vein common iliac vein formed by the internal and external iliac veins; unites with its fellow from the opposite side of the body to form the inferior vena cava iliac vein one of three veins draining the pelvic area iliolumbar vein a branch of the internal iliac vein intercapitular vein veins connecting the dorsal and palmar veins of the hand or the dorsal and plantar veins of the foot intercostal vein several veins draining the intercostal spaces of the rib cage intervertebral vein one of several veins accompanying spinal nerves jugular vein veins in the neck that return blood from the head anterior jugular vein arises below the chin from veins draining the lower face; joins the external jugular vein external jugular vein formed by the junction of the posterior auricular and the retromandibular veins; empties into the subclavian vein internal jugular vein a continuation of the sigmoid sinus of the dura mater; joins the subclavian vein to form the brachiocephalic vein labial vein a vein draining the lips of the mouth veins draining the lips of the vulva inferior labial vein a tributary of the facial vein that drains the lower lip superior labial vein a tributary of the facial vein that drains the upper lip labyrinthine vein veins that drain the inner ear lacrimal vein drains the lacrimal gland; empties into the superior ophthalmic vein laryngeal vein one of two veins draining the larynx left gastric vein arises from a union of veins from the gastric cardia; runs in the lesser omentum; empties into the portal vein lingual vein a vein that receives blood from the tongue and the floor of the mouth and empties into the internal jugular or the facial vein lumbar vein veins that drain the posterior body wall and the lumbar vertebral venous plexuses maxillary vein posterior continuation of the pterygoid plexus; joins the superficial temporal vein to form the retromandibular vein meningeal veins veins at accompany the meningeal arteries mesenteric vein a tributary of the portal vein passing from the intestine between the two layers of mesentery metacarpal vein dorsal and palmar veins of the hand metatarsal vein dorsal and plantar branches of veins serving the metatarsal region of the foot musculophrenic vein veins that drain the upper abdominal wall and the lower intercostal spaces and the abdomen nasofrontal vein a vein located in the anterior medial part of the orbit; connects the superior ophthalmic with the angular vein oblique vein of the left atrium a tributary of the coronary sinus; on the posterior wall of the left atrium obturator vein a vein formed by the union of tributaries that drain the hip joints and thigh muscles; empties into the internal iliac vein occipital vein a vein that drains the occipital region ophthalmic vein either of two veins that serve the eye; empties into the cavernous sinus inferior ophthalmic vein a vein that drains a venous network in the floor and medial wall of the eye socket superior ophthalmic vein a vein that begins at the inner angle of the eye socket and passes through the superior orbital fissure to empty into the cavernous sinus ovarian vein one of the veins that drain the ovaries; the right opens into the inferior vena cava; the left opens into the left renal vein palatine vein a vein that drains the region of the palate and empties into the facial vein pancreatic vein veins draining the pancreas and emptying into the superior mesenteric and splenic veins paraumbilical vein small veins arising in skin around the navel; terminate as accessory portal veins parotid vein parotid branches of the facial vein; they drain part of the parotid gland and empty into the retromandibular vein pectoral vein veins that drain the pectoral muscles and empty into the subclavian vein perforating vein veins that accompany the perforating arteries; drain leg muscles; empty into the deep femoral vein pericardial vein several small veins from the pericardium peroneal vein accompany the peroneal arteries; arising in the heel and running up the back of the leg to join the posterior tibial veins of the popliteal vein pharyngeal vein veins from the pharyngeal plexus that empty into the internal jugular vein phrenic vein either of two veins that drain the diaphragm popliteal vein a vein arising in the knee and ascending to become the femoral vein portal system system of veins that carry blood from the abdominal organs to the liver portal vein a short vein that carries blood into the liver posterior vein of the left ventricle arises near the apex of the heart and empties into the coronary sinus prepyloric vein a tributary of the right gastric vein pudendal vein vein of the pudendum pulmonary vein any of four veins that carry arterial blood from the lungs to the left atrium of the heart inferior pulmonary vein either of two pulmonary veins (left and right) returning blood from the inferior lobes of the lungs superior pulmonary vein either of two pulmonary veins (left and right) returning blood from the superior lobes of the lungs pyloric vein receives veins from the upper surfaces of the stomach and empties into the portal vein radial vein superficial veins ascending the radial side of the forearm; combines with the ulnar veins to form the brachial vein renal vein veins that accompany renal arteries; open into the vena cava at the level of the 2nd lumbar vertebra retromandibular vein posterior branch of the facial vein; formed by temporal veins in front of the ear sacral vein vein of the sacral region saphenous vein either of two chief superficial veins of the leg that drain blood from the foot long saphenous vein the longest vein in the body; runs from foot to the groin where it joins the femoral vein short saphenous vein a vein running from the foot up the back of the leg to the knee scleral veins tributaries of the anterior ciliary veins that drain the sclera of the eye scrotal vein veins passing from the scrotum to the pudendal veins sigmoid vein tributaries of the inferior mesenteric vein; drains the sigmoid colon spinal vein veins that drain the spinal cord splenic vein a vein formed by several small veins on the surface of the spleen; joins the superior mesenteric to form the portal vein stellate venule a star-shaped group of venules in the renal cortex sternocleidomastoid vein drains the sternocleidomastoid muscle; empties into the internal jugular vein stylomastoid vein a vein that drains the tympanic cavity and empties into the retromandibular vein subclavian vein a continuation of the axillary vein; joins the internal jugular to form the brachiocephalic vein sublingual vein a tributary of the lingual vein supraorbital vein drains the front of the scalp; unites with the supratrochlear vein to form the angular vein supratrochlear vein drains the front of the scalp; unites with the supraorbital vein to form the angular vein temporal vein any of several veins draining the temporal region deep temporal vein temporal veins that empty into the pterygoid plexus middle temporal vein arises near the eye; joins the superficial temporal veins to form the retromandibular vein superficial temporal vein join the middle temporal vein to empty into the retromandibular vein testicular vein a vein from the testicles thalamostriate vein a vein serving the thalamus and corpus striatum thoracoepigastric vein a vein arising from the region of the superficial epigastric vein and opening into the axillary vein or thoracic vein superior thalamostriate vein a long vein that helps to form the internal cerebral vein inferior thalamostriate vein tributaries to the basal vein thoracic vein veins that drain the thoracic walls thyroid vein any of several small veins draining blood from the thyroid area inferior thyroid vein any of several veins on each side that drain the thyroid gland and empty into the innominate vein middle thyroid vein a vein on each side that drains the lateral part of the thyroid and empties into the internal jugular vein superior thyroid vein a vein on each side that drains the upper part of the thyroid and empties into the internal jugular vein tibial vein veins of the lower leg; empty into the popliteal vein tracheal vein several small veins from the trachea tympanic vein veins from the tympanic cavity that empty into the retromandibular vein ulnar vein any of several veins of the forearm umbilical vein a vein in the umbilical cord; returns nutrient blood from the placenta to the fetus uterine vein one of two veins on each side that arise from the uterine plexus and empty into the internal iliac vein gallbladder a muscular sac attached to the liver that stores bile (secreted by the liver) until it is needed for digestion hypochondrium the upper region of the abdomen just below the lowest ribs on either side of the epigastrium liver large and complicated reddish-brown glandular organ located in the upper right portion of the abdominal cavity; secretes bile and functions in metabolism of protein and carbohydrate and fat; synthesizes substances involved in the clotting of the blood; synthesizes vitamin A; detoxifies poisonous substances and breaks down worn-out erythrocytes liver of an animal used as meat someone who lives in a place; "a liver in cities" a person who has a special life style; "a high liver" Haversian canal any of the many tiny canals that contain blood vessels and connective tissue and that form a network in bone hepatic lobe any of the five lobes forming the liver hepatic duct the duct that drains bile from the liver inguinal canal oblique passage through the lower abdominal wall; in males it is the passage through which the testes descend into the scrotum and it contains the spermatic cord; in females it transmits the round ligament of the uterus common bile duct a duct formed by the hepatic and cystic ducts; opens into the duodenum biliary ductule excretory ducts of the liver; empty into the hepatic ducts pancreas a large elongated exocrine gland located behind the stomach; secretes pancreatic juice and insulin pancreatic duct a duct connecting the pancreas with the intestine lung either of two saclike respiratory organs in the chest of vertebrates; serves to remove carbon dioxide and provide oxygen to the blood alveolar bed lung tissue densely packed with alveoli lobe of the lung any of the three lobes of the right lung or the two lobes of the left lung pleura the thin serous membrane around the lungs and inner walls of the chest parietal pleura pleura that lines the inner chest walls and covers the diaphragm visceral pleura pleura that covers the lungs pleural cavity the cavity in the thorax that contains the lungs and heart pleural space the small potential space between the parietal and visceral layers of the pleura athlete's heart enlarged heart commonly found among athletes trained for endurance biauriculate heart a heart (as of mammals and birds and reptiles) having two auricles cardiac muscle the muscle tissue of the heart; adapted to continued rhythmic contraction papillary muscle any of several muscles associated with the atrioventricular valves; "the papillary muscles contract during systole to prevent regurgitation of blood into the atria" atrioventricular bundle a bundle of modified heart muscle that transmits the cardiac impulse from the atrioventricular node to the ventricles causing them to contract atrioventricular node a node of specialized heart muscle located in the septal wall of the right atrium; receives impulses from the sinoatrial node and transmits them to atrioventricular bundle myocardium the middle muscular layer of the heart wall Purkinje fiber a specialized cardiac muscle fiber that is part of the Purkinje network Purkinje network a network of Purkinje fibers that carry the cardiac impulse from the atrioventricular node to the ventricles of the heart and causes them to contract area of cardiac dullness a triangular area of the front of the chest (determined by percussion); corresponds to the part of the heart not covered by the lungs ventricle a chamber of the heart that receives blood from an atrium and pumps it to the arteries one of four connected cavities in the brain; is continuous with the central canal of the spinal cord and contains cerebrospinal fluid left ventricle the chamber on the left side of the heart that receives arterial blood from the left atrium and pumps it into the aorta right ventricle the chamber on the right side of the heart that receives venous blood from the right atrium and pumps it into the pulmonary trunk auricula a pouch projecting from the top front of each atrium of the heart yellow-flowered primrose native to Alps; commonly cultivated cranial cavity the cavity enclosed by the cranium atrium cordis the upper chamber of each half of the heart right atrium the right upper chamber of the heart that receives blood from the venae cavae and coronary sinus left atrium the left upper chamber of the heart that receives blood from the pulmonary veins mitral valve valve with two cusps; situated between the left atrium and the left ventricle tricuspid valve valve with three cusps; situated between the right atrium and the right ventricle; allows blood to pass from atrium to ventricle and closes to prevent backflow when the ventricle contracts atrioventricular valve either of two heart valves through which blood flows from the atria to the ventricles; prevents return of blood to the atrium aortic valve a semilunar valve between the left ventricle and the aorta; prevents blood from flowing from the aorta back into the heart pulmonary valve a semilunar valve between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery; prevents blood from flowing from the artery back into the heart semilunar valve a heart valve with cusps shaped like half-moons; prevents blood from flowing back into the heart valvule a small valve stomach an enlarged and muscular saclike organ of the alimentary canal; the principal organ of digestion an appetite for food; "exercise gave him a good stomach for dinner" an inclination or liking for things involving conflict or difficulty or unpleasantness; "he had no stomach for a fight" bear to eat; "He cannot stomach raw fish" epigastrium the region lying on or over the stomach (just below the sternum) cardia the opening into the stomach and that part of the stomach connected to the esophagus lymphatic system the interconnected system of spaces and vessels between body tissues and organs by which lymph circulates throughout the body thoracic duct the major duct of the lymphatic system lymph vessel a vascular duct that carries lymph which is eventually added to the venous blood circulation lacteal any of the lymphatic vessels that convey chyle from the small intestine to the thoracic duct relating to or consisting of or producing or resembling milk; "lacteal fluids"; "lacteal organs" vascular structure a structure composed of or provided with blood vessels liquid body substance the liquid parts of the body extracellular fluid liquid containing proteins and electrolytes including the liquid in blood plasma and interstitial fluid; "the body normally has about 15 quarts of extracellular fluid" interstitial fluid liquid found between the cells of the body that provides much of the liquid environment of the body intracellular fluid liquid contained inside the cell membranes (usually containing dissolved solutes) juice any of several liquids of the body; "digestive juices" the liquid part that can be extracted from plant or animal tissue by squeezing or cooking electric current; "when the wiring was finished they turned on the juice" energetic vitality; "her creative juices were flowing" cancer juice a milky substance found in certain cancerous growths karyolymph a clear liquid in the cell nucleus in which the nucleolus and chromatin and other structures are dispersed milk produced by mammary glands of female mammals for feeding their young a white nutritious liquid secreted by mammals and used as food by human beings any of several nutritive milklike liquids take milk from female mammals; "Cows need to be milked every morning" add milk to; "milk the tea" exploit as much as possible; "I am milking this for all it's worth" mother's milk milk secreted by a woman who has recently given birth colostrum milky fluid secreted for the first day or two after parturition amniotic cavity the fluid-filled cavity that surrounds the developing embryo amniotic fluid the serous fluid in which the embryo is suspended inside the amnion; "before a woman gives birth her waters break" arterial blood blood found in arteries; "except for the pulmonary artery the arterial blood is rich in oxygen" blood group human blood cells (usually just the red blood cells) that have the same antigens A the blood group whose red cells carry the A antigen the 1st letter of the Roman alphabet B the blood group whose red cells carry the B antigen the 2nd letter of the Roman alphabet AB the blood group whose red cells carry both the A and B antigens O the blood group whose red cells carry neither the A nor B antigens; "people with type O blood are universal donors" the 15th letter of the Roman alphabet Rh-positive blood type the blood group (approximately 85% of people) whose red cells have the Rh factor (Rh antigen) Rh-negative blood type the blood group whose red cells lack the Rh factor (Rh antigen) bloodstream the blood flowing through the circulatory system clot a lump of material formed from the content of a liquid change from a liquid to a thickened or solid state; "coagulated blood" cause to change from a liquid to a solid or thickened state blood clot a semisolid mass of coagulated red and white blood cells cord blood blood obtained from the umbilical cord at birth menorrhea flow of blood from the uterus; occurs at roughly monthly intervals during a woman's reproductive years venous blood blood found in the veins; "except in the pulmonary vein venous blood is rich in carbon dioxide and poor in oxygen" whole blood blood that has not been modified except for the addition of an anticoagulant; "whole blood is normally used in blood transfusions" serum an amber, watery fluid, rich in proteins, that separates out when blood coagulates plasma the colorless watery fluid of the blood and lymph that contains no cells, but in which the blood cells (erythrocytes, leukocytes, and thrombocytes) are suspended (physical chemistry) a fourth state of matter distinct from solid or liquid or gas and present in stars and fusion reactors; a gas becomes a plasma when it is heated until the atoms lose all their electrons, leaving a highly electrified collection of nuclei and free electrons; "particles in space exist in the form of a plasma" a green slightly translucent variety of chalcedony used as a gemstone antiserum blood serum containing antibodies against specific antigens; provides immunity to a disease chyle a milky fluid consisting of lymph and emulsified fats; formed in the small intestine during digestion of ingested fats lymph a thin coagulable fluid (similar to plasma but) containing white blood cells (lymphocytes) and chyle; is conveyed to the blood stream by lymphatic vessels semen the thick white fluid containing spermatozoa that is ejaculated by the male genital tract ink dark protective fluid ejected into the water by cuttlefish and other cephalopods a liquid used for printing or writing or drawing fill with ink; "ink a pen" mark, coat, cover, or stain with ink; "he inked his finger" append one's signature to; "They inked the contract" secretion a functionally specialized substance (especially one that is not a waste) released from a gland or cell the organic process of synthesizing and releasing some substance lacrimal secretion saline fluid secreted by lacrimal glands; lubricates the surface of the eyeball lacrimal apparatus the structures that secrete and drain tears from the eye perspiration salty fluid secreted by sweat glands; "sweat poured off his brow" the process of the sweat glands of the skin secreting a salty fluid; "perspiration is a homeostatic process" digestive juice secretions that aid digestion gastric juice digestive secretions of the stomach glands consisting chiefly of hydrochloric acid and mucin and the enzymes pepsin and rennin and lipase pancreatic juice a fluid secreted into the duodenum by the pancreas; important for breaking down starches and proteins and fats bile a digestive juice secreted by the liver and stored in the gallbladder; aids in the digestion of fats black bile a humor that was once believed to be secreted by the kidneys or spleen and to cause sadness and melancholy yellow bile a humor that was once believed to be secreted by the liver and to cause irritability and anger hormone the secretion of an endocrine gland that is transmitted by the blood to the tissue on which it has a specific effect intestinal juice secretions by glands lining the walls of the intestines noradrenaline a catecholamine precursor of epinephrine that is secreted by the adrenal medulla and also released at synapses adrenocorticotropic hormone a hormone produced by the anterior pituitary gland that stimulates the adrenal cortex epinephrine a catecholamine secreted by the adrenal medulla in response to stress (trade name Adrenalin); stimulates autonomic nerve action gastrointestinal hormone hormones that affect gastrointestinal functioning gastrin polypeptide hormone secreted by the mucous lining of the stomach; when peptides and amino acids are present in the small intestine the secretion of gastric acid is stimulated cholecystokinin a gastrointestinal hormone that stimulates the secretion of pancreatic enzymes and the contraction and emptying of the gall bladder; its release is stimulated by the presence of fatty acids and amino acids in the small intestine secretin a gastrointestinal hormone that stimulates the secretion of water and bicarbonate from the pancreas and bile ducts whenever the stomach empties too much acid into the small intestine ghrelin a gastrointestinal hormone produced by epithelial cells lining the fundus of the stomach; appears to be a stimulant for appetite and feeding, but is also a strong stimulant of growth hormone secretion from the anterior pituitary motilin a gastrointestinal hormone that apparently participates in controlling smooth muscle contractions in the stomach and small intestine glucagon a hormone secreted by the pancreas; stimulates increases in blood sugar levels in the blood (thus opposing the action of insulin) gonadotropin hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary gland and placenta; stimulates the gonads and controls reproductive activity insulin hormone secreted by the isles of Langerhans in the pancreas; regulates storage of glycogen in the liver and accelerates oxidation of sugar in cells Lente Insulin trade names for forms of insulin that are used to treat diabetes mellitus recombinant human insulin a form of insulin (trade name Humulin) made from recombinant DNA that is identical to human insulin; used to treat diabetics who are allergic to preparations made from beef or pork insulin melatonin hormone secreted by the pineal gland neurohormone a hormone that is released by nerve impulses (e.g., norepinephrine or vasopressin) oxytocin hormone secreted by the posterior pituitary gland (trade name Pitocin); stimulates contractions of the uterus and ejection of milk parathyroid hormone hormone synthesized and released into the blood stream by the parathyroid glands; regulates phosphorus and calcium in the body and functions in neuromuscular excitation and blood clotting relaxin hormone secreted by the corpus luteum during the last days of pregnancy; relaxes the pelvic ligaments and prepares the uterus for labor releasing hormone any of several hormones produced in the hypothalamus and carried by a vein to the anterior pituitary gland where they stimulate the release of anterior pituitary hormones; each of these hormones causes the anterior pituitary to secrete a specific hormone somatotropin a hormone produced by the anterior pituitary gland; promotes growth in humans Protropin trade name of a synthetic human growth hormone given to children deficient in the hormone; use by athletes and weightlifters is banned thymosin hormone secreted by the thymus; stimulates immunological activity of lymphoid tissue thyroid hormone any of several closely related compounds that are produced by the thyroid gland and are active metabolically calcitonin thyroid hormone that tends to lower the level of calcium in the blood plasma and inhibit resorption of bone thyroxine hormone produced by the thyroid glands to regulate metabolism by controlling the rate of oxidation in cells; "thyroxine is 65% iodine" triiodothyronine thyroid hormone similar to thyroxine but with one less iodine atom per molecule and produced in smaller quantity; exerts the same biological effects as thyroxine but is more potent and briefer vasopressin hormone secreted by the posterior pituitary gland (trade name Pitressin) and also by nerve endings in the hypothalamus; affects blood pressure by stimulating capillary muscles and reduces urine flow by affecting reabsorption of water by kidney tubules autacoid any physiologically active internal secretion especially one of uncertain classification histamine amine formed from histidine that stimulates gastric secretions and dilates blood vessels; released by the human immune system during allergic reactions prostaglandin a potent substance that acts like a hormone and is found in many bodily tissues (and especially in semen); produced in response to trauma and may affect blood pressure and metabolism and smooth muscle activity synovia viscid lubricating fluid secreted by the membrane lining joints and tendon sheaths etc. mucus protective secretion of the mucous membranes; in the gut it lubricates the passage of food and protects the epithelial cells; in the nose and throat and lungs it can make it difficult for bacteria to penetrate the body through the epithelium phlegm expectorated matter; saliva mixed with discharges from the respiratory passages; in ancient and medieval physiology it was believed to cause sluggishness snot nasal mucus booger dried nasal mucus saliva a clear liquid secreted into the mouth by the salivary glands and mucous glands of the mouth; moistens the mouth and starts the digestion of starches salivary duct a duct through which saliva passes from the salivary gland into the mouth drool saliva spilling from the mouth tobacco juice saliva colored brown by tobacco (snuff or chewing tobacco) sebum the oily secretion of the sebaceous glands; with perspiration it moistens and protects the skin smegma a white secretion of the sebaceous glands of the foreskin lochia substance discharged from the vagina (cellular debris and mucus and blood) that gradually decreases in amount during the weeks following childbirth pus a fluid product of inflammation gleet a thin morbid discharge as from a wound or especially chronic gonorrhea leukorrhea discharge of white mucous material from the vagina; often an indication of infection blood vessel a vessel in which blood circulates ductus arteriosus a blood vessel in a fetus that bypasses pulmonary circulation by connecting the pulmonary artery directly to the ascending aorta; normally closes at birth patent ductus arteriosus a ductus arteriosus that failed to close at birth; may require surgical correction vasa vasorum any small blood vessel ramifying on the outside of a major artery or vein venation (zoology) the system of venous blood vessels in an animal (botany) the arrangement of veins in a leaf varicose vein a vein that is permanently dilated; most common in the legs vena bulbi penis vein of the head of the penis; tributary of the internal pudendal vein that drains the perineum vena canaliculi cochleae vein of the cochlear canal vein of penis a vein serving the penis venae dorsales penis superficiales superficial dorsal veins of the penis; paired tributaries of the external pudendal veins on each side venae dorsales penis profunda deep dorsal vein of the penis; tributary of the prostatic plexus vena profunda penis deep vein of the penis; enters the prostatic plexus vena bulbi vestibuli vein of the vestibular bulb vena cava either of two large veins that return oxygen-depleted blood to the right atrium of the heart inferior vena cava receives blood from lower limbs and abdominal organs and empties into the posterior part of the right atrium of the heart; formed from the union of the two iliac veins superior vena cava receives blood from the head and arms and chest and empties into the right atrium of the heart; formed from the azygos and both brachiocephalic veins venae profundae clitoridis deep veins of the clitoris; join the vesical plexus vena dorsalis clitoridis profunda deep dorsal vein of the clitoris; tributary of the vesical venous plexus venae dorsales clitoridis superficiales superficial dorsal veins of the clitoris; tributaries of the external pudendal vein on either side venae palpebrales veins of the eyelids venae interlobulares renis interlobular veins of the kidney; receive blood from the arcuate vein and empty into the renal veins venae interlobulares hepatis interlobular veins of the liver venae renis veins of the kidney; drain the kidney into the renal vein venae labiales anteriores veins from the labia majora to the external pudendal vein venae labiales posteriores veins that pass posterior from the labia majora to the internal pudendal vein venter a bulging body part (as the belly of a muscle) the womb; "`in venter' is legal terminology for `conceived but not yet born'" a speaker who expresses or gives vent to a personal opinion or grievance ventral root one of the two roots of a spinal nerve that passes ventrally from the spinal cord and that consists of motor fibers dorsal root one of two roots of a spinal nerve that passes dorsally from the spinal cord and that consists of sensory fibers vertebral vein a vein that goes through the foramina of the cervical vertebrae and forms a plexus around the vertebral artery; empties into the brachiocephalic vein vesical vein veins that drain the vesical plexus and join the internal iliac veins vestibular vein veins that drain the saccule and utricle vortex vein a vein formed by branches from the back surface of the eye and the ciliary body; empties into the ophthalmic veins venule a minute vein continuous with a capillary retina the innermost light-sensitive membrane covering the back wall of the eyeball; it is continuous with the optic nerve ganglion cell a nerve cell whose body is outside the central nervous system; "damage to ganglion cells in the retina may play a role in the development of glaucoma" sarcolemma an extensible membrane enclosing the contractile substance of a muscle fiber peritoneum a transparent membrane that lines the abdominal cavity in mammals and covers most of the viscera peritoneal cavity the interior of the peritoneum; a potential space between layers of the peritoneum bursa omentalis an isolated part of the peritoneal cavity that is dorsal to the stomach endocardium the membrane that lines the cavities of the heart and forms part of the heart valves pericardium a serous membrane with two layers that surrounds the heart epicardium the innermost of the two layers of the pericardium parietal pericardium the tough outermost layer of the pericardium that is attached to the diaphragm and the sternum pericardial cavity the space between the layers of the pericardium that contains fluid that lubricates the membrane surfaces and allows easy heart movement mesentery a double layer of peritoneum that attaches to the back wall of the abdominal cavity and supports the small intestines mesocolon mesentery that holds the lower colon to the dorsal abdominal wall omentum a fold of peritoneum supporting the viscera greater omentum part of the peritoneum attached to the stomach and to the colon and covering the intestines lesser omentum a part of the peritoneum attached to the stomach and liver and supporting the hepatic vessels submucosa the connective tissue beneath mucous membrane lymph node the source of lymph and lymphocytes axillary node any of the lymph glands of the armpit; fights infections in the neck and chest and arm regions Peyer's patch any of several lymph nodes in the walls of the intestines near the junction of the ileum and colon somatic cell any of the cells of a plant or animal except the reproductive cells; a cell that does not participate in the production of gametes; "somatic cells are produced from preexisting cells" neoplastic cell a cell that is part of tumor cancer cell a cell that is part of a malignant tumor blastema a mass of undifferentiated cells from which an organ or body part develops energid a biological unit consisting of a nucleus and the body of cytoplasm with which it interacts pronucleus the nucleus of the ovum or sperm after fertilization but before they fuse to form the nucleus of the zygote zygote (genetics) the diploid cell resulting from the union of a haploid spermatozoon and ovum (including the organism that develops from that cell) heterozygote (genetics) an organism having two different alleles of a particular gene and so giving rise to varying offspring homozygote (genetics) an organism having two identical alleles of a particular gene and so breeding true for the particular characteristic parthenote a cell resulting from parthenogenesis protoplasm the substance of a living cell (including cytoplasm and nucleus) cytoplasm the protoplasm of a cell excluding the nucleus; is full of proteins that control cell metabolism cytoplast the intact cytoplasmic content of a cell cytoskeleton a microscopic network of actin filaments and microtubules in the cytoplasm of many living cells that gives the cell shape and coherence cytosol the aqueous part of the cytoplasm within which various particles and organelles are suspended ectoplasm the outer granule-free layer of cytoplasm (spiritualism) a substance supposed to emanate from the body of the medium during a trance endoplasm the inner portion of the cytoplasm of a cell hyaloplasm the clear nongranular portion of the cytoplasm of a cell lysosome an organelle found in the cytoplasm of most cells (especially in leukocytes and liver and kidney cells) microsome a tiny granule in the cytoplasm that is where protein synthesis takes place under the direction of mRNA Golgi body a netlike structure in the cytoplasm of animal cells (especially in those cells that produce secretions) nucleoplasm the protoplasm that constitutes the nucleus of a cell nucleus a part of the cell containing DNA and RNA and responsible for growth and reproduction any histologically identifiable mass of neural cell bodies in the brain or spinal cord the positively charged dense center of an atom (astronomy) the center of the head of a comet; consists of small solid particles of ice and frozen gas that vaporizes on approaching the sun to form the coma and tail nucleolus a small round body of protein in a cell nucleus; such organelles contain RNA and are involved in protein synthesis nucleolus organizer the particular part of a chromosome that is associated with a nucleolus after nuclear division germ plasm the protoplasm of the germ cells that contains chromosomes and genes sex chromatin chromatin found only in female cells; "the presence or absence of sex chromatin in cells obtained by amniocentesis makes it possible to determine the sex of a fetus" chromatin the readily stainable substance of a cell nucleus consisting of DNA and RNA and various proteins; during mitotic division it condenses into chromosomes achromatin the part of a cell nucleus that is relatively uncolored by stains or dyes linin an obsolete term for the network of viscous material in the cell nucleus on which the chromatin granules were thought to be suspended gene (genetics) a segment of DNA that is involved in producing a polypeptide chain; it can include regions preceding and following the coding DNA as well as introns between the exons; it is considered a unit of heredity; "genes were formerly called factors" dominant gene gene that produces the same phenotype in the organism whether or not its allele identical; "the dominant gene for brown eyes" allele (genetics) either of a pair (or series) of alternative forms of a gene that can occupy the same locus on a particular chromosome and that control the same character; "some alleles are dominant over others" dominant allele an allele that produces the same phenotype whether its paired allele is identical or different recessive allele an allele that produces its characteristic phenotype only when its paired allele is identical genetic marker a specific gene that produces a recognizable trait and can be used in family or population studies homeotic gene one the genes that are involved in embryologic development homeobox one of various similar homeotic genes that are involved in bodily segmentation during embryonic development lethal gene any gene that has an effect that causes the death of the organism at any stage of life linkage group any pair of genes that tend to be transmitted together; "the genes of Drosophila fall into four linkage groups" modifier a gene that modifies the effect produced by another gene a content word that qualifies the meaning of a noun or verb a moderator who makes less extreme or uncompromising mutant gene a gene that has changed so that the normal transmission and expression of a trait is affected haplotype (genetics) a combination of alleles (for different genes) that are located closely together on the same chromosome and that tend to be inherited together cystic fibrosis transport regulator the gene that is mutated in cystic fibrosis nonallele genes that are not competitors at the same locus operator gene a gene that activates the production of messenger RNA by adjacent structural genes operon a segment of DNA containing adjacent genes including structural genes and an operator gene and a regulatory gene oncogene a gene that disposes normal cells to change into cancerous tumor cells polygene a gene that by itself has little effect on the phenotype but which can act together with others to produce observable variations proto-oncogene a normal gene that has the potential to become an oncogene recessive gene gene that produces its characteristic phenotype only when its allele is identical; "the recessive gene for blue eyes" regulatory gene a gene that produces a repressor substance that inhibits an operator gene repressor gene gene that prevents a nonallele from being transcribed structural gene a gene that controls the production of a specific protein or peptide transgene an exogenous gene introduced into the genome of another organism tumor suppressor gene a suppressor gene that blocks unscheduled cell division X-linked gene a gene located on an X chromosome Y-linked gene a gene located on a Y chromosome chromosome a threadlike strand of DNA in the cell nucleus that carries the genes in a linear order; "humans have 22 chromosome pairs plus two sex chromosomes" X chromosome the sex chromosome that is present in both sexes: singly in males and doubly in females; "human females normally have two X chromosomes" XX (genetics) normal complement of sex chromosomes in a female XXX (genetics) abnormal complement of three X chromosomes in a female XXY (genetics) abnormal complement of sex hormones in a male resulting in Klinefelter's syndrome XY (genetics) normal complement of sex hormones in a male XYY (genetics) abnormal complement of sex hormones in a male who has two Y chromosomes Y chromosome the sex chromosome that is carried by men; "human males normally have one X chromosome and one Y chromosome" sex chromosome (genetics) a chromosome that determines the sex of an individual; "mammals normally have two sex chromosomes" autosome any chromosome that is not a sex chromosome; appear in pairs in body cells but as single chromosomes in spermatozoa chromatid one of two identical strands into which a chromosome splits during mitosis centromere a specialized condensed region of each chromosome that appears during mitosis where the chromatids are held together to form an X shape; "the centromere is difficult to sequence" acentric chromosome a chromosome lacking a centromere acrocentric chromosome a chromosome with the centromere near one end so that one chromosomal arm is short and one is long karyotype the appearance of the chromosomal makeup of a somatic cell in an individual or species (including the number and arrangement and size and structure of the chromosomes) metacentric chromosome a chromosome having two equal arms because the centromere is in median position telocentric chromosome a chromosome like a straight rod with the centromere in terminal position mitochondrion an organelle containing enzymes responsible for producing energy sarcosome a large mitochondrion in a striated muscle fiber organelle a specialized part of a cell; analogous to an organ; "the first organelle to be identified was the nucleus" aster star-shaped structure formed in the cytoplasm of a cell having fibers like rays that surround the centrosome during mitosis any of various chiefly fall-blooming herbs of the genus Aster with showy daisylike flowers centriole one of a pair of small cylindrical cell organelles near the nucleus in animal cells; composed of nine triplet microtubules and form the asters during mitosis ribosome an organelle in the cytoplasm of a living cell; they attach to mRNA and move down it one codon at a time and then stop until tRNA brings the required amino acid; when it reaches a stop codon it falls apart and releases the completed protein molecule for use by the cell; "the ribosome is the site of protein synthesis" centrosome small region of cytoplasm adjacent to the nucleus; contains the centrioles and serves to organize the microtubules sarcoplasm the cytoplasm of a striated muscle fiber vacuole a tiny cavity filled with fluid in the cytoplasm of a cell sclera the whitish fibrous membrane (albuginea) that with the cornea forms the outer covering and protection of the eyeball semipermeable membrane a membrane (as a cell membrane) that allows some molecules to pass through but not others bone cell a cell that is part of a bone embryonic cell a cell of an embryo blastocyte an undifferentiated embryonic cell ameloblast a cell from which tooth enamel develops osteoblast a cell from which bone develops erythroblast a nucleated cell in bone marrow from which red blood cells develop fibroblast a cell from which connective tissue develops neuroblast a cell from which a nerve cell develops myelocyte an immature leukocyte normally found in bone marrow myeloblast a precursor of leukocytes that normally occurs only in bone marrow sideroblast an erythroblast having granules of ferritin megakaryocyte a large bone marrow cell; regarded as the source of blood platelets osteoclast cell that functions in the breakdown and resorption of bone tissue osteocyte mature bone cell blood cell either of two types of cells (erythrocytes and leukocytes) and sometimes including platelets akaryocyte a cell without a nucleus (as an erythrocyte) megalocyte abnormally large red blood cell (associated with pernicious anemia) megaloblast abnormally large red blood cell present in pernicious anemia and folic acid deficiency leukocyte blood cells that engulf and digest bacteria and fungi; an important part of the body's defense system packed cells a preparation of blood cells separated from the liquid plasma; "packed cells are given to severely anemic patients in order to avoid overloading the circulatory system with too much fluid" histiocyte a macrophage that is found in connective tissue macrophage a large phagocyte; some are fixed and other circulate in the blood stream phagocyte a cell that engulfs and digests debris and invading microorganisms fixed phagocyte a phagocyte that does not circulate in the blood but is fixed in the liver or spleen or bone marrow etc. free phagocyte a phagocyte that circulates in the blood lymphocyte an agranulocytic leukocyte that normally makes up a quarter of the white blood cell count but increases in the presence of infection B cell a lymphocyte derived from bone marrow that provides humoral immunity; it recognizes free antigen molecules in solution and matures into plasma cells that secrete immunoglobulin (antibodies) that inactivate the antigens T cell a small lymphocyte developed in the thymus; it orchestrates the immune system's response to infected or malignant cells helper T cell T cell with CD4 receptor that recognizes antigens on the surface of a virus-infected cell and secretes lymphokines that stimulate B cells and killer T cells; helper T cells are infected and killed by the AIDS virus killer T cell T cell with CD8 receptor that recognizes antigens on the surface of a virus-infected cell and binds to the infected cell and kill it lymphoblast an immature lymphocyte plasma cell a cell that develops from a B lymphocyte in reaction to a specific antigen; found in bone marrow and sometimes in the blood plasmablast the precursor of a plasma cell granulocyte a leukocyte that has granules in its cytoplasm monocyte a type of granular leukocyte that functions in the ingestion of bacteria monoblast a large immature monocyte normally found in bone marrow basophil a leukocyte with basophilic granules easily stained by basic stains neutrophil the chief phagocytic leukocyte; stains with either basic or acid dyes microphage a neutrophil that ingests small things (as bacteria) eosinophil a leukocyte readily stained with eosin red blood cell a mature blood cell that contains hemoglobin to carry oxygen to the bodily tissues; a biconcave disc that has no nucleus acanthocyte an abnormal red blood cell that has thorny projections of protoplasm microcyte an abnormally small red blood cell (less than 5 microns in diameter) reticulocyte an immature red blood cell containing a network of filaments or granules sickle cell an abnormal red blood cell that has a crescent shape and an abnormal form of hemoglobin siderocyte an abnormal red blood cell containing granules of iron not bound in hemoglobin spherocyte an abnormal spherical red blood cell target cell an abnormal red blood cell with the appearance of a dark ring surrounding a dark center; associated with anemia any cell that has a specific receptor for an antigen or antibody or hormone or drug, or is the focus of contact by a virus or phagocyte or nerve fiber etc. fovea area consisting of a small depression in the retina containing cones and where vision is most acute parafovea area of the retina immediately surrounding the fovea macula a small yellowish central area of the retina that is rich in cones and that mediates clear detailed vision visual cell one of the cells of the retina that is sensitive to light blind spot the point where the optic nerve enters the retina; not sensitive to light a subject about which you are ignorant or prejudiced and fail to exercise good judgment; "golf is one of his blind spots and he's proud of it" fat cell cells composed of fat reproductive cell a spermatozoon or an ovum; a cell responsible for transmitting DNA to the next generation gamete a mature sexual reproductive cell having a single set of unpaired chromosomes anisogamete either of a pair of unlike gametes especially those unlike in size isogamete either of a pair of conjugating gametes of the same size and structure sperm the male reproductive cell; the male gamete; "a sperm is mostly a nucleus surrounded by little other cellular material" acrosome a process at the anterior end of a sperm cell that produces enzymes to facilitate penetration of the egg ovum the female reproductive cell; the female gamete ootid mature ovum after penetration by sperm but before the formation of a zygote ovule a small or immature ovum a small body that contains the female germ cell of a plant; develops into a seed after fertilization gametocyte an immature animal or plant cell that develops into a gamete by meiosis oocyte a female gametocyte that develops into an ovum after two meiotic divisions polar body a small cell containing little cytoplasm that is produced along with the oocyte and later discarded spermatocele a swelling on the epididymis or the testis; usually contains spermatozoa spermatocyte a male gametocyte that develops into four spermatids spermatid an immature gamete produced by a spermatocyte; develops into a spermatozoon muscle cell an elongated contractile cell that forms the muscles of the body Leydig cell a cell in the testes that secretes the hormone testosterone Sertoli cell elongated cells found in the seminiferous tubules of the testis; apparently they nourish the spermatids striated muscle cell an elongated contractile cell in striated muscle tissue myofibril one of many contractile filaments that make up a striated muscle fiber sarcomere one of the segments into which a myofibril is divided smooth muscle muscle tissue that does not appear striated under the microscope; has the form of thin layers or sheets a muscle that contracts without conscious control and found in walls of internal organs such as stomach and intestine and bladder and blood vessels (excluding the heart) smooth muscle cell cells of the smooth muscles immune system a system (including the thymus and bone marrow and lymphoid tissues) that protects the body from foreign substances and pathogenic organisms by producing the immune response integumentary system the skin and its appendages reticuloendothelial system a widely distributed system consisting of all the cells able to ingest bacteria or colloidal particles etc, except for certain white blood cells mononuclear phagocyte system a widely distributed system of free and fixed macrophages derived from bone marrow muscular structure the muscular system of an organism musculoskeletal system the system of muscles and tendons and ligaments and bones and joints and associated tissues that move the body and maintain its form nervous system the sensory and control apparatus consisting of a network of nerve cells neural structure a structure that is part of the nervous system reflex arc the neural path of a reflex auditory center the part of the brain (in a fold of the cerebral cortex of the temporal lobe on both sides of the brain) that receives impulses from the ear by way of the auditory nerve nerve fiber a threadlike extension of a nerve cell medullated nerve fiber a nerve fiber encased in a sheath of myelin Ranvier's nodes small gaps in the myelin sheath of medullated axons medullary sheath a layer of myelin encasing (and insulating) the axons of medullated nerve fibers neurolemma thin membranous sheath around a nerve fiber Schwann cell any cell that covers the nerve fibers in the peripheral nervous system and forms the myelin sheath end organ a specialized structure at the peripheral end of some motor or sensory nerve fibers nerve cell a cell that is specialized to conduct nerve impulses brain cell a nerve cell in the brain Golgi's cell a neuron in the cerebral cortex with short dendrites and with either a long axon or a short axon that ramifies in the grey matter Purkinje cell a large densely branching neuron that is the characteristic cell of the cerebellar cortex end-plate the flattened end of a motor neuron that transmits neural impulses to a muscle osmoreceptor sensory end organ that responds to changes in osmotic pressure motor neuron a neuron conducting impulses outwards from the brain or spinal cord sensory neuron a neuron conducting impulses inwards to the brain or spinal cord neuroglia sustentacular tissue that surrounds and supports neurons in the central nervous system; glial and neural cells together compose the tissue of the central nervous system neurogliacyte a cell of the neuroglia astroglia tissue consisting of large stellate neuroglial cells astrocyte comparatively large neuroglial cell fibrous astrocyte star-shaped cells with long processes; found in the white matter of the brain and spinal cord protoplasmic astrocyte a kind of astrocyte found in the grey matter microglia neuroglial tissue of mesodermal origin that can become phagocytic microgliacyte a cell of the microglia that may become phagocytic and collect waste products of nerve tissue oligodendroglia tissue consisting of glial cells with sheetlike processes that form the myelin sheath of nerve fibers oligodendrocyte a cell of the oligodendroglia axon long nerve fiber that conducts away from the cell body of the neuron nerve ending the terminal structure of an axon that does not end at a synapse free nerve ending microscopic sensory nerve endings in the skin that are not connected to any specific sensory receptor Pacinian corpuscle a specialized bulblike nerve ending located in the subcutaneous tissue of the skin; occurs abundantly in the skin of palms and soles and joints and genitals proprioceptor special nerve endings in the muscles and tendons and other organs that respond to stimuli regarding the position and movement of the body dendrite short fiber that conducts toward the cell body of the neuron hybridoma a hybrid cell resulting from the fusion of a lymphocyte and a tumor cell; used to culture a specific monoclonal antibody caruncle an outgrowth on a plant or animal such as a fowl's wattle or a protuberance near the hilum of certain seeds condyle a round bump on a bone where it forms a joint with another bone condylar process the condyle of the ramus of the mandible that articulates with the skull coronoid process a sharp triangular process projecting from a bone coronoid process of the mandible the coronoid process that provides an attachment for the temporal muscle lateral condyle a condyle on the outer side of the lower extremity of the femur medial condyle a condyle on the inner side of the lower extremity of the femur epicondyle a projection on a bone above a condyle serving for the attachment of muscles and ligaments lateral epicondyle epicondyle near the lateral condyle of the femur fimbria thin projections forming a fringe (especially around the ovarian end of the Fallopian tube) apophysis (anatomy) a natural outgrowth or projection on an organ or body part such as the process of a vertebra (botany) a natural swelling or enlargement: at the base of the stalk or seta in certain mosses or on the cone scale of certain conifers spicule small pointed structure serving as a skeletal element in various marine and freshwater invertebrates e.g. sponges and corals osteophyte small abnormal bony outgrowth papilla a small projection of tissue at the base of a hair or tooth or feather a small nipple-shaped protuberance concerned with taste, touch, or smell; "the papillae of the tongue" (botany) a tiny outgrowth on the surface of a petal or leaf synapse the junction between two neurons (axon-to-dendrite) or between a neuron and a muscle; "nerve impulses cross a synapse through the action of neurotransmitters" neuromuscular junction the junction between a nerve fiber and the muscle it supplies nerve any bundle of nerve fibers running to various organs and tissues of the body motor nerve a nerve that conveys impulses toward or to muscles or glands motor fiber a nerve fiber that carries impulses toward the muscles or glands sensory nerve a nerve that passes impulses from receptors toward or to the central nervous system sensory fiber a nerve fiber that carries impulses toward the central nervous system lemniscus a bundle of sensory nerve fibers going to the thalamus fiber bundle a bundle of fibers (especially nerve fibers) nerve pathway a bundle of myelinated nerve fibers following a path through the brain commissure a bundle of nerve fibers passing from one side to the other of the brain or spinal cord cranial nerve any of the 12 paired nerves that originate in the brain stem peduncle a bundle of myelinated neurons joining different parts of the brain stalk bearing an inflorescence or solitary flower the thin process of tissue that attaches a polyp to the body hemisphere either half of the cerebrum half of the terrestrial globe half of a sphere left hemisphere the cerebral hemisphere to the left of the corpus callosum that controls the right half of the body pyriform area pear-shaped neural structure on either side of the brain in the rhinencephalon right hemisphere the cerebral hemisphere to the right of the corpus callosum that controls the left half of the body rhinencephalon a center in the cerebral hemispheres that governs the sense of smell in lower animals; in humans it seems to mediate complex emotional behavior olfactory nerve a collective term for numerous olfactory filaments in the nasal mucosa olfactory bulb one of two enlargements at the terminus of the olfactory nerve at the base of the brain just above the nasal cavities optic nerve the cranial nerve that serves the retina oculomotor supplies extrinsic muscles of the eye trochlear either of the two cranial nerves on either side that control the superior oblique muscles of the eyes trigeminal the main sensory nerve of the face and motor nerve for the muscles of mastication abducent a small motor nerve supplying the lateral rectus muscle of the eye especially of muscles; drawing away from the midline of the body or from an adjacent part acoustic nerve a composite sensory nerve supplying the hair cells of the vestibular organ and the hair cells of the cochlea glossopharyngeal nerve sensory nerve to the pharynx and back of the tongue; motor fibers innervate muscles that elevate the pharynx and larynx; includes parasympathetic fibers to the otic ganglion vagus a mixed nerve that supplies the pharynx and larynx and lungs and heart and esophagus and stomach and most of the abdominal viscera accessory nerve arises from two sets of roots (cranial and spinal) that unite to form the nerve hypoglossal supplies intrinsic muscles of the tongue and other tongue muscles central nervous system the portion of the vertebrate nervous system consisting of the brain and spinal cord brain that part of the central nervous system that includes all the higher nervous centers; enclosed within the skull; continuous with the spinal cord mental ability; "he's got plenty of brains but no common sense" the brain of certain animals used as meat kill by smashing someone's skull hit on the head neencephalon the part of the brain having the most recent phylogenetic origin; the cerebral cortex and related parts neopallium the cortical part of the neencephalon archipallium the olfactory cortex of the cerebrum metencephalon the part of the hindbrain that develops into the pons and the cerebellum paleencephalon the more primitive parts of the brain phylogenetically; most structures other than the cerebral cortex leptomeninges the two innermost layers of the meninges; cerebrospinal fluid circulates between these innermost layers dura mater the outermost (and toughest) of the 3 meninges arachnoid the middle of the 3 meninges relating to or resembling a member of the class Arachnida pia mater the highly vascular innermost of the 3 meninges subarachnoid space a space in the meninges beneath the arachnoid membrane and above the pia mater that contains the cerebrospinal fluid neuropil the complex network of unmyelinated axones, dendrites, and glial branches that form the bulk of the central nervous system's grey matter and in which nerve cell bodies are embedded grey matter greyish nervous tissue containing cell bodies as well as fibers; forms the cerebral cortex consisting of unmyelinated neurons white matter whitish nervous tissue of the CNS consisting of neurons and their myelin sheaths pituitary the master gland of the endocrine system; located at the base of the brain of or relating to the pituitary gland; "pituitary hormone" hypophyseal stalk the funnel-shaped stalk connecting the pituitary gland to the hypothalamus anterior pituitary the anterior lobe of the pituitary body; primarily glandular in nature pars distilis the anterior part of the anterior pituitary pars intermedia a thin piece of tissue that has become part of the posterior pituitary posterior pituitary the posterior lobe of the pituitary body; primarily glandular in nature pineal gland a small endocrine gland in the brain; situated beneath the back part of the corpus callosum; secretes melatonin islands of Langerhans cell clusters in the pancreas that form the endocrine part of that organ; secrete insulin and other hormones cerebellum a major division of the vertebrate brain; situated above the medulla oblongata and beneath the cerebrum in humans cerebellar hemisphere either of two lateral lobes of the cerebellum dentate nucleus a large laminar nucleus of grey matter within the white matter of each cerebral hemisphere vermis the narrow central part of the cerebellum between the two hemispheres paleocerebellum the anterior lobe of the cerebellum which was one of the earliest parts of the hindbrain to develop in mammals cerebral cortex the layer of unmyelinated neurons (the grey matter) forming the cortex of the cerebrum cortical area any of various regions of the cerebral cortex association area cortical areas that are neither motor or sensory but are thought to be involved in higher processing of information geniculate body one of four small oval masses that protrude slightly from the underside of the thalamus and function as synaptic centers on the way to the cerebral cortex lateral geniculate body a neural structure that serves as a processing station on the way from the retina to the occipital lobe of the cerebral cortex medial geniculate body a neural structure that serves as the last of a series of processing centers along the auditory pathway from the cochlea to the temporal lobe of the cerebral cortex auditory area the cortical area that receives auditory information from the medial geniculate body Broca's area the motor speech center in the left hemisphere of the brain in most people Brodmann's area one of the cortical areas mapped out on the basis of its cytoarchitecture frontal gyrus any of the convolutions of the outer surface of the frontal lobe of the cerebrum temporal gyrus any of the convolutions of the outer surface of the temporal lobe of the cerebrum parietal gyrus any of the convolutions of the outer surface of the parietal lobe of the cerebrum occipital gyrus any of the convolutions of the outer surface of the occipital lobe of the cerebrum language area a large cortical area (in the left hemisphere in most people) containing all the centers associated with language motor area the cortical area that influences motor movements sensorium the areas of the brain that process and register incoming sensory information and make possible the conscious awareness of the world sensorimotor area an area of the cortex including the precentral gyrus and the postcentral gyrus and combining sensory and motor functions visual area the cortical area that receives information from the lateral geniculate body of the thalamus Wernicke's area the auditory word center; located in the posterior part of the superior temporal convolution in most people cortex the tissue forming the outer layer of an organ or structure in plant or animal medulla the inner part of an organ or structure in plant or animal adrenal cortex the cortex of the adrenal gland; secretes corticosterone and sex hormones renal cortex the cortex of the kidney containing the glomeruli and the convoluted tubules adrenal medulla the medulla of the adrenal gland; secretes epinephrine corpus callosum a broad transverse nerve tract connecting the two cerebral hemispheres pyramidal tract any of the important motor nerves on each side of the central nervous system that run from the sensorimotor areas of the cortex through the brainstem to motor neurons of the cranial nerve nuclei and the ventral root of the spinal cord cerebrum anterior portion of the brain consisting of two hemispheres; dominant part of the brain in humans gyrus a convex fold or elevation in the surface of the brain central gyrus either of two gyri on either side of the central sulcus precentral gyrus the convolution of the frontal lobe that is bounded in back by the central sulcus and that contains the motor area precordium the external surface of the body overlying the heart and stomach postcentral gyrus the convolution of parietal lobe that is bounded in front by the central sulcus lobule a small lobe or subdivision of a lobe frontal lobe that part of the cerebral cortex in either hemisphere of the brain lying directly behind the forehead prefrontal lobe the anterior part of the frontal lobe parietal lobe that part of the cerebral cortex in either hemisphere of the brain lying below the crown of the head occipital lobe that part of the cerebral cortex in either hemisphere of the brain lying in the back of the head striate cortex the part of the occipital cortex that receives the fibers of the optic radiation from the lateral geniculate body and is the primary receptive area for vision temporal lobe that part of the cerebral cortex in either hemisphere of the brain lying inside the temples of the head medulla oblongata lower or hindmost part of the brain; continuous with spinal cord; (`bulb' is an old term for medulla oblongata); "the medulla oblongata is the most vital part of the brain because it contains centers controlling breathing and heart functioning" amygdala an almond-shaped neural structure in the anterior part of the temporal lobe of the cerebrum; intimately connected with the hypothalamus and the hippocampus and the cingulate gyrus; as part of the limbic system it plays an important role in motivation and emotional behavior forebrain the anterior portion of the brain; the part of the brain that develops from the anterior part of the neural tube hippocampus a complex neural structure (shaped like a sea horse) consisting of grey matter and located on the floor of each lateral ventricle; intimately involved in motivation and emotion as part of the limbic system; has a central role in the formation of memories cingulate gyrus a long curved structure on the medial surface of the cerebral hemispheres; the cortical part of the limbic system telencephalon the anterior division of the forebrain; the cerebrum and related parts of the hypothalamus diencephalon the posterior division of the forebrain; connects the cerebral hemispheres with the mesencephalon basal ganglion any of several masses of subcortical grey matter at the base of each cerebral hemisphere that seem to be involved in the regulation of voluntary movement caudate nucleus a tail-shaped basal ganglion located in a lateral ventricle of the brain claustrum a layer of grey matter in the brain adjacent to the lenticular nucleus lenticular nucleus a basal ganglion shaped like a lens and including the outer reddish putamen and the inner pale yellow pallidum pallidum the inner pale yellow part of the lenticular nucleus putamen the outer reddish part of the lenticular nucleus subthalamic nucleus an oval mass of grey matter located in the caudal part of the subthalamus; associated with the striate body limbic system a system of functionally related neural structures in the brain that are involved in emotional behavior subthalamus the ventral part of the thalamus thalamus large egg-shaped structures of grey matter that form the dorsal subdivision of the diencephalon hypothalamus a basal part of the diencephalon governing autonomic nervous system corpus striatum a striped mass of white and grey matter located in front of the thalamus in each cerebral hemisphere; consists of the caudate nucleus and the lenticular nucleus midbrain the middle portion of the brain substantia nigra a layer of deeply pigmented grey matter in the midbrain; associated with the striate body; is involved in metabolic disturbances associated with Parkinson's disease and with Huntington's disease superior colliculus an essential visual center between the retina and the striate cortex inferior colliculus an essential auditory center in the midbrain hindbrain the posterior portion of the brain including cerebellum and brainstem myelencephalon the posterior part of the hindbrain in developing vertebrates; forms the medulla oblongata in adults pons a band of nerve fibers linking the medulla oblongata and the cerebellum with the midbrain brainstem the part of the brain continuous with the spinal cord and comprising the medulla oblongata and pons and midbrain and parts of the hypothalamus neural network any network of neurons or nuclei that function together to perform some function in the body computer architecture in which processors are connected in a manner suggestive of connections between neurons; can learn by trial and error reticular formation a complex neural network in the central core of the brainstem; monitors the state of the body and functions in such processes as arousal and sleep and attention and muscle tone reticular activating system the network in the reticular formation that serves an alerting or arousal function fourth ventricle an irregular ventricle between the third ventricle and the central canal of the spinal cord third ventricle a narrow ventricle in the midplane below the corpus callosum; communicates with the fourth ventricle via the Sylvian aqueduct lateral ventricle either of two horseshoe-shaped ventricles one in each cerebral hemisphere; they communicate with the third ventricle via the foramen of Monro cerebral aqueduct a canal connecting the third and fourth ventricles spinal cord a major part of the central nervous system which conducts sensory and motor nerve impulses to and from the brain; a long tubelike structure extending from the base of the brain through the vertebral canal to the upper lumbar region spinal fluid clear liquid produced in the ventricles of the brain; fills and protects cavities in the brain and spinal cord peripheral nervous system the section of the nervous system lying outside the brain and spinal cord autonomic nervous system the part of the nervous system of vertebrates that controls involuntary actions of the smooth muscles and heart and glands radial nerve largest branch of the brachial plexus; extends down the humerus to the lateral epicondyle where it divides into one branch that goes to the skin on the back of the hand and another that goes to the underlying extensor muscles sympathetic nervous system originates in the thoracic regions of the spinal cord; opposes physiological effects of the parasympathetic: reduces digestive secretions; speeds the heart; contracts blood vessels splanchnic nerve any of several nerves of the sympathetic part of the autonomic nervous system that innervate viscera and blood vessels parasympathetic nervous system originates in the brain stem and lower part of the spinal cord; opposes physiological effects of the sympathetic nervous system: stimulates digestive secretions; slows the heart; constricts the pupils; dilates blood vessels brachial plexus a network of nerves formed by cervical and thoracic spinal nerves and supplying the arm and parts of the shoulder cardiac plexus a plexus of nerves supplying the heart and nearby structures carotid plexus a plexus of nerves surrounding the internal carotid artery cervical plexus a nerve plexus lying beneath the sternocleidomastoid muscle choroid plexus a vascular plexus of the cerebral ventricles that regulate intraventricular pressure coccygeal plexus a small plexus formed by the fifth sacral and coccygeal nerves hypogastric plexus a plexus of nerves serving the pelvic viscera lumbar plexus a plexus of nerves formed by the ventral branches of the first four lumbar nerves a lymphatic plexus located along the lower portion of the aorta and iliac vessels lumbosacral plexus a nerve plexus formed by the ventral divisions of the coccygeal and sacral and lumbar nerves; supplies the lower limbs and perineum and coccygeal area mesenteric plexus a plexus of autonomic nerves myenteric plexus a plexus of unmyelinated fibers and postganglionic autonomic cell bodies in the muscular coat of the esophagus and stomach and intestines periarterial plexus an autonomic plexus that accompanies an artery plexus dentalis a plexus of nerves serving the teeth pterygoid plexus a plexus of veins draining the region of the pterygoid muscles and draining into the internal maxillary and anterior facial veins pulmonary plexis one of two autonomic nerve plexuses in each lung sacral plexus a nerve plexus formed by the 4th and 5th lumbar and 1st, 2nd, 3rd sacral nerves; supplies the pelvic region and lower limbs solar plexus a large plexus of sympathetic nerves in the abdomen behind the stomach pit of the stomach a slight depression in the midline just below the sternum (where a blow can affect the solar plexus) reproductive system organs and tissues involved in the production and maturation of gametes and in their union and subsequent development as offspring urogenital system the system that includes all organs involved in reproduction and in the formation and voidance of urine respiratory system the system for taking in oxygen and giving off carbon dioxide; in terrestrial animals this is accomplished by breathing respiratory tract the passages through which air enters and leaves the body lower respiratory tract the bronchi and lungs upper respiratory tract the nose and throat and trachea sensory system the body's system of sense organs tract a system of body parts that together serve some particular purpose a brief treatise on a subject of interest; published in the form of a booklet an extended area of land urinary tract the organs and tubes involved in the production and excretion of urine vascular system the vessels and tissue that carry or circulate fluids such as blood or lymph or sap through the body of an animal or plant circulatory system the organs and tissues involved in circulating blood and lymph through the body fetal circulation the system of blood vessels and structures through which blood moves in a fetus urinary bladder a membranous sac for temporary retention of urine introitus entrance or opening to a hollow organ or tube (especially the vaginal opening); "the introitus of the vagina" urethral orifice the orifice through which urine is discharged ureter either of a pair of thick-walled tubes that carry urine from the kidney to the urinary bladder urethra duct through which urine is discharged in most mammals and which serves as the male genital duct reproductive organ any organ involved in sexual reproduction female reproductive system the reproductive system of females male reproductive system the reproductive system of males genitalia external sex organ pudendum human external genital organs collectively especially of a female female genitalia external female sex organs; "in England `fanny' is vulgar slang for female genitals" female internal reproductive organ the reproductive organs of a woman male genitalia external male sex organs male internal reproductive organ the reproductive organs of a man ovary (vertebrates) one of usually two organs that produce ova and secrete estrogen and progesterone the organ that bears the ovules of a flower ovotestis hermaphroditic gonad that contains both testicular and ovarian tissue sac a structure resembling a bag in an animal target organ (radiology) organ intended to receive the therapeutic dose of a radioactive substance taret organ (endocrinology) organ most affected by a particular hormone acinus one of the small sacs or saclike dilations in a compound gland one of the small drupes making up an aggregate or multiple fruit like a blackberry bursa a small fluid-filled sac located between movable parts of the body especially at joints cisterna a sac or cavity containing fluid especially lymph or cerebrospinal fluid cheek pouch a membranous pouch inside the mouth of many rodents (as a gopher) marsupium an external abdominal pouch in most marsupials where newborn offspring are suckled scrotum the external pouch that contains the testes vesicle a small anatomically normal sac or bladderlike structure (especially one containing fluid) blister (pathology) an elevation of the skin filled with serous fluid (botany) a swelling on a plant similar to that on the skin a flaw on a surface resulting when an applied substance does not adhere (as an air bubble in a coat of paint) get blistered; "Her feet blistered during the long hike" cause blisters to form on; "the tight shoes and perspiration blistered her feet" subject to harsh criticism; "The Senator blistered the administration in his speech on Friday"; "the professor scaled the students"; "your invectives scorched the community" follicle any small spherical group of cells containing a cavity hair follicle a small tubular cavity containing the root of a hair; small muscles and sebaceous glands are associated with them Graafian follicle a vascular body in a mammalian ovary enclosing a developing egg corpus luteum yellow endocrine tissue that forms in a ruptured Graafian follicle following the release of an ovum; it degenerates after a few days unless pregnancy has begun Fallopian tube either of a pair of tubes conducting the egg from the ovary to the uterus uterus a hollow muscular organ in the pelvic cavity of females; contains the developing fetus uterine cavity the space inside the uterus between the cervical canal and the Fallopian tubes cervical canal a spindle-shaped canal extending from the uterus to the vagina decidua the epithelial tissue of the endometrium endometrium (pregnancy) the mucous membrane that lines the uterus; thickens under hormonal control and (if pregnancy does not occur) is shed in menstruation; if pregnancy occurs it is shed along with the placenta at parturition myometrium the smooth muscle forming the wall of the uterus liposome an artificially made microscopic vesicle into which nucleic acids can be packaged; used in molecular biology as a transducing vector umbilical cord membranous duct connecting the fetus with the placenta placenta the vascular structure in the uterus of most mammals providing oxygen and nutrients for and transferring wastes from the developing fetus that part of the ovary of a flowering plant where the ovules form afterbirth the placenta and fetal membranes that are expelled from the uterus after the baby is born vagina the lower part of the female reproductive tract; a moist canal in female mammals extending from the labia minora to the uterus; "the vagina receives the penis during coitus"; "the vagina is elastic enough to allow the passage of a fetus" cunt obscene terms for female genitals a person (usually but not necessarily a woman) who is thoroughly disliked; "she said her son thought Hillary was a bitch" vulva external parts of the female genitalia hymen a fold of tissue that partly covers the entrance to the vagina of a virgin imperforate hymen hymen that is completely closed so that menstrual blood cannot flow out mons a mound of fatty tissue covering the pubic area in women labium a liplike structure that bounds a bodily orifice (especially any of the four labiate folds of a woman's vulva) labia majora the two outer folds of the vulva pudendal cleft the fissure between the labia majora labia minora the two inner folds of the vulva vestibule of the vagina the space between the labia minora containing the orifice of the urethra erectile organ an organ containing erectile tissue clitoris a female sexual organ homologous to the penis Cowper's gland either of two glands that discharge a component of seminal fluid into the urethra; homologous to Bartholin's gland in the female Bartholin's gland either of the two posterior vestibular glands that secrete a lubricating mucus; homologous to Cowper's gland in the male cervical glands mucus-secreting glands in the mucosa of the uterine cervix seminiferous tubule any of the numerous long convoluted tubules in the testis which are the sites where spermatozoa mature gonad a gland in which gametes (sex cells) are produced testis one of the two male reproductive glands that produce spermatozoa and secrete androgens; "she kicked him in the balls and got away" cobblers a man's testicles (from Cockney rhyming slang: cobbler's awl rhymes with ball) nonsense; "I think that is a load of cobblers" male reproductive gland the reproductive organs of a man undescended testis a testis that fails to move into the scrotum as the male fetus develops; "undescended testicles have an increased risk for cancer" epididymis a convoluted tubule in each testis; carries sperm to vas deferens rete testis network of tubules carrying sperm from the seminiferous tubules to the vasa efferentia vasa efferentia the several highly convoluted tubules that lead from the rete testis to the vas deferens and form the head of the epididymis vas deferens a duct that carries spermatozoa from the epididymis to the ejaculatory duct penis the male sex organ (`member' is a euphemism) micropenis an abnormally small penis prepuce a fold of skin covering the tip of the penis a fold of skin covering the tip of the clitoris seminal duct the efferent duct of the testis in man ejaculatory duct a part of the seminal duct formed by the duct from the seminal vesicle and the vas deferens; passes through the prostate gland seminal vesicle either of a pair of glands located on either side of the male urinary bladder that open into the vas deferens and that secrete many components of semen during ejaculation spermatic cord a structure resembling a cord that suspends the testis within the scrotum and contains the vas deferens and other vessels and nerves respiratory organ any organ involved in the process of respiration book lung organ in many arachnids containing many thin folds of membrane resembling the leaves of a book alveolus a tiny sac for holding air in the lungs; formed by the terminal dilation of tiny air passageways nasal cavity either of the two cavities lying between the floor of the cranium and the roof of the mouth and extending from the face to the pharynx nasopharynx cavity forming the upper part of the pharynx oropharynx cavity formed by the pharynx at the back of the mouth laryngopharynx the lower part of the pharynx pharyngeal tonsil a collection of lymphatic tissue in the throat behind the uvula (on the posterior wall and roof of the nasopharynx); "hypertrophy of the pharyngeal tonsils is called adenoids"; "enlarged adenoids may restrict the breathing of children" larynx a cartilaginous structure at the top of the trachea; contains elastic vocal cords that are the source of the vocal tone in speech arytenoid either of two small cartilages at the back of the larynx to which the vocal folds are attached thyroid cartilage the largest cartilage of the larynx vocal cord either of two pairs of folds of mucous membrane projecting into the larynx false vocal cord either of the upper two vocal cords that are not involved in vocalization true vocal cord either of the two lower vocal folds that come together to form the glottis; produce a vocal tone when they are approximated and air from the lungs passes between them cartilaginous structure body structure given shape by cartilage cartilaginous tube a duct with cartilaginous walls bronchus either of the two main branches of the trachea bronchiole any of the smallest bronchial ducts; ending in alveoli trachea membranous tube with cartilaginous rings that conveys inhaled air from the larynx to the bronchi one of the tubules forming the respiratory system of most insects and many arachnids alimentary canal tubular passage of mucous membrane and muscle extending about 8.3 meters from mouth to anus; functions in digestion and elimination enteron the alimentary canal (especially of an embryo or a coelenterate) digestive gland any gland having ducts that pour secretions into the digestive tract salivary gland any of three pairs of glands in the mouth and digestive system that secrete saliva for digestion parotid gland a large salivary gland that produces 50% of daytime saliva; in human beings it is located in front of and below each ear sublingual gland a small salivary gland that produces mucin (the viscous component of saliva); in human beings it is located on either side of the mouth under the tongue submaxillary gland a salivary gland inside the lower jaw on either side that produces most of the nocturnal saliva; discharges saliva into the mouth under the tongue esophagus the passage between the pharynx and the stomach epicardia the short part of the esophagus extending downward from the diaphragm to the stomach intestine the part of the alimentary canal between the stomach and the anus hindgut the caudal part of the alimentary canal in vertebrate embryos small intestine the longest part of the alimentary canal; where digestion is completed duodenum the part of the small intestine between the stomach and the jejunum pylorus a small circular opening between the stomach and the duodenum jejunum the part of the small intestine between the duodenum and the ileum ileum the part of the small intestine between the jejunum and the cecum large intestine beginning with the cecum and ending with the rectum; includes the cecum and the colon and the rectum; extracts moisture from food residues which are later excreted as feces colon the part of the large intestine between the cecum and the rectum; it extracts moisture from food residues before they are excreted a punctuation mark (:) used after a word introducing a series or an example or an explanation (or after the salutation of a business letter) the basic unit of money in Costa Rica; equal to 100 centimos the basic unit of money in El Salvador; equal to 100 centavos megacolon an abnormal enlargement of the colon; can be congenital (as in Hirschsprung's disease) or acquired (as when children refuse to defecate) cecum the cavity in which the large intestine begins and into which the ileum opens; "the appendix is an offshoot of the cecum" ileocecal valve valve between the ileum of the small intestine and the cecum of the large intestine; prevents material from flowing back from the large to the small intestine transverse colon the part of the large intestine that extends across the abdominal cavity and joins the ascending to the descending colon ascending colon the part of the large intestine that ascends from the cecum to the transverse colon descending colon the part of the large intestine that descends from the transverse colon to the sigmoid colon sigmoid colon the s-shaped curve between the descending colon and the rectum appendix a vestigial process that extends from the lower end of the cecum and that resembles a small pouch supplementary material that is collected and appended at the back of a book rectum the terminal section of the alimentary canal; from the sigmoid flexure to the anus anus the excretory opening at the end of the alimentary canal arse vulgar slang for anus imperforate anus a congenital defect of the anus; there is partial or complete obstruction of the anal opening perineum the general region between the anus and the genital organs human head the head of a human being bullethead a head shaped like a bullet pate the top of the head liver or meat or fowl finely minced or ground and variously seasoned epicranium the muscle and aponeurosis and skin covering the cranium scalp the skin that covers the top of the head; "they wanted to take his scalp as a trophy" remove the scalp of; "The enemies were scalped" sell illegally, as on the black market skull the bony skeleton of the head of vertebrates calvaria the dome of the skull cranium the part of the skull that encloses the brain occiput back part of the head or skull sinciput the front part of the head or skull (including the forehead) frontal bone the large cranial bone forming the front part of the cranium: includes the upper part of the orbits frontal eminence either prominence of the frontal bone above each orbit parietal bone either of two skull bones between the frontal and occipital bones and forming the top and sides of the cranium occipital bone a saucer-shaped membrane bone that forms the back of the skull occipital protuberance prominence on the outer surface of the occipital bone mastoid process of the temporal bone behind the ear at the base of the skull relating to or resembling a nipple of or relating to or in the region of the mastoid process styloid process extends from the base of the temporal bone pterygoid process two bony processes descending from the body of the sphenoid bone tuberosity a protuberance on a bone especially for attachment of a muscle or ligament synovial joint a joint so articulated as to move freely anterior fontanelle corresponds to the bregma when bones have ossified sphenoid fontanelle the irregularly shaped area on either side of the cranium where the frontal bone and the anterior tip of the parietal bone and the temporal bone and the greater wing of the sphenoid bone meet; corresponds to the pterion when bones have ossified coronal suture the suture between the parietal and frontal bones of the skull frontal suture the suture between two halves of the frontal bone (usually obliterated by the age of 6) intermaxillary suture the suture between the two maxillae of the upper jawbone internasal suture the suture between the two nasal bones lamboid suture the suture between the occipital and parietal bones occipitomastoid suture the suture between the occipital and the temporal bones; a continuation of the lamboid suture parietomastoid suture the suture between the parietal and the temporal bones sagittal suture the suture uniting the two parietal bones fontanelle any membranous gap between the bones of the cranium in an infant or fetus foramen a natural opening or perforation through a bone or a membranous structure interventricular foramen the small opening (on both the right and left sides) that connects the third ventricle in the diencephalon with the lateral ventricle in the cerebral hemisphere foramen magnum the large opening at the base of the cranium through which the spinal cord passes zygomatic process a slender process of the temporal bone that strengthens the zygomatic arch bull neck a thick short powerful neck nape the back side of the neck fauces the passage between the back of the mouth and the pharynx fistula an abnormal passage leading from a suppurating cavity to the body surface bypass a surgically created shunt (usually around a damaged part) avoid something unpleasant or laborious; "You cannot bypass these rules!" portacaval shunt shunt that is created surgically between the portal vein and the inferior vena cava so that blood from the abdominal organs can bypass the liver tubular cavity a cavity having the shape of a tube deltoid a large triangular muscle covering the shoulder joint and serving to abduct and flex and extend and rotate the arm triangular or suggesting a capital delta, with a point at the apex armpit the hollow under the arm where it is joined to the shoulder; "they were up to their armpits in water" torso the body excluding the head and neck and limbs; "they moved their arms and legs and bodies" serratus any of several muscles of the trunk anterior serratus muscle muscles that rotate the scapula and elevate the rib cage posterior serratus muscle skeletal muscle that draws the rib cage backward and downward serratus posterior inferior a thin quadrilateral muscle at the junction of the thoracic and lumbar regions; acts to counteract the pull of the diaphragm on the ribs to which it is attached serratus posterior superior a thin quadrilateral muscle of the upper and dorsal part of the thorax; acts to elevate the upper ribs female chest the chest of a woman male chest the chest of a man pectoralis major a skeletal muscle that adducts and rotates the arm pectoralis minor a skeletal muscle that draws down the scapula or raises the ribs intercostal muscles between the ribs; they contract during inspiration located or occurring between the ribs; "intercostal muscles" chest cavity the cavity in the vertebrate body enclosed by the ribs between the diaphragm and the neck and containing the lungs and heart rib cage the bony enclosing wall of the chest lactiferous duct ducts of the mammary gland that carry milk to the nipple mammary gland milk-secreting organ of female mammals areola small circular area such as that around the human nipple or an inflamed area around a pimple or insect bite small space in a tissue or body part such as the area between veins on a leaf or an insect's wing nabothian gland one of many small glands of the uterine cervix that secrete mucus vestibular gland a gland that opens into the vestibule of the vagina; secretions lubricate the vagina during coitus middle the middle area of the human torso (usually in front); "young American women believe that a bare midriff is fashionable" an intermediate part or section; "A whole is that which has beginning, middle, and end"- Aristotle time between the beginning and the end of a temporal period; "the middle of the war"; "rain during the middle of April" put in the middle between an earlier and a later period of time; "in the middle years"; "in his middle thirties" of a stage in the development of a language or literature between earlier and later stages; "Middle English is the English language from about 1100 to 1500"; "Middle Gaelic" waist the narrowing of the body between the ribs and hips wasp waist a very slender waist spare tire excess fat around the waistline hip either side of the body below the waist and above the thigh the ball-and-socket joint between the head of the femur and the acetabulum the fruit of a rose plant (architecture) the exterior angle formed by the junction of a sloping side and a sloping end of a roof navel a scar where the umbilical cord was attached; "you were not supposed to show your navel on television"; "they argued whether or not Adam had a navel"; "she had a tattoo just above her bellybutton" the center point or middle of something; "the Incas believed that Cuzco was the navel of the universe" abdomen the region of the body of a vertebrate between the thorax and the pelvis abdominal the muscles of the abdomen of or relating to or near the abdomen; "abdominal muscles" dorsum the back of the body of a vertebrate or any analogous surface (as the upper or outer surface of an organ or appendage or part); "the dorsum of the foot" external oblique muscle a diagonally arranged abdominal muscle on either side of the torso transversus abdominis muscle a flat muscle with transverse fibers that forms the anterior and lateral walls of the abdominal cavity abdominal cavity the cavity containing the major viscera; in mammals it is separated from the thorax by the diaphragm pubes the lower part of the abdomen just above the external genital organs latissimus dorsi a broad flat muscle on either side of the back buttocks the fleshy part of the human body that you sit on; "he deserves a good kick in the butt"; "are you going to sit on your fanny and do nothing?" buttock either of the two large fleshy masses of muscular tissue that form the human rump extremity an external body part that projects from the body; "it is important to keep the extremities warm" that part of a limb that is farthest from the torso the outermost or farthest region or point the greatest or utmost degree; "the extremity of despair" an extreme condition or state (especially of adversity or disease) crus the leg from the knee to foot bowleg a leg bowed outward at the knee (or below the knee) shank's mare you own legs; "I traveled on shank's mare" spindlelegs long thin legs a thin person with long thin legs thigh the part of the leg between the hip and the knee shin the front part of the human leg between the knee and the ankle the 22nd letter of the Hebrew alphabet a cut of meat from the lower part of the leg vertebrate foot the extremity of the limb in vertebrates cubitus the arm from the elbow to the fingertips forearm the part of the superior limb between the elbow and the wrist arm in advance of a confrontation fist a hand with the fingers clenched in the palm (as for hitting) hooks large strong hand (as of a fighter); "wait till I get my hooks on him" palm the inner surface of the hand from the wrist to the base of the fingers any plant of the family Palmae having an unbranched trunk crowned by large pinnate or palmate leaves a linear unit based on the length or width of the human hand thenar the fleshy area of the palm at the base of the thumb digit a finger or toe in human beings or corresponding body part in other vertebrates one of the elements that collectively form a system of numeration; "0 and 1 are digits" minimus the fifth digit; the little finger or little toe fingertip the end (tip) of a finger index the finger next to the thumb an alphabetical listing of names and topics along with page numbers where they are discussed a number or ratio (a value on a scale of measurement) derived from a series of observed facts; can reveal relative changes as a function of time a numerical scale used to compare variables with one another or with some reference number adjust through indexation; "The government indexes wages and prices" provide with an index; "index the book" list in an index ring finger the third finger (especially of the left hand) middle finger the second finger; between the index finger and the ring finger little finger the finger farthest from the thumb sciatic nerve arises from the sacral plexus and passes about halfway down the thigh where it divides into the common peroneal and tibial nerves femoral nerve one of a pair of nerves that originate from lumbar nerves and supply the muscles and skin of the anterior part of the thigh saphenous nerve a branch of the femoral nerve that supplies cutaneous branches to the inner aspect of the leg and foot phrenic nerve one of a pair of nerves that arises from cervical spinal roots and passes down the thorax to innervate the diaphragm and control breathing ulnar nerve a nerve running along the inner side of the arm and passing near the elbow; supplies intrinsic muscles of the hand and the skin of the medial side of the hand spinal nerve any of the 31 pairs of nerves emerging from each side of the spinal cord (each attached to the cord by two roots: ventral and dorsal) cervical nerve any of eight pairs of spinal nerves emerging from the cervical section of the spinal cord coccygeal nerve the lowest pair of spinal nerves lumbar nerve any of five pairs of spinal nerves emerging from the lumbar section of the spinal cord sacral nerve any of five pairs of spinal nerves emerging from the sacral region of the spinal cord thoracic nerve any of twelve pairs of spinal nerves emerging from the thoracic region of the spinal cord gluteus any one of three large skeletal muscles that form the buttock and move the thigh gluteus maximus the outermost of the three gluteal muscles gluteus medius the middle of the three gluteal muscles gluteus minimus the innermost of the three gluteal muscles hamstring one of the tendons at the back of the knee cripple by cutting the hamstring make ineffective or powerless; "The teachers were hamstrung by the overly rigid schedules" sphincter a ring of muscle that contracts to close an opening cardiac sphincter the valve between the distal end of the esophagus and the stomach; the physiological sphincter at the esophagogastric junction esophagogastric junction the junction between the esophagus and the stomach epithelium physiological sphincter a sphincter that is not recognizable at autopsy because its resting arrangement cannot be distinguished from adjacent tissue anal sphincter the sphincter muscle of the anus musculus sphincter ani externus an external ring of striated muscle surrounding the anus musculus sphincter ani internus an internal ring of smooth muscle formed by circular fibers of the rectum urethral sphincter a striated sphincter muscle that constricts the urethra bladder sphincter the sphincter muscle of the urinary bladder; made up of a thickened muscular layer of bladder around the urethral opening musculus sphincter ductus choledochi the smooth muscle sphincter of the common bile duct musculus sphincter ductus pancreatici the smooth muscle sphincter of the main pancreatic duct pupillary sphincter a ring of smooth muscle surrounding the iris pyloric sphincter the sphincter muscle of the pylorus that separates the stomach from the duodenum tensor any of several muscles that cause an attached structure to become tense or firm a generalization of the concept of a vector tensor tympani a small muscle in the middle ear that tenses to protect the eardrum femur the longest and thickest bone of the human skeleton; extends from the pelvis to the knee trochanter one of the bony prominences developed near the upper extremity of the femur to which muscles are attached mid-calf the middle of the calf; half way between the knee and ankle gastrocnemius the muscle in the back part of the leg that forms the greater part of the calf; responsible for the plantar flexion of the foot psoas either of two muscles of the abdomen and pelvis that flex the trunk and rotate the thigh rhomboid any of several muscles of the upper back that help move the shoulder blade a parallelogram with adjacent sides of unequal lengths; an oblique-angled parallelogram with only the opposite sides equal shaped like a rhombus or rhomboid; "rhomboidal shapes" rhomboideus major muscle rhomboid muscle that draws the scapula toward the spinal column rhomboid minor muscle rhomboid muscle that draws the scapula toward the vertebral column and slightly upward soleus a broad flat muscle in the calf of the leg under the gastrocnemius muscle splenius either of two flat muscles that extend from the upper vertebrae to the base of the skull and serve to rotate or flex or extend the head and neck peroneus muscle of the lower leg that is involved in moving the foot pterygoid muscle muscle descending from the sphenoid bone to the lower jaw flatfoot a foot afflicted with a fallen arch; abnormally flattened and spread out a policeman who patrols a given region metatarsal arch the short lateral arch formed by the heads of the metatarsals sunken arch an instep flattened so the entire sole rests on the ground tiptoe the tip of a toe walk on one's toes walking on the tips of ones's toes so as to make no noise; "moving with tiptoe steps" on tiptoe or as if on tiptoe; "standing tiptoe" big toe the first largest innermost toe hammertoe a deformed toe which is bent in a clawlike arch little toe the fifth smallest outermost toe gliding joint a freely moving joint in which the articulations allow only gliding motions ankle a gliding joint between the distal ends of the tibia and fibula and the proximal end of the talus Achilles tendon a large tendon that runs from the heel to the calf musculus biceps femoris the biceps muscle of the thigh; it flexes the knee and rotates the leg laterally biceps any skeletal muscle having two origins (but especially the muscle that flexes the forearm) biceps brachii a muscle that flexes and supinates the forearm triceps any skeletal muscle having three origins (but especially the triceps brachii) triceps brachii the skeletal muscle having three origins that extends the forearm when it contracts interphalangeal joint any of the joints between the phalanges of the fingers or toes hinge joint a freely moving joint in which the bones are so articulated as to allow extensive movement in one plane funny bone a point on the elbow where the ulnar nerve passes near the surface; a sharp tingling sensation results when the nerve is knocked against the bone; "the funny bone is not humerus" lamina a thin plate or layer (especially of bone or mineral) lamina arcus vertebrae lamina of the vertebral arch; the flattened posterior part of the vertebral arch from which the spinous process extends horny structure any rigid body structure composed primarily of keratin cuticle the dead skin at the base of a fingernail or toenail half-moon the crescent-shaped area at the base of the human fingernail the time at which the Moon is at first or last quarter when half its face is illuminated fascia a sheet or band of fibrous connective tissue separating or binding together muscles and organs etc aponeurosis any of the deeper and thicker fascia that attach muscles to bones; resemble flattened tendons autograft tissue that is taken from one site and grafted to another site on the same person; "skin from his thigh replaced the burned skin on his arms" homograft tissue or organ transplanted from a donor of the same species but different genetic makeup; recipient's immune system must be suppressed to prevent rejection of the graft heterograft tissue from an animal of one species used as a temporary graft (as in cases of severe burns) on an individual of another species scar tissue the connective tissue that forms a scar; consists of fibroblasts in new scars and collagen fibers in old scars adhesion a fibrous band of scar tissue that binds together normally separate anatomical structures abnormal union of bodily tissues; most common in the abdomen stroma the supporting tissue of an organ (as opposed to parenchyma) the dense colorless framework of a chloroplast a mass of fungal tissue that has spore-bearing structures embedded in it or on it fingernail the nail at the end of a finger thumbnail the nail of the thumb toenail the nail at the end of a toe ingrown toenail toenail having its free tip or edges embedded in the surrounding flesh hangnail a loose narrow strip of skin near the base of a fingernail; tearing it produces a painful sore that is easily infected wrist a joint between the distal end of the radius and the proximal row of carpal bones knuckle a joint of a finger when the fist is closed shoot a marble while keeping one's knuckles on the ground press or rub with the knuckles skeletal system the hard structure (bones and cartilages) that provides a frame for the body of an animal skeletal structure any structure created by the skeleton of an organism pectoral girdle a skeletal support to which the forelimbs of vertebrates are attached shoulder girdle the bony arch formed by the collarbones and shoulder blades in humans endoskeleton the internal skeleton; bony and cartilaginous structure (especially of vertebrates) exoskeleton the exterior protective or supporting structure or shell of many animals (especially invertebrates) including bony or horny parts such as nails or scales or hoofs appendicular skeleton the part of the skeleton that includes the pectoral girdle and the pelvic girdle and the upper and lower limbs axial skeleton the part of the skeleton that includes the skull and spinal column and sternum and ribs axial muscle a skeletal muscle of the trunk or head transverse process one of two processes that extend from each vertebra and provide the point of articulation for the ribs hemal arch a structure arising ventrally from a vertebral centrum and enclosing the caudal blood vessels neural arch a structure arising dorsally from a vertebral centrum and enclosing the spinal cord spinal column the series of vertebrae forming the axis of the skeleton and protecting the spinal cord; "the fall broke his back" cervical vertebra one of 7 vertebrae in the human spine located in the neck region odontoid process a toothlike process at the back of 2nd vertebra of the neck thoracic vertebra one of 12 vertebrae in the human vertebral column; thoracic vertebrae extend from the seventh cervical vertebra down to the first lumbar vertebra lumbar vertebra one of 5 vertebrae in the human vertebral column; lumbar vertebrae extend from the twelfth thoracic vertebra down to the sacral vertebrae sacral vertebra one of 5 vertebrae in the human spine that fuse in the adult to form the sacrum coccygeal vertebra one of 4 vertebrae in the human coccyx sartorius a muscle in the thigh that helps to rotate the leg into the sitting position assumed by a tailor; the longest muscle in the human body scalenus any of four pairs of muscles extending from the cervical vertebrae to the second rib; involved in moving the neck and in breathing spinal nerve roots either of two roots of the spinal nerves sternocleidomastoid one of two thick muscles running from the sternum and clavicle to the mastoid and occipital bone; turns head obliquely to the opposite side; when acting together they flex the neck and extend the head teres either of two muscles in the shoulder region that move the shoulders and arms teres major teres muscle that moves the arm and rotates it medially teres minor teres muscle that adducts the arm and rotates it laterally tibialis either of two skeletal muscle in each leg arising from the tibia; provides for movement of the foot tibialis anticus a muscle running from the tibia to the first metatarsal and cuneiform bones tibialis posticus a deep muscle of the leg trapezius either of two flat triangular muscles of the shoulder and upper back that are involved in moving the shoulders and arms true rib one of the first seven ribs in a human being which attach to the sternum costa a riblike part of a plant or animal (such as a middle rib of a leaf or a thickened vein of an insect wing) costal cartilage the cartilages that connect the sternum and the ends of the ribs; its elasticity allows the chest to move in respiration epiphysis the end of a long bone; initially separated from the main bone by a layer of cartilage that eventually ossifies so the parts become fused diaphysis the main (mid) section of a long bone metaphysis the growing part of a long bone between the diaphysis and the epiphysis arm bone a bone in the arm humerus bone extending from the shoulder to the elbow ulna the inner and longer of the two bones of the human forearm olecranon process of the ulna that forms the outer bump of the elbow and fits into the fossa of the humerus when the arm is extended metacarpus the part of the hand between the carpus and phalanges leg bone a bone of the leg fibula the outer and thinner of the two bones of the human leg between the knee and ankle tibia the inner and thicker of the two bones of the human leg between the knee and ankle metatarsus the skeleton of the human foot between the toes and the tarsus; the corresponding part of the foot in birds or of the hind foot in quadrupeds tarsus the part of the foot of a vertebrate between the metatarsus and the leg; in human beings the bones of the ankle and heel collectively acetabulum the cup-shaped hollow in the hipbone into which the head of the femur fits to form a ball-and-socket joint pelvis a structure shaped like a funnel in the outlet of the kidney into which urine is discharged before passing into the ureter the structure of the vertebrate skeleton supporting the lower limbs in humans and the hind limbs or corresponding parts in other vertebrates pelvic cavity the space bounded by the bones of the pelvis and containing the pelvic viscera pivot joint a freely moving joint in which movement is limited to rotation; "the articulation of the radius and ulna in the arm is a pivot joint" crotch the angle formed by the inner sides of the legs where they join the human trunk loins the region of the hips and groin and lower abdomen quick any area of the body that is highly sensitive to pain (as the flesh underneath the skin or a fingernail or toenail) easily aroused or excited; "a quick temper"; "a warm temper" accomplished rapidly and without delay; "was quick to make friends"; "his quick reaction prevented an accident"; "hoped for a speedy resolution of the problem"; "a speedy recovery"; "he has a right to a speedy trial" apprehending and responding with speed and sensitivity; "a quick mind"; "a ready wit" conk informal term for the nose hit, especially on the head; "The stranger conked him and he fainted" hawk nose a nose curved downward like the beak of a hawk pug nose a short nose; flattened and turned up at the end Roman nose a nose with a prominent slightly aquiline bridge chin the protruding part of the lower jaw raise oneself while hanging from one's hands until one's chin is level with the support bar double chin a fold of fatty tissue under the chin dimple a small natural hollow in the cheek or chin; "His dimple appeared whenever he smiled" any slight depression in a surface; "there are approximately 336 dimples on a golf ball" produce dimples while smiling; "The child dimpled up to the adults" mark with, or as if with, dimples; "drops dimpled the smooth stream" lantern jaw a long thin lower jaw nostril either one of the two external openings to the nasal cavity in the nose posterior naris either one of the two posterior openings at the back of the nasal cavity leading to the nasopharynx naris any of the openings to the nasal cavities that allow air to flow through the cavities to the pharynx pudding face a large fat human face facial muscle any of the skeletal muscles of the face temporalis muscle muscle extending from the temporal fossa to the coronoid process of the mandible; acts to raise the mandible and close the jaws brow the part of the face above the eyes cheek either side of the face below the eyes speak impudently to jowl a fullness and looseness of the flesh of the lower cheek and jaw (characteristic of aging) supraorbital ridge a ridge on the frontal bone above the eye socket excrescence (pathology) an abnormal outgrowth or enlargement of some part of the body rudiment the remains of a body part that was functional at an earlier stage of life; "Meckel's diverticulum is the rudiment of the embryonic yolk sac" abdominal wall a wall of the abdomen pericardial sac the membrane surrounding the heart rotator cuff a supporting structure of the shoulder consisting of the muscles and tendons that attach the arm to the shoulder joint and enable the arm to move respiratory center the center in the medulla oblongata and pons that integrates sensory information about the level of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the blood and determines the signals to be sent to the respiratory muscles syncytium a mass of cytoplasm containing several nuclei and enclosed in a membrane but no internal cell boundaries (as in muscle fibers) serous membrane a thin membrane lining the closed cavities of the body; has two layers with a space between that is filled with serous fluid synovial membrane a thin membrane in synovial (freely moving) joints that lines the joint capsule and secretes synovial fluid tunica albuginea testes whitish cover of the testicle albuginea whitish tunic celom a cavity in the mesoderm of an embryo that gives rise in humans to the pleural cavity and pericardial cavity and peritoneal cavity cornu (anatomy) any structure that resembles a horn in shape ruga (anatomy) a fold or wrinkle or crease; "rugae of the stomach" tentorium (anatomy) a fold of dura mater that covers the cerebellum and supports the occipital lobes of the cerebrum mast cell a large connective tissue cell that contains histamine and heparin and serotonin which are released in allergic reactions or in response to injury or inflammation stem cell an undifferentiated cell whose daughter cells may differentiate into other cell types (such as blood cells) hematopoeitic stem cell blood forming stem cells in the bone marrow; T cells and B cells arise from these stem cells McBurney's point a point one third of the way along a line drawn from the hip to the umbilicus; the point of maximum sensitivity in acute appendicitis zona pellucida thick membrane around the mammalian ovum; can be penetrated by one sperm in the fertilization process; usually remains around the fertilized egg until it is implanted in the wall of the uterus receptor a cellular structure that is postulated to exist in order to mediate between a chemical agent that acts on nervous tissue and the physiological response alpha receptor receptors postulated to exist on nerve cell membranes of the sympathetic nervous system in order to explain the specificity of certain agents that affect only some sympathetic activities (such as vasoconstriction and relaxation of intestinal muscles and contraction of smooth muscles) beta receptor receptors postulated to exist on nerve cell membranes of the sympathetic nervous system in order to explain the specificity of certain agents that affect only some sympathetic activities (such as vasodilation and increased heart beat) pharyngeal recess a small recess in the wall of the pharynx rima a narrow elongated opening or fissure between two symmetrical parts rima glottidis the space between the two true vocal folds rima vestibuli the opening between the false vocal folds telomere either (free) end of a eukaryotic chromosome; "telomeres act as caps to keep the sticky ends of chromosomes from randomly clumping together" vomer thin trapezoidal bone of the skull forming the posterior and inferior parts of the nasal septum Wormian bone any of the tiny soft bones found in the sutures between cranial bones zone (anatomy) any encircling or beltlike structure an area or region distinguished from adjacent parts by a distinctive feature or characteristic any of the regions of the surface of the Earth loosely divided according to latitude or longitude a locally circumscribed place characterized by some distinctive features regulate housing in; of certain areas of towns zonule small beltlike zone mind that which is responsible for one's thoughts, feelings, and conscious brain functions; the seat of the faculty of reason; "his mind wandered"; "I couldn't get his words out of my head" knowledge and intellectual ability; "he reads to improve his mind"; "he has a keen intellect" attention; "don't pay him any mind" recall or remembrance; "it came to mind" your intention; what you intend to do; "he had in mind to see his old teacher"; "the idea of the game is to capture all the pieces" keep in mind be concerned with or about something or somebody be offended or bothered by; take offense with, be bothered by; "I don't mind your behavior" noddle an informal British expression for head or mind; "use your noddle" place an abstract mental location; "he has a special place in my thoughts"; "a place in my heart"; "a political system with no place for the less prominent groups" the passage that is being read; "he lost his place on the page" an item on a list or in a sequence; "in the second place"; "moved from third to fifth position" any area set aside for a particular purpose; "who owns this place?"; "the president was concerned about the property across from the White House" a general vicinity; "He comes from a place near Chicago" a particular situation; "If you were in my place what would you do?" proper or designated social situation; "he overstepped his place"; "the responsibilities of a man in his station"; "married above her station" proper or appropriate position or location; "a woman's place is no longer in the kitchen" take a place in a competition; often followed by an ordinal; "Jerry came in third in the Marathon" estimate; "We put the time of arrival at 8 P.M." to arrange for; "place a phone call"; "place a bet" sing a note with the correct pitch finish second or better in a horse or dog race; "he bet $2 on number six to place" place somebody in a particular situation or location; "he was placed on probation" assign to (a job or a home) identify the location or place of; "We localized the source of the infection" public knowledge knowledge that is available to anyone common knowledge anything generally known to everyone episteme the body of ideas that determine the knowledge that is intellectually certain at any particular time ancient history knowledge of some recent fact or event that has become so commonly known that it has lost its original pertinence a history of the ancient world open information that has become public; "all the reports were out in the open"; "the facts had been brought to the surface" a tournament in which both professionals and amateurs may play a clear or unobstructed space or expanse of land or water; "finally broke out of the forest into the open" make available; "This opens up new possibilities" become available; "an opportunity opened up" make the opening move; "Kasparov opened with a standard opening" cause to open or to become open; "Mary opened the car door" become open; "The door opened" display the contents of a file or start an application as on a computer begin or set in action, of meetings, speeches, recitals, etc.; "He opened the meeting with a long speech" start to operate or function or cause to start operating or functioning; "open a business" have an opening or passage or outlet; "The bedrooms open into the hall" ready for business; "the stores are open" not having been filled; "the job is still open" without undue constriction as from e.g. tenseness or inhibition; "the clarity and resonance of an open tone"; "her natural and open response" affording unobstructed entrance and exit; not shut or closed; "an open door"; "they left the door open" affording free passage or access; "open drains"; "the road is open to traffic"; "open ranks" used of mouth or eyes; "keep your eyes open"; "his mouth slightly opened" having no protecting cover or enclosure; "an open boat"; "an open fire"; "open sports cars" (set theory) of an interval that contains neither of its endpoints open to or in view of all; "an open protest"; "an open letter to the editor" accessible to all; "open season"; "an open economy" not sealed or having been unsealed; "the letter was already open"; "the opened package lay on the table" not brought to a conclusion; subject to further thought; "an open question"; "our position on this bill is still undecided"; "our lawsuit is still undetermined" tabula rasa a young mind not yet affected by experience (according to John Locke) ego (psychoanalysis) the conscious mind an inflated feeling of pride in your superiority to others unconscious mind that part of the mind wherein psychic activity takes place of which the person is unaware subconscious mind psychic activity just below the level of awareness superego (psychoanalysis) that part of the unconscious mind that acts as a conscience id (psychoanalysis) primitive instincts and energies underlying all psychic activity astuteness the intellectual ability to penetrate deeply into ideas sagacity the mental ability to understand and discriminate between relations common sense sound practical judgment; "Common sense is not so common"; "he hasn't got the sense God gave little green apples"; "fortunately she had the good sense to run away" logic reasoned and reasonable judgment; "it made a certain kind of logic" a system of reasoning the principles that guide reasoning within a given field or situation; "economic logic requires it"; "by the logic of war" the system of operations performed by a computer that underlies the machine's representation of logical operations the branch of philosophy that analyzes inference nous common sense; "she has great social nous" road sense good judgment in avoiding trouble or accidents on the road confidentiality discretion in keeping secret information the state of being secret; "you must respect the confidentiality of your client's communications" injudiciousness lacking good judgment know-how the (technical) knowledge and skill required to do something bag of tricks a supply of ways of accomplishing something; "every good mechanic has a large bag of tricks" breadth the capacity to understand a broad range of topics; "a teacher must have a breadth of knowledge of the subject"; "a man distinguished by the largeness and scope of his views" nonverbal intelligence intelligence that is manifested in the performance of tasks requiring little or no use of language verbal intelligence intelligence in the use and comprehension of language mental quickness intelligence as revealed by an ability to give correct responses without delay nimbleness intelligence as revealed by quickness and alertness of mind; "nimbleness of wit and imagination" brilliance unusual mental ability coruscation a sudden or striking display of brilliance; "coruscations of great wit" precociousness intelligence achieved far ahead of normal developmental schedules shrewdness intelligence manifested by being astute (as in business dealings) insightfulness shrewdness shown by keen insight knowingness shrewdness demonstrated by knowledge street smarts a shrewd ability to survive in a dangerous urban environment wits the basic human power of intelligent thought and perception; "he used his wits to get ahead"; "I was scared out of my wits"; "he still had all his marbles and was in full possession of a lively mind" aptitude inherent ability bilingualism the ability to speak two languages colloquially instinct inborn pattern of behavior often responsive to specific stimuli; "the spawning instinct in salmon"; "altruistic instincts in social animals" perfectibility the capability of becoming perfect; "he believes in the ultimate perfectibility of man" sight the range of vision; "out of sight of land" the ability to see; the visual faculty an instance of visual perception; "the sight of his wife brought him back to reality"; "the train was an unexpected sight" a range of mental vision; "in his sight she could do no wrong" anything that is seen; "he was a familiar sight on the television"; "they went to Paris to see the sights" take aim by looking through the sights of a gun (or other device) natural ability ability that is inherited bent a special way of doing something; "he had a bent for it"; "he had a special knack for getting into trouble"; "he couldn't get the hang of it" a relatively permanent inclination to react in a particular way; "the set of his mind was obvious" an area of grassland unbounded by fences or hedges grass for pastures and lawns especially bowling and putting greens of metal e.g.; "bent nails"; "a car with a crumpled front end"; "dented fenders" fixed in your purpose; "bent on going to the theater"; "dead set against intervening"; "out to win every event" flair a natural talent; "he has a flair for mathematics"; "he has a genius for interior decorating" raw talent powerfully impressive talent creativity the ability to create fecundity the intellectual productivity of a creative imagination genius exceptional creative ability someone who has exceptional intellectual ability and originality; "Mozart was a child genius"; "he's smart but he's no Einstein" imagination the formation of a mental image of something that is not perceived as real and is not present to the senses; "popular imagination created a world of demons"; "imagination reveals what the world could be" the ability to form mental images of things or events; "he could still hear her in his imagination" imaginary place a place that exists only in imagination; a place said to exist in fictional or religious writings afterworld the place where you are after you die Annwfn (Welsh mythology) the other world; land of fairies Asgard (Norse mythology) the heavenly dwelling of the Norse gods (the Aesir) and slain war heroes Atlantis according to legend, an island in the Atlantic Ocean that Plato said was swallowed by an earthquake Brobdingnag a land imagined by Jonathan Swift where everything was enormous cloud-cuckoo-land an imaginary place where you say people are when they seem optimistically out of touch with reality Cockaigne (Middle Ages) an imaginary land of luxury and idleness El Dorado an imaginary place of great wealth and opportunity; sought in South America by 16th-century explorers fairyland the enchanted realm of fairies Heaven the abode of God and the angels Abraham's bosom the place where the just enjoy the peace of heaven after death Celestial City phrases used to refer to Heaven; "the Celestial City was Christian's goal in Bunyan's `Pilgrim's Progress'" Elysium (Greek mythology) the abode of the blessed after death a place or condition of ideal happiness Eden a beautiful garden where Adam and Eve were placed at the Creation; when they disobeyed and ate the forbidden fruit from the tree of knowledge of good and evil they were driven from their paradise (the fall of man) any place of complete bliss and delight and peace Paradise (Christianity) the abode of righteous souls after death Promised Land the goal towards which Christians strive Valhalla (Norse mythology) the hall in which the souls of heros slain in battle were received by Odin Hell (religion) the world of the dead; "No one goes to Hades with all his immense wealth"-Theognis (Christianity) the abode of Satan and the forces of evil; where sinners suffer eternal punishment; "Hurl'd headlong...To bottomless perdition, there to dwell"- John Milton; "a demon from the depths of the pit"; "Hell is paved with good intentions"-Dr. Johnson Houyhnhnms a land imagined by Jonathan Swift where intelligent horses ruled the Yahoos Gehenna a place where the wicked are punished after death hellfire a place of eternal fire envisaged as punishment for the damned Laputa a land imagined by Jonathan Swift where impractical projects were pursued and practical projects neglected Lilliput a land imagined by Jonathan Swift that was inhabited by tiny people limbo (theology) in Roman Catholicism, the place of unbaptized but innocent or righteous souls (such as infants and virtuous individuals) an imaginary place for lost or neglected things Midgard (Norse mythology) the abode of humans in Norse mythology never-never land a pleasing country existing only in dreams or imagination purgatory (theology) in Roman Catholic theology the place where those who have died in a state of grace undergo limited torment to expiate their sins a temporary condition of torment or suffering; "a purgatory of drug abuse" Ruritania an imaginary kingdom in central Europe; often used as a scene for intrigue and romance spirit world any imaginary place where spiritual beings (demons or fairies or angels or the like) abide; "science has emptied the spirit world of its former inhabitants" Utopia an imaginary place considered to be perfect or ideal a book written by Sir Thomas More (1516) describing the perfect society on an imaginary island wonderland an imaginary realm of marvels or wonders a place or scene of great or strange beauty or wonder fancy imagination or fantasy; held by Coleridge to be more casual and superficial than true imagination; "never had the wildest flights of fancy imagined such magnificence" have a fancy or particular liking or desire for; "She fancied a necklace that she had seen in the jeweler's window" not plain; decorative or ornamented; "fancy handwriting"; "fancy clothes" fantasy imagination unrestricted by reality; "a schoolgirl fantasy" fiction with a large amount of imagination in it; "she made a lot of money writing romantic fantasies" indulge in fantasies; "he is fantasizing when he says he plans to start his own company" pipe dream a fantastic but vain hope (from fantasies induced by the opium pipe); "I have this pipe dream about being emperor of the universe" fantasy life an imaginary life lived in a fantasy world fantasy world something existing solely in the imagination (but often mistaken for reality) paracosm a prolonged fantasy world invented by children; can have a definite geography and language and history inventiveness the power of creative imagination concoction the invention of a scheme or story to suit some purpose; "his testimony was a concoction"; "she has no peer in the concoction of mystery stories" an occurrence of an unusual mixture; "it suddenly spewed out a thick green concoction" any foodstuff made by combining different ingredients; "he volunteered to taste her latest concoction"; "he drank a mixture of beer and lemonade" contrivance the faculty of contriving; inventive skill; "his skillful contrivance of answers to every problem" an artificial or unnatural or obviously contrived arrangement of details or parts etc.; "the plot contained too many improbable contrivances to be believable" an elaborate or deceitful scheme contrived to deceive or evade; "his testimony was just a contrivance to throw us off the track" innovativeness originality by virtue of introducing new ideas novelty originality by virtue of being new and surprising aviation the art of operating aircraft the operation of aircraft to provide transportation the aggregation of a country's military aircraft eristic the art of logical disputation (especially if specious) given to disputation for its own sake and often employing specious arguments falconry the art of training falcons to hunt and return homiletics the art of preaching the branch of theology that deals with sermons and homilies horology the art of designing and making clocks minstrelsy the art of a minstrel ballads sung by minstrels a troupe of minstrels musicianship artistry in performing music enology the art of wine making taxidermy the art of mounting the skins of animals so that they have lifelike appearance telescopy the art of making and using telescopes ventriloquism the art of projecting your voice so that it seems to come from another source (as from a ventriloquist's dummy) skill ability to produce solutions in some problem domain; "the skill of a well-trained boxer"; "the sweet science of pugilism" an ability that has been acquired by training virtuosity technical skill or fluency or style exhibited by a virtuoso bravura brilliant and showy technical skill; "in a final bravura the ballerina appeared to be floating in water"; "the music ends with a display of bravura" horsemanship skill in handling and riding horses literacy the ability to read and write marksmanship skill in shooting mixology skill in preparing mixed drinks superior skill more than ordinary ability numeracy skill with numbers and mathematics oarsmanship skill as an oarsman salesmanship skill in selling; skill in persuading people to buy; "he read a book on salesmanship but it didn't help" seamanship skill in sailing boatmanship skill in handling boats showmanship the ability to present something (especially theatrical shows) in an attractive manner soldiering skills that are required for the life of soldier swordsmanship skill in fencing skillfulness the state of being cognitively skillful expertness skillfulness by virtue of possessing special knowledge professionalism the expertness characteristic of a professional person incoordination a lack of coordination of movements versatility having a wide variety of skills adeptness skillful performance or ability without difficulty; "his quick adeptness was a product of good design"; "he was famous for his facility as an archer" finishing touch a final touch; a crowning achievement; a culmination dexterity adroitness in using the hands disfluency lack of skillfulness in speaking or writing brushwork an artist's distinctive technique of applying paint with a brush musketry the technique of using small arms (especially in battle) musketeers and their muskets collectively housecraft skill in domestic management priestcraft the skills involved in the work of a priest a derogatory reference to priests who use their influence to control secular or political affairs stagecraft skill in writing or staging plays tradecraft skill acquired through experience in a trade; often used to discuss skill in espionage; "instructional designers are trained in something that might be called tradecraft"; "the CIA chief of station accepted responsibility for his agents' failures of tradecraft" watercraft skill in the management of boats woodcraft skill in carving or fashioning objects from wood skill and experience in matters relating to the woods (as hunting or fishing or camping) efficiency skillfulness in avoiding wasted time and effort; "she did the work with great efficiency" the ratio of the output to the input of any system writer's block an inability to write; "he had writer's block; the words wouldn't come" denseness the quality of being mentally slow and limited retardation lack of normal development of intellectual capacities the extent to which something is delayed or held back feeblemindedness severe mental deficiency moronity mild mental retardation idiocy extreme mental retardation imbecility retardation more severe than a moron but not as severe as an idiot vacuousness indicative of or marked by mental vacuity and an absence of ideas; "the vacuousness of her face belied her feelings" inaptitude a lack of aptitude talentlessness a lack of talent imperfectibility the capability of becoming imperfect unskillfulness a lack of cognitive skill rustiness ineptitude or awkwardness as a consequence of age or lack of practice; "his rustiness showed when he was asked to speed up" the condition of being coated or clogged with rust inefficiency unskillfulness resulting from a lack of efficiency amateurishness something that demonstrates a lack of professional competency illiteracy an inability to read ignorance resulting from not reading uncreativeness a lack of creativity triteness unoriginality as a result of being dull and hackneyed faculty one of the inherent cognitive or perceptual powers of the mind language the mental faculty or power of vocal communication; "language sets homo sapiens apart from all other animals" a systematic means of communicating by the use of sounds or conventional symbols; "he taught foreign languages"; "the language introduced is standard throughout the text"; "the speed with which a program can be executed depends on the language in which it is written" lexis all of the words in a language; all word forms having meaning or grammatical function vocabulary a language user's knowledge of words the system of techniques or symbols serving as a means of expression (as in arts or crafts); "he introduced a wide vocabulary of techniques" a listing of the words used in some enterprise reason the capacity for rational thought or inference or discrimination; "we are told that man is endowed with reason and capable of distinguishing good from evil" a fact that logically justifies some premise or conclusion; "there is reason to believe he is lying" an explanation of the cause of some phenomenon; "the reason a steady state was never reached was that the back pressure built up too slowly" a rational motive for a belief or action; "the reason that war was declared"; "the grounds for their declaration" think logically; "The children must learn to reason" decide by reasoning; draw or come to a conclusion; "We reasoned that it was cheaper to rent than to buy a house" sense the faculty through which the external world is apprehended; "in the dark he had to depend on touch and on his senses of smell and hearing" a general conscious awareness; "a sense of security"; "a sense of happiness"; "a sense of danger"; "a sense of self" a natural appreciation or ability; "a keen musical sense"; "a good sense of timing" the meaning of a word or expression; the way in which a word or expression or situation can be interpreted; "the dictionary gave several senses for the word"; "in the best sense charity is really a duty"; "the signifier is linked to the signified" comprehend; "I sensed the real meaning of his letter" detect some circumstance or entity automatically; "This robot can sense the presence of people in the room"; "particle detectors sense ionization" velleity volition in its weakest form a mere wish, unaccompanied by effort to obtain hypersensitivity extreme sensitivity pathological sensitivity exteroception sensitivity to stimuli originating outside of the body interoception sensitivity to stimuli originating inside of the body photosensitivity sensitivity to the action of radiant energy stigmatism normal eyesight (optics) condition of an optical system (as a lens) in which light rays from a single point converge in a single focal point the condition of having or being marked by stigmata somatosense any of the sensory systems that mediate sensations of pressure and tickle and warmth and cold and vibration and limb position and limb movement and pain achromatic vision vision using the rods acuity sharpness of vision; the visual ability to resolve fine detail (usually measured by a Snellen chart) twenty-twenty normal visual acuity, as measured by the ability to read charts at a distance of 20 feet oxyopia unusually acute vision binocular vision vision involving the use of both eyes central vision vision using the fovea and parafovea; the middle part of the visual field color vision the normal ability to see colors distance vision vision for objects that a 20 feet or more from the viewer eyesight normal use of the faculty of vision foveal vision vision with the fovea monocular vision vision with only one eye near vision vision for objects 2 feet or closer to the viewer night vision the ability to see in reduced illumination (as in moonlight) daylight vision normal vision in daylight; vision with sufficient illumination that the cones are active and hue is perceived peripheral vision vision at the edges of the visual field using only the periphery of the retina stereoscopic vision three-dimensional vision produced by the fusion of two slightly different views of a scene on each retina absolute pitch the ability to identify the pitch of a tone kinesthesis the ability to feel movements of the limbs and body kinanesthesia inability to sense movement equilibrium a sensory system located in structures of the inner ear that registers the orientation of the head a stable situation in which forces cancel one another proprioception the ability to sense the position and location and orientation and movement of the body and its parts somesthesia the faculty of bodily perception; sensory systems associated with the body; includes skin senses and proprioception and the internal organs the perception of tactual or proprioceptive or gut sensations; "he relied on somesthesia to warn him of pressure changes" method a way of doing something, especially a systematic way; implies an orderly logical arrangement (usually in steps) scientific method a method of investigation involving observation and theory to test scientific hypotheses experimental method the use of controlled observations and measurements to test hypotheses teaching method the principles and methods of instruction Socratic method a method of teaching by question and answer; used by Socrates to elicit truths from his students method of choice the best method to achieve a desired result methodology the system of methods followed in a particular discipline the branch of philosophy that analyzes the principles and procedures of inquiry in a particular discipline mnemonics a method or system for improving the memory silver bullet a simple guaranteed solution for a difficult problem; "no silver bullet can make the world safe from terrorism" accounting a system that provides quantitative information about finances a convincing explanation that reveals basic causes; "he was unable to give a clear accounting for his actions" a bookkeeper's chronological list of related debits and credits of a business; forms part of a ledger of accounts frame of reference a system of assumptions and standards that sanction behavior and give it meaning gambling system a system of rules for placing bets that is believed to lead to winning; "he has a perfect gambling system at roulette" honor system a system of conduct in which participants are trusted not to take unfair advantage of others; "the students are on the honor system" Aristotelian logic the syllogistic logic of Aristotle as developed by Boethius in the Middle Ages merit system the system of employing and promoting civil servants on the basis of ability point system a system of evaluation based on awarding points according to rules a system of writing or printing using patterns of raised dots that can be read by touch a system of graduating sizes of type in multiples of the point spoils system the system of employing and promoting civil servants who are friends and supporters of the group in power organon a system of principles for philosophic or scientific investigations; an instrument for acquiring knowledge technique a practical method or art applied to some particular task antialiasing (computer graphics) a technique that is used to smooth jagged distortions in curves and diagonal lines so they appear smoother Benday process a photoengraving technique for adding shading or texture or tone to a printed image terminal emulation (computer science) having a computer act exactly like a terminal immunofluorescence (immunology) a technique that uses antibodies linked to a fluorescent dye in order to study antigens in a sample of tissue photomechanics the technique of using photomechanical methods to make photographs into plates for printing the process whereby printing surfaces (plates or cylinders) are produced by photographic methods; "photomechanics revolutionized the practice of printing" technicolor a trademarked method of making color motion pictures mores (sociology) the conventions that embody the fundamental values of a group code of conduct a set of conventional principles and expectations that are considered binding on any person who is a member of a particular group universal a behavioral convention or pattern characteristic of all members of a particular culture or of all human beings; "some form of religion seems to be a human universal" (logic) a proposition that asserts something of all members of a class (linguistics) a grammatical rule (or other linguistic feature) that is found in all languages adapted to various purposes, sizes, forms, operations; "universal wrench"; "universal chuck"; "universal screwdriver" applicable to or common to all members of a group or set; "the play opened to universal acclaim"; "rap enjoys universal appeal among teenage boys" courtly love (Middle Ages) a highly conventionalized code of conduct for lovers protocol code of correct conduct; "safety protocols"; "academic protocol" forms of ceremony and etiquette observed by diplomats and heads of state (computer science) rules determining the format and transmission of data Hadith (Islam) a tradition based on reports of the sayings and activities of Muhammad and his companions levirate the biblical institution whereby a man must marry the widow of his childless brother in order to maintain the brother's line heritage practices that are handed down from the past by tradition; "a heritage of freedom" cognitive state the state of a person's cognitive processes enthusiasm a lively interest; "enthusiasm for his program is growing" a feeling of excitement Anglomania an excessive enthusiasm for all things English balletomania extraordinary enthusiasm for ballets concern something that interests you because it is important or affects you; "the safety of the ship is the captain's concern" something or someone that causes anxiety; a source of unhappiness; "New York traffic is a constant concern"; "it's a major worry" a feeling of sympathy for someone or something; "She felt strong concern for those less fortunate" an anxious feeling; "care had aged him"; "they hushed it up out of fear of public reaction" be on the mind of; "I worry about the second Germanic consonant shift" worldly concern the concerns of this life as distinguished from heaven and the afterlife; "they consider the church to be independent of the world" interestedness the state of being interested least something that is of no importance; "it is the least I can do"; "that is the least of my concerns" used to form the superlative; "The garter snake is the least dangerous snake" personal business matters of personal concern; "get his affairs in order" dirty linen personal matters that could be embarrassing if made public point of honor a concern that seriously reflects on your honor cult of personality intense devotion to a particular person amnesia partial or total loss of memory; "he has a total blackout for events of the evening" paramnesia (psychiatry) a disorder of memory in which dreams or fantasies are confused with reality anterograde amnesia loss of memory for events immediately following a trauma; sometimes in effect for events during and for a long time following the trauma retrograde amnesia loss of memory for events immediately preceding a trauma forgetfulness tendency to forget unawareness caused by neglectful or heedless failure to remember; "his forgetfulness increased as he grew older" senior moment a momentary lapse of memory (especially in older people) selective amnesia amnesia about particular events that is very convenient for the person who cannot remember; "why do politicians always develop selective amnesia when questioned about their transgressions?" posthypnotic amnesia selective amnesia after being in a hypnotic state of events occurring during hypnosis or of information designated by the hypnotist obliviousness total forgetfulness; "he sought the great oblivion of sleep" transient global amnesia memory disorder seen in middle aged and elderly persons; characterized by an episode of amnesia and bewilderment that lasts for several hours; person is otherwise alert and intellectually active ivory tower a state of mind that is discussed as if it were a place; "he lived in the ivory tower of speculation"; "they viewed universities as ivory towers" consciousness an alert cognitive state in which you are aware of yourself and your situation; "he lost consciousness" stream of consciousness the continuous flow of ideas and feelings that constitute an individual's conscious experience a literary genre that reveals a character's thoughts and feeling as they develop by means of a long soliloquy self your consciousness of your own identity a person considered as a unique individual; "one's own self" (used as a combining form) relating to--of or by or to or from or for--the self; "self-knowledge"; "self-proclaimed"; "self-induced" anima (Jungian psychology) the inner self (not the external persona) that is in touch with the unconscious awareness having knowledge of; "he had no awareness of his mistakes"; "his sudden consciousness of the problem he faced"; "their intelligence and general knowingness was impressive" state of elementary or undifferentiated consciousness; "the crash intruded on his awareness" incognizance a lack of knowledge or recognition self-awareness awareness of your own individuality self-consciousness self-awareness plus the additional realization that others are similarly aware of you embarrassment deriving from the feeling that others are critically aware of you unselfconsciousness the quality of being not self-conscious; unawareness of yourself or of others' views of yourself; "he had the unselfconsciousness of a child" sense of direction an awareness of your orientation in space sense of responsibility an awareness of your obligations sensibility mental responsiveness and awareness refined sensitivity to pleasurable or painful impressions; "cruelty offended his sensibility" waking the state of remaining awake; "days of danger and nights of waking" marked by full consciousness or alertness; "worked every moment of my waking hours" wakefulness a periodic state during which you are conscious and aware of the world; "consciousness during wakefulness in a sane person is pretty well ordered and familiar" a temporary state in which you are unable (or unwilling) to sleep; "accept your wakefulness and sleep in its own contrary way is more likely to come" unconsciousness a state lacking normal awareness of the self or environment automatic pilot a cognitive state in which you act without self-awareness; "she went about her chores on automatic pilot"; "too much of the writing seems to have been done on automatic pilot"; "she talked and he dozed and my mind went on autopilot" unknowingness unconsciousness resulting from lack of knowledge or attention blackout a momentary loss of consciousness the failure of electric power for a general region darkness resulting from the extinction of lights (as in a city invisible to enemy aircraft) a suspension of radio or tv broadcasting grogginess marginal consciousness; "his grogginess was caused as much by exhaustion as by the blows"; "someone stole his wallet while he was in a drunken stupor" a groggy state resulting from weariness a dazed and staggering state caused by alcohol coma a state of deep and often prolonged unconsciousness; usually the result of disease or injury (astronomy) the luminous cloud of particles surrounding the frozen nucleus of a comet; forms as the comet approaches the sun and is warmed (botany) a usually terminal tuft of bracts (as in the pineapple) or tuft of hairs (especially on certain seeds) diabetic coma coma that can develop in inadequately treated cases of diabetes mellitus hepatic coma coma that can occur in severe cases of liver disease electrosleep unconsciousness brought about by the passage of a low voltage electric current through the brain semicoma a mild comatose state; a coma from which the person can be roused by appropriate stimuli insensibility a lack of sensibility hebetude mental lethargy or dullness trance a state of mind in which consciousness is fragile and voluntary action is poor or missing; a state resembling deep sleep semitrance a trancelike state in which the person can follow instructions but voluntary action is weak or absent hypnotic trance a trance induced by the use of hypnosis; the person accepts the suggestions of the hypnotist religious trance a trance induced by intense religious devotion; does not show reduced bodily functions that are typical of other trances narcosis unconsciousness induced by narcotics or anesthesia nitrogen narcosis confused or stuporous state caused by high levels of dissolved nitrogen in the blood; "deep-sea divers can suffer nitrogen narcosis from breathing air under high pressure" subconsciousness a state of mind not immediately available to consciousness curiosity a state in which you want to learn more about something desire to know curiosity that motivates investigation and study curiousness a state of active curiosity nosiness offensive inquisitiveness disorientation confusion (usually transient) about where you are and how to proceed; uncertainty as to direction; "his disorientation was the result of inattention" a wild delusion (especially one induced by a hallucinogenic drug) culture shock a condition of disorientation affecting someone who is suddenly exposed to an unfamiliar culture or way of life or set of attitudes daze confusion characterized by lack of clarity the feeling of distress and disbelief that you have when something bad happens accidentally; "his mother's death left him in a daze"; "he was numb with shock" half-cock confusion resulting from lack of preparation jamais vu the experience of being unfamiliar with a person or situation that is actually very familiar; associated with certain types of epilepsy bewilderment confusion resulting from failure to understand perplexity trouble or confusion resulting from complexity mystery something that baffles understanding and cannot be explained; "how it got out is a mystery"; "it remains one of nature's secrets" a story about a crime (usually murder) presented as a novel or play or movie tangle something jumbled or confused; "a tangle of government regulations" a twisted and tangled mass that is highly interwoven; "they carved their way through the tangle of vines" dilemma state of uncertainty or perplexity especially as requiring a choice between equally unfavorable options double bind (psychology) an unresolvable dilemma; situation in which a person receives contradictory messages from a person who is very powerful cognitive factor something immaterial (as a circumstance or influence) that contributes to producing a result divine guidance (theology) a special influence of a divinity on the minds of human beings; "they believe that the books of Scripture were written under divine guidance" can of worms a source of unpredictable trouble and complexity deep water serious trouble growing pains problems that arise in enlarging an enterprise (especially in the early stages) emotional distress arising during adolescence pain in muscles or joints sometimes experienced by children and often attributed to rapid growth facer (a dated Briticism) a serious difficulty with which one is suddenly faced killer a difficulty that is hard to deal with; "that exam was a real killer" someone who causes the death of a person or animal kink a difficulty or flaw in a plan or operation; "there are still a few kinks to iron out" an eccentric idea a person with unusual sexual tastes a sharp bend in a line produced when a line having a loop is pulled tight pisser a very disagreeable difficulty a person who urinates pitfall an unforeseen or unexpected or surprising difficulty bind something that hinders as if with bonds form a chemical bond with; "The hydrogen binds the oxygen" make fast; tie or secure, with or as if with a rope; "The Chinese would bind the feet of their women" wrap around with something so as to cover or enclose provide with a binding; "bind the books in leather" create social or emotional ties; "The grandparents want to bond with the child" diriment impediment (canon law) an impediment that invalidates a marriage (such as the existence of a prior marriage) color barrier the barrier preventing Blacks from participating in various activities with whites hang-up an unforeseen obstacle an emotional preoccupation stymie a thwarting and distressing situation a situation in golf where an opponent's ball blocks the line between your ball and the hole ideological barrier a barrier to cooperation or interaction resulting from conflicting ideologies iron curtain an impenetrable barrier to communication or information especially as imposed by rigid censorship and secrecy; used by Winston Churchill in 1946 to describe the demarcation between democratic and communist countries language barrier barrier to communication resulting from speaking different languages bamboo curtain an ideological barrier around communist China especially in the 1950s and 1960s color bar barrier preventing blacks from participating in various activities with whites determinant a determining or causal element or factor; "education is an important determinant of one's outlook on life" a square matrix used to solve simultaneous equations imponderable a factor whose effects cannot be accurately assessed; "human behavior depends on many imponderables" difficult or impossible to evaluate with precision; "such imponderable human factors as aesthetic sensibility" morale builder something or someone who influences by building or strengthening morale pestilence a pernicious and malign influence that is hard to get rid of; "racism is a pestilence at the heart of the nation"; "according to him, I was the canker in their midst" temptation something that seduces or has the quality to seduce the desire to have or do something that you know you should avoid; "he felt the temptation and his will power weakened" forbidden fruit originally an apple from the tree of knowledge of good and evil in the Garden of Eden; it is now used to refer to anything that is tempting but dangerous (as sexuality) allurement attractiveness; "its allurement was its remoteness" mismatch a bad or unsuitable match match badly; match two objects or people that do not go together substitute a person or thing that takes or can take the place of another an athlete who plays only when a starter on the team is replaced put in the place of another; switch seemingly equivalent items; "the con artist replaced the original with a fake Rembrandt"; "substitute regular milk for fat-free milk"; "synonyms can be interchanged without a changing the context's meaning" be a substitute; "The young teacher had to substitute for the sick colleague"; "The skim milk substitutes for cream--we are on a strict diet" act as a substitute; "She stood in for the soprano who suffered from a cold" ersatz an artificial or inferior substitute or imitation artificial and inferior; "ersatz coffee"; "substitute coffee" successor a thing or person that immediately replaces something or someone a person who inherits some title or office a person who follows next in order; "he was President Lincoln's successor" succedaneum (medicine) something that can be used as a substitute (especially any medicine that may be taken in place of another) assurance freedom from doubt; belief in yourself and your abilities; "his assurance in his superiority did not make him popular"; "after that failure he lost his confidence"; "she spoke with authority" a statement intended to inspire confidence; "the President's assurances were not respected" a binding commitment to do or give or refrain from something; "an assurance of help when needed"; "signed a pledge never to reveal the secret" a British term for some kinds of insurance certitude total certainty or greater certainty than circumstances warrant reliance certainty based on past experience; "he wrote the paper with considerable reliance on the work of other scientists"; "he put more trust in his own two legs than in the gun" the state of relying on something mental reservation an unstated doubt that prevents you from accepting something wholeheartedly misgiving doubt about someone's honesty incredulity doubt about the truth of something indecision doubt concerning two or more possible alternatives or courses of action; "his indecision was only momentary but the opportunity was lost" peradventure doubt or uncertainty as to whether something is the case; "this proves beyond peradventure that he is innocent" suspense an uncertain cognitive state; "the matter remained in suspense for several years" excited anticipation of an approaching climax; "the play kept the audience in suspense" apprehension about what is going to happen morbidity an abnormally gloomy or unhealthy state of mind; "his fear of being alone verges on morbidity" the relative incidence of a particular disease preoccupation the mental state of being preoccupied by something an idea that preoccupies the mind and holds the attention obsession an unhealthy and compulsive preoccupation with something or someone abstractedness preoccupation with something to the exclusion of all else reverie an abstracted state of absorption absentminded dreaming while awake dream a state of mind characterized by abstraction and release from reality; "he went about his work as if in a dream" a series of mental images and emotions occurring during sleep; "I had a dream about you last night" imaginative thoughts indulged in while awake; "he lives in a dream that has nothing to do with reality" someone or something wonderful; "this dessert is a dream" have a daydream; indulge in a fantasy experience while sleeping; "She claims to never dream"; "He dreamt a strange scene" brown study a state of deep absorption or thoughtfulness absentmindedness preoccupation so great that the ordinary demands on attention are ignored basic cognitive process cognitive processes involved in obtaining and storing knowledge attention span the length of time you can concentrate on some idea or activity clock-watching paying excessive attention to the clock (in anticipation of stopping work) notice the act of noticing or paying attention; "he escaped the notice of the police" polite or favorable attention; "his hard work soon attracted the teacher's notice" a short critical review; "the play received good notices" an announcement containing information about an event; "you didn't give me enough notice"; "an obituary notice"; "a notice of sale" advance notification (usually written) of the intention to withdraw from an arrangement of contract; "we received a notice to vacate the premises"; "he gave notice two months before he moved" express recognition of the presence or existence of, or acquaintance with; "He never acknowledges his colleagues when they run into him in the hallway"; "She acknowledged his complement with a smile"; "it is important to acknowledge the work of others in one's own writing" notice or perceive; "She noted that someone was following her"; "mark my words" advertence the process of being heedful mental note special attention with intent to remember; "he made a mental note to send her flowers" particularism a focus on something particular specialism the concentration of your efforts on a particular field of study or occupation hobbyhorse a topic to which one constantly reverts; "don't get him started on his hobbyhorse" jealousy zealous vigilance; "cherish their official political freedom with fierce jealousy"-Paul Blanshard a feeling of jealous envy (especially of a rival) inattention lack of attention pretermission letting pass without notice exception a deliberate act of omission; "with the exception of the children, everyone was told the news" an instance that does not conform to a rule or generalization; "all her children were brilliant; the only exception was her last child"; "an exception tests the rule" grounds for adverse criticism; "his authority is beyond exception" intuition instinctive knowing (without the use of rational processes) an impression that something might be the case; "he had an intuition that something had gone wrong" sprachgefuhl an intuitive feeling for the natural idiom of a language; "Dubyuh has no sprachgefuhl" gnosis intuitive knowledge of spiritual truths; said to have been possessed by ancient Gnostics insight grasping the inner nature of things intuitively the clear (and often sudden) understanding of a complex situation a feeling of understanding perception the process of perceiving knowledge gained by perceiving; "a man admired for the depth of his perception" a way of conceiving something; "Luther had a new perception of the Bible" apperception the process whereby perceived qualities of an object are related to past experience brightness constancy the tendency for a visual object to be perceived as having the same brightness under widely different conditions of illumination color constancy the tendency for a color to look the same under widely different viewing conditions shape constancy the tendency to perceive the shape of a rigid object as constant despite differences in the viewing angle (and consequent differences in the shape of the pattern projected on the retina of the eye) size constancy the tendency to perceive the veridical size of a familiar object despite differences in their distance (and consequent differences in the size of the pattern projected on the retina of the eye) discernment perception of that which is obscure cognizance range or scope of what is perceived range of what one can know or understand; "beyond my ken" remark explicit notice; "it passed without remark" a statement that expresses a personal opinion or belief or adds information; "from time to time she contributed a personal comment on his account"; "we would appreciate input from our users on how we can improve our software" visual perception perception by means of the eyes face recognition the visual perception of familiar faces biometric identification by scanning a person's face and matching it against a library of known faces; "they used face recognition to spot known terrorists" object recognition the visual perception of familiar objects visual space the visual perception of space auditory perception the perception of sound as a meaningful phenomenon speech perception the auditory perception (and comprehension) of speech musical perception the auditory perception of musical sounds melody the perception of pleasant arrangements of musical notes sensation an unelaborated elementary awareness of stimulation; "a sensation of touch" a general feeling of excitement and heightened interest; "anticipation produced in me a sensation somewhere between hope and fear" a state of widespread public excitement and interest; "the news caused a sensation" threshold the smallest detectable sensation the starting point for a new state or experience; "on the threshold of manhood" absolute threshold the lowest level of stimulation that a person can detect pain threshold the lowest intensity of stimulation at which pain is experienced; "some people have much higher pain thresholds than do other people" difference threshold the smallest change in stimulation that a person can detect just-noticeable difference (psychophysics) the difference between two stimuli that (under properly controlled experimental conditions) is detected as often as it is undetected masking the blocking of one sensation resulting from the presence of another sensation; "he studied auditory masking by pure tones" vision the perceptual experience of seeing; "the runners emerged from the trees into his clear vision"; "he had a visual sensation of intense light" a vivid mental image; "he had a vision of his own death" a religious or mystical experience of a supernatural appearance; "he had a vision of the Virgin Mary" scent an odor left in passing by which a person or animal can be traced catch the scent of; get wind of; "The dog nosed out the drugs" musk the scent of a greasy glandular secretion from the male musk deer an odorous glandular secretion from the male musk deer; used as a perfume fixative aroma a distinctive odor that is pleasant incense the pleasing scent produced when incense is burned; "incense filled the room" a substance that produces a fragrant odor when burned malodor a distinctive odor that is offensively unpleasant niff an unpleasant smell relish the taste experience when a savoury condiment is taken into the mouth spicy or savory condiment vanilla a distinctive fragrant flavor characteristic of vanilla beans a flavoring prepared from vanilla beans macerated in alcohol (or imitating vanilla beans) any of numerous climbing plants of the genus Vanilla having fleshy leaves and clusters of large waxy highly fragrant white or green or topaz flowers plain and without any extras or adornments; "the most common type of bond is the straight or plain vanilla bond"; "the basic car is known as the vanilla version" flavored with vanilla extract; "he liked vanilla ice cream" sweet the taste experience when sugar dissolves in the mouth a food rich in sugar pleasing to the senses; "the sweet song of the lark"; "the sweet face of a child" (used of wines) having a high residual sugar content; "sweet dessert wines" having or denoting the characteristic taste of sugar sour the taste experience when vinegar or lemon juice is taken into the mouth a cocktail made of a liquor (especially whiskey or gin) mixed with lemon or lime juice and sugar go sour or spoil; "The milk has soured"; "The wine worked"; "The cream has turned--we have to throw it out" make sour or more sour smelling of fermentation or staleness having a sharp biting taste one of the four basic taste sensations; like the taste of vinegar or lemons bitter the taste experience when quinine or coffee is taken into the mouth English term for a dry sharp-tasting ale with strong flavor of hops (usually on draft) make bitter proceeding from or exhibiting great hostility or animosity; "a bitter struggle"; "bitter enemies" expressive of severe grief or regret; "shed bitter tears" causing a sharp and acrid taste experience; "quinine is bitter" very difficult to accept or bear; "the bitter truth"; "a bitter sorrow" salt the taste experience when common salt is taken into the mouth white crystalline form of especially sodium chloride used to season and preserve food a compound formed by replacing hydrogen in an acid by a metal (or a radical that acts like a metal) preserve with salt; "people used to salt meats on ships" add zest or liveliness to; "She salts her lectures with jokes" sprinkle as if with salt; "the rebels had salted the fields with mines and traps" add salt to (of speech) painful or bitter; "salt scorn"- Shakespeare; "a salt apology" piano music the sound of music produced by a piano; "he thought he heard piano music next door" sheet music to be played on a piano music of the spheres an inaudible music that Pythagoras thought was produced by the celestial fundamental the lowest tone of a harmonic series any factor that could be considered important to the understanding of a particular business; "fundamentals include a company's growth, revenues, earnings, management, and capital structure" being or involving basic facts or principles; "the fundamental laws of the universe"; "a fundamental incompatibility between them"; "these rudimentary truths"; "underlying principles" far-reaching and thoroughgoing in effect especially on the nature of something; "the fundamental revolution in human values that has occurred"; "the book underwent fundamental changes"; "committed the fundamental error of confusing spending with extravagance"; "profound social changes" overtone a harmonic with a frequency that is a multiple of the fundamental frequency (usually plural) an ulterior implicit meaning or quality; "overtones of despair" dub the new sounds added by dubbing provide (movies) with a soundtrack of a foreign language give a nickname to synesthesia a sensation that normally occurs in one sense modality occurs when another modality is stimulated chromesthesia a form of synesthesia in which nonvisual stimulation results in the experience of color sensations colored hearing a form of chromesthesia in which experiences of color accompany auditory stimuli tactual sensation the faculty of perceiving (via the skin) pressure or heat or pain kinesthesia the perception of body position and movement and muscular tensions etc pins and needles a sharp tingling sensation from lack of circulation prickling a somatic sensation as from many tiny stings creepiness an uneasy sensation as of insects creeping on your skin cutaneous sensation a sensation localized on the skin itch an irritating cutaneous sensation that produces a desire to scratch have a strong desire or urge to do something; "She is itching to start the project"; "He is spoiling for a fight" have or perceive an itch; "I'm itching--the air is so dry!" cause to perceive an itch; "his skin itched" pruritus an intense itching sensation that can have various causes (as by allergies or infection or lymphoma or jaundice etc.) pruritus ani chronic itching of the skin around the anus pruritus vulvae persistent itching of the external female genitalia topognosia recognition of the location of a stimulus on the skin urtication a sensation of having been stung by nettles an itchy skin eruption characterized by weals with pale interiors and well-defined red margins; usually the result of an allergic response to insect bites or food or drugs pain a somatic sensation of acute discomfort; "as the intensity increased the sensation changed from tickle to pain" emotional distress; a fundamental feeling that people try to avoid; "the pain of loneliness" a bothersome annoying person; "that kid is a terrible pain" a symptom of some physical hurt or disorder; "the patient developed severe pain and distension" cause emotional anguish or make miserable; "It pains me to see my children not being taught well in school" mittelschmerz pain in the area of the ovary that is felt at the time of ovulation (usually midway through the menstrual cycle) phantom limb pain pain felt by an amputee that seems to be located in the missing limb twinge a sharp stab of pain feel a sudden sharp, local pain cold the sensation produced by low temperatures; "he shivered from the cold"; "the cold helped clear his head" a mild viral infection involving the nose and respiratory passages (but not the lungs); "will they never find a cure for the common cold?" lacking the warmth of life; "cold in his grave" of a seeker; far from the object sought unconscious from a blow or shock or intoxication; "the boxer was out cold"; "pass out cold" feeling or showing no enthusiasm; "a cold audience"; "a cold response to the new play" having lost freshness through passage of time; "a cold trail"; "dogs attempting to catch a cold scent" having a low or inadequate temperature or feeling a sensation of coldness or having been made cold by e.g. ice or refrigeration; "a cold climate"; "a cold room"; "dinner has gotten cold"; "cold fingers"; "if you are cold, turn up the heat"; "a cold beer" extended meanings; especially of psychological coldness; without human warmth or emotion; "a cold unfriendly nod"; "a cold and unaffectionate person"; "a cold impersonal manner"; "cold logic"; "the concert left me cold" without compunction or human feeling; "in cold blood"; "cold-blooded killing"; "insensate destruction" sexually unresponsive; "was cold to his advances"; "a frigid woman" so intense as to be almost uncontrollable; "cold fury gripped him" lacking originality or spontaneity; no longer new; "moth-eaten theories about race"; "stale news" marked by errorless familiarity; "had her lines cold before rehearsals started" (color) giving no sensation of warmth; "a cold bluish grey" comfort zone the temperature range (between 28 and 30 degrees Centigrade) at which the naked human body is able to maintain a heat balance without shivering or sweating believing the cognitive process that leads to convictions; "seeing is believing" doublethink believing two contradictory ideas at the same time classification system a system for classifying things Dewey decimal classification a system used by libraries to classify nonfictional publications into subject categories; the subject is indicated by a three-digit numeral and further specification is given by numerals following a decimal point; publications are shelved by number coordinate system a system that uses coordinates to establish position Cartesian coordinate system a coordinate system for which the coordinates of a point are its distances from a set perpendicular lines that intersect at the origin of the system data structure (computer science) the organization of data (and its storage allocations in a computer) equidistribution a flat distribution having equal frequencies of occurrence genetic map graphical representation of the arrangement of genes on a chromosome kinship system (anthropology) the system of social relationships that constitute kinship in a particular culture, including the terminology that is used and the reciprocal obligations that are entailed living arrangement an arrangement to allow people (or ideas) to coexist topology the configuration of a communication network the branch of pure mathematics that deals only with the properties of a figure X that hold for every figure into which X can be transformed with a one-to-one correspondence that is continuous in both directions topographic study of a given place (especially the history of the place as indicated by its topography); "Greenland's topology has been shaped by the glaciers of the ice age" bus topology the topology of a network whose components are connected by a busbar loop topology the topology of a network whose components are serially connected in such a way that the last component is connected to the first component star topology the topology of a network whose components are connected to a hub mesh topology the topology of a network whose components are all connected directly to every other component physical topology the appearance of the network; "the physical topologies of local area networks include the bus, the ring and the star" logical topology the way the network works; "a network that looks like a star can have the logical topology of a bus" configuration an arrangement of parts or elements; "the outcome depends on the configuration of influences at the time" space lattice a 3-dimensional geometric arrangement of the atoms or molecules or ions composing a crystal hierarchical structure a structure of data having several levels arranged in a treelike structure hierarchical classification system a classification system where entries are arranged based on some hierarchical structure file system a system of classifying into files (usually arranged alphabetically) rating system a system of classifying according to quality or merit or amount ABO blood group system a classification system for the antigens of human blood; used in blood transfusion therapy; four groups are A and B and AB and O critical appraisal an appraisal based on careful analytical evaluation criticism a serious examination and judgment of something; "constructive criticism is always appreciated" a written evaluation of a work of literature disapproval expressed by pointing out faults or shortcomings; "the senator received severe criticism from his opponent" examen a critical study (as of a writer's work) a detailed inspection of your conscience (as done daily by Jesuits) self-criticism criticism of yourself attribution assigning to a cause or source; "the attribution of lighting to an expression of God's wrath"; "he questioned the attribution of the painting to Picasso" assigning some quality or character to a person or thing; "the attribution of language to birds"; "the ascription to me of honors I had not earned" zoomorphism the attribution of animal forms or qualities to a god animatism the attribution of consciousness and personality to natural phenomena such as thunderstorms and earthquakes and to objects such as plants and stones imputation the attribution to a source or cause; "the imputation that my success was due to nepotism meant that I was not taken seriously" a statement attributing something dishonest (especially a criminal offense); "he denied the imputation" cross-classification classification according to more than one attribute at the same time; "the cross-classification of cases was done by age and sex" subsumption incorporating something under a more general category overvaluation too high a value or price assigned to something undervaluation too low a value or price assigned to something pricing the evaluation of something in terms of its price price gouging pricing above the market price when no alternative retailer is available reevaluation the evaluation of something a second time (or more) grade point a numerical value assigned to a letter grade received in a course taken at a college or university multiplied by the number of credit hours awarded for the course percentile (statistics) any of the 99 numbered points that divide an ordered set of scores into 100 parts each of which contains one-hundredth of the total decile (statistics) any of nine points that divided a distribution of ranked scores into equal intervals where each interval contains one-tenth of the scores quartile (statistics) any of three points that divide an ordered distribution into four parts each containing one quarter of the scores bond rating an evaluation by a rating company of the probability that a particular bond issue will default; "the bonds of highest quality are said to have bond ratings of AAA" countercheck something that checks the correctness of a previous check a check that restrains another check check a second time oppose or check by a counteraction diagnostic test an assay conducted for diagnostic purposes Apgar score an assessment of the physical condition of a newborn infant; involves heart rate and muscle tone and respiratory effort and color and reflex responsiveness agglutination test a blood test used to identify unknown antigens; blood with the unknown antigen is mixed with a known antibody and whether or not agglutination occurs helps to identify the antigen; used in tissue matching and blood grouping and diagnosis of infections heterophil test a blood test to detect heterophil antibodies that agglutinate sheep red blood cells; positive result indicates infectious mononucleosis Widal test a test for detecting typhoid fever and other salmonella infections bioassay appraisal of the biological activity of a substance by testing its effect on an organism and comparing the result with some agreed standard subject to a bio-assay immunoassay identification of a substance (especially a protein) by its action as an antigen; "PSA in the blood can be measured with an immunochemical assay" radioimmunoassay immunoassay of a substance that has been radioactively labeled biopsy examination of tissues or liquids from the living body to determine the existence or cause of a disease cloze procedure a test for diagnosing reading ability; words are deleted from a prose passage and the reader is required to fill in the blanks fecal occult test a test performed at home in which you collect specimens of your stool that are tested for traces of blood; used to detect colorectal cancers GI series diagnostic tests of the alimentary canal; usually involves inserting a contrast medium (such as barium sulfate) and taking an X-ray glucose tolerance test test of the body's ability to metabolize carbohydrates; used in the diagnosis of hypoglycemia and diabetes mellitus complement fixation test a blood test in which a sample of serum is exposed to a particular antigen and complement in order to determine whether or not antibodies to that particular antigen are present; used as a diagnostic test Wassermann test a blood test to detect syphilis; a complement fixation test is used to detect antibodies to the syphilis organism treponema; a positive reaction indicates the presence of antibodies and therefore syphilis infection blood test a serologic analysis of a sample of blood PSA blood test a blood test that measures levels of a protein called prostate specific antigen that is manufactured exclusively by the prostate gland; men with prostate problems usually have elevated levels of PSA chorionic villus sampling a prenatal test to detect birth defects at an early stage of pregnancy; tissue from the chorionic villi is assayed needle biopsy biopsy of deep tissue that is obtained through a hollow needle Pap test a method of examining stained cells in a cervical smear for early diagnosis of uterine cancer paternity test a test based on blood groups to determine whether a particular man could be the biological father of a particular child; negative results prove he was not the father but positive results show only that he could be PKU test a test of newborn infants for phenylketonuria pregnancy test a physiological test to determine whether a woman is pregnant Friedman test pregnancy test that involves injecting some of the woman's urine into an unmated female rabbit and later examining the ovaries of the rabbit; presence of corpora lutea indicates that the woman is pregnant Queckenstedt's test a test to determine whether there is a blockage of the spinal canal radioactive iodine test test of thyroid function in which the patient is given an oral dose of radioactive iodine-131 radioactive iodine excretion test radioactive iodine test that measures the amount of radioactive iodine excreted in the urine radioactive iodine uptake test radioactive iodine test that measures the amount of radioactive iodine taken up by the thyroid gland Rubin test test to determine the patency or occlusion of the Fallopian tubes skin test any test to determine immunity or sensitivity to a disease by introducing small amounts on or into the skin Dick test a skin test to determine your susceptibility to scarlet fever patch test a test to determine allergic sensitivity by applying small pads soaked with allergen to the unbroken skin Schick test a skin test for immunity to diphtheria scratch test a test to determine allergic sensitivity to various substances by applying them to scratches in the skin tuberculin test a skin test to determine past or present infection with the tuberculosis bacterium; based on hypersensitivity of the skin to tuberculin Mantoux test tuberculin (a derivative of tubercle bacillus) is injected intradermally; a red area appearing 1-3 days later signifies an exposure (past or present) to tubercle bacilli and the need for further testing tine test a tuberculin test in which a disk with several tines bearing tuberculin antigen is used to puncture the skin; development of a hard red area indicates past or present exposure to tubercle bacilli and the need for further testing intradermal test a form of skin test in which the suspected allergen is injected into the skin tissue typing a series of diagnostic tests before an organ transplant to determine whether the tissues of a donor and recipient are compatible Snellen test a test of visual acuity using a Snellen chart stress test a test measuring how a system functions when subjected to controlled amounts of stress treadmill test a stress test in which the patient walks on a moving treadmill while the heart and breathing rates are monitored acid test a rigorous or crucial appraisal reappraisal a new appraisal or evaluation stocktaking reappraisal of a situation or position or outlook underevaluation an appraisal that underestimates the value of something contradistinction a distinction drawn on the basis of contrast; "sculpture in contradistinction to painting" Rubicon a line that when crossed permits of no return and typically results in irrevocable commitment the boundary in ancient times between Italy and Gaul; Caesar's crossing it with his army in 49 BC was an act of war hairsplitting making too fine distinctions of little importance; "they didn't take his hairsplitting seriously" individualization discriminating the individual from the generic group or species vogue the popular taste at a given time; "leather is the latest vogue"; "he followed current trends"; "the 1920s had a style of their own" a current state of general acceptance and use New Look a style of women's clothing created by Christian Dior in 1947; involved a tight bodice and narrow waist and a flowing pleated skirt haute couture trend-setting fashions fad an interest followed with exaggerated zeal; "he always follows the latest fads"; "it was all the rage that season" retro a fashion reminiscent of the past counterculture a culture with lifestyles and values opposed to those of the established culture mass culture the culture that is widely disseminated via the mass media flower power a counterculture of young people in the US during the 1960s and 70s letters the literary culture; "this book shows American letters at its best" scholarly attainment; "he is a man of letters" learning the cognitive process of acquiring skill or knowledge; "the child's acquisition of language" conditioning a learning process in which an organism's behavior becomes dependent on the occurrence of a stimulus in its environment developmental learning learning that takes place as a normal part of cognitive development digestion learning and coming to understand ideas and information; "his appetite for facts was better than his digestion" the organic process by which food is converted into substances that can be absorbed into the body the process of decomposing organic matter (as in sewage) by bacteria or by chemical action or heat internalization learning (of values or attitudes etc.) that is incorporated within yourself introjection (psychology) unconscious internalization of aspects of the world (especially aspects of persons) within the self in such a way that the internalized representation takes over the psychological functions of the external objects (psychoanalysis) the internalization of the parent figures and their values; leads to the formation of the superego imprinting a learning process in early life whereby species specific patterns of behavior are established language learning learning to use a language audio lingual acquisition system of language acquisition focusing intensively on listening and speaking memorization learning so as to be able to remember verbatim; "the actor's memorization of his lines" rote memorization by repetition assimilation in the theories of Jean Piaget: the application of a general schema to a particular instance a linguistic process by which a sound becomes similar to an adjacent sound the process of absorbing nutrients into the body after digestion the social process of absorbing one cultural group into harmony with another the state of being assimilated; people of different backgrounds come to see themselves as part of a larger national family generalization (psychology) transfer of a response learned to one stimulus to a similar stimulus reasoning from detailed facts to general principles an idea or conclusion having general application; "he spoke in broad generalities" irradiation (Pavolvian conditioning) the elicitation of a conditioned response by stimulation similar but not identical to the original stimulus the apparent enlargement of a bright object when viewed against a dark background (physiology) the spread of sensory neural impulses in the cortex the condition of being exposed to radiation physical education training in the development of and care for the human body; stresses athletics; includes hygiene acculturation the process of assimilating new ideas into an existing cognitive structure all the knowledge and values shared by a society self-education the process of educating yourself special education education of physically or mentally handicapped children whose needs cannot be met in an ordinary classroom vocational training training for a specific vocation in industry or agriculture or trade experience the accumulation of knowledge or skill that results from direct participation in events or activities; "a man of experience"; "experience is the best teacher" the content of direct observation or participation in an event; "he had a religious experience"; "he recalled the experience vividly" an event as apprehended; "a surprising experience"; "that painful experience certainly got our attention" go through (mental or physical states or experiences); "get an idea"; "experience vertigo"; "get nauseous"; "receive injuries"; "have a feeling" undergo or live through a difficult experience; "We had many trials to go through"; "he saw action in Viet Nam" familiarization the experience of becoming familiar with something aversive conditioning conditioning to avoid an aversive stimulus conditioned emotional response an emotional response that has been acquired by conditioning classical conditioning conditioning that pairs a neutral stimulus with a stimulus that evokes a reflex; the stimulus that evokes the reflex is given whether or not the conditioned response occurs until eventually the neutral stimulus comes to evoke the reflex instrumental conditioning operant conditioning that pairs a response with a reinforcement in discrete trials; reinforcement occurs only after the response is given operant conditioning conditioning in which an operant response is brought under stimulus control by virtue of presenting reinforcement contingent upon the occurrence of the operant response counter conditioning conditioning in which a second incompatible response is conditioned to an already conditioned stimulus; "counter conditioning lies behind many of the procedures used in behavior therapy" short-term memory what you can repeat immediately after perceiving it working memory memory for intermediate results that must be held during thinking long-term memory your general store of remembered information episodic memory memory for episodes in your own life semantic memory your memory for meanings and general (impersonal) facts motor memory your memory for motor skills retrieval the cognitive operation of accessing information in memory; "my retrieval of people's names is very poor" (computer science) the operation of accessing information from the computer's memory remembrance the ability to recall past occurrences regurgitation recall after rote memorization; "he complained that school was just memorization and regurgitation" backflow of blood through a defective heart valve reminiscence a mental impression retained and recalled from the past speaker identification identification of a person from the sound of their voice colligation the connection of isolated facts by a general hypothesis crossroads a point where a choice must be made; "Freud's work stands at the crossroads between psychology and neurology" retrospection memory for experiences that are past; "some psychologists tried to contrast retrospection and introspection" reference to things past; "the story begins with no introductory retrospections" representational process any basic cognitive process in which some entity comes to stand for or represent something else symbol something visible that by association or convention represents something else that is invisible; "the eagle is a symbol of the United States" an arbitrary sign (written or printed) that has acquired a conventional significance interpretation an explanation of something that is not immediately obvious; "the edict was subject to many interpretations"; "he annoyed us with his interpreting of parables"; "often imitations are extended to provide a more accurate rendition of the child's intended meaning" a mental representation of the meaning or significance of something an explanation that results from interpreting something; "the report included his interpretation of the forensic evidence" broad interpretation an interpretation of the U.S. constitution holding that the spirit of the times and the needs of the nation can legitimately influence judicial decisions (particularly decisions of the Supreme Court) depicting a representation by picture or portraiture anthropomorphism the representation of objects (especially a god) as having human form or traits theanthropism (theology) the doctrine that Jesus was a union of the human and the divine mind's eye the imaging of remembered or invented scenes; "I could see her clearly in my mind's eye" picturing visual imagery nightmare a terrifying or deeply upsetting dream a situation resembling a terrifying dream wet dream an erotic dream (usually at night) accompanied by the (nocturnal) emission of semen chimera a grotesque product of the imagination woolgathering an idle indulgence in fantasy evocation imaginative re-creation stimulation that calls up (draws forth) a particular class of behaviors; "the elicitation of his testimony was not easy" calling up supposed supernatural forces by spells and incantations higher cognitive process cognitive processes that presuppose the availability of knowledge and put it to use thinking the process of using your mind to consider something carefully; "thinking always made him frown"; "she paused for thought" free association a thought process in which ideas (words or images) suggest other ideas in a sequence suggestion the sequential mental process in which one thought leads to another by association an idea that is suggested; "the picnic was her suggestion" a proposal offered for acceptance or rejection; "it was a suggestion we couldn't refuse" persuasion formulated as a suggestion crystallization a mental synthesis that becomes fixed or concrete by a process resembling crystal formation the formation of crystals gestation the conception and development of an idea or plan the period during which an embryo develops (about 266 days in humans) reasoning thinking that is coherent and logical argumentation a course of reasoning aimed at demonstrating a truth or falsehood; the methodical process of logical reasoning; "I can't follow your line of reasoning" line of thought a particular way of thinking that is characteristic of some individual or group train of thought the connections that link the various parts of an event or argument together; "I couldn't follow his train of thought"; "he lost the thread of his argument" line of inquiry an ordering of questions so as to develop a particular argument conjecture reasoning that involves the formation of conclusions from incomplete evidence deduction reasoning from the general to the particular (or from cause to effect) something that is inferred (deduced or entailed or implied); "his resignation had political implications" an amount or percentage deducted inference the reasoning involved in drawing a conclusion or making a logical judgment on the basis of circumstantial evidence and prior conclusions rather than on the basis of direct observation prediction the act of predicting (as by reasoning about the future) a statement made about the future prophecy knowledge of the future (usually said to be obtained from a divine source) a prediction uttered under divine inspiration crystal gazing staring into a crystal ball to arouse visions of future or distant events prevision a prophetic vision (as in a dream) seeing ahead; knowing in advance; foreseeing retrovision a vision of events in the distant past prefiguration the act of providing vague advance indications; representing beforehand an example that prefigures or foreshadows what is to come divination the art or gift of prophecy (or the pretense of prophecy) by supernatural means successful conjecture by unusual insight or good luck arithmancy divination by means of numbers dowse searching for underground water or minerals by using a dowsing rod use a divining rod in search of underground water or metal geomancy divination by means of signs connected with the earth (as points taken at random or the arrangement of particles thrown down at random or from the configuration of a region and its relation to another) hydromancy divination by water (as by patterns seen in the ebb and flow of the tides) lithomancy divination by means of stones or stone talismans necromancy conjuring up the dead, especially for prophesying oneiromancy divination through the interpretation of dreams onomancy divination by the letters of a name palmistry telling fortunes by lines on the palm of the hand pyromancy divination by fire or flames astrology a pseudoscience claiming divination by the positions of the planets and sun and moon horoscopy the drawing up and interpretation of horoscopes alchemy a pseudoscientific forerunner of chemistry in medieval times pseudoscience an activity resembling science but based on fallacious assumptions syllogism deductive reasoning in which a conclusion is derived from two premises theorization the production or use of theories ideology imaginary or visionary theorization supposition the cognitive process of supposing presupposition the act of presupposing; a supposition made prior to having knowledge (as for the purpose of argument) corollary (logic) an inference that follows directly from the proof of another proposition a practical consequence that follows naturally; "blind jealousy is a frequent corollary of passionate love" extrapolation an inference about the future (or about some hypothetical situation) based on known facts and observations (mathematics) calculation of the value of a function outside the range of known values conclusion an intuitive assumption; "jump to a conclusion" the last section of a communication; "in conclusion I want to say..." the proposition arrived at by logical reasoning (such as the proposition that must follow from the major and minor premises of a syllogism) a final settlement; "the conclusion of a business deal"; "the conclusion of the peace treaty" non sequitur (logic) a conclusion that does not follow from the premises a reply that has no relevance to what preceded it breakdown an analysis into mutually exclusive categories a cessation of normal operation; "there was a power breakdown" a mental or physical breakdown cost-benefit analysis an analysis of the cost effectiveness of different alternatives in order to see whether the benefits outweigh the costs reductionism the analysis of complex things into simpler constituents a theory that all complex systems can be completely understood in terms of their components systems analysis analysis of all aspects of a project along with ways to collect information about the operation of its parts factorization (mathematics) the resolution of an expression into factors such that when multiplied together they give the original expression diagonalization changing a square matrix to diagonal form (with all non-zero elements on the principal diagonal); "the diagonalization of a normal matrix by a unitary transformation" ratiocination logical and methodical reasoning regress the reasoning involved when you assume the conclusion is true and reason backward to the evidence get worse or fall back to a previous condition go back to a statistical means synthesis the combination of ideas into a complex whole the process of producing a chemical compound (usually by the union of simpler chemical compounds) trend analysis analysis of changes over time cogitation attentive consideration and meditation; "after much cogitation he rejected the offer" a carefully considered thought about something; "his cogitations were dutifully recorded in his daybook" lucubration laborious cogitation a solemn literary work that is the product of laborious cogitation mysticism obscure or irrational thought a religion based on mystical communion with an ultimate reality ideation the process of forming and relating ideas meditation continuous and profound contemplation or musing on a subject or series of subjects of a deep or abstruse nature; "the habit of meditation is the basis for all real knowledge" (religion) contemplation of spiritual matters (usually on religious or philosophical subjects) think an instance of deliberate thinking; "I need to give it a good think" bring into a given condition by mental preoccupation; "She thought herself into a state of panic over the final exam" be capable of conscious thought; "Man is the only creature that thinks" use or exercise the mind or one's power of reason in order to make inferences, decisions, or arrive at a solution or judgments; "I've been thinking all day and getting nowhere" have or formulate in the mind; "think good thoughts" expect, believe, or suppose; "I imagine she earned a lot of money with her new novel"; "I thought to find her in a bad state"; "he didn't think to find her in the kitchen"; "I guess she is angry at me for standing her up" judge or regard; look upon; judge; "I think he is very smart"; "I believe her to be very smart"; "I think that he is her boyfriend"; "The racist conceives such people to be inferior" dispose the mind in a certain way; "Do you really think so?" focus one's attention on a certain state; "Think big"; "think thin" ponder; reflect on, or reason about; "Think the matter through"; "Think how hard life in Russia must be these days" decide by pondering, reasoning, or reflecting; "Can you think what to do next?" imagine or visualize; "Just think--you could be rich one day!"; "Think what a scene it must have been!" introspection the contemplation of your own thoughts and desires and conduct soul-searching a penetrating examination of your own beliefs and motives omphaloskepsis literally, the contemplation of one's navel, which is an idiom usually meaning complacent self-absorption retrospect contemplation of things past; "in retrospect" decision making the cognitive process of reaching a decision; "a good executive must be good at decision making" eclecticism making decisions on the basis of what seems best instead of following some single doctrine or style groupthink decision making by a group (especially in a manner that discourages creativity or individual responsibility) settlement something settled or resolved; the outcome of decision making; "they finally reached a settlement with the union"; "they never did achieve a final resolution of their differences"; "he needed to grieve before he could achieve a sense of closure" a conclusive resolution of a matter and disposition of it an area where a group of families live together prejudgment a judgment reached before the evidence is available reconsideration thinking again about a choice previously made; "he had second thoughts about his purchase" a consideration of a topic (as in a meeting) with a view to changing an earlier decision cull the person or thing that is rejected or set aside as inferior in quality remove something that has been rejected; "cull the sick members of the herd" favorite something regarded with special favor or liking; "that book is one of my favorites" appealing to the general public; "a favorite tourist attraction" option one of a number of things from which only one can be chosen; "what option did I have?"; "there is no other alternative"; "my only choice is to refuse" the right to buy or sell property at an agreed price; the right is purchased and if it is not exercised by a stated date the money is forfeited wish the particular preference that you have; "it was his last wish"; "they should respect the wishes of the people" an expression of some desire or inclination; "I could tell that it was his wish that the guests leave"; "his crying was an indirect request for attention" a specific feeling of desire; "he got his wish"; "he was above all wishing and desire" invoke upon; "wish you a nice evening"; "bid farewell" order politely; express a wish for make or express a wish; "I wish that Christmas were over" hope for; have a wish; "I wish I could go home now" feel or express a desire or hope concerning the future or fortune of prefer or wish to do something; "Do you care to try this dish?"; "Would you like to come along to the movies?" default option an option that is selected automatically unless an alternative is specified possibility a possible alternative; "bankruptcy is always a possibility" a future prospect or potential; "this room has great possibilities" capability of existing or happening or being true; "there is a possibility that his sense of smell has been impaired" possible something that can be done; "politics is the art of the possible" an applicant who might be suitable capable of happening or existing; "a breakthrough may be possible next year"; "anything is possible"; "warned of possible consequences" impossibility an alternative that is not available incapability of existing or occurring impossible something that cannot be done; "his assignment verged on the impossible" not capable of occurring or being accomplished or dealt with; "an impossible dream"; "an impossible situation" totally unlikely (used of persons or their behavior) not acceptable or reasonable; "impossible behavior" Hobson's choice the choice of taking what is offered or nothing at all soft option an easier alternative; "the instructor took the soft option and gave the boy a passing grade" excogitation thinking something out with care in order to achieve complete understanding of it explanation thought that makes something comprehensible a statement that makes something comprehensible by describing the relevant structure or operation or circumstances etc.; "the explanation was very simple"; "I expected a brief account" the act of explaining; making something plain or intelligible; "I heard his explanation of the accident" rationale (law) an explanation of the fundamental reasons (especially an explanation of the working of some device in terms of laws of nature); "the rationale for capital punishment"; "the principles of internal-combustion engines" basis the fundamental assumptions from which something is begun or developed or calculated or explained; "the whole argument rested on a basis of conjecture" the most important or necessary part of something; "the basis of this drink is orange juice" meat and potatoes the fundamental part; "successful negotiation is the meat and potatoes of arbitration" natural history the scientific study of plants or animals (more observational than experimental) usually published in popular magazines rather than in academic journals collusion secret agreement prearrangement something arranged in advance mens rea (law) criminal intent; the thoughts and intentions behind a wrongful act (including knowledge that the act is illegal); often at issue in murder trials premeditation (law) thought and intention to commit a crime well in advance of the crime; goes to show criminal intent planning or plotting in advance of acting problem solving the thought processes involved in solving a problem the area of cognitive psychology that studies the processes involved in solving problems convergent thinking thinking that brings together information focussed on solving a problem (especially solving problems that have a single correct solution) divergent thinking thinking that moves away in diverging directions so as to involve a variety of aspects and which sometimes lead to novel ideas and solutions; associated with creativity nature study the study of animals and plants in the natural world (usually at an elementary level) empirical research an empirical search for knowledge control experiment an experiment designed to control for variables affecting the results of another experiment control condition a standard against which other conditions can be compared in a scientific experiment; "the control condition was inappropriate for the conclusions he wished to draw" condition the procedure that is varied in order to estimate a variable's effect by comparison with a control condition an assumption on which rests the validity or effect of something else (usually plural) a statement of what is required as part of an agreement; "the contract set out the conditions of the lease"; "the terms of the treaty were generous" a mode of being or form of existence of a person or thing; "the human condition" a state at a particular time; "a condition (or state) of disrepair"; "the current status of the arms negotiations" an illness, disease, or other medical problem; "a heart condition"; "a skin condition" the state of (good) health (especially in the phrases `in condition' or `in shape' or `out of condition' or `out of shape') apply conditioner to in order to make smooth and shiny; "I condition my hair after washing it" put into a better state; "he conditions old cars" establish a conditioned response pilot experiment a preliminary experiment whose outcome can lead to a more extensive experiment alpha test (computer science) a first test of an experimental product (such as computer software) carried out by the developer beta test (computer science) a second test of an experimental product (such as computer software) carried out by an outside organization road test a test to insure that a vehicle is roadworthy testament a profession of belief; "he stated his political testament" strong evidence for something; "his easy victory was a testament to his skill" test drive test of the roadworthiness of a vehicle one is considering buying test a vehicle by driving it; "I want to test drive the new Porsche" fishing expedition an investigation undertaken in the hope (but not the stated purpose) of discovering information exit poll a poll of voters as they leave the voting place; usually taken by news media in order to predict the outcome of an election straw vote an unofficial vote taken to determine opinion on some issue interpolation (mathematics) calculation of the value of a function between the values already known a message (spoken or written) that is introduced or inserted; "with the help of his friend's interpolations his story was eventually told"; "with many insertions in the margins" data conversion conversion from one way of encoding data to another way digitization conversion of analog information into digital information credit rating an estimate, based on previous dealings, of a person's or an organization's ability to fulfill their financial commitments guess an estimate based on little or no information a message expressing an opinion based on incomplete evidence guess correctly; solve by guessing; "He guessed the right number of beans in the jar and won the prize" put forward, of a guess, in spite of possible refutation; "I am guessing that the price of real estate will rise again"; "I cannot pretend to say that you are wrong" guesstimate an estimate that combines reasoning with guessing estimate based on a calculation overestimate a calculation that results in an estimate that is too high an appraisal that is too high make too high an estimate of; "He overestimated his own powers" underestimate an estimation that is too low; an estimate that is less than the true or actual value make too low an estimate of; "he underestimated the work that went into the renovation"; "Don't underestimate the danger of such a raft trip on this river" knowing a clear and certain mental apprehension highly educated; having extensive information or understanding; "knowing instructors"; "a knowledgeable critic"; "a knowledgeable audience" evidencing the possession of inside information know the fact of being aware of information that is known to few people; "he is always in the know" be familiar or acquainted with a person or an object; "She doesn't know this composer"; "Do you know my sister?"; "We know this movie"; "I know him under a different name"; "This flower is known as a Peruvian Lily" be cognizant or aware of a fact or a specific piece of information; possess knowledge or information about; "I know that the President lied to the people"; "I want to know who is winning the game!"; "I know it's time" be aware of the truth of something; have a belief or faith in something; regard as true beyond any doubt; "I know that I left the key on the table"; "Galileo knew that the earth moves around the sun" know how to do or perform something; "She knows how to knit"; "Does your husband know how to cook?" have fixed in the mind; "I know Latin"; "This student knows her irregular verbs"; "Do you know the poem well enough to recite it?" have firsthand knowledge of states, situations, emotions, or sensations; "I know the feeling!"; "have you ever known hunger?"; "I have lived a kind of hell when I was a drug addict"; "The holocaust survivors have lived a nightmare"; "I lived through two divorces" perceive as familiar; "I know this voice!" be able to distinguish, recognize as being different; "The child knows right from wrong" know the nature or character of; "we all knew her as a big show-off" understanding the cognitive condition of someone who understands; "he has virtually no understanding of social cause and effect" characterized by understanding based on comprehension and discernment and empathy; "an understanding friend" comprehension an ability to understand the meaning or importance of something (or the knowledge acquired as a result); "how you can do that is beyond my comprehension"; "he was famous for his comprehension of American literature" incomprehension an inability to understand; "his incomprehension of the consequences" self-knowledge an understanding of yourself and your goals and abilities smattering a slight or superficial understanding of a subject hindsight understanding the nature of an event after it has happened; "hindsight is always better than foresight" revelation an enlightening or astonishing disclosure communication of knowledge to man by a divine or supernatural agency linguistic process the cognitive processes involved in producing and understanding linguistic communication; "he didn't have the language to express his feelings" a process involved in human language speed-reading reading at speeds significantly faster than normal content the sum or range of what has been perceived, discovered, or learned (usually plural) everything that is included in a collection and that is held or included in something; "he emptied the contents of his pockets"; "the two groups were similar in content" the proportion of a substance that is contained in a mixture or alloy etc. satisfy in a limited way; "He contented himself with one glass of beer per day" make content; "I am contented" tradition an inherited pattern of thought or action otherworld an abstract spiritual world beyond earthly reality real world the practical world as opposed to the academic world; "a good consultant must have a lot of experience in the real world" deja vu the experience of thinking that a new situation had occurred before reliving a recurrence of a prior experience; "the reliving of a strong emotion can be therapeutic" pabulum insipid intellectual nourishment antipathy the object of a feeling of intense aversion; something to be avoided; "cats were his greatest antipathy" a feeling of intense dislike bugbear an object of dread or apprehension; "Germany was always a bugbear for France"; "A foolish consistency is the hobgoblin of little minds"--Ralph Waldo Emerson execration the object of cursing or detestation; that which is execrated an appeal to some supernatural power to inflict evil on someone or some group conversation piece something interesting that stimulates conversation crosshairs a center of interest; "the war on terrorism has put Saddam Hussein in the crosshairs" cynosure something that strongly attracts attention and admiration; "if he was the cynosure of all eyes he didn't notice" something that provides guidance (as Polaris guides mariners); "let faith be your cynosure to walk by" eye-catcher a striking person or thing that attracts attention hallucination an object perceived during a hallucinatory episode; "he refused to believe that the angel was a hallucination" illusory perception; a common symptom of severe mental disorder infatuation an object of extravagant short-lived passion a foolish and usually extravagant passion or love or admiration love any object of warm affection or devotion; "the theater was her first love"; "he has a passion for cock fighting" a deep feeling of sexual desire and attraction; "their love left them indifferent to their surroundings"; "she was his first love" a strong positive emotion of regard and affection; "his love for his work"; "children need a lot of love" a score of zero in tennis or squash; "it was 40 love" have a great affection or liking for; "I love French food"; "She loves her boss and works hard for him" be enamored or in love with; "She loves her husband deeply" get pleasure from; "I love cooking" noumenon the intellectual conception of a thing as it is in itself, not as it is known through perception reminder an experience that causes you to remember something a message that helps you remember something; "he ignored his wife's reminders" memento a reminder of past events memento mori a reminder (as a death's head) of your mortality shades (plural) something that reminds you of someone or something; "aren't there shades of 1948 here?" universe everything stated or assumed in a given discussion everything that exists anywhere; "they study the evolution of the universe"; "the biggest tree in existence" topic some situation or event that is thought about; "he kept drifting off the topic"; "he had been thinking about the subject for several years"; "it is a matter for the police" gut issue an issue that elicits strong emotional reactions paramount issue an issue whose settlement is more important than anything else; and issue that must be settled before anything else can be settled pocketbook issue an issue whose settlement will affect financial resources quodlibet an issue that is presented for formal disputation remit the topic that a person, committee, or piece of research is expected to deal with or has authority to deal with; "they set up a group with a remit to suggest ways for strengthening family life" diminish or abate; "The pain finally remitted" forgive; "God will remit their sins" refer (a matter or legal case) to another committee or authority or court for decision release from (claims, debts, or taxes); "The taxes were remitted" send (money) in payment; "remit $25" res judicata a matter already settled in court; cannot be raised again datum an item of factual information derived from measurement or research acquaintance personal knowledge or information about someone or something a person with whom you are acquainted; "I have trouble remembering the names of all my acquaintances"; "we are friends of the family" a relationship less intimate than friendship fact a piece of information about circumstances that exist or events that have occurred; "first you must collect all the facts of the case" a concept whose truth can be proved; "scientific hypotheses are not facts" a statement or assertion of verified information about something that is the case or has happened; "he supported his argument with an impressive array of facts" an event known to have happened or something known to have existed; "your fears have no basis in fact"; "how much of the story is fact and how much fiction is hard to tell" detail an isolated fact that is considered separately from the whole; "several of the details are similar"; "a point of information" extended treatment of particulars; "the essay contained too much detail" a crew of workers selected for a particular task; "a detail was sent to remove the fallen trees" a small part that can be considered separately from the whole; "it was perfect in all details" assign to a specific task; "The ambulances were detailed to the fire station" provide details for particular a fact about some part (as opposed to general); "he always reasons from the particular to the general" (logic) a proposition that asserts something about some (but not all) members of a class first and most important; "his special interest is music"; "she gets special (or particular) satisfaction from her volunteer work" general a fact about the whole (as opposed to particular); "he discussed the general but neglected the particular" a general officer of the highest rank the head of a religious order or congregation command as a general; "We are generaled by an incompetent!" prevailing among and common to the general public; "the general discontent" not specialized or limited to one class of things; "general studies"; "general knowledge" applying to all or most members of a category or group; "the general public"; "general assistance"; "a general rule"; "in general terms"; "comprehensible to the general reader" affecting the entire body; "a general anesthetic"; "general symptoms" somewhat indefinite; "bearing a general resemblance to the original"; "a general description of the merchandise" matter of fact a matter that is an actual fact or is demonstrable as a fact scientific fact an observation that has been confirmed repeatedly and is accepted as true (although its truth is never final) truth a fact that has been verified; "at last he knew the truth"; "the truth is that he didn't want to do it" a true statement; "he told the truth"; "he thought of answering with the truth but he knew they wouldn't believe it" conformity to reality or actuality; "they debated the truth of the proposition"; "the situation brought home to us the blunt truth of the military threat"; "he was famous for the truth of his portraits"; "he turned to religion in his search for eternal verities" home truth an important truth that is unpleasant to acknowledge (as about yourself) verity an enduring or necessary ethical or religious or aesthetic truth minutia a small or minor detail; "he had memorized the many minutiae of the legal code" nook and cranny something remote; "he explored every nook and cranny of science" respect (usually preceded by `in') a detail or point; "it differs in that respect" an attitude of admiration or esteem; "she lost all respect for him" regard highly; think much of; "I respect his judgement"; "We prize his creativity" show respect towards; "honor your parents!" sticking point a point at which an impasse arises in progress toward an agreement or a goal trifle a detail that is considered insignificant a cold pudding made of layers of sponge cake spread with fruit or jelly; may be decorated with nuts, cream, or chocolate technicality a specific detail in a set of rules or terms belonging to a particular field; "the resolution died on a technicality"; "the defendant was acquitted on a legal technicality" the state of being technical as in the use of technical terms or methods; "the judicial system suffered from too much technicality and formality"; "It is a tribute to the tribunals that the technicality at the heart of the appellate process in these tribunals can and does coexist with the relative informality in atmosphere and with procedural flexibility." example an item of information that is typical of a class or group; "this patient provides a typical example of the syndrome"; "there is an example on page 10" punishment intended as a warning to others; "they decided to make an example of him" apology a poor example; "it was an apology for a meal"; "a poor excuse for an automobile" an expression of regret at having caused trouble for someone; "he wrote a letter of apology to the hostess" a formal written defense of something you believe in strongly precedent an example that is used to justify similar occurrences at a later time a subject mentioned earlier (preceding in time) preceding in time, order, or significance quintessence the most typical example or representative of a type the purest and most concentrated essence of something the fifth and highest element after air and earth and fire and water; was believed to be the substance composing all heavenly bodies sample a small part of something intended as representative of the whole all or part of a natural object that is collected and preserved as an example of its class take a sample of; "Try these new crackers"; "Sample the regional dishes" coupon a test sample of some substance a negotiable certificate that can be detached and redeemed as needed grab sample a single sample or measurement taken at a specific time or over as short a period as feasible random sample a sample grabbed at random a sample in which every element in the population has an equal chance of being selected circumstance information that should be kept in mind when making a decision; "another consideration is the time it would take" formal ceremony about important occasions; "pomp and circumstance" a condition that accompanies or influences some event or activity mitigating circumstance (law) a circumstance that does not exonerate a person but which reduces the penalty associated with the offense descriptor a piece of stored information that is used to identify an item in an information storage and retrieval system evidence your basis for belief or disbelief; knowledge on which to base belief; "the evidence that smoking causes lung cancer is very compelling" an indication that makes something evident; "his trembling was evidence of his fear" (law) all the means by which any alleged matter of fact whose truth is investigated at judicial trial is established or disproved probable cause (law) evidence sufficient to warrant an arrest or search and seizure; "a magistrate determined that there was probable cause to search the house" reductio ad absurdum (reduction to the absurd) a disproof by showing that the consequences of the proposition are absurd; or a proof of a proposition by showing that its negation leads to a contradiction bed check a check that everyone is in bed by the time they should be parity check a system of checking for errors in computer functioning checksum a digit representing the sum of the digits in an instance of digital data; used to check whether errors have occurred in transmission or storage disproof any evidence that helps to establish the falsity of something confutation evidence that refutes conclusively the speech act of refuting conclusively counterexample refutation by example turn-on something causing excitement or stimulating interest conditioned stimulus the stimulus that is the occasion for a conditioned response reinforcing stimulus (psychology) a stimulus that strengthens or weakens the behavior that produced it positive reinforcing stimulus a reinforcing stimulus that serves to increase the likelihood of the response that produces it negative reinforcing stimulus a reinforcing stimulus whose removal serves to decrease the likelihood of the response that produced it discriminative stimulus a stimulus that provides information about what to do positive stimulus a stimulus with desirable consequences negative stimulus a stimulus with undesirable consequences bonus anything that tends to arouse; "his approval was an added fillip" an additional payment (or other remuneration) to employees as a means of increasing output joy something or someone that provides a source of happiness; "a joy to behold"; "the pleasure of his company"; "the new car is a delight" the emotion of great happiness nuisance (law) a broad legal concept including anything that disturbs the reasonable use of your property or endangers life and health or is offensive abatable nuisance a nuisance that can remedied (suppressed or extinguished or rendered harmless); "the continued existence of an abatable nuisance is not authorized under the law" attractive nuisance anything on your premises that might attract children into danger or harm; "their swimming pool is an attractive nuisance; they should fence it in" mixed nuisance a nuisance that is both a public nuisance and a private nuisance at the same time private nuisance a nuisance that interferes with your interest in and private use and enjoyment of your land public nuisance a nuisance that unreasonably interferes with a right that is common to the general public; "a public nuisance offends the public at large" irritant something that causes irritation and annoyance; "he's a thorn in my flesh" plague an annoyance; "those children are a damn plague" any large scale calamity (especially when thought to be sent by God) any epidemic disease with a high death rate a serious (sometimes fatal) infection of rodents caused by Yersinia pestis and accidentally transmitted to humans by the bite of a flea that has bitten an infected animal aversive stimulus any negative stimulus to which an organism will learn to make a response that avoids it bugaboo a source of concern; "the old bugaboo of inflation still bothers them" burden an onerous or difficult concern; "the burden of responsibility"; "that's a load off my mind" the central idea that is expanded in a document or discourse weight down with a load fardel a burden (figuratively in the form of a bundle) grief something that causes great unhappiness; "her death was a great grief to John" intense sorrow caused by loss of a loved one (especially by death) idea the content of cognition; the main thing you are thinking about; "it was not a good idea"; "the thought never entered my mind" a personal view; "he has an idea that we don't like him" taproot something that provides an important central source for growth or development; "the taproot of his resentment"; "genius and insanity spring from the same taproot" (botany) main root of a plant growing straight downward from the stem muse the source of an artist's inspiration; "Euterpe was his muse" mother a condition that is the inspiration for an activity or situation; "necessity is the mother of invention" a woman who has given birth to a child (also used as a term of address to your mother); "the mother of three children" a term of address for a mother superior a term of address for an elderly woman a stringy slimy substance consisting of yeast cells and bacteria; forms during fermentation and is added to cider or wine to produce vinegar care for like a mother; "She fusses over her husband" afflatus a strong creative impulse; divine inspiration; "divine afflatus" concept an abstract or general idea inferred or derived from specific instances mumpsimus a traditional notion that is obstinately held although it is unreasonable; "he still holds to the old mumpsimus that a woman's place is in the kitchen" self-absorption preoccupation with yourself to the exclusion of everything else iron trap a trap from which there is no escape speed trap a trap arranged on a roadway for catching speeders body image an individual's idea as assessment of his or her own body; "some teenagers are obsessed with their body image" category a general concept that marks divisions or coordinations in a conceptual scheme kind a category of things distinguished by some common characteristic or quality; "sculpture is a form of art"; "what kinds of desserts are there?" tolerant and forgiving under provocation; "our neighbor was very kind about the window our son broke" agreeable, conducive to comfort; "a dry climate kind to asthmatics"; "the genial sunshine"; "hot summer pavements are anything but kind to the feet" having or showing a tender and considerate and helpful nature; used especially of persons and their behavior; "kind to sick patients"; "a kind master"; "kind words showing understanding and sympathy"; "thanked her for her kind letter" breed a special type; "Google represents a new breed of entrepreneurs" a special variety of domesticated animals within a species; "he experimented on a particular breed of white rats"; "he created a new strain of sheep" have young (animals) or reproduce (organisms); "pandas rarely breed in captivity" cause to procreate (animals); "She breeds dogs" copulate with a female, used especially of horses; "The horse covers the mare" pigeonhole a specific (often simplistic) category treat or classify according to a mental stereotype; "I was stereotyped as a lazy Southern European" place into a small compartment rubric category name; "it is usually discussed under the rubric of `functional obesity'" a title or heading that is printed in red or in a special type an authoritative rule of conduct or procedure directions for the conduct of Christian church services (often printed in red in a prayer book) adorn with ruby red color description sort or variety; "every description of book was there" a statement that represents something in words the act of describing something antitype an opposite or contrasting type a person or thing represented or foreshadowed by an earlier type or symbol; especially a figure or event in the New Testament having a counterpart in the Old Testament; "Aaron and Jesus Christ are the type and antitype for the high priest who made atonement for the sins of the people" art form (architecture) a form of artistic expression (such as writing or painting or architecture) architectural style architecture as a kind of art form Bauhaus a German style of architecture begun by Walter Gropius in 1918 Byzantine architecture the style of architecture developed in the Byzantine Empire developed after the 5th century; massive domes with square bases and round arches and spires and much use of mosaics classical architecture architecture influenced by the ancient Greeks or Romans Greek architecture the architecture of ancient Greece Roman architecture the architecture of ancient Rome Gothic a style of architecture developed in northern France that spread throughout Europe between the 12th and 16th centuries; characterized by slender vertical piers and counterbalancing buttresses and by vaulting and pointed arches a heavy typeface in use from 15th to 18th centuries extinct East Germanic language of the ancient Goths; the only surviving record being fragments of a 4th-century translation of the Bible by Bishop Ulfilas of or relating to the Goths; "Gothic migrations" of or relating to the language of the ancient Goths; "the Gothic Bible translation" characteristic of the style of type commonly used for printing German Romanesque a style of architecture developed in Italy and western Europe between the Roman and the Gothic styles after 1000 AD; characterized by round arches and vaults and by the substitution of piers for columns and profuse ornament and arcades Norman architecture a Romanesque style first appearing in Normandy around 950 AD and used in Britain from the Norman Conquest until the 12th century Tudor architecture a style of English-Gothic architecture popular during the Tudor period; characterized by half-timbered houses Moorish a style of architecture common in Spain from the 13th to 16th centuries; characterized by horseshoe-shaped arches relating to or characteristic of the Moors; "Moorish courtyard" Victorian architecture a style of architecture used in Britain during the reign of Queen Victoria; characterized by massive construction and elaborate ornamentation flavor (physics) the six kinds of quarks strangeness (physics) one of the six flavors of quark species a specific kind of something; "a species of molecule"; "a species of villainy" (biology) taxonomic group whose members can interbreed genus a general kind of something; "ignore the genus communism" (biology) taxonomic group containing one or more species brand a recognizable kind; "there's a new brand of hero in the movies now"; "what make of car is that?" identification mark on skin, made by burning a piece of wood that has been burned or is burning mark with a brand or trademark; "when this product is not branded it sells for a lower price" burn with a branding iron to indicate ownership; of animals like a kind of person; "We'll not see his like again"; "I can't tolerate people of his ilk" a similar kind; "dogs, foxes, and the like"; "we don't want the likes of you around here" feel about or towards; consider, evaluate, or regard; "How did you like the President's speech last night?" be fond of; "I like my nephews" find enjoyable or agreeable; "I like jogging"; "She likes to read Russian novels" want to have; "I'd like a beer now!" resembling or similar; having the same or some of the same characteristics; often used in combination; "suits of like design"; "a limited circle of like minds"; "members of the cat family have like dispositions"; "as like as two peas in a pod"; "doglike devotion"; "a dreamlike quality" equal in amount or value; "like amounts"; "equivalent amounts"; "the same amount"; "gave one six blows and the other a like number"; "the same number" metarule a rule that describes how other rules should be used (as in AI) algorithm a precise rule (or set of rules) specifying how to solve some problem sorting algorithm an algorithm for sorting a list heuristic a commonsense rule (or set of rules) intended to increase the probability of solving some problem of or relating to or using a general formulation that serves to guide investigation lateral thinking a heuristic for solving problems; you try to look at the problem from many angles instead of tackling it head-on recursion (mathematics) an expression such that each term is generated by repeating a particular mathematical operation guidepost a rule or principle that provides guidance to appropriate behavior cy pres a rule that when literal compliance is impossible the intention of a donor or testator should be carried out as nearly as possible working principle a rule that is adequate to permit work to be done feature of speech (linguistics) a distinctive characteristic of a linguistic unit that serves to distinguish it from other units of the same kind invariant a feature (quantity or property or function) that remains unchanged when a particular transformation is applied to it unaffected by a designated operation or transformation badge any feature that is regarded as a sign of status (a particular power or quality or rank); "wearing a tie was regarded as a badge of respectability" an emblem (a small piece of plastic or cloth or metal) that signifies your status (rank or membership or affiliation etc.); "they checked everyone's badge before letting them in" put a badge on; "The workers here must be badged" contour a feature (or the order or arrangement of features) of anything having a complex structure; "the contours of the melody"; "it defines a major contour of this administration" a line drawn on a map connecting points of equal height form the contours of external outward features; "he enjoyed the solemn externals of religion" happening or arising or located outside or beyond some limits or especially surface; "the external auditory canal"; "external pressures" purely outward or superficial; "external composure"; "an external concern for reputation"- A.R.Gurney,Jr. from or between other countries; "external commerce"; "international trade"; "developing nations need outside help" coming from the outside; "extraneous light in the camera spoiled the photograph"; "relying upon an extraneous income"; "disdaining outside pressure groups" calling card a distinguishing characteristic or behavior; "bombs are a terrorist's calling cards" a printed or written greeting that is left to indicate that you have visited a card that is used instead of cash to make telephone calls safety feature feature of an artifact that is added to insure a user's safety downside a negative aspect of something that is generally positive; "there is a downside even to motherhood" department a specialized sphere of knowledge; "baking is not my department"; "his work established a new department of literature" a specialized division of a large organization; "you'll find it in the hardware department"; "she got a job in the historical section of the Treasury" the territorial and administrative division of some countries (such as France) tourist attraction a characteristic that attracts tourists absolute something that is conceived or that exists independently and not in relation to other things; something that does not depend on anything else and is beyond human control; something that is not relative; "no mortal being can influence the absolute" perfect or complete or pure; "absolute loyalty"; "absolute silence"; "absolute truth"; "absolute alcohol" not capable of being violated or infringed; "infrangible human rights" complete and without restriction or qualification; sometimes used informally as intensifiers; "absolute freedom"; "an absolute dimwit"; "a downright lie"; "out-and-out mayhem"; "an out-and-out lie"; "a rank outsider"; "many right-down vices"; "got the job through sheer persistence"; "sheer stupidity" not limited by law; "an absolute monarch" expressing finality with no implication of possible change; "an absolute guarantee to respect the nation's authority" teacher a personified abstraction that teaches; "books were his teachers"; "experience is a demanding teacher" a person whose occupation is teaching quantum (physics) the smallest discrete quantity of some physical property that a system can possess (according to quantum theory) a discrete amount of something that is analogous to the quantities in quantum theory term any distinct quantity contained in a polynomial; "the general term of an algebraic equation of the n-th degree" a word or expression used for some particular thing; "he learned many medical terms" one of the substantive phrases in a logical proposition; "the major term of a syllogism must occur twice" a limited period of time; "a prison term"; "he left school before the end of term" the end of gestation or point at which birth is imminent; "a healthy baby born at full term" name formally or designate with a term numerical quantity a quantity expressed as a number eigenvalue (mathematics) any number such that a given square matrix minus that number times the identity matrix has a zero determinant scale value a value on some scale of measurement average an intermediate scale value regarded as normal or usual; "he is about average in height"; "the snowfall this month is below average" a statistic describing the location of a distribution; "it set the norm for American homes" (sports) the ratio of successful performances to opportunities compute the average of achieve or reach on average; "He averaged a C" amount to or come to an average, without loss or gain; "The number of hours I work per work averages out to 40" lacking special distinction, rank, or status; commonly encountered; "average people"; "the ordinary (or common) man in the street" around the middle of a scale of evaluation; "an orange of average size"; "intermediate capacity"; "medium bombers" approximating the statistical norm or average or expected value; "the average income in New England is below that of the nation"; "of average height for his age"; "the mean annual rainfall" lacking exceptional quality or ability; "a novel of average merit"; "only a fair performance of the sonata"; "in fair health"; "the caliber of the students has gone from mediocre to above average"; "the performance was middling at best" operand a quantity upon which a mathematical operation is performed variable a quantity that can assume any of a set of values a symbol (like x or y) that is used in mathematical or logical expressions to represent a variable quantity something that is likely to vary; something that is subject to variation; "the weather is one variable to be considered" (used of a device) designed so that a property (as e.g. light) can be varied; "a variable capacitor"; "variable filters in front of the mercury xenon lights" liable to or capable of change; "rainfall in the tropics is notoriously variable"; "variable winds"; "variable expenses" argument a variable in a logical or mathematical expression whose value determines the dependent variable; if f(x)=y, x is the independent variable (computer science) a reference or value that is passed to a function, procedure, subroutine, command, or program a summary of the subject or plot of a literary work or play or movie; "the editor added the argument to the poem" a fact or assertion offered as evidence that something is true; "it was a strong argument that his hypothesis was true" a discussion in which reasons are advanced for and against some proposition or proposal; "the argument over foreign aid goes on and on" arity the number of arguments that a function can take independent variable (statistics) a variable whose values are independent of changes in the values of other variables factor an independent variable in statistics anything that contributes causally to a result; "a number of factors determined the outcome" any of the numbers (or symbols) that form a product when multiplied together resolve into factors; "a quantum computer can factor the number 15" consider as relevant when making a decision; "You must factor in the recent developments" be a contributing factor; "make things factor into a company's profitability" correlate either of two or more related or complementary variables bring into a mutual, complementary, or reciprocal relation; "I cannot correlate these two pieces of information" to bear a reciprocal or mutual relation; "Do these facts correlate?" degree of freedom (statistics) an unrestricted variable in a frequency distribution one of the minimum number of parameters needed to describe the state of a physical system dependent variable (statistics) a variable in a logical or mathematical expression whose value depends on the independent variable; "if f(x)=y, y is the dependent variable" constant a quantity that does not vary a number representing a quantity assumed to have a fixed value in a specified mathematical context; "the velocity of light is a constant" steadfast in purpose or devotion or affection; "a man constant in adherence to his ideals"; "a constant lover"; "constant as the northern star" parameter a constant in the equation of a curve that can be varied to yield a family of similar curves a quantity (such as the mean or variance) that characterizes a statistical population and that can be estimated by calculations from sample data any factor that defines a system and determines (or limits) its performance factorial the product of all the integers up to and including a given integer; "1, 2, 6, 24, and 120 are factorials" of or relating to factorials multiple the product of a quantity by an integer; "36 is a multiple of 9" having or involving or consisting of more than one part or entity or individual; "multiple birth"; "multiple ownership"; "made multiple copies of the speech"; "his multiple achievements in public life"; "her multiple personalities"; "a pineapple is a multiple fruit" quadruple a quantity that is four times as great as another increase fourfold; "His stock earning quadrupled" four times as great or many; "a fourfold increase in the dosage" having four units or components; "quadruple rhythm has four beats per measure"; "quadruplex wire" lowest common multiple the smallest multiple that is exactly divisible by every member of a set of numbers; "the least common multiple of 12 and 18 is 36" grand total the sum of the sums of several groups of numbers subtotal the sum of part of a group of numbers degree of a term the sum of the exponents of the variables in the term degree of a polynomial the degree of the term in the polynomial that has the highest degree first degree a degree of one; "all of the terms in a linear equation are of the first degree" polynomial a mathematical function that is the sum of a number of terms having the character of a polynomial; "a polynomial expression" biquadratic a polynomial of the fourth degree involving the fourth and no higher power of a quantity or degree homogeneous polynomial a polynomial consisting of terms all of the same degree monic polynomial a polynomial in one variable quadratic a polynomial of the second degree involving the second and no higher power of a quantity or degree; "quadratic equation" quantic a homogeneous polynomial having at least two variables series (mathematics) the sum of a finite or infinite sequence of expressions a periodical that appears at scheduled times (sports) several contests played successively by the same teams; "the visiting team swept the series" similar things placed in order or happening one after another; "they were investigating a series of bank robberies" a group of postage stamps having a common theme or a group of coins or currency selected as a group for study or collection; "the Post Office issued a series commemorating famous American entertainers"; "his coin collection included the complete series of Indian-head pennies" (electronics) connection of components in such a manner that current flows first through one and then through the other; "the voltage divider consisted of a series of fixed resistors" power series the sum of terms containing successively higher integral powers of a variable geometric series a geometric progression written as a sum Fourier series the sum of a series of trigonometric expressions; used in the analysis of periodic functions predictor variable a variable that can be used to predict the value of another variable (as in statistical regression) proportional one of the quantities in a mathematical proportion properly related in size or degree or other measurable characteristics; usually followed by `to'; "the punishment ought to be proportional to the crime"; "earnings relative to production" having a constant ratio infinitesimal (mathematics) a variable that has zero as its limit infinitely or immeasurably small; "two minute whiplike threads of protoplasm"; "reduced to a microscopic scale" random variable a variable quantity that is random scalar a variable quantity that cannot be resolved into components of or relating to a directionless magnitude (such as mass or speed etc.) that is completely specified by its magnitude; "scalar quantity" of or relating to a musical scale; "he played some basic scalar patterns on his guitar" vector product a vector that is the product of two other vectors scalar product a real number (a scalar) that is the product of two vectors vector sum a vector that is the sum of two or more other vectors radius vector a line connecting a point in space to the origin of a polar coordinate system a line connecting a satellite to the center of the body around which it is rotating be-all and end-all the essential factor; the all-important element; the supreme aim; "profit is the be-all and end-all of business" plot element a component or element of the plot of a story McGuffin (film) a plot element that catches the viewers' attention or drives the plot; "the McGuffin was a key element of Alfred Hitchcock's films" attractor (physics) a point in the ideal multidimensional phase space that is used to describe a system toward which the system tends to evolve regardless of the starting conditions of the system strange attractor an attractor for which the approach to its final point in phase space is chaotic metacenter (shipbuilding) the point of intersection between two vertical lines, one line through the center of buoyancy of the hull of a ship in equilibrium and the other line through the center of buoyancy of the hull when the ship is inclined to one side; the distance of this intersection above the center of gravity is an indication of the stability of the ship vertex the point of intersection of lines or the point opposite the base of a figure the highest point (of something); "at the peak of the pyramid" high point the most enjoyable part of a given experience; "the trumpet solo was the high point of the concert" leaven an influence that works subtly to lighten or modify something; "his sermons benefited from a leavening of humor" a substance used to produce fermentation in dough or a liquid unit a single undivided whole; "an idea is not a unit that can be moved from one brain to another" an organization regarded as part of a larger social group; "the coach said the offensive unit did a good job"; "after the battle the soldier had trouble rejoining his unit" a single undivided natural thing occurring in the composition of something else; "units of nucleic acids" an individual or group or structure or other entity regarded as a structural or functional constituent of a whole; "the reduced the number of units and installations"; "the word is a basic linguistic unit" one a single person or thing; "he is the best one"; "this is the one I ordered" the smallest whole number or a numeral representing this number; "he has the one but will need a two and three to go with it"; "they had lunch at one" being a single entity made by combining separate components; "three chemicals combining into one solution" used of a single unit or thing; not two or more; "`ane' is Scottish" complex a conceptual whole made up of complicated and related parts; "the complex of shopping malls, houses, and roads created a new town" (psychoanalysis) a combination of emotions and impulses that have been rejected from awareness but still influence a person's behavior a compound described in terms of the central atom to which other atoms are bound or coordinated complicated in structure; consisting of interconnected parts; "a complex set of variations based on a simple folk melody"; "a complex mass of diverse laws and customs" syndrome a complex of concurrent things; "every word has a syndrome of meanings" a pattern of symptoms indicative of some disease divine law a law that is believed to come directly from God dictate a guiding principle; "the dictates of reason" an authoritative rule say out loud for the purpose of recording; "He dictated a report to his secretary" rule as a dictator fundamentals principles from which other truths can be derived; "first you must learn the fundamentals"; "let's get down to basics" pleasure principle (psychoanalysis) the governing principle of the id; the principle that an infant seeks gratification and fails to distinguish fantasy from reality reality principle (psychoanalysis) the governing principle of the ego; the principle that as a child grows it becomes aware of the real environment and the need to accommodate to it insurrectionism the principle of revolt against constituted authority principle a basic truth or law or assumption; "the principles of democracy" a rule or law concerning a natural phenomenon or the function of a complex system; "the principle of the conservation of mass"; "the principle of jet propulsion"; "the right-hand rule for inductive fields" a basic generalization that is accepted as true and that can be used as a basis for reasoning or conduct; "their principles of composition characterized all their works" a rule or standard especially of good behavior; "a man of principle"; "he will not violate his principles" rule of personal conduct rudiments the elementary stages of any subject (usually plural); "he mastered only the rudiments of geometry" lexicalized concept a concept that is expressed by a word (in some particular language) all-or-none law (neurophysiology) a nerve impulse resulting from a weak stimulus is just as strong as a nerve impulse resulting from a strong stimulus Archimedes' principle (hydrostatics) the apparent loss in weight of a body immersed in a fluid is equal to the weight of the displaced fluid Avogadro's law the principle that equal volumes of all gases (given the same temperature and pressure) contain equal numbers of molecules Bernoulli's law (statistics) law stating that a large number of items taken at random from a population will (on the average) have the population statistics Benford's law a law used by auditors to identify fictitious populations of numbers; applies to any population of numbers derived from other numbers; "Benford's law holds that 30% of the time the first non-zero digit of a derived number will be 1 and it will be 9 only 4.6% of the time" Bose-Einstein statistics (physics) statistical law obeyed by a system of particles whose wave function is not changed when two particles are interchanged (the Pauli exclusion principle does not apply) Boyle's law the pressure of an ideal gas at constant temperature varies inversely with the volume Coulomb's Law a fundamental principle of electrostatics; the force of attraction or repulsion between two charged particles is directly proportional to the product of the charges and inversely proportional to the distance between them; principle also holds for magnetic poles Dalton's law (chemistry and physics) law stating that the pressure exerted by a mixture of gases equals the sum of the partial pressures of the gases in the mixture; the pressure of a gas in a mixture equals the pressure it would exert if it occupied the same volume alone at the same temperature distribution law (chemistry) the total energy in an assembly of molecules is not distributed equally but is distributed around an average value according to a statistical distribution Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution law (physics) a law expressing the distribution of energy among the molecules of a gas in thermal equilibrium equilibrium law (chemistry) the principle that (at chemical equilibrium) in a reversible reaction the ratio of the rate of the forward reaction to the rate of the reverse reaction is a constant for that reaction Fechner's law (psychophysics) the concept that the magnitude of a subjective sensation increases proportional to the logarithm of the stimulus intensity; based on early work by E. H. Weber Fermi-Dirac statistics (physics) law obeyed by a systems of particles whose wave function changes when two particles are interchanged (the Pauli exclusion principle applies) Gay-Lussac's law (physics) the density of an ideal gas at constant pressure varies inversely with the temperature Gestalt law of organization a principle of Gestalt psychology that identifies factors leading to particular forms of perceptual organization Henry's law (chemistry) law formulated by the English chemist William Henry; the amount of a gas that will be absorbed by water increases as the gas pressure increases Hooke's law (physics) the principle that (within the elastic limit) the stress applied to a solid is proportional to the strain produced Hubble's law (astronomy) the generalization that the speed of recession of distant galaxies (the red shift) is proportional to their distance from the observer Kepler's law (astronomy) one of three empirical laws of planetary motion stated by Johannes Kepler Kepler's first law a law stating that the orbit of each planet is an ellipse with the sun at one focus of the ellipse Kepler's second law a law concerning the speed at which planets travel; a line connecting a planet to the sun will sweep out equal areas in equal times; "Kepler's second law means that a planet's orbital speed changes with its distance from the sun" Kepler's third law a law stating that the ratio of the square of the revolutionary period (in years) to the cube of the orbital axis (in astronomical units) is the same for all planets Kirchhoff's laws (physics) two laws governing electric networks in which steady currents flow: the sum of all the currents at a point is zero and the sum of the voltage gains and drops around any closed circuit is zero law of averages a law affirming that in the long run probabilities will determine performance law of constant proportion (chemistry) law stating that every pure substance always contains the same elements combined in the same proportions by weight law of diminishing returns a law affirming that to continue after a certain level of performance has been reached will result in a decline in effectiveness law of effect (psychology) the principle that behaviors are selected by their consequences; behavior having good consequences tends to be repeated whereas behavior that leads to bad consequences is not repeated law of equivalent proportions (chemistry) law stating that the proportions in which two elements separately combine with a third element are also the proportions in which they combine together law of gravitation (physics) the law that states any two bodies attract each other with a force that is directly proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them law of multiple proportions (chemistry) law stating that when two elements can combine to form more than one compound the amounts of one of them that combines with a fixed amount of the other will exhibit a simple multiple relation law of mass action (chemistry) the law that states the following principle: the rate of a chemical reaction is directly proportional to the molecular concentrations of the reacting substances law of thermodynamics (physics) a law governing the relations between states of energy in a closed system second law of thermodynamics a law stating that mechanical work can be derived from a body only when that body interacts with another at a lower temperature; any spontaneous process results in an increase of entropy third law of thermodynamics law stating that the entropy of a substance approaches zero as its temperature approaches absolute zero zeroth law of thermodynamics the law that if two bodies are in thermal equilibrium with a third body then the first two bodies are in thermal equilibrium with each other Le Chatelier's principle the principle that if any change is imposed on a system that is in equilibrium then the system tends to adjust to a new equilibrium counteracting the change Gresham's Law (economics) the principle that when two kinds of money having the same denominational value are in circulation the intrinsically more valuable money will be hoarded and the money of lower intrinsic value will circulate more freely until the intrinsically more valuable money is driven out of circulation; bad money drives out good; credited to Sir Thomas Gresham Mendel's law (genetics) one of two principles of heredity formulated by Gregor Mendel on the basis of his experiments with plants; the principles were limited and modified by subsequent genetic research law of segregation members of a pair of homologous chromosomes separate during the formation of gametes and are distributed to different gametes so that every gamete receives only one member of the pair law of independent assortment each member of a pair of homologous chromosomes separates independently of the members of other pairs so the results are random mass-energy equivalence (physics) the principle that a measured quantity of mass is equivalent (according to relativity theory) to a measured quantity of energy Naegele's rule rule for calculating an expected delivery date; subtract three months from the first day of the last menstrual period and add seven days to that date Newton's law of motion one of three basic laws of classical mechanics first law of motion a body remains at rest or in motion with a constant velocity unless acted upon by an external force second law of motion the rate of change of momentum is proportional to the imposed force and goes in the direction of the force third law of motion action and reaction are equal and opposite Ohm's law electric current is directly proportional to voltage and inversely proportional to resistance; I = E/R Pascal's law pressure applied anywhere to a body of fluid causes a force to be transmitted equally in all directions; the force acts at right angles to any surface in contact with the fluid; "the hydraulic press is an application of Pascal's law" Pauli exclusion principle no two electrons or protons or neutrons in a given system can be in states characterized by the same set of quantum numbers periodic law (chemistry) the principle that chemical properties of the elements are periodic functions of their atomic numbers Planck's law (physics) the basis of quantum theory; the energy of electromagnetic waves is contained in indivisible quanta that have to be radiated or absorbed as a whole; the magnitude is proportional to frequency where the constant of proportionality is given by Planck's constant Planck's radiation law (physics) an equation that expresses the distribution of energy in the radiated spectrum of an ideal black body big-bang theory (cosmology) the theory that the universe originated sometime between 10 billion and 20 billion years ago from the cataclysmic explosion of a small volume of matter at extremely high density and temperature nebular hypothesis (cosmology) the theory that the solar system evolved from a hot gaseous nebula planetesimal hypothesis (cosmology) the theory that the solar system was formed by the gravitational accumulation of planetesimals steady state theory (cosmology) the theory that the universe maintains a constant average density with matter created to fill the void left by galaxies that are receding from each other; "the steady state theory has been abandoned in favor of the big bang theory" hypothesis a tentative insight into the natural world; a concept that is not yet verified but that if true would explain certain facts or phenomena; "a scientific hypothesis that survives experimental testing becomes a scientific theory"; "he proposed a fresh theory of alkalis that later was accepted in chemical practices" a proposal intended to explain certain facts or observations hypothetical a hypothetical possibility, circumstance, statement, proposal, situation, etc.; "consider the following, just as a hypothetical" gemmule the physically discrete element that Darwin proposed as responsible for heredity mean sun a theoretical sun that moves along the celestial equator at a constant speed and completes its annual course in the same amount of time the real sun takes at variable speeds Copernican system (astronomy) Copernicus' astronomical model in which the Earth rotates around the sun Ptolemaic system (astronomy) Ptolemy's model of the universe with the Earth at the center M-theory (particle physics) a theory that involves an eleven-dimensional universe in which the weak and strong forces and gravity are unified and to which all the string theories belong string theory (particle physics) a theory that postulates that subatomic particles are one-dimensional strings audit program a listing of audit procedures to be performed in completing an audit outline a schematic or preliminary plan a sketchy summary of the main points of an argument or theory the line that appears to bound an object speculation a hypothesis that has been formed by speculating or conjecturing (usually with little hard evidence); "speculations about the outcome of the election"; "he dismissed it as mere conjecture" an investment that is very risky but could yield great profits; "he knew the stock was a speculation when he bought it" prerequisite something that is required in advance; "Latin was a prerequisite for admission" required as a prior condition or course of study requirement required activity; "the requirements of his work affected his health"; "there were many demands on his time" precondition a condition that is a prerequisite put into the required condition beforehand academic requirement a requirement for admission to or completion of an academic program language requirement a requirement that a student know certain languages essential condition a prerequisite given an assumption that is taken for granted acknowledged as a supposition; "given the engine's condition, it is a wonder that it started" basic assumption an assumption that is basic to an argument misconception an incorrect conception fallacy a misconception resulting from incorrect reasoning logical fallacy a fallacy in logical argumentation hysteron proteron the logical fallacy of using as a true premise a proposition that is yet to be proved reversal of normal order of two words or sentences etc. (as in `bred and born') ignoratio elenchi the logical fallacy of supposing that an argument proving an irrelevant point has proved the point at issue pathetic fallacy the fallacy of attributing human feelings to inanimate objects; `the friendly sun' is an example of the pathetic fallacy petitio principii the logical fallacy of assuming the conclusion in the premises; begging the question post hoc the logical fallacy of believing that temporal succession implies a causal relation sophism a deliberately invalid argument displaying ingenuity in reasoning in the hope of deceiving someone paralogism an unintentionally invalid argument self-deception a misconception that is favorable to the person who holds it illusion something many people believe that is false; "they have the illusion that I am very wealthy" an erroneous mental representation will-o'-the-wisp an illusion that misleads wishful thinking the illusion that what you wish for is actually true autism (psychiatry) an abnormal absorption with the self; marked by communication disorders and short attention span and inability to treat others as people infantile autism a rare but serious syndrome of childhood characterized by withdrawal and lack of social responsiveness or interest in others and serious linguistic deficits; "there is considerable dispute among specialists concerning infantile autism" unidentified flying object an (apparently) flying object whose nature is unknown; especially those considered to have extraterrestrial origins Flying Dutchman a phantom ship that is said to appear in storms near the Cape of Good Hope the captain of a phantom ship (the Flying Dutchman) who was condemned to sail against the wind until Judgment Day ghost a mental representation of some haunting experience; "he looked like he had seen a ghost"; "it aroused specters from his past" the visible disembodied soul of a dead person write for someone else; "How many books have you ghostwritten so far?" move like a ghost; "The masked men ghosted across the moonlit yard" master plan a long-term outline of a project or government function; "the zoning board adopted a master plan for the new development" Apollo program a program of space flights undertaken by US to land a man on the Moon; "the first lunar landing was achieved by the Apollo program on July 20, 1969" Gemini program a program of space flights undertaken by US in 1965 and 1966; "under the Gemini program each crew had two astronauts" Mercury program a program of rocket-powered flights undertaken by US between 1961 and 1963 with the goal of putting a man in orbit around the earth; "under the Mercury program each flight had one astronaut" defense program a program for defending a country against its enemies educational program a program for providing education rehabilitation program a program for restoring someone to good health space program a technological program intended to explore outer space Superfund program the federal government's program to locate and investigate and clean up the worst uncontrolled and abandoned toxic waste sites nationwide; administered by the Environmental Protection Agency; "some have intimated that the Superfund's money may have turned into a political slush fund" vocational rehabilitation program a program of rehabilitation through job training with an eye to gainful employment tax program a program for setting taxes policy a plan of action adopted by an individual or social group; "it was a policy of retribution"; "a politician keeps changing his policies" written contract or certificate of insurance; "you should have read the small print on your policy" a line of argument rationalizing the course of action of a government; "they debated the policy or impolicy of the proposed legislation" activism a policy of taking direct action to achieve a political or social goal beggar-my-neighbor policy a policy of promoting oneself at the expense of others; used especially of national policy; "the United States has pursued a beggar-my-neighbor policy" plan of action a plan for actively doing something battle plan plan for conducting a battle credit system a system for allowing people to purchase things on credit legal system a system for interpreting and enforcing the laws bail the legal system that allows an accused person to be temporarily released from custody (usually on condition that a sum of money guarantees their appearance at trial); "he is out on bail" (criminal law) money that must be forfeited by the bondsman if an accused person fails to appear in court for trial; "the judge set bail at $10,000"; "a $10,000 bond was furnished by an alderman" remove (water) from a vessel with a container empty (a vessel) by bailing secure the release of (someone) by providing security deliver something in trust to somebody for a special purpose and for a limited period release after a security has been paid jury system a legal system for determining the facts at issue in a law suit patent system a legal system for protecting the rights of inventors tax system a legal system for assessing and collecting taxes voting system a legal system for making democratic choices uninominal system based on the principle of having only one member (as of a legislature) selected from each electoral district list system based on the principle of proportional representation; voters choose between party lists, the number elected from each list being determined by the percentage cast for each list out of the total vote pricing system a system for setting prices on goods or services promotion system a system for advancing participants to higher-status positions tactic a plan for attaining a particular goal scheme an elaborate and systematic plan of action form intrigues (for) in an underhand manner devise a system or form a scheme for travel plan a proposed route of travel pump-and-dump scheme an illegal scheme for making money by manipulating stock prices; the schemer persuades other people to buy the stock and then sells it himself as soon as the price of the stock rises wangle an instance of accomplishing something by scheming or trickery achieve something by means of trickery or devious methods counterterrorism a strategy intended to prevent or counter terrorism game plan (sports) a plan for achieving an objective in some sport (figurative) a carefully thought out strategy for achieving an objective in war or politics or business or personal affairs; "newscasters speculated about the President's game plan for an invasion" playbook a scheme or set of strategies for conducting a business campaign or a political campaign; "they borrowed a page from the playbook of the opposition" a book containing the scripts of one or more dramatic plays; "the 1963 playbook leaves out the whole first scene" a notebook containing descriptions and diagrams of the plays that a team has practiced (especially an American football team) plot a secret scheme to do something (especially something underhand or illegal); "they concocted a plot to discredit the governor"; "I saw through his little game from the start" the story that is told in a novel or play or movie etc.; "the characters were well drawn but the plot was banal" a chart or graph showing the movements or progress of an object a small area of ground covered by specific vegetation; "a bean plot"; "a cabbage patch"; "a briar patch" plan secretly, usually something illegal; "They plotted the overthrow of the government" devise the sequence of events in (a literary work or a play, movie, or ballet); "the writer is plotting a new novel" pyramid scheme a fraudulent scheme in which people are recruited to make payments to the person who recruited them while expecting to receive payments from the persons they recruit; when the number of new recruits fails to sustain the hierarchical payment structure the scheme collapses with most of the participants losing the money they put in counterplot a plot intended to subvert another plot make a plot in response to another plot intrigue a crafty and involved plot to achieve your (usually sinister) ends a clandestine love affair cause to be interested or curious conspiracy a plot to carry out some harmful or illegal act (especially a political plot) a secret agreement between two or more people to perform an unlawful act a group of conspirators banded together to achieve some harmful or illegal purpose Gunpowder Plot a conspiracy in 1605 in England to blow up James I and the Houses of Parliament to avenge the persecution of Catholics in England; led by Guy Fawkes waiting game a strategy of delay regimen (medicine) a systematic plan for therapy (often including diet) academic program (education) a program of education in liberal arts and sciences (usually in preparation for higher education) training program a program designed for training in specific skills biofeedback a training program in which a person is given information about physiological processes (heart rate or blood pressure) that is not normally available with the goal of gaining conscious control of them preemployment training program a training program to prepare you for employment project a planned undertaking present for consideration, examination, criticism, etc.; "He proposed a new plan for dealing with terrorism"; "She proposed a new theory of relativity"; "The candidate projects himself as a moderate and a reformer" regard as objective communicate vividly; "He projected his feelings" transfer (ideas or principles) from one domain into another throw, send, or cast forward; "project a missile" put or send forth; "She threw the flashlight beam into the corner"; "The setting sun threw long shadows"; "cast a spell"; "cast a warm light" draw a projection of project on a screen; "The images are projected onto the screen" cause to be heard; "His voice projects well" moneymaker a project that generates a continuous flow of money someone who is successful in accumulating wealth vocational program a program of vocational education works program a program to provide jobs on public works paid for by government funds agenda a temporally organized plan for matters to be attended to a list of matters to be taken up (as at a meeting) menu an agenda of things to do; "they worked rapidly down the menu of reports" a list of dishes available at a restaurant; "the menu was in French" (computer science) a list of options available to a computer user the dishes making up a meal pension plan a plan for setting aside money to be spent after retirement 401-k plan a retirement savings plan that is funded by employee contributions and (often) matching contributions from the employer; contributions are made from your salary before taxes and the funds grow tax-free until they are withdrawn, at which point they can be converted into an IRA; funds can be transferred if you change employers and you can (to some extent) manage the investments yourself individual retirement account a retirement plan that allows you to contribute a limited yearly sum toward your retirement; taxes on the interest earned in the account are deferred Keogh plan a tax-deferred pension plan for employees of unincorporated businesses or for self-employed persons employee savings plan a plan that allows employees to contribute to an investment pool managed the employer stock purchase plan an organized plan for employees of a company to buy shares of its stock employee stock ownership plan a program under which employees regularly accumulate shares and may ultimately assume control of the company figment a contrived or fantastic idea; "a figment of the imagination" pillar a fundamental principle or practice; "science eroded the pillars of superstition" a prominent supporter; "he is a pillar of the community" pillar of Islam (Islam) one of the five religious obligations accepted by all Muslims shahadah the first pillar of Islam is an affirmation of faith salat the second pillar of Islam is prayer; a prescribed liturgy performed five times a day (preferably in a mosque) and oriented toward Mecca sawm the third pillar of Islam is fasting (primarily during the month of Ramadan); Muslims abstain from food and drink and gambling and all sensuous pleasures from sunrise to sunset during Ramadan zakat the fourth pillar of Islam is almsgiving as an act of worship; "the zakat is earmarked for the poor and disabled" hajj the fifth pillar of Islam is a pilgrimage to Mecca during the month of Dhu al-Hijja; at least once in a lifetime a Muslim is expected to make a religious journey to Mecca and the Kaaba; "for a Muslim the hajj is the ultimate act of worship" yang the bright positive masculine principle in Chinese dualistic cosmology; "yin and yang together produce everything that comes into existence" yin the dark negative feminine principle in Chinese dualistic cosmology; "the interaction of yin and yang maintains the harmony of the universe" feng shui rules in Chinese philosophy that govern spatial arrangement and orientation in relation to patterns of yin and yang and the flow of energy (qi); the favorable or unfavorable effects are taken into consideration in designing and siting buildings and graves and furniture inkling a slight suggestion or vague understanding; "he had no inkling what was about to happen" posthypnotic suggestion a suggestion that is made to a person who is hypnotized that specifies an action he will perform (usually in response to a cue) after he has awakened first blush at the first glimpse or impression; "at first blush the idea possesses considerable intuitive appeal but on closer examination it fails" sound effect an effect that imitates a sound called for in the script of a play special effect an effect used to produce scenes that cannot be achieved by normal techniques (especially on film) stage effect a special effect created on the stage theorem an idea accepted as a demonstrable truth a proposition deducible from basic postulates Bayes' theorem (statistics) a theorem describing how the conditional probability of a set of possible causes for a given observed event can be computed from knowledge of the probability of each cause and the conditional probability of the outcome of each cause Bayes' postulate (statistics) the difficulty of applying Bayes' theorem is that the probabilities of the different causes are seldom known, in which case it may be postulated that they are all equal (sometimes known as postulating the equidistribution of ignorance) prescience the power to foresee the future meaning the idea that is intended; "What is the meaning of this proverb?" the message that is intended or expressed or signified; "what is the meaning of this sentence"; "the significance of a red traffic light"; "the signification of Chinese characters"; "the import of his announcement was ambiguous" theme a unifying idea that is a recurrent element in literary or artistic work; "it was the usual `boy gets girl' theme" (music) melodic subject of a musical composition; "the theme is announced in the first measures"; "the accompanist picked up the idea and elaborated it" provide with a particular theme or motive; "the restaurant often themes its menus" topos a traditional theme or motif or literary convention; "James Joyce uses the topos of the Wandering Jew in his Ulysses" semantics the meaning of a word, phrase, sentence, or text; "a petty argument about semantics" the study of language meaning kernel the choicest or most essential or most vital part of some idea or experience; "the gist of the prosecutor's argument"; "the heart and soul of the Republican Party"; "the nub of the story" a single whole grain of a cereal; "a kernel of corn" the inner and usually edible part of a seed or grain or nut or fruit stone; "black walnut kernels are difficult to get out of the shell" bare bones (plural) the most basic facts or elements; "he told us only the bare bones of the story" hypostasis (metaphysics) essential nature or underlying reality any of the three persons of the Godhead constituting the Trinity especially the person of Christ in which divine and human natures are united the accumulation of blood in an organ the suppression of a gene by the effect of an unrelated gene quiddity the essence that makes something the kind of thing it is and makes it different from any other connotation an idea that is implied or suggested ideal the idea of something that is perfect; something that one hopes to attain model of excellence or perfection of a kind; one having no equal constituting or existing only in the form of an idea or mental image or conception; "a poem or essay may be typical of its period in idea or ideal content" conforming to an ultimate standard of perfection or excellence; embodying an ideal of or relating to the philosophical doctrine of the reality of ideas introject (psychoanalysis) parental figures (and their values) that you introjected as a child; the voice of conscience is usually a parent's voice internalized incorporate (attitudes or ideas) into one's personality unconsciously paragon an ideal instance; a perfect embodiment of a concept gold standard a paragon of excellence; "academic education is the gold standard against which other educational activity is pejoratively judged" a monetary standard under which the basic unit of currency is defined by a stated quantity of gold criterion the ideal in terms of which something can be judged; "they live by the standards of their community" design criteria criteria that designers should meet in designing some system or device; "the job specifications summarized the design criteria" exemplar something to be imitated; "an exemplar of success"; "a model of clarity"; "he is the very model of a modern major general" ego ideal (psychoanalysis) the part of the ego that contains an ideal of personal excellence toward which a person strives keynote a fundamental or central idea the principal theme in a speech or literary work set the keynote of; "Comfort keynotes this designer's Fall collection" give the keynote address to (an audience) reconditeness wisdom that is recondite and abstruse and profound; "the anthropologist was impressed by the reconditeness of the native proverbs" instantiation a representation of an idea in the form of an instance of it; "how many instantiations were found?" stereotype a conventional or formulaic conception or image; "regional stereotypes have been part of America since its founding" schema an internal representation of the world; an organization of concepts and actions that can be revised by new information about the world imagination image a mental image produced by the imagination phantasmagoria a constantly changing medley of real or imagined images (as in a dream) bit part a small role soubrette a minor female role as a pert flirtatious lady's maid in a comedy a pert or flirtatious young girl heavy a serious (or tragic) role in a play an actor who plays villainous roles darkened by clouds; "a heavy sky" (of sleep) deep and complete; "a heavy sleep"; "fell into a profound sleep"; "a sound sleeper"; "deep wakeless sleep" lacking lightness or liveliness; "heavy humor"; "a leaden conversation" requiring or showing effort; "heavy breathing"; "the subject made for labored reading" full of; bearing great weight; "trees heavy with fruit"; "vines weighed down with grapes" sharply inclined; "a heavy grade" dense or inadequately leavened and hence likely to cause distress in the alimentary canal; "a heavy pudding" of comparatively great physical weight or density; "a heavy load"; "lead is a heavy metal"; "heavy mahogany furniture" large and powerful; especially designed for heavy loads or rough work; "a heavy truck"; "heavy machinery" marked by great psychological weight; weighted down especially with sadness or troubles or weariness; "a heavy heart"; "a heavy schedule"; "heavy news"; "a heavy silence"; "heavy eyelids" unusually great in degree or quantity or number; "heavy taxes"; "a heavy fine"; "heavy casualties"; "heavy losses"; "heavy rain"; "heavy traffic" (physics, chemistry) being or containing an isotope with greater than average atomic mass or weight; "heavy hydrogen"; "heavy water" of great intensity or power or force; "a heavy blow"; "the fighting was heavy"; "heavy seas" slow and laborious because of weight; "the heavy tread of tired troops"; "moved with a lumbering sag-bellied trot"; "ponderous prehistoric beasts"; "a ponderous yawn" of the military or industry; using (or being) the heaviest and most powerful armaments or weapons or equipment; "heavy artillery"; "heavy infantry"; "a heavy cruiser"; "heavy guns"; "heavy industry involves large-scale production of basic products (such as steel) used by other industries" full and loud and deep; "heavy sounds"; "a herald chosen for his sonorous voice" made of fabric having considerable thickness; "a heavy coat" of relatively large extent and density; "a heavy line" (of an actor or role) being or playing the villain; "Iago is the heavy role in `Othello'" slowly as if burdened by much weight; "time hung heavy on their hands" hero the principal character in a play or movie or novel or poem (classical mythology) a being of great strength and courage celebrated for bold exploits; often the offspring of a mortal and a god a man distinguished by exceptional courage and nobility and strength; "RAF pilots were the heroes of the Battle of Britain" ingenue the role of an innocent artless young woman in a play an artless innocent young girl (especially as portrayed on the stage) an actress who specializes in playing the role of an artless innocent young girl title role the role of the character after whom the play is named psychosexuality the mental representation of sexual activities percept the representation of what is perceived; basic component in the formation of a concept fractal (mathematics) a geometric pattern that is repeated at every scale and so cannot be represented by classical geometry gestalt a configuration or pattern of elements so unified as a whole that it cannot be described merely as a sum of its parts Amsler grid a pattern of small boxes that is used for self-monitoring by patients who have age-related macular degeneration sonata form the form of a movement, which consists of exposition and development and recapitulation visual percept a percept that arises from the eyes; an image in the visual system eye candy visual images that are pleasing to see but are intellectually undemanding; "he wanted to put some eye candy on their web site" visual field all of the points of the physical environment that can be perceived by a stable eye at a given moment coast the area within view; "the coast is clear" a slope down which sleds may coast; "when it snowed they made a coast on the golf course" move effortlessly; by force of gravity glimpse a brief or incomplete view; "from the window he could catch a glimpse of the lake" a vague indication; "he caught only a glimpse of the professor's meaning" catch a glimpse of or see briefly; "We glimpsed the Queen as she got into her limousine" middle distance the part of a scene between the foreground and the background side view a view from the side of something tableau any dramatic scene a group of people attractively arranged (as if in a painting) microscopic field the areas that is visible through a microscope operative field the area that is open during surgery recollection something recalled to the mind engram a postulated biochemical change (presumably in neural tissue) that represents a memory confabulation (psychiatry) a plausible but imagined memory that fills in gaps in what is remembered screen memory an imagined memory of a childhood experience; hides another memory of distressing significance memory image a mental image of something previously experienced memory picture a memory image that is similar to a visual perception afterimage an image (usually a negative image) that persists after stimulation has ceased aftertaste an afterimage of a taste visual image a mental image that is similar to a visual perception mental picture a clear and telling mental image; "he described his mental picture of his assailant"; "he had no clear picture of himself or his world"; "the events left a permanent impression in his mind" auditory image a mental image that is similar to an auditory perception lodestar something that serves as a model or guide guiding star; a star that is used as a reference point in navigation or astronomy prototype a standard or typical example; "he is the prototype of good breeding"; "he provided America with an image of the good father" concentrate a concentrated example of something; "the concentrate of contemporary despair" a concentrated form of a foodstuff; the bulk is reduced by removing water make denser, stronger, or purer; "concentrate juice" direct one's attention on something; "Please focus on your studies and not on your hobbies" draw together or meet in one common center; "These groups concentrate in the inner cities" type specimen the original specimen from which the description of a new species is made microcosm a miniature model of something original something that serves as a model or a basis for making copies; "this painting is a copy of the original" not derived or copied or translated from something else; "the play is original; not an adaptation"; "he kept the original copy and gave her only a xerox"; "the translation misses much of the subtlety of the original French" preceding all others in time or being as first made or performed; "the original inhabitants of the Americas"; "the book still has its original binding"; "restored the house to its original condition"; "the original performance of the opera"; "the original cast"; "retracted his original statement" being or productive of something fresh and unusual; or being as first made or thought of; "a truly original approach"; "with original music"; "an original mind" (of e.g. information) not secondhand or by way of something intermediary; "his work is based on only original, not secondary, sources" pacesetter a leading instance in its field; "the new policy will be a pacesetter in community relations" pattern a model considered worthy of imitation; "the American constitution has provided a pattern for many republics" form a pattern; "These sentences pattern like the ones we studied before" template a model or standard for making comparisons prodigy an impressive or wonderful example of a particular quality; "the Marines are expected to perform prodigies of valor" an unusually gifted or intelligent (young) person; someone whose talents excite wonder and admiration; "she is a chess prodigy" three-D having a three-dimensional form or appearance; "aren't dreams always in 3-D?" a movie with images having three dimensional form or appearance phantom limb the illusion that a limb still exists after it has been amputated mirage something illusory and unattainable an optical illusion in which atmospheric refraction by a layer of hot air distorts or inverts reflections of distant objects blur a hazy or indistinct representation; "it happened so fast it was just a blur"; "he tried to clear his head of the whisky fuzz" become vague or indistinct; "The distinction between the two theories blurred" make dim or indistinct; "The fog blurs my vision" to make less distinct or clear; "The haze blurs the hills" concretism a representation of an abstract idea in concrete terms belief any cognitive content held as true apophatism the religious belief that God cannot be known but is completely `other' and must be described in negative terms (in terms of what God is not) kenosis the concept of emptying one's own will and receive God's will, in Catholicism cataphatism the religious belief that God has given enough clues to be known to humans positively and affirmatively (e.g., God created Adam `in his own image') doctrine of analogy the religious belief that between creature and creator no similarity can be found so great but that the dissimilarity is always greater; any analogy between God and humans will always be inadequate doctrine a belief (or system of beliefs) accepted as authoritative by some group or school philosophy any personal belief about how to live or how to deal with a situation; "self-indulgence was his only philosophy"; "my father's philosophy of child-rearing was to let mother do it" the rational investigation of questions about existence and knowledge and ethics expectation belief about (or mental picture of) the future the feeling that something is about to happen geneticism the belief that all human characteristics are determined genetically meliorism the belief that the world can be made better by human effort autotelism belief that a work of art is an end in itself or its own justification originalism the belief that the United States Constitution should be interpreted in the way the authors originally intended it pacifism the belief that all international disputes can be settled by arbitration the doctrine that all violence is unjustifiable predestinarianism the belief or doctrine of predestinarians religion a strong belief in a supernatural power or powers that control human destiny; "he lost his faith but not his morality" an institution to express belief in a divine power; "he was raised in the Baptist religion"; "a member of his own faith contradicted him" cult a system of religious beliefs and rituals; "devoted to the cultus of the Blessed Virgin" a religion or sect that is generally considered to be unorthodox, extremist, or false; "it was a satanic cult" followers of an unorthodox, extremist, or false religion or sect who often live outside of conventional society under the direction of a charismatic leader followers of an exclusive system of beliefs and practices quietism a form of religious mysticism requiring withdrawal from all human effort and passive contemplation of God Sufism Islamic mysticism nature worship a system of religion that deifies and worships natural forces and phenomena revealed religion a religion founded primarily on the revelations of God to humankind eyes opinion or judgment; "in the eyes of the law"; "I was wrong in her eyes" public opinion a belief or sentiment shared by most people; the voice of the people; "he asked for a poll of public opinion" preconception an opinion formed beforehand without adequate evidence; "he did not even try to confirm his preconceptions" irrational hostility extreme prejudice promise grounds for feeling hopeful about the future; "there is little or no promise that he will recover" a verbal commitment by one person to another agreeing to do (or not to do) something in the future make a promise or commitment promise to undertake or give; "I promise you my best effort" give grounds for expectations; "The new results were promising"; "The results promised fame and glory" rainbow an illusory hope; "chasing rainbows" an arc of colored light in the sky caused by refraction of the sun's rays by rain foretaste an early limited awareness of something yet to occur anticipation something expected (as on the basis of a norm); "each of them had their own anticipations"; "an indicator of expectancy in development" an expectation anticipating with confidence of fulfillment revolutionism a belief in the spread of revolutionary principles sacerdotalism a belief that priests can act as mediators between human beings and God spiritualism the belief that the spirits of dead people can communicate with people who are still alive (especially via a medium) (theology) any doctrine that asserts the separate existence of God spiritual world a belief that there is a realm controlled by a divine spirit suffragism the belief that the right to vote should be extended (as to women) superstition an irrational belief arising from ignorance or fear supremacism the belief that some particular group or race is superior to all others; "white supremacism" theory a belief that can guide behavior; "the architect has a theory that more is less"; "they killed him on the theory that dead men tell no tales" a well-substantiated explanation of some aspect of the natural world; an organized system of accepted knowledge that applies in a variety of circumstances to explain a specific set of phenomena; "theories can incorporate facts and laws and tested hypotheses"; "true in fact and theory" theosophy a system of belief based on mystical insight into the nature of God and the soul theosophism belief in theosophy anthroposophy a system of beliefs and practices based on the philosophy of Rudolf Steiner; it claims to integrate the practical and psychological in child-centered education Kabbalah an esoteric theosophy of rabbinical origin based on the Hebrew scriptures and developed between the 7th and 18th centuries Kabbalism the doctrines of the Kabbalah thought the organized beliefs of a period or group or individual; "19th century thought"; "Darwinian thought" totemism belief in the kinship of a group of people with a common totem tribalism the beliefs of a tribal society the state of living together in tribes values beliefs of a person or social group in which they have an emotional investment (either for or against something); "he has very conservatives values" mainstream the prevailing current of thought; "his thinking was in the American mainstream" accounting principle a principle that governs current accounting practice and that is used as a reference to determine the appropriate treatment of complex transactions ethic the principles of right and wrong that are accepted by an individual or a social group; "the Puritan ethic"; "a person with old-fashioned values" a system of principles governing morality and acceptable conduct Chartism the principles of a body of 19th century English reformers who advocated better social and economic conditions for working people Hellenism the principles and ideals associated with classical Greek civilization legal principle (law) a principle underlying the formulation of jurisprudence jus sanguinis the principle that a person's nationality at birth is the same as that of his natural parents jus soli the principle that a person's nationality at birth is determined by the place of birth relation back (law) the principle that an act done at a later time is deemed by law to have occurred at an earlier time; "his attorney argued for the relation back of the amended complaint to the time the initial complaint was filed" scruple an ethical or moral principle that inhibits action uneasiness about the fitness of an action a unit of apothecary weight equal to 20 grains have doubts about raise scruples; "He lied and did not even scruple about it" hesitate on moral grounds; "The man scrupled to perjure himself" Golden Rule a command based on Jesus' words in the Sermon on the Mount; "Whatsoever ye would that men do unto you, do you even so unto them" (Matthew 7:12) Athanasian Creed a Christian profession of faith abolitionism the doctrine that calls for the abolition of slavery absolutism the doctrine of an absolute being the principle of complete and unrestricted power in government dominance through threat of punishment and violence amoralism the doctrine that moral distinctions are invalid animism the doctrine that all natural objects and the universe itself have souls; "animism is common among primitive peoples" antiestablishmentarianism the doctrine of opposition to the social and political establishment British empiricism the predominant philosophical tradition in Great Britain since the 17th century contextualism any doctrine emphasizing the importance of the context in solving problems or establishing the meaning of terms creationism the literal belief in the account of Creation given in the Book of Genesis; "creationism denies the theory of evolution of species" creation science an effort to give scientific support for the truth of the account of Creation given in the Book of Genesis creed any system of principles or beliefs divine right the doctrine that kings derive their right to rule directly from God and are not accountable to their subjects; rebellion is the worst of political crimes; "the doctrine of the divine right of kings was enunciated by the Stuarts in Britain in the 16th century" dogma a doctrine or code of beliefs accepted as authoritative; "he believed all the Marxist dogma" a religious doctrine that is proclaimed as true without proof dualism the doctrine that reality consists of two basic opposing elements, often taken to be mind and matter (or mind and body), or good and evil epicureanism a doctrine of hedonism that was defended by several ancient Greek philosophers establishmentarianism the doctrine of supporting the social or political establishment ethicism a doctrine that ethics and ethical ideas are valid and important; "his ethicism often led him to moralize" expansionism the doctrine of expanding the territory or the economic influence of a country experimentalism an empirical doctrine that advocates experimental principles an orientation that favors experimentation and innovation; "the children of psychologists are often raised in an atmosphere of experimentalism" functionalism any doctrine that stresses utility or purpose a psychology based on the assumption that all mental process are useful to an organism in adapting to the environment Girondism the doctrine of the Girondists gospel a doctrine that is believed to be of great importance; "Newton's writings were gospel for those who followed" an unquestionable truth; "his word was gospel" folk music consisting of a genre of a cappella music originating with Black slaves in the United States and featuring call and response; influential on the development of other genres of popular music (especially soul) gymnosophy the doctrine of a sect of Hindu philosophers who practiced nudity and asceticism and meditation mimesis the imitative representation of nature and human behavior in art and literature the representation of another person's words in a speech any disease that shows symptoms characteristic of another disease individualism the doctrine that government should not interfere in commercial affairs a belief in the importance of the individual and the virtue of self-reliance and personal independence rugged individualism individualism in social and economic affairs; belief not only in personal liberty and self-reliance but also in free competition internationalism the doctrine that nations should cooperate because their common interests are more important than their differences unilateralism the doctrine that nations should conduct their foreign affairs individualistically without the advice or involvement of other nations irredentism the doctrine that irredenta should be controlled by the country to which they are ethnically or historically related literalism the doctrine of realistic (literal) portrayal in art or literature a disposition to interpret statements in their literal sense majority rule the doctrine that the numerical majority of an organized group can make decisions binding on the whole group monism the doctrine that reality consists of a single basic substance or element multiculturalism the doctrine that several different cultures (rather than one national culture) can coexist peacefully and equitably in a single country nationalism the doctrine that your national culture and interests are superior to any other the doctrine that nations should act independently (rather than collectively) to attain their goals the aspiration for national independence felt by people under foreign domination nihilism a revolutionary doctrine that advocates destruction of the social system for its own sake complete denial of all established authority and institutions populism the political doctrine that supports the rights and powers of the common people in their struggle with the privileged elite predestination (theology) being determined in advance; especially the doctrine (usually associated with Calvin) that God has foreordained every event throughout eternity (including the final salvation of mankind) previous determination as if by destiny or fate presentism the doctrine that the Scripture prophecies of the Apocalypse (as in the Book of Revelations) are presently in the course of being fulfilled rationalism the doctrine that reason is the right basis for regulating conduct (philosophy) the doctrine that knowledge is acquired by reason without resort to experience the theological doctrine that human reason rather than divine revelation establishes religious truth reformism a doctrine of reform humanism the doctrine emphasizing a person's capacity for self-realization through reason; rejects religion and the supernatural the cultural movement of the Renaissance; based on classical studies humanitarianism the doctrine that people's duty is to promote human welfare egalitarianism the doctrine of the equality of mankind and the desirability of political and economic and social equality feminism a doctrine that advocates equal rights for women magic any art that invokes supernatural powers mojo a magic power or magic spell occultism a belief in supernatural powers and the possibility of bringing them under human control the study of the supernatural reincarnationism a doctrine that on the death of the body the soul migrates to or is born again in another body secessionism a doctrine that maintains the right of secession secularism a doctrine that rejects religion and religious considerations aesthetic (philosophy) a philosophical theory as to what is beautiful; "he despised the esthetic of minimalism" concerning or characterized by an appreciation of beauty or good taste; "the aesthetic faculties"; "an aesthetic person"; "aesthetic feeling"; "the illustrations made the book an aesthetic success" aesthetically pleasing; "an artistic flower arrangement" relating to or dealing with the subject of aesthetics; "aesthetic values" Aristotelianism (philosophy) the philosophy of Aristotle that deals with logic and metaphysics and ethics and poetics and politics and natural science; "Aristotelianism profoundly influenced Western thought" conceptualism the doctrine that the application of a general term to various objects indicates the existence of a mental entity that mediates the application Confucianism the teachings of Confucius emphasizing love for humanity; high value given to learning and to devotion to family (including ancestors); peace; justice; influenced the traditional culture of China deconstruction a philosophical theory of criticism (usually of literature or film) that seeks to expose deep-seated contradictions in a work by delving below its surface meaning existentialism (philosophy) a 20th-century philosophical movement chiefly in Europe; assumes that people are entirely free and thus responsible for what they make of themselves determinism (philosophy) a philosophical theory holding that all events are inevitable consequences of antecedent sufficient causes; often understood as denying the possibility of free will fatalism a philosophical doctrine holding that all events are predetermined in advance for all time and human beings are powerless to change them a submissive mental attitude resulting from acceptance of the doctrine that everything that happens is predetermined and inevitable hereditarianism the philosophical doctrine that heredity is more important than environment in determining intellectual growth intuitionism (philosophy) the doctrine that knowledge is acquired primarily by intuition logicism (philosophy) the philosophical theory that all of mathematics can be derived from formal logic materialism (philosophy) the philosophical theory that matter is the only reality a desire for wealth and material possessions with little interest in ethical or spiritual matters mentalism (philosophy) a doctrine that mind is the true reality and that objects exist only as aspects of the mind's awareness nativism (philosophy) the philosophical theory that some ideas are innate the policy of perpetuating native cultures (in opposition to acculturation) naturalism (philosophy) the doctrine that the world can be understood in scientific terms without recourse to spiritual or supernatural explanations an artistic movement in 19th century France; artists and writers strove for detailed realistic and factual description Neoplatonism a system of philosophical and theological doctrines composed of elements of Platonism and Aristotelianism and oriental mysticism; its most distinctive doctrine holds that the first principle and source of reality transcends being and thought and is naturally unknowable; "Neoplatonism was predominant in pagan Europe until the 6th century"; "Neoplatonism was a major influence on early Christian writers and on later medieval and Renaissance thought and on Islamic philosophy" nominalism (philosophy) the doctrine that the various objects labeled by the same term have nothing in common but their name operationalism (philosophy) the doctrine that the meaning of a proposition consists of the operations involved in proving or applying it Platonism (philosophy) the philosophical doctrine that abstract concepts exist independent of their names pragmatism (philosophy) the doctrine that practical consequences are the criteria of knowledge and meaning and value instrumentalism a system of pragmatic philosophy that considers idea to be instruments that should guide our actions and their value is measured by their success probabilism (philosophy) the doctrine that (since certainty is unattainable) probability is a sufficient basis for belief and action a Roman Catholic system of casuistry that when expert opinions differ an actor can follow any solidly probable opinion that he wishes even though some different opinion might be more probable relativism (philosophy) the philosophical doctrine that all criteria of judgment are relative to the individuals and situations involved Scholasticism the system of philosophy dominant in medieval Europe; based on Aristotle and the Church Fathers semiotics (philosophy) a philosophical theory of the functions of signs and symbols sensualism (philosophy) the ethical doctrine that feeling is the only criterion for what is good solipsism (philosophy) the philosophical theory that the self is all that you know to exist Stoicism (philosophy) the philosophical system of the Stoics following the teachings of the ancient Greek philosopher Zeno Taoism philosophical system developed by Lao-tzu and Chuang-tzu advocating a simple honest life and noninterference with the course of natural events popular Chinese philosophical system based in teachings of Lao-tzu but characterized by a pantheism of many gods and the practices of alchemy and divination and magic religion adhering to the teaching of Lao-tzu a Chinese sect claiming to follow the teaching of Lao-tzu but incorporating pantheism and sorcery in addition to Taoism teleology (philosophy) a doctrine explaining phenomena by their ends or purposes vitalism (philosophy) a doctrine that life is a vital principle distinct from physics and chemistry conjuring calling up a spirit or devil old wives' tale a bit of lore passed on by word of mouth exorcism freeing from evil spirits sorcery the belief in magical spells that harness occult forces or evil spirits to produce unnatural effects in the world theurgy white magic performed with the help of beneficent spirits (as formerly practiced by Neoplatonists) the effect of supernatural or divine intervention in human affairs witchcraft the art of sorcery enchantment a magical spell a psychological state induced by (or as if induced by) a magical incantation diabolism a belief in and reverence for devils (especially Satan) white magic magic used only for good purposes unbelief a rejection of belief agnosticism the disbelief in any claims of ultimate knowledge a religious orientation of doubt; a denial of ultimate knowledge of the existence of God; "agnosticism holds that you can neither prove nor disprove God's existence" atheism a lack of belief in the existence of God or gods heresy a belief that rejects the orthodox tenets of a religion iconoclasm the orientation of an iconoclast bourn an archaic term for a goal or destination an archaic term for a boundary end-all the ultimate goal; "human beings are not the end-all of evolution" destination the ultimate goal for which something is done no-goal a nonexistent goal; "he lived without a reason progressing toward no-goal" purpose an anticipated outcome that is intended or that guides your planned actions; "his intent was to provide a new translation"; "good intentions are not enough"; "it was created with the conscious aim of answering immediate needs"; "he made no secret of his designs" reach a decision; "he resolved never to drink again" cross-purpose a contrary aim; "at cross-purposes" final cause (philosophy) the end or purpose of a thing or process will a fixed and persistent intent or purpose; "where there's a will there's a way" a legal document declaring a person's wishes regarding the disposal of their property when they die determine by choice; "This action was willed and intended" decree or ordain; "God wills our existence" occasions something you have to do; "he minded his own specialized occasions" meme a cultural unit (an idea or value or pattern of behavior) that is passed from one person to another by non-genetic means (as by imitation); "memes are the cultural counterpart of genes" lore knowledge gained through tradition or anecdote; "early peoples passed on plant and animal lore through legend" folklore the unwritten lore (stories and proverbs and riddles and songs) of a culture eruditeness profound scholarly knowledge enlightenment education that results in understanding and the spread of knowledge centralism the political policy of concentrating power in a central organization moderationism the policy of being moderate or acting with moderation Thatcherism (England) the political policy of Margaret Thatcher ultramontanism (Roman Catholic Church) the policy that the absolute authority of the church should be vested in the pope edification uplifting enlightenment satori (Zen Buddhism) a state of sudden spiritual enlightenment disenchantment freeing from false belief or illusions ignorance the lack of knowledge or education dark an unenlightened state; "he was in the dark concerning their intentions"; "his lectures dispelled the darkness" absence of light or illumination not giving performances; closed; "the theater is dark on Mondays" brunet (used of hair or skin or eyes); "dark eyes" devoid of or deficient in light or brightness; shadowed or black; "sitting in a dark corner"; "a dark day"; "dark shadows"; "dark as the inside of a black cat" (used of color) having a dark hue; "dark green"; "dark glasses"; "dark colors like wine red or navy blue" marked by difficulty of style or expression; "much that was dark is now quite clear to me"; "those who do not appreciate Kafka's work say his style is obscure" showing a brooding ill humor; "a dark scowl"; "the proverbially dour New England Puritan"; "a glum, hopeless shrug"; "he sat in moody silence"; "a morose and unsociable manner"; "a saturnine, almost misanthropic young genius"- Bruce Bliven; "a sour temper"; "a sullen crowd" secret; "keep it dark" ignorantness ignorance (especially of orthodox beliefs) inexperience lack of experience and the knowledge and understanding derived from experience; "procedural inexperience created difficulties"; "their poor behavior was due to the rawness of the troops" unenlightenment a lack of understanding theory of gravitation (physics) the theory that any two particles of matter attract one another with a force directly proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them principle of relativity (physics) a universal law that states that the laws of mechanics are not affected by a uniform rectilinear motion of the system of coordinates to which they are referred Occam's Razor the principle that entities should not be multiplied needlessly; the simplest of two competing theories is to be preferred principle of equivalence (physics) the principle that an observer has no way of distinguishing whether his laboratory is in a uniform gravitational field or is in an accelerated frame of reference principle of liquid displacement (hydrostatics) the volume of a body immersed in a fluid is equal to the volume of the displaced fluid principle of superposition the displacement of any point due to the superposition of wave systems is equal to the sum of the displacements of the individual waves at that point; "the principle of superposition is the basis of the wave theory of light" (geology) the principle that in a series of stratified sedimentary rocks the lowest stratum is the oldest mass-action principle (neurology) the principle that the cortex of the brain operates as a coordinated system with large masses of neural tissue involved in all complex functioning localization of function (physiology) the principle that specific functions have relatively circumscribed locations in some particular part or organ of the body lateralization localization of function on either the right or left sides of the brain blastogenesis theory that inherited characteristics are transmitted by germ plasm asexual reproduction by budding preformation a theory (popular in the 18th century and now discredited) that an individual develops by simple enlargement of a tiny fully formed organism (a homunculus) that exists in the germ cell dialectical materialism the materialistic philosophy of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels positivism the form of empiricism that bases all knowledge on perceptual experience (not on intuition or revelation) Comtism Auguste Comte's positivistic philosophy that metaphysics and theology should be replaced by a hierarchy of sciences from mathematics at the base to sociology at the top scientific theory a theory that explains scientific observations; "scientific theories must be falsifiable" field theory (physics) a theory that explains a physical phenomenon in terms of a field and the manner in which it interacts with matter or with other fields organicism theory that the total organization of an organism rather than the functioning of individual organs is the determinant of life processes economic theory (economics) a theory of commercial activities (such as the production and consumption of goods) Keynesianism the economic theories of John Maynard Keynes who advocated government monetary and fiscal programs intended to stimulate business activity and increase employment liberalism an economic theory advocating free competition and a self-regulating market a political orientation that favors social progress by reform and by changing laws rather than by revolution Malthusianism Malthus' theory that population increase would outpace increases in the means of subsistence monetarism an economic theory holding that variations in unemployment and the rate of inflation are usually caused by changes in the supply of money rent seeking (economics) the theory that a person or firm seeks to make money by manipulating the economic environment rather than by making a profit through production or trade Stevens' law (psychophysics) the concept that the magnitude of a subjective sensation increases proportional to a power of the stimulus intensity Weber's law (psychophysics) the concept that a just-noticeable difference in a stimulus is proportional to the magnitude of the original stimulus; "Weber's law explains why you don't notice your headlights are on in the daytime" communications the discipline that studies the principles of transmiting information and the methods by which it is delivered (as print or radio or television etc.); "communications is his major field of study" major the principal field of study of a student at a university; "her major is linguistics" a commissioned military officer in the United States Army or Air Force or Marines; below lieutenant colonel and above captain a university student who is studying a particular field as the principal subject; "she is a linguistics major" have as one's principal field of study; "She is majoring in linguistics" greater in number or size or amount; "a major portion (a majority) of the population"; "Ursa Major"; "a major portion of the winnings" greater in scope or effect; "a major contribution"; "a major improvement"; "a major break with tradition"; "a major misunderstanding" of full legal age (of a scale or mode) having half steps between the third and fourth degrees and the seventh and eighth degrees; "major scales"; "the key of D major" of the field of academic study in which one concentrates or specializes; "his major field was mathematics" of greater importance or stature or rank; "a major artist"; "a major role"; "major highways" of greater seriousness or danger; "a major earthquake"; "a major hurricane"; "a major illness" region a knowledge domain that you are interested in or are communicating about; "it was a limited realm of discourse"; "here we enter the region of opinion"; "the realm of the occult" the extended spatial location of something; "the farming regions of France"; "religions in all parts of the world"; "regions of outer space" a large indefinite location on the surface of the Earth; "penguins inhabit the polar regions" the approximate amount of something (usually used prepositionally as in `in the region of'); "it was going to take in the region of two or three months to finish the job"; "the price is in the neighborhood of $100" frontier an undeveloped field of study; a topic inviting research and development; "he worked at the frontier of brain science" an international boundary or the area (often fortified) immediately inside the boundary a wilderness at the edge of a settled area of a country; "the individualism of the frontier in Andrew Jackson's day" genealogy the study or investigation of ancestry and family history successive generations of kin allometry the study of the relative growth of a part of an organism in relation to the growth of the whole bibliotics the scientific study of documents and handwriting etc. especially to determine authorship or authenticity ology an informal word (abstracted from words with this ending) for some unidentified branch of knowledge symbology the study or the use of symbols and symbolism grey area an intermediate area; a topic that is not clearly one thing or the other territory an area of knowledge or interest; "his questions covered a lot of territory" the geographical area under the jurisdiction of a sovereign state; "American troops were stationed on Japanese soil" knowledge domain the content of a particular field of knowledge metaknowledge knowledge about knowledge scientific knowledge knowledge accumulated by systematic study and organized by general principles; "mathematics is the basis for much scientific knowledge" science a particular branch of scientific knowledge; "the science of genetics" natural science the sciences involved in the study of the physical world and its phenomena mathematics a science (or group of related sciences) dealing with the logic of quantity and shape and arrangement pure mathematics the branches of mathematics that study and develop the principles of mathematics for their own sake rather than for their immediate usefulness arithmetic the branch of pure mathematics dealing with the theory of numerical calculations algorism computation with Arabic figures the Arabic (or decimal) system of numeration geometry the pure mathematics of points and lines and curves and surfaces affine geometry the geometry of affine transformations elementary geometry (mathematics) geometry based on Euclid's axioms Euclid's axiom (mathematics) any of five axioms that are generally recognized as the basis for Euclidean geometry Euclid's first axiom a straight line can be drawn between any two points Euclid's second axiom any terminated straight line can be projected indefinitely Euclid's third axiom a circle with any radius can be drawn around any point Euclid's fourth axiom all right angles are equal Euclid's fifth axiom only one line can be drawn through a point parallel to another line fractal geometry (mathematics) the geometry of fractals; "Benoit Mandelbrot pioneered fractal geometry" non-Euclidean geometry (mathematics) geometry based on axioms different from Euclid's; "non-Euclidean geometries discard or replace one or more of the Euclidean axioms" hyperbolic geometry (mathematics) a non-Euclidean geometry in which the parallel axiom is replaced by the assumption that through any point in a plane there are two or more lines that do not intersect a given line in the plane; "Karl Gauss pioneered hyperbolic geometry" elliptic geometry (mathematics) a non-Euclidean geometry that regards space as like a sphere and a line as like a great circle; "Bernhard Riemann pioneered elliptic geometry" numerical analysis (mathematics) the branch of mathematics that studies algorithms for approximating solutions to problems in the infinitesimal calculus spherical geometry (mathematics) the geometry of figures on the surface of a sphere spherical trigonometry (mathematics) the trigonometry of spherical triangles analytic geometry the use of algebra to study geometric properties; operates on symbols defined in a coordinate system coordinate axis one of the fixed reference lines of a coordinate system x-axis the horizontal axis in a plane coordinate system y-axis the vertical axis in a plane coordinate system z-axis the third axis in a 3-dimensional coordinate system major axis the longest axis of an ellipse or ellipsoid; passes through the two foci semimajor axis one-half the major axis of an ellipse; the distance from the center of an ellipse to one end minor axis the shorter or shortest axis of an ellipse or ellipsoid semiminor axis one-half the minor axis of an ellipse principal axis a line that passes through the center of curvature of a lens so that light is neither reflected nor refracted; "in a normal eye the optic axis is the direction in which objects are seen most distinctly" optic axis in a doubly refracting crystal, the line in the direction of which no double refraction occurs; "a crystal may have either one or two optic axes" inertial reference frame a coordinate system in which Newton's first law of motion is valid space-time the four-dimensional coordinate system (3 dimensions of space and 1 of time) in which physical events are located coordinate a number that identifies a position relative to an axis bring into common action, movement, or condition; "coordinate the painters, masons, and plumbers"; "coordinate his actions with that of his colleagues"; "coordinate our efforts" be co-ordinated; "These activities coordinate well" of equal importance, rank, or degree Cartesian coordinate one of the coordinates in a system of coordinates that locates a point on a plane or in space by its distance from two lines or three planes respectively; the two lines or the intersections of the three planes are the coordinate axes abscissa the value of a coordinate on the horizontal axis ordinate the value of a coordinate on the vertical axis intercept the point at which a line intersects a coordinate axis seize on its way; "The fighter plane was ordered to intercept an aircraft that had entered the country's airspace" polar coordinate either of two values that locate a point on a plane by its distance from a fixed pole and its angle from a fixed line passing through the pole plane geometry the geometry of 2-dimensional figures solid geometry the geometry of 3-dimensional space projective geometry the geometry of properties that remain invariant under projection trigonometry the mathematics of triangles and trigonometric functions algebra the mathematics of generalized arithmetical operations quadratics a branch of algebra dealing with quadratic equations linear algebra the part of algebra that deals with the theory of linear equations and linear transformation vector algebra the part of algebra that deals with the theory of vectors and vector spaces decomposition the analysis of a vector field (biology) the process of decay caused by bacterial or fungal action (chemistry) separation of a substance into two or more substances that may differ from each other and from the original substance in a decomposed state matrix algebra the part of algebra that deals with the theory of matrices calculus the branch of mathematics that is concerned with limits and with the differentiation and integration of functions a hard lump produced by the concretion of mineral salts; found in hollow organs or ducts of the body; "renal calculi can be very painful" Fourier analysis analysis of a periodic function into a sum of simple sinusoidal components differential calculus the part of calculus that deals with the variation of a function with respect to changes in the independent variable (or variables) by means of the concepts of derivative and differential derived function the result of mathematical differentiation; the instantaneous change of one quantity relative to another; df(x)/dx partial derivative the derivative of a function of two or more variables with respect to a single variable while the other variables are considered to be constant integral calculus the part of calculus that deals with integration and its application in the solution of differential equations and in determining areas or volumes etc. integral the result of a mathematical integration; F(x) is the integral of f(x) if dF/dx = f(x) constituting the undiminished entirety; lacking nothing essential especially not damaged; "a local motion keepeth bodies integral"- Bacon; "was able to keep the collection entire during his lifetime"; "fought to keep the union intact" of or denoted by an integer indefinite integral the set of functions F(x) + C, where C is any real number, such that F(x) is the integral of f(x) definite integral the integral of a function over a definite interval calculus of variations the calculus of maxima and minima of definite integrals set theory the branch of pure mathematics that deals with the nature and relations of sets closed interval an interval that includes its endpoints open interval an interval that does not include its endpoints sub-interval an interval that is included in another interval subgroup (mathematics) a subset (that is not empty) of a mathematical group a distinct and often subordinate group within a group group theory the branch of mathematics dealing with groups Galois theory group theory applied to the solution of algebraic equations Abelian group a group that satisfies the commutative law metamathematics the logical analysis of mathematical reasoning applied mathematics the branches of mathematics that are involved in the study of the physical or biological or sociological world linear programming a mathematical technique used in economics; finds the maximum or minimum of linear functions in many variables subject to constraints statistics a branch of applied mathematics concerned with the collection and interpretation of quantitative data and the use of probability theory to estimate population parameters statistical method a method of analyzing or representing statistical data; a procedure for calculating a statistic least squares a method of fitting a curve to data points so as to minimize the sum of the squares of the distances of the points from the curve multivariate analysis a generic term for any statistical technique used to analyze data from more than one variable statistic a datum that can be represented numerically demographic a statistic characterizing human populations (or segments of human populations broken down by age or sex or income etc.) of or relating to demography; "demographic surveys" moment the n-th moment of a distribution is the expected value of the n-th power of the deviations from a fixed value a turning force produced by an object acting at a distance (or a measure of that force) a particular point in time; "the moment he arrived the party began" an indefinitely short time; "wait just a moment"; "in a mo"; "it only takes a minute"; "in just a bit" nonparametric statistic a statistic computed without knowledge of the form or the parameters of the distribution from which observations are drawn parametric statistic any statistic computed by procedures that assume the data were drawn from a particular distribution age norm the average age at which particular performances are expected to appear outlier an extreme deviation from the mean a person who lives away from his place of work mean deviation the arithmetic mean of the absolute values of deviations from the mean of a distribution mode the most frequent value of a random variable any of various fixed orders of the various diatonic notes within an octave a particular functioning condition or arrangement; "switched from keyboard to voice mode" median the number midway between the two middle numbers in a series containing an even or odd number of items relating to or situated in or extending toward the middle mean an average of n numbers computed by adding some function of the numbers and dividing by some function of n destine or designate for a certain purpose; "These flowers were meant for you" denote or connote; "`maison' means `house' in French"; "An example sentence would show what this word means" mean or intend to express or convey; "You never understand what I mean!"; "what do his words intend?" have a specified degree of importance; "My ex-husband means nothing to me"; "Happiness means everything" (used of persons or behavior) characterized by or indicative of lack of generosity; "a mean person"; "he left a miserly tip" excellent; "famous for a mean backhand" arithmetic mean the sum of the values of a random variable divided by the number of values geometric mean the mean of n numbers expressed as the n-th root of their product harmonic mean the mean of n numbers expressed as the reciprocal of the arithmetic mean of the reciprocals of the numbers second moment the expected value of the square of the deviations of a random variable from the point of origin standard deviation the square root of the variance covariance (statistics) the mean value of the product of the deviations of two variates from their respective means frequency distribution a distribution of observed frequencies of occurrence of the values of a variable normal distribution a theoretical distribution with finite mean and variance Poisson distribution a theoretical distribution that is a good approximation to the binomial distribution when the probability is small and the number of trials is large normal curve a symmetrical curve representing the normal distribution subpopulation a population that is part of a larger population sample distribution items selected at random from a population and used to test hypotheses about the population stratified sample the population is divided into strata and a random sample is taken from each stratum stratum a subpopulation divided into a stratified sampling one of several parallel layers of material arranged one on top of another (such as a layer of tissue or cells in an organism or a layer of sedimentary rock) multiple regression a statistical technique that predicts values of one variable on the basis of two or more other variables multicollinearity a case of multiple regression in which the predictor variables are themselves highly correlated regression analysis the use of regression to make quantitative predictions of one variable from the values of another regression equation the equation representing the relation between selected values of one variable (x) and observed values of the other (y); it permits the prediction of the most probable values of y regression coefficient when the regression line is linear (y = ax + b) the regression coefficient is the constant (a) that represents the rate of change of one variable (y) as a function of changes in the other (x); it is the slope of the regression line linear regression the relation between variables when the regression equation is linear: e.g., y = ax + b curvilinear regression the relation between variables when the regression equation is nonlinear (quadratic or higher order) regression line a smooth curve fitted to the set of paired data in regression analysis; for linear regression the curve is a straight line time series a series of values of a variable at successive times vital statistics data relating to births and deaths and health and diseases and marriages correlational analysis the use of statistical correlation to evaluate the strength of the relations between variables correlation matrix a matrix giving the correlations between all pairs of data sets factor analysis any of several methods for reducing correlational data to a smaller number of dimensions or factors; beginning with a correlation matrix a small number of components or factors are extracted that are regarded as the basic variables that account for the interrelations observed in the data analysis of variance a statistical method for making simultaneous comparisons between two or more means; a statistical method that yields values that can be tested to determine whether a significant relation exists between variables correlation table a two-way tabulation of the relations between correlates; row headings are the scores on one variable and column headings are the scores on the second variables and a cell shows how many times the score on that row was associated with the score in that column correlation a statistical relation between two or more variables such that systematic changes in the value of one variable are accompanied by systematic changes in the other a reciprocal relation between two or more things curvilinear correlation any correlation in which the rates of change of the variables is not constant partial correlation a correlation between two variables when the effects of one or more related variables are removed first-order correlation a partial correlation in which the effects of only one variable are removed (held constant) correlation coefficient a statistic representing how closely two variables co-vary; it can vary from -1 (perfect negative correlation) through 0 (no correlation) to +1 (perfect positive correlation); "what is the correlation between those two variables?" covariation (statistics) correlated variation positive correlation a correlation in which large values of one variable are associated with large values of the other and small with small; the correlation coefficient is between 0 and +1 negative correlation a correlation in which large values of one variable are associated with small values of the other; the correlation coefficient is between 0 and -1 product-moment correlation coefficient the most commonly used method of computing a correlation coefficient between variables that are linearly related multiple correlation coefficient an estimate of the combined influence of two or more variables on the observed (dependent) variable biserial correlation coefficient a correlation coefficient in which one variable is many-valued and the other is dichotomous nonparametric statistics the branch of statistics dealing with variables without making assumptions about the form or the parameters of their distribution rank-order correlation coefficient the most commonly used method of computing a correlation coefficient between the ranks of scores on two variables Kendall test any of several nonparametric measures of correlation (used when the assumptions of standard correlational analysis are not met) Kendall partial rank correlation a nonparametric measure of partial correlation coefficient of concordance a coefficient of agreement (concordance) between different sets of rank orderings of the same set of things tau coefficient of correlation a nonparametric measure of the agreement between two rankings phi coefficient an index of the relation between any two sets of scores that can both be represented on ordered binary dimensions (e.g., male-female) split-half correlation a correlation coefficient calculated between scores on two halves of a test; taken as an indication of the reliability of the test tetrachoric correlation coefficient a correlation coefficient computed for two normally distributed variables that are both expressed as a dichotomy spurious correlation a correlation between two variables (e.g., between the number of electric motors in the home and grades at school) that does not result from any direct relation between them (buying electric motors will not raise grades) but from their relation to other variables binomial (mathematics) a quantity expressed as a sum or difference of two terms; a polynomial with two terms having or characterized by two names, especially those of genus and species in taxonomies; "binomial nomenclature of bacteria" of or relating to or consisting of two terms; "binomial expression" binomial distribution a theoretical distribution of the number of successes in a finite set of independent trials with a constant probability of success binomial theorem a theorem giving the expansion of a binomial raised to a given power probability theory the branch of applied mathematics that deals with probabilities life science any of the branches of natural science dealing with the structure and behavior of living organisms biology the science that studies living organisms characteristic life processes and phenomena of living organisms; "the biology of viruses" biomedical science the application of the principles of the natural sciences to medicine biometrics a branch of biology that studies biological phenomena and observations by means of statistical analysis craniology the scientific study of the skulls of various human races dermatoglyphics the study of the whorls and loops and arches in the fingertips and on the palms of the hand and the soles of the feet; "some criminologists specialize in dermatoglyphics" dietetics the scientific study of food preparation and intake macrobiotics the theory of promoting health and longevity by means of diet (especially whole beans and grains) eugenics the study of methods of improving genetic qualities by selective breeding (especially as applied to human mating) dysgenics the study of the operation of factors causing degeneration in the type of offspring produced euthenics the study of methods of improving human well-being and efficient functioning by improving environmental conditions medical science the science of dealing with the maintenance of health and the prevention and treatment of disease phrenology a now abandoned study of the shape of skull as indicative of the strengths of different faculties aeromedicine the study and treatment of disorders associated with flight (especially with space flight) allergology the branch of medical science that studies the causes and treatment of allergies anesthesiology the branch of medical science that studies and applies anesthetics angiology the branch of medical science that studies the blood and lymph vessels and their disorders bacteriology the branch of medical science that studies bacteria in relation to disease biomedicine the branch of medical science that studies the ability of organisms to withstand environmental stress (as in space travel) the branch of medical science that applies biological and physiological principles to clinical practice cardiology the branch of medicine dealing with the heart and its diseases dentistry the branch of medicine dealing with the anatomy and development and diseases of the teeth cosmetic dentistry the branch of dentistry dealing with the appearance of the teeth dental surgery the branch of dentistry involving surgical procedures endodontics the branch of dentistry dealing with diseases of the dental pulp exodontics the branch of dentistry dealing with extraction of teeth orthodontics the branch of dentistry dealing with the prevention or correction of irregularities of the teeth periodontics the branch of dentistry dealing with diseases of the gums and other structures around the teeth prosthetics the branch of medicine dealing with the production and use of artificial body parts prosthodontics the branch of dentistry dealing with the replacement of teeth and related mouth or jaw structures by artificial devices dermatology the branch of medicine dealing with the skin and its diseases emergency medicine the branch of medicine concerned with the prompt diagnosis and treatment of injuries or trauma or sudden illness endocrinology the branch of medicine dealing with the endocrine glands and their secretions epidemiology the branch of medical science dealing with the transmission and control of disease forensic medicine the branch of medical science that uses medical knowledge for legal purposes; "forensic pathology provided the evidence that convicted the murderer" gastroenterology the branch of medicine that studies the gastrointestinal tract and its diseases geriatrics the branch of medical science that deals with diseases and problems specific to old people gynecology the branch of medicine that deals with the diseases and hygiene of women hematology the branch of medicine that deals with diseases of the blood and blood-forming organs hygiene the science concerned with the prevention of illness and maintenance of health a condition promoting sanitary practices; "personal hygiene" immunology the branch of medical science that studies the body's immune system immunochemistry the field of chemistry concerned with chemical processes in immunology (such as chemical studies of antigens and antibodies) immunopathology the branch of immunology that deals with pathologies of the immune system internal medicine the branch of medicine that deals with the diagnosis and (nonsurgical) treatment of diseases of the internal organs (especially in adults) nephrology the branch of medicine concerned with the kidney - its development and anatomy and physiology and disorders nuclear medicine the branch of medicine that uses radioactive materials either to image a patient's body or to destroy diseased cells neurology (neurology) the branch of medicine that deals with the nervous system and its disorders the branch of medical science that deals with the nervous system neuropsychiatry the branch of medicine dealing with mental disorders attributable to diseases of the nervous system nosology the branch of medical science dealing with the classification of disease obstetrics the branch of medicine dealing with childbirth and care of the mother fetology the branch of medicine concerned with the fetus in the uterus perinatology the branch of obstetrics concerned with the anatomy and physiology and diagnosis and treatment of disorders of the mother and the fetus or newborn baby during late pregnancy and childbirth and the puerperium oncology the branch of medicine concerned with the study and treatment of tumors ophthalmology the branch of medicine concerned with the eye and its diseases otology the branch of medicine concerned with the ear pharmacology the science or study of drugs: their preparation and properties and uses and effects pharmacy the art and science of preparing and dispensing drugs and medicines, pharmacokinetics the study of the action of drugs in the body: method and rate of excretion; duration of effect; etc. posology the pharmacological determination of appropriate doses of drugs and medicines psychopharmacology the study of drugs that affect the mind psychiatry the branch of medicine dealing with the diagnosis and treatment of mental disorders alienism an obsolete term for the study and treatment of mental illness clinical psychology the branch of psychology concerned with the treatment of abnormal mentation and behavior Freudian psychology the psychological theories of Sigmund Freud Jungian psychology the psychological theories of Carl Jung clinical anatomy the practical application of anatomical knowledge to diagnosis and treatment comparative anatomy the study of anatomical features of animals of different species dental anatomy the branch of gross anatomy concerning with the morphology of teeth developmental anatomy the branch of anatomy that studies structural changes of an individual from fertilization to maturity functional anatomy the study of anatomy in its relation to function gross anatomy the study of the structure of the body and its parts without the use of a microscope microscopic anatomy the study of microscopic structures of tissues and organs neuroanatomy the anatomy of the nervous system osteology the branch of anatomy that studies the bones of the vertebrate skeleton regional anatomy the study of anatomy based on regions or divisions of the body and emphasizing the relations between various structures (muscles and nerves and arteries etc.) in that region audiology the measurement of hearing pathology the branch of medical science that studies the causes and nature and effects of diseases any deviation from a healthy or normal condition pediatrics the branch of medicine concerned with the treatment of infants and children neonatology that branch of pediatric medicine concerned with the newborn; the diagnosis and treatment of neonates podiatry the branch of medicine concerned with the feet proctology the branch of medicine dealing with the diagnosis and treatment of disorders of the colon or rectum or anus radiology the branch of medical science dealing with the medical use of X-rays or other penetrating radiation rheumatology the branch of medicine dealing with the study and treatment of pathologies of the muscles or tendons or joints rhinolaryngology the medical specialty that deals with diseases of the ear, nose and throat serology the branch of medical science that deals with serums; especially with blood serums and disease space medicine the branch of medicine concerned with the effects of space flight on human beings sports medicine the branch of medicine concerned with the treatment of injuries or illness resulting from athletic activities orthopedics the branch of medical science concerned with disorders or deformities of the spine and joints therapeutics branch of medicine concerned with the treatment of disease toxicology the branch of pharmacology that deals with the nature and effects and treatments of poisons thoracic medicine the branch of medicine that deals with the diagnosis and treatment of diseases of the chest traumatology the branch of medicine that deals with the surgical repair of injuries and wounds arising from accidents tropical medicine the branch of medicine that deals with the diagnosis and treatment of diseases that are found most often in tropical regions urology the branch of medicine that deals with the diagnosis and treatment of disorders of the urinary tract or urogenital system veterinary medicine the branch of medicine that deals with the diagnosis and treatment of diseases and injuries of animals (especially domestic animals) virology the branch of medical science that studies viruses and viral diseases agronomy the application of soil and plant sciences to land management and crop production agrobiology the study of plant nutrition and growth especially as a way to increase crop yield agrology science of soils in relation to crops biogeography dealing with the geographical distribution of animals and plants botany the branch of biology that studies plants mycology the branch of botany that studies fungi and fungus-caused diseases pomology the branch of botany that studies and cultivates fruits cryobiology the branch of biology that studies the effects of low temperatures on living tissues or organs or organisms cryonics the freezing of a seriously ill or recently deceased person to stop tissues from decomposing; the body is preserved until new medical cures are developed that might bring the person back to life; "cryonics is more science fiction than serious science" cytology the branch of biology that studies the structure and function of cells cytogenetics the branch of biology that studies the cellular aspects of heredity (especially the chromosomes) ecology the branch of biology concerned with the relations between organisms and their environment the environment as it relates to living organisms; "it changed the ecology of the island" embryology the branch of biology that studies the formation and early development of living organisms exobiology the branch of biology concerned with the effects of outer space on living organisms and the search for extraterrestrial life forestry the science of planting and caring for forests and the management of growing timber silviculture the branch of forestry dealing with the development and care of forests entomology the branch of zoology that studies insects lepidopterology the branch of entomology dealing with Lepidoptera ethology the branch of zoology that studies the behavior of animals in their natural habitats herpetology the branch of zoology concerned with reptiles and amphibians ichthyology the branch of zoology that studies fishes malacology the branch of zoology that studies the structure and behavior of mollusks mammalogy the branch of zoology that studies mammals oology the branch of zoology that studies eggs (especially birds' eggs and their size, shape, coloration, and number) ornithology the branch of zoology that studies birds primatology the branch of zoology that studies primates protozoology the branch of zoology that studies protozoans paleontology the earth science that studies fossil organisms and related remains paleoanthropology the scientific study of human fossils paleobotany the study of fossil plants phycology the branch of botany that studies algae pteridology the branch of botany that studies ferns paleodendrology the branch of paleobotany that studies fossil trees paleozoology the study of fossil animals paleomammalogy the paleobiology of ancient mammals paleornithology the paleobiology of birds functional genomics the branch of genomics that determines the biological function of the genes and their products structural genomics the branch of genomics that determines the three-dimensional structures of proteins genetics the branch of biology that studies heredity and variation in organisms genomics the branch of genetics that studies organisms in terms of their genomes (their full DNA sequences) proteomics the branch of genetics that studies the full set of proteins encoded by a genome histology the branch of biology that studies the microscopic structure of animal or plant tissues microbiology the branch of biology that studies microorganisms and their effects on humans molecular genetics the branch of genetics concerned with the structure and activity of genetic material at the molecular level molecular biology the branch of biology that studies the structure and activity of macromolecules essential to life (and especially with their genetic role) morphology the branch of biology that deals with the structure of animals and plants the branch of geology that studies the characteristics and configuration and evolution of rocks and land forms the admissible arrangement of sounds in words studies of the rules for forming admissible words neurobiology the branch of biology that deals with the anatomy and physiology and pathology of the nervous system paleobiology a branch of paleontology that deals with the origin and growth and structure of fossil animals and plants as living organisms pharmacogenetics the branch of genetics that studies the genetically determined variations in responses to drugs in humans or laboratory organisms teratology the branch of biology concerned with the development of malformations or serious deviations from the normal type of organism biochemistry the organic chemistry of compounds and processes occurring in organisms; the effort to understand biology within the context of chemistry enzymology the branch of biochemistry dealing with the chemical nature and biological activity of enzymes zymology the branch of chemistry concerned with fermentation (as in making wine or brewing or distilling) neurophysiology the branch of neuroscience that studies the physiology of the nervous system neuroscience the scientific study of the nervous system brain science the branch of neuroscience concerned with the brain cognitive neuroscience the branch of neuroscience that studies the biological foundations of mental phenomena hemodynamics the branch of physiology that studies the circulation of the blood and the forces involved kinesiology the branch of physiology that studies the mechanics and anatomy in relation to human movement myology the branch of physiology that studies muscles paleoecology the branch of ecology that studies ancient ecology radiobiology the branch of biology that studies the effects of radiation on living organisms sociobiology the branch of biology that conducts comparative studies of the social organization of animals (including human beings) with regard to its evolutionary history zoology the branch of biology that studies animals chemistry the science of matter; the branch of the natural sciences dealing with the composition of substances and their properties and reactions the way two individuals relate to each other; "their chemistry was wrong from the beginning -- they hated each other"; "a mysterious alchemy brought them together" the chemical composition and properties of a substance or object; "the chemistry of soil" organic chemistry the chemistry of compounds containing carbon (originally defined as the chemistry of substances produced by living organisms but now extended to substances synthesized artificially) inorganic chemistry the chemistry of compounds that do not contain hydrocarbon radicals physical chemistry the branch of chemistry dealing with the physical properties of chemical substances phytochemistry the branch of organic chemistry dealing with the chemistry of plants electrochemistry branch of chemistry that deals with the chemical action of electricity and the production of electricity by chemical reactions femtochemistry the branch of chemistry that studies elementary (often very fast) chemical reactions as they occur; the experimental methods are often based on the use of femtosecond laser pulses geochemistry the chemistry of the earth's crust photochemistry branch of chemistry that deals with the chemical action of light radiochemistry the chemistry of radioactive substances surface chemistry the branch of chemistry that studies processes occurring at interfaces between phases (especially those between liquid and gas) physics the science of matter and energy and their interactions; "his favorite subject was physics" the physical properties, phenomena, and laws of something; "he studied the physics of radiation" acoustics the study of the physical properties of sound astronomy the branch of physics that studies celestial bodies and the universe as a whole astrodynamics the branch of astronomy that studies the motion of natural and artificial bodies in space astrometry the branch of astronomy that deals with the measurement of the position and motion of celestial bodies radio astronomy the branch of astronomy that detects and studies the radio waves emitted by celestial bodies aeronautics the theory and practice of navigation through air or space avionics science and technology of electronic systems and devices for aeronautics and astronautics; "avionics has become even more important with the development of the space program" biophysics physics as applied to biological problems celestial mechanics the branch of astronomy concerned with the application of Newton's laws of motion to the motions of heavenly bodies astrophysics the branch of astronomy concerned with the physical and chemical properties of celestial bodies selenology the branch of astronomy that deals with the moon solar physics the branch of astronomy that deals with the sun cosmology the branch of astrophysics that studies the origin and evolution and structure of the universe the metaphysical study of the origin and nature of the universe cryogenics the branch of physics that studies the phenomena that occur at very low temperatures crystallography the branch of science that studies the formation and structure of crystals electromagnetism the branch of physics concerned with electromagnetic phenomena magnetism produced by an electric current; "electromagnetism was discovered when it was observed that a copper wire carrying an electric current can magnetize pieces of iron or steel near it" electronics the branch of physics that deals with the emission and effects of electrons and with the use of electronic devices electrostatics the branch of physics that deals with static electricity mechanics the branch of physics concerned with the motion of bodies in a frame of reference nuclear physics the branch of physics that studies the internal structure of atomic nuclei catoptrics branch of optics dealing with formation of images by mirrors holography the branch of optics that deals with the use of coherent light from a laser in order to make a hologram that can then be used to create a three-dimensional image particle physics the branch of physics that studies subatomic particles and their interactions plasma physics the branch of physics concerned with matter in its plasma phase quantum physics the branch of physics based on quantum theory quasiparticle a quantum of energy (in a crystal lattice or other system) that has position and momentum and can in some respects be regarded as a particle rheology the branch of physics that studies the deformation and flow of matter atomism (chemistry) any theory in which all matter is composed of tiny discrete finite indivisible indestructible particles; "the ancient Greek philosophers Democritus and Epicurus held atomic theories of the universe" (psychology) a theory that reduces all mental phenomena to simple elements (sensations and feelings) that form complex ideas by association holism the theory that the parts of any whole cannot exist and cannot be understood except in their relation to the whole; "holism holds that the whole is greater than the sum of its parts"; "holistic theory has been applied to ecology and language and mental states" atomic theory a theory of the structure of the atom Bohr theory (physics) a theory of atomic structure that combined Rutherford's model with the quantum theory; electrons orbiting a nucleus can only be in certain stationary energy states and light is emitted when electrons jump from one energy state to another Rutherford atom first modern concept of atomic structure; all of the positive charge and most of the mass of the atom are contained in a compact nucleus; a number of electrons (equal to the atomic number) occupy the rest of the volume of the atom and neutralize the positive charge conservation of charge the principle that the total electric charge of a system remains constant despite changes inside the system conservation of energy the fundamental principle of physics that the total energy of an isolated system is constant despite internal changes conservation of mass a fundamental principle of classical physics that matter cannot be created or destroyed in an isolated system conservation of momentum the principle that the total linear momentum in a closed system is constant and is not affected by processes occurring inside the system cell theory (biology) the theory that cells form the fundamental structural and functional units of all living organisms; proposed in 1838 by Matthias Schleiden and by Theodor Schwann wave theory (physics) the theory that light is transmitted as waves corpuscular theory (physics) the theory that light is transmitted as a stream of particles kinetic theory (physics) a theory that gases consist of small particles in random motion general relativity a generalization of special relativity to include gravity (based on the principle of equivalence) special relativity a physical theory of relativity based on the assumption that the speed of light in a vacuum is a constant and the assumption that the laws of physics are invariant in all inertial systems supersymmetry (physics) a theory that tries to link the four fundamental forces; "according to supersymmetry each force emerged separately during the big bang" quantum theory (physics) a physical theory that certain properties occur only in discrete amounts (quanta) wave mechanics the modern form of quantum theory; an extension of quantum mechanics based on Schrodinger's equation; atomic events are explained as interactions between particle waves uncertainty principle (quantum theory) the theory that it is impossible to measure both energy and time (or position and momentum) completely accurately at the same time kinetic theory of heat a theory that the temperature of a body increases when kinetic energy increases germ theory (medicine) the theory that all contagious diseases are caused by microorganisms information theory (computer science) a statistical theory dealing with the limits and efficiency of information processing theory of dissociation (chemistry) theory that describes aqueous solutions in terms of acids (which dissociate to give hydrogen ions) and bases (which dissociate to give hydroxyl ions); the product of an acid and a base is a salt and water theory of evolution (biology) a scientific theory of the origin of species of plants and animals theory of indicators (chemistry) the theory that all indicators are either weak acids or weak bases in which the color of the ionized form is different from the color before dissociation theory of inheritance (biology) a theory of how characteristics of one generation are derived from earlier generations Mendelism the theory of inheritance based on Mendel's laws Darwinism a theory of organic evolution claiming that new species arise and are perpetuated by natural selection neo-Darwinism a modern Darwinian theory that explains new species in terms of genetic mutations Lamarckism a theory of organic evolution claiming that acquired characteristics are transmitted to offspring Neo-Lamarckism a modern Lamarckian theory emphasizing the importance of environmental factors in genetic changes and retaining the notion of the inheritance of acquired characters thermochemistry the branch of chemistry that studies the relation between chemical action and the amount of heat absorbed or generated punctuated equilibrium a theory of evolution holding that evolutionary change in the fossil record came in fits and starts rather than in a steady process of slow change harmonics the study of musical sound classical mechanics the branch of mechanics based on Newton's laws of motion solid-state physics the branch of physics that studies the properties of materials in the solid state: electrical conduction in crystals of semiconductors and metals; superconductivity; photoconductivity statistical mechanics the branch of physics that makes theoretical predictions about the behavior of macroscopic systems on the basis of statistical laws governing its component particles quantum mechanics the branch of quantum physics that accounts for matter at the atomic level; an extension of statistical mechanics based on quantum theory (especially the Pauli exclusion principle) quantum field theory the branch of quantum physics that is concerned with the theory of fields; it was motivated by the question of how an atom radiates light as its electrons jump from excited states quantum electrodynamics a relativistic quantum theory of the electromagnetic interactions of photons and electrons and muons quantum chromodynamics a theory of strong interactions between elementary particles (including the interaction that binds protons and neutrons in the nucleus); it assumes that strongly interacting particles (hadrons) are made of quarks and that gluons bind the quarks together fluid mechanics study of the mechanics of fluids pneumatics the branch of mechanics that deals with the mechanical properties of gases statics the branch of mechanics concerned with forces in equilibrium hydrostatics study of the mechanical properties of fluids that are not in motion dynamics the branch of mechanics concerned with the forces that cause motions of bodies kinematics the branch of mechanics concerned with motion without reference to force or mass hydrodynamics study of fluids in motion magnetohydrodynamics the study of the interaction of magnetic fields and electrically conducting fluids (as plasma or molten metal) ballistics the science of flight dynamics the trajectory of an object in free flight aeromechanics the branch of mechanics that deals with the motion of gases (especially air) and their effects on bodies in the flow thermodynamics the branch of physics concerned with the conversion of different forms of energy thermostatics the aspect of thermodynamics concerned with thermal equilibrium electron optics the branch of electronics that deals with beams of electrons and their focusing and deflection by magnetic fields microelectronics the branch of electronics that deals with miniature components thermionics the branch of electronics dealing with thermionic phenomena (especially thermionic vacuum tubes) earth science any of the sciences that deal with the earth or its parts geology a science that deals with the history of the earth as recorded in rocks hypsography the scientific study of the earth's configuration above sea level (emphasizing the measurement of land altitudes relative to sea level) paleogeology the study of geologic features once at the surface of the earth but now buried beneath rocks geophysics geology that uses physical principles to study properties of the earth orology the science of mountains stratigraphy the branch of geology that studies the arrangement and succession of strata tectonics the branch of geology studying the folding and faulting of the earth's crust meteorology the earth science dealing with phenomena of the atmosphere (especially weather) predicting what the weather will be aerology meteorology of the total extent of the atmosphere; especially the upper layers climatology meteorology of climates and their phenomena bioclimatology the study of effects of climate on living organisms nephology the branch of meteorology that studies clouds and cloud formation hydrology the branch of geology that studies water on the earth and in the atmosphere: its distribution and uses and conservation oceanography the branch of science dealing with physical and biological aspects of the oceans hydrography the science of the measurement and description and mapping of the surface waters of the earth with special reference to navigation limnology the scientific study of bodies of fresh water for their biological and physical and geological properties seismology the branch of geology that studies earthquakes volcanology the branch of geology that studies volcanoes magnetism the branch of science that studies magnetism attraction for iron; associated with electric currents as well as magnets; characterized by fields of force geodesy the branch of geology that studies the shape of the earth and the determination of the exact position of geographical points mineralogy the branch of geology that studies minerals: their structure and properties and the ways of distinguishing them petrology the branch of geology that studies rocks: their origin and formation and mineral composition and classification petroleum geology the branch of economic geology that deals with the occurrence and exploitation of oil and gas fields economic geology the branch of geology that deals with economically valuable geological materials mining geology the branch of economic geology that deals with the applications of geology to mining geography study of the earth's surface; includes people's responses to topography and climate and soil and vegetation physical geography the study of physical features of the earth's surface economic geography the branch of geography concerned with the production and distribution of commodities architectonics the science of architecture landscape architecture the art, planning, design, management, preservation and rehabilitation of the land and the design of large man-made constructs urban planning the branch of architecture dealing with the design and organization of urban space and activities metallurgy the science and technology of metals powder metallurgy the metallurgy of powdered metals; how to produce solid metal objects from powdered metal by compaction and sintering bionics application of biological principles to the study and design of engineering systems (especially electronic systems) biotechnology the branch of engineering science in which biological science is used to study the relation between workers and their environments the branch of molecular biology that studies the use of microorganisms to perform specific industrial processes; "biotechnology produced genetically altered bacteria that solved the problem" genetic engineering the technology of preparing recombinant DNA in vitro by cutting up DNA molecules and splicing together fragments from more than one organism civil engineering the branch of engineering concerned with the design and construction of such public works as dams or bridges hydraulic engineering the branch of civil engineering dealing with the use and control of water in motion electrical engineering the branch of engineering science that studies the uses of electricity and the equipment for power generation and distribution and the control of machines and communication telecommunication (often plural) the branch of electrical engineering concerned with the technology of electronic communication at a distance (often plural) systems used in transmitting messages over a distance electronically computer science the branch of engineering science that studies (with the aid of computers) computable processes and structures artificial intelligence the branch of computer science that deal with writing computer programs that can solve problems creatively; "workers in AI hope to imitate or duplicate intelligence in computers and robots" machine translation the use of computers to translate from one language to another robotics the area of AI concerned with the practical use of robots animatronics the construction of robots to look like animals (developed for Disneyland) telerobotics the area of robotics that is concerned with the control of robots from a distance architectural engineering the branch of engineering that deals with the construction of buildings (as distinguished from architecture as a design art) industrial engineering the branch of engineering that deals with the creation and management of systems that integrate people and materials and energy in productive ways information technology the branch of engineering that deals with the use of computers and telecommunications to retrieve and store and transmit information mechanical engineering the branch of engineering that deals with the design and construction and operation of machinery nanotechnology the branch of engineering that deals with things smaller than 100 nanometers (especially with the manipulation of individual molecules) tribology the branch of engineering that deals with the interaction of surfaces in relative motion (as in bearings or gears): their design and friction and wear and lubrication nuclear engineering the branch of engineering concerned with the design and construction and operation of nuclear reactors naval engineering the branch of engineering that deals with the design and construction and operation of ships rocketry the branch of engineering science that studies rocket design and operation metrology the scientific study of measurement nutrition the scientific study of food and drink (especially in humans) (physiology) the organic process of nourishing or being nourished; the processes by which an organism assimilates food and uses it for growth and maintenance futurology the study or prediction of future developments on the basis of existing conditions psychology the science of mental life abnormal psychology the branch of psychology concerned with abnormal behavior associationism (psychology) a theory that association is the basic principle of mental activity applied psychology any of several branches of psychology that seek to apply psychological principles to practical problems of education or industry or marketing etc. cognitive psychology an approach to psychology that emphasizes internal mental processes comparative psychology the branch of psychology concerned with the behavior of animals developmental psychology the branch of psychology that studies the social and mental development of children differential psychology the branch of psychology that studies measurable differences between individuals experimental psychology the branch of psychology that uses experimental methods to study psychological issues psychophysics the branch of psychology concerned with quantitative relations between physical stimuli and their psychological effects behaviorism an approach to psychology that emphasizes observable measurable behavior psycholinguistics the branch of cognitive psychology that studies the psychological basis of linguistic competence and performance physiological psychology the branch of psychology that is concerned with the physiological bases of psychological processes psychometry any branch of psychology concerned with psychological measurements Gestalt psychology (psychology) a theory of psychology that emphasizes the importance of configurational properties social psychology the branch of psychology that studies persons and their relationships with others and with groups and with society as a whole psychodynamics the branch of social psychology that deals with the processes and emotions that determine psychology and motivation the interrelation of conscious and unconscious processes and emotions that determine personality and motivation group dynamics the branch of social psychology that studies the psychodynamics of interaction in social groups information science the sciences concerned with gathering, manipulating, storing, retrieving, and classifying recorded information natural language processing the branch of information science that deals with natural language information cybernetics (biology) the field of science concerned with processes of communication and control (especially the comparison of these processes in biological and artificial systems) cognitive science the field of science concerned with cognition; includes parts of cognitive psychology and linguistics and computer science and cognitive neuroscience and philosophy of mind social science the branch of science that studies society and the relationships of individual within a society civics the social science of municipal affairs anthropology the social science that studies the origins and social relationships of human beings archeology the branch of anthropology that studies prehistoric people and their cultures Assyriology archeology of the ancient Assyrians Egyptology archeology of ancient Egyptian artifacts Sumerology the archeology of ancient Sumerians micropaleontology the paleontology of microfossils marine archeology the archeology of underwater sites paleoclimatology the study of the climate of past ages paleogeography the study of the geography of ancient times or ancient epochs paleography the study of ancient forms of writing (and the deciphering of them) paleopathology the study of disease of former times (as inferred from fossil evidence) paletiology the explanation of past events in terms of scientific causes (as geological causes) epigraphy the study of ancient inscriptions paleology the study of (especially prehistoric) antiquities protohistory the study humans prior to the invention of writing protoarcheology the study of prehistoric human artifacts and human fossils ethnography the branch of anthropology that provides scientific description of individual human societies paleoethnography the ethnography of paleolithic humans ethnology the branch of anthropology that deals with the division of humankind into races and with their origins and distribution and distinctive characteristics physical anthropology the branch of anthropology dealing with the genesis and variation of human beings craniometry the branch of physical anthropology dealing with the study and measurement of dry skulls after removal of its soft parts social anthropology the branch of anthropology that deals with human culture and society garbology the study of a society by analyzing its garbage mythology the study of myths myths collectively; the body of stories associated with a culture or institution or person geopolitics the study of the effects of economic geography on the powers of the state geostrategy the branch of geopolitics dealing with strategy realpolitik politics based on practical rather than moral or ideological considerations home economics theory and practice of homemaking economics the branch of social science that deals with the production and distribution and consumption of goods and services and their management game theory (economics) a theory of competition stated in terms of gains and losses among opposing players econometrics the application of mathematics and statistics to the study of economic and financial data macroeconomics the branch of economics that studies the overall working of a national economy microeconomics the branch of economics that studies the economy of consumers or households or individual firms supply-side economics the school of economic theory that stresses the costs of production as a means of stimulating the economy; advocates policies that raise capital and labor output by increasing the incentive to produce proxemics the study of spatial distances between individuals in different cultures and situations sociology the study and classification of human societies criminology the scientific study of crime and criminal behavior and law enforcement demography the branch of sociology that studies the characteristics of human populations psephology the branch of sociology that studies election trends (as by opinion polls) penology the branch of criminology concerned with prison management and prisoner rehabilitation sociometry the quantitative study of social relationships strategics the science or art of strategy systematics the science of systematic classification biosystematics use of data (e.g. cytogenetic or biochemical) to assess taxonomic relations especially within an evolutionary framework dendrology the study of wooden plants cladistics a taxonomic system of classifying species based on the branching patterns of cladograms that are built to infer phylogenetic relations thanatology the branch of science that studies death (especially its social and psychological aspects) humanistic discipline studies intended to provide general knowledge and intellectual skills (rather than occupational or professional skills); "the college of arts and sciences" neoclassicism revival of a classical style (in art or literature or architecture or music) but from a new perspective or with a new motivation classicism a movement in literature and art during the 17th and 18th centuries in Europe that favored rationality and restraint and strict forms; "classicism often derived its models from the ancient Greeks and Romans" Romanticism a movement in literature and art during the late 18th and early 19th centuries that celebrated nature rather than civilization; "Romanticism valued imagination and emotion over rationality" interior design the art of designing the interior decoration for a house, office, or other architectural space English the discipline that studies the English language and literature an Indo-European language belonging to the West Germanic branch; the official language of Britain and the United States and most of the commonwealth countries (sports) the spin given to a ball by striking it on one side or releasing it with a sharp twist the people of England of or relating to or characteristic of England or its culture or people; "English history"; "the English landed aristocracy"; "English literature" of or relating to the English language history the discipline that records and interprets past events involving human beings; "he teaches Medieval history"; "history takes the long view" all that is remembered of the past as preserved in writing; a body of knowledge; "the dawn of recorded history"; "from the beginning of history" a record or narrative description of past events; "a history of France"; "he gave an inaccurate account of the plot to kill the president"; "the story of exposure to lead" the aggregate of past events; "a critical time in the school's history" the continuum of events occurring in succession leading from the past to the present and even into the future; "all of human history" historicism a theory that social and cultural events are determined by history art history the academic discipline that studies the development of painting and sculpture iconology the branch of art history that studies visual images and their symbolic meaning (especially in social or political terms) chronology the determination of the actual temporal sequence of past events a record of events in the order of their occurrence an arrangement of events in time glottochronology the determination of how long ago different languages evolved from a common source language; "he mapped the glottochronology of the Romance languages" fine arts the study and creation of visual works of art performing arts arts or skills that require public performance Occidentalism the scholarly knowledge of western cultures and languages and people Orientalism the scholarly knowledge of Asian cultures and languages and people ethics the philosophical study of moral values and rules bioethics the branch of ethics that studies moral values in the biomedical sciences neuroethics the study of ethical implications of treatments for neurological diseases casuistry moral philosophy based on the application of general ethical principles to resolve moral dilemmas argumentation that is specious or excessively subtle and intended to be misleading eudemonism an ethical system that evaluates actions by reference to personal well-being through a life based on reason hedonism an ethical system that evaluates the pursuit of pleasure as the highest good the pursuit of pleasure as a matter of ethical principle etiology the philosophical study of causation the cause of a disease aesthetics (art) the branch of philosophy dealing with beauty and taste (emphasizing the evaluative criteria that are applied to art); "traditional aesthetics assumed the existence of universal and timeless criteria of artistic value" axiology the study of values and value judgments jurisprudence the branch of philosophy concerned with the law and the principles that lead courts to make the decisions they do contract law that branch of jurisprudence that studies the rights and obligations of parties entering into contracts corporation law that branch of jurisprudence that studies the laws governing corporations matrimonial law that branch of jurisprudence that studies the laws governing matrimony patent law that branch of jurisprudence that studies the laws governing patents metaphysics the philosophical study of being and knowing ontology the metaphysical study of the nature of being and existence (computer science) a rigorous and exhaustive organization of some knowledge domain that is usually hierarchical and contains all the relevant entities and their relations dialectics a rationale for dialectical materialism based on change through the conflict of opposing forces dialectic any formal system of reasoning that arrives at the truth by the exchange of logical arguments a contradiction of ideas that serves as the determining factor in their interaction; "this situation created the inner dialectic of American history" of or relating to or employing dialectic; "the dialectical method" symbolic logic any logical system that abstracts the form of statements away from their content in order to establish abstract criteria of consistency and validity Boolean logic a system of symbolic logic devised by George Boole; used in computers propositional logic a branch of symbolic logic dealing with propositions as units and with their combinations and the connectives that relate them predicate calculus a system of symbolic logic that represents individuals and predicates and quantification over individuals (as well as the relations between propositions) modal logic a system of logic whose formal properties resemble certain moral and epistemological concepts the logical study of necessity and possibility alethic logic the modal logic of necessity and possibility and contingency deontic logic the modal logic of obligation and permissibility epistemic logic the modal logic of knowledge and uncertainty and ignorance doxastic logic the modal logic of belief and disbelief fuzzy logic a form of mathematical logic in which truth can assume a continuum of values between 0 and 1 epistemology the philosophical theory of knowledge phenomenology a philosophical doctrine proposed by Edmund Husserl based on the study of human experience in which considerations of objective reality are not taken into account philosophical doctrine a doctrine accepted by adherents to a philosophy structuralism a sociological theory based on the premise that society comes before individuals an anthropological theory that there are unobservable social structures that generate observable social phenomena linguistics defined as the analysis of formal structures in a text or discourse computational linguistics the use of computers for linguistic research and applications dialect geography the study of the geographical distribution of linguistic features etymology the study of the sources and development of words a history of a word historical linguistics the study of linguistic change; "the synchrony and diachrony of language" literary study the humanistic study of literature comparative literature study of literary works from different cultures (often in translation) literary criticism the informed analysis and evaluation of literature poetics study of poetic works prosody the study of poetic meter and the art of versification the patterns of stress and intonation in a language classics study of the literary works of ancient Greece and Rome rhetoric study of the technique and rules for using language effectively (especially in public speaking) using language effectively to please or persuade library science the study of the principles and practices of library administration linguistics the humanistic study of language and literature the scientific study of language dialectology the branch of philology that is devoted to the study of dialects musicology the scholarly and scientific study of music Sinology the study of Chinese history and language and culture stemmatology the humanistic discipline that attempts to reconstruct the transmission of a text (especially a text in manuscript form) on the basis of relations between the various surviving manuscripts (sometimes using cladistic analysis); "stemmatology also plays an important role in musicology"; "transcription errors are of decisive importance in stemmatics" trivium (Middle Ages) an introductory curriculum at a medieval university involving grammar and logic and rhetoric; considered to be a triple way to eloquence quadrivium (Middle Ages) a higher division of the curriculum in a medieval university involving arithmetic and music and geometry and astronomy cryptanalysis the science of analyzing and deciphering codes and ciphers and cryptograms grammar the branch of linguistics that deals with syntax and morphology (and sometimes also deals with semantics) descriptive grammar a grammar that is produced by descriptive linguistics prescriptive grammar a grammar that is produced by prescriptive linguistics syntax the grammatical arrangement of words in sentences studies of the rules for forming admissible sentences a systematic orderly arrangement generative grammar (linguistics) a type of grammar that describes syntax in terms of a set of logical rules that can generate all and only the infinite number of grammatical sentences in a language and assigns them all the correct structural description orthoepy a term formerly used for the part of phonology that dealt with the `correct' pronunciation of words and its relation to `correct' orthography phonetics the branch of acoustics concerned with speech processes including its production and perception and acoustic analysis phonology the study of the sound system of a given language and the analysis and classification of its phonemes inflectional morphology the part of grammar that deals with the inflections of words derivational morphology the part of grammar that deals with the derivations of words compound morphology the part of grammar that deals with combinations of simple words into compound words morphophonemics the study of the phonological realization of the allomorphs of the morphemes of a language lexicology the branch of linguistics that studies the lexical component of language onomastics the branch of lexicology that studies the forms and origins of proper names toponymy the branch of lexicology that studies the place names of a region or a language the nomenclature of regional anatomy neurolinguistics the branch of linguistics that studies the relation between language and the structure and function of the nervous system pragmatics the study of language use lexicostatistics a statistical technique used in glottochronology; used to estimate how long ago different languages evolved from a common source language deixis the function of pointing or specifying from the perspective of a participant in an act of speech or writing; aspects of a communication whose interpretation depends on knowledge of the context in which the communication occurs formal semantics the branch of semantics that studies the logical aspects of meaning lexical semantics the branch of semantics that studies the meanings and relations of words cognitive semantics the branch of semantics that studies the cognitive aspects of meaning sound law a law describing sound changes in the history of a language Grimm's law a sound law relating German consonants and consonants in other Indo-European languages Verner's law a qualification of Grimm's law sociolinguistics the study of language in relation to its sociocultural context synchronic linguistics the study of a language without reference to its historical context descriptive linguistics a description (at a given point in time) of a language with respect to its phonology and morphology and syntax and semantics without value judgments prescriptive linguistics an account of how a language should be used instead of how it is actually used; a prescription for the `correct' phonology and morphology and syntax and semantics angelology the branch of theology that is concerned with angels apologetics the branch of theology that is concerned with the defense of Christian doctrines ecclesiology the branch of theology concerned with the nature and the constitution and the functions of a church eschatology the branch of theology that is concerned with such final things as death and Last Judgment; Heaven and Hell; the ultimate destiny of humankind hermeneutics the branch of theology that deals with principles of exegesis liturgics the study of liturgies theodicy the branch of theology that defends God's goodness and justice in the face of the existence of evil Christian theology the teachings of Christian churches Christology the branch of theology concerned with the person and attributes and deeds of Christ a religious doctrine or theory based on Jesus or Jesus' teachings liberation theology a form of Christian theology (developed by South American Roman Catholics) that emphasizes social and political liberation as the anticipation of ultimate salvation natural theology a theology that holds that knowledge of God can be acquired by human reason without the aid of divine revelation Jesuitism the theology or the practices of the Jesuits (often considered to be casuistic) patristics the study of the lives, writings, and doctrines of the Church Fathers the writings of the early Church Fathers polemics the branch of Christian theology devoted to the refutation of errors theological doctrine the doctrine of a religious group antinomianism the theological doctrine that by faith and God's grace a Christian is freed from all laws (including the moral standards of the culture) Thomism the comprehensive theological doctrine created by Saint Thomas Aquinas in the 13th century and still taught by the Dominicans utilitarianism doctrine that the useful is the good; especially as elaborated by Jeremy Bentham and James Mill; the aim was said to be the greatest happiness for the greatest number Arianism heretical doctrine taught by Arius that asserted the radical primacy of the Father over the Son Athanasianism the theological doctrine taught by Athanasius that Christ the Son is of the same substance as God the Father Boehmenism the mystical theological doctrine of Jakob Boehme that influenced the Quakers consubstantiation the doctrine of the High Anglican Church that after the consecration of the Eucharist the substance of the body and blood of Christ coexists with the substance of the consecrated bread and wine Episcopalianism the theological doctrine of church government by bishops Erastianism the doctrine that the state is supreme over the church in ecclesiastical matters Hinayanism the religious doctrine of Hinayana Buddhism Jansenism the Roman Catholic doctrine of Cornelis Jansen and his disciples; salvation is limited to those who are subject to supernatural determinism and the rest are assigned to perdition Mahayanism the religious doctrine of Mahayana Buddhism Marcionism the Christian heresy of the 2nd and 3rd centuries that rejected the Old Testament and denied the incarnation of God in Jesus as a human millenarianism belief in the Christian doctrine of the millennium mentioned in the Book of Revelations Monophysitism a Christian heresy of the 5th and 6th centuries that challenged the orthodox definition of the two natures (human and divine) in Jesus and instead believed there was a single divine nature Monothelitism the theological doctrine that Christ had only one will even though he had two natures (human and divine); condemned as heretical in the Third Council of Constantinople Nestorianism the theological doctrine (named after Nestorius) that Christ is both the son of God and the man Jesus (which is opposed to Roman Catholic doctrine that Christ is fully God) Pelagianism the theological doctrine put forward by Pelagius which denied original sin and affirmed the ability of humans to be righteous; condemned as heresy by the Council of Ephesus in 431 Quakerism the theological doctrine of the Society of Friends characterized by opposition to war and rejection of ritual and a formal creed and an ordained ministry reincarnation the Hindu or Buddhist doctrine that a person may be reborn successively into one of five classes of living beings (god or human or animal or hungry ghost or denizen of Hell) depending on the person's own actions a second or new birth embodiment in a new form (especially the reappearance or a person in another form); "his reincarnation as a lion" Rosicrucianism the theological doctrine that venerates the rose and the cross as symbols of Christ's Resurrection and redemption; claims various occult powers soteriology the branch of Christian theology that deals with salvation as the effect of a divine agency synergism the theological doctrine that salvation results from the interaction of human will and divine grace total depravity the Calvinist doctrine that everyone is born in a state of corruption as a result of original sin transcendentalism any system of philosophy emphasizing the intuitive and spiritual above the empirical and material transubstantiation the Roman Catholic doctrine that the whole substance of the bread and the wine changes into the substance of the body and blood of Christ when consecrated in the Eucharist universalism the theological doctrine that all people will eventually be saved vertebrate paleontology the paleontology of vertebrates Virgin Birth the theological doctrine that Jesus Christ had no human father; Christians believe that Jesus's birth fulfilled Old Testament prophecies and was attended by miracles; the Nativity is celebrated at Christmas credence the mental attitude that something is believable and should be accepted as true; "he gave credence to the gossip"; "acceptance of Newtonian mechanics was unquestioned for 200 years" cyberculture the culture that emerges from the use of computers for communication and entertainment and business Kalashnikov culture the attitudes and behavior in a social group that resolves political disputes by force of arms; "the Kalashnikov culture in Afghanistan" mosaic culture a highly diverse culture; "the city's mosaic culture results in great diversity in the arts" defensive an attitude of defensiveness (especially in the phrase `on the defensive') intended or appropriate for defending against or deterring aggression or attack; "defensive weapons"; "a defensive stance" attempting to justify or defend in speech or writing high horse an attitude of arrogant superiority; "get off your high horse and admit you are wrong" southernism an attitude characteristic of Southerners (especially in the US) a locution or pronunciation peculiar to the southern United States mentality a habitual or characteristic mental attitude that determines how you will interpret and respond to situations paternalism the attitude (of a person or a government) that subordinates should be controlled in a fatherly way for their own good hard line a firm and uncompromising stance or position; "the governor took a hard line on drugs" direction a general course along which something has a tendency to develop; "I couldn't follow the direction of his thoughts"; "his ideals determined the direction of his career"; "they proposed a new direction for the firm" a message describing how something is to be done; "he gave directions faster than she could follow them" a line leading to a place or point; "he looked the other direction"; "didn't know the way home" the spatial relation between something and the course along which it points or moves; "he checked the direction and velocity of the wind" evolutionary trend a general direction of evolutionary change neoteny an evolutionary trend to be born earlier so that development is cut off at an earlier stage and juvenile characteristics are retained in adults of the species gravitation a figurative movement toward some attraction; "the gravitation of the middle class to the suburbs" movement downward resulting from gravitational attraction; "irrigation by gravitation rather than by pumps" Call a special disposition (as if from a divine source) to pursue a particular course; "he was disappointed that he had not heard the Call" denominationalism the tendency, in Protestantism, to separate into religious denominations or to advocate such separations devices an inclination or desire; used in the plural in the phrase `left to your own devices'; "eventually the family left the house to the devices of this malevolent force"; "the children were left to their own devices" sympathy an inclination to support or be loyal to or to agree with an opinion; "his sympathies were always with the underdog"; "I knew I could count on his understanding" sharing the feelings of others (especially feelings of sorrow or anguish) a relation of affinity or harmony between people; whatever affects one correspondingly affects the other; "the two of them were in close sympathy" favoritism an inclination to favor some person or group proclivity a natural inclination; "he has a proclivity for exaggeration" perseveration the tendency for a memory or idea to persist or recur without any apparent stimulus for it predilection a predisposition in favor of something; "a predilection for expensive cars"; "his sexual preferences"; "showed a Marxist orientation" disfavor an inclination to withhold approval from some person or group the state of being out of favor; "he is in disfavor with the king" doghouse an idiomatic term for being in disfavor; "in the doghouse" reprobation severe disapproval rejection by God; the state of being condemned to eternal misery in Hell partiality an inclination to favor one group or view or opinion over alternatives anthropocentrism an inclination to evaluate reality exclusively in terms of human values ethnocentrism belief in the superiority of one's own ethnic group Eurocentrism belief in the preeminence of Europe and the Europeans bias a partiality that prevents objective consideration of an issue or situation cause to be biased influence in an unfair way; "you are biasing my choice by telling me yours" slanting diagonally across the grain of a fabric; "a bias fold" sectionalism a partiality for some particular place impartiality an inclination to weigh both views or opinions equally disinterestedness freedom from bias or from selfish motives experimenter bias (psychology) bias introduced by an experimenter whose expectations about the outcome of the experiment can be subtly communicated to the participants in the experiment homophobia prejudice against (fear or dislike of) homosexual people and homosexuality Islamophobia prejudice against Muslims; "Muslim intellectuals are afraid of growing Islamophobia in the West" anti-Semitism the intense dislike for and prejudice against Jewish people white supremacy the prejudice that members of the white race are superior to members of other races tendentiousness an intentional and controversial bias broad-mindedness an inclination to tolerate or overlook opposing or shocking opinions or behavior disinterest tolerance attributable to a lack of involvement narrow-mindedness an inclination to criticize opposing opinions or shocking behavior parochialism a limitation of views or interests like that defined by a local parish provincialism a lack of sophistication sectarianism a narrow-minded adherence to a particular sect or party or denomination; "he condemned religious sectarianism" bigotry the intolerance and prejudice of a bigot fanaticism excessive intolerance of opposing views religionism exaggerated religious zealotry zero tolerance extreme intolerance of antisocial behavior (usually by an uncompromising application of the law); "he urged zero tolerance for priests who abuse children sexually" reputation the general estimation that the public has for a person; "he acquired a reputation as an actor before he started writing"; "he was a person of bad report" notoriety for some particular characteristic; "his reputation for promiscuity" disrespect a disrespectful mental attitude an expression of lack of respect have little or no respect for; hold in contempt show a lack of respect for reorientation a fresh orientation; a changed set of attitudes and beliefs bird's eye view a situation or topic as if viewed from an altitude or distance futurism the position that the meaning of life should be sought in the future an artistic movement in Italy around 1910 that tried to express the energy and values of the machine age vanguard the position of greatest importance or advancement; the leading position in any movement or field; "the Cotswolds were once at the forefront of woollen manufacturing in England"; "the idea of motion was always to the forefront of his mind and central to his philosophy" the leading units moving at the head of an army paradigm the generally accepted perspective of a particular discipline at a given time; "he framed the problem within the psychoanalytic paradigm" systematic arrangement of all the inflected forms of a word slant a biased way of looking at or presenting something present with a bias; "He biased his presentation so as to please the share holders" lie obliquely; "A scar slanted across his face" Weltanschauung a comprehensive view of the world and human life clockwork universe the view that the universe resembles a clock built by God and ticking along according to Newtonian mechanics legalism strict conformity to the letter of the law rather than its spirit political orientation an orientation that characterizes the thinking of a group or nation anarchism a political theory favoring the abolition of governments autocracy a political theory favoring unlimited authority by a single individual a political system governed by a single individual Machiavellianism the political doctrine of Machiavelli: any means (however unscrupulous) can be used by a ruler in order to create and maintain his autocratic government centrism a political philosophy of avoiding the extremes of left and right by taking a moderate position or course of action collectivism a political theory that the people should own the means of production communism a political theory favoring collectivism in a classless society a form of socialism that abolishes private ownership Castroism a form of communism developed in Cuba by Fidel Castro Leninism the political and economic theories of Lenin which provided the guiding doctrine of the Soviet Union; the modification of Marxism by Lenin stressed that imperialism is the highest form of capitalism (which shifts the struggle from developed to underdeveloped countries) Maoism a form of communism developed in China by Mao Zedong Marxism the economic and political theories of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels that hold that human actions and institutions are economically determined and that class struggle is needed to create historical change and that capitalism will ultimately be superseded by communism Trotskyism the form of communism advocated by Leon Trotsky; calls for immediate worldwide revolution by the proletariat conservatism a political or theological orientation advocating the preservation of the best in society and opposing radical changes fundamentalism the strict adherence to the basic principles or doctrines of a religion, ideology, etc. a form of Protestantism that takes the interpretation of every word in the sacred texts as literal truth neoconservatism an approach to politics or theology that represents a return to a traditional point of view (in contrast to more liberal or radical schools of thought of the 1960s) segregationism a political orientation favoring political or racial segregation constitutionalism advocacy of a system of government according to constitutional principles a constitutional system of government (usually with a written constitution) democracy the political orientation of those who favor government by the people or by their elected representatives a political system in which the supreme power lies in a body of citizens who can elect people to represent them social democracy the belief in a gradual transition from capitalism to socialism by democratic means domino theory the political theory that if one nation comes under communist control then neighboring nations will also come under communist control elitism the attitude that society should be governed by an elite group of individuals extremism any political theory favoring immoderate uncompromising policies fascism a political theory advocating an authoritarian hierarchical government (as opposed to democracy or liberalism) federalism the idea of a federal organization of more or less self-governing units leftism the ideology of the political left; belief in or support of the tenets of the political left meritocracy the belief that rulers should be chosen for their superior abilities and not because of their wealth or birth a form of social system in which power goes to those with superior intellects neoliberalism a political orientation originating in the 1960s; blends liberal political views with an emphasis on economic growth libertarianism an ideological belief in freedom of thought, speech and action monarchism a belief in and advocacy of monarchy as a political system Negritude an ideological position that holds Black culture to be independent and valid on its own terms; an affirmation of the African cultural heritage Orleanism the political philosophy of the Orleanists progressivism the political orientation of those who favor progress toward better conditions in government and society radicalism the political orientation of those who favor revolutionary change in government and society Jacobinism the ideology of the most radical element of the French Revolution that instituted the Reign of Terror reactionism the political orientation of reactionaries republicanism the political orientation of those who hold that a republic is the best form of government rightism the ideology of the political right; belief in or support of the tenets of the political right socialism a political theory advocating state ownership of industry an economic system based on state ownership of capital Fabianism socialism to be established by gradual reforms within the law guild socialism a form of socialist theory advocating state ownership of industry but managements by guilds of workers utopian socialism socialism achieved by voluntary sacrifice theocracy the belief in government by divine guidance a political unit governed by a deity (or by officials thought to be divinely guided) Utopianism the political orientation of a Utopian who believes in impossibly idealistic schemes of social perfection dovishness any political orientation favoring compromise to avoid conflict peace advocacy any policy that advocates maintaining peaceful international relations hawkishness any political orientation favoring aggressive policies militarism a political orientation of a people or a government to maintain a strong military force and to be prepared to use it aggressively to defend or promote national interests warmongering a policy of advocating war religious orientation an attitude toward religion or religious practices Docetism the heretical doctrine (associated with the Gnostics) that Jesus had no human body and his sufferings and death on the cross were apparent rather than real Gnosticism a religious orientation advocating gnosis as the way to release a person's spiritual element; considered heresy by Christian churches Mandaeanism a Gnostic religion originating the 2nd and 3rd centuries that believes John the Baptist was the Messiah and that incorporates Jewish and Christian elements into a framework of dualistic beliefs theism the doctrine or belief in the existence of a God or gods deism the form of theological rationalism that believes in God on the basis of reason without reference to revelation monotheism belief in a single God polytheism belief in multiple Gods tritheism (Christianity) the heretical belief that the Father and the Son and the Holy Spirit are three separate gods paganism any of various religions other than Christianity or Judaism or Islamism druidism the system of religion and philosophy taught by the Druids and their rites and ceremonies pantheism the doctrine or belief that God is the universe and its phenomena (taken or conceived of as a whole) or the doctrine that regards the universe as a manifestation of God (rare) worship that admits or tolerates all gods panenthesism the belief that God is in part of the universe and its phenomena and also transcends the universe and intervenes in its operations pandeism the belief that God created the universe and its phenomena by becoming the universe, thereafter the sole manifestation of God cargo cult a religious cult that anticipates a time of joy, serenity, and justice when salvation comes (Melanesia) the followers of one of several millenarian cults that believe salvation will come in the form of wealth (`cargo') brought by westerners; some ascribe divine attributes to westerners on first contact (especially to missionaries) macumba a Brazilian religious cult of African origin; combines voodoo elements with singing and chanting and dancing popular dance music of Brazil; derived from the practices of the macumba religious cult (Brazil) followers of a religious cult of African origin obeah a religious belief of African origin involving witchcraft and sorcery; practiced in parts of the West Indies and tropical Americas (West Indies) followers of a religious system involving witchcraft and sorcery Rastafarianism a religious cult based on a belief that Ras Tafari (Haile Selassie) is the Messiah and that Africa (especially Ethiopia) is the Promised Land Christianity a monotheistic system of beliefs and practices based on the Old Testament and the teachings of Jesus as embodied in the New Testament and emphasizing the role of Jesus as savior Adventism any Christian religion that believes the second coming of Christ is imminent Seventh-Day Adventism Adventism that is strongly Protestant and observes Saturday as the Sabbath Catholicism the beliefs and practices of a Catholic Church anti-Catholicism a religious orientation opposed to Catholicism Romanism the beliefs and practices of the Catholic Church based in Rome Albigensianism a Christian movement considered to be a medieval descendant of Manichaeism in southern France in the 12th and 13th centuries; characterized by dualism (asserted the coexistence of two mutually opposed principles, one good and one evil); was exterminated for heresy during the Inquisition Donatism a schismatic Christian religion in northern Africa from the 4th to the 7th century; held that only those who led a blameless life belonged in the church or could administer the sacraments Eastern Catholicism the beliefs and practices of any of the eastern Catholic Churches based in Constantinople or Antioch or Alexandria or Moscow or Jerusalem Protestantism the theological system of any of the churches of western Christendom that separated from the Roman Catholic Church during the Reformation Anglicanism the faith and doctrine and practice of the Anglican Church Anglo-Catholicism a doctrine and practice within the Church of England emphasizing the Catholic tradition Tractarianism principles of the founders of the Oxford movement as expounded in pamphlets called `Tracts for the Times' Arminianism 17th century theology (named after its founder Jacobus Arminius) that opposes the absolute predestinarianism of John Calvin and holds that human free will is compatible with God's sovereignty Calvinism the theological system of John Calvin and his followers emphasizing omnipotence of God and salvation by grace alone Christian Science religious system based on teachings of Mary Baker Eddy emphasizing spiritual healing Protestant denomination founded by Mary Baker Eddy in 1866 Lutheranism teachings of Martin Luther emphasizing the cardinal doctrine of justification by faith alone Unitarianism a non-doctrinal religion that stresses individual freedom of belief and rejects the Trinity Trinitarianism Christian doctrine stressing belief in the Trinity Congregationalism system of beliefs and church government of a Protestant denomination in which each member church is self-governing Mennonitism system of beliefs and practices including belief in scriptural authority; plain dress; adult baptism; foot washing; restriction of marriage to members of the group evangelicalism stresses the importance of personal conversion and faith as the means of salvation revivalism an attempt to reawaken the evangelical faith Methodism the religious beliefs and practices of Methodists characterized by concern with social welfare and public morals Wesleyanism evangelical principles taught by John Wesley Anabaptism a Protestant movement in the 16th century that believed in the primacy of the Bible, baptised only believers, not infants, and believed in complete separation of church and state Baptistic doctrine any of various doctrines closely related to Anabaptism Mormonism the doctrines and practices of the Mormon Church based on the Book of Mormon pentecostalism the principles and practices of Pentecostal religious groups; characterized by religious excitement and talking in tongues Presbyterianism the doctrines and practices of the Presbyterian Church: based in Calvinism Judaism the monotheistic religion of the Jews having its spiritual and ethical principles embodied chiefly in the Torah and in the Talmud Jews collectively who practice a religion based on the Torah and the Talmud Orthodox Judaism beliefs and practices of a Judaic sect that strictly observes Mosaic law Jews who strictly observe the Mosaic law as interpreted in the Talmud Hasidism beliefs and practices of a sect of Orthodox Jews Chabad a form of Hasidism practiced by Lithuanian and Russian Jews under communist rule; the beliefs and practices of the Lubavitch movement Conservative Judaism beliefs and practices of Conservative Jews Jews who keep some of the requirements of the Mosaic law but allow for adaptation of other requirements (as some of the dietary laws) to fit modern circumstances Reform Judaism beliefs and practices of Reform Jews the most liberal Jews; Jews who do not follow the Talmud strictly but try to adapt all of the historical forms of Judaism to the modern world Islam the monotheistic religious system of Muslims founded in Arabia in the 7th century and based on the teachings of Muhammad as laid down in the Koran; "Islam is a complete way of life, not a Sunday religion"; "the term Muhammadanism is offensive to Muslims who believe that Allah, not Muhammad, founded their religion" the civilization of Muslims collectively which is governed by the Muslim religion; "Islam is predominant in northern Africa, the Middle East, Pakistan, and Indonesia" Mahdism belief in the appearance of the Mahdi; devotion to a Mahdi Salafism a militant group of extremist Sunnis who believe themselves the only correct interpreters of the Koran and consider moderate Muslims to be infidels; seek to convert all Muslims and to insure that its own fundamentalist version of Islam will dominate the world Shiism the branch of Islam that regards Ali as the legitimate successor to Mohammed and rejects the first three caliphs Ismailism the branch of Shiism noted for its esoteric philosophy Wahhabism a conservative and intolerant form of Islam that is practiced in Saudi Arabia; "Osama bin Laden and his followers practice Wahhabism" Hinduism a body of religious and philosophical beliefs and cultural practices native to India and based on a caste system; it is characterized by a belief in reincarnation, by a belief in a supreme being of many forms and natures, by the view that opposing theories are aspects of one eternal truth, and by a desire for liberation from earthly evils the religion of most people in India, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, and Nepal Brahmanism the religious beliefs of ancient India as prescribed in the sacred Vedas and Brahmanas and Upanishads the religious and social system of orthodox Hinduism Darsana (from the Sanskrit word for `to see') one of six orthodox philosophical systems or viewpoints on the nature of reality and the release from bondage to karma Mimamsa (from the Sanskrit word for `reflection' or `interpretation') one of six orthodox philosophical systems or viewpoints on ritual traditions rooted in the Vedas and the Brahmanas as opposed to Vedanta which relies mostly on the Upanishads Vedanta (from the Sanskrit for `end of the Veda') one of six orthodox philosophical systems or viewpoints rooted in the Upanishads as opposed to Mimamsa which relies on the Vedas and Brahmanas Krishnaism worship of Krishna the 8th avatar of Vishnu Shivaism worship of Shiva one of the 3 chief gods of the Hindu pantheon a Hindu sect worshiping Shiva Shaktism worship of Shakti as the wife of Shiva a Hindu sect worshiping Shakti Vaishnavism worship of Vishnu one of the 3 chief gods of the Hindu pantheon Hindu sect worshiping of Vishnu Jainism religion founded in the 6th century BC as a revolt against Hinduism; emphasizes asceticism and immortality and transmigration of the soul; denies existence of a perfect or supreme being sect founded in the 6th century BC as a revolt against Hinduism Sikhism the doctrines of a monotheistic religion founded in northern India in the 16th century by Guru Nanak and combining elements of Hinduism and Islam Buddhism the teaching of Buddha that life is permeated with suffering caused by desire, that suffering ceases when desire ceases, and that enlightenment obtained through right conduct and wisdom and meditation releases one from desire and suffering and rebirth a religion represented by the many groups (especially in Asia) that profess various forms of the Buddhist doctrine and that venerate Buddha Mahayana one of two great schools of Buddhist doctrine emphasizing a common search for universal salvation especially through faith alone; the dominant religion of China and Tibet and Japan a major school of Buddhism teaching social concern and universal salvation; China; Japan; Tibet; Nepal; Korea; Mongolia Theravada one of two great schools of Buddhist doctrine emphasizing personal salvation through your own efforts; a conservative form of Buddhism that adheres to Pali scriptures and the non-theistic ideal of self purification to nirvana; the dominant religion of Sri Lanka (Ceylon) and Myanmar (Burma) and Thailand and Laos and Cambodia Hinayana an offensive name for the early conservative Theravada Buddhism; it died out in India but survived in Sri Lanka and was taken from there to other regions of southwestern Asia a major school of Buddhism teaching personal salvation through one's own efforts Lamaism a Buddhist doctrine that includes elements from India that are not Buddhist and elements of preexisting shamanism Zen a Buddhist doctrine that enlightenment can be attained through direct intuitive insight school of Mahayana Buddhism asserting that enlightenment can come through meditation and intuition rather than faith; China and Japan Shingon a form of Buddhism emphasizing mystical symbolism of mantras and mudras and the Buddha's ideal which is inexpressible Tantra doctrine of enlightenment as the realization of the oneness of one's self and the visible world; combines elements of Hinduism and paganism including magical and mystical elements like mantras and mudras and erotic rites; especially influential in Tibet Yogacara one of the main traditions of Mahayana Buddhism; holds that the mind is real but that objects are just ideas or states of consciousness Tao the ultimate principle of the universe Shinto the ancient indigenous religion of Japan lacking formal dogma; characterized by a veneration of nature spirits and of ancestors the native religion and former ethnic cult of Japan relating to or characteristic of Shintoism; "Shinto temples" Manichaeism a religion founded by Manes in the third century; a synthesis of Zoroastrian dualism between light and dark and Babylonian folklore and Buddhist ethics and superficial elements of Christianity; spread widely in the Roman Empire but had largely died out by 1000 Mithraism ancient Persian religion; popular among Romans during first three centuries a.d. Zoroastrianism system of religion founded in Persia in the 6th century BC by Zoroaster; set forth in the Zend-Avesta; based on concept of struggle between light (good) and dark (evil) Parsiism the faith of a Zoroastrian sect in India Bahaism a religion founded in Iran in 1863; emphasizes the spiritual unity of all humankind; incorporates Christian and Islamic tenets; many adherents live in the United States; "Bahaism has no public rituals or sacraments and praying is done in private" shamanism an animistic religion of northern Asia having the belief that the mediation between the visible and the spirit worlds is effected by shamans any animistic religion similar to Asian shamanism (especially as practiced by certain Native American tribes) Vedism the form of Hinduism that revolves primarily around the mythic version and ritual ideologies in the Vedas Wicca the polytheistic nature religion of modern witchcraft whose central deity is a mother goddess; claims origins in pre-Christian pagan religions of western Europe a community of followers of the Wicca religion obiism belief in a kind of sorcery that originated in Africa and is practiced in the West Indies voodoo a religious cult practiced chiefly in Caribbean countries (especially Haiti); involves witchcraft and animistic deities (Haiti) followers of a religion that involves witchcraft and animistic deities bewitch by or as if by a voodoo amateurism the conviction that people should participate in sports as a hobby (for the fun of it) rather than for money anagoge a mystical or allegorical interpretation (especially of Scripture) dynamical system (physics) a phase space together with a transformation of that space chaos (physics) a dynamical system that is extremely sensitive to its initial conditions the formless and disordered state of matter before the creation of the cosmos a state of extreme confusion and disorder condensation (psychoanalysis) an unconscious process whereby two ideas or images combine into a single symbol; especially in dreams a shortened version of a written work atmospheric moisture that has condensed because of cold the process of changing from a gaseous to a liquid or solid state transference (psychoanalysis) the process whereby emotions are passed on or displaced from one person to another; during psychoanalysis the displacement of feelings toward others (usually the parents) is onto the analyst countertransference the psychoanalyst's displacement of emotion onto the patient or more generally the psychoanalyst's emotional involvement in the therapeutic interaction floodgate something that restrains a flood or outpouring; "suspension of surveillance opened the floodgates to illegal immigrants" military science the discipline dealing with the principles of warfare escapology the study of methods of escaping (especially as a form of entertainment) graphology the study of handwriting (especially as an indicator of the writer's character or disposition) numerology the study of the supposed occult influence of numbers on human affairs protology the study of origins and first things; "To Christians, protology refers to God's fundamental purpose for humanity" theogony the study of the origins and genealogy of the gods tactics the branch of military science dealing with detailed maneuvers to achieve objectives set by strategy strategy the branch of military science dealing with military command and the planning and conduct of a war common fate a Gestalt principle of organization holding that aspects of perceptual field that move or function in a similar manner will be perceived as a unit descriptivism (linguistics) a doctrine supporting or promoting descriptive linguistics (ethics) a doctrine holding that moral statements have a truth value good continuation a Gestalt principle of organization holding that there is an innate tendency to perceive a line as continuing its established direction prescriptivism (linguistics) a doctrine supporting or promoting prescriptive linguistics (ethics) a doctrine holding that moral statements prescribe appropriate attitudes and behavior wrinkle a clever method of doing something (especially something new and different) a minor difficulty; "they finally have the wrinkles pretty well ironed out" a slight depression or fold in the smoothness of a surface; "his face has many lines"; "ironing gets rid of most wrinkles" make wrinkles or creases on a smooth surface; make a pressed, folded or wrinkled line in; `crisp' is archaic; "The dress got wrinkled"; "crease the paper like this to make a crane" Zurvanism a heretical Zoroastrian doctrine holding that Zurvan was the ultimate source of the universe and that both Ahura Mazda and Ahriman were Zurvan's offspring a Zoroastrian sect that claims Zurvan was the ultimate source of the universe intercommunication mutual communication; communication with each other; "they intercepted intercommunication between enemy ships" propagation the spreading of something (a belief or practice) into new regions the movement of a wave through a medium message a communication (usually brief) that is written or spoken or signaled; "he sent a three-word message" what a communication that is about something is about send a message; "There is no messaging service at this company" send as a message; "She messaged the final report by fax" send a message to; "She messaged the committee" broadcast message that is transmitted by radio or television a radio or television show; "did you see his program last night?" sow over a wide area, especially by hand; "broadcast seeds" cipher a message written in a secret code a secret method of writing a person of no influence heliogram a message transmitted by means of the sun's rays medium an intervening substance through which signals can travel as a means for communication a means or instrumentality for storing or communicating information (usually plural) transmissions that are disseminated widely to the public the surrounding environment; "fish require an aqueous medium" someone who serves as an intermediary between the living and the dead; "he consulted several mediums" a state that is intermediate between extremes; a middle position; "a happy medium" an intervening substance through which something is achieved; "the dissolving medium is called a solvent" (biology) a substance in which specimens are preserved or displayed a liquid with which pigment is mixed by a painter (meat) cooked until there is just a little pink meat inside cool medium a medium that usually, but not always, provides little involvement together with substantial stimulus; includes speech, television, cartoons hot medium a medium that usually, but not always, provides complete involvement together without considerable stimulus; includes radio, film, photography paper a medium for written communication; "the notion of an office running without paper is absurd" a scholarly article describing the results of observations or stating hypotheses; "he has written many scientific papers" a material made of cellulose pulp derived mainly from wood or rags or certain grasses cover with paper; "paper the box" signature a sheet with several pages printed on it; it folds to page size and is bound with other signatures to form a book your name written in your own handwriting a melody used to identify a performer or a dance band or radio/tv program flyleaf a blank leaf in the front or back of a book interleaf a blank leaf inserted between the leaves of a book page one side of one leaf (of a book or magazine or newspaper or letter etc.) or the written or pictorial matter it contains in medieval times a youth acting as a knight's attendant as the first stage in training for knighthood a youthful attendant at official functions or ceremonies such as legislative functions and weddings a boy who is employed to run errands contact, as with a pager or by calling somebody's name over a P.A. system work as a page; "He is paging in Congress this summer" tear sheet a sheet that can be easily torn out of a publication full page something that covers an entire page; "the ad took up a full page" half page something that covers (the top or bottom) half of a page recto right-hand page verso left-hand page title page a page of a book displaying the title and author and publisher half title a first page of some books displaying only the title of the book sports page any page in the sports section of a newspaper center spread the spread at the center of a magazine centerfold a magazine center spread; especially a foldout of a large photograph or map or other feature foldout an oversize page that is folded in to a book or magazine pagination the system of numbering pages stationery paper cut to an appropriate size for writing letters; usually with matching envelopes letterhead a sheet of stationery with name and address of the organization printed at the top notepaper writing paper intended for writing short notes or letters Post-It brand name for a slip of notepaper that has an adhesive that allows it to stick to a surface and be removed without damaging the surface foolscap a size of paper used especially in Britain style sheet a sheet summarizing the editorial conventions to be followed in preparing text for publication worksheet a sheet of paper with multiple columns; used by an accountant to assemble figures for financial statements a piece of paper recording work planned or done on a project frequency band a band of adjacent radio frequencies (e.g., assigned for transmitting radio or television signals) back channel an alternative to the regular channels of communication that is used when agreements must be made secretly (especially in diplomacy or government); "they negotiated via a back channel" liaison a channel for communication between groups; "he provided a liaison with the guerrillas" channels official routes of communication; "you have to go through channels" multimedia transmission that combine media of communication (text and graphics and sound etc.) hypermedia a multimedia system in which related items of information are connected and can be presented together hypertext machine-readable text that is not sequential but is organized so that related items of information are connected; "Let me introduce the word hypertext to mean a body of written or pictorial material interconnected in such a complex way that it could not conveniently be presented or represented on paper"--Ted Nelson silver screen the film industry gutter press press that engages in sensational journalism (especially concerning the private lives of public figures) free press a press not restricted or controlled by government censorship regarding politics or ideology print media a medium that disseminates printed matter storage medium a medium for storing information magnetic storage medium any storage medium in which different patterns of magnetization are used to represent stored bits or bytes of information; "the hard disk in you computer is magnetic storage" broadcast medium a medium that disseminates via telecommunications airmail a system of conveying mail by aircraft letters and packages that are transported by aircraft send or transport by airmail; "Letters to Europe from the U.S. are best airmailed" snail mail any mail that is physically delivered by the postal service; "email is much faster than snail mail" rural free delivery free government delivery of mail in outlying country areas poste restante a notation written on mail that is to be held at the post office until called for (not in the United States or Canada) pony express express mail carried by relays of riders on horseback; especially between Missouri and California around 1860 parcel post postal service that handles packages bulk mail mail consisting of large numbers of identical items (circulars or advertisements) sent to individual addresses at less than 1st-class rates and paid for in one lot direct mail advertising sent directly to prospective customers via the mail Fleet Street British journalism a street in central London where newspaper offices are situated photojournalism journalism that presents a story primarily through the use of pictures news photography photography of newsworthy events rotogravure printed material (text and pictures) produced by an intaglio printing process in a rotary press printing by transferring an image from a photogravure plate to a cylinder in a rotary press daily a newspaper that is published every day of or belonging to or occurring every day; "daily routine"; "a daily paper" every day; without missing a day; "he stops by daily" gazette a newspaper or official journal publish in a gazette school newspaper a newspaper written and published by students in a school tabloid newspaper with half-size pages yellow journalism sensationalist journalism magazine article an article published in a magazine news article an article reporting news morceau a short literary or musical composition offprint a separately printed article that originally appeared in a larger publication think piece an article in a newspaper or magazine or journal that represents opinions and ideas and discussion rather than bare facts reissue a publication (such as a book) that is reprinted without changes or editing and offered again for sale issue (a new version of); "if you forget your password, it can be changed and reissued" new edition a publication (such as a book) that has been modified or updated and offered again for sale article of faith (Christianity) any of the sections into which a creed or other statement of doctrine is divided opening line the first line of a piece of writing (as a newspaper story) personal a short newspaper article about a particular person or group particular to a given individual concerning or affecting a particular person or his or her private life and personality; "a personal favor"; "for your personal use"; "personal papers"; "I have something personal to tell you"; "a personal God"; "he has his personal bank account and she has hers" intimately concerning a person's body or physical being; "personal hygiene" indicating grammatical person; "personal verb endings" of or arising from personality; "personal magnetism" sidebar a short news story presenting sidelights on a major story (law) a courtroom conference between the lawyers and the judge that is held out of the jury's hearing agony column a newspaper column devoted to personal problems samizdat a system of clandestine printing and distribution of dissident or banned literature voice mail a computerized system for answering and routing telephone calls; telephone messages can be recorded and stored and relayed collect call a telephone call that the receiving party is asked to pay for call forwarding lets you transfer your incoming calls to any telephone that you can dial direct call-in a telephone call to a radio station or a television station in which the caller participates in the on-going program call waiting a way of letting you know that someone else is calling when you are using your telephone crank call a hostile telephone call (from a crank) local call a telephone call made within a local calling area long distance a telephone call made outside the local calling area; "I talked to her by long distance" toll call a long-distance telephone call at charges above a local rate conference call a telephone call in which more than two people participate wake-up call a telephone call that you request be made a specific time in order to wake you up at that time (especially in hotels); "she left a wake-up call for 7 a.m." a warning to take action concerning something that was overlooked or neglected; "the bombing was a wake-up call to strengthen domestic security" three-way calling a way of adding a third party to your conversation without the assistance of a telephone operator telegraphy communicating at a distance by electric transmission over wire letter telegram a cheaper form of telegram that is sent abroad for delivery the next day wireless transmission by radio waves having no wires; "a wireless security system" third-class mail mail consisting of printed matter qualifying for reduced postal rates junk mail third-class mail consisting of advertising and often addressed to `resident' or `occupant' phone message a message transmitted by telephone broadcasting taking part in a radio or tv program Rediffusion a system for distributing radio or tv programs video the visible part of a television transmission; "they could still receive the sound but the picture was gone" (computer science) the appearance of text and graphics on a video display cable television television that is transmitted over cable directly to the receiver high-definition television a television system that has more than the usual number of lines per frame so its pictures show more detail electronic communication communication by computer digital communication electronic transmission of information that has been encoded digitally (as for storage and processing by computers) asynchronous transfer mode a means of digital communications that is capable of very high speeds; suitable for transmission of images or voice or video as well as data; "ATM is used for both LAN and WAN" electronic mail (computer science) a system of world-wide electronic communication in which a computer user can compose a message at one terminal that can be regenerated at the recipient's terminal when the recipient logs in; "you cannot send packages by electronic mail" freemail a service providing free email delivery in exchange for exposure to advertising emoticon a representation of a facial expression (as a smile or frown) created by typing a sequence of characters in sending email; ":-( and :-) are emoticons" smiley an emoticon of a smiling face smoking gun indisputable evidence (especially of a crime) spam unwanted e-mail (usually of a commercial nature sent out in bulk) send unwanted or junk e-mail messaging the sending and processing of e-mail by computer prompt (computer science) a symbol that appears on the computer screen to indicate that the computer is ready to receive a command a cue given to a performer (usually the beginning of the next line to be spoken); "the audience could hear his prompting" serve as the inciting cause of; "She prompted me to call my relatives" assist (somebody acting or reciting) by suggesting the next words of something forgotten or imperfectly learned according to schedule or without delay; on time; "the train is prompt" ready and willing or quick to act; "she is always prompt to help her friends" fiber optics the transmission of light signals via glass fibers signal detection the detection that a signal is being received amplitude modulation modulation of the amplitude of the (radio) carrier wave frequency modulation modulation of the frequency of the (radio) carrier wave phase modulation modulation of the phase of the carrier wave pulse modulation modulation that imposes a signal on a train of pulses pulse-time modulation modulation of the time between successive pulses demodulation (electronics) the reception of a signal by extracting it from the carrier wave contagion the communication of an attitude or emotional state among a number of people; "a contagion of mirth"; "the infection of his enthusiasm for poetry" usage the customary manner in which a language (or a form of a language) is spoken or written; "English usage"; "a usage borrowed from French" dead language a language that is no longer learned as a native language words language that is spoken or written; "he has a gift for words"; "she put her thoughts into words" the words that are spoken; "I listened to his words very closely" source language a language that is to be translated into another language object language the language into which a text written in another language is to be translated a computer language into which something written in another computer language is to be translated language unit one of the natural units into which linguistic messages can be analyzed discourse extended verbal expression in speech or writing to consider or examine in speech or writing; "The author talks about the different aspects of this question"; "The class discussed Dante's `Inferno'" context discourse that surrounds a language unit and helps to determine its interpretation the set of facts or circumstances that surround a situation or event; "the historical context" sentence a string of words satisfying the grammatical rules of a language; "he always spoke in grammatical sentences" pronounce a sentence on (somebody) in a court of law; "He was condemned to ten years in prison" simple sentence a sentence having no coordinate clauses or subordinate clauses complex sentence a sentence composed of at least one main clause and one subordinate clause loose sentence a complex sentence in which the main clause comes first and the subordinate clause follows periodic sentence a complex sentence in which the main clause comes last and is preceded by the subordinate clause compound sentence a sentence composed of at least two coordinate independent clauses sentential function formal expression containing variables; becomes a sentence when variables are replaced by constants word a unit of language that native speakers can identify; "words are the blocks from which sentences are made"; "he hardly said ten words all morning" a brief statement; "he didn't say a word about it" a verbal command for action; "when I give the word, charge!" a string of bits stored in computer memory; "large computers use words up to 64 bits long" anagram a word or phrase spelled by rearranging the letters of another word or phrase read letters out of order to discover a hidden meaning anaphor a word (such as a pronoun) used to avoid repetition; the referent of an anaphor is determined by its antecedent antonym a word that expresses a meaning opposed to the meaning of another word, in which case the two words are antonyms of each other; "to him the antonym of `gay' was `depressed'" paronym a word that strongly resembles another word in spelling back-formation a word invented (usually unwittingly by subtracting an affix) on the assumption that a familiar word derives from it charade a word acted out in an episode of the game of charades cognate a word is cognate with another if both derive from the same word in an ancestral language having the same ancestral language; "cognate languages" content word a word to which an independent meaning can be assigned deictic a word specifying identity or spatial or temporal location from the perspective of a speaker or hearer in the context in which the communication occurs; "words that introduce particulars of the speaker's and hearer's shared cognitive field into the message"- R.Rommetveit relating to or characteristic of a word whose reference depends on the circumstances of its use; "deictic pronouns" derivative (linguistics) a word that is derived from another word; "`electricity' is a derivative of `electric'" a compound obtained from, or regarded as derived from, another compound resulting from or employing derivation; "a derivative process"; "a highly derivative prose style" diminutive a word that is formed with a suffix (such as -let or -kin) to indicate smallness dirty word a word that is considered to be unmentionable; "`failure' is a dirty word to him" disyllable a word having two syllables four-letter word any of several short English words (often having 4 letters) generally regarded as obscene or offensive function word a word that is uninflected and serves a grammatical function but has little identifiable meaning guide word a word printed at the top of the page of a dictionary or other reference book to indicate the first or last item on that page headword a word placed at the beginning of a line or paragraph (as in a dictionary entry) a content word that can be qualified by a modifier heteronym two words are heteronyms if they are spelled the same way but differ in pronunciation; "the word `bow' is an example of a heteronym" holonym a word that names the whole of which a given word is a part; "`hat' is a holonym for `brim' and `crown'" homonym two words are homonyms if they are pronounced and spelled the same way but have different meanings hypernym a word that is more generic than a given word hyponym a word that is more specific than a given word key word a significant word used in indexing or cataloging a word that is used as a pattern to decode an encrypted message loanblend a word that is composed of parts from different languages (e.g., `monolingual' has a Greek prefix and a Latin root) loanword a word borrowed from another language; e.g. `blitz' is a German word borrowed into modern English Latinism a word or phrase borrowed from Latin meronym a word that names a part of a larger whole; "`brim' and `crown' are meronyms of `hat'" metonym a word that denotes one thing but refers to a related thing; "Washington is a metonym for the United States government"; "plastic is a metonym for credit card" antigram an anagram that means the opposite of the original word or phrase; "`restful' is the antigram of `fluster'" monosyllable a word or utterance of one syllable nonce word a word with a special meaning used for a special occasion oxytone word having stress or an acute accent on the last syllable palindrome a word or phrase that reads the same backward as forward primitive a word serving as the basis for inflected or derived forms; "`pick' is the primitive from which `picket' is derived" a mathematical expression from which another expression is derived a person who belongs to an early stage of civilization used of preliterate or tribal or nonindustrial societies; "primitive societies" of or created by one without formal training; simple or naive in style; "primitive art such as that by Grandma Moses is often colorful and striking" plural the form of a word that is used to denote more than one grammatical number category referring to two or more items or units composed of more than one member, set, or kind singular the form of a word that is used to denote a singleton being a single and separate person or thing; "can the singular person be understood apart from his culture?"; "every fact in the world might be singular...unlike any other fact and sole of its kind"-William James grammatical number category referring to a single item or unit composed of one member, set, or kind the single one of its kind; "a singular example"; "the unique existing example of Donne's handwriting"; "a unique copy of an ancient manuscript"; "certain types of problems have unique solutions" ghost word a word form that has entered the language through the perpetuation of an error etymon a simple form inferred as the common basis from which related words in several languages can be derived by linguistic processes citation form the form of a word that heads a lexical entry and is alphabetized in a dictionary lexical entry the entry in a dictionary of information about a word Beatitude one of the eight sayings of Jesus at the beginning of the Sermon on the Mount; in Latin each saying begins with `beatus' (blessed); "her favorite Beatitude is `Blessed are the meek for they shall inherit the earth'" logion a saying of Jesus that is regarded as authentic although it is not recorded in the Gospels calque an expression introduced into one language by translating it from another language; "`superman' is a calque for the German `Ubermensch'" paroxytone word having stress or acute accent on the next to last syllable partitive word (such a `some' or `less') that is used to indicate a part as distinct from a whole serving to separate or divide into parts; "partitive tendencies in education"; "the uniting influence was stronger than the separative" indicating or characterized by or serving to create partition or division into parts; "partitive tendencies in education" (Romance languages) relating to or denoting a part of a whole or a quantity that is less than the whole; "a partitive construction" polysemant a word having more than one meaning polysyllable a word of more than three syllables proparoxytone word having stress or acute accent on the antepenult quantifier (grammar) a word that expresses a quantity (as `fifteen' or `many') (logic) a word (such as `some' or `all' or `no') that binds the variables in a logical proposition existential quantifier a logical quantifier of a proposition that asserts the existence of at least one thing for which the proposition is true universal quantifier a logical quantifier of a proposition that asserts that the proposition is true for all members of a class of things retronym a word introduced because an existing term has become inadequate; "Nobody ever heard of analog clocks until digital clocks became common, so `analog clock' is a retronym" substantive any word or group of words functioning as a noun defining rights and duties as opposed to giving the rules by which rights and duties are established; "substantive law" synonym two words that can be interchanged in a context are said to be synonymous relative to that context terminology a system of words used to name things in a particular discipline; "legal terminology"; "biological nomenclature"; "the language of sociology" trisyllable a word having three syllables troponym a word that denotes a manner of doing something; "`march' is a troponym of `walk'" vocable a word that is spoken aloud syllable a unit of spoken language larger than a phoneme; "the word `pocket' has two syllables" ultima the last syllable in a word penult the next to last syllable in a word antepenult the 3rd syllable of a word counting back from the end jawbreaker a word that is hard to pronounce a large round hard candy sesquipedalian a very long word (a foot and a half long) given to the overuse of long words; "sesquipedalian orators"; "this sesquipedalian way of saying one has no money" direct antonym antonyms that are commonly associated (e.g., `wet' and `dry') indirect antonym antonyms whose opposition is mediated (e.g., the antonymy of `wet' and `parched' is mediated by the similarity of `parched' to `dry') lexeme a minimal unit (as a word or stem) in the lexicon of a language; `go' and `went' and `gone' and `going' are all members of the English lexeme `go' morpheme minimal meaningful language unit; it cannot be divided into smaller meaningful units formative minimal language unit that has a syntactic (or morphological) function forming or capable of forming or molding or fashioning; "a formative influence"; "a formative experience"; "the plastic forces of nature" capable of forming new cells and tissues; "a formative zone in developing bone" allomorph a variant phonological representation of a morpheme; "the final sounds of `bets' and `beds' and `horses' and `oxen' are allomorphs of the English plural morpheme" any of several different crystalline forms of the same chemical compound; "calcium carbonate occurs in the allomorphs calcite and aragonite" free morpheme a morpheme that can occur alone bound morpheme a morpheme that occurs only as part of a larger construction; eg an -s at the end of plural nouns combining form a bound form used only in compounds; "`hemato-' is a combining form in words like `hematology'" affix a linguistic element added to a word to produce an inflected or derived form attach or become attached to a stem word; "grammatical morphemes affix to the stem" attach to; "affix the seal here" prefix an affix that is added in front of the word attach a prefix to; "prefixed words" classifier a word or morpheme used in some languages in certain contexts (such as counting) to indicate the semantic class to which the counted item belongs a person who creates classifications alpha privative the negative prefix a- or un- ending the end of a word (a suffix or inflectional ending or final morpheme); "I don't like words that have -ism as an ending" event whose occurrence ends something; "his death marked the ending of an era"; "when these final episodes are broadcast it will be the finish of the show" suffix an affix that is added at the end of the word attach a suffix to; "suffix words" inflectional ending an inflection that is added at the end of a root word infix an affix that is inserted inside the word attach a morpheme into a stem word grammatical category (grammar) a category of words having the same grammatical properties substitution class the class of all items that can be substituted into the same position (or slot) in a grammatical sentence (are in paradigmatic relation with one another) prepositional object the object governed by a preposition direct object the object that receives the direct action of the verb indirect object the object that is the recipient or beneficiary of the action of the verb retained object an object in a passive construction nominative the category of nouns serving as the grammatical subject of a verb named; bearing the name of a specific person; "nominative shares of stock" serving as or indicating the subject of a verb and words identified with the subject of a copular verb; "nominative noun endings"; "predicate nominative" oblique any grammatical case other than the nominative slanting or inclined in direction or course or position--neither parallel nor perpendicular nor right-angled; "the oblique rays of the winter sun"; "acute and obtuse angles are oblique angles"; "the axis of an oblique cone is not perpendicular to its base" accusative the case of nouns serving as the direct object of a verb containing or expressing accusation; "an accusative forefinger"; "black accusatory looks"; "accusive shoes and telltale trousers"- O.Henry; "his accusing glare" dative the category of nouns serving as the indirect object of a verb genitive the case expressing ownership attributive genitive a word in the genitive case that is used as an attributive adjective; "an example of the attributive genetive is `John's' in `John's mother'" a word in the genitive case used as an attributive adjective; "an example of the attributive genitive is `John's' in `John's mother'" vocative the case (in some inflected languages) used when the referent of the noun is being addressed relating to a case used in some languages; "vocative verb endings" ablative the case indicating the agent in passive sentences or the instrument or manner or place of the action described by the verb tending to ablate; i.e. to be removed or vaporized at very high temperature; "ablative material on a rocket cone" relating to the ablative case ablative absolute a constituent in Latin grammar; a noun and its modifier can function as a sentence modifier adjunct a construction that can be used to extend the meaning of a word or phrase but is not one of the main constituents of a sentence something added to another thing but not an essential part of it a person who is an assistant or subordinate to another of or relating to a person who is subordinate to another constituent (grammar) a word or phrase or clause forming part of a larger grammatical construction a member of a constituency; a citizen who is represented in a government by officials for whom he or she votes; "needs continued support by constituents to be re-elected" immediate constituent a constituent of a sentence at the first step in an analysis: e.g., subject and predicate syntagma a syntactic string of words that forms a part of some larger syntactic unit misconstruction an ungrammatical constituent clause (grammar) an expression including a subject and predicate functioning as a part of a complex sentence main clause a clause in a complex sentence that can stand alone as a complete sentence coordinate clause a clause in a complex sentence that is grammatically equivalent to the main clause and that performs the same grammatical function subordinate clause a clause in a complex sentence that cannot stand alone as a complete sentence and that functions within the sentence as a noun or adjective or adverb relative clause a clause introduced by a relative pronoun; "`who visits frequently' is a relative clause in the sentence `John, who visits frequently, is ill'" restrictive clause a subordinate clause that limits or restricts the meaning of the noun phrase it modifies nonrestrictive clause a subordinate clause that does not limit or restrict the meaning of the noun phrase it modifies parenthetical expression an expression in parentheses; "his writing was full of parentheticals" predicator an expression that predicates noun phrase a phrase that can function as the subject or object of a verb predicate one of the two main constituents of a sentence; the predicate contains the verb and its complements (logic) what is predicated of the subject of a proposition; the second term in a proposition is predicated of the first term by means of the copula; "`Socrates is a man' predicates manhood of Socrates" affirm or declare as an attribute or quality of; "The speech predicated the fitness of the candidate to be President" make the (grammatical) predicate in a proposition; "The predicate `dog' is predicated of the subject `Fido' in the sentence `Fido is a dog'" split infinitive an infinitive with an adverb between `to' and the verb (e.g., `to boldly go') prepositional phrase a phrase beginning with a preposition pronominal phrase a phrase that functions as a pronoun part of speech one of the traditional categories of words intended to reflect their functions in a grammatical context major form class any of the major parts of speech of traditional grammar noun the word class that can serve as the subject or object of a verb, the object of a preposition, or in apposition a content word that can be used to refer to a person, place, thing, quality, or action verb the word class that serves as the predicate of a sentence a content word that denotes an action, occurrence, or state of existence gerund a noun formed from a verb (such as the `-ing' form of an English verb when used as a noun) auxiliary verb a verb that combines with another verb in a verb phrase to help form tense, mood, voice, or condition of the verb it combines with modal auxiliary verb an auxiliary verb (such as `can' or `will') that is used to express modality infinitive the uninflected form of the verb adjective the word class that qualifies nouns a word that expresses an attribute of something relating to court practice and procedure as opposed to the principles of law; "adjective law" adverb the word class that qualifies verbs or clauses a word that modifies something other than a noun collective noun a noun that is singular in form but refers to a group of people or things mass noun a noun that does not form plurals count noun a noun that forms plurals generic noun a noun that does not specify either masculine or feminine gender proper noun a noun that denotes a particular thing; usually capitalized common noun a noun that denotes any or all members of a class verbal noun a noun that is derived from a verb adnoun an adjective used as a noun; "`meek' in `blessed are the meek' is an adnoun" intensifier a modifier that has little meaning except to intensify the meaning it modifies; "`up' in `finished up' is an intensifier"; "`honestly' in `I honestly don't know' is an intensifier" descriptive adjective an adjective that ascribes to its noun the value of an attribute of that noun (e.g., `a nervous person' or `a musical speaking voice') relational adjective an adjective that classifies its noun (e.g., `a nervous disease' or `a musical instrument') pertainym meaning relating to or pertaining to comparative the comparative form of an adjective or adverb; "`faster' is the comparative of the adjective `fast'"; "`less famous' is the comparative degree of the adjective `famous'"; "`more surely' is the comparative of the adverb `surely'" relating to or based on or involving comparison; "comparative linguistics"; "the comparative form of an adjective" superlative the superlative form of an adjective or adverb; "`fastest' is the superlative of the adjective `fast'"; "`least famous' is the superlative degree of the adjective `famous'"; "`most surely' is the superlative of the adverb `surely'" an exaggerated expression (usually of praise); "the critics lavished superlatives on it" dangling modifier a word or phrase apparently modifying an unintended word because of its placement in a sentence: e.g., `when young' in `when young, circuses appeal to all of us' dangling participle a participle (usually at the beginning of a sentence) apparently modifying a word other than the word intended: e.g., `flying across the country' in `flying across the country the Rockies came into view' adverbial a word or group of words function as an adverb of or relating to or functioning as an adverb; "adverbial syntax" determiner one of a limited class of noun modifiers that determine the referents of noun phrases definite article a determiner (as `the' in English) that indicates specificity of reference indefinite article a determiner (as `a' or `some' in English) that indicates nonspecific reference preposition a function word that combines with a noun or pronoun or noun phrase to form a prepositional phrase that can have an adverbial or adjectival relation to some other word (linguistics) the placing of one linguistic element before another (as placing a modifier before the word it modifies in a sentence or placing an affix before the base to which it is attached) pronoun a function word that is used in place of a noun or noun phrase anaphoric pronoun a pronoun that refers to an antecedent demonstrative pronoun a pronoun that points out an intended referent conjunction an uninflected function word that serves to conjoin words or phrases or clauses or sentences (astronomy) apparent meeting or passing of two or more celestial bodies in the same degree of the zodiac the grammatical relation between linguistic units (words or phrases or clauses) that are connected by a conjunction coordinating conjunction a conjunction (like `and' or `or') that connects two identically constructed grammatical constituents the coordination by conjunction of linguistic units of the same status subordinating conjunction a conjunction (like `since' or `that' or `who') that introduces a dependent clause the subordination that occurs when a conjunction makes one linguistic unit a constituent of another particle a function word that can be used in English to form phrasal verbs a body having finite mass and internal structure but negligible dimensions personal pronoun a pronoun expressing a distinction of person reciprocal pronoun a pronoun or pronominal phrase (as `each other') that expresses a mutual action or relationship between the individuals indicated in the plural subject; "The sentence `They cared for each other' contains a reciprocal pronoun" relative pronoun a pronoun (as `that' or `which' or `who') that introduces a relative clause referring to some antecedent first person pronouns and verbs used to refer to the speaker or writer of the language in which they occur second person pronouns and verbs used to refer to the person addressed by the language in which they occur third person pronouns and verbs that are used to refer to something other than the speaker or addressee of the language in which they occur reflexive pronoun a personal pronoun compounded with -self to show the agent's action affects the agent reflexive verb a verb whose agent performs an action that is directed at the agent; "the sentence `he washed' has a reflexive verb"; "`perjure' is a reflexive verb because you cannot perjure anyone but yourself" gender a grammatical category in inflected languages governing the agreement between nouns and pronouns and adjectives; in some languages it is quite arbitrary but in Indo-European languages it is usually based on sex or animateness feminine a gender that refers chiefly (but not exclusively) to females or to objects classified as female associated with women and not with men; "feminine intuition" of grammatical gender (music or poetry) ending on an unaccented beat or syllable; "a feminine ending" masculine a gender that refers chiefly (but not exclusively) to males or to objects classified as male associated with men and not with women of grammatical gender (music or poetry) ending on an accented beat or syllable; "a masculine cadence"; "the masculine rhyme of `annoy, enjoy'" neuter a gender that refers chiefly (but not exclusively) to inanimate objects (neither masculine nor feminine) of grammatical gender; "`it' is the third-person singular neuter pronoun" having no or imperfectly developed or nonfunctional sex organs tense a grammatical category of verbs used to express distinctions of time cause to be tense and uneasy or nervous or anxious; "he got a phone call from his lawyer that tensed him up" become tense, nervous, or uneasy; "He tensed up when he saw his opponent enter the room" increase the tension on; "alternately relax and tense your calf muscle"; "tense the rope manually before tensing the spring" taut or rigid; stretched tight; "tense piano strings" pronounced with relatively tense tongue muscles (e.g., the vowel sound in `beat') in or of a state of physical or nervous tension present a verb tense that expresses actions or states at the time of speaking something presented as a gift; "his tie was a present from his wife" the period of time that is happening now; any continuous stretch of time including the moment of speech; "that is enough for the present"; "he lives in the present with no thought of tomorrow" bring forward and present to the mind; "We presented the arguments to him"; "We cannot represent this knowledge to our formal reason" formally present a debutante, a representative of a country, etc. hand over formally introduce; "This poses an interesting question" being or existing in a specified place; "the murderer is present in this room"; "present at the wedding"; "present at the creation" historical present the use of the present tense to describe past actions or states aorist a verb tense in some languages (classical Greek and Sanskrit) expressing action (especially past action) without indicating its completion or continuation past a verb tense that expresses actions or states in the past the time that has elapsed; "forget the past" a earlier period in someone's life (especially one that they have reason to keep secret); "reporters dug into the candidate's past" earlier than the present time; no longer current; "time past"; "his youth is past"; "this past Thursday"; "the past year" participle a non-finite form of the verb; in English it is used adjectivally and to form compound tenses phrasal verb an English verb followed by one or more particles where the combination behaves as a syntactic and semantic unit; "`turn out' is a phrasal verb in the question `how many turned out to vote?'" present participle a participle expressing present action; in English is formed by adding -ing past participle a participle that expresses completed action transitive verb a verb (or verb construction) that requires an object in order to be grammatical doubly transitive verb a transitive verb that takes both a direct and an indirect object intransitive verb a verb (or verb construction) that does not take an object semantic role (linguistics) the underlying relation that a constituent has with the main verb in a clause affected role the semantic role of an entity that is not the agent but is directly involved in or affected by the happening denoted by the verb in the clause agentive role the semantic role of the animate entity that instigates or causes the happening denoted by the verb in the clause benefactive role the semantic role of the intended recipient who benefits from the happening denoted by the verb in the clause instrumental role the semantic role of the entity (usually inanimate) that the agent uses to perform an action or start a process locative role the semantic role of the noun phrase that designates the place of the state or action denoted by the verb recipient role the semantic role of the animate entity that is passively involved in the happening denoted by the verb in the clause resultant role the semantic role of the noun phrase whose referent exists only by virtue of the activity denoted by the verb in the clause temporal role the semantic role of the noun phrase that designates the time of the state or action denoted by the verb agnomen an additional name or an epithet appended to a name (as in `Ferdinand the Great') assumed name (law) a name under which a corporation conducts business that is not the legal name of the corporation as shown in its articles of incorporation eponym the name derived from a person (real or imaginary); "Down's syndrome is an eponym for the English physician John Down" the person for whom something is named; "Constantine I is the eponym for Constantinople" filename (computer science) the name given to a computer file in order to distinguish it from other files; may contain an extension that indicates the type of file geographical indication (law) a name or sign used on certain products which corresponds to a specific geographical location or origin appellation a geographical indication used to identify where the grapes for a wine are grown identifying word or words by which someone or something is called and classified or distinguished from others patronymic a family name derived from name of your father or a paternal ancestor (especially with an affix (such as -son in English or O'- in Irish) added to the name of your father or a paternal ancestor) of or derived from a personal or family name matronymic a name derived from the name of your mother or a maternal ancestor street name the name of a street the name of a brokerage firm in which stock is held on behalf of a customer; "all my stocks are held in street name" slang for something (especially for an illegal drug); "`smack' is a street name for heroin" an alternative name that a person chooses or is given (especially in inner city neighborhoods); "her street name is Bonbon" surname the name used to identify the members of a family (as distinguished from each member's given name) maiden name a woman's surname before marriage middle name a name between your first name and your surname first name the name that precedes the surname Christian name the first name given to Christians at birth or christening praenomen the first name of a citizen of ancient Rome nickname a familiar name for a person (often a shortened version of a person's given name); "Joe's mother would not use his nickname and always called him Joseph"; "Henry's nickname was Slim" a descriptive name for a place or thing; "the nickname for the U.S. Constitution is `Old Ironsides'" alias a name that has been assumed temporarily as known or named at another time or place; "Mr. Smith, alias Mr. Lafayette" pseudonym a fictitious name used when the person performs a particular social role misnomer an incorrect or unsuitable name stage name the pseudonym of an actor pen name an author's pseudonym writer's name the name that appears on the by-line to identify the author of a work pet name a name of endearment (especially one using a diminutive suffix); "`Billy' is a hypocorism for `William'" Aga title for a civil or military leader (especially in Turkey) Defender of the Faith a title that Leo X bestowed on Henry VIII and later withdrew; parliament restored the title and it has been used by English sovereigns ever since Don a Spanish courtesy title or form of address for men that is prefixed to the forename; "Don Roberto" a European river in southwestern Russia; flows into the Sea of Azov Celtic goddess; mother of Gwydion and Arianrhod; corresponds to Irish Danu a Spanish gentleman or nobleman Dona a Spanish courtesy title or form of address for a woman; "Dona Marguerita" Frau a German courtesy title or form of address for an adult woman Fraulein a German courtesy title or form of address for an unmarried woman Hakham a Hebrew title of respect for a wise and highly educated man Herr a German courtesy title or form of address for a man a German man; used before the name as a title equivalent to Mr in English Miss a form of address for an unmarried woman Mister a form of address for a man Mrs a form of address for a married woman Ms a form of address for a woman Rabbi a Hebrew title of respect for a Jewish scholar or teacher Reverend a title of respect for a clergyman Senor a Spanish title or form of address for a man; similar to the English `Mr' or `sir' Senora a Spanish title or form of address for a married woman; similar to the English `Mrs' or `madam' Senorita a Spanish title or form of address used to or of an unmarried girl or woman; similar to the English `Miss' Signora an Italian title or form of address for a married woman Signorina an Italian title or form of address for an unmarried woman Very Reverend a title of respect for various ecclesiastical officials (as cathedral deans and canons and others) Lordship a title used to address any British peer except a duke and extended to a bishop or a judge; "Your Lordship"; "His Lordship" Ladyship a title used to address any peeress except a duchess; "Your Ladyship"; "Her Ladyship" baronetcy the title of a baron the rank or dignity or position of a baronet or baroness viscountcy the title of a viscount the dignity or rank or position of a viscount or viscountess place name the name by which a geographical place is known heading a line of text serving to indicate what the passage below it is about; "the heading seemed to have little to do with the text" crossheading a heading of a subsection printed within the body of the text headline the heading or caption of a newspaper article publicize widely or highly, as if with a headline provide (a newspaper page or a story) with a headline lemma the heading that indicates the subject of an annotation or a literary composition or a dictionary entry a subsidiary proposition that is assumed to be true in order to prove another proposition the lower and stouter of the two glumes immediately enclosing the floret in most Gramineae running head a heading printed at the top of every page (or every other page) of a book subheading a heading of a subdivision of a text running title the title (or a shortened title) of a book used as a running head dropline a headline with the top line flush left and succeeding lines indented to the right streamer a newspaper headline that runs across the full page light that streams; "streamers of flames" caption brief description accompanying an illustration taking exception; especially a quibble based on a captious argument; "a mere caption unworthy of a reply" provide with a caption, as of a photograph or a drawing subtitle secondary or explanatory title translation of foreign dialogue of a movie or TV program; usually displayed at the bottom of the screen supply (a movie) with subtitles mistranslation an incorrect translation retroversion translation back into the original language; "the teacher translated Latin texts into English which he gave to his students for retroversion" a turning or tilting backward of an organ or body part; "retroversion of the uterus" supertitle translation of the words of a foreign opera (or choral work) projected on a screen above the stage line of poetry a single line of words in a poem acatalectic (prosody) a line of verse that has the full number of syllables (verse) metrically complete; especially having the full number of syllables in the final metrical foot Alexandrine (prosody) a line of verse that has six iambic feet catalectic (prosody) a line of verse that lacks a syllable in the last metrical foot (verse) metrically incomplete; especially lacking one or more syllables in the final metrical foot hypercatalectic (prosody) a line of poetry having an extra syllable or syllables at the end of the last metrical foot (verse) having an extra syllable or syllables at the end of a metrically complete verse or in a metrical foot by-line a line giving the name of the writer of a story or article dateline a line at the beginning of a news article giving the date and place of origin of the news dispatch an imaginary line on the surface of the earth following (approximately) the 180th meridian mark with a date and place; "dateline a newspaper article" written communication communication by means of written symbols (either printed or handwritten) transliteration a transcription from one alphabet to another phonetic transcription a transcription intended to represent each distinct speech sound with a separate symbol shorthand a method of writing rapidly using an abbreviated symbolic system written in abbreviated or symbolic form; "shorthand notes" longhand rapid handwriting in which letters are set down in full and are cursively connected within words without lifting the writing implement from the paper having words written out in full by hand; "longhand writing" minuscule a small cursive script developed from uncial between the 7th and 9th centuries and used in medieval manuscripts extremely small; "a minuscule kitchen"; "a minuscule amount of rain fell" of or relating to a small cursive script developed from uncial; 7th to 9th centuries italic a style of handwriting with the letters slanting to the right a typeface with letters slanting upward to the right characterized by slanting characters; "italic characters" round hand a clearly written style of longhand with large round curves orthography a method of representing the sounds of a language by written or printed symbols script a particular orthography or writing system a written version of a play or other dramatic composition; used in preparing for a performance write a script for; "The playwright scripted the movie" Aramaic an alphabetical (or perhaps syllabic) script used since the 9th century BC to write the Aramaic language; many other scripts were subsequently derived from it a Semitic language originally of the ancient Arameans but still spoken by other people in southwestern Asia of or relating to the ancient Aramaic languages Armenian a writing system having an alphabet of 38 letters in which the Armenian language is written the Indo-European language spoken predominantly in Armenia, but also in Azerbaijan a native or inhabitant of Armenia of or pertaining to Armenia or the people or culture of Armenia Avestan the script in which the ancient Persian language of the Avesta is written an ancient Iranian language of or pertaining to the Avesta (sacred text of Zoroastrianism) Babylonian the ideographic and syllabic writing system in which the ancient Babylonian language was written an inhabitant of ancient Babylon of or relating to the city of Babylon or its people or culture; "Babylonian religion" Brahmi a script (probably adapted from the Aramaic about the 7th century BC) from which later Indian scripts developed Devanagari a syllabic script used in writing Sanskrit and Hindi Pahlavi the script (derived from the Aramaic alphabet) used to write the Pahlavi language the Iranian language of the Zoroastrian literature of the 3rd to 10th centuries Shah of Iran who was deposed in 1979 by Islamic fundamentalists (1919-1980) Uighur the script (derived from Aramaic) used to write the Uighur language the Turkic language spoken by approximately 7,000,000 Uighur in extreme northwestern China a member of a people who speak Uighur and live in Xinjiang and adjacent areas uncial a style of orthography characterized by somewhat rounded capital letters; found especially in Greek and Latin manuscripts of the 4th to 8th centuries relating to or written in majuscule letters (which resemble modern capitals); "uncial letters" spelling forming words with letters according to the principles underlying accepted usage misspelling a spelling that is incorrect coding system a system of signals used to represent letters or numbers in transmitting messages code a coding system used for transmitting messages requiring brevity or secrecy (computer science) the symbolic arrangement of data or instructions in a computer program or the set of such instructions a set of rules or principles or laws (especially written ones) convert ordinary language into code; "We should encode the message for security reasons" attach a code to; "Code the pieces with numbers so that you can identify them later" area code a number usually of 3 digits assigned to a telephone area as in the United States and Canada bar code code consisting of a series of vertical bars of variable width that are scanned by a laser; printed on consumer product packages to identify the item for a computer that provides the price and registers inventory information color code system using colors to designate classifications cryptogram a piece of writing in code or cipher Morse a telegraph code in which letters and numbers are represented by strings of dots and dashes (short and long signals) United States portrait painter who patented the telegraph and developed the Morse code (1791-1872) ZIP code a code of letters and digits added to a postal address to aid in the sorting of mail American Standard Code for Information Interchange (computer science) a code for information exchange between computers made by different companies; a string of 7 binary digits represents each character; used in most microcomputers ASCII character set (computer science) 128 characters that make up the ASCII coding scheme; "the ASCII character set is the most universal character coding set" binary code code using a string of 8 binary digits to represent characters error correction code (telecommunication) a coding system that incorporates extra parity bits in order to detect errors cyclic redundancy check an error correction code that is recorded in each sector of a magnetic disk and used to catch errors in the data firmware (computer science) coded instructions that are stored permanently in read-only memory machine code a set of instructions coded so that the computer can use it directly without further translation object code the machine-language output of a compiler that is ready for execution on a particular computer operation code the portion of a set of operation descriptions that specifies the operation to be performed; the set of operations in a computer source code program instructions written as an ASCII text file; must be translated by a compiler or interpreter or assembler into the object code for a particular computer before execution URL the address of a web page on the world wide web web page a document connected to the World Wide Web and viewable by anyone connected to the internet who has a web browser home page the opening page of a web site web site a computer connected to the internet that maintains a series of web pages on the World Wide Web; "the Israeli web site was damaged by hostile hackers" chat room a site on the internet where a number of users can communicate in real time (typically one dedicated to a particular topic) portal site a site that the owner positions as an entrance to other sites on the internet; "a portal typically has search engines and free email and chat rooms etc." written word the written form of a word; "while the spoken word stands for something, the written word stands for something that stands for something"; "a craftsman of the written word" bigram a word that is written with two letters in an alphabetic writing system trigram a word that is written with three letters in an alphabetic writing system tetragram a word that is written with four letters in an alphabetic writing system Tetragrammaton four Hebrew letters usually transliterated as YHWH (Yahweh) or JHVH (Jehovah) signifying the Hebrew name for God which the Jews regarded as too holy to pronounce picture writing a writing system using pictographs alphabetic writing a writing system based on alphabetic characters boustrophedon an ancient writing system: having alternate lines written in opposite directions; literally `as the ox ploughs' cuneiform an ancient wedge-shaped script used in Mesopotamia and Persia of or relating to the tarsal bones (or other wedge-shaped bones) syllabary a writing system whose characters represent syllables Linear A an undeciphered writing system used in Crete in the 17th century B.C. Linear B a syllabic script used in Greece in the 13th century B.C. ideography the use of ideograms in writing hieratic a cursive form of Egyptian hieroglyphics; used especially by the priests adhering to fixed types or methods; highly restrained and formal; "the more hieratic sculptures leave the viewer curiously unmoved" written or belonging to a cursive form of ancient Egyptian writing; "hieratic Egyptian script" hieroglyph a writing system using picture symbols; used in ancient Egypt writing that resembles hieroglyphics (usually by being illegible) braille a point system of writing in which patterns of raised dots represent letters and numerals transcribe in braille rewrite something that has been written again; "the rewrite was much better" write differently; alter the writing of; "The student rewrote his thesis" rewrite so as to make fit to suit a new or different purpose; "re-write a play for use in schools" literary composition imaginative or creative writing prescription written instructions from a physician or dentist to a druggist concerning the form and dosage of a drug to be issued to a given patient written instructions for an optician on the lenses for a given person directions prescribed beforehand; the action of prescribing authoritative rules or directions; "I tried to follow her prescription for success" acrostic verse in which certain letters such as the first in each line form a word or message belles-lettres creative writing valued for esthetic content dialogue a literary composition in the form of a conversation between two people; "he has read Plato's Dialogues in the original Greek" the lines spoken by characters in drama or fiction a conversation between two persons allegory an expressive style that uses fictional characters and events to describe some subject by suggestive resemblances; an extended metaphor euphuism an elegant style of prose of the Elizabethan period; characterized by balance and antithesis and alliteration and extended similes with and allusions to nature and mythology any artificially elegant style of language fiction a literary work based on the imagination and not necessarily on fact fictionalization a literary work based partly or wholly on fact but written as if it were fiction nonfiction prose writing that is not fictional dystopia a work of fiction describing an imaginary place where life is extremely bad because of deprivation or oppression or terror state in which the conditions of life are extremely bad as from deprivation or oppression or terror manga graphic novel that originated in Japan, usually intended for adults and characterized by highly stylized art detective novel novel in which the reader is challenged to solve a puzzle before the detective explains it at the end dime novel a melodramatic paperback novel science fiction literary fantasy involving the imagined impact of science on society cyberpunk a genre of fast-paced science fiction involving oppressive futuristic computerized societies a writer of science fiction set in a lawless subculture of an oppressive society dominated by computer technology novelette a short novel roman a clef a novel in which actual persons and events are disguised as fictional characters romance a novel dealing with idealized events remote from everyday life tell romantic or exaggerated lies; "This author romanced his trip to an exotic country" have a love affair with Gothic romance a romance that deals with desolate and mysterious and grotesque events bodice ripper a romantic novel containing scenes in which the heroine is sexually violated roman fleuve a French novel in the form of a long chronicle of a family or other social group story a piece of fiction that narrates a chain of related events; "he writes stories for the magazines" utopia a work of fiction describing a utopia ideally perfect state; especially in its social and political and moral aspects adventure story a story of an adventure thriller a suspenseful adventure story or play or movie saga a narrative telling the adventures of a hero or a family; originally (12th to 14th centuries) a story of the families that settled Iceland and their descendants but now any prose narrative that resembles such an account detective story a narrative about someone who investigates crimes and obtains evidence leading to their resolution murder mystery a narrative about a murder and how the murderer is discovered love story a story dealing with love legend a story about mythical or supernatural beings or events Arthurian legend the legend of King Arthur and his court at Camelot short story a prose narrative shorter than a novel fable a short moral story (often with animal characters) Aesop's fables a collection of fables believed to have been written by the Greek storyteller Aesop Pilgrim's Progress an allegory written by John Bunyan in 1678 myth a traditional story accepted as history; serves to explain the world view of a people Gotterdammerung myth about the ultimate destruction of the gods in a battle with evil parable (New Testament) any of the stories told by Jesus to convey his religious message; "the parable of the prodigal son" storyline the plot of a book or play or film climax the decisive moment in a novel or play; "the deathbed scene is the climax of the play" arrangement of clauses in ascending order of forcefulness the highest point of anything conceived of as growing or developing or unfolding; "the climax of the artist's career"; "in the flood tide of his success" the most severe stage of a disease anticlimax a change from a serious subject to a disappointing one a disappointing decline after a previous rise; "the anticlimax of a brilliant career" tearjerker an excessively sentimental narrative interior monologue a literary genre that presents a fictional character's sequence of thoughts in the form of a monologue explication de texte a method of literary criticism that analyzes details of a text in order to reveal its structure and meaning textual criticism comparison of a particular text with related materials in order to establish authenticity new criticism literary criticism based on close analysis of the text higher criticism the scientific study of biblical writings to determine their origin and meaning lower criticism the study of existing manuscripts of the Scriptures in order to determine the original text Masorah a vast body of textual criticism of the Hebrew Scriptures including notes on features of writing and on the occurrence of certain words and on variant sources and instructions for pronunciation and other comments that were written between AD 600 and 900 by Jewish scribes in the margins or at the end of texts prose ordinary writing as distinguished from verse matter of fact, commonplace, or dull expression prose poem prose that resembles poetry polyphonic prose a rhythmical prose employing the poetic devices of alliteration and assonance hagiology literature narrating the lives (and legends) of the saints pastoral a literary work idealizing the rural life (especially the life of shepherds) a letter from a pastor to the congregation of or relating to a pastor; "pastoral work"; "a pastoral letter" poem a composition written in metrical feet forming rhythmical lines abecedarius a poem having lines beginning with letters of the alphabet in regular order Alcaic verse in the meter used in Greek and Latin poetry consisting of strophes of 4 tetrametric lines; reputedly invented by Alcaeus ballad a narrative poem of popular origin a narrative song with a recurrent refrain ballade a poem consisting of 3 stanzas and an envoy blank verse unrhymed verse (usually in iambic pentameter) clerihew a witty satiric verse containing two rhymed couplets and mentioning a famous person; "`The president is George W. Bush, Who is happy to sit on his tush, While sending his armies to fight, For anything he thinks is right' is a clerihew" couplet a stanza consisting of two successive lines of verse; usually rhymed dithyramb (ancient Greece) a passionate hymn (usually in honor of Dionysus) a wildly enthusiastic speech or piece of writing doggerel a comic verse of irregular measure; "he had heard some silly doggerel that kept running through his mind" eclogue a short poem descriptive of rural or pastoral life elegy a mournful poem; a lament for the dead epic poem a long narrative poem telling of a hero's deeds Aeneid an epic in Latin by Virgil; tells the adventures of Aeneas after the Trojan War; provides an illustrious historical background for the Roman Empire Divine Comedy a narrative epic poem written by Dante free verse unrhymed verse without a consistent metrical pattern haiku an epigrammatic Japanese verse form of three short lines limerick a humorous verse form of 5 anapestic lines with a rhyme scheme aabba lyric a short poem of songlike quality the text of a popular song or musical-comedy number; "his compositions always started with the lyrics"; "he wrote both words and music"; "the song uses colloquial language" write lyrics for (a song) expressing deep emotion; "the dancer's lyrical performance" used of a singer or singing voice that is light in volume and modest in range; "a lyric soprano" of or relating to a category of poetry that expresses emotion (often in a songlike way); "lyric poetry" relating to or being musical drama; "the lyric stage" rondeau a French verse form of 10 or 13 lines running on two rhymes; the opening phrase is repeated as the refrain of the second and third stanzas rondelet a shorter form of rondeau sonnet a verse form consisting of 14 lines with a fixed rhyme scheme compose a sonnet praise in a sonnet terza rima a verse form with a rhyme scheme: aba bcb cdc, etc. verse a piece of poetry a line of metrical text familiarize through thorough study or experience; "She versed herself in Roman archeology" compose verses or put into verse; "He versified the ancient saga" Iliad a Greek epic poem (attributed to Homer) describing the siege of Troy Odyssey a Greek epic poem (attributed to Homer) describing the journey of Odysseus after the fall of Troy Nibelungenlied an epic poem written in Middle High German and based on the legends of Siegfried and Teutonic kings chanson de geste Old French epic poems rhapsody (in ancient Greece) an epic poem adapted for recitation (music) a free instrumental composition in one extended movement; typically emotional or exuberant in character an enthusiastic expression of emotion; "rhapsodies of joy" Petrarchan sonnet a sonnet consisting of an octave with the rhyme pattern abbaabba, followed by a sestet with the rhyme pattern cdecde or cdcdcd octave a rhythmic group of eight lines of verse a musical interval of eight tones a feast day and the seven days following it sestet a rhythmic group of six lines of verse Shakespearean sonnet a sonnet consisting three quatrains and a concluding couplet in iambic pentameter with the rhyme pattern abab cdcd efef gg Spenserian sonnet a sonnet consisting of three quatrains and a concluding couplet in iambic pentameter with the rhyme pattern abab bcbd cdcd ee epos a body of poetry that conveys the traditions of a society by treating some epic theme ode a lyric poem with complex stanza forms epithalamium an ode honoring a bride and bridegroom Horatian ode an ode with several stanzas Pindaric ode an ode form used by Pindar; has triple groups of triple units choral ode ode sung by the chorus in classical Greek drama canto a major division of a long poem the highest part (usually the melody) in a piece of choral music envoy a brief stanza concluding certain forms of poetry a diplomat having less authority than an ambassador quatrain a stanza of four lines elegiac stanza a quatrain in iambic pentameter with abab rhyme scheme iambic a verse line consisting of iambs of or consisting of iambs; "iambic pentameter" Adonic a verse line with a dactyl followed by a spondee or trochee; supposedly used in laments by Adonis having a rhythm consisting of a dactyl followed by a spondee or a trochee; "the verse of the laments is Adonic" or relating to or like Adonis versicle a short verse said or sung by a priest or minister in public worship and followed by a response from the congregation sursum corda (Roman Catholic Church) a Latin versicle meaning `lift up your hearts' closed couplet a rhymed couplet that forms a complete syntactic unit heroic couplet a couplet consisting of two rhymed lines of iambic pentameter and written in an elevated style heroic stanza a quatrain consisting of two heroic couplets written in an elevated style; the rhyme scheme is abab heroic verse a verse form suited to the treatment of heroic or elevated themes; dactylic hexameter or iambic pentameter mock-heroic a satirical imitation of heroic verse Spenserian stanza a stanza with eight lines of iambic pentameter and a concluding Alexandrine with the rhyme pattern abab bcbc c; "the Spenserian stanza was introduced by Edmund Spenser in The Faerie Queene" strophe one section of a lyric poem or choral ode in classical Greek drama antistrophe the section of a choral ode answering a previous strophe in classical Greek drama; the second of two metrically corresponding sections in a poem potboiler a literary composition of poor quality that was written quickly to make money (to boil the pot) tushery writing of poor quality; characterized by affected choice of archaic words dictation matter that has been dictated and transcribed; a dictated passage; "he signed and mailed his dictation without bothering to read it" speech intended for reproduction in writing cookie a short line of text that a web site puts on your computer's hard drive when you access the web site any of various small flat sweet cakes (`biscuit' is the British term) the cook on a ranch or at a camp session cookie a cookie that is stored temporarily and is destroyed when you close the link precision cookie a cookie that is saved permanently on your hard drive text the words of something written; "there were more than a thousand words of text"; "they handed out the printed text of the mayor's speech"; "he wants to reconstruct the original text" the main body of a written work (as distinct from illustrations or footnotes etc.); "pictures made the text easier to understand" a passage from the Bible that is used as the subject of a sermon; "the preacher chose a text from Psalms to introduce his sermon" machine-displayable text electronic text that is stored and used in the form of a digital image machine-readable text electronic text that is stored as strings of characters and that can be displayed in a variety of formats typescript typewritten matter especially a typewritten copy of a manuscript erasure a surface area where something has been erased; "another word had been written over the erasure" a correction made by erasing; "there were many erasures in the typescript" word order the order of words in a text core dump (computer science) dump of the contents of the chief registers in the CPU; usually used for debugging fair copy a clean copy of a corrected draft front matter written matter preceding the main text of a book back matter written matter following the main text of a book electronic text text that is in a form that computer can store or display on a computer screen soft copy (computer science) matter that is in a form that a computer can store or display it on a computer screen; "he sent them soft copy of the report" hard copy (computer science) matter that is held in a computer and is typed or printed on paper; "he ran off a hard copy of the report" installment a part of a published serial a payment of part of a debt; usually paid at regular intervals fascicle an installment of a printed work above an earlier section of a written text; "for instructions refer to the above" appearing earlier in the same text; "flaws in the above interpretation" (in writing) at an earlier place; "see above" in or to a place that is higher sports section the section of a newspaper that reports on sports arbitration clause a clause in a contract providing for arbitration of disputes arising under the contract deductible a clause in an insurance policy that relieves the insurer of responsibility to pay the initial loss up to a stated amount (taxes) an amount that can be deducted (especially for the purposes of calculating income tax) acceptable as a deduction (especially as a tax deduction) double indemnity a clause in an insurance policy that provides for double the face value of the policy in the case of accidental death escalator clause a clause in a contract that provides for an increase or a decrease in wages or prices or benefits etc. depending on certain conditions (as a change in the cost of living index) reserve clause a clause that used to be part of the contract with a professional athlete extending the contract for a year beyond its expiration; "the reserve clause was used to bind players to a particular ball club" rider a clause that is appended to a legislative bill a traveler who actively rides an animal (as a horse or camel) a traveler who actively rides a vehicle (as a bicycle or motorcycle) chapter a subdivision of a written work; usually numbered and titled; "he read a chapter every night before falling asleep" a series of related events forming an episode; "a chapter of disasters" a local branch of some fraternity or association; "he joined the Atlanta chapter" an ecclesiastical assembly of the monks in a monastery or even of the canons of a church any distinct period in history or in a person's life; "the industrial revolution opened a new chapter in British history"; "the divorce was an ugly chapter in their relationship" episode a brief section of a literary or dramatic work that forms part of a connected series a part of a broadcast serial a happening that is distinctive in a series of related events exordium (rhetoric) the introductory section of an oration or discourse narration (rhetoric) the second section of an oration in which the facts are set forth the act of giving an account describing incidents or a course of events; "his narration was hesitant" salutation word of greeting used to begin a letter foreword a short introductory essay preceding the text of a book preamble a preliminary introduction to a statute or constitution (usually explaining its purpose) make a preliminary introduction, usually to a formal document prolegomenon a preliminary discussion inserted at the beginning of a book or treatise epilogue a short passage added at the end of a literary work; "the epilogue told what eventually happened to the main characters" a short speech (often in verse) addressed directly to the audience by an actor at the end of a play peroration (rhetoric) the concluding section of an oration; "he summarized his main points in his peroration" a flowery and highly rhetorical oration sequel a part added to a book or play that continues and extends it something that follows something else addendum textual matter that is added onto a publication; usually at the end paragraph one of several distinct subdivisions of a text intended to separate ideas; the beginning is usually marked by a new indented line write paragraphs; work as a paragrapher write about in a paragraph; "All her friends were paragraphed in last Monday's paper" divide into paragraphs, as of text; "This story is well paragraphed" excerpt a passage selected from a larger work; "he presented excerpts from William James' philosophical writings" take out of a literary work in order to cite or copy chrestomathy a selection of passages from different authors that is compiled as an aid in learning a language locus classicus an authoritative and often-quoted passage purple passage a passage full of ornate and flowery language transition a passage that connects a topic to one that follows a musical passage moving from one key to another a change from one place or state or subject or stage to another make or undergo a transition (from one state or system to another); "The airline transitioned to more fuel-efficient jets"; "The adagio transitioned into an allegro" cause to convert or undergo a transition; "the company had to transition the old practices to modern technology" flashback a transition (in literary or theatrical works or films) to an earlier event or scene that interrupts the normal chronological development of the story an unexpected but vivid recurrence of a past experience (especially a recurrence of the effects of an hallucinogenic drug taken much earlier) flash-forward a transition (in literary or theatrical works or films) to a later event or scene that interrupts the normal chronological development of the story web log a shared on-line journal where people can post diary entries about their personal experiences and hobbies; "postings on a blog are usually in chronological order" typing writing done with a typewriter double-spacing typing that leaves alternate lines blank single-spacing typing that does not leave lines blank triple-spacing typing that leaves two lines blank between lines of typing touch typing typewriting in which the fingers are trained to hit particular keys; typist can read and type at the same time skywriting writing formed in the sky by smoke released from an airplane calligraphy beautiful handwriting chicken scratch cramped or illegible handwriting squiggle an illegible scrawl; "his signature was just a squiggle but only he could make that squiggle" a short twisting line allograph a signature written by one person for another a variant form of a grapheme, as `m' or `M' or a handwritten version of that grapheme autograph a person's own signature something written by one's own hand mark with one's signature; "The author autographed his book" countersignature a second confirming signature endorsing a document already signed blank endorsement an endorsement on commercial paper naming no payee and so payable to the bearer sign manual the signature of a sovereign on an official document Rosetta Stone a part of an inscribed granite stela that was originally about six feet tall and was set up in 196 BC; the inscriptions in hieroglyphics and Demotic and Greek gave the first clues to the decipherment of Egyptian hieroglyphics epigraph an engraved inscription a quotation at the beginning of some piece of writing epitaph an inscription on a tombstone or monument in memory of the person buried there a summary statement of commemoration for a dead person festschrift a collection of writings published in honor of a scholar manuscript the form of a literary work submitted for publication handwritten book or document codex an unbound manuscript of some ancient classic (as distinguished from a scroll) an official list of chemicals or medicines etc. palimpsest a manuscript (usually written on papyrus or parchment) on which more than one text has been written with the earlier writing incompletely erased and still visible scroll a document that can be rolled up (as for storage) move through text or graphics in order to display parts that do not fit on the screen; "Scroll down to see the entire text" Dead Sea scrolls (Old Testament) a collection of written scrolls (containing nearly all of the Old Testament) found in a cave near the Dead Sea in the late 1940s; "the Dead Sea Scrolls provide information about Judaism and the Bible around the time of Jesus" Megillah (Judaism) the scroll of parchment that contains the biblical story of Esther; traditionally read in synagogues to celebrate Purim Torah (Judaism) the scroll of parchment on which the first five books of the Hebrew Scripture is written; is used in a synagogue during services the first of three divisions of the Hebrew Scriptures comprising the first five books of the Hebrew Bible considered as a unit the whole body of the Jewish sacred writings and tradition including the oral tradition treatise a formal exposition dissertation a treatise advancing a new point of view resulting from research; usually a requirement for an advanced academic degree monograph a detailed and documented treatise on a particular subject term paper a composition intended to indicate a student's progress during a school term disquisition an elaborate analytical or explanatory essay or discussion memoir an essay on a scientific or scholarly topic an account of the author's personal experiences thanatopsis an essay expressing a view on the subject of death book review a critical review of a book (usually a recently published book) curiosa books on strange or unusual subjects (especially erotica) formulary (pharmacology) a book containing a compilation of pharmaceutical products with their formulas and methods of preparation; "postexposure prophylaxis is an integral part of the pharmacopeia in preventing severe disease after acute infections" of or relating to or of the nature of a formula last word an authoritative statement; "my doctor has the last word on the medicines I take" the final statement in a verbal argument; "she always gets the last word" trade book a book intended for general readership best seller a book that has had a large and rapid sale bestiary a medieval book (usually illustrated) with allegorical and amusing descriptions of real and fabled animals catechism an elementary book summarizing the principles of a Christian religion; written as questions and answers a series of question put to an individual (such as a political candidate) to elicit their views cookbook a book of recipes and cooking directions instruction book a book of directions for using or operating some piece of equipment pop-up book a book (usually for children) that contains one or more pages such that a three-dimensional structure rises up when a page is opened storybook a book containing a collection of stories (usually for children) tome a (usually) large and scholarly book booklet a small book usually having a paper cover blue book a blue booklet used in universities for writing examinations a register of persons who are socially prominent a report published by the British government; bound in blue ticket book a book of tickets that can be torn out and used textbook a book prepared for use in schools or colleges; "his economics textbook is in its tenth edition"; "the professor wrote the text that he assigned students to buy" crammer a textbook designed for cramming a special school where students are crammed a teacher who is paid to cram students for examinations a student who crams primer an introductory textbook reader one of a series of texts for students learning to read a person who enjoys reading a person who can read; a literate person McGuffey Eclectic Readers readers that combined lessons in reading with moralistic messages speller an introductory textbook to teach spelling someone who spells words commonplace book a notebook in which you enter memorabilia jotter a small notebook for rough notes workbook a student's book or booklet containing problems with spaces for solving them copybook a book containing models of good penmanship; used in teaching penmanship appointment book a book containing a calendar and space to keep a record of appointments catalog a book or pamphlet containing an enumeration of things; "he found it in the Sears catalog" a complete list of things; usually arranged systematically; "it does not pretend to be a catalog of his achievements" phrase book a book containing common expressions in a foreign language along with their translations prayer book a book containing prayers breviary (Roman Catholic Church) a book of prayers to be recited daily certain priests and members of religious orders missal (Roman Catholic Church) a book containing all the prayers and responses needed to celebrate Mass throughout the year Psalter a collection of Psalms for liturgical use reference book a book to which you can refer for authoritative facts; "he contributed articles to the basic reference work on that topic" review copy a copy of a newly published book that is sent for review to a writer or periodical songbook a book containing a collection of songs hymnal a songbook containing a collection of hymns prayer wheel a cylinder with prayers written on it; each revolution counts as uttering the prayers; used especially by Buddhists in Tibet source book a collection of historically important documents published together as a book wordbook a reference book containing words (usually with their meanings) dictionary a reference book containing an alphabetical list of words with information about them bilingual dictionary a dictionary giving equivalent words in two languages desk dictionary an abridged dictionary of a size convenient to hold in the hand etymological dictionary a dictionary giving the historical origins of each word gazetteer a geographical dictionary (as at the back of an atlas) a journalist who writes for a gazette learner's dictionary a dictionary specially written for those learning a foreign language pocket dictionary a dictionary that is small enough to carry in your pocket spell-checker an electronic dictionary in a word processor that can be used to catch misspelled words unabridged dictionary a dictionary that has not been shortened by the omitting terms or definitions; a comprehensive dictionary Oxford English Dictionary an unabridged dictionary constructed on historical principles onomasticon a list of proper nouns naming persons or places glossary an alphabetical list of technical terms in some specialized field of knowledge; usually published as an appendix to a text on that field thesaurus a book containing a classified list of synonyms word finder a thesaurus organized to help you find the word you want but cannot think of handbook a concise reference book providing specific information about a subject or location hornbook a primer that provides instruction in the rudiments or basic skills of a branch of knowledge manual a small handbook requiring human effort; "a manual transmission" of or relating to the hands; "manual dexterity" consuetudinary a manual describing the customs of a particular group (especially the ceremonial practices of a monastic order) grimoire a manual of black magic (for invoking spirits and demons) instruction manual a manual usually accompanying a technical device and explaining how to install or operate it reference manual a manual containing information organized in a summary manner sex manual a manual containing instruction in sexual techniques; intended to enhance the reader's sexual life bible a book regarded as authoritative in its field guidebook something that offers basic information or instruction field guide a guidebook describing natural objects of some type that might be encountered in the field; "a field guide to mushrooms" roadbook a guidebook describing the roads of a country; contains maps and (sometimes) a gazetteer baedeker any of a series of travel guidebooks published by the German firm founded by Karl Baedeker travel guidebook a guidebook for travelers reckoner a handbook of tables used to facilitate computation directory an alphabetical list of names and addresses (computer science) a listing of the files stored in memory (usually on a hard disk) phonebook a directory containing an alphabetical list of telephone subscribers and their telephone numbers ballistic identification identification of the gun that fired a bullet from an analysis of the unique marks that every gun makes on the bullet it fires and on the shell ejected from it biometric identification the automatic identification of living individuals by using their physiological and behavioral characteristics; "negative identification can only be accomplished through biometric identification"; "if a pin or password is lost or forgotten it can be changed and reissued but a biometric identification cannot" business card a card on which are printed the person's name and business affiliation bank identification number an identification number consisting of a two-part code assigned to banks and savings associations; the first part shows the location and the second identifies the bank itself license number the number on the license plate that identifies the car that bears it Social Security number the number of a particular individual's Social Security account phone number the number is used in calling a particular telephone; "he has an unlisted number" almanac an annual publication containing tabular information in a particular field or fields arranged according to the calendar of a given year an annual publication including weather forecasts and other miscellaneous information arranged according to the calendar of a given year annual a reference book that is published regularly once every year (botany) a plant that completes its entire life cycle within the space of a year completing its life cycle within a year; "a border of annual flowering plants" occurring or payable every year; "an annual trip to Paris"; "yearly medical examinations"; "annual (or yearly) income" ephemeris an annual publication containing astronomical tables that give the positions of the celestial bodies throughout the year; "today computers calculate the ephemerides" dialect atlas an atlas showing the distribution of distinctive linguistic features encyclopedia a reference work (often in several volumes) containing articles on various topics (often arranged in alphabetical order) dealing with the entire range of human knowledge or with some particular specialty book of knowledge an elementary encyclopedia dealing with general knowledge editing putting something (as a literary work or a legislative bill) into acceptable form copy editing putting something into a form suitable for a printer rewriting editing that involves writing something again rewording changing a particular word or phrase paraphrase rewording for the purpose of clarification express the same message in different words sacred text writing that is venerated for the worship of a deity scripture any writing that is regarded as sacred by a religious group canon a collection of books accepted as holy scripture especially the books of the Bible recognized by any Christian church as genuine and inspired a complete list of saints that have been recognized by the Roman Catholic Church a rule or especially body of rules or principles generally established as valid and fundamental in a field of art or philosophy; "the neoclassical canon"; "canons of polite society" a contrapuntal piece of music in which a melody in one part is imitated exactly in other parts a priest who is a member of a cathedral chapter Adi Granth the principal sacred text of Sikhism contains hymns and poetry as well as the teachings of the first five gurus Avesta a collection of Zoroastrian texts gathered during the 4th or 6th centuries Bhagavad-Gita (Hinduism) the sacred `song of God' composed about 200 BC and incorporated into the Mahabharata (a Sanskrit epic); contains a discussion between Krishna and the Indian hero Arjuna on human nature and the purpose of life Mahabharata (Hinduism) a sacred epic Sanskrit poem of India dealing in many episodes with the struggle between two rival families Bible the sacred writings of the Christian religions; "he went to carry the Word to the heathen" Genesis the first book of the Old Testament: tells of Creation; Adam and Eve; the Fall of Man; Cain and Abel; Noah and the flood; God's covenant with Abraham; Abraham and Isaac; Jacob and Esau; Joseph and his brothers Exodus the second book of the Old Testament: tells of the departure of the Israelites out of slavery in Egypt led by Moses; God gave them the Ten Commandments and the rest of Mosaic law on Mount Sinai during the Exodus Leviticus the third book of the Old Testament; contains Levitical law and ritual precedents Numbers the fourth book of the Old Testament; contains a record of the number of Israelites who followed Moses out of Egypt Deuteronomy the fifth book of the Old Testament; contains a second statement of Mosaic law mezuzah religious texts from Deuteronomy inscribed on parchment and rolled up in a case that is attached to the doorframe of many Jewish households in accordance with Jewish law Joshua a book in the Old Testament describing how Joshua led the Israelites into Canaan (the Promised Land) after the death of Moses (Old Testament) Moses' successor who led the Israelites into the Promised Land; best remembered for his destruction of Jericho Judges a book of the Old Testament that tells the history of Israel under the leaders known as judges Ruth a book of the Old Testament that tells the story of Ruth who was not an Israelite but who married an Israelite and who stayed with her mother-in-law Naomi after her husband died the great-grandmother of king David whose story is told in the Book of Ruth in the Old Testament United States professional baseball player famous for hitting home runs (1895-1948) I Samuel the first of two books in the Old Testament that tell of Saul and David II Samuel the second of two books of the Old Testament that tell of Saul and David I Kings the first of two Old Testament books telling the histories of the kings of Judah and Israel II Kings the second of two Old Testament books telling the histories of the kings of Judah and Israel Paralipomenon (Old Testament) an obsolete name for the Old Testament books of I Chronicles and II Chronicles which were regarded as supplementary to Kings I Chronicles the first of two Old Testament books telling the history of Judah and Israel until the return from the Babylonian Captivity in 536 BC II Chronicles the second of two Old Testament books telling the history of Judah and Israel until the return from the Babylonian Captivity in 536 BC Ezra an Old Testament book telling of a rabbi's efforts in the 5th century BC to reconstitute Jewish law and worship in Jerusalem after the Babylonian Captivity a Jewish priest and scribe sent by the Persian king to restore Jewish law and worship in Jerusalem Nehemiah an Old Testament book telling how a Jewish official at the court of Artaxerxes I in 444 BC became a leader in rebuilding Jerusalem after the Babylonian Captivity Esther an Old Testament book telling of a beautiful Jewess who became queen of Persia and saved her people from massacre (Old Testament) a beautiful Jewess chosen by the king of Persia to be his queen; she stopped a plot to massacre all the Jews in Persia (an event celebrated by Jews as the feast of Purim) Job a book in the Old Testament containing Job's pleas to God about his afflictions and God's reply any long-suffering person who withstands affliction without despairing a Jewish hero in the Old Testament who maintained his faith in God in spite of afflictions that tested him Psalms an Old Testament book consisting of a collection of 150 Psalms Proverbs an Old Testament book consisting of proverbs from various Israeli sages (including Solomon) Ecclesiastes an Old Testament book consisting of reflections on the vanity of human life; is traditionally attributed to Solomon but probably was written about 250 BC Song of Songs an Old Testament book consisting of a collection of love poems traditionally attributed to Solomon but actually written much later Isaiah an Old Testament book consisting of Isaiah's prophecies (Old Testament) the first of the major Hebrew prophets (8th century BC) Jeremiah a book in the Old Testament containing the oracles of the prophet Jeremiah (Old Testament) an Israelite prophet who is remembered for his angry lamentations (jeremiads) about the wickedness of his people (circa 626-587 BC) Lamentations an Old Testament book lamenting the desolation of Judah after the destruction of Jerusalem in 586 BC; traditionally attributed to the prophet Jeremiah Ezekiel an Old Testament book containing Ezekiel's prophecies of the downfall of Jerusalem and Judah and their subsequent restoration a Hebrew prophet of the 6th century BC who was exiled to Babylon in 587 BC Daniel an Old Testament book that tells of the apocalyptic visions and the experiences of Daniel in the court of Nebuchadnezzar a wise and upright judge; "a Daniel come to judgment" -- Shakespeare (Old Testament) a youth who was taken into the court of Nebuchadnezzar and given divine protection when thrown into a den of lions (6th century BC) Hosea an Old Testament book telling Hosea's prophecies a minor Hebrew prophet (8th century BC) Joel an Old Testament book telling Joel's prophecies a Hebrew minor prophet Amos an Old Testament book telling Amos's prophecies a Hebrew shepherd and minor prophet Obadiah an Old Testament book telling Obadiah's prophecies; the shortest book in the Christian Bible a Hebrew minor prophet Jonah a book in the Old Testament that tells the story of Jonah and the whale (Old Testament) Jonah did not wish to become a prophet so God caused a great storm to throw him overboard from a ship; he was saved by being swallowed by a whale that vomited him out onto dry land Micah an Old Testament book telling the prophecies of Micah foretelling the destruction of Jerusalem a minor Hebrew prophet (8th century BC) Nahum an Old Testament book telling Nahum's prophecy of the fall of Nineveh a Hebrew minor prophet of the 7th century BC Habakkuk an Old Testament book telling Habakkuk's prophecies a Hebrew minor prophet Zephaniah an Old Testament book telling the prophecies of Zephaniah which are concerned mainly with the approaching judgment by God upon the sinners of Judah a Hebrew minor prophet of the late 7th century BC Haggai an Old Testament book telling the prophecies of Haggai which are concerned mainly with rebuilding the temples after the Babylonian Captivity a Hebrew minor prophet Zechariah an Old Testament book telling the prophecies of Zechariah which are concerned mainly with the renewal of Israel after the Babylonian Captivity a Hebrew minor prophet of the late 6th century BC Malachi an Old Testament book containing the prophecies of Malachi a Hebrew minor prophet of the 5th century BC Matthew one of the Gospels in the New Testament; includes the Sermon on the Mount (New Testament) disciple of Jesus; traditionally considered to be the author of the first Gospel Mark the shortest of the four Gospels in the New Testament Apostle and companion of Saint Peter; assumed to be the author of the second Gospel Luke one of the four Gospels in the New Testament; contains details of Jesus's birth and early life (New Testament) the Apostle closely associated with St. Paul and traditionally assumed to be the author of the third Gospel John the last of the four Gospels in the New Testament (New Testament) disciple of Jesus; traditionally said to be the author of the 4th Gospel and three epistles and the book of Revelation youngest son of Henry II; King of England from 1199 to 1216; succeeded to the throne on the death of his brother Richard I; lost his French possessions; in 1215 John was compelled by the barons to sign the Magna Carta (1167-1216) Acts of the Apostles a New Testament book describing the development of the early church from Christ's Ascension to Paul's sojourn at Rome Epistle a book of the New Testament written in the form of a letter from an Apostle Epistle of Paul the Apostle to the Romans a New Testament book containing an exposition of the doctrines of Saint Paul; written in AD 58 First Epistle of Paul the Apostle to the Corinthians a New Testament book containing the first epistle from Saint Paul to the church at Corinth Second Epistle of Paul the Apostle to the Corinthians a New Testament book containing the second epistle from Saint Paul to the church at Corinth Epistle of Paul the Apostle to the Galatians a New Testament book containing the epistle from Saint Paul to the Galatians Epistle of Paul the Apostle to the Ephesians a New Testament book containing the epistle from Saint Paul to the Ephesians which explains the divine plan for the world and the consummation of this in Christ Epistle of Paul the Apostle to the Philippians a New Testament book containing an epistle from Saint Paul to the church at Philippi in Macedonia Epistle of Paul the Apostle to the Colossians a New Testament book containing an epistle from Saint Paul to the Colossians in ancient Phrygia First Epistle of Paul the Apostle to the Thessalonians a New Testament book containing Saint Paul's first epistle to the Thessalonians Second Epistle of Paul the Apostle to the Thessalonians a New Testament book containing Saint Paul's second epistle to the Thessalonians First Epistle of Paul the Apostle to Timothy a New Testament book containing Saint Paul's first epistle to Timothy; contains advice on pastoral matters Second Epistle of Paul the Apostle to Timothy a New Testament book containing Saint Paul's second epistle to Timothy; contains advice on pastoral matters Epistle of Paul the Apostle to Titus a New Testament book containing Saint Paul's epistle to Titus; contains advice on pastoral matters Epistle of Paul the Apostle to Philemon a New Testament book containing an epistle from Saint Paul to Philemon asking Philemon to forgive the slave for escaping Epistle to the Hebrews a New Testament book traditionally included among the epistle of Saint Paul but now generally considered not to have been written by him Epistle of James a New Testament book attributed to Saint James the Apostle First Epistle of Peter the first New Testament book traditionally attributed to Saint Peter the Apostle Second Epistle of Peter the second New Testament book traditionally attributed to Saint Peter the Apostle First Epistle of John the first New Testament epistle traditionally attributed to Saint John the Apostle Second Epistel of John the second New Testament epistle traditionally attributed to Saint John the Apostle Third Epistel of John the third New Testament epistle traditionally attributed to Saint John the Apostle Epistle of Jude a New Testament book attributed to Saint Jude Revelation the last book of the New Testament; contains visionary descriptions of heaven and of conflicts between good and evil and of the end of the world; attributed to Saint John the Apostle family Bible a large Bible with pages to record marriages and births Septuagint the oldest Greek version of the Old Testament; said to have been translated from the Hebrew by Jewish scholars at the request of Ptolemy II Vulgate the Latin edition of the Bible translated from Hebrew and Greek mainly by St. Jerome at the end of the 4th century; as revised in 1592 it was adopted as the official text for the Roman Catholic Church Douay Bible an English translation of the Vulgate by Roman Catholic scholars Authorized Version an English translation of the Bible published in 1611 Revised Version a British revision of the Authorized Version New English Bible a modern English version of the Bible and Apocrypha American Standard Version a revised version of the King James Version Revised Standard Version a revision of the American Standard Version Old Testament the collection of books comprising the sacred scripture of the Hebrews and recording their history as the chosen people; the first half of the Christian Bible Tanakh the Jewish scriptures which consist of three divisions--the Torah and the Prophets and the Writings Prophets the second of three divisions of the Hebrew Scriptures Haftorah a short selection from the Prophets read on every Sabbath in a Jewish synagogue following a reading from the Torah Hagiographa the third of three divisions of the Hebrew Scriptures Testament either of the two main parts of the Christian Bible New Testament the collection of books of the Gospels, Acts of the Apostles, the Pauline and other epistles, and Revelation; composed soon after Christ's death; the second half of the Christian Bible Gospel the four books in the New Testament (Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John) that tell the story of Christ's life and teachings Synoptic Gospels the first three Gospels which describe events in Christ's life from a similar point of view Word of God the message of the Gospel of Christ a manifestation of the mind and will of God Book of Mormon a sacred text revealed to Joseph Smith in 1830 by an ancient prophet Mormon; supposedly a record of ancient peoples of America translated by Joseph Smith Agnus Dei a liturgical prayer beginning with these Latin words figure of a lamb; emblematic of Christ Angelus a prayer said 3 times a day by Roman Catholics in memory of the Annunciation Ave Maria a salutation to the Virgin Mary now used in prayers to her Canticle of Simeon the prayer of Simeon (Luke 2:29-32) Evening Prayer (Anglican Church) a daily evening service with prayers prescribed in the Book of Common Prayer Kol Nidre the opening prayer on the eve of Yom Kippur service book a book setting forth the forms of church service Book of Common Prayer the Anglican service book of the Church of England; has had several revisions since the Reformation and is widely admired for the dignity and beauty of its language Litany a prayer consisting of a series of invocations by the priest with responses from the congregation Lord's Prayer the prayer that Christ gave his disciples in the Sermon on the Mount (Matthew 6:9-13) Paternoster (Roman Catholic Church) the Lord's Prayer in Latin; translates as `our father' Apocrypha 14 books of the Old Testament included in the Vulgate (except for II Esdras) but omitted in Jewish and Protestant versions of the Bible; eastern Christian churches (except the Coptic Church) accept all these books as canonical; the Russian Orthodox Church accepts these texts as divinely inspired but does not grant them the same status Additions to Esther an Apocryphal book consisting of text added to the Book of Esther Prayer of Azariah and Song of the Three Children an Apocryphal book consisting of text added to the Book of Daniel Susanna an Apocryphal book consisting of text added to the Book of Daniel Bel and the Dragon an Apocryphal book consisting of text added to the Book of Daniel Baruch an Apocryphal book ascribed to Baruch a disciple of and secretary for the prophet Jeremiah economic advisor to United States Presidents (1870-1965) Letter of Jeremiah an Apocryphal book consisting of a letter ascribed to Jeremiah to the Jews in exile in Babylon warning them against idolatry Tobit an Apocryphal book that was a popular novel for several centuries Judith an Apocryphal book telling how Judith saved her people Jewish heroine in one of the books of the Apocrypha; she saved her people by decapitating the Assyrian general Holofernes I Esdra an Apocryphal book consisting of a compilation from I Chronicles and II Chronicles and Ezra and Nehemiah II Esdras an Apocryphal book of angelic revelations Ben Sira an Apocryphal book mainly of maxims (resembling Proverbs in that respect) Wisdom of Solomon an Apocryphal book consisting mainly of a meditation on wisdom; although ascribed to Solomon it was probably written in the first century BC I Maccabees an Apocryphal book describing the life of Judas Maccabaeus II Maccabees an Apocryphal book describing the life of Judas Maccabaeus sapiential book any of the biblical books (Proverbs, Ecclesiastes, Song of Songs, Wisdom of Solomon, Ecclesiasticus) that are considered to contain wisdom Pseudepigrapha 52 texts written between 200 BC and AD 200 but ascribed to various prophets and kings in the Hebrew scriptures; many are apocalyptic in nature Koran the sacred writings of Islam revealed by God to the prophet Muhammad during his life at Mecca and Medina sura one of the sections (or chapters) in the Koran; "the Quran is divided in 114 suras" Fatiha the first or opening sura of the Quran which is the central prayer of Islam and is used on all special occasions as well as during the five daily prayers Talmudic literature (Judaism) ancient rabbinical writings Talmud the collection of ancient rabbinic writings on Jewish law and tradition (the Mishna and the Gemara) that constitute the basis of religious authority in Orthodox Judaism Gemara the second part of the Talmud consisting primarily of commentary on the Mishna Mishna the first part of the Talmud; a collection of early oral interpretations of the scriptures that was compiled about AD 200 Haggadah Talmudic literature that does not deal with law but is still part of Jewish tradition Halakah Talmudic literature that deals with law and with the interpretation of the laws on the Hebrew Scriptures Sanskrit literature Hindu literature written in Sanskrit Hastinapura one of two classical Hindu epics; a great collection of poetry worked into and around a central heroic narrative (eight times as large as the Iliad and Odyssey combined) Purana a body of 18 works written between the first and 11th centuries and incorporating legends and speculative histories of the universe and myths and customary observances Ramayana one of two classical Hindu epics telling of the banishment of Rama from his kingdom and the abduction of his wife by a demon and Rama's restoration to the throne tantra any of a fairly recent class of Hindu or Buddhist religious literature concerned with ritual acts of body and speech and mind Vedic literature (from the Sanskrit word for `knowledge') any of the most ancient sacred writings of Hinduism written in early Sanskrit; traditionally believed to comprise the Samhitas, the Brahmanas, the Aranyakas, and the Upanishads Samhita one of four collections of sacred texts Rig-Veda a Veda consisting of a collection of Hindu poems dating from before 2000 BC Sama-Veda a collection of mantras and tunes for use with the Rig-Veda Atharva-Veda a collection of mantras and formulas Yajur-Veda a collection of sacrificial formulas and prayers Brahmana prose works attached to the Samhitas instructing the brahmins to perform the very elaborate sacrificial rituals Aranyaka a treatise resembling a Brahmana but to be read or expounded by anchorites in the quiet of the forest Vedanga Vedic texts from the fifth and fourth centuries BC dealing with phonetics and ritual injunctions and linguistics and grammar and etymology and lexicography and prosody and astronomy and astrology Ayurveda (Sanskrit) an ancient medical treatise summarizing the Hindu art of healing and prolonging life; sometimes regarded as a 5th Veda Upanishad a later sacred text of Hinduism of a mystical nature dealing with metaphysical questions; "the Vedanta philosophy developed from the pantheistic views of the Upanishads" mantra (Sanskrit) literally a `sacred utterance' in Vedism; one of a collection of orally transmitted poetic hymns a commonly repeated word or phrase; "she repeated `So pleased with how its going' at intervals like a mantra" psalm any sacred song used to praise the deity sing or celebrate in psalms; "He psalms the works of God" Psalm one of the 150 lyrical poems and prayers that comprise the Book of Psalms in the Old Testament; said to have been written by David summary a brief statement that presents the main points in a concise form; "he gave a summary of the conclusions" summarization the act of preparing a summary (or an instance thereof); stating briefly and succinctly compendium a concise but comprehensive summary of a larger work conspectus an overall summary curriculum vitae a summary of your academic and work history line score a summary of the scoring in a game (usually in tabular form) brief a condensed written summary or abstract a document stating the facts and points of law of a client's case give essential information to someone; "The reporters were briefed about the President's plan to invade" concise and succinct; "covered the matter in a brief statement" of short duration or distance; "a brief stay in the country" apercu a short synopsis epitome a brief abstract (as of an article or book) overview a general summary of a subject; "the treasurer gave a brief overview of the financial consequences" articles of incorporation a legal document that creates a corporation; it is filed with a state by the founders of a corporation and is governed by the laws of the state ballot a document listing the alternatives that is used in voting vote by ballot; "The voters were balloting in this state" brevet a document entitling a commissioned officer to hold a higher rank temporarily (but without higher pay) promote somebody by brevet, in the military certificate a document attesting to the truth of certain stated facts authorize by certificate present someone with a certificate charter a document incorporating an institution and specifying its rights; includes the articles of incorporation and the certificate of incorporation a contract to hire or lease transportation grant a charter to commercial document a document of or relating to commerce Augsburg Confession the document drawn up in 1555 to defend the catholicity of Lutheran doctrine and to justify innovations in Lutheran practice; is still in effect today copula an equating verb (such as `be' or `become') that links the subject with the complement of a sentence frequentative a verb form that serves to express frequent repetition of an action copyright a document granting exclusive right to publish and sell literary or musical or artistic work secure a copyright on a written work; "did you copyright your manuscript?" application form a form to use when making an application claim form a form to use when filing a claim order form a form to use when placing an order questionnaire a form containing a set of questions; submitted to people to gain statistical information personality inventory a questionnaire that is supposed to yield a description of a person's personality traits; "a personality inventory is a direct test of personality, as contrasted with a projective test" self-report personality inventory a personality inventory in which a person is asked which of a list of traits and characteristics describe her or him or to indicate which behaviors and hypothetical choices he or she would make California Personality Inventory a self-report personality inventory originally derived from the MMPI; consists of several hundred yes-no questions and yields scores on a number of scales including dominance and self acceptance and self control and socialization and achievement etc. Eysenck Personality Inventory a self-report personality inventory based on Hans Eysenck's factor analysis of personality which assumes three basic factors (the two most important being extraversion to introversion and neuroticism) Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory a self-report personality inventory consisting of 550 items that describe feelings or actions which the person is asked to agree with or disagree with; many scales estimating traits and qualities of personality have been developed using MMPI items Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire a self-report personality inventory developed by Raymond B. Cattell to measure the 16 personality dimensions that emerged from his factor analysis of a wide range of traits requisition an official form on which a request in made; "first you have to fill out the requisition" the act of requiring; an authoritative request or demand, especially by a military or public authority that takes something over (usually temporarily) for military or public use make a formal request for official services demand and take for use or service, especially by military or public authority for public service tax form a form to use when paying your taxes telegraph form a form to use when sending a telegram absentee ballot (election) a ballot that is cast while absent (usually mailed in prior to election day) certificate of incorporation state approval of the articles of incorporation of a corporation bank charter a charter authorizing the operation of a bank Magna Carta the royal charter of political rights given to rebellious English barons by King John in 1215 royal charter a charter granted by the sovereign (especially in Great Britain) donor card a card that you carry on your person and that authorizes the use of your organs for transplantation after your death keycard a plastic card that has a magnetically coded strip that is scanned in order to operate a mechanism membership card a card certifying membership in an organization union card a card certifying membership in a labor union library card a card certifying the bearer's right to use the library ration card a card certifying the bearer's right to purchase rationed goods birth certificate a copy of the official document giving details of a person's birth diploma a document certifying the successful completion of a course of study Higher National Diploma a diploma given for vocational training that prepares the student for a career in a particular area; good students may progress to a course leading to a degree bill of health a certificate saying that a departing ship's company is healthy (to be presented at the next port of arrival) teaching certificate a certificate saying that the holder is qualified to teach in the public schools legal document (law) a document that states some contractual relationship or grants some right derivative instrument a financial instrument whose value is based on another security futures contract an agreement to buy or sell a specific amount of a commodity or financial instrument at a particular price on a stipulated future date; the contract can be sold before the settlement date stock-index futures a futures contract based on a stock index; a bet on the future price of the indexed group of stocks negotiable instrument an unconditional order or promise to pay an amount of money list a database containing an ordered array of items (names or topics) give or make a list of; name individually; give the names of; "List the states west of the Mississippi" tilt to one side; "The balloon heeled over"; "the wind made the vessel heel"; "The ship listed to starboard" cause to lean to the side; "Erosion listed the old tree" include in a list; "Am I listed in your register?" agenda item one of the items to be considered incidental an item that is incidental not of prime or central importance; "nonessential to the integral meanings of poetry"- Pubs.MLA; "the character's motives remain accidental to the plot" (sometimes followed by `to') minor or casual or subordinate in significance or nature or occurring as a chance concomitant or consequence; "incidental expenses"; "the road will bring other incidental advantages"; "extra duties incidental to the job"; "labor problems incidental to a rapid expansion"; "confusion incidental to a quick change" inventory item an item listed in an inventory line item an item in an appropriation bill; "Some governors can veto line items in their state budgets" news item an item in a newspaper postposition (linguistics) the placing of one linguistic element after another (as placing a modifier after the word that it modifies in a sentence or placing an affix after the base to which it is attached) topicalization (linguistics) emphasis placed on the topic or focus of a sentence by preposing it to the beginning of the sentence; placing the topic at the beginning of the sentence is typical for English; "`Those girls, they giggle when they see me' and `Cigarettes, you couldn't pay me to smoke them' are examples of topicalization" factoid a brief (usually one sentence and usually trivial) news item something resembling a fact; unverified (often invented) information that is given credibility because it appeared in print papyrus a document written on papyrus tall sedge of the Nile valley yielding fiber that served many purposes in historic times paper made from the papyrus plant by cutting it in strips and pressing it flat; used by ancient Egyptians and Greeks and Romans A-list a list of names of specially favored people; "the boss gave me his A-list of people we should try to recruit" docket (law) the calendar of a court; the list of cases to be tried or a summary of the court's activities make a summary or abstract of a legal document and inscribe it in a list place on the docket for legal action; "Only 5 of the 120 cases docketed were tried" order of the day the order of business for an assembly on a given day order paper a printed copy of the order of the day network programming the schedule of programs to be broadcast on a network lineup the schedule of programs for a particular period; "the network's fall lineup" a line of persons arranged by police for inspection or identification batting order (baseball) a list of batters in the order in which they will bat; "the managers presented their cards to the umpire at home plate" cleanup (baseball) the fourth position in the batting order (usually filled by the best batter on the team) bibliography a list of writings with time and place of publication (such as the writings of a single author or the works referred to in preparing a document etc.) bill of entry a list of goods received at a customhouse for export or import bill of goods a consignment of merchandise communication (written or spoken) that persuades someone to accept something untrue or undesirable; "they tried to sell me a bill of goods about a secondhand car" blacklist a list of people who are out of favor put on a blacklist so as to banish or cause to be boycotted; "many books were blacklisted by the Nazis" calendar a list or register of events (appointments or social events or court cases etc); "I have you on my calendar for next Monday" a tabular array of the days (usually for one year) a system of timekeeping that defines the beginning and length and divisions of the year enter into a calendar calorie chart a list of foods and information about their caloric content discography a descriptive catalog of musical recordings library catalog an enumeration of all the resources of a library card catalog a library catalog in which each publication is described on a separate file card parts catalog a list advertising parts for machinery along with prices seed catalog a list advertising seeds and their prices character set an ordered list of characters that are used together in writing or printing checklist a list of items (names or tasks etc.) to be checked or consulted class list a list issued by examiners that categorizes students according to the class of honours they achieved in their degree examinations clericalism a policy of supporting the influence and power of the clergy in secular or political matters contents a list of divisions (chapters or articles) and the pages on which they start corrigenda a list of printing errors in a book along with their corrections credits a list of acknowledgements of those who contributed to the creation of a film (usually run at the end of the film) criminal record a list of crimes for which an accused person has been previously convicted; "he ruled that the criminal record of the defendant could not be disclosed to the court"; "the prostitute had a record a mile long" distribution list list of names to whom a communication should be sent subdirectory (computer science) a directory that is listed in another directory enumeration a numbered list FAQ a list of questions that are frequently asked (about a given topic) along with their answers free list a list of commodities that are not subject to tariffs grocery list a list of groceries to be purchased a list of heterogenous items that someone wants; "the union came to the table with a whole grocery list of demands" hit list a list of victims to be eliminated (as by murder) hit parade a ranked list of the songs that are most popular at a given time a collection of the best or most popular people or items of a given kind concordance an index of all main words in a book along with their immediate contexts parts inventory an inventory of replacement parts mailing list a list of names and addresses to which advertising material is mailed drop-down menu a menu of options that appears below the item when the computer user clicks on it hierarchical menu a secondary menu that appears while you are holding the cursor over an item on the primary menu necrology a list of people who died recently playlist a list of musical selections for performance or for broadcast by radio posting (bookkeeping) a listing on the company's records; "the posting was made in the cash account" price list a listing of prices for different goods or services push-down list a list in which the next item to be removed is the item most recently stored (LIFO) death-roll a list of persons killed in a war or other disaster schedule an ordered list of times at which things are planned to occur plan for an activity or event; "I've scheduled a concert next week" make a schedule; plan the time and place for events; "I scheduled an exam for this afternoon" shopping list a list of items to be purchased short list a list of applicants winnowed from a longer list who have been deemed suitable and from which the successful person will be chosen sick list a list of those who are ill (e.g. on a warship or in a regiment etc) wish list a list of events that you wish would occur timetable a schedule of times of arrivals and departures a schedule listing events and the times at which they will take place muster roll a list of names of officers and men in a military unit or ship's company church roll a list of the members of church rota a roster of names showing the order in which people should perform certain duties waiting list a roster of those waiting to obtain something a la carte a menu having individual dishes listed with separate prices (of a restaurant meal) having unlimited choices with a separate price for each item by ordering items listed individually on a menu; "we ate a la carte" prix fixe a menu listing fixed meals at fixed prices table d'hote a menu offering a complete meal with limited choices at a fixed price (of a restaurant meal) complete but with limited choices and at a fixed price alphabet a character set that includes letters and is used to write a language Roman alphabet the alphabet evolved by the ancient Romans which serves for writing most of the languages of western Europe Hebrew alphabet a Semitic alphabet used since the 5th century BC for writing the Hebrew language (and later for writing Yiddish and Ladino) Greek alphabet the alphabet used by ancient Greeks Cyrillic alphabet an alphabet derived from the Greek alphabet and used for writing Slavic languages (Russian, Bulgarian, Serbian, Ukrainian, and some other Slavic languages) Arabic alphabet the alphabet of 28 characters derived from Aramaic and used for writing Arabic languages (and borrowed for writing Urdu) alphanumerics a character set that includes letters and digits and punctuation phonetic alphabet an alphabet of characters intended to represent specific sounds of speech manual alphabet an alphabet used by the deaf; letters are represented by finger positions passport a document issued by a country to a citizen allowing that person to travel abroad and re-enter the home country patent a document granting an inventor sole rights to an invention an official document granting a right or privilege make open to sight or notice; "His behavior has patented an embarrassing fact about him" obtain a patent for; "Should I patent this invention?" grant rights to; grant a patent for (of a bodily tube or passageway) open; affording free passage; "patent ductus arteriosus" plank an endorsed policy in the platform of a political party cook and serve on a plank; "Planked vegetable"; "Planked shad" cover with planks; "The streets were planked" set (something or oneself) down with or as if with a noise; "He planked the money on the table"; "He planked himself into the sofa" ship's papers official papers which a ship is legally required to have; related to ownership, cargo, etc. manifest a customs document listing the contents put on a ship or plane reveal its presence or make an appearance; "the ghost manifests each year on the same day" record in a ship's manifest; "each passenger must be manifested" push-down queue a queue in which the last item to go in is the first item to come out (LIFO) cadaster a public register showing the details of ownership and value of land; made for the purpose of taxation written record a written document preserving knowledge of facts or events blotter the daily written record of events (as arrests) in a police station casebook a book in which detailed written records of a case are kept and which are a source of information for subsequent work according to or characteristic of a casebook or textbook; typical; "a casebook schizophrenic"; "a textbook example" Domesday Book record of a British census and land survey in 1085-1086 ordered by William the Conqueror dossier a collection of papers containing detailed information about a particular person or subject (usually a person's record) entry an item inserted in a written record a written record of a commercial transaction logbook a book in which the log is written bell book a logbook in which all orders concerning the main engines of a ship are recorded paper trail the written evidence of someone's activities; "this paper trail consisted mainly of electronically stored information" timeline a sequence of related events arranged in chronological order and displayed along a line (usually drawn left to right or top to bottom) time sheet a record of the hours worked by employees nolle prosequi an entry in the court record to the effect that the plaintiff or prosecutor will not proceed notebook entry an entry in a notebook transcript a reproduction of a written record (e.g. of a legal or school record) something that has been transcribed; a written record (usually typewritten) of dictated or recorded speech; "he read a transcript of the interrogation"; "you can obtain a transcript of this radio program by sending a self-addressed envelope to the station" memorabilia a record of things worth remembering jotting a brief (and hurriedly handwritten) note marginalia notes written in the margin scholium a marginal note written by a scholiast (a commentator on ancient or classical literature) memo a written proposal or reminder minute a short note; "the secretary keeps the minutes of the meeting" a unit of angular distance equal to a 60th of a degree a unit of time equal to 60 seconds or 1/60th of an hour; "he ran a 4 minute mile" characterized by painstaking care and detailed examination; "a minute inspection of the grounds"; "a narrow scrutiny"; "an exact and minute report" aide-memoire a memorandum summarizing the items of an agreement (used especially in diplomatic communications) check register a register of checks issued (usually in numeric order) studbook official record of the pedigree of purebred animals especially horses rent-roll a register of rents; includes the names of tenants and the amount of rent they pay won-lost record (sports) a record of win versus losses stub the part of a check that is retained as a record a torn part of a ticket returned to the holder as a receipt a short piece remaining on a trunk or stem where a branch is lost strike (one's toe) accidentally against an object; "She stubbed her toe in the dark and now it's broken" clear of weeds by uprooting them; "stub a field" extinguish by crushing; "stub out your cigarette now" pull up (weeds) by their roots minutes a written account of what transpired at a meeting minute book a book in which minutes have been written Congressional Record a published written account of the speeches and debates and votes of the United States Congress Hansard the official published verbatim report of the proceedings of a parliamentary body; originally of the British Parliament; "the Canadian Hansard is published in both English and French" Combined DNA Index System the DNA file maintained by the Federal Bureau of Investigation computer file (computer science) a file maintained in computer-readable form backup file (computer science) a computer file dedicated to storing and updating computer backups binary file (computer science) a computer file containing machine-readable information that must be read by an application; characters use all 8 bits of each byte master file (computer science) a computer file that is used as the authority in a given job and that is relatively permanent disk file (computer science) a computer file stored on a magnetic disk and identified by a unique label transaction file (computer science) a computer file containing relatively transient data about a particular data processing task input file (computer science) a computer file that contains data that serve as input to a device or program output file (computer science) a computer file that contains data that are the output of a device or program read-only file (computer science) a file that you can read but cannot change text file (computer science) a computer file that contains text (and possibly formatting instructions) using seven-bit ASCII characters ASCII text file a text file that contains only ASCII characters without special formatting mug file a file of mug shots (pictures of criminals that are kept on file by the police) resignation a formal document giving notice of your intention to resign; "he submitted his resignation as of next month" the act of giving up (a claim or office or possession etc.) acceptance of despair abdication the act of abdicating a formal resignation and renunciation of powers Declaration of Independence the document recording the proclamation of the second Continental Congress (4 July 1776) asserting the independence of the Colonies from Great Britain joint resolution a resolution passed by both houses of Congress which becomes legally binding when signed by the Chief Executive (or passed over the Chief Executive's veto) job application an application for a job credit application an application for a line of credit loan application an application to borrow money mortgage application an application for a mortgage loan patent application an application for sole rights to an invention request a formal message requesting something that is submitted to an authority the verbal act of requesting express the need or desire for; "She requested an extra bed in her room"; "She called for room service"; "when you call, always ask for Mary" ask (a person) to do something; "She asked him to be here at noon"; "I requested that she type the entire manuscript" inquire for (information); "I requested information from the secretary" whip-round (British) solicitation of money usually for a benevolent purpose folk etymology a popular but erroneous etymology case history detailed record of the background of a person or group under study or treatment family history part of a patient's medical history in which questions are asked in an attempt to find out whether the patient has hereditary tendencies toward particular diseases medical history the case history of a medical patient as recalled by the patient historical document writing having historical value (as opposed to fiction or myth etc.) annals a chronological account of events in successive years reports of the work of a society or learned body etc biography an account of the series of events making up a person's life autobiography a biography of yourself hagiography a biography that idealizes or idolizes the person (especially a person who is a saint) profile biographical sketch an analysis (often in graphical form) representing the extent to which something exhibits various characteristics; "a biochemical profile of blood"; "a psychological profile of serial killers" a vertical section of the Earth's crust showing the different horizons or layers an outline of something (especially a human face as seen from one side) represent in profile, by drawing or painting write about; "The author of this article profiles a famous painter" statement a document showing credits and debits a message that is stated or declared; a communication (oral or written) setting forth particulars or facts etc; "according to his statement he was in London on that day" a nonverbal message; "a Cadillac makes a statement about who you are"; "his tantrums are a statement of his need for attention" (music) the presentation of a musical theme; "the initial statement of the sonata" bank statement a periodic statement prepared by a bank for each client; "I wish my bank statement arrived earlier in the month" electric bill a bill for money owed for electricity used hotel bill statement of charges for staying in a hotel medical bill statement of charges for medical services phone bill statement of charges for telephone service reckoning a bill for an amount due tax bill money owed for taxes book token a gift voucher that can be exchanged for books costing up to an amount given on the voucher meal ticket coupon redeemable at a restaurant and entitling the holder to a meal a source of income or livelihood twofer a coupon that allows the holder to purchase two items (as two tickets to a play) for the price of one an offer of two for the price of one commutation ticket a ticket good for several trips or to attend a season of entertainments; sold at a reduced rate plane ticket a ticket good for a trip on an airplane railroad ticket a ticket good for a ride on a railroad train theater ticket a ticket good for admission to a theater bus ticket a ticket good for a ride on a bus round-trip ticket a ticket to a place and back (usually over the same route) day return a return ticket (at reduced fare) for traveling both ways in the same day receipt an acknowledgment (usually tangible) that payment has been made mark or stamp as paid rain check a ticket stub entitling the holder to admission to a future event if the scheduled event was cancelled due to rain a promise that an unaccepted offer will be renewed in the future bill of lading a receipt given by the carrier to the shipper acknowledging receipt of the goods being shipped and specifying the terms of delivery adhesion contract a contract that heavily restricts one party while leaving the other free (as some standard form printed contracts); implies inequality in bargaining power aleatory contract a contract whose performance by one party depends on the occurrence of an uncertain contingent event (but if it is contingent on the outcome of a wager it is not enforceable) bilateral contract a contract involving mutual promises (each party is both promisor and promisee) conditional contract a contract whose performance depends on a fact or event that affects legal relations cost-plus contract a contract in which the contractor is paid his total cost plus a stated percentage of profit gambling contract a contract whose performance by one party is contingent on the outcome of a bet; unenforceable by statute in most jurisdictions lease a contract granting use or occupation of property during a specified time for a specified payment property that is leased or rented out or let the period of time during which a contract conveying property to a person is in effect engage for service under a term of contract; "We took an apartment on a quiet street"; "Let's rent a car"; "Shall we take a guide in Rome?" grant use or occupation of under a term of contract; "I am leasing my country estate to some foreigners" marriage contract a prenuptial agreement or contract output contract a contract in which you promise to deliver your entire output to the other party who promises to accept it purchase contract a contract stating the terms of a purchase quasi contract a contract created by law for reasons of justice without any expression of assent requirements contract a contract in which you agree to purchase all your requirements of a particular sort from one party sealed instrument a contract that is signed and has the (wax) seal of the signer attached service contract a contract for maintenance services severable contract a contract which, in the event of a breach by one of the parties, can be considered as several independent agreements expressed in a single instrument subcontract a contract assigning to another party some obligations of a prior contract work under a subcontract; engage in a subcontract arranged for contracted work to be done by others fair-trade agreement an agreement (illegal in the United States) between the manufacturer of a trademarked item of merchandise and its retail distributors to sell the item at a price at or above the price set by the manufacturer conspiracy of silence a conspiracy not to talk about some situation or event; "there was a conspiracy of silence about police brutality" covenant (Bible) an agreement between God and his people in which God makes certain promises and requires certain behavior from them in return a signed written agreement between two or more parties (nations) to perform some action enter into a covenant or formal agreement; "They covenanted with Judas for 30 pieces of silver"; "The nations covenanted to fight terrorism around the world" enter into a covenant unilateral contract a one-sided agreement whereby you promise to do (or refrain from doing) something in return for a performance (not a promise) debenture a certificate or voucher acknowledging a debt floater an insurance policy covering loss of movable property (e.g. jewelry) regardless of its location an object that floats or is capable of floating a swimmer who floats in the water a voter who votes illegally at different polling places in the same election an employee who is reassigned from job to job as needed a debt instrument with a variable interest rate tied to some other interest rate (e.g. the rate paid by T-bills) partnership a contract between two or more persons who agree to pool talent and money and share profits or losses the members of a business venture created by contract a cooperative relationship between people or groups who agree to share responsibility for achieving some specific goal; "effective language learning is a partnership between school, teacher and student"; "the action teams worked in partnership with the government" articles of agreement a contract between crew and captain of a ship concession a contract granting the right to operate a subsidiary business; "he got the beer concession at the ball park" the act of conceding or yielding a point conceded or yielded; "they won all the concessions they asked for" labor contract contract between labor and management governing wages and benefits and working conditions yellow-dog contract a labor contract (now illegal) whereby the employee agrees not to join a trade union employment contract contract between employer and employee distribution agreement a contract governing the marketing of an item of merchandise licensing agreement contract giving someone the legal right to use a patent or trademark merger agreement contract governing the merger of two or more companies conditional sale a sale in which the buyer receives title to the property only upon the performance of some condition (usually the full payment of the purchase price) a security interest taken by the seller in return for credit sale in gross a sale of a tract of land as a whole without a warranty as to the acreage sheriff's sale a sale of property by the sheriff under authority of a court's writ of execution in order satisfy an unpaid obligation credit order an order that is received without payment; requires billing at a later date open account an unpaid credit order indent an order for goods to be exported or imported notch the edge of or make jagged make a depression into; "The bicycle dented my car" cut or tear along an irregular line so that the parts can later be matched for authentication; "indent the documents" set in from the margin; "Indent the paragraphs of a letter" market order an order to a broker to sell or buy stocks or commodities at the prevailing market price production order an order that initiates the manufacturing process reorder a repeated order for the same merchandise; "he's the one who sends out all the new orders and reorders" assign a new order to make a new request to be supplied with; "The store had to reorder the popular CD several times" stop order an order to a broker to sell (buy) when the price of a security falls (rises) to a designated level stop payment a depositor's order to a bank to refuse payment on a check mail order a purchase negotiated by mail power of attorney a legal instrument authorizing someone to act as the grantor's agent stock power a power of attorney document to transfer ownership of a registered security from the owner to another party proxy a power of attorney document given by shareholders of a corporation authorizing a specific vote on their behalf at a corporate meeting a person authorized to act for another stock symbol the letters used to identify listed companies on the securities exchanges where they are traded letters of administration legal document naming someone to administer an estate when no executor has been named letters testamentary a legal document from a probate court or court officer informing you of your appointment as executor of a will and empowering you to discharge those responsibilities working papers a legal document giving information required for employment of certain people in certain countries records kept of activities involved in carrying out a project; "the auditor was required to produce his working papers" nullity something that is null (especially an enactment that has no legal validity) anti-drug law a law forbidding the sale or use of narcotic drugs anti-racketeering law law intended to eradicate organized crime by establishing strong sanctions and forfeiture provisions antitrust legislation law intended to promote free competition in the market place by outlawing monopolies statute of limitations a statute prescribing the time period during which legal action can be taken fundamental law law determining the fundamental political principles of a government Articles of Confederation a written agreement ratified in 1781 by the thirteen original states; it provided a legal symbol of their union by giving the central government no coercive power over the states or their citizens United States Constitution the constitution written at the Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia in 1787 and subsequently ratified by the original thirteen states public law a law affecting the public at large Roman law the legal code of ancient Rome; codified under Justinian; the basis for many modern systems of civil law Salic law the code of laws of the Salian Franks and other German tribes case law (civil law) a law established by following earlier judicial decisions enabling legislation legislation that gives appropriate officials the authority to implement or enforce the law occupational safety and health act a law passed by the United States Congress that created the Occupational Safety and Health Administration to prevent employees from being injured or contracting diseases in the course of their employment advice and consent a legal expression in the United States Constitution that allows the Senate to constrain the President's powers of appointment and treaty-making statute book a record of the whole body of legislation in a given jurisdiction appropriation bill a legislative act proposing to authorize the expenditure of public funds for a specified purpose bill of attainder a legislative act finding a person guilty of treason or felony without a trial; "bills of attainder are prohibited by the Constitution of the United States" bottle bill a statute that would require merchants to reclaim used bottles farm bill a statute that would regulate farm production and prices trade bill a statute that would regulate foreign trade bylaw a rule adopted by an organization in order to regulate its own affairs and the behavior of its members blue law a statute regulating work on Sundays blue sky law a state law regulating the sale of securities in an attempt to control the sale of securities in fraudulent enterprises gag law any law that limits freedom of the press game law a regulation intended to manage or preserve game animals homestead law a law conferring privileges on owners of homesteads poor law a law providing support for the poor Riot Act a former English law requiring mobs to disperse after a magistrate reads the law to them riot act a vigorous reprimand; "I read him the riot act" criminal law the body of law dealing with crimes and their punishment court order a writ issued by a court of law requiring a person to do something or to refrain from doing something decree a legally binding command or decision entered on the court record (as if issued by a court or judge); "a friend in New Mexico said that the order caused no trouble out there" issue a decree; "The King only can decree" consent decree an agreement between two parties that is sanctioned by the court; for example, a company might agree to stop certain questionable practices without admitting guilt curfew an order that after a specific time certain activities (as being outside on the streets) are prohibited a signal (usually a bell) announcing the start of curfew restrictions the time that the curfew signal is sounded decree nisi a decree issued on a first petition for divorce; becomes absolute at some later date imperial decree a decree issued by a sovereign ruler ukase an edict of the Russian tsar pragmatic sanction an imperial decree that becomes part of the fundamental law of the land programma an edict that has been publicly posted stay of execution an order whereby a judgment is precluded from being executed for a specific period of time banning-order an order that bans something injunction (law) a judicial remedy issued in order to prohibit a party from doing or continuing to do a certain activity; "injunction were formerly obtained by writ but now by a judicial order" a formal command or admonition mandatory injunction injunction requiring the performance of some specific act permanent injunction injunction issued on completion of a trial temporary injunction injunction issued during a trial to maintain the status quo or preserve the subject matter of the litigation until the trial is over amicus curiae brief a brief presented by someone interested in influencing the outcome of a lawsuit but who is not a party to it codicil a supplement to a will; a testamentary instrument intended to alter an already executed will living will a document written by someone still legally capable requesting that he should be allowed to die if subsequently severely disabled or suffering terminal illness; "after he discovered he had AIDS he drew up a living will" deed a legal document signed and sealed and delivered to effect a transfer of property and to show the legal right to possess it; "he signed the deed"; "he kept the title to his car in the glove compartment" bill of sale a deed transferring personal property deed poll a deed made and executed by only one party enfeoffment under the feudal system, the deed by which a person was given land in exchange for a pledge of service mortgage deed deed embodying a mortgage title deed a legal document proving a person's right to property trust deed a written instrument legally conveying property to a trustee often used to secure an obligation such as a mortgage or promissory note muniments deeds and other documentary evidence of title to land warrant a writ from a court commanding police to perform specified acts a type of security issued by a corporation (usually together with a bond or preferred stock) that gives the holder the right to purchase a certain amount of common stock at a stated price; "as a sweetener they offered warrants along with the fixed-income securities" provide adequate grounds to justify (a certain course of action); "The emergency does not warrant all of us buying guns" search warrant a warrant authorizing law enforcement officials to search for objects or people involved in the commission of a crime and to produce them in court; the warrant describes the locations where the officials may search bench warrant a warrant authorizing law enforcement officials to apprehend an offender and bring that person to court death warrant a warrant to execute the death sentence tax return document giving the tax collector information about the taxpayer's tax liability; "his gross income was enough that he had to file a tax return" amended return a tax return that corrects the information in an earlier return declaration of estimated tax return required of a taxpayer whose tax withheld from income does not meet the tax liability for the year false return an incorrect income tax return information return a return that provides information to the tax collector but does not compute the tax liability joint return a return filed by a husband and wife building permit a document authorizing the holder to construct a building of a particular kind on a particular lot driver's license a license authorizing the bearer to drive a motor vehicle fishing license a license authorizing the bearer to fish during a specified period of time hunting license a license authorizing the bearer to kill a certain type of animal during a specified period of time learner's permit a document authorizing the bearer to learn to drive an automobile letter of marque a license to a private citizen to seize property of another nation liquor license a license authorizing the holder to sell alcoholic beverages on-license a license to sell liquor for consumption on the premises marriage license a license authorizing two people to marry occupation license a license to pursue a particular occupation concurring opinion an opinion that agrees with the court's disposition of the case but is written to express a particular judge's reasoning dissenting opinion an opinion that disagrees with the court's disposition of the case majority opinion the opinion joined by a majority of the court (generally known simply as `the opinion') pardon a warrant granting release from punishment for an offense grant a pardon to; "Ford pardoned Nixon"; "The Thanksgiving turkey was pardoned by the President" acquittance a legal document evidencing the discharge of a debt or obligation writ (law) a legal document issued by a court or judicial officer assize an ancient writ issued by a court of assize to the sheriff for the recovery of property the regulation of weights and measures of articles offered for sale certiorari a common law writ issued by a superior court to one of inferior jurisdiction demanding the record of a particular case venire facias a judicial writ ordering a sheriff to summon people for jury duty mandamus an extraordinary writ commanding an official to perform a ministerial act that the law recognizes as an absolute duty and not a matter for the official's discretion; used only when all other judicial remedies fail fieri facias a writ ordering a levy on the belongings of a debtor to satisfy the debt scire facias a judicial writ based on some record and requiring the party against whom it is brought to show cause why the record should not be enforced or annulled writ of detinue a writ ordering the release of goods that have been unlawfully detained writ of election a writ ordering the holding of an election writ of error a judicial writ from an appellate court ordering the court of record to produce the records of trial writ of prohibition a judicial writ from a higher court ordering a lower court not to exercise jurisdiction in a particular case writ of right a writ ordering that land be restored to its rightful owner summons a writ issued by authority of law; usually compels the defendant's attendance in a civil suit; failure to appear results in a default judgment against the defendant an order to appear in person at a given place and time subpoena a writ issued by court authority to compel the attendance of a witness at a judicial proceeding; disobedience may be punishable as a contempt of court serve or summon with a subpoena; "The witness and her records were subpoenaed" subpoena duces tecum a writ issued by a court at the request of one of the parties to a suit; it requires a witness to bring to court or to a deposition any relevant documents under the witness's control gag order a court order restricting information or comment by the participants involved in a lawsuit; "imposing a gag order on members of the press violates the First Amendment" garnishment a court order to an employer to withhold all or part of an employee's wages and to send the money to the court or to the person who won a lawsuit against the employee interdict a court order prohibiting a party from doing a certain activity an ecclesiastical censure by the Roman Catholic Church withdrawing certain sacraments and Christian burial from a person or all persons in a particular district destroy by firepower, such as an enemy's line of communication citation a summons that commands the appearance of a party at a proceeding an official award (as for bravery or service) usually given as formal public statement a short note recognizing a source of information or of a quoted passage; "the student's essay failed to list several important citations"; "the acknowledgments are usually printed at the front of a book"; "the article includes mention of similar clinical cases" (law) the act of citing (as of spoken words or written passages or legal precedents etc.) monition a summons issued after the filing of a libel or claim directing all parties concerned to show cause why the judgment asked for should not be granted speeding ticket a ticket issued for driving above the speed limit parking ticket a ticket issued for parking in a restricted place bill of Particulars the particular events to be dealt with in a criminal trial; advises the defendant and the court of the facts the defendant will be required to meet pleading (law) a statement in legal and logical form stating something on behalf of a party to a legal proceeding affirmative pleading any defensive pleading that affirms facts rather than merely denying the facts alleged by the plaintiff alternative pleading a pleading that alleges facts so separate that it is difficult to determine which facts the person intends to rely on evasive answer (law) an answer by a defendant that fails to admit or deny the allegations set forth in the complaint nolo contendere (law) an answer of `no contest' by a defendant who does not admit guilt but that subjects him to conviction counterplea a plaintiff's reply to a defendant's plea dilatory plea a plea that delays the action without settling the cause of action; it can challenge the jurisdiction or claim disability of the defendant etc. (such defenses are usually raised in the defendant's answer) insanity plea (criminal law) a plea in which the defendant claims innocence due to mental incompetence at the time complaint (civil law) the first pleading of the plaintiff setting out the facts on which the claim for relief is based an expression of grievance or resentment (formerly) a loud cry (or repeated cries) of pain or rage or sorrow libel the written statement of a plaintiff explaining the cause of action (the defamation) and any relief he seeks a false and malicious publication printed for the purpose of defaming a living person print slanderous statements against; "The newspaper was accused of libeling him" defective pleading any pleading that fails to conform in form or substance to minimum standards of accuracy or sufficiency demurrer (law) any pleading that attacks the legal sufficiency of the opponent's pleadings rebutter (law) a pleading by the defendant in reply to a plaintiff's surrejoinder a debater who refutes or disproves by offering contrary evidence or argument rejoinder (law) a pleading made by a defendant in response to the plaintiff's replication a quick reply to a question or remark (especially a witty or critical one); "it brought a sharp rejoinder from the teacher" special pleading (law) a pleading that alleges new facts in avoidance of the opposing allegations an argument that ignores all unfavorable evidence surrebutter (law) a pleading by the plaintiff in reply to the defendant's rebutter surrejoinder (law) a pleading by the plaintiff in reply to the defendant's rejoinder plea bargain (criminal law) a negotiation in which the defendant agrees to enter a plea of guilty to a lesser charge and the prosecutor agrees to drop a more serious charge; "his admission was part of a plea bargain with the prosecutor"; "plea bargaining helps to stop the courts becoming congested" legislative act an act passed by a legislative body fair-trade act formerly a state law that protected manufacturers from price-cutting by allowing them to set minimum retail prices for their merchandise; eliminated by the United States Congress in 1975 Stamp Act an act passed by the British Parliament in 1756 that raised revenue from the American Colonies by a duty in the form of a stamp required on all newspapers and legal or commercial documents; opposition by the Colonies resulted in the repeal of the act in 1766 enabling act a provision in a law that confers on appropriate officials the power to implement or enforce the law Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act an act passed by Congress in 1978 to establish procedures for requesting judicial authorization for foreign intelligence surveillance and to create the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court; intended to increase United States counterintelligence; separate from ordinary law enforcement surveillance ordinance a statute enacted by a city government special act a legislative act that applies only to a particular person or particular district software (computer science) written programs or procedures or rules and associated documentation pertaining to the operation of a computer system and that are stored in read/write memory; "the market for software is expected to expand" plug-in a software module that extends or enhances the capabilities of an existing application alpha software a first release of a software product that is usually tested only by the developers authoring language software that can be used to develop interactive computer programs without the technically demanding task of computer programming beta software software that has not yet been released but has received an alpha test and still has more bugs than a regular release; "beta software is usually available only to particular users who will test it" compatible software software that can run on different computers without modification application software programs that share common conventions so they can be utilized together computer-aided design software used in art and architecture and engineering and manufacturing to assist in precision drawing freeware software that is provided without charge groupware software that can be used by a group of people who are working on the same information but may be distributed in space operating system (computer science) software that controls the execution of computer programs and may provide various services DOS an operating system that is on a disk MS-DOS an operating system developed by Bill Gates for personal computers UNIX trademark for a powerful operating system Linux an open-source version of the UNIX operating system anti-virus program a computer program that checks a computer for viruses and prevents their spread active application an application that is currently running and in the foreground applet a Java application; an application program that uses the client's web browser to provide a user interface binary a pre-compiled, pre-linked program that is ready to run under a given operating system; a binary for one operating system will not run on a different operating system; "the same source code can be compiled to produce different binaries for different operating systems" consisting of two (units or components or elements or terms); "a binary star is a system in which two stars revolve around each other"; "a binary compound"; "the binary number system has two as its base" of or pertaining to a number system have 2 as its base; "a binary digit" browser a program used to view HTML documents a viewer who looks around casually without seeking anything in particular Internet Explorer a commercial browser Konqueror a freeware browser for Linux Mosaic a freeware browser of or relating to Moses or the laws and writings attributed to him; "Mosaic Law" Netscape a commercial browser Opera a commercial browser natural language processor an application program that deals with natural language text disambiguator (computer science) a natural language processing application that tries to determine the intended meaning of a word or phrase by examining the linguistic context in which it is used word processor an application that provides the user with tools needed to write and edit and format text and to send it to a printer malevolent program a computer program designed to have undesirable or harmful effects assembler a program to convert assembly language into machine language checking program a program that examines other computer programs for syntax errors compiler (computer science) a program that decodes instructions written in a higher order language and produces an assembly language program a person who compiles information (as for reference purposes) C compiler a compiler for programs written in C Fortran compiler a compiler for programs written in FORTRAN LISP compiler a compiler for programs written in LISP Pascal compiler a compiler for programs written in Pascal debugger a program that helps in locating and correcting programming errors diagnostic program a program that recognizes and explains faults in the equipment or mistakes in a computer program editor program (computer science) a program designed to perform such editorial functions as rearrangement or modification or deletion of data input program a utility program that organizes the input to a computer command line interface a user interface in which you type commands instead of choosing them from a menu or selecting an icon graphical user interface a user interface based on graphics (icons and pictures and menus) instead of text; uses a mouse as well as a keyboard as an input device interpreter (computer science) a program that translates and executes source language statements one line at a time someone who mediates between speakers of different languages someone who uses art to represent something; "his paintings reveal a sensitive interpreter of nature"; "she was famous as an interpreter of Shakespearean roles" job control a program that is called to prepare each job to be run library program a program in a program library linkage editor an editor program that creates one module from several by resolving cross-references among the modules monitor program a program that observes and regulates and controls or verifies the operations of a data-processing system text editor (computer science) an application that can be used to create and view and edit text files object program a fully compiled or assembled program ready to be loaded into the computer source program a program written in a language from which statements are translated into machine language output program a utility program that organizes the output of a computer parser a computer program that divides code up into functional components; "compilers must parse source code in order to translate it into object code" tagger a computer program that attaches labels to the grammatical constituents of textual matter someone who appends or joins one thing to another; "a theory that was simply added on by some anonymous tagger" someone who assigns labels to the grammatical constituents of textual matter sense tagger a tagging program whose labels indicate the meanings of words or expressions part-of-speech tagger a tagging program whose labels indicate a word's part of speech relocatable program a program that can be located in different parts of memory at different times reusable program a program that can be loaded once and executed repeatedly Web Map Service a computer program that produces maps of spatially referenced data dynamically from geographic information MapQuest a free, widely-used Web Map Server search engine a computer program that retrieves documents or files or data from a database or from a computer network (especially from the internet) Google a widely used search engine that uses text-matching techniques to find web pages that are important and relevant to a user's search Yahoo a widely used search engine for the web that finds information, news, images, products, finance one of a race of brutes resembling men but subject to the Houyhnhnms in a novel by Jonathan Swift Ask Jeeves a widely used search engine accepting plain English questions or phrases or terms self-adapting program a program that can change its performance in response to its environment snapshot program a trace program that produces output for selected conditions spreadsheet a screen-oriented interactive program enabling a user to lay out financial data on the screen sort program a utility program that sorts data items stored program a program that is stored in the memory of the computer that executes it supervisory program a program that controls the execution of other programs syntax checker a program to check natural language syntax system program a program (as an operating system or compiler or utility program) that controls some aspect of the operation of a computer trace program a utility program that exhibits the sequence and results of executing the instructions in another program text-matching a computer program that looks for text that matches a given text; "Google uses text-matching to find web pages containing a particular text" translator a program that translates one programming language into another a person who translates written messages from one language to another utility program (computer science) a program designed for general support of the processes of a computer; "a computer system provides utility programs to perform the tasks needed by most users" Windows (trademark) an operating system with a graphical user interface decision table a table of all contingencies and the actions to be taken for each flow chart a diagram of the sequence of operations in a computer program or an accounting system logic diagram a graphical representation of a program using formal logic function call a call that passes control to a subroutine; after the subroutine is executed control returns to the next instruction in main program cataloged procedure a set of control statements that have been placed in a library and can be retrieved by name contingency procedure an alternative to the normal procedure; triggered if an unusual but anticipated situation arises dump routine a routine that writes from an internal store to some external medium input routine a routine that writes from an external source to an internal store library routine a debugged routine that is maintained in a program library output routine a routine that controls an output device random number generator a routine designed to yield a random number recursive routine a routine that can call itself reusable routine a routine that can be loaded once and executed repeatedly supervisory routine a routine that coordinates the operation of subroutines tracing routine a routine that provides a chronological record of the execution of a computer program utility routine a routine that can be used as needed instruction (computer science) a line of code written as part of a computer program logic bomb a set of instructions inserted into a program that are designed to execute (or `explode') if a particular condition is satisfied; when exploded it may delete or corrupt data, or print a spurious message, or have other harmful effects; "a disgruntled employee planted a logic bomb" trojan a program that appears desirable but actually contains something harmful; "the contents of a trojan can be a virus or a worm"; "when he downloaded the free game it turned out to be a trojan horse" command line commands that a user types in order to run an application hyperlink a link from a hypertext file to another location or file; typically activated by clicking on a highlighted word or icon at a particular location on the screen macro a single computer instruction that results in a series of instructions in machine language very large in scale or scope or capability system error an instruction that is either not recognized by an operating system or is in violation of the procedural rules system call an instruction that interrupts the program being executed and passes control to the supervisor shareware software that is available free of charge; may be distributed for evaluation with a fee requested for additional features or a manual etc. shrink-wrapped software software on CD-ROMs that are boxed and shrink-wrapped and sold in stores (implying a widely supported standard platform) spyware computer software that obtains information from a user's computer without the user's knowledge or consent malware malicious software, designed to break into a system supervisory software specialized programs that reside permanently in the computer's main memory and control the processing of user's programs software documentation program listings or technical manuals describing the operation and use of programs electronic database (computer science) a database that can be accessed by computers database management system a software system that facilitates the creation and maintenance and use of an electronic database relational database management system a database management system designed to manage a relational database object-oriented database management system a database management system designed to manage an object-oriented database hypertext system a database management system that allows strings of text (`objects') to be processed as a complex network of nodes that are linked together in an arbitrary way read something that is read; "the article was a very good read" to hear and understand; "I read you loud and clear!" interpret something that is written or printed; "read the advertisement"; "Have you read Salman Rushdie?" look at, interpret, and say out loud something that is written or printed; "The King will read the proclamation at noon" interpret the significance of, as of palms, tea leaves, intestines, the sky; also of human behavior; "She read the sky and predicted rain"; "I can't read his strange behavior"; "The fortune teller read his fate in the crystal ball" obtain data from magnetic tapes or other digital sources; "This dictionary can be read by the computer" indicate a certain reading; of gauges and instruments; "The thermometer showed thirteen degrees below zero"; "The gauge read `empty'" audition for a stage role by reading parts of a role; "He is auditioning for `Julius Caesar' at Stratford this year" have or contain a certain wording or form; "The passage reads as follows"; "What does the law say?" edition the form in which a text (especially a printed book) is published an issue of a newspaper; "he read it in yesterday's edition of the Times" all of the identical copies of something offered to the public at the same time; "the first edition appeared in 1920"; "it was too late for the morning edition"; "they issued a limited edition of Bach recordings" limited edition an edition that is restricted to a specific number of copies variorum an edition containing various versions of a text or notes by various scholars or editors galley proof a proof taken before the type is broken up to print pages foundry proof a proof taken from a form before duplicate plates are made mackle a printed impression that is blurred or doubled anthology a collection of selected literary passages concept album an album whose recordings are unified by some theme (instrumental or lyrical or narrative or compositional) rock opera an opera with rock music tribute album concept album compiling a performer's work or work supporting some worthy cause florilegium an anthology of short literary pieces and poems and ballads etc. omnibus an anthology of articles on a related subject or an anthology of the works of a single author archives collection of records especially about an institution periodical a publication that appears at fixed intervals digest a periodical that summarizes the news soften or disintegrate by means of chemical action, heat, or moisture make more concise; "condense the contents of a book into a summary" soften or disintegrate, as by undergoing exposure to heat or moisture systematize, as by classifying and summarizing; "the government digested the entire law into a code" become assimilated into the body; "Protein digests in a few hours" arrange and integrate in the mind; "I cannot digest all this information" put up with something or somebody unpleasant; "I cannot bear his constant criticism"; "The new secretary had to endure a lot of unprofessional remarks"; "he learned to tolerate the heat"; "She stuck out two years in a miserable marriage" convert food into absorbable substances; "I cannot digest milk products" pictorial a periodical (magazine or newspaper) containing many pictures pertaining to or consisting of pictures; "pictorial perspective"; "pictorial records" semiweekly a periodical that is published twice each week (or 104 issues per year) occurring twice a week twice a week; "he called home semiweekly" weekly a periodical that is published every week (or 52 issues per year) of or occurring every seven days; "a weekly visit"; "weekly paper" semimonthly a periodical that is published twice each month (or 24 issues per year) occurring twice a month; "a semimonthly publication" twice a month; "salaries are paid semimonthly" monthly a periodical that is published every month (or 12 issues per year) of or occurring or payable every month; "monthly payments"; "the monthly newsletter" occurring once a month; "they meet monthly" quarterly a periodical that is published every quarter (or four issues per year) of or relating to or consisting of a quarter; "quarterly report" in three month intervals; "interest is compounded quarterly" in diagonally opposed quarters of an escutcheon; "two coats of arms borne quarterly" bimonthly a periodical that is published twice a month or every two months (either 24 or 6 issues per year) occurring every two months; "bimonthly visits" every two months; "the bill was payable bimonthly" biweekly a periodical that is published twice a week or every two weeks (either 104 or 26 issues per year) house organ a periodical published by a business firm for its employees and customers tip sheet a publication containing the latest information or tips or predictions for a particular business or stock market information or horse racing results, etc. dope sheet a racing publication giving information on horses and the outcomes of horse races colour supplement (British) a magazine that is printed in color and circulated with a newspaper (especially on weekends) comic book a magazine devoted to comic strips news magazine a magazine devoted to reports of current events; usually published weekly trade magazine a magazine published for and read by members of a particular trade group literary review a review devoted to literary criticism bumf reading materials (documents, written information) that you must read and deal with but that you think are extremely boring perusal reading carefully with intent to remember skim reading or glancing through quickly a thin layer covering the surface of a liquid; "there was a thin skim of oil on the water" read superficially remove from the surface; "skim cream from the surface of milk" coat (a liquid) with a layer cause to skip over a surface; "Skip a stone across the pond" used of milk and milk products from which the cream has been removed; "yogurt made with skim milk"; "she can drink skimmed milk but should avoid butter" latent content (psychoanalysis) hidden meaning of a fantasy or dream bone of contention the subject of a dispute; "the real bone of contention, as you know, is money" didacticism communication that is suitable for or intended to be instructive; "the didacticism expected in books for the young"; "the didacticism of the 19th century gave birth to many great museums" declarative sentence a sentence (in the indicative mood) that makes a declaration run-on sentence an ungrammatical sentence in which two or more independent clauses are conjoined without a conjunction topic sentence a sentence that states the topic of its paragraph lexical meaning the meaning of a content word that depends on the nonlinguistic concepts it is used to express grammatical meaning the meaning of a word that depends on its role in a sentence; varies with inflectional form symbolization the use of symbols to convey meaning word meaning the accepted meaning of a word intension what you must know in order to determine the reference of an expression referent something that refers; a term that refers to another term the first term in a proposition; the term to which other terms relate something referred to; the object of a reference having reference; "judgments referent to the indictment" relatum a term in a proposition that is related to the referent of the proposition antecedent the referent of an anaphor; a phrase or clause that is referred to by an anaphoric pronoun a preceding occurrence or cause or event anything that precedes something similar in time; "phrenology was an antecedent of modern neuroscience" preceding in time or order denotatum an actual object referred to by a linguistic expression designatum something (whether existing or not) that is referred to by a linguistic expression alpha and omega the basic meaning of something; the crucial part the first and last; signifies God's eternity amphibology an ambiguous grammatical construction; e.g., `they are flying planes' can mean either that someone is flying planes or that something is flying planes parisology the use of ambiguous words euphemism an inoffensive or indirect expression that is substituted for one that is considered offensive or too harsh dysphemism an offensive or disparaging expression that is substituted for an inoffensive one; "his favorite dysphemism was to ask for axle grease when he wanted butter" shucks an expression of disappointment or irritation double entendre an ambiguity with one interpretation that is indelicate intent the intended meaning of a communication moral the significance of a story or event; "the moral of the story is to love thy neighbor" concerned with principles of right and wrong or conforming to standards of behavior and character based on those principles; "moral sense"; "a moral scrutiny"; "a moral lesson"; "a moral quandary"; "moral convictions"; "a moral life" psychological rather than physical or tangible in effect; "a moral victory"; "moral support" nuance a subtle difference in meaning or opinion or attitude; "without understanding the finer nuances you can't enjoy the humor"; "don't argue about shades of meaning" bottom line the decisive point the last line in an audit; the line that shows profit or loss crux the most important point rallying point a point or principle on which scattered or opposing groups can come together talking point an especially persuasive point helping to support an argument or discussion nonsense a message that seems to convey no meaning amphigory nonsensical writing (usually verse) balderdash trivial nonsense buzzword stock phrases that have become nonsense through endless repetition fa la meaningless syllables in the refrain of a partsong gibberish unintelligible talking incoherence nonsense that is simply incoherent and unintelligible lack of cohesion or clarity or organization word salad jumble of incoherent speech as sometimes heard in schizophrenia jabberwocky nonsensical language (according to Lewis Carroll) mummery meaningless ceremonies and flattery palaver loud and confused and empty talk; "mere rhetoric" have a lengthy discussion, usually between people of different backgrounds shmegegge (Yiddish) baloney; hot air; nonsense abracadabra gibberish and nonsense babble gibberish resembling the sounds of a baby to talk foolishly; "The two women babbled and crooned at the baby" utter meaningless sounds, like a baby, or utter in an incoherent way; "The old man is only babbling--don't pay attention" blather foolish gibberish humbug communication (written or spoken) intended to deceive trick or deceive double talk deliberately unintelligible gibberish jabber rapid and indistinct speech baloney pretentious or silly talk or writing bullshit obscene words for unacceptable behavior; "I put up with a lot of bullshit from that jerk"; "what he said was mostly bull" chickenshit a false statement that is considered to indicate timidity or fear folderol nonsensical talk or writing pap worthless or oversimplified ideas drivel a worthless message let saliva drivel from the mouth; "The baby drooled" mumbo jumbo language or ritual causing, or intending to cause, confusion analects a collection of excerpts from a literary work clipping an excerpt cut from a newspaper or magazine; "he searched through piles of letters and clippings" misquotation an incorrect quotation movie a form of entertainment that enacts a story by sound and a sequence of images giving the illusion of continuous movement; "they went to a movie every Saturday night"; "the film was shot on location" telefilm a movie that is made to be shown on television outtake a scene that is filmed but is not used in the final editing of the film final cut the final edited version of a movie as approved by the director and producer travelogue a film or illustrated lecture on traveling home movie a film made at home by an amateur photographer counterattraction a rival attraction collage film a movie that juxtaposes different kinds of footage coming attraction a movie that is advertised to draw customers Western a film about life in the western United States during the period of exploration and development shoot-'em-up a movie featuring shooting and violence short subject a brief film; often shown prior to showing the feature cartoon a film made by photographing a series of cartoon drawings to give the illusion of movement when projected in rapid sequence a humorous or satirical drawing published in a newspaper or magazine draw cartoons of anime a style of animation developed in Japan, characterized by stylized colorful art and often adult themes any of various resins or oleoresins newsreel a short film and commentary about current events documentary a film or TV program presenting the facts about a person or event (of film, television, radio, or photography) depicting a real-life event using images or interviews with people involved in the event relating to or consisting of or derived from documents cinema verite a movie that shows ordinary people in actual activities without being controlled by a director film noir a movie that is marked by a mood of pessimism, fatalism, menace, and cynical characters; "film noir was applied by French critics to describe American thriller or detective films in the 1940s" skin flick a pornographic movie peepshow a short pornographic film shown in a small coin-operated booth an exhibition of pictures or objects viewed through a small hole or magnifying glass rough cut the first print of a movie after preliminary editing silent movie a movie without a soundtrack slow motion a movie that apparently takes place at a slower than normal speed; achieved by taking the film at a faster rate dissolve (film) a gradual transition from one scene to the next; the next scene is gradually superimposed as the former scene fades out declare void; "The President dissolved the parliament and called for new elections" come to an end; "Their marriage dissolved"; "The tobacco monopoly broke up" bring the association of to an end or cause to break up; "The decree officially dissolved the marriage"; "the judge dissolved the tobacco company" become or cause to become soft or liquid; "The sun melted the ice"; "the ice thawed"; "the ice cream melted"; "The heat melted the wax"; "The giant iceberg dissolved over the years during the global warming phase"; "dethaw the meat" pass into a solution; "The sugar quickly dissolved in the coffee" cause to go into a solution; "The recipe says that we should dissolve a cup of sugar in two cups of water" become weaker; "The sound faded out" cause to fade away; "dissolve a shot or a picture" lose control emotionally; "She dissolved into tears when she heard that she had lost all her savings in the pyramid scheme" cause to lose control emotionally; "The news dissolved her into tears" jump cut an immediate transition from one scene to another spaghetti Western a low-budget Western movie produced by a European (especially an Italian) film company talking picture a movie with synchronized speech and singing rebroadcast a broadcast that repeated at a later time news program a program devoted to current events, often using interviews and commentary; "we watch the 7 o'clock news every night" rerun a program that is broadcast again; "she likes to watch `I love Lucy' reruns" cause to perform again; "We have to rerun the subjects--they misunderstood the instructions" broadcast again, as of a film run again for office; "Bush wants to rerun in 1996" rerun a performance of a play, for example talk show a program during which well-known people discuss a topic or answer questions telephoned in by the audience; "in England they call a talk show a chat show" phone-in a program in which the audience participates by telephone television program a program broadcast by television colorcast a television program that is broadcast in color broadcast in color pilot program a program exemplifying a contemplated series; intended to attract sponsors game show a television or radio program in which contestants compete for awards quiz program a game show in which contestants answer questions film clip a strip of motion picture film used in a telecast serial a serialized set of programs; "a comedy series"; "the Masterworks concert series" of or relating to the sequential performance of multiple operations; "serial processing" pertaining to or occurring in or producing a series; "serial monogamy"; "serial killing"; "a serial killer"; "serial publication" pertaining to or composed in serial technique; "serial music" cliffhanger an episode that ends in suspense a contest whose outcome is uncertain up to the very end sustaining program a program without a commercial sponsor soap opera a serialized program usually dealing with sentimentalized family matters that is broadcast on radio or television (frequently sponsored by a company advertising soap products) tetralogy a series of four related works (plays or operas or novels) radio broadcast a broadcast via radio simulcast a broadcast that is carried simultaneously by radio and television (or by FM and AM radio) telecast a television broadcast broadcast via television; "The Royal wedding was televised" telegram a message transmitted by telegraph night letter a cheaper form of telegram sent for delivery the next day air mail mail that is sent by air transport surface mail mail that is sent by land or sea registered mail mail that is registered by the post office when sent in order to assure safe delivery special delivery mail that is delivered by a special carrier (for an additional charge) correspondence communication by the exchange of letters Kamasutra (Hinduism) an ancient Sanskrit text giving rules for sensuous and sensual pleasure and love and marriage in accordance with Hindu law sutra a rule or aphorism in Sanskrit literature or a group of aphoristic doctrinal summaries prepared for memorization letter a written message addressed to a person or organization; "mailed an indignant letter to the editor" an award earned by participation in a school sport; "he won letters in three sports" the conventional characters of the alphabet used to represent speech; "his grandmother taught him his letters" a strictly literal interpretation (as distinct from the intention); "he followed instructions to the letter"; "he obeyed the letter of the law" owner who lets another person use something (housing usually) for hire mark letters on or mark with letters set down or print with letters win an athletic letter business letter a letter dealing with business covering letter a letter sent along with other documents to provide additional information crank letter a hostile (usually anonymous) letter encyclical a letter from the pope sent to all Roman Catholic bishops throughout the world intended for wide distribution; "an encyclical letter" fan letter a letter that is a piece of fan mail personal letter a letter dealing with personal affairs form letter a letter that is printed in multiple copies and mailed to a list of recipients open letter a letter of protest; addressed to one person but intended for the general public chain letter a letter that is sent successively to several people round robin a letter signed by a number of people a tournament in which every contestant plays every other contestant airmail letter a letter sent by air mail epistle a specially long, formal letter excuse a note explaining an absence; "he had to get his mother to write an excuse for him" a defense of some offensive behavior or some failure to keep a promise etc.; "he kept finding excuses to stay"; "every day he had a new alibi for not getting a job"; "his transparent self-justification was unacceptable" excuse, overlook, or make allowances for; be lenient with; "excuse someone's behavior"; "She condoned her husband's occasional infidelities" serve as a reason or cause or justification of; "Your need to sleep late does not excuse your late arrival at work"; "Her recent divorce may explain her reluctance to date again" grant exemption or release to; "Please excuse me from this class" ask for permission to be released from an engagement accept an excuse for; "Please excuse my dirty hands" love letter a personal letter to a loved one expressing affection dead letter mail that can neither be delivered nor returned the state of something that has outlived its relevance letter of intent any letter expressing an intention to take (or forgo) some action birthday card a card expressing a birthday greeting get-well card a card expressing get-well wishes greeting card a card sent to express personal greetings Christmas card a card expressing a Christmas greeting Easter card a card expressing an Easter greeting Valentine a card sent or given (as to a sweetheart) on Saint Valentine's Day postcard a card for sending messages by post without an envelope lettercard a postcard that folds so the message is inside picture postcard a postcard with a picture on one side sympathy card a card expressing sympathy Mass card (Roman Catholic Church) a card sent to a bereaved family that says the sender has arranged for a Mass to be said in memory of the deceased spiritual bouquet (Roman Catholic Church) a card indicating that the sender will perform certain devotional acts on behalf of another acknowledgment a statement acknowledging something or someone; "she must have seen him but she gave no sign of acknowledgment"; "the preface contained an acknowledgment of those who had helped her" adieu a farewell remark; "they said their good-byes" bon voyage an organized expression of goodwill at the start of a trip or new venture greeting (usually plural) an acknowledgment or expression of good will (especially on meeting) well-wishing an expression of good will from one person to another; "much hand-shaking and well-wishing" regard (usually plural) a polite expression of desire for someone's welfare; "give him my kind regards"; "my best wishes" a feeling of friendship and esteem; "she mistook his manly regard for love"; "he inspires respect" look at attentively hail enthusiastic greeting many objects thrown forcefully through the air; "a hail of pebbles"; "a hail of bullets" precipitation of ice pellets when there are strong rising air currents greet enthusiastically or joyfully call for; "hail a cab" be a native of; "She hails from Kalamazoo" precipitate as small ice particles; "It hailed for an hour" pax (Roman Catholic Church) a greeting signifying Christian love for those assisting at the Eucharist welcome a greeting or reception; "the proposal got a warm welcome" the state of being welcome; "don't outstay your welcome" bid welcome to; greet upon arrival receive someone, as into one's house accept gladly; "I welcome your proposals" giving pleasure or satisfaction or received with pleasure or freely granted; "a welcome relief"; "a welcome guest"; "made the children feel welcome"; "you are welcome to join us" cordial reception kindness in welcoming guests or strangers inhospitality unkind and inconsiderate welcome; "he was taken aback by such inhospitality" glad hand a warm welcome; may be insincere aloha an acknowledgment that can be used to say hello or goodbye (aloha is Hawaiian and ciao is Italian) handshake grasping and shaking a person's hand (as to acknowledge an introduction or to agree on a contract) salute an act of greeting with friendly words and gestures like bowing or lifting the hat a formal military gesture of respect an act of honor or courteous recognition; "a musical salute to the composer on his birthday" express commendation of; "I salute your courage!" greet in a friendly way; "I meet this men every day on my way to work and he salutes me" recognize with a gesture prescribed by a military regulation; assume a prescribed position; "When the officers show up, the soldiers have to salute" honor with a military ceremony, as when honoring dead soldiers become noticeable; "a terrible stench saluted our nostrils" hello an expression of greeting; "every morning they exchanged polite hellos" good morning a conventional expression of greeting or farewell good afternoon a conventional expression of greeting or farewell good night a conventional expression of farewell mea culpa an acknowledgment of your error or guilt condolence an expression of sympathy with another's grief; "they sent their condolences" congratulation the act of acknowledging that someone has an occasion for celebration (usually plural) an expression of pleasure at the success or good fortune of another; "I sent them my sincere congratulations on their marriage" refusal a message refusing to accept something that is offered the act of refusing declination a polite refusal of an invitation (astronomy) the angular distance of a celestial body north or to the south of the celestial equator; expressed in degrees; used with right ascension to specify positions on the celestial sphere misinformation information that is incorrect blowback misinformation resulting from the recirculation into the source country of disinformation previously planted abroad by that country's intelligence service the backward escape of gases and unburned gunpowder after a gun is fired disinformation misinformation that is deliberately disseminated in order to influence or confuse rivals (foreign enemies or business competitors etc.) rehash old material that is slightly reworked and used again; "merely a dull rehash of his first novel" present or use over, with no or few changes details true confidential information; "after the trial he gave us the real details" dope slang terms for inside information; "is that the straight dope?" give a narcotic to; "The athletes were dope by the coach before the race" add impurities to (a semiconductor) in order to produce or modify its properties; "The resistors have been doped" take drugs to improve one's athletic performance high-level formatting (computer science) the format for the root directory and the file allocation tables and other basic configurations low-level formatting (computer science) the format of sectors on the surface of a hard disk drive so that the operating system can access them and setting a starting position gen informal term for information; "give me the gen on your new line of computers" database an organized body of related information relational database a database in which relations between information items are explicitly specified as accessible attributes; "in a relational database the data are organized as a number of differently sized tables" Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System relational database of the United States National Library of Medicine for the storage and retrieval of bibliographical information concerning the biomedical literature object-oriented database a database in which the operations carried out on information items (data objects) are considered part of their definition subdata base a subset of data in a database that are used in a specific application lexical database a database of information about words machine readable dictionary a machine-readable version of a standard dictionary; organized alphabetically WordNet a machine-readable lexical database organized by meanings; developed at Princeton University WordNet3.1 the latest publicly released version of WordNet wordnet any of the machine-readable lexical databases modeled after the Princeton WordNet basics a statement of fundamental facts or principles body mass index a measure of someone's weight in relation to height; to calculate one's BMI, multiply one's weight in pounds and divide that by the square of one's height in inches; overweight is a BMI greater than 25; obese is a BMI greater than 30 business index a statistical compilation that provides a context for economic or financial conditions; "this business index is computed relative to the base year of 2005" Dow Jones an indicator of stock market prices; based on the share values of 30 blue-chip stocks listed on the New York Stock Exchange; "the Dow Jones Industrial Average is the most widely cited indicator of how the stock market is doing" Standard and Poor's a broadly based stock market index leading indicator one of 11 indicators for different sections of the economy; used by the Department of Commerce to predict economic trends in the near future price index an index that traces the relative changes in the price of an individual good (or a market basket of goods) over time retail price index an index of changes in retail prices producer price index an index of changes in wholesale prices consumer price index an index of the cost of all goods and services to a typical consumer short account the aggregate of short sales on an open market a brokerage account of someone who sells short (sells securities he does not own) stock index index based on a statistical compilation of the share prices of a number of representative stocks news information about recent and important events; "they awaited news of the outcome" informal information of any kind that is not previously known to someone; "it was news to me" information reported in a newspaper or news magazine; "the news of my death was greatly exaggerated" nuts and bolts detailed practical information about how something works or how something can be accomplished military intelligence information about the armed forces of another country that is useful in planning and conducting military policy or military operations an agency of the armed forces that obtains and analyzes and uses information of strategic or tactical military value good word good news latest the most recent news or development; "have you heard the latest?" in the current fashion or style clue evidence that helps to solve a problem roll into a ball DNA fingerprint biometric identification obtained by examining a person's unique sequence of DNA base pairs; often used for evidence in criminal law cases fingerprint a print made by an impression of the ridges in the skin of a finger; often used for biometric identification in criminal investigations a generic term for any identifying characteristic; "that tax bill had the senator's fingerprints all over it" take an impression of a person's fingerprints finger scan biometric identification by automatically scanning a person's fingerprints electronically thumbprint fingerprint made by the thumb (especially by the pad of the thumb) footprint evidence evidence in the form of footprints; "there was footprint evidence that he had been at the scene of the crime" iris scanning biometric identification by scanning the iris of the eye; "the structure of the iris is very distinctive" signature recognition biometric identification by automatically scanning a person's signature and matching it electronically against a library of known signatures retinal scanning biometric identification by scanning the retina of the eye; "identification by retinal scanning is complicated by eye movements" voiceprint biometric identification by electronically recording and graphically representing a person's voice; "voiceprints are uniquely characteristic of individual speakers" sign a perceptible indication of something not immediately apparent (as a visible clue that something has happened); "he showed signs of strain"; "they welcomed the signs of spring" a public display of a message; "he posted signs in all the shop windows" a character indicating a relation between quantities; "don't forget the minus sign" a gesture that is part of a sign language a fundamental linguistic unit linking a signifier to that which is signified; "The bond between the signifier and the signified is arbitrary"--de Saussure (medicine) any objective evidence of the presence of a disorder or disease; "there were no signs of asphyxiation" be engaged by a written agreement; "He signed to play the casino on Dec. 18"; "The soprano signed to sing the new opera" communicate in sign language; "I don't know how to sign, so I could not communicate with my deaf cousin" mark with one's signature; write one's name (on); "She signed the letter and sent it off"; "Please sign here" communicate silently and non-verbally by signals or signs; "He signed his disapproval with a dismissive hand gesture"; "The diner signaled the waiters to bring the menu" place signs, as along a road; "sign an intersection"; "This road has been signed" engage by written agreement; "They signed two new pitchers for the next season" approve and express assent, responsibility, or obligation; "All parties ratified the peace treaty"; "Have you signed your contract yet?" mathematical proof proof of a mathematical theorem logical proof proof of a logical theorem testimony something that serves as evidence; "his effort was testimony to his devotion" an assertion offering firsthand authentication of a fact; "according to his own testimony he can't do it" a solemn statement made under oath good authority testimony by someone who should know; "I have it on good authority" counterargument an argument offered in opposition to another argument pro an argument in favor of a proposal in favor of (an action or proposal etc.); "a pro vote" in favor of a proposition, opinion, etc. con an argument opposed to a proposal in opposition to a proposition, opinion, etc.; "much was written pro and con" adducing citing as evidence or proof attestation the evidence by which something is attested the action of bearing witness reinforcement information that makes more forcible or convincing; "his gestures provided eloquent reinforcement for his complaints" career counseling counseling on career opportunities genetic counseling guidance for prospective parents on the likelihood of genetic disorders in their future children marriage counseling counseling on marital problems and disagreements tip an indication of potential opportunity; "he got a tip on the stock market"; "a good lead for a job" the extreme end of something; especially something pointed remove the tip from; "tip artichokes" mark with a tip; "tip the arrow with the small stone" cause to tilt; "tip the screen upward" give a tip or gratuity to in return for a service, beyond the compensation agreed on; "Remember to tip the waiter"; "fee the steward" insider information important information about the plans or condition of a corporation that has not been released to the public; use for personal profit is illegal interpellation (parliament) a parliamentary procedure of demanding that a government official explain some act or policy rule of evidence (law) a rule of law whereby any alleged matter of fact that is submitted for investigation at a judicial trial is established or disproved best evidence rule a rule of evidence requiring that to prove the content of a writing or recording or photograph the original is required estoppel a rule of evidence whereby a person is barred from denying the truth of a fact that has already been settled exclusionary rule a rule that provides that otherwise admissible evidence cannot be used in a criminal trial if it was the result of illegal police conduct fruit of the poisonous tree a rule that once primary evidence is determined to have been illegally obtained any secondary evidence following from it may also not be used hearsay rule a rule that declares not admissible as evidence any statement other than that by a witness parol evidence rule a rule that oral evidence cannot be used to contradict the terms of a written contract res ipsa loquitur a rule of evidence whereby the negligence of an alleged wrongdoer can be inferred from the fact that the accident happened standing order a rule of order permanently in force Miranda rule the rule that police (when interrogating you after an arrest) are obliged to warn you that anything you say may be used as evidence and to read you your constitutional rights (the right to a lawyer and the right to remain silent until advised by a lawyer) higher law a principle that takes precedent over the laws of society moral principle the principle that conduct should be moral golden rule any important rule; "the golden rule of teaching is to be clear" GIGO (computer science) a rule stating that the quality of the output is a function of the quality of the input; put garbage in and you get garbage out categorical imperative the moral principle that behavior should be determined by duty hypothetical imperative a principle stating the action required to attain a desired goal economic policy a government policy for maintaining economic growth and tax revenues fiscal policy a government policy for dealing with the budget (especially with taxation and borrowing) New Deal the economic policy of F. D. Roosevelt the historic period (1933-1940) in the United States during which President Franklin Roosevelt's economic policies were implemented price control restriction on maximum prices that is established and maintained by the government (as during periods of war or inflation) glass ceiling a ceiling based on attitudinal or organizational bias in the work force that prevents minorities and women from advancing to leadership positions price floor floor below which prices are not allowed to fall; "the government used price supports to maintain the price floor" wage floor floor below which wages are not allowed to fall perestroika an economic policy adopted in the former Soviet Union; intended to increase automation and labor efficiency but it led eventually to the end of central planning in the Russian economy protectionism the policy of imposing duties or quotas on imports in order to protect home industries from overseas competition social policy a policy of for dealing with social issues apartheid a social policy or racial segregation involving political and economic and legal discrimination against people who are not Whites; the former official policy in South Africa glasnost a policy of the Soviet government allowing freer discussion of social problems social action a social policy of reform (especially socioeconomic reform) affirmative action a policy designed to redress past discrimination against women and minority groups through measures to improve their economic and educational opportunities; "affirmative action has been extremely controversial and was challenged in 1978 in the Bakke decision" fence mending social action to improve poor relations (especially in politics); "they moved forward from a period of fence mending to substantive changes in the country" trade barrier any regulation or policy that restricts international trade quota a limitation on imports; "the quota for Japanese imports was negotiated" a proportional share assigned to each participant a prescribed number; "all the salesmen met their quota for the month" embargo a government order imposing a trade barrier prevent commerce; "The U.S. embargoes Libya" ban the publication of (documents), as for security or copyright reasons; "embargoed publications" foreign policy a policy governing international relations brinkmanship the policy of pushing a dangerous situation to the brink of disaster (to the limits of safety) nonintervention a foreign policy of staying out of other countries' disputes nonaggression a policy of not initiating hostilities; "they signed a nonaggression pact" manifest destiny a policy of imperialism rationalized as inevitable (as if granted by God) isolationism a policy of nonparticipation in international economic and political relations Monroe Doctrine an American foreign policy opposing interference in the western hemisphere from outside powers Truman doctrine President Truman's policy of providing economic and military aid to any country threatened by communism or totalitarian ideology neutralism a policy of neutrality or nonalignment in international affairs trade policy a government's policy controlling foreign trade open-door policy the policy of granting equal trade opportunities to all countries zero-tolerance policy any policy that allows no exception; "a zero-tolerance policy toward pedophile priests" Zionism a policy for establishing and developing a national homeland for Jews in Palestine a movement of world Jewry that arose late in the 19th century with the aim of creating a Jewish state in Palestine caveat emptor a commercial principle that without a warranty the buyer takes upon himself the risk of quality age limit regulation establishing the maximum age for doing something or holding some position speed limit regulation establishing the top speed permitted on a given road etiquette rules governing socially acceptable behavior file transfer protocol protocol that allows users to copy files between their local system and any system they can reach on the network anonymous ftp a common way to make software available; users are allowed to log in as `guest' without a password and copy whatever has been made available hypertext transfer protocol a protocol (utilizing TCP) to transfer hypertext requests and information between servers and browsers musical instrument digital interface a standard protocol for communication between electronic musical instruments and computers transmission control protocol a protocol developed for the internet to get data from one network device to another; "TCP uses a retransmission strategy to insure that data will not be lost in transmission" transmission control protocol/internet protocol a set of protocols (including TCP) developed for the internet in the 1970s to get data from one network device to another closure by compartment closure imposed on the debate of specific sections of a bill point of order a question as to whether the current proceedings are allowed by parliamentary procedure Bushido traditional code of the Japanese samurai which stressed courage and loyalty and self-discipline and simple living legal code a code of laws adopted by a state or nation; "a code of laws" penal code the legal code governing crimes and their punishment United States Code a consolidation and codification by subject matter of the general and permanent laws of the United States; is prepared and published by a unit of the United States House of Representatives building code set of standards established and enforced by local government for the structural safety of buildings dress code a set of rules specifying the correct manner of dress while on the premises of the institution (or specifying what manner of dress is prohibited) fire code set of standards established and enforced by government for fire prevention and safety in case of fire as in fire escapes etc omerta a code of silence practiced by the Mafia; a refusal to give evidence to the police about criminal activities sanitary code set of standards established and enforced by government for health requirements as in plumbing etc Highway Code the code of rules governing the use of public roads double standard an ethical or moral code that applies more strictly to one group than to another double standard of sexual behavior a code that permits greater sexual freedom for men than for women (associated with the subordination of women) linear equation a polynomial equation of the first degree quadratic equation an equation in which the highest power of an unknown quantity is a square biquadratic equation an equation of the fourth degree differential equation an equation containing differentials of a function Maxwell's equations four differential equations that summarize classical properties of electromagnetic fields partial differential equation a differential equation involving a functions of more than one variable Schrodinger equation the fundamental equation of wave mechanics simultaneous equations a set of equations in two or more variables for which there are values that can satisfy all the equations simultaneously wave equation a differential equation that describes the passage of harmonic waves through a medium advice a proposal for an appropriate course of action indication something (as a course of action) that is indicated as expedient or necessary; "there were indications that it was time to leave" something that serves to indicate or suggest; "an indication of foul play"; "indications of strain"; "symptoms are the prime indicants of disease" (medicine) a reason to prescribe a drug or perform a procedure; "the presence of bacterial infection was an indication for the use of antibiotics" the act of indicating or pointing out by name admonition cautionary advice about something imminent (especially imminent danger or other unpleasantness); "a letter of admonition about the dangers of immorality"; "the warning was to beware of surprises"; "his final word of advice was not to play with matches" a firm rebuke secret information known only to a special group; "the secret of Cajun cooking" something that should remain hidden from others (especially information that is not to be passed on); "the combination to the safe was a secret"; "he tried to keep his drinking a secret" the next to highest level of official classification for documents not expressed; "secret (or private) thoughts" indulging only covertly; "a secret alcoholic" communicated covertly; "their secret signal was a wink"; "secret messages" not open or public; kept private or not revealed; "a secret formula"; "secret ingredients"; "secret talks" confidence a secret that is confided or entrusted to another; "everyone trusted him with their confidences"; "the priest could not reveal her confidences" a feeling of trust (in someone or something); "I have confidence in our team"; "confidence is always borrowed, never owned" a trustful relationship; "he took me into his confidence"; "he betrayed their trust" a state of confident hopefulness that events will be favorable; "public confidence in the economy" esoterica secrets known only to an initiated minority cabala an esoteric or occult matter resembling the Kabbalah that is traditionally secret open secret something that is supposed to be secret but is generally known; "their love affair was an open secret" password a secret word or phrase known only to a restricted group; "he forgot the password" trade secret a secret (method or device or formula) that gives a manufacturer an advantage over the competition propaganda information that is spread for the purpose of promoting some cause agitprop political propaganda (especially communist propaganda) communicated via art and literature and cinema course catalog a catalog listing the courses offered by a college or university specification (patent law) a document drawn up by the applicant for a patent of invention that provides an explicit and detailed description of the nature and use of an invention a detailed description of design criteria for a piece of work naming explicitly source materials publications from which information is obtained voucher a document that serves as evidence of some expenditure someone who vouches for another or for the correctness of a statement course of study an integrated course of academic studies; "he was admitted to a new program at the university" crash course a rapid and intense course of training or research (usually undertaken in an emergency); "he took a crash course in Italian on his way to Italy"; "his first job was a crash course in survival and in learning how to get along with people"; "a crash programme is needed to create new jobs" reading program a program designed to teach literacy skills degree program a course of study leading to an academic degree small print material printed in small type; "he needed his glasses in order to read the fine print" relief printing printing from a plate with raised characters intaglio printing a printing process that uses an etched or engraved plate; the plate is smeared with ink and wiped clean, then the ink left in the recesses makes the print process printing a method of printing colored reproductions from halftone plates planographic printing the process of printing from a surface on which the printing areas are not raised but are ink-receptive (as opposed to ink repellent) collotype a photomechanical printing process that uses a glass plate with a gelatin surface that carries the image to be reproduced; can be used with one or more colors photolithography a planographic printing process using plates made from a photographic image chromolithography single- or multi-color lithography photo-offset printing a method of offset printing using photomechanical plates offset a plate makes an inked impression on a rubber-blanketed cylinder, which in turn transfers it to the paper produce by offset printing; "offset the conference proceedings" create an offset in; "offset a wall" cause (printed matter) to transfer or smear onto another surface compensate for or counterbalance; "offset deposits and withdrawals" offset lithography offset printing by lithography letterset printing image is transferred from a relief type plate to a roller carbon process a process of printing on paper coated with bichromated gelatin containing pigment business news news about businesses and investments report a short account of the news; "the report of his speech"; "the story was on the 11 o'clock news"; "the account of his speech that was given on the evening news made the governor furious" the act of informing by verbal report; "he heard reports that they were causing trouble"; "by all accounts they were a happy couple" a written document describing the findings of some individual or group; "this accords with the recent study by Hill and Dale" a sharp explosive sound (especially the sound of a gun firing); "they heard a violent report followed by silence" to give an account or representation of in words; "Discreet Italian police described it in a manner typically continental" make known to the authorities; "One student reported the other to the principal" complain about; make a charge against; "I reported her to the supervisor" announce one's presence; "I report to work every day at 9 o'clock" announce as the result of an investigation or experience or finding; "Dozens of incidents of wife beatings are reported daily in this city"; "The team reported significant advances in their research" be responsible for reporting the details of, as in journalism; "Snow reported on China in the 1950's"; "The cub reporter covered New York City" newsletter report or open letter giving informal or confidential news of interest to a special group market letter a newsletter written by an analyst of the stock market and sold to subscribers bulletin a brief report (especially an official statement issued for immediate publication or broadcast) make public by bulletin news bulletin a short news announcement concerning some on-going news story information bulletin a bulletin containing the latest information urban legend a story that appears mysteriously and spreads spontaneously in various forms and is usually false; contains elements of humor or horror and is popularly believed to be true exclusive a news report that is reported first by one news organization; "he got a scoop on the bribery of city officials" excluding much or all; especially all but a particular group or minority; "exclusive clubs"; "an exclusive restaurants and shops" not divided or shared with others; "they have exclusive use of the machine"; "sole rights of publication" newscast a broadcast of news or commentary on the news radio news a radio broadcast of news sportscast a broadcast of sports news or commentary broadcast a sports event television news a television broadcast of news hard news news that deals with serious topics or events soft news news that does not deal with serious topics or events stop press late news that is inserted into the newspaper at the last minute oath a commitment to tell the truth (especially in a court of law); to lie under oath is to become subject to prosecution for perjury a solemn promise, usually invoking a divine witness, regarding your future acts or behavior; "they took an oath of allegiance" guarantee a written assurance that some product or service will be provided or will meet certain specifications an unconditional commitment that something will happen or that something is true; "there is no guarantee that they are not lying" a collateral agreement to answer for the debt of another in case that person defaults give surety or assume responsibility; "I vouch for the quality of my products" make certain of; "This nest egg will ensure a nice retirement for us"; "Preparation will guarantee success!" stand behind and guarantee the quality, accuracy, or condition of; "The dealer warrants all the cars he sells"; "I warrant this information" stock warrant a written certificate that gives the holder the right to purchase shares of a stock for a specified price within a specified period of time full faith and credit a guarantee to pay interest and principal on debt; usually issued by the United States Treasury approval a message expressing a favorable opinion; "words of approval seldom passed his lips" a feeling of liking something or someone good; "although she fussed at them, she secretly viewed all her children with approval" acceptance as satisfactory; "he bought it on approval" approbation official recognition or approval official approval O.K. an endorsement; "they gave us the O.K. to go ahead" visa an endorsement made in a passport that allows the bearer to enter the country issuing it approve officially; "The list of speakers must be visaed" provide (a passport) with a visa ovation enthusiastic recognition (especially one accompanied by loud applause) connivance (law) tacit approval of someone's wrongdoing agreement on a secret plot permission approval to do something; "he asked permission to leave" all clear permission to proceed because obstacles have been removed a signal (usually a siren) that danger is over consent permission to do something; "he indicated his consent" green light permission to proceed with a project or to take action; "the gave the green light for construction to begin" a signal to proceed leave permission to do something; "she was granted leave to speak" the period of time during which you are absent from work or duty; "a ten day's leave to visit his mother" leave unchanged or undisturbed or refrain from taking; "leave it as is"; "leave the young fawn alone"; "leave the flowers that you see in the park behind" be survived by after one's death; "He left six children"; "At her death, she left behind her husband and 11 cats" go and leave behind, either intentionally or by neglect or forgetfulness; "She left a mess when she moved out"; "His good luck finally left him"; "her husband left her after 20 years of marriage"; "she wept thinking she had been left behind" go away from a place; "At what time does your train leave?"; "She didn't leave until midnight"; "The ship leaves at midnight" remove oneself from an association with or participation in; "She wants to leave"; "The teenager left home"; "She left her position with the Red Cross"; "He left the Senate after two terms"; "after 20 years with the same company, she pulled up stakes" produce as a result or residue; "The water left a mark on the silk dress"; "Her blood left a stain on the napkin" make a possibility or provide opportunity for; permit to be attainable or cause to remain; "This leaves no room for improvement"; "The evidence allows only one conclusion"; "allow for mistakes"; "leave lots of time for the trip"; "This procedure provides for lots of leeway" act or be so as to become in a specified state; "The inflation left them penniless"; "The president's remarks left us speechless" have left or have as a remainder; "That left the four of us"; "19 minus 8 leaves 11" boarding card a pass that allows you to board a ship or plane hall pass written permission from a teacher for a student to be out the classroom and in the halls of the school ticket-of-leave a permit formerly given to convicts allowing them to leave prison under specific restrictions safe-conduct a document or escort providing safe passage through a region especially in time of war encouragement the expression of approval and support the feeling of being encouraged acclaim enthusiastic approval; "the book met with modest acclaim"; "he acknowledged the plaudits of the crowd"; "they gave him more eclat than he really deserved" praise vociferously; "The critics hailed the young pianist as a new Rubinstein" applause a demonstration of approval by clapping the hands together handclap a clap of the hands to indicate approval cheer a cry or shout of approval show approval or good wishes by shouting; "everybody cheered the birthday boy" spur on or encourage especially by cheers and shouts; "The crowd cheered the demonstrating strikers" become cheerful cause (somebody) to feel happier or more cheerful; "She tried to cheer up the disappointed child when he failed to win the spelling bee" give encouragement to banzai a Japanese cheer of enthusiasm or triumph bravo a cry of approval as from an audience at the end of great performance applaud with shouts of `bravo' or `brava' hurrah a victory cheer; "let's give the team a big hurrah" shout `hurrah!' salvo a sudden outburst of cheers; "there was a salvo of approval" an outburst resembling the discharge of firearms or the release of bombs praise an expression of approval and commendation; "he always appreciated praise for his work" offering words of homage as an act of worship; "they sang a hymn of praise to God" express approval of; "The parents praised their children for their academic performance" hallelujah a shout or song of praise to God rave an extravagantly enthusiastic review; "he gave it a rave" a dance party that lasts all night and electronically synthesized music is played; "raves are very popular in Berlin" praise enthusiastically; "She raved about that new restaurant" participate in an all-night techno dance party encomium a formal expression of praise eulogy a formal expression of praise for someone who has died recently compliment a remark (or act) expressing praise and admiration say something to someone that expresses praise; "He complimented her on her last physics paper" express respect or esteem for trade-last a compliment that I heard about you that I offer to trade for a compliment you have heard about me flattery excessive or insincere praise adulation servile flattery; exaggerated and hypocritical praise blarney flattery designed to gain favor puffery a flattering commendation (especially when used for promotional purposes) academic degree an award conferred by a college or university signifying that the recipient has satisfactorily completed a course of study; "he earned his degree at Princeton summa cum laude" associate degree a degree granted by a two-year college on successful completion of the undergraduates course of studies Associate in Arts an associate degree in arts Associate in Applied Science an associate degree in applied science Associate in Nursing an associate degree in nursing bachelor's degree an academic degree conferred on someone who has successfully completed undergraduate studies Bachelor of Arts a bachelor's degree in arts and sciences Bachelor of Arts in Library Science a bachelor's degree in library science Bachelor of Arts in Nursing a bachelor's degree in nursing Bachelor of Divinity a bachelor's degree in religion Bachelor of Literature a bachelor's degree in literature Bachelor of Medicine (a British degree) a bachelor's degree in medicine Bachelor of Music a bachelor's degree in music Bachelor of Naval Science a bachelor's degree in naval science Bachelor of Science a bachelor's degree in science Bachelor of Science in Architecture a bachelor's degree in architecture Bachelor of Science in Engineering a bachelor's degree in engineering Bachelor of Theology a bachelor's degree in theology honours a university degree with honors first an honours degree of the highest class the first element in a countable series; "the first of the month" the first or highest in an ordering or series; "He wanted to be the first" ranking above all others; "was first in her class"; "the foremost figure among marine artists"; "the top graduate" preceding all others in time or space or degree; "the first house on the right"; "the first day of spring"; "his first political race"; "her first baby"; "the first time"; "the first meetings of the new party"; "the first phase of his training" highest in pitch or chief among parts or voices or instruments or orchestra sections; "first soprano"; "the first violin section"; "played first horn" indicating the beginning unit in a series before anything else; "first we must consider the garter snake" the initial time; "when Felix first saw a garter snake" before another in time, space, or importance; "I was here first"; "let's do this job first" double first a first-class honours degree in two subjects master's degree an academic degree higher than a bachelor's degree but lower than a doctor's degree Master of Architecture a degree granted for the successful completion of advanced study of architecture Master of Arts a master's degree in arts and sciences Master of Arts in Library Science a master's degree in library science Master of Arts in Teaching a master's degree in teaching Master in Business a master's degree in business Master of Divinity a master's degree in religion Master of Education a master's degree in education Master of Fine Arts a master's degree in fine arts Master of Literature a master's degree in literature Master of Library Science a master's degree in library science Master in Public Affairs a master's degree in questions of public concern Master of Science a master's degree in science Master of Science in Engineering a master's degree in engineering Master of Theology a master's degree in theology doctor's degree one of the highest earned academic degrees conferred by a university Doctor of Dental Medicine a doctor's degree in dental medicine Doctor of Dental Surgery a doctor's degree in dental surgery Doctor of Divinity a doctor's degree in religion Doctor of Education a doctor's degree in education Doctor of Medicine a doctor's degree in medicine Doctor of Music a doctor's degree in music Doctor of Musical Arts a doctor's degree in musical arts Doctor of Optometry a doctor's degree in optometry Doctor of Osteopathy doctor's degree in osteopathy Doctor of Arts a doctor's degree with a special disciplinary focus an honorary arts degree Doctor of Philosophy a doctorate awarded for original contributions to knowledge Ph.D. a doctorate usually based on at least 3 years graduate study and a dissertation; the highest degree awarded graduate study DPhil a British doctorate Doctor of Public Health a doctor's degree in preventive medicine Doctor of Theology a doctor's degree in theology Doctor of Sacred Theology a doctor's degree in theology; "STD is from the Latin Sanctae Theologiae Doctor" law degree degree conferred on someone who successfully completes law school Bachelor of Laws a three-year law degree Master of Laws an advanced law degree honorary degree a degree conferred to honor the recipient Doctor of Fine Arts an honorary degree in fine arts Doctor of Humane Letters an honorary degree in letters Doctor of Humanities an honorary degree in the humanities Doctor of Laws an honorary law degree Doctor of Science an honorary degree in science mention an official recognition of merit; "although he didn't win the prize he did get special mention" a remark that calls attention to something or someone; "she made frequent mention of her promotion"; "there was no mention of it"; "the speaker made several references to his wife" commend; "he was cited for his outstanding achievements" make reference to; "His name was mentioned in connection with the invention" Medal of Honor the highest U.S. military decoration awarded for bravery and valor in action `above and beyond the call of duty' Distinguished Service Medal a United States military decoration for meritorious service in wartime duty of great responsibility Distinguished Service Cross a United States Army decoration for extraordinary heroism against an armed enemy Navy Cross a United States Navy decoration for extraordinary heroism against an armed enemy Distinguished Flying Cross a United States Air Force decoration for heroism while participating in an aerial flight Air Medal a United States Air Force decoration for meritorious achievement while participating in an aerial flight Silver Star Medal a United States military decoration for gallantry in action Bronze Star Medal a United States military decoration awarded for meritorious service (except in aerial flight) Order of the Purple Heart a United States military decoration awarded to any member of the armed forces who is wounded in action Oak Leaf Cluster a United States military decoration consisting of bronze or silver oak leaves and acorns awarded to anyone who has won a given medal before Victoria Cross a British military decoration for gallantry Distinguished Conduct Medal a British military decoration for distinguished conduct in the field Distinguished Service Order a British military decoration for special service in action Croix de Guerre a French military decoration for gallantry Medaille Militaire a French military decoration disapprobation an expression of strong disapproval; pronouncing as wrong or morally culpable; "his uncompromising condemnation of racism" censure harsh criticism or disapproval demonization to represent as diabolically evil; "the demonization of our enemies" brickbat blunt criticism a fragment of brick used as a weapon faultfinding persistent petty and unjustified criticism thrust verbal criticism; "he enlivened his editorials with barbed thrusts at politicians" push forcefully; "He thrust his chin forward" press or force; "Stuff money into an envelope"; "She thrust the letter into his hand" push upward; "The front of the trains that had collided head-on thrust up into the air" force (molten rock) into pre-existing rock counterblast a vigorous and unrestrained response; "her tirade provoked a counterblast from her husband" rebuke an act or expression of criticism and censure; "he had to take the rebuke with a smile on his face" sermon a moralistic rebuke; "your preaching is wasted on him" an address of a religious nature (usually delivered during a church service) static angry criticism; "they will probably give you a lot of static about your editorial" a crackling or hissing noise caused by electrical interference showing little if any change; "a static population" stricture severe criticism chiding rebuking a person harshly what for a strong reprimand berating a severe rebuke; "he deserved the berating that the coach gave him" reproach a mild rebuke or criticism; "words of reproach" disgrace or shame; "he brought reproach upon his family" express criticism towards; "The president reproached the general for his irresponsible behavior" self-reproach the act of blaming yourself blame a reproach for some lapse or misdeed; "he took the blame for it"; "it was a bum rap" attribute responsibility to; "We blamed the accident on her"; "The tragedy was charged to her inexperience" put or pin the blame on harass with constant criticism; "Don't always pick on your little brother" curtain lecture a private lecture to a husband by his wife respects (often used with `pay') a formal expression of esteem; "he paid his respects to the mayor" ad-lib remark made spontaneously without prior preparation; "his ad-libs got him in trouble with the politicians" with little or no preparation or forethought; "his ad-lib comments showed poor judgment"; "an extemporaneous piano recital"; "an extemporary lecture"; "an extempore skit"; "an impromptu speech"; "offhand excuses"; "trying to sound offhanded and reassuring"; "an off-the-cuff toast"; "a few unrehearsed comments" said or done without having been planned or written in advance; "he made a few ad-lib remarks" abuse a rude expression intended to offend or hurt; "when a student made a stupid mistake he spared them no abuse"; "they yelled insults at the visiting team" use wrongly or improperly or excessively; "Her husband often abuses alcohol"; "while she was pregnant, she abused drugs" use foul or abusive language towards; "The actress abused the policeman who gave her a parking ticket"; "The angry mother shouted at the teacher" ridicule language or behavior intended to mock or humiliate subject to laughter or ridicule; "The satirists ridiculed the plans for a new opera house"; "The students poked fun at the inexperienced teacher"; "His former students roasted the professor at his 60th birthday" fleer contempt expressed by mockery in looks or words to smirk contemptuously jeer showing your contempt by derision laugh at with contempt and derision; "The crowd jeered at the speaker" sneer a facial expression of contempt or scorn; the upper lip curls a contemptuous or scornful remark smile contemptuously; "she sneered at her little sister's efforts to play the song on the piano" express through a scornful smile; "she sneered her contempt" put-down a crushing remark cold water disparagement of a plan or hope or expectation; "she poured cold water on the whole idea of going to Africa" denigration a belittling comment ethnic slur a slur on someone's race or language sour grapes disparagement of something that is unattainable defamation a false accusation of an offense or a malicious misrepresentation of someone's words or actions character assassination an attack intended to ruin someone's reputation mud slanderous remarks or charges water soaked soil; soft wet earth plaster with mud slander words falsely spoken that damage the reputation of another name calling verbal abuse; a crude substitute for argument; "sticks and stones may break my bones but names can never hurt me" smear word an epithet that can be used to smear someone's reputation; "he used the smear word `communist' for everyone who disagreed with him" low blow unscrupulous abuse scurrility foul-mouthed or obscene abuse vituperation abusive or venomous language used to express blame or censure or bitter deep-seated ill will impudence an impudent statement sass an impudent or insolent rejoinder; "don't give me any of your sass" answer back in an impudent or insolent manner; "don't sass me!"; "The teacher punished the students who were sassing all morning" antinomy a contradiction between two statements that seem equally reasonable paradox (logic) a statement that contradicts itself; "`I always lie' is a paradox because if it is true it must be false" job description description of the responsibilities associated with a given job network architecture specification of design principles (including data formats and procedures) for creating a network configuration of data processors declaration a statement that is emphatic and explicit (spoken or written) (law) unsworn statement that can be admitted in evidence in a legal transaction; "his declaration of innocence" a statement of taxable goods or of dutiable properties announcement a formal public statement; "the government made an announcement about changes in the drug war"; "a declaration of independence" a public statement containing information about an event that has happened or is going to happen; "the announcement appeared in the local newspaper"; "the promulgation was written in English" edict a formal or authoritative proclamation promulgation the official announcement of a new law or ordinance whereby the law or ordinance is put into effect manifesto a public declaration of intentions (as issued by a political party or government) Communist Manifesto a socialist manifesto written by Marx and Engels (1842) describing the history of the working-class movement according to their views pronouncement an authoritative declaration Bill of Rights a statement of fundamental rights and privileges (especially the first ten amendments to the United States Constitution) First Amendment an amendment to the Constitution of the United States guaranteeing the right of free expression; includes freedom of assembly and freedom of the press and freedom of religion and freedom of speech Fifth Amendment an amendment to the Constitution of the United States that imposes restrictions on the government's prosecution of persons accused of crimes; mandates due process of law and prohibits self-incrimination and double jeopardy; requires just compensation if private property is taken for public use Fourteenth Amendment an amendment to the Constitution of the United States adopted in 1868; extends the guarantees of the Bill of Rights to the states as well as to the federal government Eighteenth Amendment an amendment to the Constitution of the United States adopted in 1920; prohibited the manufacture and sale of alcoholic beverages; repealed in 1932 Nineteenth Amendment an amendment to the Constitution of the United States adopted in 1920; guarantees that no state can deny the right to vote on the basis of sex assertion a declaration that is made emphatically (as if no supporting evidence were necessary) cause of action a claim sufficient to demand judicial attention; the facts that give rise to right of action dibs a claim of rights; "I have dibs on that last slice of pizza" accusation an assertion that someone is guilty of a fault or offence; "the newspaper published charges that Jones was guilty of drunken driving" a formal charge of wrongdoing brought against a person; the act of imputing blame or guilt allegation statements affirming or denying certain matters of fact that you are prepared to prove (law) a formal accusation against somebody (often in a court of law); "an allegation of malpractice" contention a point asserted as part of an argument ipse dixit an unsupported dogmatic assertion formula a group of symbols that make a mathematical statement a conventionalized statement expressing some fundamental principle a representation of a substance using symbols for its constituent elements a liquid food for infants mathematical statement a statement of a mathematical relation avowal a statement asserting the existence or the truth of something reassertion renewed affirmation protestation a strong declaration of protest postulation (logic) a declaration of something self-evident; something that can be assumed as the basis for argument threat declaration of an intention or a determination to inflict harm on another; "his threat to kill me was quite explicit" a warning that something unpleasant is imminent; "they were under threat of arrest" commination a threat of divine punishment or vengeance prayers proclaiming God's anger against sinners; read in the Church of England on Ash Wednesday menace a threat or the act of threatening; "he spoke with desperate menace" something that is a source of danger; "earthquakes are a constant threat in Japan" act in a threatening manner; "A menacing person" express a threat either by an utterance or a gesture; "he menaced the bank manager with a stick" exhibit an object or statement produced before a court of law and referred to while giving evidence show an attribute, property, knowledge, or skill; "he exhibits a great talent" witness testimony by word or deed to your religious faith someone who sees an event and reports what happened (law) a person who attests to the genuineness of a document or signature by adding their own signature (law) a person who testifies under oath in a court of law be a witness to; "She witnessed the accident and had to testify in court" perceive or be contemporaneous with; "We found Republicans winning the offices"; "You'll see a lot of cheating in this school"; "The 1960's saw the rebellion of the younger generation against established traditions"; "I want to see results" corpus delicti the body of evidence that constitute the offence; the objective proof that a crime has been committed (sometimes mistakenly thought to refer to the body of a homicide victim) direct evidence evidence (usually the testimony of a witness) directly related to the fact in dispute circumstantial evidence evidence providing only a basis for inference about the fact in dispute corroborating evidence additional evidence or evidence of different kind that supports a proof already offered in a proceeding hearsay evidence evidence based on what someone has told the witness and not of direct knowledge state's evidence evidence for the prosecution in criminal proceedings affidavit written declaration made under oath; a written statement sworn to be true before someone legally authorized to administer an oath verification (law) an affidavit attached to a statement confirming the truth of that statement subornation perjured testimony that someone was persuaded to give underhandedly or improperly inducing someone to do something improper or unlawful takeout (bridge) a bid that asks your partner to bid another suit prepared food that is intended to be eaten off of the premises; "in England they call takeout food `takeaway'" of or involving food to be taken and eaten off the premises; "takeout pizza"; "the takeout counter"; "`take-away' is chiefly British" overbid (bridge) a bid that is higher than your opponent's bid (especially when your partner has not bid at all and your bid exceeds the value of your hand) a bid that is higher than preceding bids bid more than the object is worth to bid for more tricks than one can expect to win, preemptive bid a high bid that is intended to prevent the opposing players from bidding explicandum (logic) a statement of something (a fact or thing or expression) to be explained explanans (logic) statements that explain the explicandum; the explanatory premises value statement a statement of the desirability of something cause a justification for something existing or happening; "he had no cause to complain"; "they had good reason to rejoice" events that provide the generative force that is the origin of something; "they are trying to determine the cause of the crash" give rise to; cause to happen or occur, not always intentionally; "cause a commotion"; "make a stir"; "cause an accident" alibi (law) a defense by an accused person purporting to show that he or she could not have committed the crime in question exonerate by means of an alibi exposition (music) the section of a movement (especially in sonata form) where the major musical themes first occur an account that sets forth the meaning or intent of a writing or discourse; "we would have understood the play better if there had been some initial exposition of the background" a systematic interpretation or explanation (usually written) of a specific topic construal an interpretation of the meaning of something; the act of construing philosophizing the exposition (often superficially) of a particular philosophy moralizing indulgence in moral pronouncements; the exposition (often superficially) of a particular moral code; "his constant moralizing drove me mad" preachification moralization delivered tediously in a preachy manner explication a detailed explanation of the meaning of something the act of making clear or removing obscurity from the meaning of a word or symbol or expression etc. denouement the final resolution of the main complication of a literary or dramatic work the outcome of a complex sequence of events gloss an explanation or definition of an obscure word in a text provide an interlinear translation of a word or phrase provide interlinear explanations for words or phrases; "He annotated on what his teacher had written" give a shine or gloss to, usually by rubbing deriving (historical linguistics) an explanation of the historical origins of a word or phrase contextual definition a definition in which the term is used by embedding it in a larger expression containing its explanation; "a contextual definition of `legal duty' might be `X has a legal duty to do Y means that X is required to do Y by a contract relationship that would be upheld in a court of law'" dictionary definition a definition that reports the standard uses of a word or phrase or symbol explicit definition a definition that gives an exact equivalent of the term defined ostensive definition a definition that points out or exhibits instances of the term defined recursive definition (mathematics) a definition of a function from which values of the function can be calculated in a finite number of steps redefinition the act of giving a new definition; "words like `conservative' require periodic redefinition"; "she provided a redefinition of his duties" stipulative definition a definition that is stipulated by someone and that is not a standard usage rescript a reply by a Pope to an inquiry concerning a point of law or morality feedback response to an inquiry or experiment the process in which part of the output of a system is returned to its input in order to regulate its further output advisory an announcement that usually advises or warns the public of some threat; "a frost advisory" giving advice; "an advisory memorandum"; "his function was purely consultative" Annunciation (Christianity) the announcement to the Virgin Mary by the angel Gabriel of the incarnation of Christ a festival commemorating the announcement of the Incarnation by the angel Gabriel to the Virgin Mary; a quarter day in England, Wales, and Ireland banns a public announcement of a proposed marriage caveat (law) a formal notice filed with a court or officer to suspend a proceeding until filer is given a hearing; "a caveat filed against the probate of a will" obituary a notice of someone's death; usually includes a short biography Parallel Lives a collection of biographies of famous pairs of Greeks and Romans written by Plutarch; used by Shakespeare in writing some of his plays playbill a theatrical program; "he couldn't find her name on the playbill" racecard a program for a race meeting; lists the races and the names of the horses extropy the prediction that human intelligence and technology will enable life to expand in an orderly way throughout the entire universe fortunetelling the practice of predicting people's futures (usually for payment) financial forecast a forecast of the expected financial position and the results of operations and cash flows based on expected conditions weather forecast a forecast of the weather negation (logic) a proposition that is true if and only if another proposition is false the speech act of negating a negative statement; a statement that is a refusal or denial of some other statement converse a proposition obtained by conversion carry on a conversation turned about in order or relation; "transposed letters" of words so related that one reverses the relation denoted by the other; "`parental' and `filial' are converse terms" categorem a categorematic expression; a term capable of standing alone as the subject or predicate of a logical proposition; "names are called categorems" syncategorem a syncategorematic expression; a word that cannot be used alone as a term in a logical proposition; "logical quantifiers, adverbs, prepositions, and conjunctions are called syncategoremes" postulate (logic) a proposition that is accepted as true in order to provide a basis for logical reasoning take as a given; assume as a postulate or axiom; "He posited three basic laws of nature" axiom (logic) a proposition that is not susceptible of proof or disproof; its truth is assumed to be self-evident premise a statement that is assumed to be true and from which a conclusion can be drawn; "on the assumption that he has been injured we can infer that he will not play" take something as preexisting and given set forth beforehand, often as an explanation; "He premised these remarks so that his readers might understand" major premise the premise of a syllogism that contains the major term (which is the predicate of the conclusion) minor premise the premise of a syllogism that contains the minor term (which is the subject of the conclusion) major term the term in a syllogism that is the predicate of the conclusion minor term the term in a syllogism that is the subject of the conclusion middle term the term in a syllogism that is common to both premises and excluded from the conclusion specious argument an argument that appears good at first view but is really fallacious vicious circle an argument that assumes that which is to be proved one trouble leads to another that aggravates the first thesis an unproved statement put forward as a premise in an argument boundary condition (mathematics) a condition specified for the solution to a set of differential equations scenario a postulated sequence of possible events; "planners developed several scenarios in case of an attack" an outline or synopsis of a play (or, by extension, of a literary work) a setting for a work of art or literature; "the scenario is France during the Reign of Terror" falsehood a false statement lie a statement that deviates from or perverts the truth position or manner in which something is situated tell an untruth; pretend with intent to deceive; "Don't lie to your parents"; "She lied when she told me she was only 29" be lying, be prostrate; be in a horizontal position; "The sick man lay in bed all day"; "the books are lying on the shelf" be located or situated somewhere; occupy a certain position have a place in relation to something else; "The fate of Bosnia lies in the hands of the West"; "The responsibility rests with the Allies" be and remain in a particular state or condition; "lie dormant" fib a trivial lie; "he told a fib about eating his spinach"; "how can I stop my child from telling stories?" tell a relatively insignificant lie; "Fibbing is not acceptable, even if you don't call it lying" fairytale an interesting but highly implausible story; often told as an excuse a story about fairies; told to amuse children whopper a gross untruth; a blatant lie white lie an unimportant lie (especially one told to be tactful or polite) canard a deliberately misleading fabrication misrepresentation a misleading falsehood half-truth a partially true statement intended to deceive or mislead understatement a statement that is restrained in ironic contrast to what might have been said snow job a long and elaborate misrepresentation pretext something serving to conceal plans; a fictitious reason that is concocted in order to conceal the real reason putoff a pretext for delay or inaction crocodile tears a hypocritical display of sorrow; false or insincere weeping; "the secretaries wept crocodile tears over the manager's dilemma"; "politicians shed crocodile tears over the plight of the unemployed" subterfuge something intended to misrepresent the true nature of an activity; "he wasn't sick--it was just a subterfuge"; "the holding company was just a blind" circumlocution an indirect way of expressing something a style that involves indirect ways of expressing things doublespeak any language that pretends to communicate but actually does not quibble an evasion of the point of an argument by raising irrelevant distinctions or objections argue over petty things; "Let's not quibble over pennies" evade the truth of a point or question by raising irrelevant objections fine print the part of a contract that contains reservations and qualifications that are often printed in small type; "don't sign a contract without reading the fine print" weasel word an equivocal qualification; a word used to avoid making an outright assertion cautious statement a statement made with careful qualifications comment a written explanation or criticism or illustration that is added to a book or other textual material; "he wrote an extended comment on the proposal" explain or interpret something make or write a comment on; "he commented the paper of his colleague" Midrash (Judaism) an ancient commentary on part of the Hebrew scriptures that is based on Jewish methods of interpretation and attached to the biblical text footnote a printed note placed below the text on a printed page nota bene a Latin phrase (or its abbreviation) used to indicate that special attention should be paid to something; "the margins of his book were generously supplied with pencilled NBs" postscript a note appended to a letter after the signature photo credit a note acknowledging the source of a published photograph cross-reference a reference at one place in a work to information at another place in the same work fatwah (Islam) a legal opinion or ruling issued by an Islamic scholar; "bin Laden issued three fatwahs calling upon Muslims to take up arms against the United States" obiter dictum an opinion voiced by a judge on a point of law not directly bearing on the case in question and therefore not binding an incidental remark allusion passing reference or indirect mention name-dropping the practice of casually mentioning important people in order to impress your listener; "the hard thing about name-dropping is to avoid being too obvious about it" Parkinson's law C. Northcote Parkinson's cynical observation that the number of subordinates in an organization will increase linearly regardless of the amount of work to be done C. Northcote Parkinson's cynical observation that work will expand so as to fill the time available for its completion wisecrack witty remark make a comment, usually ironic conversation stopper a remark to which there is no polite conversational reply rhetorical question a statement that is formulated as a question but that is not supposed to be answered; "he liked to make his points with rhetorical questions" misstatement a statement that contains a mistake restatement a revised statement demythologization the restatement of a message (as a religious one) in rational terms mythologization the restatement of a message as a myth corrigendum a printer's error; to be corrected misprint a mistake in printed matter resulting from mechanical failures of some kind print incorrectly malapropism the unintentional misuse of a word by confusion with one that sounds similar slip of the tongue an accidental and usually trivial mistake in speaking spoonerism transposition of initial consonants in a pair of words bargain an agreement between parties (usually arrived at after discussion) fixing obligations of each; "he made a bargain with the devil"; "he rose to prominence through a series of shady deals" an advantageous purchase; "she got a bargain at the auction"; "the stock was a real buy at that price" come to terms; arrive at an agreement working agreement an informal agreement to work together gentlemen's agreement a personal agreement based on honor and not legally binding written agreement a legal document summarizing the agreement between parties entente a friendly understanding between political powers an informal alliance between countries oral contract an agreement that is not in writing and is not signed by the parties but is a real existing contract that lacks only the formal requirement of a memorandum to render it enforceable in litigation indenture a contract binding one party into the service of another for a specified term formal agreement between the issuer of bonds and the bondholders as to terms of the debt bind by or as if by indentures, as of an apprentice or servant; "an indentured servant" obligation a legal agreement specifying a payment or action and the penalty for failure to comply a personal relation in which one is indebted for a service or favor the state of being obligated to do or pay something; "he is under an obligation to finish the job" debt an obligation to pay or do something money or goods or services owed by one person to another the state of owing something (especially money); "he is badly in debt" treaty a written agreement between two states or sovereigns alliance a formal agreement establishing an association or alliance between nations or other groups to achieve a particular aim an organization of people (or countries) involved in a pact or treaty a connection based on kinship or marriage or common interest; "the shifting alliances within a large family"; "their friendship constitutes a powerful bond between them" the state of being allied or confederated commercial treaty a treaty governing commerce between two or more nations peace a treaty to cease hostilities; "peace came on November 11th" the absence of mental stress or anxiety harmonious relations; freedom from disputes; "the roommates lived in peace together" the state prevailing during the absence of war the general security of public places; "he was arrested for disturbing the peace" Peace of Westphalia the peace treaty that ended the Thirty Years' War in 1648 Chemical Weapons Convention a global treaty banning the production or acquisition or stockpiling or transfer or use of chemical weapons Geneva Convention an agreement first drawn up in Geneva in 1864 and later revised concerning the treatment of captured and wounded military personnel and civilians in wartime Lateran Treaty the agreement signed in the Lateran Palace in 1929 by Italy and the Holy See which recognized the Vatican City as a sovereign and independent papal state North Atlantic Treaty the treaty signed in 1949 by 12 countries that established NATO SALT I the first treaty between the United States and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics resulting from the Strategic Arms Limitation Talks SALT II the second treaty between the United States and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics resulting from the Strategic Arms Limitation Talks Treaty of Versailles the treaty imposed on Germany by the Allied powers in 1920 after the end of World War I which demanded exorbitant reparations from the Germans treacle writing or music that is excessively sweet and sentimental a pale cane syrup wit a message whose ingenuity or verbal skill or incongruity has the power to evoke laughter jeu d'esprit a witty comment or writing bon mot a clever remark esprit de l'escalier a witty remark that occurs to you too late sarcasm witty language used to convey insults or scorn; "he used sarcasm to upset his opponent"; "irony is wasted on the stupid"; "Satire is a sort of glass, wherein beholders do generally discover everybody's face but their own"--Jonathan Swift repartee adroitness and cleverness in reply banter light teasing repartee badinage frivolous banter persiflage light teasing punch line the point of a joke or humorous story belly laugh a joke that seems extremely funny dirty joke an indelicate joke ethnic joke a joke at the expense of some ethnic group funny story an account of an amusing incident (usually with a punch line); "she told a funny story"; "she made a funny" in-joke a joke that is appreciated only by members of some particular group of people one-liner a one-line joke shaggy dog story a long rambling joke whose humor derives from its pointlessness sick joke a joke in bad taste sight gag a joke whose effect is achieved by visual means rather than by speech (as in a movie) caricature a representation of a person that is exaggerated for comic effect represent in or produce a caricature of; "The drawing caricatured the President" jocosity fun characterized by humor waggery waggish behavior pun a humorous play on words; "I do it for the pun of it"; "his constant punning irritated her" make a play on words; "Japanese like to pun--their language is well suited to punning" ribaldry ribald humor adverse opinion an opinion concerning financial statements (usually based on an audit by a CPA) that the statements as a whole do not present results fairly or are not in conformity with the generally accepted accounting practices of the United States question the subject matter at issue; "the question of disease merits serious discussion"; "under the head of minor Roman poets" an informal reference to a marriage proposal; "he was ready to pop the question" an instance of questioning; "there was a question about my training"; "we made inquiries of all those who were present" a sentence of inquiry that asks for a reply; "he asked a direct question"; "he had trouble phrasing his interrogations" pose a question challenge the accuracy, probity, or propriety of; "We must question your judgment in this matter" problem a question raised for consideration or solution; "our homework consisted of ten problems to solve" a state of difficulty that needs to be resolved; "she and her husband are having problems"; "it is always a job to contact him"; "urban problems such as traffic congestion and smog" question of fact a disputed factual contention that is generally left for a jury to decide question of law a disputed legal contention that is generally left for a judge to decide homework problem a problem that students are assigned to do outside of class poser a particularly difficult or baffling question or problem crossword puzzle a puzzle in which words corresponding to numbered clues are to be found and written in to squares in the puzzle koan a paradoxical anecdote or a riddle that has no solution; used in Zen Buddhism to show the inadequacy of logical reasoning sudoku a number puzzle in which the numbers 1 through 9 must be placed into a grid of cells so that each row or column contains only one of each number word square a puzzle where you fill a square grid with words reading the same down as across pons asinorum a problem that severely tests the ability of an inexperienced person rebus a puzzle where you decode a message consisting of pictures representing syllables and words misdirection incorrect directions or instructions an incorrect charge to a jury given by a judge return address the address of the sender of a letter or parcel indicating where it should be returned if it cannot be delivered markup detailed stylistic instructions for typesetting something that is to be printed; manual markup is usually written on the copy (e.g. underlining words that are to be set in italics) the amount added to the cost to determine the asking price markup language a set of symbols and rules for their use when doing a markup of a document standard generalized markup language (computer science) a standardized language for the descriptive markup of documents; a set of rules for using whatever markup vocabulary is adopted hypertext markup language a set of tags and rules (conforming to SGML) for using them in developing hypertext documents recipe directions for making something stage direction an instruction written as part of the script of a play religious doctrine the written body of teachings of a religious group that are generally accepted by that group ahimsa a Buddhist and Hindu and especially Jainist doctrine holding that all forms of life are sacred and urging the avoidance of violence ecumenism (Christianity) the doctrine of the ecumenical movement that promotes cooperation and better understanding among different religious denominations: aimed at universal Christian unity a movement promoting union between religions (especially between Christian churches) Immaculate Conception (Christianity) the Roman Catholic dogma that God preserved the Virgin Mary from any stain of original sin from the moment she was conceived Roman Catholic holy day first celebrated in 1854 Incarnation (Christianity) the Christian doctrine of the union of God and man in the person of Jesus Christ Nicene Creed (Christianity) a formal creed summarizing Christian beliefs; first adopted in 325 and later expanded real presence (Christianity) the Christian doctrine that the body of Christ is actually present in the Eucharist signal any nonverbal action or gesture that encodes a message; "signals from the boat suddenly stopped" any incitement to action; "he awaited the signal to start"; "the victory was a signal for wild celebration" an electric quantity (voltage or current or field strength) whose modulation represents coded information about the source from which it comes notably out of the ordinary; "the year saw one signal triumph for the Labour party" starting signal a signal to begin (as in a race); "the starting signal was a green light"; "the runners awaited the start" storm signal a signal announcing the approach of a storm (particularly a storm of marked violence) storm cone a canvas cone hoisted to warn of high winds radio beam a signal transmitted along a narrow path; guides airplane pilots in darkness or bad weather tickler a file of memoranda or notices that remind of things to be done ticktack system of signalling by hand signs used by bookmakers at racetracks time signal a signal (especially electronic or by radio) indicating the precisely correct time poster a sign posted in a public place as an advertisement; "a poster advertised the coming attractions" show bill a poster advertising a show or play flash card a card with words or numbers or pictures that is flashed to a class by the teacher street sign a sign visible from the street signpost a post bearing a sign that gives directions or shows the way mark with a signpost, as of a path fingerpost a guidepost resembling a hand with a pointing index finger dog-ear a corner of a page turned down to mark your place bar sinister a mark of bastardy; lines from top right to bottom left earmark identification mark on the ear of a domestic animal cloven hoof the mark of Satan postage a small adhesive token stuck on a letter or package to indicate that that postal fees have been paid the charge for mailing something trading stamp a token resembling a stamp given by a retailer to a buyer; the token is redeemable for articles on a special list animal communication communication between animals (of the same species) bell-like call a birdcall that resembles the tone of a bell two-note call a birdcall having two notes; "the two-note call of the cuckoo" contraindication (medicine) a reason that makes it inadvisable to prescribe a particular drug or employ a particular procedure or treatment symptom anything that accompanies X and is regarded as an indication of X's existence (medicine) any sensation or change in bodily function that is experienced by a patient and is associated with a particular disease signalization a conspicuous indication pointing out indication by demonstration manifestation a manifest indication of the existence or presence or nature of some person or thing; "a manifestation of disease" a clear appearance; "a manifestation of great emotion" mintmark a mark on a coin that identifies the mint where it was produced downstroke a stroke normally made in a downward direction upstroke a stroke normally made in an upward direction flick a short stroke a light sharp contact (usually with something flexible); "he gave it a flick with his finger"; "he felt the flick of a whip" remove with a flick (of the hand) touch or hit with a light, quick blow; "flicked him with his hand" twitch or flutter; "the paper flicked" look through a book or other written material; "He thumbed through the report"; "She leafed through the volume" hoofprint a visible impression on a surface made by the hoof of an animal dotted line a line made up of dots or dashes; often used to indicate where you are supposed to sign a contract; "just sign on the dotted line" ascender (printing) the part of tall lowercase letters that extends above the other lowercase letters a lowercase letter that has a part extending above other lowercase letters someone who ascends bar line a vertical line before the accented beat marking the boundary between musical bars descender (printing) the part of lowercase letters that extends below the other lowercase letters a lowercase letter that has a part extending below other lowercase letters someone who descends spectrum line an isolated component of a spectrum formed by radiation at a uniform frequency trend line a line on a graph indicating a statistical trend underscore a line drawn underneath (especially under written matter) give extra weight to (a communication); "Her gesture emphasized her words" isometric line a line connecting isometric points thalweg a line following the lowest points of a valley the middle of the chief navigable channel of a waterway that forms the boundary line between states guideline a light line that is used in lettering to help align the letters hair stroke a very fine line in writing or printing harbinger something that precedes and indicates the approach of something or someone hint a slight indication an indirect suggestion; "not a breath of scandal ever touched her" drop a hint; intimate by a hint air alert the warning signal that begins a period of preparation for an enemy air attack the condition in which combat aircraft are airborne and ready for an operation; "aircraft in the Mideast are on air alert" the time period during which military and civilian agencies are prepared for an enemy air attack distress signal an internationally recognized signal sent out by a ship or plane indicating that help is needed SOS an internationally recognized distress signal in radio code Mayday an internationally recognized distress signal via radiotelephone (from the French m'aider) bugle call a signal broadcast by the sound of a bugle taps (military) signal to turn the lights out tattle disclosing information or giving evidence about another telegraphic signal a signal transmitted by telegraphy dot the shorter of the two telegraphic signals used in Morse code mark with a dot; "dot your `i's" make a dot or dots scatter or intersperse like dots or studs; "Hills constellated with lights" high sign a silent signal of warning or recognition; "she started to speak but he gave her the high sign" numeral a symbol used to represent a number; "he learned to write the numerals before he went to school" of or relating to or denoting numbers; "a numeral adjective"; "numerical order"; "a numeric symbol" Arabic numeral one of the symbols 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,0 Roman numeral a symbol in the old Roman notation; I,V,X,L,C,D,M represent 1,5,10,50,100,500,1000 respectively in Arabic notation crossbones two crossed bones (or a representation of two crossed bones) used as a symbol danger or death horn of plenty a goat's horn filled with grain and flowers and fruit symbolizing prosperity death's head a human skull (or a representation of a human skull) used as a symbol of death lingam the Hindu phallic symbol of Siva mathematical notation a notation used by mathematicians numeration system any notation for the representation of numbers positional notation a numeration system in which a real number is represented by an ordered set of characters where the value of a character depends on its position binary notation any notation that uses 2 characters (usually 0 and 1) binary numeration system a positional system of numeration that uses binary digits and a radix of two octal numeration system a positional system of numeration that uses octal digits and a radix of eight decimal notation any notation that uses 10 different characters (usually the digits 0 to 9) octal notation any mathematical notation that uses 8 different characters (usually the digits 0 to 7) decimal numeration system a positional system of numeration that uses decimal digits and a base of ten duodecimal notation any notation that uses 12 different characters duodecimal number system a positional system of numeration that uses duodecimal digits and a radix of twelve hexadecimal notation any notation that uses 16 different characters hexadecimal number system a positional system of numeration that uses hexadecimal digits and a radix of sixteen equal sign a sign indicating that the quantities on either side are equal plus sign a sign indicating the operation of addition minus sign a sign indicating the operation of subtraction radical sign a sign indicating the extraction of a root decimal point the dot at the left of a decimal fraction exponent a mathematical notation indicating the number of times a quantity is multiplied by itself someone who expounds and interprets or explains logarithm the exponent required to produce a given number antilogarithm the number of which a given number is the logarithm common logarithm a logarithm to the base 10 natural logarithm a logarithm to the base e mantissa the positive fractional part of the representation of a logarithm; in the expression log 643 = 2.808 the mantissa is .808 fixed-point notation a radix numeration system in which the location of the decimal point is fixed by convention floating-point notation a radix numeration system in which the location of the decimal point is indicated by an exponent of the radix; in the floating-point representation system, 0.0012 is represented as 0.12-2 where -2 is the exponent infix notation a notation for forming mathematical expressions using parentheses and governed by rules of operator precedence; operators are dispersed among the operands parenthesis-free notation a notation for forming mathematical expressions that does not use parentheses to delimit components prefix notation a parenthesis-free notation for forming mathematical expressions in which each operator precedes its operands postfix notation a parenthesis-free notation for forming mathematical expressions in which each operator follows its operands musical notation (music) notation used by musicians lead sheet a sheet containing the words and melody for a song (and some indication of harmony) written in simple form obbligato a part of the score that must be performed without change or omission a persistent but subordinate motif sheet music a musical composition in printed or written form; "she turned the pages of the music as he played" tablature a musical notation indicating the fingering to be used choreography a notation used by choreographers the representation of dancing by symbols as music is represented by notes Labanotation a system of notation for dance movements that uses symbols to represent points on a dancer's body and the direction of the dancer's movement and the tempo and the dynamics chemical notation a notation used by chemists to express technical facts in chemistry molecular formula a chemical formula based on analysis and molecular weight structural formula an expanded molecular formula showing the arrangement of atoms within the molecule empirical formula a chemical formula showing the ratio of elements in a compound rather than the total number of atoms written symbol a written or printed symbol call mark a mark consisting of characters written on a book; used to indicate shelf location caret a mark used by an author or editor to indicate where something is to be inserted into a text check mark a mark indicating that something has been noted or completed etc.; "as he called the role he put a check mark by each student's name" check character a character that is added to the end of a block of transmitted data and used to check the accuracy of the transmission superscript a character or symbol set or printed or written above and immediately to one side of another character written or printed above and to one side of another character subscript a character or symbol set or printed or written beneath or slightly below and to the side of another character written or printed below and to one side of another character ASCII character any member of the standard code for representing characters by binary numbers control character ASCII characters to indicate carriage return or tab or backspace; typed by depressing a key and the control key at the same time backspace character a control character that indicates moving a space to the left diacritical mark a mark added to a letter to indicate a special pronunciation ditto mark a mark used to indicate the word above it should be repeated dollar mark a mark ($) written before a number to indicate that it stands for the number of dollars dollar a symbol of commercialism or greed; "he worships the almighty dollar"; "the dollar sign means little to him" a United States coin worth one dollar; "the dollar coin has never been popular in the United States" a piece of paper money worth one dollar the basic monetary unit in many countries; equal to 100 cents phonogram any written symbol standing for a sound or syllable or morpheme or word accent a diacritical mark used to indicate stress or placed above a vowel to indicate a special pronunciation distinctive manner of oral expression; "he couldn't suppress his contemptuous accent"; "she had a very clear speech pattern" stress mark a mark indicating the stress on a syllable acute accent a mark placed above a vowel to indicate pronunciation grave accent a mark (`) placed above a vowel to indicate pronunciation breve a diacritical mark (U-shaped) placed over a vowel to indicate a short sound cedilla a diacritical mark (,) placed below the letter c to indicate that it is pronounced as an s circumflex a diacritical mark (^) placed above a vowel in some languages to indicate a special phonetic quality hacek a diacritical mark (an inverted circumflex) placed above certain letters (such as the letter c) to indicate pronunciation macron a diacritical mark (-) placed above a vowel to indicate a long sound tilde a diacritical mark (~) placed over the letter n in Spanish to indicate a palatal nasal sound or over a vowel in Portuguese to indicate nasalization umlaut a diacritical mark (two dots) placed over a vowel to indicate a change in sound in some languages dieresis a diacritical mark (two dots) placed over a vowel to indicate that it does not form a diphthong with an adjacent vowel monogram a graphic symbol consisting of 2 or more letters combined (usually your initials); printed on stationery or embroidered on clothing small letter the characters that were once kept in bottom half of a compositor's type case small capital a character having the form of an upper-case letter but the same height as lower-case letters type family a complete set of type suitable for printing text font a specific size and style of type within a type family unicameral script a script with a single case bicameral script a script having two distinct cases typewriter font a typeface is which each character is given the same width (as by a typewriter) proportional font any font whose different characters have different widths font cartridge any font that is contained in a cartridge that can be plugged into a computer printer modern a typeface (based on an 18th century design by Gianbattista Bodoni) distinguished by regular shape and hairline serifs and heavy downstrokes a contemporary person characteristic of present-day art and music and literature and architecture belonging to the modern era; since the Middle Ages; "modern art"; "modern furniture"; "modern history"; "totem poles are modern rather than prehistoric" old style a typeface (based on an 18th century design) distinguished by irregularity and slanted ascender serifs and little contrast between light and heavy strokes boldface a typeface with thick heavy lines print in boldface roman a typeface used in ancient Roman inscriptions screen font the font that is displayed on a computer screen; "when the screen font resembles a printed font a document may look approximately the same on the screen as it will when printed" sans serif a typeface in which characters have no serifs serif a short line at the end of the main strokes of a character percent sign a sign (`%') used to indicate that the number preceding it should be understood as a proportion multiplied by 100 asterisk a star-shaped character * used in printing double dagger a character used in printing to indicate a cross reference or footnote digraph two successive letters (especially two letters used to represent a single sound: `sh' in `shoe') initial the first letter of a word (especially a person's name); "he refused to put the initials FRS after his name" mark with one's initials occurring at the beginning; "took the initial step toward reconciliation" C the 3rd letter of the Roman alphabet (music) the keynote of the scale of C major a general-purpose programing language closely associated with the UNIX operating system D the 4th letter of the Roman alphabet E the 5th letter of the Roman alphabet F the 6th letter of the Roman alphabet G the 7th letter of the Roman alphabet H the 8th letter of the Roman alphabet I the 9th letter of the Roman alphabet J the 10th letter of the Roman alphabet L the 12th letter of the Roman alphabet M the 13th letter of the Roman alphabet N the 14th letter of the Roman alphabet P the 16th letter of the Roman alphabet Q the 17th letter of the Roman alphabet R the 18th letter of the Roman alphabet S the 19th letter of the Roman alphabet T the 20th letter of the Roman alphabet U the 21st letter of the Roman alphabet V the 22nd letter of the Roman alphabet W the 23rd letter of the Roman alphabet X the 24th letter of the Roman alphabet Y the 25th letter of the Roman alphabet Z the 26th letter of the Roman alphabet; "the British call Z zed and the Scots call it ezed but Americans call it zee"; "he doesn't know A from izzard" alpha the 1st letter of the Greek alphabet the beginning of a series or sequence; "the Alpha and Omega, the first and the last, the beginning and the end"--Revelations early testing stage of a software or hardware product; "alpha version" first in order of importance; "the alpha male in the group of chimpanzees"; "the alpha star in a constellation is the brightest or main star" beta the 2nd letter of the Greek alphabet preliminary or testing stage of a software or hardware product; "a beta version"; "beta software" second in order of importance; "the candidate, considered a beta male, was perceived to be unable to lead his party to victory" gamma the 3rd letter of the Greek alphabet a unit of magnetic field strength equal to one-hundred-thousandth of an oersted delta the 4th letter of the Greek alphabet a low triangular area of alluvial deposits where a river divides before entering a larger body of water; "the Mississippi River delta"; "the Nile delta" an object shaped like an equilateral triangle epsilon the 5th letter of the Greek alphabet zeta the 6th letter of the Greek alphabet eta the 7th letter of the Greek alphabet theta the 8th letter of the Greek alphabet iota the 9th letter of the Greek alphabet kappa the 10th letter of the Greek alphabet mu the 12th letter of the Greek alphabet nu the 13th letter of the Greek alphabet xi the 14th letter of the Greek alphabet omicron the 15th letter of the Greek alphabet pi the 16th letter of the Greek alphabet the ratio of the circumference to the diameter of a circle; approximately equal to 3.14159265358979323846... rho the 17th letter of the Greek alphabet sigma the 18th letter of the Greek alphabet tau the 19th letter of the Greek alphabet upsilon the 20th letter of the Greek alphabet phi the 21st letter of the Greek alphabet chi the 22nd letter of the Greek alphabet psi the 23rd letter of the Greek alphabet omega the last (24th) letter of the Greek alphabet the ending of a series or sequence; "the Alpha and the Omega, the first and the last, the beginning and the end"--Revelation aleph the 1st letter of the Hebrew alphabet beth the 2nd letter of the Hebrew alphabet gimel the 3rd letter of the Hebrew alphabet daleth the 4th letter of the Hebrew alphabet he the 5th letter of the Hebrew alphabet waw the 6th letter of the Hebrew alphabet zayin the 7th letter of the Hebrew alphabet heth the 8th letter of the Hebrew alphabet teth the 9th letter of the Hebrew alphabet yodh the 10th letter of the Hebrew alphabet kaph the 11th letter of the Hebrew alphabet lamedh the 12th letter of the Hebrew alphabet mem the 13th letter of the Hebrew alphabet nun the 14th letter of the Hebrew alphabet a woman religious samekh the 15th letter of the Hebrew alphabet ayin the 16th letter of the Hebrew alphabet pe the 17th letter of the Hebrew alphabet sadhe the 18th letter of the Hebrew alphabet qoph the 19th letter of the Hebrew alphabet resh the 20th letter of the Hebrew alphabet polyphone a letter that has two or more pronunciations; "`c' is a polyphone because it is pronounced like `k' in `car' but like `s' in `cell'" block letter a plain hand-drawn letter scarlet letter the letter A in red; Puritans required adulterers to wear it phonetic symbol a written character used in phonetic transcription of represent a particular speech sound mathematical symbol a character that is used to indicates a mathematical relation or operation rune any character from an ancient Germanic alphabet used in Scandinavia from the 3rd century to the Middle Ages; "each rune had its own magical significance" thorn a Germanic character of runic origin pictograph a graphic character used in picture writing ideogram a graphic character that indicates the meaning of a thing without indicating the sounds used to say it; "Chinese characters are ideograms" logogram a single written symbol that represents an entire word or phrase without indicating its pronunciation; "7 is a logogram that is pronounced `seven' in English and `nanatsu' in Japanese" radical a character conveying the lexical meaning of a logogram a person who has radical ideas or opinions (mathematics) a quantity expressed as the root of another quantity especially of leaves; located at the base of a plant or stem; especially arising directly from the root or rootstock or a root-like stem; "basal placentation"; "radical leaves" arising from or going to the root or source; "a radical flaw in the plan" of or relating to or constituting a linguistic root; "a radical verb form" ampersand a punctuation mark (&) used to represent conjunction (and) apostrophe the mark (') used to indicate the omission of one or more letters from a printed word address to an absent or imaginary person exclamation mark a punctuation mark (!) used after an exclamation hyphen a punctuation mark (-) used between parts of a compound word or between the syllables of a word when the word is divided at the end of a line of text parenthesis either of two punctuation marks (or) used to enclose textual material period a punctuation mark (.) placed at the end of a declarative sentence to indicate a full stop or after abbreviations; "in England they call a period a stop" the end or completion of something; "death put a period to his endeavors"; "a change soon put a period to my tranquility" a unit of geological time during which a system of rocks formed; "ganoid fishes swarmed during the earlier geological periods" (ice hockey) one of three divisions into which play is divided in hockey games the interval taken to complete one cycle of a regularly repeating phenomenon suspension point (usually plural) one of a series of points indicating that something has been omitted or that the sentence is incomplete question mark a punctuation mark (?) placed at the end of a sentence to indicate a question quotation mark a punctuation mark used to attribute the enclosed text to someone else single quote a single quotation mark double quotes a pair of quotation marks scare quote the use of quotation marks to indicate that it is not the authors preferred terminology semicolon a punctuation mark (`;') used to connect independent clauses; indicates a closer relation than does a period solidus a punctuation mark (/) used to separate related items of information swung dash a punctuation mark used in text to indicate the omission of a word company name the name by which a corporation is identified domain name strings of letters and numbers (separated by periods) that are used to name organizations and computers and addresses on the internet; "domain names are organized hierarchically with the more generic parts to the right" trade name a name given to a product or service label trade name of a company that produces musical recordings; "the artists and repertoire department of a recording label is responsible for finding new talent" a brief description given for purposes of identification; "the label modern is applied to many different kinds of architecture" an identifying or descriptive marker that is attached to an object a radioactive isotope that is used in a compound in order to trace the mechanism of a chemical reaction distinguish (an element or atom) by using a radioactive isotope or an isotope of unusual mass for tracing through chemical reactions distinguish (as a compound or molecule) by introducing a labeled atom assign a label to; designate with a label; "These students were labelled `learning disabled'" trademark a formally registered symbol identifying the manufacturer or distributor of a product register the trademark of; "The company trademarked their new gadget" revenue stamp a small piece of adhesive paper that is put on an object to show that a government tax has been paid phylactery (Judaism) either of two small leather cases containing texts from the Hebrew Scriptures (known collectively as tefillin); traditionally worn (on the forehead and the left arm) by Jewish men during morning prayer white feather a symbol of cowardice flourish (music) a short lively tune played on brass instruments; "he entered to a flourish of trumpets"; "her arrival was greeted with a rousing fanfare" the act of waving a display of ornamental speech or language a showy gesture; "she entered with a great flourish" an ornamental embellishment in writing glissando a rapid series of ascending or descending notes on the musical scale (musical direction) in the manner of a glissando (with a rapidly executed series of notes); "this should be played glissando, please" roulade (music) an elaborate run of several notes sung to one syllable a dish consisting of a slice of meat that is rolled around a filling and cooked supertonic (music) the second note of a diatonic scale mediant (music) the third note of a diatonic scale; midway between the tonic and the dominant subdominant (music) the fourth note of the diatonic scale dominant (music) the fifth note of the diatonic scale exercising influence or control; "television plays a dominant role in molding public opinion"; "the dominant partner in the marriage" (of genes) producing the same phenotype whether its allele is identical or dissimilar submediant (music) the sixth note of a major or minor scale (or the third below the tonic) subtonic (music) the seventh note of the diatonic scale pedal point a sustained bass note semitone the musical interval between adjacent keys on a keyboard instrument quarter tone half of a semitone third the musical interval between one note and another three notes away from it; "a simple harmony written in major thirds" following the second position in an ordering or series; "a distant third"; "he answered the first question willingly, the second reluctantly, and the third with resentment" coming next after the second and just before the fourth in position in the third place; "third we must consider unemployment" fourth the musical interval between one note and another four notes away from it following the third position; number four in a countable series coming next after the third and just before the fifth in position or time or degree or magnitude; "the quaternary period of geologic time extends from the end of the tertiary period to the present" fifth the musical interval between one note and another five notes away from it a quantity of liquor equal to one fifth of a United States gallon position five in a countable series of things; "he was fifth out of several hundred runners" coming next after the fourth and just before the sixth in position sixth the musical interval between one note and another six notes away from it position six in a countable series of things coming next after the fifth and just before the seventh in position seventh the musical interval between one note and another seven notes away from it position seven in a countable series of things coming next after the sixth and just before the eighth in position trill a note that alternates rapidly with another note a semitone above it the articulation of a consonant (especially the consonant `r') with a rapid flutter of the tongue against the palate or uvula; "he pronounced his R's with a distinct trill" pronounce with a trill, of the phoneme `r'; "Some speakers trill their r's" diatonic scale a scale with eight notes in an octave; all but two are separated by whole tones ecclesiastical mode any of a system of modes used in Gregorian chants up until 1600; derived historically from the Greek mode Greek mode any of the descending diatonic scales in the music of classical Greece major scale a diatonic scale with notes separated by whole tones except for the 3rd and 4th and 7th and 8th minor scale a diatonic scale with notes separated by whole tones except for the 2nd and 3rd and 5th and 6th chromatic scale a 12-note scale including all the semitones of the octave gapped scale a musical scale with fewer than seven notes pentatonic scale a gapped scale with five notes; usually the fourth and seventh notes of the diatonic scale are omitted staff line any of the 5 horizontal marks comprising a staff ledger line a short line; a notation for extending the range above or below the staff clef a musical notation written on a staff indicating the pitch of the notes following it treble clef a clef that puts the G above middle C on the second line of a staff bass clef a clef that puts the F below middle C on the fourth line of a staff alto clef a clef that puts middle C on the third line of a staff C clef a movable clef that puts middle C on one of the lines of a staff soprano clef a clef that puts middle C on the bottom line of the staff tenor clef a clef that puts middle C on the fourth line of the staff; used for writing music for bassoons or cellos or tenor horns key signature the sharps or flats that follow the clef and indicate the key atonality the absence of a key; alternative to the diatonic system major key a key whose harmony is based on the major scale minor key a key based on the minor scale tonic key the basic key in which a piece of music is written time signature a musical notation indicating the number of beats to a measure and kind of note that takes a beat double bar notation marking the end of principal parts of a musical composition; two adjacent bar lines alla breve a musical time signature indicating two or four half notes to a measure slur (music) a curved line spanning notes that are to be played legato utter indistinctly speak disparagingly of; e.g., make a racial slur; "your comments are slurring your co-workers" play smoothly or legato; "the pianist slurred the most beautiful passage in the sonata" C major (music) the major scale having no sharps or flats double sharp a musical notation of two sharps in front of a note indicating that it is to be raised by two semitones double flat a musical notation of two flats in front of a note indicating that it is to be lowered by two semitones accidental a musical notation that makes a note sharp or flat or natural although that is not part of the key signature happening by chance or unexpectedly or unintentionally; "with an inadvertent gesture she swept the vase off the table"; "accidental poisoning"; "an accidental shooting" tonic solfa a system of solmization using the solfa syllables: do, re, mi, fa, sol, la, ti solfa syllable one of the names for notes of a musical scale in solmization do the syllable naming the first (tonic) note of any major scale in solmization create or design, often in a certain way; "Do my room in blue"; "I did this piece in wood to express my love for the forest" travel or traverse (a distance); "This car does 150 miles per hour"; "We did 6 miles on our hike every day" carry on or function; "We could do with a little more help around here" get (something) done; "I did my job" proceed or get along; "How is she doing in her new job?"; "How are you making out in graduate school?"; "He's come a long way" re the syllable naming the second (supertonic) note of any major scale in solmization mi the syllable naming the third (mediant) note of any major scale in solmization fa the syllable naming the fourth (subdominant) note of the diatonic scale in solmization sol the syllable naming the fifth (dominant) note of any musical scale in solmization a colloid that has a continuous liquid phase in which a solid is suspended in a liquid la the syllable naming the sixth (submediant) note of a major or minor scale in solmization ti the syllable naming the seventh (subtonic) note of any musical scale in solmization shrub with terminal tufts of elongated leaves used locally for thatching and clothing; thick sweet roots are used as food; tropical southeastern Asia, Australia and Hawaii segno (music) a notation written at the beginning or end of a passage that is to be repeated sforzando (music) a notation written above a note and indicating that it is to be played with a strong initial attack an accented chord arpeggio a chord whose notes are played in rapid succession rather than simultaneously middle C the note designated by the first ledger line below the treble staff; 261.63 hertz chord a combination of three or more notes that blend harmoniously when sounded together a straight line connecting two points on a curve play chords on (a stringed instrument) common chord a three-note major or minor chord; a note and its third and fifth tones seventh chord a triad with a seventh added passing note a nonharmonic note inserted for transition between harmonic notes whole note a musical note having the longest time value (equal to four beats in common time) whole rest a musical rest equal in duration to four beats in common time half note a musical note having the time value of half a whole note half rest a musical rest having the time value of half a whole rest or equal in duration to two beats in common time quarter note a musical note having the time value of a quarter of a whole note quarter rest a musical rest having one-fourth the time value of a whole rest eighth note a musical note having the time value of an eighth of a whole note sixteenth note a musical note having the time value of a sixteenth of a whole note thirty-second note a musical note having the time value of a thirty-second of a whole note sixty-fourth note a musical note having the time value of a sixty-fourth of a whole note grace note an embellishing note usually written in smaller size singing voice the musical quality of the voice while singing basso profundo a very deep bass voice countertenor the highest adult male singing voice a male singer with a voice above that of a tenor of or being the highest male voice; having a range above that of tenor contralto the lowest female singing voice a woman singer having a contralto voice mezzo-soprano the female singing voice between contralto and soprano a soprano with a voice between soprano and contralto visual communication communication that relies on vision visual signal a signal that involves visual communication watch fire a fire lighted at night as a signal traffic light a visual signal to control the flow of traffic at intersections red light the signal to stop a cautionary sign of danger idiot light a colored warning light on an instrument panel (as for low oil pressure) yellow light the signal to proceed with caution code flag one of an international code of flag signals used between ships blue peter a blue flag with a white square in the center indicates that the vessel is ready to sail sign language language expressed by visible hand gestures finger spelling an alphabet of manual signs ASL the sign language used in the United States gesticulation a deliberate and vigorous gesture or motion body language communication via the movements or attitudes of the body beck a beckoning gesture facial expression a gesture executed with the facial muscles rictus a gaping grimace grimace a contorted facial expression; "she made a grimace at the prospect" contort the face to indicate a certain mental or emotional state; "He grimaced when he saw the amount of homework he had to do" pout a disdainful grimace make a sad face and thrust out one's lower lip; "mop and mow"; "The girl pouted" frown a facial expression of dislike or displeasure look angry or sullen, wrinkle one's forehead, as if to signal disapproval simper a silly self-conscious smile smile a facial expression characterized by turning up the corners of the mouth; usually shows pleasure or amusement change one's facial expression by spreading the lips, often to signal pleasure express with a smile; "She smiled her thanks" laugh a facial expression characteristic of a person laughing; "his face wrinkled in a silent laugh of derision" the sound of laughing produce laughter smirk a smile expressing smugness or scorn instead of pleasure smile affectedly or derisively snarl an angry vicious expression a vicious angry growl make more complicated or confused through entanglements make a snarling noise or move with a snarling noise; "Bullets snarled past us" straight face a serious facial expression giving no evidence of interest or amusement wink closing one eye quickly as a signal signal by winking; "She winked at him" keep back by blinking; "blink away tears" big stick a display of force or power; "speak softly but carry a big stick" gaudery cheap or pretentious or vain display exemplification showing by example cupid a symbol for love in the form of a cherubic naked boy with wings and a bow and arrow donkey the symbol of the Democratic Party; introduced in cartoons by Thomas Nast in 1874 fasces bundle of rods containing an axe with the blade protruding; in ancient Rome it was a symbol of a magistrate's power; in modern Italy it is a symbol of fascism national flag an emblem flown as a symbol of nationality hammer and sickle the emblem on the flag of the Soviet Union Star of David a six-pointed star formed from two equilateral triangles; an emblem symbolizing Judaism merit badge a badge award to Boy Scouts in recognition of special projects insignia a badge worn to show official position maple-leaf the emblem of Canada medallion an emblem indicating that a taxicab is registered a circular helping of food (especially a boneless cut of meat); "medallions of veal" any of various large ancient Greek coins swastika the official emblem of the Nazi Party and the Third Reich; a cross with the arms bent at right angles in a clockwise direction Crown the Crown (or the reigning monarch) as the symbol of the power and authority of a monarchy; "the colonies revolted against the Crown" British Crown the symbol of the power of the British monarchy; "members of the British Commonwealth owe allegiance to the British Crown" caduceus an insignia used by the medical profession; modeled after the staff of Hermes insignia of rank an insignia worn on a military uniform shoulder flash something worn on the shoulder of a military uniform as an emblem of a division etc. service stripe an insignia worn to indicate years of service positive identification evidence proving that you are who you say you are; evidence establishing that you are among the group of people already known to the system; recognition by the system leads to acceptance; "a system for positive identification can prevent the use of a single identity by several people" negative identification evidence proving that you are not who you say you are not; evidence establishing that you are not among a group of people already known to the system; recognition by the system leads to rejection; "a system for negative identification can prevent the use of multiple identities by a single person" facial profiling identification of criminals and terrorist by means of videotapes of their faces; "facial profiling is a new form of airport security" linguistic profiling using speech characteristics or dialect to identify a speaker's race or religion or social class profiling recording a person's behavior and analyzing psychological characteristics in order to predict or assess their ability in a certain sphere or to identify a particular group of people green card a card that identifies the bearer as an alien with permanent resident status in the United States; "he was surprised to discover that green cards are no longer green" ID a card or badge used to identify the bearer; "you had to show your ID in order to get in" personal identification number a number you choose and use to gain access to various accounts acting out (psychiatry) the display of previously inhibited emotions (often in actions rather than words); considered to be healthy and therapeutic a (usually irritating) impulsive and uncontrollable outburst by a problem child or a neurotic adult preview a screening for a select audience in advance of release for the general public an advertisement consisting of short scenes from a motion picture that will appear in the near future watch (a movie or play) before it is released to the general public sneak preview a preview to test audience reactions bravado a swaggering show of courage ritz ostentatious display of elegance; "they put on the ritz" splurge an ostentatious display (of effort or extravagance etc.) be showy or ostentatious indulge oneself; "I splurged on a new TV" pedantry an ostentatious and inappropriate display of learning paraph a flourish added after or under your signature (originally to protect against forgery) flaunt the act of displaying something ostentatiously; "his behavior was an outrageous flaunt" display proudly; act ostentatiously or pretentiously; "he showed off his new sports car" unveiling putting on display for the first time; "he attended the unveiling of the statue" benefit concert a concert given for the benefit of some charitable cause concert a performance of music by players or singers not involving theatrical staging settle by agreement; "concert one's differences" contrive (a plan) by mutual agreement rock concert a performance of rock music pianism performance by or technique of a pianist; "a program of pianism" play reading performance of a play by a group of readers premiere the first public performance of a play or movie recital performance of music or dance especially by soloists a detailed account or description of something; "he was forced to listen to a recital of his many shortcomings" a detailed statement giving facts and figures; "his wife gave a recital of his infidelities" song and dance theatrical performance combining singing and dancing theatrical performance a performance of a play matinee a theatrical performance held during the daytime (especially in the afternoon) spectacular a lavishly produced performance; "they put on a Christmas spectacular" characteristic of spectacles or drama; "spectacular dives from the cliff" world premiere (music) the first public performance (as of a dramatic or musical work) anywhere in the world artificial language a language that is deliberately created for a specific purpose Antido an artificial language related to Ido Arulo an artificial language intended for international use as an auxiliary language Basic English a simplified form of English proposed for use as an auxiliary language for international communication; devised by C. K. Ogden and I. A. Richards Blaia Zimondal an artificial language Esperantido an artificial language based on Esperanto and Ido Esperanto an artificial language based as far as possible on words common to all the European languages Europan an artificial language proposed as an auxiliary European language Idiom Neutral an artificial language proposed for use as an auxiliary international language; based on Volapuk but with a vocabulary selected on the basis of the maximum internationality of the roots Interlingua an artificial language proposed for use as an auxiliary international language; based on words common to English and the Romance languages Ido an artificial language that is a revision and simplification of Esperanto Latinesce an artificial language based on Latin Lingualumina an artificial language Lingvo Kosmopolita an artificial language Monario an artificial language Nov-Esperanto an artificial language based on Esperanto Novial an artificial language Nov-Latin an artificial language based on Latin Occidental an artificial language a native inhabitant of the Occident Optez an artificial language Pasigraphy an artificial international language using characters (as mathematical symbols) instead of words to express ideas Ro an artificial language for international use that rejects all existing words and is based instead on an abstract analysis of ideas Romanal an artificial language Solresol an artificial language Volapuk one of the first artificial language constructed for use as an auxiliary international language; based largely on English but with some German and French and Latin roots programming language (computer science) a language designed for programming computers algebraic language an algorithmic language having statements that resemble algebraic expressions algorithmic language an artificial language designed to express algorithms application-oriented language a language whose statements resemble terminology of the user assembly language a low-level programing language; close approximation to machine language command language a source language consisting of procedural operators that invoke functions to be executed computer language a programming language designed for use on a specific class of computers high-level language a problem-oriented language requiring little knowledge of the computer on which it will be run job-control language a problem-oriented language used to describe job requirements to an operating system metalanguage a language that can be used to describe languages multidimensional language a programming language whose expressions are assembled in more than one dimension object-oriented programming language (computer science) a programming language that enables the programmer to associate a set of procedures with each type of data structure; "C++ is an object-oriented programming language that is an extension of C" Java a platform-independent object-oriented programming language an island in Indonesia to the south of Borneo; one of the world's most densely populated regions one-dimensional language a programming language whose expressions are represented by strings of characters stratified language a language that cannot be used as its own metalanguage syntax language a language used to describe the syntax of another language unstratified language a programming language that (like natural language) can be used as its own metalanguage ALGOL (from a combination of ALGOrithmic and Language); a programming language used to express computer programs as algorithms LISP a flexible procedure-oriented programing language that manipulates symbols in the form of lists LISP program a program written in LISP Prolog a computer language designed in Europe to support natural language processing FORTRAN a high-level programing language for mathematical and scientific purposes; stands for formula translation FORTRAN program a program written in FORTRAN COBOL common business-oriented language C program a program written in C BASIC a popular programming language that is relatively easy to learn; an acronym for beginner's all-purpose symbolic instruction code; no longer in general use Pascal a programing language designed to teach programming through a top-down modular approach French mathematician and philosopher and Jansenist; invented an adding machine; contributed (with Fermat) to the theory of probability (1623-1662) native language the language that a person has spoken from earliest childhood indigenous language a language that originated in a specified place and was not brought to that place from elsewhere substrate an indigenous language that contributes features to the language of an invading people who impose their language on the indigenous population; "the Celtic languages of Britain are a substrate for English" any stratum or layer lying underneath another a surface on which an organism grows or is attached; "the gardener talked about the proper substrate for acid-loving plants" the substance that is acted upon by an enzyme or ferment superstrate the language of a later invading people that is imposed on an indigenous population and contributes features to their language any stratum or layer superimposed on another natural language a human written or spoken language used by a community; opposed to e.g. a computer language mother tongue one's native language; the language learned by children and passed from one generation to the next tone language a language in which different tones distinguish different meanings contour language a tone language that uses pitch changes register language a tone language that uses different voice registers creole a mother tongue that originates from contact between two languages Haitian Creole a creole language spoken by most Haitians; based on French and various African languages pidgin an artificial language used for trade between speakers of different languages Chinook Jargon a pidgin incorporating Chinook and French and English words; formerly used as a lingua franca in northwestern North America Sango a trade language widely used in Chad lingua franca a common language used by speakers of different languages; "Koine is a dialect of ancient Greek that was the lingua franca of the empire of Alexander the Great and was widely spoken throughout the eastern Mediterranean area in Roman times" Amerind any of the languages spoken by Amerindians Algonquian family of North American Indian languages spoken from Labrador to South Carolina and west to the Great Plains a member of any of the North American Indian groups speaking an Algonquian language and originally living in the subarctic regions of eastern Canada; many Algonquian tribes migrated south into the woodlands from the Mississippi River to the Atlantic coast of or relating to an Algonquian tribe or its people or language Atakapa a language spoken by the Atakapa of the Gulf Coast of Louisiana and Texas a member of an Indian people formerly living along the Gulf Coast of Louisiana and Texas Athapaskan a group of Amerindian languages (the name coined by an American anthropologist, Edward Sapir) a member of any of the North American Indian groups speaking an Athapaskan language and living in the subarctic regions of western Canada and central Alaska Abnaki the Algonquian language spoken by the Abnaki and Penobscot a member of the Algonquian people of Maine and southern Quebec of or relating to the Abnakis or their language Algonkian the Algonquian language spoken by the Algonkian a member of a North American Indian people in the Ottawa river valley of Ontario and Quebec Arapaho the Algonquian language spoken by the Arapaho a member of a tribe of Plains Indians formerly inhabiting eastern Colorado and Wyoming (now living in Oklahoma and Wyoming) Biloxi the Siouan language spoken by the Biloxi an old town in southern Mississippi on the Gulf of Mexico a member of the Siouan people of southeastern Mississippi Blackfoot any of the Algonquian languages spoken by the Blackfoot a member of a warlike group of Algonquians living in the northwestern plains Catawba the Siouan language spoken by the Catawba slipskin grape; a reddish American table grape a member of the Siouan people formerly living in the Carolinas Cheyenne the Algonquian language spoken by the Cheyenne the capital and largest city of Wyoming; located in the southeastern corner of the state a member of a North American Indian people living on the western plains (now living in Oklahoma and Montana) Chiwere the Siouan language spoken by the Iowa and Oto and Missouri Iowa a dialect of the Chiwere language spoken by the Iowa a state in midwestern United States a member of the Siouan people formerly living in Iowa and Minnesota and Missouri Missouri a dialect of the Chiwere language spoken by the Missouri a midwestern state in central United States; a border state during the American Civil War, Missouri was admitted to the Confederacy without actually seceding from the Union the longest river in the United States; arises in Montana and flows southeastward to become a tributary of the Mississippi at Saint Louis; "The Missouri and Mississippi Rivers together form the third longest river in the world" a member of the Siouan people formerly inhabiting the valley of the Missouri river in Missouri Oto a dialect of the Chiwere language spoken by the Oto a member of the Siouan people inhabiting the valleys of the Platte and Missouri rivers in Nebraska Cree the Algonquian language spoken by the Cree a member of an Algonquian people living in central Canada Crow a Siouan language spoken by the Crow a member of the Siouan people formerly living in eastern Montana Dakota the Siouan language spoken by the Dakota the area of the states of North Dakota and South Dakota a member of the Siouan people of the northern Mississippi valley; commonly called the Sioux Delaware the Algonquian language spoken by the Delaware a Mid-Atlantic state; one of the original 13 colonies one of the British colonies that formed the United States a river that rises in the Catskills in southeastern New York and flows southward along the border of Pennsylvania with New York and New Jersey to northern Delaware where it empties into Delaware Bay a member of an Algonquian people formerly living in New Jersey and New York and parts of Delaware and Pennsylvania Dhegiha a branch of the Siouan languages any member of a Siouan people speaking one of the Dhegiha languages Fox the Algonquian language of the Fox a member of an Algonquian people formerly living west of Lake Michigan along the Fox River English religious leader who founded the Society of Friends (1624-1691) English statesman who supported American independence and the French Revolution (1749-1806) Hidatsa a Siouan language spoken by the Hidatsa a member of the Sioux people formerly inhabiting an area along the Missouri river in western North Dakota Hunkpapa a Siouan language spoken by the Hunkpapa a member of the Siouan people who constituted a division of the Teton Sioux and who formerly lived in the western Dakotas; they were prominent in resisting the white encroachment into the northern Great Plains Illinois the Algonquian language of the Illinois and Miami a midwestern state in north-central United States a member of the Algonquian people formerly of Illinois and regions to the west Haida the Na-Dene language of the Haida a member of a seafaring group of North American Indians who lived on the Pacific coast of British Columbia and southwestern Alaska Kansa the Dhegiha dialect spoken by the Kansa a member of the Siouan people of the Kansas river valley in Kansas Kickapoo the Algonquian language of the Kickapoo a member of the Algonquian people formerly inhabiting southern Wisconsin and northern Illinois Malecite the Algonquian language of the Malecite and Passamaquody a member of the Algonquian people of northeastern Maine and New Brunswick Massachuset the Algonquian language of the Massachuset a member of the Algonquian people who formerly lived around Massachusetts Bay Menomini the Algonquian language spoken by the Menomini a member of the federally recognized tribe of Algonquian people living on a reservation in central Wisconsin Micmac the Algonquian language of the Micmac a member of the Algonquian people inhabiting the Maritime Provinces of Canada Mohican the Algonquian language spoken by the Mohican a member of the Algonquian people formerly living in the Hudson valley and eastward to the Housatonic Nanticoke the Algonquian language spoken by the Nanticoke and Conoy a member of the Algonquian people formerly of Maryland and eastern Delaware Ofo a Siouan language spoken by the Ofo a member of the Siouan people living in the Yazoo river valley in Mississippi Oglala a Siouan language spoken by the Oglala a member of the Siouan people who constituted a division of the Teton Sioux and who formerly inhabited the Black Hills of western South Dakota Ojibwa the Algonquian language spoken by the Ojibwa a member of an Algonquian people who lived west of Lake Superior Osage the Dhegiha dialect spoken by the Osage a river in Missouri that is a tributary of the Missouri River a member of the Siouan people formerly living in Missouri in the valleys of the Missouri and Osage rivers; oil was found on Osage lands early in the 20th century Pamlico the Algonquian language of the Pamlico a member of the Algonquian people formerly of the Pamlico river valley in North Carolina Ponca the Dhegiha dialect spoken by the Ponca a member of the Siouan people of the Missouri river valley in northeastern Nebraska Potawatomi the Algonquian language spoken by the Potawatomi a member of the Algonquian people originally of Michigan and Wisconsin Powhatan the Algonquian language of the Powhatan a member of the Algonquian people who formerly lived in eastern Virginia Indian chief and founder of the Powhatan confederacy of tribes in eastern Virginia; father of Pocahontas (1550?-1618) Quapaw the Dhegiha dialect spoken by the Quapaw a member of the Siouan people of the Arkansas river valley in Arkansas Shawnee the Algonquian language spoken by the Shawnee a member of the Algonquian people formerly living along the Tennessee river Alabama the Muskhogean language of the Alabama a state in the southeastern United States on the Gulf of Mexico; one of the Confederate states during the American Civil War a river in Alabama formed by the confluence of the Coosa and Tallapoosa Rivers near Montgomery; flows southwestward to become a tributary of the Mobile River a member of the Muskhogean people formerly living in what is now the state of Alabama; "the Alabamas were members of the Creek Confederacy" Chickasaw the Muskhogean language of the Chickasaw a member of the Muskhogean people formerly living in northern Mississippi Choctaw the Muskhogean language of the Choctaw a member of the Muskhogean people formerly living in Alabama Hitchiti the Muskhogean language spoken by the Hitchiti a member of the Muskhogean people formerly living in Georgia; a member of the Creek Confederacy Koasati the Muskhogean language spoken by the Koasati a member of the Muskhogean people formerly living in northern Alabama; a member of the Creek Confederacy Muskogee the Muskhogean language spoken by the Muskogee a town in eastern Oklahoma on the Arkansas River a member of the Muskhogean people formerly living in Georgia and eastern Alabama and constituting the core of the Creek Confederacy Santee the Siouan language spoken by the Santee a member of the eastern branch of the Sioux Seminole the Muskhogean language of the Seminole a member of the Muskhogean people who moved into Florida in the 18th century Tlingit the Na-Dene language spoken by the Tlingit a member of a seafaring group of North American Indians living in southern Alaska Tutelo the Siouan language spoken by the Tutelo a member of the Siouan people of Virginia and North Carolina Winnebago the Siouan language spoken by the Winnebago a member of the Siouan-speaking people formerly living in eastern Wisconsin south of Green Bay; ally of the Menomini and enemy of the Fox and Sauk people Muskhogean a family of North American Indian languages spoken in the southeastern United States a member of any of the peoples formerly living in southeastern United States and speaking Muskhogean languages Na-Dene a family of North American Indian languages Mosan a family of Amerindian languages spoken in Washington and British Columbia Chemakuan a group of Mosan languages spoken in Washington Chemakum a Chemakuan language spoken by the Chemakum Salish a family of Mosan language spoken in northwestern United States and western Canada a member of a group of North American Indians speaking a Salishan language and living on the northwest coast of North America Skagit a Salishan dialect spoken by the Skagit a member of the Salish people in northwestern Washington Wakashan a family of North American Indian languages of British Columbia and Washington a member of one of the peoples in British Columbia and Washington who speak the Wakashan language Kwakiutl a Wakashan language spoken by the Kwakiutl a member of the Wakashan people living around Queen Charlotte Sound and on northern Vancouver Island Nootka a Wakashan language spoken by the Nootka a member of the Wakashan people living on Vancouver Island and in the Cape Flattery region of northwestern Washington Shoshone the language spoken by the Shoshone (belonging to the Uto-Aztecan family) a member of the North American Indian people (related to the Aztecs) of the southwestern United States Comanche the Shoshonean language spoken by the Comanche a member of the Shoshonean people who formerly lived between Wyoming and the Mexican border but are now chiefly in Oklahoma Hopi the Shoshonean language spoken by the Hopi a member of the Shoshonean people of northeastern Arizona Paiute the Shoshonean language spoken by the Paiute a member of either of two Shoshonean peoples (northern Paiute and southern Paiute) related to the Aztecs and living in the southwestern United States Ute the Shoshonean language spoken by the Utes a member of the Shoshonean people of Utah and Colorado and New Mexico Shoshonean a subfamily of Uto-Aztecan languages spoken mainly in the southwestern United States Caddo a family of North American Indian languages spoken widely in the Midwest by the Caddo a group of Plains Indians formerly living in what is now North and South Dakota and Nebraska and Kansas and Arkansas and Louisiana and Oklahoma and Texas Arikara the Caddoan language spoken by the Arikara a member of the Caddo people who formerly lived in the Dakotas west of the Missouri river Pawnee the Caddoan language spoken by the Pawnee a member of the Pawnee nation formerly living in Nebraska and Kansas but now largely in Oklahoma Wichita the Caddoan language spoken by the Wichita the largest city in Kansas; located in southern Kansas on the Arkansas River a member of the Caddo people formerly living between Kansas and central Texas Cherokee the Iroquoian language spoken by the Cherokee a member of an Iroquoian people formerly living in the Appalachian Mountains but now chiefly in Oklahoma Cayuga the Iroquoian language spoken by the Cayuga a member of an Iroquoian people formerly living around Cayuga Lake in New York State Mohawk the Iroquoian language spoken by the Mohawk a member of the Iroquoian people formerly living along the Mohawk River in New York State Seneca the Iroquoian language spoken by the Seneca a member of the Iroquoian people formerly living in New York State south of Lake Ontario Roman statesman and philosopher who was an advisor to Nero; his nine extant tragedies are modeled on Greek tragedies (circa 4 BC - 65 AD) Oneida the Iroquoian language spoken by the Oneida a member of the Iroquoian people formerly living east of Lake Ontario Onondaga the Iroquoian language spoken by the Onondaga a member of the Iroquoian people formerly living between Lake Champlain and the Saint Lawrence River Tuscarora the Iroquoian language spoken by the Tuscarora a member of an Iroquois people who formerly lived in North Carolina and then moved to New York State and joined the Iroquois Iroquoian a family of North American Indian languages spoken by the Iroquois Quechua the language of the Quechua which was spoken by the Incas a community of South American Indians in Peru who were formerly the ruling class of the Incan Empire a member of a South American Indian people in Peru who were formerly the ruling class of the Inca empire Guarani the language spoken by the Guarani of Paraguay and Bolivia a member of the South American people living in Paraguay and Bolivia Maraco the language spoken by the Maraco a member of the South American people living in Argentina and Bolivia and Paraguay Tupi the language spoken by the Tupi of Brazil and Paraguay a member of the South American Indian people living in Brazil and Paraguay Tupi-Guarani a family of South American Indian languages Arawak a family of South American Indian languages spoken in northeastern South America a member of a widespread group of Amerindians living in northeastern South America Carib the family of languages spoken by the Carib a member of an American Indian peoples of northeastern South America and the Lesser Antilles Eskimo-Aleut the family of languages that includes Eskimo and Aleut Eskimo the language spoken by the Eskimo a member of a people inhabiting the Arctic (northern Canada or Greenland or Alaska or eastern Siberia); the Algonquians called them Eskimo (`eaters of raw flesh') but they call themselves the Inuit (`the people') Aleut the language spoken by the Aleut a community of Native Americans who speak an Eskimo-Aleut language and inhabit the Aleutian Islands and southwestern Alaska; "the Aleut and the Eskimo are related culturally and linguistically" a member of the people inhabiting the Aleutian Islands and southwestern Alaska Uto-Aztecan a family of American Indian languages Pima the Uto-Aztecan language spoken by the Pima a member of the North American Indian people living in southern Arizona and northern Mexico Aztecan the Uto-Aztecan language spoken by the Aztec Nahuatl the Uto-Aztecan language spoken by the Nahuatl a member of any of various Indian peoples of central Mexico Cahita the Uto-Aztecan language of the Cahita a member of the Taracahitian people of central Mexico Tatahumara the Uto-Aztecan language of the Tatahumara Zapotec the language of the Zapotec a member of a large tribe of Mesoamericans living in southern Mexico whose civilization flourished around 300 to 900 of or relating to the language or culture of the Zapotec people Maya a family of American Indian languages spoken by Mayas an ethnic minority speaking Mayan languages and living in Yucatan and adjacent areas Apache the language of the Apache any member of Athapaskan tribes that migrated to the southwestern desert (from Arizona to Texas and south into Mexico); fought a losing battle from 1861 to 1886 with the United States and were resettled in Oklahoma Chiricahua Apache an Apache language San Carlos Apache an Apache language Navaho the Athapaskan language spoken by the Navaho a member of an Athapaskan people that migrated to Arizona and New Mexico and Utah Hupa the Athapaskan language spoken by the Hupa a member of the Athapaskan people of the Trinity River valley in California Mattole the Athapaskan language spoken by the Mattole a member of the Athapaskan people living in northwestern California Chipewyan the language spoken by the Chipewyan a member of the Athapaskan people living in western Canada between Great Slave Lake and Hudson Bay Siouan a family of North American Indian languages spoken by the Sioux of or relating to the Sioux people or their language and culture Tanoan a family of North American Indian language spoken in southwestern United States Kiowa the Tanoan language spoken by the Kiowa a member of a Tanoan people living in the southwestern United States Hokan a family of Amerindian languages spoken in California a member of a North American Indian people speaking one of the Hokan languages Chimariko the Hokan language spoken by the Chimariko a member of an extinct North American Indian people formerly living in California Esselen the Hokan language spoken by the Esselen a member of a North American Indian people living on the California coast near Monterey Kulanapan a group of languages of the Hokan family Pomo the Kulanapan language spoken by the Pomo a member of an Indian people of northern California living along the Russian River valley and adjacent Pacific coast Quoratean a group of languages of the Hokan family Karok the Quoratean language of the Karok a member of a North American Indian people of the Klamath river valley in northern California Shastan a group of languages of the Hokan family in California Achomawi the Shastan language spoken by the Achomawi a community of Native Americans who speak a Hokan language and live in northeastern California a member of the Achomawi community of northeastern California Atsugewi the Shastan language spoken by the Atsugewi a member of a North American Indian people of northern California Shasta the Shastan language spoken by the Shasta a volcanic mountain peak in the Cascade Range in northern California (14,162 feet high) a member of the Indian people of northern California and southern Oregon Yuman a group of language of the Hokan family in Arizona and California and Mexico of or relating to the language or culture of the Yuma people Akwa'ala the Yuman language spoken by the Akwa'ala a community of Native Americans who speak a Hokan language and live in Baja California a member of the Akwa'ala community in Baja California Cochimi the Yuman language spoken by the Cochimi a member of a North American Indian people living in central Baja California Cocopa the Yuman language spoken by the Cocopa a member of a North American Indian people living around the mouth of the Colorado River Diegueno the Yuman language spoken by the Diegueno a member of a North American Indian people of southern California Havasupai the Yuman language spoken by the Havasupai a member of a North American Indian people of Cataract Canyon in Arizona Kamia the Yuman language spoken by the Kamia a member of a North American Indian people of southeastern California and northwestern Mexico Kiliwa the Yuman language spoken by the Kiliwa a member of a North American Indian people living in northern Baja California Maricopa the Yuman language spoken by the Maricopa and the Halchidhoma a member of a North American Indian people of the Gila river valley in Arizona Mohave the Yuman language spoken by the Mohave a member of the North American Indian people formerly living in the Colorado river valley in Arizona and Nevada and California Walapai the Yuman language spoken by the Walapai a member of a North American people formerly living in the Colorado river valley in Arizona Yavapai the Yuman language spoken by the Yavapai a member of a North American Indian people of central Arizona Yuma the Yuman language spoken by the Yuma a town in southwestern Arizona on the Colorado River and the California border a member of the North American Indian people of Arizona and adjacent Mexico and California Yanan a language group of the Hokan family Yahi the Yanan language spoken by the Yahi a member of an extinct North American Indian people who lived in northern California Yana the Yanan language spoken by the Yana a member of an extinct North American Indian people who lived in northern California Penutian a family of Amerindian language spoken in the great interior valley of California a member of a North American Indian people speaking one of the Penutian languages Copehan a group of Penutian languages spoken to the west of the Sacramento river Patwin a Copehan language spoken by the Patwin a member of the North American Indian people living in the Sacramento valley in California Wintun a Copehan language spoken by the Wintun a member of a North American Indian people living in the Sacramento valley in California Costanoan a Penutian language spoken by the Costanoan a member of a North American Indian people living in coastal California between Monterey and San Francisco Bay Mariposan a Penutian language spoken by the Yokuts in the San Joaquin Valley Moquelumnan a Penutian language spoken by the Miwok Pujunan a Penutian language spoken by the Maidu Chinookan a Penutian language spoken by the Chinook Kalapooian a Penutian language spoken by the Kalapuya Kusan a Penutian language spoken by the Kusan a member of the North American Indian people of Oregon Shahaptian a Penutian language spoken by the Shahaptian a member of a North American Indian people who lived in Oregon along the Columbia river and its tributaries in Washington and northern Idaho Nez Perce the Shahaptian language spoken by the Nez Perce a member of a tribe of the Shahaptian people living on the pacific coast Takilman a Penutian language spoken by the Takelma Tsimshian a Penutian language spoken by the Tsimshian a member of a Penutian people who lived on rivers and a sound in British Columbia Kekchi a Mayan language spoken by the Kekchi a member of a Mayan people of north central Guatemala Mam a Mayan language spoken by the Mam a member of a Mayan people of southwestern Guatemala Yucatec a Mayan language spoken by the Yucatec a member of the Mayan people of the Yucatan peninsula in Mexico Quiche the Mayan language spoken by the Quiche a member of the Mayan people of south central Guatemala Cakchiquel the Mayan language spoken by the Cakchiquel a member of the Mayan people living in south central Guatemala Altaic a group of related languages spoken in Asia and southeastern Europe any member of the peoples speaking a language in the Altaic language group of or pertaining to or written in Altaic Turki a subfamily of Altaic languages any member of the peoples speaking a Turkic language Turkish a Turkic language spoken by the Turks of or relating to or characteristic of Turkey or its people or language; "Turkish towels" Turkmen the Turkic language spoken by the Turkoman of or relating to or characteristic of Turkmenistan or its people or culture Azerbaijani the Turkic language spoken by the Azerbaijani a native or inhabitant of Azerbaijan of or pertaining to Azerbaijan or the people or culture of Azerbaijan Kazak the Turkic language spoken by the Kazak a Muslim who is a member of a Turkic people of western Asia (especially in Kazakstan) Tatar the Turkic language spoken by the Tatar living from the Volga to the Ural Mountains a member of the Turkic-speaking people living from the Volga to the Ural Mountains (the name has been attributed to many other groups) a member of the Mongolian people of central Asia who invaded Russia in the 13th century Uzbek the Turkic language spoken by the Uzbek a member of a Turkic people of Uzbekistan and neighboring areas Yakut the Turkic language spoken by the Yakut a member of a Turkic people of northeastern Siberia (mainly in the Lena river basin) Kirghiz the Turkic language spoken by the Kirghiz a member of a people vast regions of central Siberia Karakalpak the Turkic language spoken by the Karakalpak a member of a Turkic people living near Lake Aral in central Asia Chuvash the Turkic language spoken by the Chuvash a member of a people of Turkic speech living in the Volga region in eastern Russia Chagatai a Turkic literary language of medieval central Asia (named for one of the sons of Genghis Khan) Chukchi an indigenous and isolated language of unknown origin spoken by the Chukchi that is pronounced differently by men and women a member of an indigenous people living on the Chukchi Peninsula Tungusic a family of Altaic languages spoken in Mongolia and neighboring areas any member of a people speaking a language in the Tungusic family Tungus the Tungusic language of the Evenki in eastern Siberia a member of the Tungus speaking people who are a nomadic people widely spread over eastern Siberia; related to the Manchu Manchu the Tungusic language spoken by the Manchu a member of the Manchu speaking people of Manchuria; related to the Tungus; conquered China in the 17th century Mongolian a family of Altaic language spoken in Mongolia of or relating to the modern Mongolian People's Republic; "the Mongolian embassy" Khalkha the language of the Khalkha that is the official language of the Mongolian People's Republic the Mongol people living in the central and eastern parts of Outer Mongolia Korean the Altaic language spoken by Koreans a native or inhabitant of Korea who speaks the Korean language of or relating to or characteristic of Korea or its people or language; "Korean handicrafts" Japanese the language (usually considered to be Altaic) spoken by the Japanese a native or inhabitant of Japan of or relating to or characteristic of Japan or its people or their culture or language; "the Japanese Emperor"; "Japanese cars" Ryukyuan the language (related to Japanese) that is spoken by the people of the Ryukyu Islands a member of the Japanese people living on the Ryukyu Islands southwest of Japan Sinitic a group of Sino-Tibetan languages of or relating to the Chinese people or their language or culture; "Sinitic dialects" Chinese any of the Sino-Tibetan languages spoken in China; regarded as dialects of a single language (even though they are mutually unintelligible) because they share an ideographic writing system a native or inhabitant of Communist China or of Nationalist China of or pertaining to China or its peoples or cultures; "Chinese food" Mandarin the dialect of Chinese spoken in Beijing and adopted as the official language for all of China Wu a dialect of Chinese spoken in the Yangtze delta Yue the dialect of Chinese spoken in Canton and neighboring provinces and in Hong Kong and elsewhere outside China Min any of the forms of Chinese spoken in Fukien province an Egyptian god of procreation Hakka a dialect of Chinese spoken in southeastern China by the Hakka a member of a people of southeastern China (especially Hong Kong, Canton, and Taiwan) who migrated from the north in the 12th century Sino-Tibetan the family of tonal languages spoken in eastern Asia Tibeto-Burman a branch of the Sino-Tibetan family of languages spoken from Tibet to the Malay Peninsula Qiang the Tibeto-Burman language spoken in Sichuan Bai the Tibeto-Burman language spoken in the Dali region of Yunnan Himalayish the Tibeto-Burman language spoken in Tibet and Nepal and Bhutan and Sikkim Kamarupan the Tibeto-Burman language spoken in northeastern India and adjacent regions of western Burma Karen the Tibeto-Burman language spoken in the Thailand and Burmese borderlands Lolo-Burmese the Tibeto-Burman language spoken in northern Burma and Yunnan Burmese the official language of Burma a native or inhabitant of Myanmar of or relating to or characteristic of Myanmar or its people; "the Burmese capital"; "Burmese tonal languages" Loloish languages spoken by hill tribes in northern Burma and neighboring areas Lisu a Loloish language Hani a Loloish language Lahu a Loloish language Lolo a Loloish language Kachin Tibeto-Burman languages spoken in northernmost Burma and adjacent China and India Jinghpo a Kachinic language Kuki Kamarupan languages spoken in western Burma and Bangladesh and easternmost India Naga Kamarupan languages spoken in northeastern India and western Burma Mikir-Meithei Kamarupan languages spoken in the states of Manipur and Assam in northeastern India Bodo-Garo Kamarupan languages spoken in the state of Assam in northeastern India Miri little known Kamarupan languages Tibetan Himalayish language spoken in Tibet a native or inhabitant of Tibet of or relating to or characteristic of Tibet or its people or their language; "Tibetan monks" Newari Himalayish language spoken in the Kathmandu valley of Nepal Kadai a family of Sino-Tibetan languages spoken in southeastern Asia Kam-Sui a group of Kadai languages Tai the most widespread and best known of the Kadai family of languages White Tai a branch of the Tai languages Red Tai a branch of the Tai languages Tai Dam a branch of the Tai languages Tai Nuea a branch of the Tai languages Tai Long a branch of the Tai languages Tai Lue a branch of the Tai languages Tai Yuan a branch of the Tai languages Khuen a branch of the Tai languages Lao the Tai language of a Buddhist people living in the area of the Mekong River in Thailand and Laos a member of a Buddhist people inhabiting the area of the Mekong River in Laos and Thailand and speaking the Lao language; related to the Thais of or relating to a member of the Buddhist people inhabiting the Mekong river in Laos and Thailand Khamti a branch of the Tai languages Southern Tai a branch of the Tai languages Tay a branch of the Tai languages Nung a branch of the Tai languages Tho a branch of the Tai languages Thai a branch of the Tai languages a native or inhabitant of Thailand of or relating to Thailand; "the Thai border with Laos" of or relating to the languages of the Thai people; "Thai tones" of or relating to or characteristic of Thailand or its people; "Siamese kings"; "different Thai tribes live in the north" Bouyei a branch of the Tai languages Zhuang a branch of the Tai languages Yay a branch of the Tai languages Saek a branch of the Tai languages Austro-Asiatic a family of languages spoken in southern and southeastern Asia Munda a family of languages spoken by people scattered throughout central India Mon-Khmer a branch of the Austro-Asiatic languages Hmong a language of uncertain affiliation spoken by the Hmong a people living traditionally in mountain villages in southern China and adjacent areas of Vietnam and Laos and Thailand; many have emigrated to the United States of or related to the Hmong people or their language or their culture Vietnamese the Mon-Khmer language spoken in Vietnam a native or inhabitant of Vietnam of or relating to or characteristic of Vietnam or its people or its language; "the Vietnamese countryside"; "the Vietnamese tones"; "Vietnamese boat people" Khmer the Mon-Khmer language spoken in Cambodia a native or inhabitant of Cambodia Mon the Mon-Khmer language spoken by the Mon a member of a Buddhist people living in Myanmar and adjacent parts of Thailand Austronesian the family of languages spoken in Australia and Formosa and Malaysia and Polynesia a native or inhabitant of Austronesia of or relating to or characteristic of Austronesia or its people or culture Malayo-Polynesian the branch of the Austronesian languages spoken from Madagascar to the central Pacific of or relating to the Malayo-Polynesian branch of the Austronesian languages Oceanic an eastern subfamily of Malayo-Polynesian languages Tongan the Polynesian language spoken by the Tongan people a Polynesian native or inhabitant of Tonga of or relating to the island monarchy of Tonga or its people; "Tongan beaches" Tahitian the Oceanic language spoken on Tahiti a native or inhabitant of Tahiti of or relating to or characteristic of the island of Tahiti or its residents or their language and culture Maori the Oceanic language spoken by the Maori in New Zealand an ethnic minority of Polynesian and Melanesian descent who speak Maori and live in New Zealand Hawaiian the Oceanic languages spoken on Hawaii a native or resident of Hawaii of or relating to or characteristic of the state or island of Hawaii or to the people or culture or language Fijian the Oceanic language spoken on Fiji a native or inhabitant of Fiji of or relating to Fiji or its people or language or culture; "the Fijian population"; "Fijian folktales" Western Malayo-Polynesian a western subfamily of Malayo-Polynesian languages Malay a western subfamily of Western Malayo-Polynesian languages a member of a people inhabiting the northern Malay Peninsula and Malaysia and parts of the western Malay Archipelago of or relating to or characteristic of the people or language of Malaysia and the northern Malay Peninsula and parts of the western Malay Archipelago; "Malay peoples"; "Malayan syllable structure" Malaysian the Malay language spoken in Malaysia a native or inhabitant of Malaysia of or relating to or characteristic of Malaysia; "Malaysian police crack down hard on drug smugglers"; "Malayan crocodiles" Indonesian the dialect of Malay used as the national language of the Republic of Indonesia or of Malaysia a native or inhabitant of Indonesia of or relating to or characteristic of Indonesia or its people or languages Javanese the Indonesian language spoken on Java a native or inhabitant of Java of or relating to or characteristic of Java or its inhabitants or its language; "Javanese temples"; "Javanese dialects" Sundanese the Indonesian language spoken on West Java Balinese the Indonesian language of the people of Bali Philippine official language of the Philippines; based on Tagalog; draws its lexicon from other Philippine languages Tagalog the language of the Tagalog on which Filipino is based a member of a people native to the Philippines chiefly inhabiting central Luzon around and including Manila Cebuan language of the people of Cebu in the Philippines; its lexicon contributes to the official language of the Philippines inhabitant of the island of Cebu; a member of the Visayan people of the Philippines Australian the Austronesian languages spoken by Australian aborigines a native or inhabitant of Australia of or relating to or characteristic of Australia or its inhabitants or its languages; "Australian deserts"; "Australian aborigines" Dyirbal a language of Australian aborigines Walbiri a language of Australian aborigines Formosan the Austronesian languages spoken on Formosa Tayalic a language spoken by a Malaysian people on Formosa Tsouic a Formosan language Paiwanic a Formosan language Papuan any of the indigenous languages spoken in Papua New Guinea or New Britain or the Solomon Islands that are not Malayo-Polynesian languages a native or inhabitant of Papua New Guinea or New Guinea of or relating to Papua or its people or language; "Papuan native crafts"; "Papuan vowels" Khoisan a family of languages spoken in southern Africa Khoikhoin any of the Khoisan languages spoken by the pastoral people of Namibia and South Africa Indo-European the family of languages that by 1000 BC were spoken throughout Europe and in parts of southwestern and southern Asia of or relating to the former Indo-European people; "Indo-European migrations" of or relating to the Indo-European language family Proto-Indo European a prehistoric unrecorded language that was the ancestor of all Indo-European languages Albanian the Indo-European language spoken by the people of Albania a native or inhabitant of Albania of or relating to Albania or its people or language or culture Gheg the dialect of Albanian spoken in northern Albania and Yugoslavia Tosk the dialect of Albanian spoken in southern Albania and in areas of Greece and Italy Illyrian a minor and almost extinct branch of the Indo-European languages; spoken along the Dalmatian coast Thraco-Phrygian an extinct branch of the Indo-European language family thought by some to be related to Armenian Thracian a Thraco-Phrygian language spoken by the ancient people of Thrace but extinct by the early Middle Ages an inhabitant of ancient Thrace of or relating to Thrace or its people or culture Phrygian a Thraco-Phrygian language spoken by the ancient inhabitants of Phrygia and now extinct--preserved only in a few inscriptions a native or inhabitant of Phrygia Balto-Slavic a family of Indo-European languages including the Slavic and Baltic languages Slavic a branch of the Indo-European family of languages Old Church Slavonic the Slavic language into which the Bible was translated in the 9th century Russian the Slavic language that is the official language of Russia a native or inhabitant of Russia of or pertaining to or characteristic of Russia or its people or culture or language; "Russian dancing" Belarusian the Slavic language spoken in Belarus of or pertaining to Belarus or to the people or culture of Belarus Ukrainian the Slavic language spoken in the Ukraine of or relating to or characteristic of Ukraine or its people or culture Polish the Slavic language of Poland of or relating to Poland or its people or culture; "Polish sausage" Slovak the Slavic language spoken in Slovakia a native or inhabitant of Slovakia Czech the Slavic language of Czechs a native of inhabitant of the Czech Republic of or relating to Czechoslovakia or its people or their language; "The Czech border"; "Czechoslovak nationalists"; "The Czechoslovakian population" Slovene the Slavic language of Slovenes a native of Slovenia Serbo-Croat the Slavic language of the Serbs and Croats; the Serbian dialect is usually written in the Cyrillic alphabet and the Croatian dialect is usually written in the Roman alphabet Sorbian a Slavonic language spoken in rural area of southeastern Germany a speaker of Sorbian Macedonian the Slavic language of modern Macedonia a native or inhabitant of Macedon of or relating to Macedonia or its inhabitants; "Macedonian hills" Bulgarian a Slavic language spoken in Bulgaria a native or inhabitant of Bulgaria of or relating to or characteristic of Bulgaria or its people; "the Bulgarian capital is Sofia" Baltic a branch of the Indo-European family of languages related to the Slavonic languages; Baltic languages have preserved many archaic features that are believed to have existed in Proto-Indo European a sea in northern Europe; stronghold of the Russian navy of or near or on the Baltic Sea; "The Baltic republics" of or pertaining to or characteristic of the Baltic States or their peoples or languages Old Prussian a dead language of the (non-German) Prussians (extinct after 1700); thought to belong to the Baltic branch of Indo-European Lithuanian the official language of Lithuania; belongs to the Baltic branch of Indo-European a native or inhabitant of Lithuania of or relating to or characteristic of Lithuania or its people or language Latvian the official language of Latvia; belongs to the Baltic branch of Indo-European a native or inhabitant of Latvia of or relating to or characteristic of Latvia or its people or language Germanic a branch of the Indo-European family of languages; members that are spoken currently fall into two major groups: Scandinavian and West Germanic of or relating to the language of Germans; "the Germanic sound shifts" West Germanic a branch of the Germanic languages American English the English language as used in the United States African American Vernacular English a nonstandard form of American English characteristically spoken by African Americans in the United States cockney the nonstandard dialect of natives of the east end of London characteristic of Cockneys or their dialect; "cockney vowels" geordie the nonstandard dialect of natives of Newcastle-upon-Tyne King's English English as spoken by educated persons in southern England Received Pronunciation the approved pronunciation of British English; originally based on the King's English as spoken at public schools and at Oxford and Cambridge Universities (and widely accepted elsewhere in Britain); until recently it was the pronunciation of English used in British broadcasting Middle English English from about 1100 to 1450 East Midland the dialect of Middle English that replaced West Saxon as the literary language and which developed into Modern English West Midland a dialect of Middle English Northern a dialect of Middle English that developed into Scottish Lallans Kentish a dialect of Middle English one of the major dialects of Old English Southwestern a dialect of Middle English Modern English English since about 1450 Old English English prior to about 1100 West Saxon a literary dialect of Old English an inhabitant of Wessex Anglian one of the major dialects of Old English Oxford English the dialect of English spoken at Oxford University and regarded by many as affected and pretentious Scottish the dialect of English used in Scotland Lallans a dialect of English spoken in the Lowlands of Scotland German the standard German language; developed historically from West Germanic a person of German nationality of or pertaining to or characteristic of Germany or its people or language; "German philosophers"; "German universities"; "German literature" Old High German High German prior to 1200 Middle High German High German from 1100 to 1500 Yiddish a dialect of High German including some Hebrew and other words; spoken in Europe as a vernacular by many Jews; written in the Hebrew script Pennsylvania Dutch a dialect of High German spoken in parts of Pennsylvania and Maryland Low German a German dialect spoken in northern Germany Old Saxon Low German prior to 1200 Middle Low German Low German from 1100 to 1500 Dutch the West Germanic language of the Netherlands the people of the Netherlands; "the Dutch are famous for their tulips" of or relating to the Netherlands or its people or culture; "Dutch painting"; "Dutch painters" Flemish one of two official languages of Belgium; closely related to Dutch an ethnic group speaking Flemish and living in northern and western Belgium of or relating to Flanders or its people or language or culture; "the Flemish population of Belgium"; "Flemish painters" Afrikaans an official language of the Republic of South Africa; closely related to Dutch and Flemish belonging or relating to white people of South Africa whose ancestors were Dutch or to their language; "an Afrikaans couple"; "Afrikaner support" Proto-Norse the Germanic language of Scandinavia up until about 700 Old Norse the extinct Germanic language of medieval Scandinavia and Iceland from about to 700 to 1350 Old Icelandic the extinct dialect of Old Norse that was spoken in Iceland up until about 1600 Edda either of two distinct works in Old Icelandic dating from the late 13th century and consisting of 34 mythological and heroic ballads composed between 800 and 1200; the primary source for Scandinavian mythology Scandinavian the northern family of Germanic languages that are spoken in Scandinavia and Iceland an inhabitant of Scandinavia of or relating to Scandinavia or its peoples or cultures; "Norse sagas"; "Norse nomads" Danish a Scandinavian language that is the official language of Denmark of or relating to or characteristic of Denmark or the Danes or their language; "Danish furniture" Icelandic a Scandinavian language that is the official language of Iceland of or relating to Iceland or its people or culture and language; "Icelandic ports"; "the Icelandic president is a woman"; "Icelandic sagas" Norwegian a Scandinavian language that is spoken in Norway a native or inhabitant of Norway of or relating to Norway or its people or culture or language; "Norwegian herring" Bokmal book language; one of two official languages of Norway; closely related to Danish Riksmal in 1929 this dialect of Norwegian was officially renamed Bokmal Nynorsk one of two official languages of Norway; based on rural dialects Swedish a Scandinavian language that is the official language of Sweden and one of two official languages of Finland of or relating to or characteristic of Sweden or its people or culture or language; "the Swedish King"; "Swedish punch"; "Swedish umlauts" Faroese a Scandinavian language (closely related to Icelandic) that is spoken on the Faroe Islands Frisian a West Germanic language spoken in Friesland in the northwestern Netherlands; a near relative of English a native or inhabitant of Friesland or Frisia of or relating to the people or culture or language of Friesland or Frisia Old Frisian the Frisian language until the 16th century; the Germanic language of ancient Frisia East Germanic an extinct branch of the Germanic languages Ural-Altaic a (postulated) group of languages including many of the indigenous languages of Russia (but not Russian) Uralic a family of Ural-Altaic languages Finno-Ugric a family of Uralic languages indigenous to Scandinavia and Hungary and Russia and western Siberia (prior to the Slavic expansion into those regions) Fennic one of two branches of the Finno-Ugric languages; a family of languages including Finnish and Estonian (but not Hungarian) Udmurt the Finnic language spoken by the Votyak a member of the Finno-Ugric-speaking people living in eastern European Russia Permic a group of Finnic languages spoken in the northwest Urals Komi the Finnic language spoken by the Komi a member of a Finnish people living in the northwestern Urals in Russia Volgaic a group of Finnic languages spoken around the Volga river Cheremis the Finnic language spoken by the Cheremis a member of a rural Finnish people living in eastern Russia Mordva the Finnic language spoken by the Mordvinians a member of the agricultural people living in the central Volga provinces of European Russia Baltic-Finnic a group of Finnic languages including Finnish and Estonian Livonian the Finnic language spoken by the people of Livonia in Estonia and Latvia a member of the Livonian-speaking people of Latvia Estonian the official language of Estonia; belongs to the Baltic-Finnic family of languages of or pertaining to Estonia or the people or culture of Estonia Karelian a Finnic language spoken by the people of Karelia a member of the Finnish people living in Karelia in northwestern European Russia Ludian a Baltic-Finnic language Finnish the official language of Finland; belongs to the Baltic Finnic family of languages of or relating to or characteristic of Finland or the people of Finland; "Finnish architecture" Veps a Finnic language spoken by the Veps a member of a Finnish people of Russia Ingrian a Finnic language spoken by the Ingrian a member of western Finnish people formerly living in the Baltic province where Saint Petersburg was built Ugric one of the two branches of the Finno-Ugric family of languages; spoken in Hungary and northwestern Siberia Hungarian the official language of Hungary (also spoken in Rumania); belongs to the Ugric family of languages a native or inhabitant of Hungary relating to or characteristic of Hungary; "Hungarian folk music" Khanty a Ugric language (related to Hungarian) spoken by the Ostyak Mansi the Ugric language (related to Hungarian) spoken by the Vogul Lappic any of the languages spoken by the Lapps and generally assumed to be Uralic languages Lapp the language of nomadic Lapps in northern Scandinavia and the Kola Peninsula a member of an indigenous nomadic people living in northern Scandinavia and herding reindeer Samoyedic the Uralic languages spoken by the Samoyed in northwestern Siberia Nenets a Uralic language spoken by a Samoyed of northern Siberia Enets the Uralic language spoken by the Yeniseian Nganasan the Uralic language spoken by the Nganasan a member of the Samoyedic people living on the Taimyr Peninsula in Siberia Selkup the Uralic language spoken by the Ostyak-Samoyed one of the people of mixed Ostyak and Samoyed origin in Siberia Celtic a branch of the Indo-European languages that (judging from inscriptions and place names) was spread widely over Europe in the pre-Christian era relating to or characteristic of the Celts Gaelic any of several related languages of the Celts in Ireland and Scotland Irish the Celtic language of Ireland whiskey made in Ireland chiefly from barley people of Ireland or of Irish extraction of or relating to or characteristic of Ireland or its people Old Irish Irish Gaelic up to about 1100 Middle Irish Irish Gaelic from 1100 to 1500 Scottish Gaelic the Gaelic of Scotland Brythonic a southern group of Celtic languages Breton a Celtic language of Brittany a native or inhabitant of Brittany (especially one who speaks the Breton language) Italic a branch of the Indo-European languages of which Latin is the chief representative of or relating to the Italic languages; "ancient Italic dialects" Osco-Umbrian a group of dead languages of ancient Italy; they were displace by Latin Umbrian an extinct Italic language of ancient southern Italy Oscan an extinct Italic language of ancient southern Italy an Oscan-speaking member of an ancient people of Campania Sabellian an extinct Osco-Umbrian language of ancient Italy that survives only in a few inscriptions Latin any dialect of the language of ancient Rome a person who is a member of those peoples whose languages derived from Latin an inhabitant of ancient Latium of or relating to the ancient Latins or the Latin language; "Latin verb conjugations" of or relating to the ancient region of Latium; "Latin towns" relating to people or countries speaking Romance languages; "Latin America" Old Latin the oldest recorded Latin (dating back at early as the 6th century B.C.) classical Latin the language of educated people in ancient Rome; "Latin is a language as dead as dead can be. It killed the ancient Romans--and now it's killing me" Low Latin any dialect of Latin other than classical Latin Vulgar Latin nonclassical Latin dialects spoken in the Roman Empire; source of Romance languages Late Latin the form of Latin written between the 3rd and 8th centuries Medieval Latin Latin used for liturgical purposes during the Middle Ages Neo-Latin Latin since the Renaissance; used for scientific nomenclature Romance the group of languages derived from Latin relating to languages derived from Latin; "Romance languages" Italian the Romance language spoken in Italy a native or inhabitant of Italy of or pertaining to or characteristic of Italy or its people or culture or language; "Italian cooking" Old Italian the Italian language up to the middle of the 16th century Sardinian the Italian dialect spoken in Sardinia; sometimes considered a separate language with many loan words from Spanish a native or inhabitant of Sardinia of or relating to or characteristic of Sardinia or its people or its language Tuscan a dialect of Italian spoken in Tuscany (especially Florence) a resident of Tuscany of or relating to or characteristic of Tuscany or its people French the Romance language spoken in France and in countries colonized by France the people of France United States sculptor who created the seated marble figure of Abraham Lincoln in the Lincoln Memorial in Washington D.C. (1850-1931) cut (e.g, beans) lengthwise in preparation for cooking; "French the potatoes" of or pertaining to France or the people of France; "French cooking"; "a Gallic shrug" Langue d'oil medieval provincial dialects of French spoken in central and northern France Langue d'oc medieval provincial dialects of French formerly spoken in the south of France Old French the earliest form of the French language; 9th to 15th century Norman-French the medieval Norman dialect of Old French Anglo-French the French (Norman) language used in medieval England Canadian French the French language as spoken in Quebec, Canada Walloon a dialect of French spoken in Belgium and adjacent parts of France a member of the French-speaking people living in Belgium Provencal the medieval dialects of Langue d'oc (southern France) Portuguese the Romance language spoken in Portugal and Brazil a native or inhabitant of Portugal of or relating to or characteristic of Portugal or the people of Portugal or their language; "Portuguese wines" Galician a language spoken in Galicia, an Autonomus Community of Spain Basque the language of the Basque people; of no known relation to any other language a member of a people of unknown origin living in the western Pyrenees in France and Spain Spanish the Romance language spoken in most of Spain and the countries colonized by Spain the people of Spain of or relating to or characteristic of Spain or the people of Spain; "Spanish music" Castilian the Spanish language as spoken in Castile Judeo-Spanish the Spanish dialect spoken by Sephardic Jews but written in the Hebrew script Mexican Spanish the dialect of Spanish spoken in Mexico Catalan the Romance language spoken in Catalonia in eastern Spain (related to Spanish and Occitan) a native or inhabitant of Catalonia relating to or characteristic of the Catalan language; "Catalan poetry" relating to or denoting or characteristic of Catalonia or its inhabitants; "Catalan independence movement" Rhaeto-Romance Romance dialects spoken in parts of southeastern Switzerland and northern Italy and the Tyrol Friulian a Rhaeto-Romance dialect spoken in northeastern Italy Ladin a Rhaeto-Romance dialect of Romansh spoken in southeastern Switzerland Romansh the Rhaeto-Romance language spoken in southeastern Switzerland; it is an official language of Switzerland of or relating to the Romansh language Romanian an eastern Romance language spoken in Romania a native or inhabitant of Romania of or relating to or characteristic of the country of Romania or its people or languages; "Romanian folk music" Elamitic an extinct ancient language of unknown affinities; spoken by the Elamites Kassite an ancient language spoken by the Kassites a member of an ancient people who ruled Babylonia between 1600 and 1200 BC Tocharian a branch of the Indo-European language family that originated in central Asia during the first millennium A.D. Turfan a dialect of Tocharian Kuchean a dialect of Tocharian Sanskrit (Hinduism) an ancient language of India (the language of the Vedas and of Hinduism); an official language of India although it is now used only for religious purposes Sindhi the Indic language of Sind which is spoken also in western India a native or inhabitant of Sind Romany the Indic language of the Gypsies of or relating to the Gypsies or their language or culture; "Romani nomads"; "Romany folk songs"; "a Gypsy fortune-teller" Urdu the official literary language of Pakistan, closely related to Hindi; widely used in India (mostly by Moslems); written in Arabic script Hindi the most widely spoken of modern Indic vernaculars; spoken mostly in the north of India; along with English it is the official language of India; usually written in Devanagari script Hindustani a form of Hindi spoken around Delhi of or relating to or characteristic of Hindustan or its people or language Bihari the Indic language spoken in Bihar (and by some people in Pakistan and Bangladesh) Magadhan a subfamily of Indic languages Assamese the Magadhan language spoken by the Assamese people; closely related to Bengali native or inhabitant of the state of Assam in northeastern India of or relating to or characteristic of Assam or its people or culture or language Bengali a Magadhan language spoken by the Bengali people; the official language of Bangladesh and Bengal an ethnic group speaking Bengali and living in Bangladesh and eastern India (Hinduism) a member of a people living in Bangladesh and West Bengal (mainly Hindus) of or relating to or characteristic of Bengal or its people; "Bengali hills" Oriya a Magadhan language that is spoken by the Oriya and is the official language of the Indian state of Orissa a member of a people in India living in Orissa and neighboring areas Marathi an Indic language; the state language of Maharashtra in west central India; written in the Devanagari script Gujarati the Indic language spoken by the people of India who live in Gujarat in western India a member of the people of Gujarat Punjabi the Indic language spoken by people in Pakistan and Punjab a member of the people of Pakistan and Punjab Sinhalese the Indic language spoken by the people of Sri Lanka a native or inhabitant of Sri Lanka Indo-Iranian the branch of the Indo-European family of languages including the Indic and Iranian language groups Indic a branch of the Indo-Iranian family of languages Dard any of a group of Indic languages spoken in Kashmir and eastern Afghanistan and northern Pakistan Shina a Dardic language spoken in northern Kashmir Khowar a Dardic language spoken in northwestern Pakistan Kafiri a Dardic language spoken by the Kafir in northeastern Afghanistan Kashmiri the official state language of Kashmir a member of the people of Kashmir of or relating to or characteristic of Kashmir or its people or culture; "the Kashmiri mountains"; "Kashmiri love poems" Nepali the official state language of Nepal Prakrit any of the vernacular Indic languages of north and central India (as distinguished from Sanskrit) recorded from the 3rd century BC to the 4th century AD any of the modern Indic languages Pali an ancient Prakrit language (derived from Sanskrit) that is the scriptural and liturgical language of Theravada Buddhism Iranian the modern Persian language spoken in Iran of or relating to Iran or its people or language or culture; "Iranian mountains"; "Iranian security police" Gathic an ancient Iranian language Persian the language of Persia (Iran) in any of its ancient forms Dari an Iranian language spoken in Afghanistan Tajiki the Iranian language of the Tajik that is closely related to Farsi; spoken in Iran and Tajikistan Kurdish an Iranian language spoken in Turkey and Iran and Iraq and Syria and Russia of or relating to Kurdistan or the Kurds or their language and culture; "Kurdish Moslems" Balochi an Iranian language spoken in Pakistan and Iran and Afghanistan and Russia and the Persian gulf Parthian the Iranian language spoken in the Parthian kingdom (250 BC to AD 226) a native or inhabitant of Parthia pertaining to Parthia or its people or language or culture; "Parthian archeology" Pashto an Iranian language spoken in Afghanistan and Pakistan; the official language of Afghanistan Ossete a northeastern Iranian language spoken in Russia Scythian the Iranian language spoken by the ancient Scythians a member of the ancient nomadic people inhabiting Scythia of or relating to the ancient Scythians or their culture or language Anatolian an extinct branch of the Indo-European family of languages known from inscriptions and important in the reconstruction of Proto-Indo European Hittite the language of the Hittites and the principal language of the Anatolian group of languages; deciphered from cuneiform inscriptions a member of an ancient people who inhabited Anatolia and northern Syria about 2000 to 1200 BC of or relating to the Hittite people or their language or culture Lycian an Anatolian language Luwian an Anatolian language Lydian an Anatolian language Palaic an Anatolian language Greek the Hellenic branch of the Indo-European family of languages a native or inhabitant of Greece of or relating to or characteristic of Greece or the Greeks or the Greek language; "Greek mythology"; "a Grecian robe" Modern Greek the Greek language as spoken and written today Romaic the modern Greek vernacular Katharevusa literary style of Modern Greek containing features borrowed from Koine Late Greek the Greek language in the 3rd to 8th centuries Medieval Greek the Greek language from about 600 to 1200 AD Koine a Greek dialect that flourished under the Roman Empire Ancient Greek the Greek language prior to the Roman Empire Attic the dialect of Ancient Greek spoken and written in Attica and Athens and Ionia of or relating to Attica or its inhabitants or to the dialect spoken in Athens in classical times; "Attic Greek" Aeolic the dialect of Ancient Greek spoken in Thessaly and Boeotia and Aeolis Arcadic the dialect of Ancient Greek spoken by Arcadians Doric the dialect of Ancient Greek spoken in Doris Caucasian a number of languages spoken in the Caucasus that are unrelated to languages spoken elsewhere of or relating to Caucasian people of or relating to the geographical region of Caucasia; "Caucasian languages" Chechen a northern Caucasian language spoken by the Chechen a native or inhabitant of Chechnya of or relating to Chechnya or its people or culture Circassian a northern Caucasian language spoken by the Circassian a mostly Sunni Muslim community living in northwestern Caucasia a member of the Sunni Muslim people living in northwestern Caucasia Abkhazian a Circassian language spoken by the Abkhaz Georgian a southern Caucasian language with 3 million speakers and a long literary tradition a native or inhabitant of Georgia in Asia a native or resident of the American state of Georgia of or relating to the Hanoverian kings of England; "the first Georgian monarch" of or relating to or characteristic of the American state of Georgia or its inhabitants; "the Georgian state capital is Atlanta"; "Georgian peach farmers" of or relating to or characteristic of the Asian republic of Georgia or its people or language; "the Georgian capital is Tbilisi"; "Georgian farmers"; "Georgian vowels" of or relating to the former British colony of Georgia; "the Georgian colony" Ubykh an extinct Caucasian language spoken exclusively in Turkey Dravidian a large family of languages spoken in south and central India and Sri Lanka a member of one of the aboriginal inhabitants of India South Dravidian a Dravidian language spoken primarily in southern India Irula a Dravidian language closely related to Tamil that is spoken in a hilly section of southwestern India Kota a Dravidian language spoken by the Kota a member of the Dravidian people living in the Nilgiri Hills in southern India Toda the Dravidian language spoken by the Toda in southern India a member of a pastoral people living in the Nilgiri Hills of southern India Badaga the dialect of Kannada that is spoken by the Badaga a member of an agricultural people of southern India Kannada a Dravidian language spoken in southern India Tulu a Dravidian language spoken by the Tulu a member of a Dravidian people living on the southwestern coast of India Malayalam a Dravidian language (closely related to Tamil) that is spoken in southwestern India Tamil the Dravidian language spoken since prehistoric times by the Tamil in southern India and Sri Lanka a member of the mixed Dravidian and Caucasian people of southern India and Sri Lanka of or relating to a speaker of the Tamil language or the language itself; "Tamil agglutinative phrases" South-Central Dravidian a Dravidian language spoken primarily in south central India Telugu a Dravidian language spoken by the Telugu in southeastern India a member of the people in southeastern India (Andhra Pradesh) who speak the Telugu language Savara a Dravidian language spoken by the Savara in southeastern India (north of Madras) a member of the Dravidian people living in southern India Gondi a Dravidian language spoken by the Gond in south central India Pengo a Dravidian language spoken in south central India Manda a Dravidian language spoken in south central India Kui the Dravidian language spoken by the Kui in southeastern India a member of the Dravidian people living in southeastern India Kuvi a Dravidian language spoken in southeast India Central Dravidian a Dravidian language spoken primarily in central India Kolami the Dravidian language spoken by the Kolam in central India Naiki a Dravidian language spoken in south central India Parji a Dravidian language spoken in south central India Ollari a Dravidian language spoken in south central India Gadaba the Dravidian language spoken by the Gadaba a member of an agricultural people in southeastern India North Dravidian a Dravidian language spoken primarily in eastern India Kurux a Dravidian language spoken in eastern India Malto the Dravidian language spoken by the Malto a member of the Dravidian people living in northern Bengal in eastern India Brahui an isolated Dravidian language spoken by the Brahui in Pakistan a member of a Dravidian people living in Pakistan Hausa the chief member of the Chadic family of Afroasiatic languages; widely used as a trading language a member of a Negroid people living chiefly in northern Nigeria Bole a Chadic language spoken in northern Nigeria and closely related to Hausa Angas a Chadic language spoken in northern Nigeria and closely related to Hausa Ron a Chadic language spoken in northern Nigeria Bade a Chadic language spoken in northern Nigeria Warji a Chadic language spoken in northern Nigeria Zaar a Chadic language spoken in northern Nigeria West Chadic a group of Chadic languages spoken in northern Nigeria; Hausa in the most important member Tera a three-tone Chadic language Bura a Chadic language spoken south of Lake Chad Higi a Chadic language spoken south of Lake Chad Mandara a Chadic language spoken in the Mandara mountains in Cameroon; has only two vowels Matakam a Chadic language spoken south of Lake Chad Sukur a Chadic language spoken south of Lake Chad Daba a Chadic language spoken south of Lake Chad Bata a Chadic language spoken south of Lake Chad Kotoko a Chadic language spoken south of Lake Chad Musgu a Chadic language spoken south of Lake Chad Gidar a Chadic language spoken south of Lake Chad Biu-Mandara a group of Chadic languages spoken in the border area between Cameroon and Nigeria south of Lake Chad Somrai a Chadic language spoken in Chad Nancere a Chadic language spoken in Chad Kera a Chadic language spoken in Chad Dangla a Chadic language spoken in Chad; uses seven vowels plus differences in vowel length Mokulu a Chadic language spoken in Chad Sokoro a Chadic language spoken in Chad East Chadic a group of Chadic languages spoken in Chad Masa an independent group of closely related Chadic languages spoken in the area between the Biu-Mandara and East Chadic languages Chad a family of Afroasiatic tonal languages (mostly two tones) spoken in the regions west and south of Lake Chad in north central Africa a landlocked desert republic in north-central Africa; was under French control until 1960 Afroasiatic a large family of related languages spoken both in Asia and Africa Semitic a major branch of the Afro-Asiatic language family of or relating to the group of Semitic languages; "Semitic tongues have a complicated morphology" Hebrew the ancient Canaanitic language of the Hebrews that has been revived as the official language of Israel Modern Hebrew Hebrew used in Israel today; revived from ancient Hebrew Akkadian an ancient branch of the Semitic languages Assyrian Akkadian an extinct language of the Assyrians in ancient Mesopotamia Amharic the dominant and official language of Ethiopia; a Semitic language much influenced by the Cushitic language with which Amhara have been in close contact related to or characteristic of or written in Amharic; "the Amharic language" Arabic the Semitic language of the Arabs; spoken in a variety of dialects relating to or characteristic of Arabs; "Arabic languages" Biblical Aramaic the form of Aramaic that was spoken in Palestine in the time of the New Testament Assyrian Neo-Aramaic the language of modern Iraq Mandaean the form of Aramaic used by the Mandeans a member of a small Gnostic sect that originated in Jordan and survives in Iraq and who believes that John the Baptist was the Messiah of or relating to the Mandaean people or their language or culture Canaanitic a group of Semitic languages Canaanite the extinct language of the Semitic people who occupied Canaan before the Israelite conquest a member of an ancient Semitic people who occupied Canaan before it was conquered by the Israelites Phoenician the extinct language of an ancient Semitic people who dominated trade in the ancient world a member of an ancient Semitic people who dominated trade in the first millennium B.C. of or relating to or characteristic of Phoenicia or its inhabitants Punic the Phoenician dialect of ancient Carthage Ugaritic an extinct Semitic language of northern Syria Hamitic a group of languages in northern Africa related to Semitic Egyptian the ancient and now extinct language of Egypt under the Pharaohs; written records date back to 3000 BC a native or inhabitant of Egypt of or relating to or characteristic of Egypt or its people or their language Demotic a simplified cursive form of the ancient hieratic script; "Demotic script was eventually replaced by Greek" of or written in or belonging to the form of modern Greek based on colloquial use Coptic the liturgical language of the Coptic Church used in Egypt and Ethiopia; written in the Greek alphabet of or relating to the Copts or their church or language or art; "the distinctive Coptic art of 6th-century Christian Egypt" Berber a cluster of related dialects that were once the major language of northern Africa west of Egypt; now spoken mostly in Morocco a member of an indigenous people of northern Africa Tuareg the dialect of Berber spoken by the Tuareg a member of a nomadic Berber people of the Sahara Cushitic a group of languages spoken in Ethiopia and Somalia and northwestern Kenya and adjacent regions Somali the Cushitic language spoken by the Somali Omotic a group of related languages spoken in a valley of southern Ethiopia; closely related to Cushitic languages Niger-Kordofanian the family of languages that includes most of the languages spoken in Africa south of the Sahara; the majority of them are tonal languages but there are important exceptions (e.g., Swahili or Fula) Kordofanian a group of languages spoken in the relatively small Kordofan area of the south Sudan Niger-Congo a family of African language spoken in west Africa Bantu a family of languages widely spoken in the southern half of the African continent a member of any of a large number of linguistically related peoples of Central and South Africa of or relating to the African people who speak one of the Bantoid languages or to their culture; "the Bantu population of Sierra Leone" Chichewa the Bantu language of the Chewa of east central Africa ChiMwini a Bantu language spoken in southern Somalia Chishona a Bantu language that is one of the two major languages of Zimbabwe Fang a Bantu language spoken in Cameroon Gikuyu a Bantu language spoken in western Kenya Giriama a Bantu language spoken in the coastal regions of eastern Kenya Herero a Banto language spoken by the Herero in Namibia, Botswana, and Angola a member of a pastoral Bantu people living in Namibia, Botswana, and Angola Kamba a Bantu language spoken by the Kamba in Kenya Kichaga a Bantu language spoken by the Chaga in northern Tanzania Kinyarwanda a Bantu language Kiswahili a Bantu language Kongo the Bantu language spoken by the Kongo living in the tropical forests of Zaire and Congo and Angola Luba a Bantu language spoken in southeastern Congo a member of a Bantu people in southeastern Congo LuGanda the Bantu language of the Buganda people; spoken in Uganda Luyia a Bantu language Mashi a Bantu language Mwera a Bantu language spoken in southern coastal Tanzania Nguni a group of southern Bantu languages Ndebele a Bantu language sometimes considered a dialect of Zulu Swazi a Bantu language closely related to Zulu a member of a southeast African people living in Swaziland and adjacent areas of or relating to or characteristic of Swaziland or its people or their language Xhosa a Bantu language closely related to Zulu a community of Negroid people in southern South Africa a member of the Negroid people of southern South Africa Zulu a Bantu language of considerable literary importance in southeastern Africa a community of Negroid people in eastern South Africa a member of the tall Negroid people of eastern South Africa; some live in KwaZulu-Natal under the traditional clan system but many now work in the cities Nyamwezi a Bantu language spoken in central Tanzania Pokomo a Bantu language spoken in the Kenyan coastal areas of East Africa Shona a Bantu language spoken in Zimbabwe a member of a Bantu tribe living in present-day Zimbabwe of or relating to or characteristic of the culture of the Shonas Sotho any of the mutually intelligible southern Bantu languages of the Sotho in Botswana and South Africa and Lesotho a member of the Bantu people who inhabit Botswana, Lesotho, and northern South Africa and who speak the Sotho languages of or relating to any of the group of Sotho languages; "Sotho noun classifiers" Umbundu a Bantu language spoken in Angola Sesotho the dialect of Sotho spoken by the Basotho; an official language of Lesotho Tswana the dialect of Sotho spoken by the Tswana in Botswana a member of a Bantu people living chiefly in Botswana and western South Africa Swahili the most widely spoken Bantu languages; the official language of Kenya and Tanzania and widely used as a lingua franca in east and central Africa Tonga the language of the Tongan people of south central Africa (Zambia and Rhodesia) a monarchy on a Polynesian archipelago in the South Pacific; achieved independence from the United Kingdom in 1970 Gur a group of Niger-Congo languages spoken primarily in southeastern Mali and northern Ghana West African a group of languages spoken in the extreme western part of West Africa of or relating to the countries or cultures or people of West Africa Fula a family of languages of the Fulani of West Africa and used as a lingua franca in the sub-Saharan regions from Senegal to Chad; the best known of the West African languages Serer a West African language closely related to Fula; spoken primarily in Senegal and Gambia Wolof the West African language of the Wolof in Senegal; related to Fula Mande a group of African languages in the Niger-Congo group spoken from Senegal east as far as the Ivory Coast Kwa a group of African language in the Niger-Congo group spoken from the Ivory Coast east to Nigeria Yoruba a Kwa language spoken by the Yoruba in southwestern Nigeria a member of a West African people living chiefly in southwestern Nigeria Akan a Kwa language spoken in Ghana and the Ivory Coast Ewe a Kwa language spoken by the Ewe in Ghana and Togo and Benin a member of a people living in southern Benin and Togo and southeastern Ghana Nilo-Saharan a family of East African languages spoken by Nilotic peoples from the Sahara south to Kenya and Tanzania Chari-Nile a group of Nilo-Saharan language spoken in parts of the Sudan and Zaire and Uganda and Tanzania Nilotic a group of languages of East Africa belonging to the Chari-Nile group of or relating to or constituting the Nilotic group of languages; "Nilotic syntax" of or relating to the Nile River or the people living near it Dinka a Nilotic language Luo a Nilotic language Masai a Nilotic language Saharan a Nilo-Saharan language spoken in parts of Chad of or relating to or located in the Sahara Desert Songhai a Nilo-Saharan language spoken by the Songhai in Mali and Niger artwork photographs or other visual representations in a printed publication; "the publisher was responsible for all the artwork in the book" graphic design visual communication by a skillful combination of text and pictures in advertisements, magazines, books, etc. graph a visual representation of the relations between certain quantities, represented as points, plotted with reference to a set of axes represent by means of a graph; "chart the data" plot upon a graph frequency-response curve (electronics) a graph of frequency response with signal amplitude or gain plotted against frequency characteristic curve (electronics) graph showing how a particular characteristic of a device varies with other parameters organization chart a chart showing the lines of responsibility between departments of a large organization color chart a chart displaying colors color circle a chart in which complementary colors (or their names) are arranged on opposite sides of a circle bar chart a chart with bars whose lengths are proportional to quantities histogram a bar chart representing a frequency distribution; heights of the bars represent observed frequencies eye chart a chart that is read from a fixed distance; used as a test of vision flip chart a chart with several sheets hinged at the top; sheets can be flipped over to present information sequentially slide chart a hand-held device, usually of paper, cardboard, or plastic, for conducting simple calculations or looking up information volvelle a circular slide chart having rotating parts pie chart a circular chart divided into triangular areas proportional to the percentages of the whole star chart a chart showing the relative positions of the stars in a particular part of the sky population profile a chart showing the number of people as a function of their ages comic strip a sequence of drawings telling a story in a newspaper or comic book ballistocardiogram a graphical recording made by a ballistocardiograph echoencephalogram a graphical image of the brain produced by an echoencephalograph echocardiogram a graphical image of the heart produced by an echocardiograph electrocardiogram a graphical recording of the cardiac cycle produced by an electrocardiograph electroencephalogram a graphical record of electrical activity of the brain; produced by an electroencephalograph electromyogram a graphical record of electric currents associated with muscle contractions electroretinogram a graphical recording of the electrical activity of the retina that results when light is flashed into the eye Laffer curve a graph purporting to show the relation between tax rates and government income; income increases as tax rates increase up to an optimum beyond which income declines learning curve a graph showing the rate of learning (especially a graph showing the amount recalled as a function of the number of attempts to recall) myogram a graphical recording of muscle activity radiation pattern graphical representation (in polar or Cartesian coordinates) of the spatial distribution of radiation from an antenna as a function of angle major lobe the maximum lobe in the radiation pattern which is intended to be along the forward axis and which gives the effect of a beam tachogram a graphical record of speed and distance produced by a tachograph thermogram a graphical record produced by a thermograph dramaturgy the art of writing and producing plays theatrical production the production of a drama on the stage coup de theatre a highly successful theatrical production a sensational bit of stagecraft a dramatic surprise summer stock theatrical productions performed by a stock company during the summer dramatic composition a play for performance on the stage or television or in a movie etc. afterpiece a brief dramatic piece (usually comic) presented after a play fragment an incomplete piece; "fragments of a play" a piece broken off or cut off of something else; "a fragment of rock" Grand Guignol a play of a macabre or horrific nature hiatus a missing piece (as a gap in a manuscript) theater of the absurd plays stressing the irrational or illogical aspects of life, usually to show that modern life is pointless; "Samuel Beckett and Eugene Ionesco have written plays for the theater of the absurd" prologue an introduction to a play playlet a short play promptbook the copy of the playscript used by the prompter duologue a part of the script in which the speaking roles are limited to two actors actor's line words making up the dialogue of a play; "the actor forgot his speech" aside a line spoken by an actor to the audience but not intended for others on the stage in reserve; not for immediate use; "started setting aside money to buy a car"; "put something by for her old age"; "has a nest egg tucked away for a rainy day" on or to one side; "step aside"; "stood aside to let him pass"; "threw the book aside"; "put her sewing aside when he entered" out of the way (especially away from one's thoughts); "brush the objections aside"; "pushed all doubts away" placed or kept separate and distinct as for a purpose; "had a feeling of being set apart"; "quality sets it apart"; "a day set aside for relaxing" monologue a (usually long) dramatic speech by a single actor a long utterance by one person (especially one that prevents others from participating in the conversation) soliloquy a (usually long) dramatic speech intended to give the illusion of unspoken reflections speech you make to yourself throwaway words spoken in a casual way with conscious under-emphasis libretto the words of an opera or musical play screenplay a script for a film including dialogue and descriptions of characters and sets shooting script the final detailed script for making a movie or TV program spiel plausible glib talk (especially useful to a salesperson) speak at great length (about something) string of words a linear sequence of words as spoken or written substring a string that is part of a longer string lipogram a text that excludes a particular letter or particular letters of the alphabet cry a fit of weeping; "had a good cry" a loud utterance; often in protest or opposition; "the speaker was interrupted by loud cries from the rear of the audience" a loud utterance of emotion (especially when inarticulate); "a cry of rage"; "a yell of pain" the characteristic utterance of an animal; "animal cries filled the night" shed tears because of sadness, rage, or pain; "She cried bitterly when she heard the news of his death"; "The girl in the wheelchair wept with frustration when she could not get up the stairs" bring into a particular state by crying; "The little boy cried himself to sleep" proclaim or announce in public; "before we had newspapers, a town crier would cry the news"; "He cried his merchandise in the market square" utter a characteristic sound; "The cat was crying" demand immediate action; "This situation is crying for attention" collocation a grouping of words in a sentence high-five a gesture of greeting or elation; one person's upraised palm slaps the upraised palm of another person closet drama drama more suitable for reading that for performing comedy light and humorous drama with a happy ending black comedy comedy that uses black humor commedia dell'arte Italian comedy of the 16th to 18th centuries improvised from standardized situations and stock characters dark comedy a comedy characterized by grim or satiric humor; a comedy having gloomy or disturbing elements farce a comedy characterized by broad satire and improbable situations fill with a stuffing while cooking; "Have you stuffed the turkey yet?" high comedy a sophisticated comedy; often satirizing genteel society low comedy a comedy characterized by slapstick and burlesque melodrama an extravagant comedy in which action is more salient than characterization seriocomedy a comedy with serious elements or overtones tragedy drama in which the protagonist is overcome by some superior force or circumstance; excites terror or pity tragicomedy a dramatic composition involving elements of both tragedy and comedy usually with the tragic predominating situation comedy a humorous television program based on situations that could arise in everyday life a humorous drama based on situations that might arise in day-to-day life special a television production that features a particular person or work or topic; "the last of a series of BBC specials on Iran is being shown tonight" a special offering (usually temporary and at a reduced price) that is featured in advertising; "they are having a special on pork chops" a dish or meal given prominence in e.g. a restaurant for a special service or occasion; "a special correspondent"; "a special adviser to the committee"; "had to get special permission for the event" adapted to or reserved for a particular purpose; "a special kind of paint"; "a special medication for arthritis" burlesque a theatrical entertainment of broad and earthy humor; consists of comic skits and short turns (and sometimes striptease) relating to or characteristic of a burlesque; "burlesque theater" exode a farcical afterpiece in the ancient Roman theater miracle play a medieval play representing episodes from the life of a saint or martyr morality play an allegorical play popular in the 15th and 16th centuries; characters personified virtues and vices mystery play a medieval play representing episodes from the life of Christ Passion play a play representing the Passion of Christ satyr play an ancient Greek burlesque with a chorus of satyrs musical a play or film whose action and dialogue is interspersed with singing and dancing characteristic of or resembling or accompanied by music; "a musical speaking voice"; "a musical comedy" talented in or devoted to music; "comes from a very musical family" characterized by or capable of producing music; "a musical evening"; "musical instruments" galanty show a drama executed by throwing shadows on a wall puppet show a show in which the actors are puppets minstrel show a variety show in which the performers are made up in blackface a troupe of performers in blackface typically giving a comic program of negro songs and jokes revue a variety show with topical sketches and songs and dancing and comedians follies a revue with elaborate costuming Ziegfeld Follies a series of extravagant revues produced by Flo Ziegfeld variety show a show consisting of a series of short unrelated performances vaudeville a variety show with songs and comic acts etc. dance an artistic form of nonverbal communication a party for social dancing a party of people assembled for dancing move in a pattern; usually to musical accompaniment; do or perform a dance; "My husband and I like to dance at home to the radio" move in a graceful and rhythmical way; "The young girl danced into the room" skip, leap, or move up and down or sideways; "Dancing flames"; "The children danced with joy" pizzicato a note or passage that is played pizzicato (of instruments in the violin family) to be plucked with the finger with a light plucking staccato sound monophony music consisting of a single vocal part (usually with accompaniment) polyphony music arranged in parts for several voices or instruments polytonality music that uses two or more different keys at the same time popularism music adapted to the understanding and taste of the majority counterpoint a musical form involving the simultaneous sound of two or more melodies write in counterpoint; "Bach perfected the art of counterpointing" black music music created by African-American musicians; early forms were songs that had a melodic line and a strong rhythmic beat with repeated choruses classical music traditional genre of music conforming to an established form and appealing to critical interest and developed musical taste chamber music serious music performed by a small group of musicians comic opera opera with a happy ending and in which some of the text is spoken grand opera opera in which all the text is sung musical drama opera in which the musical and dramatic elements are equally important; the music is appropriate to the action operetta a short amusing opera reharmonization a piece of music whose original harmony has been revised four-part harmony harmony in which each chord has four notes that create four melodic lines leitmotiv a melodic phrase that accompanies the reappearance of a person or situation (as in Wagner's operas) theme song a melody that recurs and comes to represent a musical play or movie diminution the statement of a theme in notes of lesser duration (usually half the length of the original) part music vocal music for several voices in independent parts (usually performed without accompaniment) homophony part music with one dominant voice (in a homophonic style) the same pronunciation for words of different origins primo the principal part of a duet (especially a piano duet) the best of its kind secondo the second or lower part of a duet (especially a piano duet) voice part a part written for a singer accompaniment a musical part (vocal or instrumental) that supports or provides background for other musical parts an event or situation that happens at the same time as or in connection with another descant a decorative musical accompaniment (often improvised) added above a basic melody talk at great length about something of one's interest sing in descant ground bass a short melody in the bass that is constantly repeated figured bass a bass part written out in full and accompanied by numbers to indicate the chords to be played crossover the appropriation of a new style (especially in popular music) by combining elements of different genres in order to appeal to a wider audience; "a jazz-classical crossover album" religious music genre of music composed for performance as part of religious ceremonies antiphon a verse or song to be chanted or sung in response gradual (Roman Catholic Church) an antiphon (usually from the Book of Psalms) immediately after the epistle at Mass proceeding in small stages; "a gradual increase in prices" (of a topographical gradient) not steep or abrupt; "a gradual slope" Shema a liturgical prayer (considered to be the essence of Jewish religion) that is recited at least twice daily by adult Jewish males to declare their faith; "as soon as Leonard learned to talk he was taught to recite the first words of the Shema, the creed of Judaism which originated on Sinai with Moses and is recited daily" processional religious music used in a procession of or relating to or characteristic of a procession; "in good processional order" intended for use in a procession; "processional music"; "processional cross" antiphonary bound collection of antiphons relating to or resembling an antiphon or antiphony chant a repetitive song in which as many syllables as necessary are assigned to a single tone recite with musical intonation; recite as a chant or a psalm; "The rabbi chanted a prayer" Hallel (Judaism) a chant of praise (Psalms 113 through 118) used at Passover and Shabuoth and Sukkoth and Hanukkah and Rosh Hodesh Hare Krishna a chant to the Hindu god Krishna a religious sect founded in the United States in 1966; based on Vedic scriptures; groups engage in joyful chanting of `Hare Krishna' and other mantras based on the name of the Hindu god Krishna; devotees usually wear saffron robes and practice vegetarianism and celibacy worshipper of Krishna and member of the International Society for Krishna Consciousness plainsong (Roman Catholic Church) a liturgical chant consisting of a single, unaccompanied melodic line Gregorian chant a variety of plainsong named after Pope Gregory I cantus firmus a pre-existing melody used as the basis for a polyphonic composition; originally drawn from plainchant, but later drawn from other sources religious song religious music for singing spiritual a kind of religious song originated by Blacks in the southern United States lacking material body or form or substance; "spiritual beings"; "the vital transcendental soul belonging to the spiritual realm"-Lewis Mumford concerned with or affecting the spirit or soul; "a spiritual approach to life"; "spiritual fulfillment"; "spiritual values"; "unearthly love" hymn a song of praise (to God or to a saint or to a nation) praise by singing a hymn; "They hymned their love of God" sing a hymn doxology a hymn or verse in Christian liturgy glorifying God chorale a stately Protestant (especially Lutheran) hymn tune canticle a hymn derived from the Bible Dies Irae the first words of a medieval Latin hymn describing the Last Judgment (literally `day of wrath') hymeneal a wedding hymn of or relating to a wedding or marriage; "hymeneal rites" Internationale a revolutionary socialist anthem paean (ancient Greece) a hymn of praise (especially one sung in ancient Greece to invoke or thank a deity) Magnificat (Luke) the canticle of the Virgin Mary (from Luke 1:46 beginning `Magnificat anima mea Dominum') recessional a hymn that is sung at the end of a service as the clergy and choir withdraw of or relating to receding Te Deum an ancient liturgical hymn musical composition a musical work that has been created; "the composition is written in four movements" musical arrangement a piece of music that has been adapted for performance by a particular set of voices or instruments intermezzo a short piece of instrumental music composed for performance between acts of a drama or opera a short movement coming between the major sections of a symphony allegro a musical composition or musical passage to be performed quickly in a brisk lively manner a brisk and lively tempo (of tempo) fast in a quick and lively tempo; "play this section allegro" allegretto a musical composition or musical passage to be performed at a somewhat quicker tempo than andante but not as fast as allegro a quicker tempo than andante but not as fast as allegro (of tempo) faster than allegro in a moderately quick tempo; "play this more allegretto" andante a musical composition or musical passage to be performed moderately slow a moderately slow tempo (a walking pace) (of tempo) moderately slow at a moderately slow tempo; "this passage must be played andante" introit a composition of vocal music that is appropriate for opening church services prelude music that precedes a fugue or introduces an act in an opera play as a prelude serve as a prelude or opening to chorale prelude a composition for organ using a chorale as a basis for variations overture orchestral music played at the beginning of an opera or oratorio a tentative suggestion designed to elicit the reactions of others; "she rejected his advances" voluntary composition (often improvised) for a solo instrument (especially solo organ) and not a regular part of a religious service or musical performance of your own free will or design; done by choice; not forced or compelled; "man is a voluntary agent"; "participation was voluntary"; "voluntary manslaughter"; "voluntary generosity in times of disaster"; "voluntary social workers"; "a voluntary confession" controlled by individual volition; "voluntary motions"; "voluntary muscles" postlude a voluntary played at the end of a religious service duet a musical composition for two performers two performers or singers who perform together trio a musical composition for three performers three people considered as a unit a set of three similar things considered as a unit three performers or singers who perform together quartet a musical composition for four performers four people considered as a unit; "he joined a barbershop quartet"; "the foursome teed off before 9 a.m." a set of four similar things considered as a unit four performers or singers who perform together quintet a musical composition for five performers five people considered as a unit a set of five similar things considered as a unit five performers or singers who perform together sextet a musical composition written for six performers six people considered as a unit a set of six similar things considered as a unit six performers or singers who perform together septet a musical composition written for seven performers seven people considered as a unit a set of seven similar things considered as a unit seven performers or singers who perform together octet a musical composition written for eight performers eight people considered as a unit a set of eight similar things considered as a unit eight performers or singers who perform together cantata a musical composition for voices and orchestra based on a religious text Messiah an oratorio composed by Handel in 1742 the awaited king of the Jews; the promised and expected deliverer of the Jewish people Jesus Christ; considered by Christians to be the promised deliverer divertimento a musical composition in several movements; has no fixed form keen a funeral lament sung with loud wailing having a sharp cutting edge or point; "a keen blade" enigma canon a canon in which the entrances of successive parts were indicated by cryptic symbols and devices (popular in the 15th and 16th centuries) concerto a composition for orchestra and a soloist concerto grosso a baroque composition for orchestra and a group of solo instruments etude a short composition for a solo instrument; intended as an exercise or to demonstrate technical virtuosity fugue a musical form consisting of a theme repeated a fifth above or a fourth below its first statement a dreamlike state of altered consciousness that may last for hours or days dissociative disorder in which a person forgets who they are and leaves home to create a new life; during the fugue there is no memory of the former life; after recovering there is no memory for events during the dissociative state pastorale a musical composition that evokes rural life rondo a musical form that is often the last movement of a sonata sonata a musical composition of 3 or 4 movements of contrasting forms piano sonata a sonata for piano toccata a baroque musical composition (usually for a keyboard instrument) with full chords and rapid elaborate runs in a rhythmically free style fantasia a musical composition of a free form usually incorporating several familiar themes sonatina a short and simple sonata symphony a long and complex sonata for symphony orchestra fortissimo a musical composition or musical passage to be performed very loudly (chiefly a direction or description in music) very loud and strong a direction in music; to be played very loudly intro a brief introductory passage to a piece of popular music ostinato a musical phrase repeated over and over during a composition riff a jazz ostinato; usually provides a background for a solo improvisation play riffs plagal cadence a cadence (frequently ending church music) in which the chord of the subdominant precedes the chord of the tonic cadenza a brilliant solo passage occurring near the end of a piece of music largo (music) a composition or passage that is to be performed in a slow and dignified manner very slow in tempo and broad in manner slowly and broadly larghetto (music) a composition or passage played in a slow tempo slightly faster than largo but slower than adagio (of tempo) less slow and broad than largo scherzo a fast movement (usually in triple time) partita (music) an instrumental suite common in the 18th century one of the variations contained in a partita symphonic poem an orchestral composition based on literature or folk tales medley a musical composition consisting of a series of songs or other musical pieces from various sources nocturne a pensive lyrical piece of music (especially for the piano) antiphony alternate (responsive) singing by a choir in two parts anthem a song of devotion or loyalty (as to a nation or school) national anthem a song formally adopted as the anthem for a nation Marseillaise the French national anthem The Star-Spangled Banner a poem written by Francis Scott Key during the War of 1812 was set to music and adopted by Congress in 1931 as the national anthem of the United States aria an elaborate song for solo voice arietta a short aria barcarole a boating song sung by Venetian gondoliers chantey a rhythmical work song originally sung by sailors refrain the part of a song where a soloist is joined by a group of singers resist doing something; "He refrained from hitting him back"; "she could not forbear weeping" tra-la a set of nonsensical syllables used while humming a refrain ditty a short simple song (or the words of a poem intended to be sung) dirge a song or hymn of mourning composed or performed as a memorial to a dead person drinking song a song celebrating the joys of drinking; sung at drinking parties folk song a song that is traditionally sung by the common people of a region and forms part of their culture blues a type of folksong that originated among Black Americans at the beginning of the 20th century; has a melancholy sound from repeated use of blue notes a state of depression; "he had a bad case of the blues" fado a sad Portuguese folksong blue note a flattened third or seventh lied a German art song of the 19th century for voice and piano love song a song about love or expressing love for another person stanza a fixed number of lines of verse forming a unit of a poem love lyric the lyric of a love song oldie a song that was formerly popular partsong a song with two or more voice parts madrigal an unaccompanied partsong for 2 or 3 voices; follows a strict poetic form sing madrigals; "The group was madrigaling beautifully" prothalamion a song in celebration of a marriage roundelay a song in which a line or phrase is repeated as the refrain scolion a song (sometimes improvised) sung by guests at a banquet serenade a song characteristically played outside the house of a woman sing and play for somebody; "She was serenaded by her admirers" torch song a popular song concerned with disappointment in love work song a usually rhythmical song to accompany repetitious work shivaree a noisy mock serenade (made by banging pans and kettles) to a newly married couple dance music music to dance to a genre of popular music composed for ballroom dancing serialism 20th century music that uses a definite order of notes as a thematic basis for a musical composition syncopation music (especially dance music) that has a syncopated rhythm a musical rhythm accenting a normally weak beat twelve-tone music a type of serial music introduced by Arnold Schoenberg; uses a tone row formed by the twelve semitones of the chromatic scale (and inverted or backward versions of the row) techno a style of fast heavy electronic dance music usually without vocals marching music genre of music written for marching; "Sousa wrote the best marches" military march brisk marching music suitable for troops marching in a military parade pibroch martial music with variations; to be played by bagpipes processional march a march to be played for processions funeral march a slow march to be played for funeral processions wedding march a march to be played for a wedding procession popular music any genre of music having wide appeal (but usually only for a short time) pop music music of general appeal to teenagers; a bland watered-down version of rock'n'roll with more rhythm and harmony and an emphasis on romantic love folk music the traditional and typically anonymous music that is an expression of the life of people in a community country music a simple style of folk music heard mostly in the southern United States; usually played on stringed instruments ragtime music with a syncopated melody (usually for the piano) jazz a style of dance music popular in the 1920s; similar to New Orleans jazz but played by large bands a genre of popular music that originated in New Orleans around 1900 and developed through increasingly complex styles play something in the style of jazz kwela a kind of danceable music popular among black South Africans; includes a whistle among its instruments doo-wop a genre (usually a cappella) of Black vocal-harmony music of the 1950s that evolved in New York City from gospel singing; characterized by close four-part harmonies; the name derived from some of the nonsense syllables sung by the backup bluegrass a type of country music played at a rapid tempo on banjos and guitars any of various grasses of the genus Poa hillbilly music country music originating in mountainous regions of southern United States square-dance music music performed for square dancing zydeco music of southern Louisiana that combines French dance melodies with Caribbean music and blues bop an early form of modern jazz (originating around 1940) dance the bebop boogie an instrumental version of the blues (especially for piano) dance to boogie music cool jazz jazz that is restrained and fluid and marked by intricate harmonic structures often lagging slightly behind the beat funk an earthy type of jazz combining it with blues and soul; has a heavy bass line that accentuates the first beat in the bar a state of nervous depression; "he was in a funk" hot jazz jazz that is emotionally charged and intense and marked by strong rhythms and improvisation modern jazz any of various styles of jazz that appeared after 1940 rap genre of African-American music of the 1980s and 1990s in which rhyming lyrics are chanted to a musical accompaniment; several forms of rap have emerged voluble conversation a gentle blow talk volubly strike sharply; "rap him on the knuckles" perform rap music rhythm and blues a combination of blues and jazz that was developed in the United States by Black musicians; an important precursor of rock 'n' roll rockabilly a fusion of black music and country music that was popular in the 1950s; sometimes described as blues with a country beat rock 'n' roll a genre of popular music originating in the 1950s; a blend of black rhythm-and-blues with white country-and-western; "rock is a generic term for the range of styles that evolved out of rock'n'roll." heavy metal loud and harsh sounding rock music with a strong beat; lyrics usually involve violent or fantastic imagery a metal of relatively high density (specific gravity greater than about 5) or of high relative atomic weight (especially one that is poisonous like mercury or lead) progressive rock a style of rock music that emerged in the 1970s; associated with attempts to combine rock with jazz and other forms; intended for listening and not dancing psychedelic rock a musical style that emerged in the 1960s; rock music inspired by or related to drug-induced experience punk rock rock music with deliberately offensive lyrics expressing anger and social alienation; in part a reaction against progressive rock trad traditional jazz as revived in the 1950s reggae popular music originating in the West Indies; repetitive bass riffs and regular chords played on the off beat by a guitar skiffle a style of popular music in the 1950s; based on American folk music and played on guitars and improvised percussion instruments expressive style a way of expressing something (in language or art or music etc.) that is characteristic of a particular person or group of people or period; "all the reporters were expected to adopt the style of the newspaper" bathos triteness or triviality of style black humor the juxtaposition of morbid and farcical elements (in writing or drama) to give a disturbing effect Gongorism an affected elegance of style that was introduced into Spanish literature by the poet Gongora doctorspeak medical jargon ecobabble using the technical language of ecology to make the user seem ecologically aware eloquence powerful and effective language; "his eloquence attracted a large congregation"; "fluency in spoken and written English is essential"; "his oily smoothness concealed his guilt from the police" Eurobabble the jargon of European community documents and regulations formulation the style of expressing yourself; "he suggested a better formulation"; "his manner of expression showed how much he cared" a substance prepared according to a formula; "the physician prescribed a commercial preparation of the medicine" gobbledygook incomprehensible or pompous jargon of specialists grandiosity high-flown style; excessive use of verbal ornamentation; "the grandiosity of his prose"; "an excessive ornateness of language" headlinese using the abbreviated style of headline writers honorific an expression of respect; "the Japanese use many honorifics" conferring or showing honor or respect; "honorific social status commonly attaches to membership in a recognized profession" jargon specialized technical terminology characteristic of a particular subject journalese the style in which newspapers are written legalese a style that uses the abstruse technical vocabulary of the law manner of speaking your characteristic style or manner of expressing yourself orally; "his manner of speaking was quite abrupt"; "her speech was barren of southernisms"; "I detected a slight accent in his speech" music genre an expressive style of music officialese the style of writing characteristic of some government officials: formal and obscure psychobabble using language loaded with psychological terminology self-expression the expression of one's individuality (usually through creative activities) archaism the use of an archaic expression colloquialism a colloquial expression; characteristic of spoken or written communication that seeks to imitate informal speech mot juste the appropriate word or expression verbalization the activity of expressing something in words the words that are spoken in the activity of verbalization parlance a manner of speaking that is natural to native speakers of a language Gallicism a word or phrase borrowed from French wording the manner in which something is expressed in words; "use concise military verbiage"- G.S.Patton paralanguage the use of manner of speaking to communicate particular meanings sharp tongue a bitter or critical manner of speaking shibboleth a manner of speaking that is distinctive of a particular group of people elocution an expert manner of speaking involving control of voice and gesture intonation pattern intonations characteristic of questions and requests and statements monotone an unchanging intonation a single tone repeated with different words or different rhythms (especially in rendering liturgical texts) singsong a regular and monotonous rising and falling intonation speak, chant, or declaim in a singsong move as if accompanied by a singsong; "The porters singsonged the travellers' luggage up the mountain" caesura a break or pause (usually for sense) in the middle of a verse line a pause or interruption (as in a conversation); "after an ominous caesura the preacher continued" enjambment the continuation of a syntactic unit from one line of verse into the next line without a pause stress the relative prominence of a syllable or musical note (especially with regard to stress or pitch); "he put the stress on the wrong syllable" (physics) force that produces strain on a physical body; "the intensity of stress is expressed in units of force divided by units of area" difficulty that causes worry or emotional tension; "she endured the stresses and strains of life"; "he presided over the economy during the period of the greatest stress and danger"- R.J.Samuelson special emphasis attached to something; "the stress was more on accuracy than on speed" put stress on; utter with an accent; "In Farsi, you accent the last syllable of each word" to stress, single out as important; "Dr. Jones emphasizes exercise in addition to a change in diet" accentuation the use or application of an accent; the relative prominence of syllables in a phrase or utterance tonic accent emphasis that results from pitch rather than loudness word stress the distribution of stresses within a polysyllabic word sentence stress the distribution of stresses within a sentence backbeat a loud steady beat downbeat the first beat of a musical measure (as the conductor's arm moves downward) upbeat an unaccented beat (especially the last beat of a measure) recitative a vocal passage of narrative text that a singer delivers with natural rhythms of speech arioso (music) a short recitative that is melodic but is not an aria bombast pompous or pretentious talk or writing sesquipedality using long words sensationalism the journalistic use of subject matter that appeals to vulgar tastes; "the tabloids relied on sensationalism to maintain their circulation" subject matter that is calculated to excite and please vulgar tastes technobabble technical jargon from computing and other high-tech subjects terseness a neatly short and concise expressive style turn of phrase a distinctive spoken or written expression; "John's succinct turn of phrase persuaded her that it would not be a good idea" conciseness terseness and economy in writing and speaking achieved by expressing a great deal in just a few words laconism terseness of expression verboseness an expressive style that uses excessive or empty words verbiage overabundance of words prolixity boring verbosity turgidity pompously embellished language repetitiveness verboseness resulting from excessive repetitions pleonasm using more words than necessary; "a tiny little child" tautology useless repetition; "to say that something is `adequate enough' is a tautology" (logic) a statement that is necessarily true; "the statement `he is brave or he is not brave' is a tautology" apocope abbreviation of a word by omitting the final sound or sounds; "the British get `pud' from `pudding' by apocope" initialism an abbreviation formed from the initial letters of the several words in the name and pronounced separately; "HTML is an initialism for HyperText Markup Language" acronym a word formed from the initial letters of the several words in the name and pronounced as one word; "`NATO' is an initialism for North Atlantic Treaty Organization"; "the word `scuba' is an acronym for s(elf)-c(ontained) u(nderwater) b(reathing) a(pparatus)" writing style a style of expressing yourself in writing poetry literature in metrical form any communication resembling poetry in beauty or the evocation of feeling heroic poetry poetry celebrating the deeds of some hero versification the art or practice of writing verse the form or metrical composition of a poem a metrical adaptation of something (e.g., of a prose text) poetic rhythm (prosody) a system of versification catalexis the absence of a syllable in the last foot of a line or verse scansion analysis of verse into metrical patterns sprung rhythm a poetic rhythm that imitates the rhythm of speech common measure the usual (iambic) meter of a ballad metrical foot (prosody) a group of 2 or 3 syllables forming the basic unit of poetic rhythm dactyl a metrical unit with stressed-unstressed-unstressed syllables iamb a metrical unit with unstressed-stressed syllables anapest a metrical unit with unstressed-unstressed-stressed syllables amphibrach a metrical unit with unstressed-stressed-unstressed syllables (e.g., `remember') trochee a metrical unit with stressed-unstressed syllables spondee a metrical unit with stressed-stressed syllables tetrameter a verse line having four metrical feet pentameter a verse line having five metrical feet hexameter a verse line having six metrical feet octameter a verse line having eight metrical feet octosyllable a verse line having eight syllables or a poem of octosyllabic lines decasyllable a verse line having ten syllables rhyme correspondence in the sounds of two or more lines (especially final sounds) compose rhymes be similar in sound, especially with respect to the last syllable; "hat and cat rhyme" internal rhyme a rhyme between words in the same line alliteration use of the same consonant at the beginning of each stressed syllable in a line of verse; "around the rock the ragged rascal ran" assonance the repetition of similar vowels in the stressed syllables of successive words double rhyme a two-syllable rhyme; "`ended' and `blended' form a double rhyme" rhyme royal a stanza form having seven lines of iambic pentameter; introduced by Chaucer ottava rima a stanza of eight lines of heroic verse with the rhyme scheme abababcc eye rhyme an imperfect rhyme (e.g., `love' and `move') rhetorical device a use of language that creates a literary effect (but often without regard for literal significance) anacoluthia an abrupt change within a sentence from one syntactic structure to another asyndeton the omission of conjunctions where they would normally be used anadiplosis repetition of the final words of a sentence or line at the beginning of the next epanalepsis repetition after intervening words epanodos repetition of a group of words in reverse order recapitulation of the main ideas of a speech (especially in reverse order) epiphora repetition of the ends of two or more successive sentences, verses, etc. gemination the doubling of a word or phrase (as for rhetorical effect) ploce (rhetoric) repetition to gain special emphasis or extend meaning polyptoton repetition of a word in a different case or inflection in the same sentence; "My own heart's heart" epanaphora repetition of a word or phrase at the beginning of successive clauses anaphora using a pronoun or similar word instead of repeating a word used earlier symploce repetition of a word or phrase at the beginning and another at the end of successive clauses, i.e., simultaneous use of anaphora and epistrophe anastrophe the reversal of the normal order of words antiphrasis the use of a word in a sense opposite to its normal sense (especially in irony) antithesis the juxtaposition of contrasting words or ideas to give a feeling of balance exact opposite; "his theory is the antithesis of mine" antinomasia substitution of a title for a name apophasis mentioning something by saying it will not be mentioned aposiopesis breaking off in the middle of a sentence (as by writers of realistic conversations) catachresis strained or paradoxical use of words either in error (as `blatant' to mean `flagrant') or deliberately (as in a mixed metaphor: `blind mouths') chiasmus inversion in the second of two parallel phrases dramatic irony (theater) irony that occurs when the meaning of the situation is understood by the audience but not by the characters in the play ecphonesis an exclamatory rhetorical device; "O tempore! O mores" emphasis special and significant stress by means of position or repetition e.g. special importance or significance; "the red light gave the central figure increased emphasis"; "the room was decorated in shades of grey with distinctive red accents" enallage a substitution of part of speech or gender or number or tense etc. (e.g., editorial `we' for `I') epanorthosis immediate rephrasing for intensification or justification; "Seems, madam! Nay, it is" epiplexis a rhetorical device in which the speaker reproaches the audience in order to incite or convince them hendiadys use of two conjoined nouns instead of a noun and modifier hypallage reversal of the syntactic relation of two words (as in `her beauty's face') hyperbaton reversal of normal word order (as in `cheese I love') hypozeugma use of a series of subjects with a single predicate hypozeuxis use of a series of parallel clauses (as in `I came, I saw, I conquered') litotes understatement for rhetorical effect (especially when expressing an affirmative by negating its contrary); "saying `I was not a little upset' when you mean `I was very upset' is an example of litotes" onomatopoeia using words that imitate the sound they denote paralepsis suggesting by deliberately concise treatment that much of significance is omitted paregmenon juxtaposing words having a common derivation (as in `sense and sensibility') polysyndeton using several conjunctions in close succession, especially where some might be omitted (as in `he ran and jumped and laughed for joy') prolepsis anticipating and answering objections in advance wellerism a comparison comprising a well-known quotation followed by a facetious sequel trope language used in a figurative or nonliteral sense hyperbole extravagant exaggeration kenning conventional metaphoric name for something, used especially in Old English and Old Norse poetry metaphor a figure of speech in which an expression is used to refer to something that it does not literally denote in order to suggest a similarity dead metaphor a metaphor that has occurred so often that it has become a new meaning of the expression (e.g., `he is a snake' may once have been a metaphor but after years of use it has died and become a new sense of the word `snake') mixed metaphor a combination of two or more metaphors that together produce a ridiculous effect synesthetic metaphor a metaphor that exploits a similarity between experiences in different sense modalities metonymy substituting the name of an attribute or feature for the name of the thing itself (as in `they counted heads') metalepsis substituting metonymy of one figurative sense for another oxymoron conjoining contradictory terms (as in `deafening silence') simile a figure of speech that expresses a resemblance between things of different kinds (usually formed with `like' or `as') synecdoche substituting a more inclusive term for a less inclusive one or vice versa syllepsis use of a word to govern two or more words though agreeing in number or case etc. with only one zeugma use of a verb with two or more complements, playing on the verb's polysemy, for humorous effect; "`Mr. Pickwick took his hat and his leave' is an example of zeugma" auditory communication communication that relies on hearing speech (language) communication by word of mouth; "his speech was garbled"; "he uttered harsh language"; "he recorded the spoken language of the streets" the exchange of spoken words; "they were perfectly comfortable together without speech" something spoken; "he could hear them uttering merry speeches" utterance the use of uttered sounds for auditory communication phone (phonetics) an individual sound unit of speech without concern as to whether or not it is a phoneme of some language morphophoneme (linguistics) the phonemes (or strings of phonemes) that constitute the various allomorphs of a morpheme phoneme (linguistics) one of a small set of speech sounds that are distinguished by the speakers of a particular language allophone (linguistics) any of various acoustically different forms of the same phoneme ablaut a vowel whose quality or length is changed to indicate linguistic distinctions (such as sing sang sung song) diphthong a vowel sound that starts near the articulatory position for one vowel and moves toward the position for another vowel a speech sound made with the vocal tract open a letter of the alphabet standing for a spoken vowel accentual system the system of accentuation used in a particular language consonant system the system of consonants used in a particular language morphophonemic system the morphophonemics of a particular language phonemic system the system of phonemes recognized in a language phonological system the system of phones used in a particular language syllabicity the pattern of syllable formation in a particular language tense system a system of tenses used in a particular language tone system the system of tones used in a particular language or dialect of a tone language vowel system the system of vowels used in a particular language schwa a neutral middle vowel; occurs in unstressed syllables murmur vowel a schwa that is incidental to the pronunciation of a consonant stem vowel a vowel that ends a stem and precedes an inflection semivowel a vowellike sound that serves as a consonant palatal a semivowel produced with the tongue near the palate (like the initial sound in the English word `yeast') produced with the front of the tongue near or touching the hard palate (as `y') or with the blade of the tongue near the hard palate (as `ch' in `chin' or `j' in `gin') relating to or lying near the palate; "palatal index"; "the palatine tonsils" vowel point a mark placed below or near a consonant (as in Hebrew or Arabic) to indicate the spoken vowel consonant a speech sound that is not a vowel a letter of the alphabet standing for a spoken consonant involving or characterized by harmony alveolar consonant a consonant articulated with the tip of the tongue near the gum ridge obstruent a consonant that is produced with a partial or complete blockage of the airflow from the lungs through the nose or mouth stop consonant a consonant produced by stopping the flow of air at some point and suddenly releasing it; "his stop consonants are too aspirated" implosion the initial occluded phase of a stop consonant a sudden inward collapse; "the implosion of a light bulb" plosion the terminal forced release of pressure built up during the occlusive phase of a stop consonant affrication the conversion of a simple stop consonant into an affricate aspirate a consonant pronounced with aspiration inhale (air, water, etc.) pronounce with aspiration; of stop sounds remove by suction; "aspirate the wound" labial consonant a consonant whose articulation involves movement of the lips labiodental consonant a consonant whose articulation involves the lips and teeth bilabial a consonant that is articulated using both lips; /p/ or /b/ or /w/ of or relating to or being a speech sound that is articulated using both lips; "bilabial fricatives" labial stop a stop consonant that is produced with the lips glottal stop a stop consonant articulated by releasing pressure at the glottis; as in the sudden onset of a vowel epenthesis the insertion of a vowel or consonant into a word to make its pronunciation easier; "the insertion of a vowel in the plural of the word `bush' is epenthesis" nasalization the act of nasalizing; the utterance of sounds modulated by the nasal resonators suction stop a stop consonant made by the suction of air into the mouth (as in Bantu) continuant consonant consonant articulated by constricting (but not closing) the vocal tract fricative consonant a continuant consonant produced by breath moving against a narrowing of the vocal tract sibilant a consonant characterized by a hissing sound (like s or sh) affricate a composite speech sound consisting of a stop and a fricative articulated at the same point (as `ch' in `chair' and `j' in `joy') nasal consonant a consonant produced through the nose with the mouth closed orinasal phone a speech sound produced with both the oral and nasal passages open (as French nasal vowels) lingual a consonant that is produced with the tongue and other speech organs pertaining to or resembling or lying near the tongue; "lingual inflammation"; "the lingual surface of the teeth" liquid a frictionless continuant that is not a nasal consonant (especially `l' and `r') the state in which a substance exhibits a characteristic readiness to flow with little or no tendency to disperse and relatively high incompressibility fluid matter having no fixed shape but a fixed volume a substance that is liquid at room temperature and pressure clear and bright; "the liquid air of a spring morning"; "eyes shining with a liquid luster"; "limpid blue eyes" smooth and flowing in quality; entirely free of harshness; "the liquid song of a robin" existing as or having characteristics of a liquid; especially tending to flow; "water and milk and blood are liquid substances" filled or brimming with tears; "swimming eyes"; "sorrow made the eyes of many grow liquid" geminate a doubled or long consonant; "the `n' in `thinness' is a geminate" arrange or combine in pairs; "The consonants are geminated in these words" surd a consonant produced without sound from the vocal cords velar a consonant produced with the back of the tongue touching or near the soft palate produced with the back of the tongue touching or near the soft palate (as `k' in `cat' and `g' in `gun' and `ng' in `sing') of or relating to the velum guttural a consonant articulated in the back of the mouth or throat relating to or articulated in the throat; "the glottal stop and uvular `r' and `ch' in German `Bach' are guttural sounds" sonant a speech sound accompanied by sound from the vocal cords bellow a very loud utterance (like the sound of an animal); "his bellow filled the hallway" make a loud noise, as of animal; "The bull bellowed" blue murder an extravagantly loud outcry; "she screamed blue murder" catcall a cry expressing disapproval utter catcalls at clamor loud and persistent outcry from many people; "he ignored the clamor of the crowd" make loud demands; "he clamored for justice and tolerance" utter or proclaim insistently and noisily; "The delegates clamored their disappointment" compel someone to do something by insistent clamoring; "They clamored the mayor into building a new park" halloo a shout to attract attention; "he gave a great halloo but no one heard him" shout `halloo', as when greeting someone or attracting attention urge on with shouts; "halloo the dogs in a hunt" hoot a loud raucous cry (as of an owl) to utter a loud clamorous shout; "the toughs and blades of the city hoot and bang their drums, drink arak, play dice, and dance" utter the characteristic sound of owls hosanna a cry of praise or adoration (to God) scream sharp piercing cry; "her screaming attracted the neighbors" make a loud, piercing sound; "Fighter planes are screaming through the skies" whoop a loud hooting cry of exultation or excitement shout, as if with joy or enthusiasm; "The children whooped when they were led to the picnic table" war cry a yell intended to rally a group of soldiers in battle a slogan used to rally support for a cause; "a cry to arms"; "our watchword will be `democracy'" yelling uttering a loud inarticulate cry as of pain or excitement yodel a songlike cry in which the voice fluctuates rapidly between the normal voice and falsetto sing by changing register; sing by yodeling; "The Austrians were yodeling in the mountains" boo a cry or noise made to express displeasure or contempt show displeasure, as after a performance or speech blasphemy blasphemous language (expressing disrespect for God or for something sacred) bawdry lewd or obscene talk or writing; "it was smoking-room bawdry"; "they published a collection of Elizabethan bawdy" curse profane or obscene expression usually of surprise or anger; "expletives were deleted" a severe affliction utter obscenities or profanities; "The drunken men were cursing loudly in the street" wish harm upon; invoke evil upon; "The bad witch cursed the child" heap obscenities upon; "The taxi driver who felt he didn't get a high enough tip cursed the passenger" croak a harsh hoarse utterance (as of a frog) utter a hoarse sound, like a raven exclamation an abrupt excited utterance; "she gave an exclamation of delight"; "there was much exclaiming over it" a loud complaint or protest or reproach devil a word used in exclamations of confusion; "what the devil"; "the deuce with it"; "the dickens you say" an evil supernatural being coat or stuff with a spicy paste; "devilled eggs" ejaculation an abrupt emphatic exclamation expressing emotion the discharge of semen in males expostulation an exclamation of protest or remonstrance or reproof the act of expressing earnest opposition or protest expletive a word or phrase conveying no independent meaning but added to fill out a sentence or metrical line groan an utterance expressing pain or disapproval indicate pain, discomfort, or displeasure; "The students groaned when the professor got out the exam booklets"; "The ancient door soughed when opened" howl a long loud emotional utterance; "he gave a howl of pain"; "howls of laughter"; "their howling had no effect" a loud sustained noise resembling the cry of a hound; "the howl of the wind made him restless" the long plaintive cry of a hound or a wolf emit long loud cries; "wail in self-pity"; "howl with sorrow" cry loudly, as of animals; "The coyotes were howling in the desert" mumble a soft indistinct utterance talk indistinctly; usually in a low voice grind with the gums; chew without teeth and with great difficulty; "the old man had no teeth left and mumbled his food" cachinnation loud convulsive laughter cackle a loud laugh suggestive of a hen's cackle the sound made by a hen after laying an egg emit a loud, unpleasant kind of laughing squawk shrilly and loudly, characteristic of hens talk or utter in a cackling manner; "The women cackled when they saw the movie star step out of the limousine" chortle a soft partly suppressed laugh giggle a foolish or nervous laugh laugh nervously; "The girls giggled when the rock star came into the classroom" guffaw a burst of deep loud hearty laughter laugh boisterously hee-haw a loud laugh that sounds like a horse neighing braying characteristic of donkeys snicker a disrespectful laugh laugh quietly titter a nervous restrained laugh paging calling out the name of a person (especially by a loudspeaker system); "the public address system in the hospital was used for paging" profanity vulgar or irreverent speech or action pronunciation the way a word or a language is customarily spoken; "the pronunciation of Chinese is difficult for foreigners"; "that is the correct pronunciation" the manner in which someone utters a word; "they are always correcting my pronunciation" sibilation pronunciation with a sibilant (hissing or whistling) sound exultation the utterance of sounds expressing great joy a feeling of extreme joy sigh an utterance made by exhaling audibly a sound like a person sighing; "she heard the sigh of the wind in the trees" heave or utter a sigh; breathe deeply and heavily; "She sighed sadly" utter with a sigh speaking the utterance of intelligible speech sputter an utterance (of words) with spitting sounds (as in rage) cause to undergo a process in which atoms are removed; "The solar wind protons must sputter away the surface atoms of the dust" utter with a spitting sound, as if in a rage make an explosive sound; "sputtering engines" whisper speaking softly without vibration of the vocal cords speak softly; in a low voice stage whisper a loud whisper that can be overheard; on the stage it is heard by the audience but it supposed to be inaudible to the rest of the cast mispronunciation incorrect pronunciation homograph two words are homographs if they are spelled the same way but differ in meaning (e.g. fair) homophone two words are homophones if they are pronounced the same way but differ in meaning or spelling or both (e.g. bare and bear) drawl a slow speech pattern with prolonged vowels lengthen and slow down or draw out; "drawl one's vowels" enunciation the articulation of speech regarded from the point of view of its intelligibility to the audience syncope (phonology) the loss of sounds from within a word (as in `fo'c'sle' for `forecastle') sandhi the articulatory process whereby the pronunciation of a word or morpheme changes when it is followed immediately by another (especially in fluent speech) tongue twister an expression that is difficult to articulate clearly; "`rubber baby buggy bumper' is a tongue twister" conversation the use of speech for informal exchange of views or ideas or information etc. phatic speech conversational speech used to communicate sociability more than information intercourse communication between individuals communion sharing thoughts and feelings (Christianity) a group of Christians with a common religious faith who practice the same rites chat an informal conversation chitchat light informal conversation for social occasions gossiping a conversation that spreads personal information about other people scandalmongering spreading malicious gossip typical of tabloids; "sensational journalistic reportage of the scandal"; "yellow press" cant insincere talk about religion or morals heel over; "The tower is tilting"; "The ceiling is slanting" heart-to-heart an intimate talk in private; "he took me aside for a little heart-to-heart" shmooze (Yiddish) a warm heart-to-heart talk talk idly or casually and in a friendly way shop talk talk about your business that only others in the same business can understand prate idle or foolish and irrelevant talk nothings inconsequential conversation; "they traded a few nothings as they parted" sweet nothings inconsequential expressions of affection; "he whispered sweet nothings into her ear" colloquy formal conversation a conversation especially a formal one discussion an extended communication (often interactive) dealing with some particular topic; "the book contains an excellent discussion of modal logic"; "his treatment of the race question is badly biased" an exchange of views on some topic; "we had a good discussion"; "we had a word or two about it" indirect discourse a report of a discourse in which deictic terms are modified appropriately (e.g., "he said `I am a fool'" would be modified to "he said he is a fool") direct discourse a report of the exact words used in a discourse (e.g., "he said `I am a fool'") expatiation a discussion (spoken or written) that enlarges on a topic or theme at length or in detail exhortation a communication intended to urge or persuade the recipients to take some action the act of exhorting; an earnest attempt at persuasion logomachy argument about words or the meaning of words parley a negotiation between enemies discuss, as between enemies rap session conversation in a situation where feelings can be expressed and criticized or supported second-hand speech overheard conversation (especially overheard cellphone conversation) table talk conversation during a meal telephone conversation a conversation over the telephone tete-a-tete a private conversation between two people involving two persons; intimately private; "a tete-a-tete supper"; "a head-to-head conversation" pillow talk intimate conversation between lovers (typically occurring in bed) conference a discussion among participants who have an agreed (serious) topic a prearranged meeting for consultation or exchange of information or discussion (especially one with a formal agenda) bull session an informal discussion (usually among men) consultation a conference between two or more people to consider a particular question; "frequent consultations with his lawyer"; "a consultation of several medical specialists" a conference (usually with someone important); "he had a consultation with the judge"; "he requested an audience with the king" panel discussion discussion of a subject of public interest by a group of persons forming a panel usually before an audience postmortem discussion of an event after it has occurred occurring or done after death; "postmortem changes"; "a postmortem examination to determine cause of death"; "postmortal wounds" after death or after an event; "a postmortem examination to determine the cause of death"; "the postmortem discussion of the President's TV address" public discussion free and open discussion of (or debate on) some question of public interest; "such a proposal deserves thorough public discussion" huddle (informal) a quick private conference a disorganized and densely packed crowd; "a huddle of frightened women" crowd or draw together; "let's huddle together--it's cold!" crouch or curl up; "They huddled outside in the rain" backgrounder a press conference or interview in which a government official explains to reporters the background of an action or policy; "the secretary gave us a backgrounder on public health issues" press conference a conference at which press and tv reporters ask questions of a politician or other celebrity pretrial (law) a conference held before the trial begins to bring the parties together to outline discovery proceedings and to define the issues to be tried; more useful in civil than in criminal cases round table a meeting of peers for discussion and exchange of views; "a roundtable on the future of computing" teach-in an extended session (as on a college campus) for lectures and discussion on an important and usually controversial issue teleconference a conference of people who are in different locations that is made possible by the use of such telecommunications equipment as closed-circuit television reading clinic a clinic for people with reading disabilities basketball clinic a meeting at which basketball players receive special evaluation and instruction baseball clinic a meeting at which baseball players receive special evaluation and instruction; "a summer baseball clinic for promising young players" hockey clinic a meeting at which hockey players receive special evaluation and instruction executive session a session (usually of a legislative body) that is closed to the public confirmation hearing a hearing held by the US Senate to gather information on whether to approve or reject candidates for high federal office who are nominated by the president special session a session that is held in addition to the regular sessions tutorial a session of intensive tuition given by a tutor to an individual or to a small number of students of or relating to tutors or tutoring; "tutorial sessions" diplomacy negotiation between nations dollar diplomacy diplomacy influenced by economic considerations power politics diplomacy in which the nations threaten to use force in order to obtain their objectives shuttle diplomacy international negotiations conducted by a mediator who frequently flies back and forth between the negotiating parties; "Kissinger's shuttle diplomacy in the Middle East" Strategic Arms Limitation Talks negotiations between the United States and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics opened in 1969 in Helsinki designed to limit both countries' stock of nuclear weapons bargaining the negotiation of the terms of a transaction or agreement collective bargaining negotiation between an employer and trade union haggle an instance of intense argument (as in bargaining) wrangle (over a price, terms of an agreement, etc.); "Let's not haggle over a few dollars" horse trading negotiation accompanied by mutual concessions and shrewd bargaining conciliation any of various forms of mediation whereby disputes may be settled short of arbitration the state of manifesting goodwill and cooperation after being reconciled; "there was a brief period of conciliation but the fighting soon resumed" saying a word or phrase that particular people use in particular situations; "pardon the expression" anatomical reference an expression that relates to anatomy sound bite a very short speech; usually on radio or television motto a favorite saying of a sect or political group catchphrase a phrase that has become a catchword maxim a saying that is widely accepted on its own merits aphorism a short pithy instructive saying gnome a short pithy saying expressing a general truth a legendary creature resembling a tiny old man; lives in the depths of the earth and guards buried treasure Murphy's Law humorous axiom stating that anything that can go wrong will go wrong epigram a witty saying proverb a condensed but memorable saying embodying some important fact of experience that is taken as true by many people platitude a trite or obvious remark truism an obvious truth idiom an expression whose meanings cannot be inferred from the meanings of the words that make it up ruralism a rural idiom or expression agrapha sayings of Jesus not recorded in the canonical Gospels sumpsimus a correct expression that takes the place of a popular but incorrect expression; "he preferred his erroneous but pleasing mumpsimus to the correct sumpsimus" non-standard speech speech that differs from the usual accepted, easily recognizable speech of native adult members of a speech community baby talk the developing speech of a young child an adult's imitation of the speech of a young child dialect the usage or vocabulary that is characteristic of a specific group of people; "the immigrants spoke an odd dialect of English"; "he has a strong German accent"; "it has been said that a language is a dialect with an army and navy" eye dialect the use of misspellings to identify a colloquial or uneducated speaker patois a regional dialect of a language (especially French); usually considered substandard localism a phrase or pronunciation that is peculiar to a particular locality idiolect the language or speech of one individual at a particular period in life telegraphese language characterized by terseness and ellipsis as in telegrams vernacular the everyday speech of the people (as distinguished from literary language) slang a characteristic language of a particular group (as among thieves); "they don't speak our lingo" informal language consisting of words and expressions that are not considered appropriate for formal occasions; often vituperative or vulgar; "their speech was full of slang expressions" abuse with coarse language use slang or vulgar language rhyming slang slang that replaces words with rhyming words or expressions and then typically omits the rhyming component; "Cockney rhyming slang" spell a verbal formula believed to have magical force; "he whispered a spell as he moved his hands"; "inscribed around its base is a charm in Balinese" take turns working; "the workers spell every four hours" indicate or signify; "I'm afraid this spells trouble!" orally recite the letters of or give the spelling of; "How do you spell this word?"; "We had to spell out our names for the police officer" place under a spell write or name the letters that comprise the conventionally accepted form of (a word or part of a word); "He spelled the word wrong in this letter" relieve (someone) from work by taking a turn; "She spelled her husband at the wheel" incantation a ritual recitation of words or sounds believed to have a magical effect hex an evil spell; "a witch put a curse on his whole family"; "he put the whammy on me" cast a spell over someone or something; put a hex on someone or something speech act the use of language to perform some act proposal the act of making a proposal; "they listened to her proposal" something proposed (such as a plan or assumption) contract offer offer by an employer to contract to pay an employee at a given rate marriage proposal an offer of marriage counterproposal a proposal offered as an alternative to an earlier proposal re-introduction a proposal of something previously rejected; "they avoided a re-introduction of the old terminology" first reading the first presentation of a bill in a legislature second reading the second presentation of a bill in a legislature; to approve its general principles (Britain) or to discuss a committee's report and take a vote (US) previous question a motion calling for an immediate vote on the main question under discussion by a deliberative assembly offer something offered (as a proposal or bid); "noteworthy new offerings for investors included several index funds" the verbal act of offering; "a generous offer of assistance" put forward for consideration; "He offered his opinion" threaten to do something; "I offered to leave the committee if they did not accept my proposal" produce or introduce on the stage; "The Shakespeare Company is offering `King Lear' this month" make available or accessible, provide or furnish; "The conference center offers a health spa"; "The hotel offers private meeting rooms" present for acceptance or rejection; "She offered us all a cold drink" make available for sale; "The stores are offering specials on sweaters this week" offer verbally; "extend my greetings"; "He offered his sympathy" propose a payment; "The Swiss dealer offered $2 million for the painting" present as an act of worship; "offer prayers to the gods" counteroffer an offer made by someone who has rejected a prior offer buyout bid a bid to buy all of a person's holdings prospectus a formal written offer to sell securities (filed with the SEC) that sets forth a plan for a (proposed) business enterprise; "a prospectus should contain the facts that an investor needs to make an informed decision" preliminary prospectus a first draft of a prospectus; must be clearly marked to indicate that parts may be changed in the final prospectus; "because some portions of the cover page are printed in red ink a preliminary prospectus is sometimes called a red herring" tender offer an offer to buy shares in a corporation (usually above the market price) for cash or securities or both rights offering an offering of common stock to existing shareholders who hold subscription rights or pre-emptive rights that entitle them to buy newly issued shares at a discount from the price at which they will be offered to the public later; "the investment banker who handles a rights offering usually agrees to buy any shares not bought by shareholders" peace offering something offered to an adversary in the hope of obtaining peace countermand a contrary command cancelling or reversing a previous command marching orders an order from a superior officer for troops to depart call up an order to report for military duty bring forward for consideration; "The case was called up in court" call to arms; of military personnel cause to become available for use, either literally or figuratively; "clicking on the icon calls up the program"; "the author's description of the banquet called up delicious aromas"; "running into an old friend summoned up memories of her childhood" commandment something that is commanded Decalogue the biblical commandments of Moses directive a pronouncement encouraging or banning some activity; "the boss loves to send us directives" Presidential Directive a directive issued by the President of the United States; usually addressed to all heads of departments and agencies behest an authoritative command or request clarification an interpretation that removes obstacles to understanding; "the professor's clarification helped her to understand the textbook" disambiguation clarification that follows from the removal of ambiguity lexical disambiguation disambiguation of the sense of a polysemantic word eisegesis personal interpretation of a text (especially of the Bible) using your own ideas exegesis an explanation or critical interpretation (especially of the Bible) ijtihad the endeavor of a Moslem scholar to derive a rule of divine law from the Koran and Hadith without relying on the views of other scholars; by the end of the 10th century theologians decided that debate on such matters would be closed and Muslim theology and law were frozen; "some reform-minded Islamic scholars believe that reopening ijtihad is a prerequisite for the survival of Islam" literal interpretation an interpretation based on the exact wording misinterpretation putting the wrong interpretation on; "his misinterpretation of the question caused his error"; "there was no mistaking her meaning" imbroglio a very embarrassing misunderstanding an intricate and confusing interpersonal or political situation misconstrual a kind of misinterpretation resulting from putting a wrong construction on words or actions (often deliberately) misreading misinterpretation caused by inaccurate reading assent agreement with a statement or proposal to do something; "he gave his assent eagerly"; "a murmur of acquiescence from the assembly" to agree or express agreement; "The Maestro assented to the request for an encore" informed consent consent by a patient to undergo a medical or surgical treatment or to participate in an experiment after the patient understands the risks involved bye an automatic advance to the next round in a tournament without playing an opponent; "he had a bye in the first round" cahoot collusion; "in cahoots with" out-of-court settlement resolution of a dispute prior to the rendering of a final decision by the trial court property settlement (matrimonial law) the division of property owned or acquired by marriage partners during their marriage accord and satisfaction the settlement of a debt by paying less than the amount demanded in exchange for extinguishing the debt severance agreement an agreement on the terms on which an employee will leave golden handshake a lucrative severance agreement offered to an employee (usually as an incentive to retire) suicide pact an agreement by two or more people to commit suicide together at a given place and time; "the two lovers killed themselves in a suicide pact" modus vivendi a temporary accommodation of a disagreement between parties pending a permanent settlement Missouri Compromise an agreement in 1820 between pro-slavery and anti-slavery factions in the United States concerning the extension of slavery into new territories ratification making something valid by formally ratifying or confirming it; "the ratification of the treaty"; "confirmation of the appointment" second a speech seconding a motion; "do I hear a second?" the official attendant of a contestant in a duel or boxing match a 60th part of a minute of arc; "the treasure is 2 minutes and 45 seconds south of here" following the first in an ordering or series; "he came in a close second" 1/60 of a minute; the basic unit of time adopted under the Systeme International d'Unites transfer an employee to a different, temporary assignment; "The officer was seconded for duty overseas" give support or one's approval to; "I'll second that motion"; "I can't back this plan"; "endorse a new project" a part or voice or instrument or orchestra section lower in pitch than or subordinate to the first; "second flute"; "the second violins" coming next after the first in position in space or time or degree or magnitude in the second place; "second, we must consider the economy" disagreement the speech act of disagreeing or arguing or disputing a conflict of people's opinions or actions or characters dissidence disagreement; especially disagreement with the government dissent a difference of opinion (law) the difference of one judge's opinion from that of the majority; "he expressed his dissent in a contrary opinion" withhold assent; "Several Republicans dissented" straw man a weak or sham argument set up to be easily refuted argy-bargy a verbal dispute; a wrangling argument firestorm an outburst of controversy; "the incident triggered a political firestorm" a storm in which violent winds are drawn into the column of hot air rising over a severely bombed area sparring an argument in which the participants are trying to gain some advantage collision a conflict of opposed ideas or attitudes or goals; "a collision of interests" an accident resulting from violent impact of a moving object; "three passengers were killed in the collision"; "the collision of the two ships resulted in a serious oil spill" (physics) a brief event in which two or more bodies come together; "the collision of the particles resulted in an exchange of energy and a change of direction" controversy a contentious speech act; a dispute where there is strong disagreement; "they were involved in a violent argument" polemic a controversy (especially over a belief or dogma) of or involving dispute or controversy generation gap a difference between the views of young people and their parents batrachomyomachia a silly altercation bicker a quarrel about petty points bust-up a serious quarrel (especially one that ends a friendship) notification a request for payment; "the notification stated the grace period and the penalties for defaulting" bidding a request to be present; "they came at his bidding" invite a colloquial expression for invitation; "he didn't get no invite to the party" ask someone in a friendly way to do something request the participation or presence of; "The organizers invite submissions of papers for the conference" ask to enter; "We invited the neighbors in for a cup of coffee" increase the likelihood of; "ask for trouble"; "invite criticism" invite someone to one's house; "Can I invite you for dinner on Sunday night?" have as a guest; "I invited them to a restaurant" entreaty earnest or urgent request; "an entreaty to stop the fighting"; "an appeal for help"; "an appeal to the public to keep calm" adjuration a solemn and earnest appeal to someone to do something demagoguery impassioned appeals to the prejudices and emotions of the populace flag waving an appeal intended to arouse patriotic emotions supplication a humble request for help from someone in authority beggary a solicitation for money or food (especially in the street by an apparently penniless person) the state of being a beggar or mendicant; "they were reduced to mendicancy" importunity insistent solicitation and entreaty; "his importunity left me no alternative but to agree" courtship a man's courting of a woman; seeking the affections of a woman (usually with the hope of marriage); "its was a brief and intense courtship" benediction a ceremonial prayer invoking divine protection benison a spoken blessing collect a short prayer generally preceding the lesson in the Church of Rome or the Church of England get or bring together; "accumulate evidence" call for and obtain payment of; "we collected over a million dollars in outstanding debts"; "he collected the rent" gather or collect; "You can get the results on Monday"; "She picked up the children at the day care center"; "They pick up our trash twice a week" payable by the recipient on delivery; "a collect call"; "the letter came collect"; "a COD parcel" make a telephone call or mail a package so that the recipient pays; "call collect"; "send a package collect" intercession a prayer to God on behalf of another person rogation a solemn supplication ceremony prescribed by the church requiescat a prayer for the repose of the soul of a dead person challenge a demand by a sentry for a password or identification questioning a statement and demanding an explanation; "his challenge of the assumption that Japan is still our enemy" a formal objection to the selection of a particular person as a juror a call to engage in a contest or fight a demanding or stimulating situation; "they reacted irrationally to the challenge of Russian power" raise a formal objection in a court of law ask for identification; "The illegal immigrant was challenged by the border guard" issue a challenge to; "Fischer challenged Spassky to a match" take exception to; "She challenged his claims" ultimatum a final peremptory demand purism scrupulous or exaggerated insistence on purity or correctness (especially in language); "linguistic purisms" margin call a demand by a broker that a customer deposit enough to bring his margin up to the minimum requirement wage claim the wage demanded from management for workers by their union representatives trick or treat a request by children on Halloween; they pass from door to door asking for goodies and threatening to play tricks on those who refuse questioning a request for information perplexed (as if being expected to know something that you do not know); "he had a quizzical expression" interrogation formal systematic questioning a transmission that will trigger an answering transmission from a transponder inquisition a severe interrogation (often violating the rights or privacy of individuals) third degree interrogation often accompanied by torture to extort information or a confession cross-examination (law) close questioning of a hostile witness in a court of law to discredit or throw a new light on the testimony already provided in direct examination direct examination (law) the initial questioning of a witness by the party that called the witness redirect examination (law) questioning of a witness by the party that called the witness after that witness has been subject to cross-examination cross-question a question asked in cross-examination leading question a question phrased in such a way as to suggest the desired answer; a lawyer may ask leading questions on cross-examination yes-no question a question that can be answered by yes or no interview the questioning of a person (or a conversation in which information is elicited); often conducted by journalists; "my interviews with teenagers revealed a weakening of religious bonds" conduct an interview in television, newspaper, and radio reporting discuss formally with (somebody) for the purpose of an evaluation; "We interviewed the job candidates" go for an interview in the hope of being hired; "The job candidate interviewed everywhere" job interview an interview to determine whether an applicant is suitable for a position of employment telephone interview an interview conducted over the telephone bar examination an examination conducted at regular intervals to determine whether a candidate is qualified to practice law in a given jurisdiction; "applicants may qualify to take the New York bar examination by graduating from an approved law school"; "he passed the bar exam on his third try" comprehensive examination an intensive examination testing a student's proficiency in some special field of knowledge; "she took her comps in English literature" entrance examination examination to determine a candidate's preparation for a course of studies final examination an examination administered at the end of an academic term litmus test a test that relies on a single indicator; "her litmus test for good breeding is whether you split infinitives" midterm examination an examination administered in the middle of an academic term pop quiz a quiz given without prior warning oral an examination conducted by spoken communication a stage in psychosexual development when the child's interest is concentrated in the mouth; fixation at this stage is said to result in dependence, selfishness, and aggression of or involving the mouth or mouth region or the surface on which the mouth is located; "the oral cavity"; "the oral mucous membrane"; "the oral surface of a starfish"; "a buccal gland" using speech rather than writing; "an oral tradition"; "an oral agreement" of or relating to or affecting or for use in the mouth; "oral hygiene"; "an oral thermometer"; "an oral vaccine" preliminary examination an examination taken by graduate students to determine their fitness to continue quiz an examination consisting of a few short questions examine someone's knowledge of something; "The teacher tests us every week"; "We got quizzed on French irregular verbs" tripos final honors degree examinations at Cambridge University reply the speech act of continuing a conversational exchange; "he growled his reply" Urim and Thummim lots thrown to determine God's answers to yes-no questions refutation the speech act of answering an attack on your assertions; "his refutation of the charges was short and persuasive"; "in defense he said the other man started it" rebuttal the speech act of refuting by offering a contrary contention or argument characterization the act of describing distinctive characteristics or essential features; "the media's characterization of Al Gore as a nerd" word picture a graphic or vivid verbal description; "too often the narrative was interrupted by long word pictures"; "the author gives a depressing picture of life in Poland"; "the pamphlet contained brief characterizations of famous Vermonters" epithet descriptive word or phrase particularization an individualized description of a particular instance say-so one chap's arbitrary assertion affirmative a reply of affirmation; "he answered in the affirmative" affirming or giving assent; "an affirmative decision"; "affirmative votes" expecting the best; "an affirmative outlook" yes an affirmative; "I was hoping for a yes" yea an affirmative; "The yeas have it" not only so, but; "I therein do rejoice, yea, and will rejoice" denial the act of asserting that something alleged is not true the act of refusing to comply (as with a request); "it resulted in a complete denial of his privileges" (psychiatry) a defense mechanism that denies painful thoughts naysaying the act of saying no to a request no a negative; "his no was loud and clear" used to express refusal or denial or disagreement etc or especially to emphasize a negative statement; "no, you are wrong" not in any degree or manner; not at all; "he is no better today" referring to the degree to which a certain quality is present; "he was no heavier than a child" nay a negative; "the nays have it" not this merely but also; not only so but; "each of us is peculiar, nay, in a sense unique" double negative a grammatically substandard but emphatic negative; "I don't never go" an affirmative constructed from two negatives; "A not unwelcome outcome" disavowal denial of any connection with or knowledge of contradiction the speech act of contradicting someone; "he spoke as if he thought his claims were immune to contradiction" (logic) a statement that is necessarily false; "the statement `he is brave and he is not brave' is a contradiction" opposition between two conflicting forces or ideas self-contradiction contradicting yourself disclaimer (law) a voluntary repudiation of a person's legal claim to something disownment refusal to acknowledge as one's own short shrift a brief and unsympathetic rejection; "they made short shrift of my request" demur (law) a formal objection to an opponent's pleadings take exception to; "he demurred at my suggestion to work on Saturday" enter a demurrer gripe informal terms for objecting; "I have a gripe about the service here" complain; "What was he hollering about?" grievance a complaint about a (real or imaginary) wrong that causes resentment and is grounds for action an allegation that something imposes an illegal obligation or denies some legal right or causes injustice growling a gruff or angry utterance (suggestive of the growling of an animal) grumble a complaint uttered in a low and indistinct tone to utter or emit low dull rumbling sounds; "he grumbled a rude response"; "Stones grumbled down the cliff" jeremiad a long and mournful complaint; "a jeremiad against any form of government" kvetch (Yiddish) a nagging complaint (Yiddish) a constant complainer pet peeve an opportunity for complaint that is seldom missed; "grammatical mistakes are his pet peeve" whimper a complaint uttered in a plaintive whining way lament a cry of sorrow and grief; "their pitiful laments could be heard throughout the ward" express grief verbally; "we lamented the death of the child" informing a speech act that conveys information to furnish incriminating evidence to an officer of the law (usually in return for favors) telling informing by words warning notification of something, usually in advance; "they gave little warning of their arrival"; "she had only had four days' warning before leaving Berlin" a message informing of danger; "a warning that still more bombs could explode" disclosure the speech act of making something evident histrionics a deliberate display of emotion for effect sackcloth and ashes a display of extreme remorse or repentance or grief divulgence the act of disclosing something that was secret or private giveaway an unintentional disclosure a gift of public land or resources for the private gain of a limited group leak unauthorized (especially deliberate) disclosure of confidential information an accidental hole that allows something (fluid or light etc.) to enter or escape; "one of the tires developed a leak" a euphemism for urination; "he had to take a leak" soft watery rot in fruits and vegetables caused by fungi have an opening that allows light or substances to enter or go out; "The container leaked gasoline"; "the roof leaks badly" enter or escape as through a hole or crack or fissure; "Water leaked out of the can into the backpack"; "Gas leaked into the basement" be leaked; "The news leaked out despite his secrecy" tell anonymously; "The news were leaked to the paper" expose the exposure of an impostor or a fraud; "he published an expose of the graft and corruption in city government" abandon by leaving out in the open air; "The infant was exposed by the teenage mother"; "After Christmas, many pets get abandoned" expose or make accessible to some action or influence; "Expose your students to art"; "expose the blanket to sunshine" expose to light, of photographic film to show, make visible or apparent; "The Metropolitan Museum is exhibiting Goya's works this month"; "Why don't you show your nice legs and wear shorter skirts?"; "National leaders will have to display the highest skills of statesmanship" muckraking the exposure of scandal (especially about public figures) self-accusation an admission that you have failed to do or be something you know you should do or be sop a concession given to mollify or placate; "the offer was a sop to my feelings" piece of solid food for dipping in a liquid dip into liquid; "sop bread into the sauce" be or become thoroughly soaked or saturated with a liquid give a conciliatory gift or bribe to wage concession an agreement to raise wages debut the presentation of a debutante in society appear for the first time in public; "The new ballet that debuts next months at Covent Garden, is already sold out" make one's debut; "This young soprano debuts next month at the Metropolitan Opera" present for the first time to the public; "The band debuts a new song or two each month" reintroduction an act of renewed introduction briefing detailed instructions, as for a military operation megillah (Yiddish) a long boring tediously detailed account; "he insisted on giving us the whole megillah" skinny confidential information about a topic or person; "he wanted the inside skinny on the new partner" of or relating to or resembling skin white book a government report; bound in white green paper a preliminary report of government proposals that is published in order to stimulate discussion progress report a report of work accomplished during a specified time period position paper a report that explains or justifies or recommends some particular policy medical report a report of the results of a medical examination of a patient report card a written evaluation of a student's scholarship and deportment; "his father signed his report card" debriefing report of a mission or task anecdote short account of an incident (especially a biographical one) narrative a message that tells the particulars of an act or occurrence or course of events; presented in writing or drama or cinema or as a radio or television program; "his narrative was interesting"; "Disney's stories entertain adults as well as children" consisting of or characterized by the telling of a story; "narrative poetry" Canterbury Tales an uncompleted series of tales written after 1387 by Geoffrey Chaucer tall tale an improbable (unusual or incredible or fanciful) story folktale a tale circulated by word of mouth among the common folk Arabian Nights' Entertainment a collection of folktales in Arabic dating from the 10th century sob story a sentimental story (or drama) of personal distress; designed to arouse sympathy nursery rhyme a tale in rhymed verse for children earful an outpouring of gossip gossip a report (often malicious) about the behavior of other people; "the divorce caused much gossip" a person given to gossiping and divulging personal information about others rumor gossip (usually a mixture of truth and untruth) passed around by word of mouth tell or spread rumors; "It was rumored that the next president would be a woman" grapevine gossip spread by spoken communication; "the news of their affair was spread by word of mouth" scandal disgraceful gossip about the private lives of other people a disgraceful event alarmism needless warnings alert a warning serves to make you more alert to danger condition of heightened watchfulness or preparation for action; "bombers were put on alert during the crisis" engaged in or accustomed to close observation; "caught by a couple of alert cops"; "alert enough to spot the opportunity when it came"; "constantly alert and vigilant, like a sentinel on duty" mentally perceptive and responsive; "an alert mind"; "alert to the problems"; "alive to what is going on"; "awake to the dangers of her situation"; "was now awake to the reality of his predicament" quick and energetic; "a brisk walk in the park"; "a lively gait"; "a merry chase"; "traveling at a rattling rate"; "a snappy pace"; "a spanking breeze" Emergency Alert System a federal warning system that is activated by FEMA; enables the President to take over the United States airwaves to warn the whole country of major catastrophic events false alarm a warning that is given about something that fails to occur forewarning an early warning about a future event heads-up a warning message; "he sent a heads-up to the District Attorney" fully alert and watchful; "played heads-up ball" strategic warning (military) a warning prior to the start of a threatening act tactical warning (military) a warning after the initiation of a hostile act warning of attack a warning to national policy makers that an enemy intends to launch an attack in the near future warning of war a warning to national policy makers that an enemy intends war or is preparing for war and is on a course that increases the risk of war bayat an oath of allegiance to an emir Hippocratic oath an oath taken by physicians to observe medical ethics deriving from Hippocrates clean bill of health an assurance that someone is healthy or something is in good condition; "the doctor gave him a clean bill of health" plight a solemn pledge of fidelity pinning a mutual promise of a couple not to date anyone else; on college campuses it was once signaled by the giving of a fraternity pin ringing the giving of a ring as a token of engagement vow a solemn pledge (to oneself or to another or to a deity) to do something or to behave in a certain manner; "they took vows of poverty" make a vow; promise; "He vowed never to drink alcohol again" dedicate to a deity by a vow thank you a conversational expression of gratitude boast speaking of yourself in superlatives show off brag an instance of boastful talk; "his brag is worse than his fight"; "whenever he won we were exposed to his gasconade" braggadocio vain and empty boasting vaunt extravagant self-praise naming the verbal act of naming; "the part he failed was the naming of state capitals" acrophony naming a letter of the alphabet by using a word whose initial sound is the sound represented by that letter numeration naming numbers dare a challenge to do something dangerous or foolhardy; "he could never refuse a dare" to be courageous enough to try or do something; "I don't dare call him"; "she dares to dress differently from the others" call-out a challenge to a fight or duel calling into question a challenge to defend what someone has said demand for identification as by a sentry elucidation an act of explaining that serves to clear up and cast light on denunciation a public act of denouncing excoriation severe censure tirade a speech of violent denunciation damnation the act of damning the state of being condemned to eternal punishment in Hell anathema a formal ecclesiastical curse accompanied by excommunication a detested person; "he is an anathema to me" imprecation the act of calling down a curse that invokes evil (and usually serves as an insult); "he suffered the imprecations of the mob" a slanderous accusation recrimination mutual accusations recitation a public instance of reciting or repeating (from memory) something prepared in advance; "the program included songs and recitations of well-loved poems" written matter that is recited from memory indictment a formal document written for a prosecuting attorney charging a person with some offense an accusation of wrongdoing; "the book is an indictment of modern philosophy" murder charge an indictment charging someone with murder true bill an indictment endorsed by a grand jury impeachment a formal document charging a public official with misconduct in office arraignment a legal document calling someone to court to answer an indictment blame game accusations exchanged among people who refuse to accept sole responsibility for some undesirable event plaint (United Kingdom) a written statement of the grounds of complaint made to court of law asking for the grievance to be redressed finger-pointing the imputation of blame; "they want all the finger-pointing about intelligence failures to stop" incrimination an accusation that you are responsible for some lapse or misdeed; "his incrimination was based on my testimony"; "the police laid the blame on the driver" implication an accusation that brings into intimate and usually incriminating connection a relation implicated by virtue of involvement or close connection (especially an incriminating involvement); "he was suspected of implication in several robberies" a logical relation between propositions p and q of the form `if p then q'; if p is true then q cannot be false unspoken accusation an accusation that is understood without needing to be spoken insinuation an indirect (and usually malicious) implication self-incrimination an accusation that incriminates yourself allocution (rhetoric) a formal or authoritative address that advises or exhorts colloquium an address to an academic meeting or seminar an academic meeting or seminar usually led by a different lecturer and on a different topic at each meeting Gettysburg Address a three-minute address by Abraham Lincoln during the American Civil War at the dedication of a national cemetery on the site of the Battle of Gettysburg (November 19, 1863) impromptu an extemporaneous speech or remark; "a witty impromptu must not sound premeditated" a short musical passage that seems to have been made spontaneously without advance preparation inaugural address an address delivered at an inaugural ceremony (especially by a United States president) keynote speech a speech setting forth the keynote litany any long and tedious address or recital; "the patient recited a litany of complaints"; "a litany of failures" nominating speech an address (usually at a political convention) proposing the name of a candidate to run for election; "the nomination was brief and to the point" oratory addressing an audience formally (usually a long and rhetorical address and often pompous); "he loved the sound of his own oratory" oration an instance of oratory; "he delivered an oration on the decline of family values" public speaking delivering an address to a public audience; "people came to see the candidates and hear the speechmaking" debate the formal presentation of a stated proposition and the opposition to it (usually followed by a vote) argue with one another; "We debated the question of abortion"; "John debated Mary" discuss the pros and cons of an issue declamation vehement oratory recitation of a speech from memory with studied gestures and intonation as an exercise in elocution or rhetoric epideictic oratory a type of oratory used to eulogize or condemn a person or group of people; "Pericles' funeral oration for Athenians killed in the Peloponnesian War is a famous example of epideictic oratory" harangue a loud bombastic declamation expressed with strong emotion deliver a harangue to; address forcefully raving declaiming wildly; "the raving of maniacs" in a raving manner; "raving mad" stump speech political oratory salutatory address an opening or welcoming statement (especially one delivered at graduation exercises) baccalaureate a farewell sermon to a graduating class at their commencement ceremonies kerygma preaching the gospel of Christ in the manner of the early church Sermon on the Mount the first major discourse delivered by Jesus (Matthew 5-7 and Luke 6:20-49) evangelism zealous preaching and advocacy of the gospel televangelism evangelism at a distance by the use of television homily a sermon on a moral or religious topic persuasion the act of persuading (or attempting to persuade); communication intended to induce belief or action arm-twisting persuasion by the use of direct personal pressure; "some gentle arm-twisting produced the desired result"; "no amount of arm-twisting will get me to agree" dissuasion persuading not to do or believe something; talking someone out of a belief or an intended course of action a communication that dissuades you electioneering persuasion of voters in a political campaign pep talk a speech of exhortation attempting to instill enthusiasm and determination in a team or staff sloganeering persuasion by means of empty slogans shocker a sensational message (in a film or play or novel) a shockingly bad person public relations a promotion intended to create goodwill for a person or institution book jacket a paper jacket for a book; a jacket on which promotional information is usually printed ballyhoo blatant or sensational promotion advertize noisily or blatantly sales talk promotion by means of an argument and demonstration ad a public promotion of some product or service advertorial an advertisement that is written and presented in the style of an editorial or journalistic report newspaper ad a printed advertisement that is published in a newspaper classified ad a short ad in a newspaper or magazine (usually in small print) and appearing along with other ads of the same type sales promotion promotion that supplements or coordinates advertising want ad a newspaper advertisement stating what is wanted commercial a commercially sponsored ad on radio or television connected with or engaged in or sponsored by or used in commerce or commercial enterprises; "commercial trucker"; "commercial TV"; "commercial diamonds" of the kind or quality used in commerce; average or inferior; "commercial grade of beef"; "commercial oxalic acid" of or relating to commercialism; "a commercial attache"; "commercial paper"; "commercial law" infomercial a television commercial presented in the form of a short documentary circular an advertisement (usually printed on a page or in a leaflet) intended for wide distribution; "he mailed the circular to all subscribers" describing a circle; moving in a circle; "the circular motion of the wheel" stuffer an advertising circular that is enclosed with other material and (usually) sent by mail top billing the advertisement of a star's name at the top of a theatrical poster white pages a telephone directory or section of a directory (usually printed on white paper) where the names of people are listed alphabetically along with their telephone numbers yellow pages a telephone directory or section of a directory (usually printed on yellow paper) where business products and services are listed alphabetically by field along with classified advertising abetment the verbal act of urging on cheering encouragement in the form of cheers from spectators; "it's all over but the shouting" fostering encouragement; aiding the development of something goad a verbalization that encourages you to attempt something; "the ceaseless prodding got on his nerves" stab or urge on as if with a pointed stick urge with or as if with a goad provocation needed encouragement; "the result was a provocation of vigorous investigation" subornation of perjury (law) inducing someone to make a false oath as part of a judicial proceeding; "to prove subordination of perjury you must prove the perjury and also prove that the perjured statement was procured by the accused suborner who knew that it would be false" vote of confidence an expression of approval and encouragement; "they gave the chairman a vote of confidence" disheartenment a communication that leaves you disheartened or daunted determent a communication that makes you afraid to try something giving up a verbal act of admitting defeat interdiction authoritative prohibition ban an official prohibition or edict against something 100 bani equal 1 leu in Romania 100 bani equal 1 leu in Moldova prohibit especially by legal means or social pressure; "Smoking is banned in this building" forbid the public distribution of ( a movie or a newspaper) test ban a ban on the testing of nuclear weapons that is mutually agreed to by countries that possess nuclear weapons psychic communication communication by paranormal means telepathy apparent communication from one mind to another without using sensory perceptions telegnosis apparent knowledge of distant events without using sensory perceptions psychic phenomena phenomena that appear to contradict physical laws and suggest the possibility of causation by mental processes clairvoyance apparent power to perceive things that are not present to the senses precognition knowledge of an event before it occurs telekinesis the power to move something by thinking about it without the application of physical force table rapping alleged form of communication with spirits of the dead table tipping manipulation of a table during a seance; attributed to spirits windsock a truncated cloth cone mounted on a mast; used (e.g., at airports) to show the direction of the wind starting post a post marking the starting point of a race (especially a horse race) winning post the post at the end of a racecourse reference point an indicator that orients you generally; "it is used as a reference for comparing the heating and the electrical energy involved" benchmark a surveyor's mark on a permanent object of predetermined position and elevation used as a reference point a standard by which something can be measured or judged; "his painting sets the benchmark of quality" merestone an old term for a landmark that consisted of a pile of stones surmounted by an upright slab lubber's line a fixed line on a ship's compass indicating its heading grammatical rule a linguistic rule for the syntax of grammatical utterances morphological rule a linguistic rule for the formation of words earned run average (baseball) a measure of a pitcher's effectiveness; calculated as the average number of earned runs allowed by the pitcher for every nine innings pitched grade point average a measure of a student's academic achievement at a college or university; calculated by dividing the total number of grade points received by the total number attempted procrustean standard a standard that is enforced uniformly without regard to individuality clout a target used in archery strike hard, especially with the fist; "He clouted his attacker" white line a white stripe in the middle of a road to mark traffic lanes electronic signal a signal generated by electronic means blip a radar echo displayed so as to show the position of a reflecting surface a sudden minor shock or meaningless interruption; "the market had one bad blip today"; "you can't react to the day-to-day blips"; "renewed jitters in the wake of a blip in retail sales" radar echo an electronic signal that has been reflected back to the radar antenna; contains information about the location and distance of the reflecting object clutter unwanted echoes that interfere with the observation of signals on a radar screen a confused multitude of things fill a space in a disorderly way radar beacon a device that, on receiving radar signals, transmits coded signals in response to help navigators determine their position star shell an artillery shell containing an illuminant Bengal light a steady bright blue light; formerly used as a signal but now a firework Very light a colored flare fired from a Very pistol signal fire a fire set as a signal input signal signal going into an electronic system output signal signal that comes out of an electronic system printout the output of a computer in printed form stoplight a red light on the rear of a motor vehicle that signals when the brakes are applied to slow or stop buoy bright-colored; a float attached by rope to the seabed to mark channels in a harbor or underwater hazards mark with a buoy keep afloat; "The life vest buoyed him up" float on the surface of water acoustic buoy a buoy that can be heard (at night) bell buoy a buoy with a bell on it whistle buoy a buoy that makes a whistling noise conical buoy a buoy resembling a cone spar buoy a buoy resembling a vertical log barber's pole striped pole outside a barbershop crosier a staff surmounted by a crook or cross carried by bishops as a symbol of pastoral office mace a ceremonial staff carried as a symbol of office or authority spice made from the dried fleshy covering of the nutmeg seed scepter a ceremonial or emblematic staff the imperial authority symbolized by a scepter bauble a mock scepter carried by a court jester tipstaff staff with a metal tip carried as a sign of office by e.g. a bailiff or constable black belt a black sash worn to show expert standards in the martial arts (judo or karate) a person who attained the rank of expert in the martial arts (judo or karate) blue ribbon an honor or award gained for excellence Emmy an annual award by the Academy of Television Arts and Sciences for outstanding achievements in television Nobel prize an annual award for outstanding contributions to chemistry or physics or physiology and medicine or literature or economics or peace Academy Award an annual award by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences for achievements in motion picture production and performance Prix de Rome an annual prize awarded by the French government in a competition of painters and artists and sculptors and musicians and architects; the winner in each category receives support for a period of study in Rome Prix Goncourt an award given annually for contributions to French literature identifier a symbol that establishes the identity of the one bearing it postmark a cancellation mark stamped on mail by postal officials; indicates the post office and date of mailing stamp with a postmark to indicate date and time of mailing watermark a distinguishing mark impressed on paper during manufacture; visible when paper is held up to the light milestone stone post at side of a road to show distances a significant event in your life (or in a project) placeholder a symbol in a logical or mathematical expression that can be replaced by the name of any member of specified set unknown a variable whose values are solutions of an equation an unknown and unexplored region; "they came like angels out the unknown" not known; "an unknown amount"; "an unknown island"; "an unknown writer"; "an unknown source" not known to exist; "things obscurely felt surged up from unknown depths" logo a company emblem or device bookplate a label identifying the owner of a book in which it is pasted gummed label an adhesive label dog tag metal plate on a dog collar bearing its registration number military identification tag worn on a chain around the neck name tag a tag showing the name of the person who wears it price tag a tag showing the price of the article it is attached to title bar (computer science) a horizontal label at the top of a window, bearing the name of the currently active document shrug a gesture involving the shoulders raise one's shoulders to indicate indifference or resignation V sign a sign (for victory); making a V with the index and middle fingers sign of the cross a gesture with the right hand moving to form a cross; used by Catholics as a profession of faith curtsy bending the knees; a gesture of respect made by women make a curtsy; usually done only by girls and women; as a sign of respect; "She curtsied when she shook the Queen's hand" bend the knees in a gesture of respectful greeting genuflection the act of bending the knees in worship or reverence kowtow a former Chinese custom of touching the ground with the forehead as a sign of respect or submission scrape a deep bow with the foot drawn backwards (indicating excessive humility); "all that bowing and scraping did not impress him" a harsh noise made by scraping; "the scrape of violin bows distracted her" scratch repeatedly; "The cat scraped at the armchair" gather (money or other resources) together over time; "She had scraped together enough money for college"; "they scratched a meager living" make by scraping; "They scraped a letter into the stone" bend the knees and bow in a servile manner salaam a deep bow; a Muslim form of salutation greet with a salaam ground rule (baseball) a special rule (as in baseball) dealing with situations that arise due to the nature of the playing grounds system command a computer user's instruction (not part of a program) that calls for action by the computer's executive program walking papers (informal) a notice of dismissal or discharge wanted notice a public announcement by a law enforcement agency that they desire to question or arrest some person International Wanted Notice an Interpol notice describing a wanted person and asking that he or she be arrested with a view to extradition; a wanted notice that is issued by Interpol at the request of an Interpol member country and distributed to all member countries; "an Interpol Red Notice is the closest instrument to an international arrest warrant in use today" Bach the music of Bach; "he played Bach on the organ" German baroque organist and contrapuntist; composed mostly keyboard music; one of the greatest creators of western music (1685-1750) Beethoven the music of Beethoven; "he enjoyed Beethoven most of all" German composer of instrumental music (especially symphonic and chamber music); continued to compose after he lost his hearing (1770-1827) Brahms the music of Brahms; "Brahms was included in the program" German composer who developed the romantic style of both lyrical and classical music (1833-1897) Chopin the music of Chopin; "he practiced Chopin day and night" French composer (born in Poland) and pianist of the romantic school (1810-1849) United States writer who described Creole life in Louisiana (1851-1904) Gilbert and Sullivan the music of Gilbert and Sullivan; "he could sing all of Gilbert and Sullivan" Handel the music of Handel a prolific British baroque composer (born in Germany) remembered best for his oratorio Messiah (1685-1759) Haydn the music of Haydn prolific Austrian composer who influenced the classical form of the symphony (1732-1809) Mozart the music of Mozart; "the concert was mostly Mozart" prolific Austrian composer and child prodigy; master of the classical style in all its forms of his time (1756-1791) Stravinsky the music of Stravinsky; "Stravinsky no longer causes riots in the streets" composer who was born in Russia but lived in the United States after 1939 (1882-1971) Wagner the music of Wagner; "they say that Hitler listened only to Wagner" German composer of operas and inventor of the musical drama in which drama and spectacle and music are fused (1813-1883) Austrian architect and pioneer of modern architecture (1841-1918) language system a system of linguistic units or elements used in a particular language short order an order for food that can be prepared quickly uplink a transmission from Earth to a spacecraft or the path of such a transmission capriccio an instrumental composition that doesn't adhere to rules for any specific musical form and is played with improvisation motet an unaccompanied choral composition with sacred lyrics; intended to be sung as part of a church service; originated in the 13th century program music musical compositions intended to evoke images or remind the listener of events incidental music music composed to accompany the action of a drama or to fill intervals between scenes slanguage language characterized by excessive use of slang or cant Ta'ziyeh (Islam) a form of Iranian musical pageant that is the theatrical expression of religious passion; based on the Battle of Kerbala and performed annually (in Farsi) sprechgesang a style of dramatic vocalization between singing and speaking voice over the voice on an unseen commentator in a film of television program yearbook a book published annually by the graduating class of a high school or college usually containing photographs of faculty and graduating students zinger a striking or amusing or caustic remark; "he always greeted me with a new zinger"; "she tried to think of some killer of an argument, a real zinger that would disarm all opposition" Das Kapital a book written by Karl Marx (1867) describing his economic theories Erewhon a satirical novel written by Samuel Butler (1872) describing a fictitious land might-have-been an event that could have occurred but never did nonevent an anticipated event that turns out to be far less significant than was expected happening an event that happens associate any event that usually accompanies or is closely connected with another; "first was the lightning and then its thunderous associate" a person who joins with others in some activity or endeavor; "he had to consult his associate before continuing" a person with subordinate membership in a society, institution, or commercial enterprise; "associates in the law firm bill at a lower rate than do partners" make a logical or causal connection; "I cannot connect these two pieces of evidence in my mind"; "colligate these facts"; "I cannot relate these events at all" avalanche a sudden appearance of an overwhelming number of things; "the program brought an avalanche of mail" a slide of large masses of snow and ice and mud down a mountain gather into a huge mass and roll down a mountain, of snow appalling an experience that appalls; "is it better to view the appalling or merely hear of it?" causing consternation; "appalling conditions" augury an event that is experienced as indicating important things to come; "he hoped it was an augury"; "it was a sign from God" war cloud an ominous sign that war threatens omen a sign of something about to happen; "he looked for an omen before going into battle" auspice a favorable omen foreboding an unfavorable omen a feeling of evil to come; "a steadily escalating sense of foreboding"; "the lawyer had a presentiment that the judge would dismiss the case" good time a highly pleasurable or exciting experience; "we had a good time at the party"; "celebrating after the game was a blast" near-death experience the experience of being close to death but surviving out-of-body experience the dissociative experience of observing yourself from an external perspective as though your mind or soul had left and was observing your body social event an event characteristic of persons forming groups miracle a marvellous event manifesting a supernatural act of a divine agent any amazing or wonderful occurrence treat an occurrence that causes special pleasure or delight provide treatment for; "The doctor treated my broken leg"; "The nurses cared for the bomb victims"; "The patient must be treated right away or she will die"; "Treat the infection with antibiotics" regard or consider in a specific way; "I treated his advances as a joke" engage in negotiations in order to reach an agreement; "they had to treat with the King" provide with a gift or entertainment; "Grandmother always treated us to the circus"; "I like to treat myself to a day at a spa when I am depressed" interact in a certain way; "Do right by her"; "Treat him with caution, please"; "Handle the press reporters gently" wonder something that causes feelings of wonder; "the wonders of modern science" the feeling aroused by something strange and surprising have a wish or desire to know something; "He wondered who had built this beautiful church" place in doubt or express doubtful speculation; "I wonder whether this was the right thing to do"; "she wondered whether it would snow tonight" be amazed at; "We marvelled at the child's linguistic abilities" feast something experienced with great delight; "a feast for the eyes" partake in a feast or banquet provide a feast or banquet for night terror an emotional episode (usually in young children) in which the person awakens in terror with feelings of anxiety and fear but is unable to remember any incident that might have provoked those feelings eventuality a possible event or occurrence or result casus belli an event used to justify starting a war endgame the final stages of a chess game after most of the pieces have been removed from the board the final stages of an extended process of negotiation; "the diplomatic endgame" result something that results; "he listened for the results on the radio" come about or follow as a consequence; "nothing will result from this meeting" issue or terminate (in a specified way, state, etc.); end; "result in tragedy" fair deal fair treatment raw deal unfair treatment split decision a boxing decision in which the judges are not unanimous just deserts an outcome (good or bad) that is well deserved and fitting fruit the consequence of some effort or action; "he lived long enough to see the fruit of his policies" the ripened reproductive body of a seed plant bear fruit; "the trees fruited early this year" cause to bear fruit sequella a secondary consequence offspring something that comes into existence as a result; "industrialism prepared the way for acceptance of the French Revolution's various socialistic offspring"; "this skyscraper is the solid materialization of his efforts" the immediate descendants of a person; "she was the mother of many offspring"; "he died without issue" wages a recompense for worthy acts or retribution for wrongdoing; "the wages of sin is death"; "virtue is its own reward" foregone conclusion an inevitable ending one-off a happening that occurs only once and is not repeated periodic event an event that recurs at intervals mutation a change or alteration in form or qualities (genetics) any event that changes genetic structure; any alteration in the inherited nucleic acid sequence of the genotype of an organism sublimation (psychology) modifying the natural expression of an impulse or instinct (especially a sexual one) to one that is socially acceptable (chemistry) a change directly from the solid to the gaseous state without becoming liquid eye opener something surprising and revealing an alcoholic drink intended to wake one up early in the morning peripeteia a sudden and unexpected change of fortune or reverse of circumstances (especially in a literary work); "a peripeteia swiftly turns a routine sequence of events into a story worth telling" stunner an unexpected and amazing event; "the stunner was what happened on Saturday" hardware error error resulting from a malfunction of some physical component of the computer disk error error resulting from malfunction of a magnetic disk software error error resulting from bad code in some program involved in producing the erroneous result semantic error an error in logic or arithmetic that must be detected at run time syntax error an error of language resulting from code that does not conform to the syntax of the programming language; "syntax errors can be recognized at compilation time"; "a common syntax error is to omit a parenthesis" algorithm error error resulting from the choice of the wrong algorithm or method for achieving the intended result accident anything that happens suddenly or by chance without an apparent cause; "winning the lottery was a happy accident"; "the pregnancy was a stroke of bad luck"; "it was due to an accident or fortuity" an unfortunate mishap; especially one causing damage or injury near miss an accidental collision that is narrowly avoided prang a crash involving a car or plane crash derailment an accident in which a train runs off its track ground loop a sharp uncontrollable turn made by an airplane while moving along the ground bonfire a large outdoor fire that is lighted as a signal or in celebration brush fire an uncontrolled fire that consumes brush and shrubs and bushes campfire a small outdoor fire for warmth or cooking (as at a camp) conflagration a very intense and uncontrolled fire forest fire an uncontrolled fire in a wooded area grassfire an uncontrolled fire in a grassy area smoulder a fire that burns with thick smoke but no flame; "the smoulder suddenly became a blaze" crown fire a forest fire that advances with great speed jumping from crown to crown ahead of the ground fire ground fire a forest fire that burns the humus; may not appear on the surface surface fire a forest fire that burns only the surface litter and undergrowth wildfire a raging and rapidly spreading conflagration misfortune unnecessary and unforeseen trouble resulting from an unfortunate event an unfortunate state resulting from unfavorable outcomes pity an unfortunate development; "it's a pity he couldn't do it" affliction a cause of great suffering and distress a condition of suffering or distress due to ill health a state of great suffering and distress due to adversity convulsion a physical disturbance such as an earthquake or upheaval a violent disturbance; "the convulsions of the stock market" violent uncontrollable contractions of muscles embarrassment some event that causes someone to be embarrassed; "the outcome of the vote was an embarrassment for the liberals" the shame you feel when your inadequacy or guilt is made public the state of being embarrassed (usually by some financial inadequacy); "he is currently suffering financial embarrassments" disembarrassment something that extricates you from embarrassment calvary any experience that causes intense suffering onslaught a sudden and severe onset of trouble Teapot Dome a government scandal involving a former United States Navy oil reserve in Wyoming that was secretly leased to a private oil company in 1921; became symbolic of the scandals of the Harding administration Watergate a political scandal involving abuse of power and bribery and obstruction of justice; led to the resignation of Richard Nixon in 1974 idyll an episode of such pastoral or romantic charm as to qualify as the subject of a poetic idyll incident a single distinct event a public disturbance; "the police investigated an incident at the bus station" falling or striking of light rays on something; "incident light" cause celebre an incident that attracts great public attention electrical discharge a discharge of electricity nerve impulse the electrical discharge that travels along a nerve fiber; "they demonstrated the transmission of impulses from the cortex to the hypothalamus" action potential the local voltage change across the cell wall as a nerve impulse is transmitted crustal movement movement resulting from or causing deformation of the earth's crust change of location a movement through space that changes the location of something fender-bender a collision between motor vehicles that produces minor damage ascension (astronomy) the rising of a star above the horizon Ascension (New Testament) the rising of the body of Jesus into heaven on the 40th day after his Resurrection (Christianity) celebration of the Ascension of Christ into heaven; observed on the 40th day after Easter Resurrection (New Testament) the rising of Christ on the third day after the Crucifixion hap an accidental happening; "he recorded all the little haps and mishaps of his life" mishap an instance of misfortune calamity an event resulting in great loss and misfortune; "the whole city was affected by the irremediable calamity"; "the earthquake was a disaster" act of God a natural and unavoidable catastrophe that interrupts the expected course of events; "he discovered that his house was not insured against acts of God" apocalypse a cosmic cataclysm in which God destroys the ruling powers of evil famine a severe shortage of food (as through crop failure) resulting in violent hunger and starvation and death the Irish Famine a famine in Ireland resulting from a potato blight; between 1846 and 1851 a million people starved to death and 1.6 million emigrated (most to America) kiss of death something that is ruinous; "if this were known it would be the kiss of death for my political career" meltdown a disaster comparable to a nuclear meltdown; "there is little likelihood of a meltdown comparable to the American banking collapse in March 1933" severe overheating of the core of a nuclear reactor resulting in the core melting and radiation escaping pileup multiple collisions of vehicles smash a serious collision (especially of motor vehicles) break suddenly into pieces, as from a violent blow; "The window smashed" break into pieces, as by striking or knocking over; "Smash a plate" overthrow or destroy (something considered evil or harmful); "The police smashed the drug ring after they were tipped off" hit hard; "He smashed a 3-run homer" collide or strike violently and suddenly; "The motorcycle smashed into the guard rail" hit (a tennis ball) in a powerful overhead stroke hit violently; "She smashed her car against the guard rail" with a loud crash; "the car went smash through the fence" downfall failure that results in a loss of position or reputation flame-out a complete or conspicuous failure; "the spectacular flame-out of the company's stock cost many people their life savings" the failure of a jet engine caused by an interruption of the fuel supply or by faulty combustion malfunction a failure to function normally fail to function or function improperly; "the coffee maker malfunctioned" blowout a sudden malfunction of a part or apparatus; "the right front tire had a blowout"; "as a result of the blowout we lost all the lights" barnburner an impressively successful event; "the rock concert was a real barnburner" someone who burns down a barn Godspeed a successful journey; "they wished him Godspeed" miscarriage failure of a plan miss a failure to hit (or meet or find etc) fail to experience; "Fortunately, I missed the hurricane" fail to reach; "The arrow missed the target" feel or suffer from the lack of; "He misses his mother" fail to reach or get to; "She missed her train" fail to perceive or to catch with the senses or the mind; "I missed that remark"; "She missed his point"; "We lost part of what he said" fail to attend an event or activity; "I missed the concert"; "He missed school for a week" be without; "This soup lacks salt"; "There is something missing in my jewelry box!" be absent; "The child had been missing for a week" eruption the emergence of a tooth as it breaks through the gum (of volcanos) pouring out fumes or lava (or a deposit so formed) symptom consisting of a breaking out and becoming visible birth the event of being born; "they celebrated the birth of their first child" a baby born; an offspring; "the overall rate of incidence of Down's syndrome is one in every 800 births" the time when something begins (especially life); "they divorced after the birth of the child"; "his election signaled the birth of a new age" live birth the birth of a living fetus (regardless of the length of gestation) blessed event the live birth of a child posthumous birth birth of a child by Caesarean section after the death of the mother birth of a child after the father has died transmigration the passing of a soul into another body after death cycle of rebirth (Hinduism) repeated rebirth in new forms moksa (Hinduism) release from the cycle of rebirth ingress (astronomy) the disappearance of a celestial body prior to an eclipse Second Coming (Christian theology) the reappearance of Jesus as judge for the Last Judgment materialization an appearance in bodily form (as of a disembodied spirit) the process of coming into being; becoming reality; "the materialization of her dream" epiphany a divine manifestation theophany a visible (but not necessarily material) manifestation of a deity to a human person germination the origin of some development; "the germination of their discontent" the process whereby seeds or spores sprout and begin to grow genesis a coming into being crime wave a sudden rise in the crime rate adrenarche the increase in activity of the adrenal glands just before puberty menarche the first occurrence of menstruation in a woman thelarche the start of breast development in a woman at the beginning of puberty onset the beginning or early stages; "the onset of pneumonia" dawn the earliest period; "the dawn of civilization"; "the morning of the world" the first light of day; "we got up before dawn"; "they talked until morning" an opening time period; "it was the dawn of the Roman Empire" become light; "It started to dawn, and we had to get up" appear or develop; "The age of computers had dawned" flying start a quick and auspicious beginning a racing start in which the contestants are already in full motion when they pass the starting line preliminary something that serves as a preceding event or introduces what follows; "training is a necessary preliminary to employment"; "drinks were the overture to dinner" a minor match preceding the main event denoting an action or event preceding or in preparation for something more important; "a preliminary investigation" emanation (theology) the origination of the Holy Spirit at Pentecost; "the emanation of the Holy Spirit"; "the rising of the Holy Ghost"; "the doctrine of the procession of the Holy Spirit from the Father and the Son" something that is emitted or radiated (as a gas or an odor or a light, etc.) unknown quantity a factor in a given situation whose bearing and importance is not apparent; "I don't know what the new man will do; he's still an unknown quantity" producer something that produces; "Maine is a leading producer of potatoes"; "this microorganism is a producer of disease" someone who finds financing for and supervises the making and presentation of a show (play or film or program or similar work) racing start the start of a race destiny an event (or a course of events) that will inevitably happen in the future the ultimate agency regarded as predetermining the course of events (often personified as a woman); "we are helpless in the face of destiny" inevitable an unavoidable event; "don't argue with the inevitable" incapable of being avoided or prevented; "the inevitable result" invariably occurring or appearing; "the inevitable changes of the seasons" karma (Hinduism and Buddhism) the effects of a person's actions that determine his destiny in his next incarnation kismet (Islam) the will of Allah eradication the complete destruction of every trace of something debilitation serious weakening and loss of energy diffusion the spread of social institutions (and myths and skills) from one society to another (physics) the process in which there is movement of a substance from an area of high concentration of that substance to an area of lower concentration Diaspora the dispersion of the Jews outside Israel; from the destruction of the temple in Jerusalem in 587-86 BC when they were exiled to Babylonia up to the present time dissipation breaking up and scattering by dispersion; "the dissipation of the mist" Crucifixion the death of Jesus by crucifixion martyrdom death that is imposed because of the person's adherence of a religious faith or cause megadeath the death of a million people; "they calibrate the effects of atom bombs in megadeaths" wrongful death a death that results from a wrongful act or from negligence; a death that can serve as the basis for a civil action for damages on behalf of the dead person's family or heirs doom an unpleasant or disastrous destiny; "everyone was aware of the approaching doom but was helpless to avoid it"; "that's unfortunate but it isn't the end of the world" make certain of the failure or destruction of; "This decision will doom me to lose my position" ravage (usually plural) a destructive action; "the ravages of time"; "the depredations of age and disease" devastation an event that results in total destruction the feeling of being confounded or overwhelmed; "her departure left him in utter devastation" the state of being decayed or destroyed evanescence the event of fading and gradually vanishing from sight; "the evanescence of the morning mist" adversity a stroke of ill fortune; a calamitous event; "a period marked by adversities" a state of misfortune or affliction; "debt-ridden farmers struggling with adversity"; "a life of hardship" hardship something that causes or entails suffering; "I cannot think it a hardship that more indulgence is allowed to men than to women"- James Boswell; "the many hardships of frontier life" vagary an unexpected and inexplicable change in something (in a situation or a person's behavior, etc.); "the vagaries of the weather"; "his wealth fluctuates with the vagaries of the stock market"; "he has dealt with human vagaries for many years" allomerism (chemistry) variability in chemical composition without variation in crystalline form impact the striking of one body against another a forceful consequence; a strong effect; "the book had an important impact on my thinking"; "the book packs a wallop" press or wedge together; pack together slam a forceful impact that makes a loud noise the noise made by the forceful impact of two objects winning all or all but one of the tricks in bridge strike violently; "slam the ball" throw violently; "He slammed the book on the table" close violently; "He slammed the door shut" jolt a sudden jarring impact; "the door closed with a jolt"; "all the jars and jolts were smoothed out by the shock absorbers" disturb (someone's) composure; "The audience was jolted by the play" move or cause to move with a sudden jerky motion battle damage loss of military equipment in battle operational damage loss of military equipment in field operations casualty a decrease of military personnel or equipment someone injured or killed in an accident someone injured or killed or captured or missing in a military engagement blighty wound a wound that would cause an English soldier to be sent home from service abroad flesh wound a wound that does not damage important internal organs or shatter any bones personnel casualty military personnel lost by death or capture cycle a single complete execution of a periodically repeated phenomenon; "a year constitutes a cycle of the seasons" a periodically repeated sequence of events; "a cycle of reprisal and retaliation" a series of poems or songs on the same theme; "Schubert's song cycles" an interval during which a recurring sequence of events occurs; "the never-ending cycle of the seasons" recur in repeating sequences pass through a cycle; "This machine automatically cycles" cause to go through a recurring sequence; "cycle the laundry in this washing program" cardiac cycle the complete cycle of events in the heart from the beginning of one heart beat to the beginning of the next; an electrical impulse conducted through the heart muscle that constricts the atria which is followed by constriction of the ventricles; "the cardiac cycle can be shown on an electrocardiogram" Carnot cycle a cycle (of expansion and compression) of an idealized reversible heat engine that does work without loss of heat repeat an event that repeats; "the events today were a repeat of yesterday's" to say again or imitate; "followers echoing the cries of their leaders" to say, state, or perform again; "She kept reiterating her request" do over; "They would like to take it over again" merry-go-round a never-ending cycle of activities and events (especially when they seem to have little purpose); "if we lose the election the whole legislative merry-go-round will have to start over" samsara (Hinduism and Buddhism) the endless cycle of birth and suffering and death and rebirth recurrence happening again (especially at regular intervals); "the return of spring" atavism a reappearance of an earlier characteristic sunrise the daily event of the sun rising above the horizon atmospheric phenomena accompanying the daily appearance of the sun sunset the daily event of the sun sinking below the horizon atmospheric phenomena accompanying the daily disappearance of the sun the time in the evening at which the sun begins to fall below the horizon of a declining industry or technology; "sunset industries" ground swell a broad and deep undulation of the ocean an obvious change of public opinion or political sentiment that occurs without leadership or overt expression; "there was a ground swell of antiwar sentiment" surf waves breaking on the shore switch channels, on television swash the movement or sound of water; "the swash of waves on the beach" make violent, noisy movements ripple a small wave on the surface of a liquid (electronics) an oscillation of small amplitude imposed on top of a steady value stir up (water) so as to form ripples flow in an irregular current with a bubbling noise; "babbling brooks" gravity wave (physics) a wave that is hypothesized to propagate gravity and to travel at the speed of light sine wave a wave whose waveform resembles a sine curve oscillation (physics) a regular periodic variation in value about a mean the process of oscillating between states jitter a small irregular movement small rapid variations in a waveform resulting from fluctuations in the voltage supply or mechanical vibrations or other sources seiche a wave on the surface of a lake or landlocked bay; caused by atmospheric or seismic disturbances soliton (physics) a quantum of energy or quasiparticle that can be propagated as a traveling wave in nonlinear systems and is neither preceded nor followed by another such disturbance; does not obey the superposition principle and does not dissipate; "soliton waves can travel long distances with little loss of energy or structure" standing wave a wave (as a sound wave in a chamber or an electromagnetic wave in a transmission line) in which the ratio of its instantaneous amplitude at one point to that at any other point does not vary with time traveling wave a wave in which the medium moves in the direction of propagation of the wave sound wave (acoustics) a wave that transmits sound air wave a sound wave that is transmitted via air transient (physics) a short-lived oscillation in a system caused by a sudden change of voltage or current or load one who stays for only a short time; "transient laborers" wave form the shape of a wave illustrated graphically by plotting the values of the period quantity against time shock wave a region of high pressure travelling through a gas at a high velocity; "the explosion created a shock wave" sonic boom an explosive sound caused by the shock wave of an airplane traveling faster than the speed of sound; "a sonic boom follows an aircraft as a wake follows a ship" billow a large sea wave rise and move, as in waves or billows; "The army surged forward" rise up as if in waves; "smoke billowed up into the sky" move with great difficulty; "The soldiers billowed across the muddy riverbed" tidal wave a wave resulting from the periodic flow of the tides that is caused by the gravitational attraction of the moon and sun an unusual (and often destructive) rise of water along the seashore caused by a storm or a combination of wind and high tide an overwhelming manifestation of some emotion or phenomenon; "a tidal wave of nausea"; "the flood of letters hit him with the force of a tidal wave"; "a tidal wave of crime" tsunami a cataclysm resulting from a destructive sea wave caused by an earthquake or volcanic eruption; "a colossal tsunami destroyed the Minoan civilization in minutes" periodic motion motion that recurs over and over and the period of time required for each recurrence remains the same harmonic motion a periodic motion in which the displacement is either symmetrical about a point or is the sum of such motions recoil a movement back from an impact the backward jerk of a gun when it is fired seek the movement of a read/write head to a specific data track on a disk inquire for; "seek directions from a local" go to or towards; "a liquid seeks its own level" try to get or reach; "seek a position"; "seek an education"; "seek happiness" instroke the stroke of an engine piston moving away from the crankshaft outstroke the stroke of an engine piston moving toward the crankshaft undulation wavelike motion; a gentle rising and falling in the manner of waves whitecap a wave that is blown by the wind so its crest is broken and appears white capsizing (nautical) the event of a boat accidentally turning over in the water dead heat a tie in a race stalemate drawing position in chess: any of a player's possible moves would place his king in check subject to a stalemate photo finish in general, any very close finish; in particular, a finish of a race in which the contestants are so close together that the winner must be determined from a photograph taken at the instant of finishing second-place finish a finish in second place (as in a race) third-place finish a finish in third place (as in a race) win a victory (as in a race or other competition); "he was happy to get the win" be the winner in a contest or competition; be victorious; "He won the Gold Medal in skating"; "Our home team won"; "Win the game" first-place finish a finish in first place (as in a race) Christianization conversion to Christianity sinking a slow fall or decline (as for lack of strength); "after several hours of sinking an unexpected rally rescued the market"; "he could not control the sinking of his legs" a descent as through liquid (especially through water); "they still talk about the sinking of the Titanic" a feeling caused by uneasiness or apprehension; "with a sinking heart"; "a sinking feeling in the pit of my stomach" breath of fresh air a welcome relief; "the new management was like a breath of fresh air" Assumption (Christianity) the taking up of the body and soul of the Virgin Mary when her earthly life had ended celebration in the Roman Catholic Church of the Virgin Mary's being taken up into heaven when her earthly life ended; corresponds to the Dormition in the Eastern Orthodox Church deformation alteration in the shape or dimensions of an object as a result of the application of stress to it Transfiguration (New Testament) the sudden emanation of radiance from the person of Jesus (Christianity) a church festival held in commemoration of the Transfiguration of Jesus quantum leap a sudden large increase or advance; "this may not insure success but it will represent a quantum leap from last summer" quantum jump (physics) an abrupt transition of an electron or atom or molecule from one quantum state to another with the emission or absorption of a quantum population shift a change in the relative numbers of the different groups of individuals making up a population pyrolysis transformation of a substance produced by the action of heat sea change a profound transformation tin pest the transformation of ordinary white tin into powdery grey tin at very cold temperatures collapse a natural event caused by something suddenly falling down or caving in; "the roof is in danger of collapse"; "the collapse of the old star under its own gravity" an abrupt failure of function or complete physical exhaustion; "the commander's prostration demoralized his men" lose significance, effectiveness, or value; "The school system is collapsing"; "The stock market collapsed" break down, literally or metaphorically; "The wall collapsed"; "The business collapsed"; "The dam broke"; "The roof collapsed"; "The wall gave in"; "The roof finally gave under the weight of the ice" cause to burst; "The ice broke the pipe" fold or close up; "fold up your umbrella"; "collapse the music stand" cave in the sudden collapse of something into a hollow beneath it fatal accident an accident that causes someone to die collateral damage (euphemism) inadvertent casualties and destruction inflicted on civilians in the course of military operations cessation a stopping; "a cessation of the thunder" settling a gradual sinking to a lower level free fall the ideal falling motion of something subject only to a gravitational field lightening descent of the uterus into the pelvic cavity that occurs late in pregnancy; the fetus is said to have dropped submergence sinking until covered completely with water foundering (of a ship) sinking wobble an unsteady rocking motion move unsteadily; "His knees wobbled"; "The old cart wobbled down the street" debacle a sudden and violent collapse flooding caused by a tumultuous breakup of ice in a river during the spring or summer gravitational collapse the implosion of a star resulting from its own gravity; the result is a smaller and denser celestial object driftage the deviation (by a vessel or aircraft) from its intended course due to drifting inflection deviation from a straight or normal course a change in the form of a word (usually by adding a suffix) to indicate a change in its grammatical function malformation something abnormal or anomalous monstrosity something hideous or frightful; "they regarded the atom bomb as a monstrosity" interruption some abrupt occurrence that interrupts an ongoing activity; "the telephone is an annoying interruption"; "there was a break in the action when a player was hurt" defervescence abatement of a fever as indicated by a reduction in body temperature eclipse one celestial body obscures another cause an eclipse of (a celestial body) by intervention; "The Sun eclipses the moon today"; "Planets and stars often are occulted by other celestial bodies" solar eclipse the moon interrupts light from the sun lunar eclipse the earth interrupts light shining on the moon annular eclipse only a thin outer disk of the sun can be seen total eclipse an eclipse as seen from a place where the eclipsed body is completely obscured partial eclipse an eclipse in which the eclipsed body is only partially obscured liftoff the initial ascent of a rocket from its launching pad fuss an angry disturbance; "he didn't want to make a fuss"; "they had labor trouble"; "a spot of bother" worry unnecessarily or excessively; "don't fuss too much over the grandchildren--they are quite big now" headway forward movement; "the ship made little headway against the gale" amphimixis union of sperm and egg in sexual reproduction combining an occurrence that results in things being united recombination (genetics) a combining of genes or characters different from what they were in the parents (physics) a combining of charges or transfer of electrons in a gas that results in the neutralization of ions; important for ions arising from the passage of high-energy particles conglomeration an occurrence combining miscellaneous things into a (more or less) rounded mass a rounded spherical form rapid climb a rapid rise upheaval (geology) a rise of land to a higher elevation (as in the process of mountain building) uplifting the rise of something; "the uplifting of the clouds revealed the blue of a summer sky" baa the cry made by sheep bong a dull resonant sound as of a bell ring loudly and deeply; "the big bell bonged" banging a continuing very loud noise beep a short high tone produced as a signal or warning call, summon, or alert with a beeper blare a loud harsh or strident noise bleat the sound of sheep or goats (or any sound resembling this) cry plaintively; "The lambs were bleating" talk whiningly bray the cry of an ass laugh loudly and harshly bow-wow the bark of a dog caterwaul the yowling sound made by a cat in heat caw the sound made by corvine birds utter a cry, characteristic of crows, rooks, or ravens chatter the high-pitched continuing noise made by animals (birds or monkeys) the rapid series of noises made by the parts of a machine speak (about unimportant matters) rapidly and incessantly make noise as if chattering away; "The magpies were chattering in the trees" cut unevenly with a chattering tool click repeatedly or uncontrollably; "Chattering teeth" cheep the short weak cry of a young bird chink a short light metallic sound a narrow opening as e.g. between planks in a wall (ethnic slur) offensive term for a person of Chinese descent fill the chinks of, as with caulking chirp a sharp sound made by small birds or insects chirrup a series of chirps chorus any utterance produced simultaneously by a group; "a chorus of boos" a group of people assembled to sing together a company of actors who comment (by speaking or singing in unison) on the action in a classical Greek play a body of dancers or singers who perform together utter in unison; "`yes,' the children chorused" chug the dull explosive noise made by an engine make a dull, explosive sound; "the engine chugged down the street" clack a sharp abrupt noise as if two objects hit together; may be repeated clang a loud resonant repeating noise; "he could hear the clang of distant bells" make a loud noise; "clanging metal" clatter a rattling noise (often produced by rapid movement); "the shutters clattered against the house"; "the clatter of iron wheels on cobblestones" make a rattling sound; "clattering dishes" click-clack a succession of clicks clickety-clack a fast and rhythmic click-clack; "the clickety-clack of the typewriters" clip-clop the sound of a horse's hoofs hitting on a hard surface cluck the sound made by a hen (as in calling her chicks) make a clucking sounds, characteristic of hens cock-a-doodle-doo an imitation of the crow of a cock coo the sound made by a pigeon cry softly, as of pigeons speak softly or lovingly; "The mother who held her baby was cooing softly" creak a squeaking sound; "the creak of the floorboards gave him away" crepitation rale the crackling sound heard on auscultation when patients with respiratory diseases inhale; associated with tuberculosis and pneumonia and congestive heart failure crunch the sound of something crunching; "he heard the crunch of footsteps on the gravel path" a critical situation that arises because of a shortage (as a shortage of time or money or resources); "an end-of-the year crunch"; "a financial crunch" make a crushing noise; "his shoes were crunching on the gravel" chew noisily; "The children crunched the celery sticks" press or grind with a crushing noise decrepitation the crackling or breaking up of certain crystals when they are heated ding a ringing sound go `ding dong', like a bell ding-dong the noise made by a bell footfall the sound of a step of someone walking; "he heard footsteps on the porch" gargle the sound produced while gargling a medicated solution used for gargling and rinsing the mouth rinse one's mouth and throat with mouthwash; "gargle with this liquid" utter with gargling or burbling sounds gobble the characteristic sound made by a turkey cock make a gurgling sound, characteristic of turkeys eat hastily without proper chewing; "Don't bolt your food!" grinding a harsh and strident sound (as of the grinding of gears) material resulting from the process of grinding; "vegetable grindings clogged the drain" the wearing down of rock particles by friction due to water or wind or ice growl the sound of growling (as made by animals) gurgle the bubbling sound of water flowing from a bottle with a narrow neck utter with a gurgling sound; "`Help,' the stabbing victim gurgled" make sounds similar to gurgling water; "The baby gurgled with satisfaction when the mother tickled it" hiss a fricative sound (especially as an expression of disapproval); "the performers could not be heard over the hissing of the audience" make a sharp hissing sound, as if to show disapproval express or utter with a hiss move with a whooshing sound honk the cry of a goose (or any sound resembling this) cry like a goose; "The geese were honking" use the horn of a car make a loud noise; "The horns of the taxis blared" hubbub loud confused noise from many sources hum a humming noise; "the hum of distant traffic" sing with closed lips; "She hummed a melody" make a low continuous sound; "The refrigerator is humming" sound with a monotonous hum be noisy with activity; "This office is buzzing with activity" jingle a metallic sound; "the jingle of coins"; "the jangle of spurs" make a sound typical of metallic objects; "The keys were jingling in his pocket" knell the sound of a bell rung slowly to announce a death or a funeral or the end of something ring as in announcing death meow the sound made by a cat (or any sound resembling this) cry like a cat; "the cat meowed" moo the sound made by a cow or bull make a low noise, characteristic of bovines mutter a low continuous indistinct sound; often accompanied by movement of the lips without the production of articulate speech neigh the characteristic sounds made by a horse make a characteristic sound, of a horse pant the noise made by a short puff of steam (as from an engine) breathe noisily, as when one is exhausted; "The runners reached the finish line, panting heavily" utter while panting, as if out of breath paradiddle the sound of a drum (especially a snare drum) beaten rapidly and continuously pat the sound made by a gentle blow exactly suited to the occasion; "a pat reply" completely or perfectly; "he has the lesson pat"; "had the system down pat" patter a quick succession of light rapid sounds; "the patter of mice"; "the patter of tiny feet" make light, rapid and repeated sounds; "gently pattering rain" peal a deep prolonged sound (as of thunder or large bells) ring recurrently; "bells were pealing" ping a sharp high-pitched resonant sound (as of a sonar echo or a bullet striking metal) send a message from one computer to another to check whether it is reachable and active; "ping your machine in the office" contact, usually in order to remind of something; "I'll ping my accountant--April 15 is nearing" hit with a pinging noise; "The bugs pinged the lamp shade" make a short high-pitched sound; "the bullet pinged when they struck the car" pitter-patter a series of rapid tapping sounds; "she missed the pitter-patter of little feet around the house" plonk the noise of something dropping (as into liquid) a cheap wine of inferior quality plop the noise of a rounded object dropping into a liquid without a splash drop with the sound of something falling into water drop something with a plopping sound with a short hollow thud; "plop came the ball down to the corner of the green" plump the sound of a sudden heavy fall give support (to) or make a choice (of) one out of a group or number; "I plumped for the losing candidates" straight down especially heavily or abruptly; "the anchor fell plump into the sea"; "we dropped the rock plump into the water" pop a sharp explosive sound as from a gunshot or drawing a cork a sweet drink containing carbonated water and flavoring; "in New England they call sodas tonics" burst open with a sharp, explosive sound; "The balloon popped"; "This popcorn pops quickly in the microwave oven" cause to burst with a loud, explosive sound; "The child popped the balloon" fire a weapon with a loud explosive noise; "The soldiers were popping" take drugs, especially orally; "The man charged with murder popped a valium to calm his nerves" hit or strike; "He popped me on the head" hit a pop-fly; "He popped out to shortstop" release suddenly; "pop the clutch" put or thrust suddenly and forcefully; "pop the pizza into the microwave oven"; "He popped the petit-four into his mouth" make a sharp explosive noise; "The cork of the champagne bottle popped" cause to make a sharp explosive sound; "He popped the champagne bottle" like a pop or with a pop; "everything went pop" purr a low vibrating sound typical of a contented cat indicate pleasure by purring; characteristic of cats quack the harsh sound of a duck an untrained person who pretends to be a physician and who dispenses medical advice act as a medical quack or a charlatan utter quacking noises; "The ducks quacked" quaver a tremulous sound give off unsteady sounds, alternating in amplitude or frequency rat-a-tat-tat a series of short sharp taps (as made by strokes on a drum or knocks on a door) rhonchus a sound like whistling or snoring that is heard with a stethoscope during expiration as air passes through obstructed channels roar the sound made by a lion laugh unrestrainedly and heartily make a loud noise, as of wind, water, or vehicles; "The wind was howling in the trees"; "The water roared down the chute" act or proceed in a riotous, turbulent, or disorderly way; "desperadoes from the hills regularly roared in to take over the town"-R.A.Billington rub-a-dub the sound made by beating a drum rustle a light noise, like the noise of silk clothing or leaves blowing in the wind make a dry crackling sound; "rustling silk"; "the dry leaves were rustling in the breeze" forage food take illegally; "rustle cattle" screech a high-pitched noise resembling a human cry; "he ducked at the screechings of shells"; "he heard the scream of the brakes" scrunch a crunching noise shrilling a continuing shrill noise; "the clash of swords and the shrilling of trumpets"--P. J. Searles sizzle a sizzling noise burn or sear with a sizzling sound; "The fat sizzled in the pan" make a sound like frying fat seethe with deep anger or resentment; "She was sizzling with anger" skirl the sound of (the chanter of) a bagpipe play the bagpipes make a shrill, wailing sound; "skirling bagpipes" squawk the noise of squawking; "she awoke to the squawk of chickens"; "the squawk of car horns" utter a harsh abrupt scream squeak a short high-pitched noise; "the squeak of shoes on powdery snow" squeal a high-pitched howl utter a high-pitched cry, characteristic of pigs squish the noise of soft mud being walked on put (a liquid) into a container or another place by means of a squirting action stridulation a shrill grating or chirping noise made by some insects by rubbing body parts together strum sound of strumming; "the strum of a guitar" sound the strings of (a stringed instrument); "strum a guitar" susurration the indistinct sound of people whispering; "a soft susurrus of conversation" swish a brushing or rustling sound swoosh the noise produced by the sudden rush of a fluid (a gas or liquid) tapping the sound of light blow or knock; "he heard the tapping of the man's cane" throbbing a sound with a strong rhythmic beat; "the throbbing of the engines" pounding or beating strongly or violently; "a throbbing pain"; "the throbbing engine of the boat" thrum a thrumming sound; "he could hear the thrum of a banjo" thunder a booming or crashing noise caused by air expanding along the path of a bolt of lightning utter words loudly and forcefully; "`Get out of here,' he roared" to make or produce a loud noise; "The river thundered below"; "The engine roared as the driver pushed the car to full throttle" move fast, noisily, and heavily; "The bus thundered down the road" be the case that thunder is being heard; "Whenever it thunders, my dog crawls under the bed" thunderclap a single sharp crash of thunder thunk a dull hollow sound; "the basketball made a thunk as it hit the rim" ticktock steady recurrent ticking sound as made by a clock ting a light clear metallic sound as of a small bell make a light, metallic sound; go `ting' cause to make a ting toot a blast of a horn tootle the sound of casual playing on a musical instrument; "he enjoyed hearing the tootles of their horns as the musicians warmed up" play (a musical instrument) casually; "the saxophone player was tootling a sad melody" tramp a heavy footfall; "the tramp of military boots" a vagrant; "a homeless tramp"; "he tried to help the really down-and-out bums" cross on foot; "We had to tramp the creeks" travel on foot, especially on a walking expedition; "We went tramping about the state of Colorado" trample the sound of heavy treading or stomping; "he heard the trample of many feet" injure by trampling or as if by trampling; "The passerby was trampled by an elephant" tweet a weak chirping sound as of a small bird make a weak, chirping sound; "the small bird was tweeting in the tree" vibrato (music) a pulsating effect in an instrumental or vocal tone produced by slight and rapid variations in pitch tremolo vocal vibrato especially an excessive or poorly controlled one (music) a tremulous effect produced by rapid repetition of a single tone or rapid alternation of two tones vroom the roaring sound made by a motor that is running at high speed make a loud, roaring sound, as of a car engine, while moving water hammer the banging sound of steam in pipes whack the sound made by a sharp swift blow hit hard; "The teacher whacked the boy" whir sound of something in rapid motion; "whir of a bird's wings"; "the whir of the propellers" whiz a buzzing or hissing sound as of something traveling rapidly through the air; "he heard the whiz of bullets near his head" yip a sharp high-pitched cry (especially by a dog) zing a brief high-pitched buzzing or humming sound; "the zing of the passing bullet" news event a newsworthy event pulse the rhythmic contraction and expansion of the arteries with each beat of the heart; "he could feel the beat of her heart" edible seeds of various pod-bearing plants (peas or beans or lentils etc.) the rate at which the heart beats; usually measured to obtain a quick evaluation of a person's health produce or modulate (as electromagnetic waves) in the form of short bursts or pulses or cause an apparatus to produce pulses; "pulse waves"; "a transmitter pulsed by an electronic tube" drive by or as if by pulsation; "A soft breeze pulsed the air" diastole the widening of the chambers of the heart between two contractions when the chambers fill with blood systole the contraction of the chambers of the heart (especially the ventricles) to drive blood into the aorta and pulmonary artery extrasystole a premature systole resulting in a momentary cardiac arrhythmia throb an instance of rapid strong pulsation (of the heart); "he felt a throbbing in his head" a deep pulsating type of pain pulsate or pound with abnormal force; "my head is throbbing"; "Her heart was throbbing" high tide the tide when the water is highest ebb the outward flow of the tide a gradual decline (in size or strength or power or number) fall away or decline; "The patient's strength ebbed away" hem in fish with stakes and nets so as to prevent them from going back into the sea with the ebb flow back or recede; "the tides ebbed at noon" low tide the lowest (farthest) ebb of the tide ebbtide the tide while water is flowing out tide the periodic rise and fall of the sea level under the gravitational pull of the moon something that may increase or decrease (like the tides of the sea); "a rising tide of popular interest" there are usually two high and two low tides each day be carried with the tide cause to float with the tide rise or move forward; "surging waves" direct tide the occurrence of high tide on one side of the earth coinciding with high tide on the opposite side flood tide the occurrence of incoming water (between a low tide and the following high tide); "a tide in the affairs of men which, taken at the flood, leads on to fortune" -Shakespeare neap tide a less than average tide occurring at the first and third quarters of the moon springtide a greater than average tide occurring during the new and full moons a swelling rush of anything; "he rose on the springtide of prosperity" leeward tide a tide that runs in the same direction as the wind is blowing; "a leeward tide is dangerous for small boats" slack water the occurrence of relatively still water at the turn of the (low) tide tidal bore a high wave (often dangerous) caused by tidal flow (as by colliding tidal currents or in a narrow estuary) tidal flow the water current caused by the tides undertow the seaward undercurrent created after waves have broken on the shore an inclination contrary to the strongest or prevailing feeling; "his account had a poignant undertow of regret" riptide a strong surface current flowing outwards from a shore rip a stretch of turbulent water in a river or the sea caused by one current flowing into or across another current an opening made forcibly as by pulling apart; "there was a rip in his pants"; "she had snags in her stockings" criticize or abuse strongly and violently; "The candidate ripped into his opponent mercilessly" cut (wood) along the grain move precipitously or violently; "The tornado ripped along the coast" undertide a current below the surface of a fluid lahar an avalanche of volcanic water and mud down the slopes of a volcano landslide a slide of a large mass of dirt and rock down a mountain or cliff an overwhelming electoral victory; "Roosevelt defeated Hoover in a landslide" mudslide a landslide of mud Plinian eruption a volcanic eruption in which a stream of gas and ash is violently ejected to a height of several miles rockslide a landslide of rocks backflow a flow that returns toward its source airflow the flow of air; "she adjusted the fan so that the airflow was directed right at her" current a steady flow of a fluid (usually from natural causes); "the raft floated downstream on the current"; "he felt a stream of air"; "the hose ejected a stream of water" a flow of electricity through a conductor; "the current was measured in amperes" occurring in or belonging to the present time; "current events"; "the current topic"; "current negotiations"; "current psychoanalytic theories"; "the ship's current position" freshet the occurrence of a water flow resulting from sudden rain or melting snow overflow the occurrence of surplus liquid (as water) exceeding the limit or capacity flow or run over (a limit or brim) dripping a liquid (as water) that flows in drops (as from the eaves of house) torrent a violently fast stream of water (or other liquid); "the houses were swept away in the torrent" airburst an explosion in the atmosphere bomb blast the explosion of a bomb nuclear explosion the explosion of an atomic bomb backblast backfire from a recoilless weapon big bang (cosmology) the cosmic explosion that is hypothesized to have marked the origin of the universe fragmentation the scattering of bomb fragments after the bomb explodes (computer science) the condition of a file that is broken up and stored in many different locations on a magnetic disk; "fragmentation slows system performance because it takes extra time to locate and assemble the parts of the fragmented file" the disintegration of social norms governing behavior and thought and social relationships ricochet a glancing rebound concussion any violent blow injury to the brain caused by a blow; usually resulting in loss of consciousness pounding repeated heavy blows sideswipe a glancing blow from or on the side of something (especially motor vehicles) strike from the side slap a blow from a flat object (as an open hand) hit with something flat, like a paddle or the open hand; "The impatient teacher slapped the student"; "a gunshot slapped him on the forehead" simple harmonic motion periodic motion in which the restoring force is proportional to the displacement yaw an erratic deflection from an intended course swerve off course momentarily; "the ship yawed when the huge waves hit it" deviate erratically from a set course; "the yawing motion of the ship" twinkle a rapid change in brightness; a brief spark or flash emit or reflect light in a flickering manner; "Does a constellation twinkle more brightly than a single star?" shimmer a weak and tremulous light; "the shimmer of colors on iridescent feathers"; "the play of light on the water" give off a shimmering reflection, as of silk shine with a weak or fitful light; "Beech leaves shimmered in the moonlight" heat flash a flash of intense heat (as released by an atomic explosion) lightning the flash of light that accompanies an electric discharge in the atmosphere (or something resembling such a flash); can scintillate for a second or more abrupt electric discharge from cloud to cloud or from cloud to earth accompanied by the emission of light heat lightning bright flashes of light near the horizon without thunder (especially on hot evenings); usually attributed to distant lightning that is reflected by clouds sheet lighting lightning that appears as a broad sheet; due to reflections of more distant lightning and to diffusion by the clouds runup a substantial increase over a relatively short period of time; "a runup in interest rates"; "market runups are followed by corrections" inferior conjunction (astronomy) the alignment of the Earth and a planet on the same side of the sun superior conjunction (astronomy) the alignment of the Earth and a planet on the opposite side of the sun glycogenesis the conversion of glucose to glycogen when the glucose in the blood exceeds the demand the formation in animals of glycogen from glucose isomerization the conversion of a compound into an isomer of itself juncture an event that occurs at a critical time; "at such junctures he always had an impulse to leave"; "it was needed only on special occasions" a crisis situation or point in time when a critical decision must be made; "at that juncture he had no idea what to do"; "he must be made to realize that the company stands at a critical point" conjuncture a critical combination of events or circumstances emergency a sudden unforeseen crisis (usually involving danger) that requires immediate action; "he never knew what to do in an emergency" a state in which martial law applies; "the governor declared a state of emergency" crisis a crucial stage or turning point in the course of something; "after the crisis the patient either dies or gets better" an unstable situation of extreme danger or difficulty; "they went bankrupt during the economic crisis" Fall of Man (Judeo-Christian mythology) when Adam and Eve ate of the fruit of the tree of knowledge of good and evil in the Garden of Eden, God punished them by driving them out of the Garden of Eden and into the world where they would be subject to sickness and pain and eventual death road to Damascus a sudden turning point in a person's life (similar to the sudden conversion of the Apostle Paul on the road from Jerusalem to Damascus of arrest Christians) reality check an occasion on which one is reminded of the nature of things in the real world; "this program is intended as a reality check for CEOs"; "after all those elaborate productions, I felt in need of a reality check" compaction an increase in the density of something rarefaction a decrease in the density of something; "a sound wave causes periodic rarefactions in its medium" detriment a damage or loss expense a detriment or sacrifice; "at the expense of" amounts paid for goods and services that may be currently tax deductible (as opposed to capital expenditures) money spent to perform work and usually reimbursed by an employer; "he kept a careful record of his expenses at the meeting" reduce the estimated value of something; "For tax purposes you can write off the laser printer" pulsation (electronics) a sharp transient wave in the normal electrical state (or a series of such transients); "the pulsations seemed to be coming from a star" a periodically recurring phenomenon that alternately increases and decreases some quantity brake failure brakes fail to stop a vehicle engine failure engine does not run misfire an explosion that fails to occur fail to fire or detonate; "The guns misfired" outage a temporary suspension of operation (as of computers); "there will be a network outage from 8 to 10 a.m." the amount of something (as whiskey or oil) lost in storage or transportation power outage equipment failure resulting when the supply of power fails; "the ice storm caused a power outage" dwindling a becoming gradually less; "there is no greater sadness that the dwindling away of a family" gradually decreasing until little remains waning a gradual decrease in magnitude or extent; "the waning of his enthusiasm was obvious"; "the waxing and waning of the moon" (of the Moon) pertaining to the period during which the visible surface of the moon decreases; "after full moon comes the waning moon" fading away gradually diminishing in brightness or loudness or strength Cultural Revolution a radical reform in China initiated by Mao Zedong in 1965 and carried out largely by the Red Guard; intended to eliminate counterrevolutionary elements in the government it resulted in purges of the intellectuals and socioeconomic chaos green revolution the introduction of pesticides and high-yield grains and better management during the 1960s and 1970s which greatly increased agricultural productivity sex change a change in a person's physical sexual characteristics (as by surgery and hormone treatments) mutagenesis an event capable of causing a mutation insertional mutagenesis (genetics) a mutation caused by the insertion of exogenous DNA into a genome point mutation (genetics) a mutation due to an intramolecular reorganization of a gene saltation (genetics) a mutation that drastically changes the phenotype of an organism or species (geology) the leaping movement of sand or soil particles as they are transported in a fluid medium over an uneven surface degeneration passing from a more complex to a simpler biological form the process of declining from a higher to a lower level of effective power or vitality or essential quality atrophy any weakening or degeneration (especially through lack of use) a decrease in size of an organ caused by disease or disuse undergo atrophy; "Muscles that are not used will atrophy" abiotrophy a loss of vitality and a degeneration of cells and tissues not due to any apparent injury cataplasia (biology) degenerative reversion of cells or tissue to a less differentiated or more primitive form magnetic storm a sudden disturbance of the earth's magnetic field; caused by emission of particles from the sun earthquake shaking and vibration at the surface of the earth resulting from underground movement along a fault plane or from volcanic activity a disturbance that is extremely disruptive; "selling the company caused an earthquake among the employees" aftershock a tremor (or one of a series of tremors) occurring after the main shock of an earthquake foreshock a tremor preceding an earthquake seaquake an earthquake at the sea bed background noise extraneous noise contaminating sound measurements that cannot be separated from the desired signal surface noise noise produced by the friction of the stylus of a record player moving over the rotating record background radiation radiation coming from sources other than those being observed crosstalk the presence of an unwanted signal via an accidental coupling fadeout a gradual temporary loss of a transmitted signal due to electrical disturbances white noise a noise produced by a stimulus containing all of the audible frequencies of vibration; "white noise is a good masking agent" radio noise static at radio wavelengths seepage the process of seeping exudation the process of exuding; the slow escape of liquids from blood vessels through pores or breaks in the cell membranes intravenous drip slow continuous drip introducing solutions intravenously (a drop at a time) eddy a miniature whirlpool or whirlwind resulting when the current of a fluid doubles back on itself flow in a circular current, of liquids whirlpool a powerful circular current of water (usually the result of conflicting tides) Charybdis (Greek mythology) a ship-devouring whirlpool lying on the other side of a narrow strait from Scylla dismemberment the removal of limbs; being cut to pieces mutilation an injury that causes disfigurement or that deprives you of a limb or other important body part plunge a steep and rapid fall begin with vigor; "He launched into a long diatribe"; "She plunged into a dangerous adventure" cause to be immersed; "The professor plunged his students into the study of the Italian text" dash violently or with great speed or impetuosity; "She plunged at it eagerly" fall abruptly; "It plunged to the bottom of the well" fertilization making fertile as by applying fertilizer or manure creation by the physical union of male and female gametes; of sperm and ova in an animal or pollen and ovule in a plant top dressing a layer of fertilizer or manure not plowed in dissilience the emergence of seeds as seed pods burst open when they are ripe outbreak a sudden violent spontaneous occurrence (usually of some undesirable condition); "the outbreak of hostilities" epidemic a widespread outbreak of an infectious disease; many people are infected at the same time (especially of medicine) of disease or anything resembling a disease; attacking or affecting many individuals in a community or a population simultaneously; "an epidemic outbreak of influenza" pandemic an epidemic that is geographically widespread; occurring throughout a region or even throughout the world existing everywhere; "pandemic fear of nuclear war" epidemic over a wide geographical area; "a pandemic outbreak of malaria" recrudescence a return of something after a period of abatement; "a recrudescence of racism"; "a recrudescence of the symptoms" volcanic eruption the sudden occurrence of a violent discharge of steam and volcanic material pollination transfer of pollen from the anther to the stigma of a plant allogamy cross-fertilization in plants self-fertilization fertilization by the union of male and female gametes from the same individual superfecundation fertilization of two or more ova released during the same menstrual cycle by sperm from separate acts of coitus (especially by different males) superfetation fertilization of a second ovum after a pregnancy has begun; results in two fetuses of different ages in the uterus at the same time; "superfetation is normal in some animal species" autogamy self-fertilization in plants self-pollination fertilization by transfer of pollen from the anthers to the stigma of the same flower cleistogamy the production of small nonopening self-pollinating flowers flush a sudden rapid flow (as of water); "he heard the flush of a toilet"; "there was a little gush of blood"; "she attacked him with an outpouring of words" a poker hand with all 5 cards in the same suit cause to flow or flood with or as if with water; "flush the meadows" flow freely; "The garbage flushed down the river" rinse, clean, or empty with a liquid; "flush the wound with antibiotics"; "purge the old gas tank" make level or straight; "level the ground" glow or cause to glow with warm color or light; "the sky flushed with rosy splendor" squarely or solidly; "hit him flush in the face" in the same plane; "set it flush with the top of the table" adaptive radiation the development of many different forms from an originally homogeneous group of organisms as they fill different ecological niches debris surge the sudden spread of dust and debris from a collapsing building; "the destruction of the building produced an enormous debris surge" onrush a forceful forward rush or flow; "from the bow she stared at the mesmerising onrush of the sea where it split and foamed"; "the explosion interrupted the wild onrush of her thoughts" dextrorotation rotation to the right levorotation rotation to the left axial rotation rotary motion of an object around its own axis; "wheels in axial rotation" orbital rotation motion of an object in an orbit around a fixed point; "satellites in orbital rotation" whirl confused movement; "he was caught up in a whirl of work"; "a commotion of people fought for the exits" the shape of something rotating rapidly fly around; "The clothes tumbled in the dryer"; "rising smoke whirled in the air" cause to spin; "spin a coin" backspin spin (usually of a moving ball) that retards or reverses the forward motion topspin forward spin (usually of a moving ball) that is imparted by an upward stroke wallow an indolent or clumsy rolling about; "a good wallow in the water" a puddle where animals go to wallow delight greatly in; "wallow in your success!" devote oneself entirely to something; indulge in to an immoderate degree, usually with pleasure; "Wallow in luxury"; "wallow in your sorrows" be ecstatic with joy roll around; "pigs were wallowing in the mud" thaw a relaxation or slackening of tensions or reserve; becoming less hostile; "the thaw between the United States and Russia has led to increased cooperation in world affairs" warm weather following a freeze; snow and ice melt; "they welcomed the spring thaw" the process whereby heat changes something from a solid to a liquid; "the power failure caused a refrigerator melt that was a disaster"; "the thawing of a frozen turkey takes several hours" business cycle recurring fluctuations in economic activity consisting of recession and recovery and growth and decline daily variation fluctuations that occur between one day and the next diurnal variation fluctuations that occur during each day luxation displacement or misalignment of a joint or organ subluxation partial displacement of a joint or organ spritz a quick squirt of some liquid (usually carbonated water) cover (a location) wholly or partially by squirting a liquid onto it; "Spritz the lawn with water" eject (a liquid) quickly; "spritz water on a surface" angelus bell the sound of a bell rung in Roman Catholic churches to announce the time when the Angelus should be recited volution a rolling or revolving motion affair a vaguely specified social event; "the party was quite an affair"; "an occasion arranged to honor the president"; "a seemingly endless round of social functions" a usually secretive or illicit sexual relationship party an occasion on which people can assemble for social interaction and entertainment; "he planned a party to celebrate Bastille Day" a group of people gathered together for pleasure; "she joined the party after dinner" an organization to gain political power; "in 1992 Perot tried to organize a third party at the national level" a band of people associated temporarily in some activity; "they organized a party to search for food"; "the company of cooks walked into the kitchen" a person involved in legal proceedings; "the party of the first part" have or participate in a party; "The students were partying all night before the exam" bash an uproarious party birthday party a party held on the anniversary of someone's birth bunfight (Briticism) a grand formal party on an important occasion ceilidh an informal social gathering at which there is Scottish or Irish folk music and singing and folk dancing and story telling cocktail party an afternoon party at which cocktails are served masked ball a ball at which guests wear costumes and masks barn dance a dance party featuring country dancing fete an elaborate party (often outdoors) luau an elaborate Hawaiian feast or party (especially one accompanied by traditional foods and entertainment) house party a party lasting over one or more nights at a large house jolly a happy party tea party a party at which tea is served whist drive a progressive whist party funeral a ceremony at which a dead person is buried or cremated; "hundreds of people attended his funeral" burial the ritual placing of a corpse in a grave sky burial a traditional Tibetan funeral ritual in which the corpse is exposed to the open air to be eaten by sacred vultures wedding the social event at which the ceremony of marriage is performed a party of people at a wedding rededication a new dedication; "the rededication of the Temple of Jerusalem" commemoration a ceremony to honor the memory of someone or something coronation the ceremony of installing a new monarch bar mitzvah (Judaism) an initiation ceremony marking the 13th birthday of a Jewish boy and signifying the beginning of religious responsibility; "a bar mitzvah is an important social event" confirm in the bar mitzvah ceremony, of boys in the Jewish faith bat mitzvah (Judaism) an initiation ceremony marking the 12th birthday of a Jewish girl and signifying the beginning of religious responsibility confirm in the bat mitzvah ceremony, of girls in the Jewish faith fire walking the ceremony of walking barefoot over hot stones or a bed of embers commencement an academic exercise in which diplomas are conferred Maundy a public ceremony on Maundy Thursday when the monarch distributes Maundy money potlatch a ceremonial feast held by some Indians of the northwestern coast of North America (as in celebrating a marriage or a new accession) in which the host gives gifts to tribesmen and others to display his superior wealth (sometimes, formerly, to his own impoverishment) fundraiser a social function that is held for the purpose of raising money someone who solicits financial contributions photo opportunity an occasion that lends itself to (or is deliberately arranged for) taking photographs that provide favorable publicity for those who are photographed sleepover an occasion of spending a night away from home or having a guest spend the night in your home (especially as a party for children) athletic contest a contest between athletes bout a contest or fight (especially between boxers or wrestlers) a period of illness; "a bout of fever"; "a bout of depression" decathlon an athletic contest consisting of ten different events Olympic Games the modern revival of the ancient games held once every 4 years in a selected country Special Olympics an athletic contest modeled after the Olympic Games but intended for mentally or physically handicapped persons Winter Olympic Games an Olympics for winter sports pentathlon an athletic contest consisting of five different events championship a competition at which a champion is chosen the status of being a champion; "he held the title for two years" race a contest of speed; "the race is to the swift" any competition; "the race for the presidency" people who are believed to belong to the same genetic stock; "some biologists doubt that there are important genetic differences between races of human beings" compete in a race; "he is running the Marathon this year"; "let's race and see who gets there first" cause to move fast or to rush or race; "The psychologist raced the rats through a long maze" to work as fast as possible towards a goal, sometimes in competition with others; "We are racing to find a cure for AIDS" automobile race a race between (usually high-performance) automobiles Grand Prix one of several international races bicycle race a race between people riding bicycles Tour de France a French bicycle race for professional cyclists that lasts three weeks and covers about 3,000 miles criterium a bicycle race held on a short course (usually less than 5 km or 3 miles) boat race a race between people rowing or driving boats chariot race a race between ancient chariots dog racing a race between dogs; usually an occasion for betting on the outcome sailing-race a race between crews of people in yachts footrace a race run on foot; "she broke the record for the half-mile run" funrun a footrace run for fun (often including runners who are sponsored for a charity) freestyle a race (as in swimming) in which each contestant has a free choice of the style to use cross country a long race run over open country Iditarod an important dogsled race run annually on the Iditarod Trail three-day event an equestrian competition; the first day is dressage; the second is cross-country jumping; the third is stadium jumping horse race a contest of speed between horses; usually held for the purpose of betting claiming race a horse race in which each owner declares before the race at what price his horse will be offered for sale after the race selling race a horse race in which the winning horse must be put up for auction harness race a horse race between people riding in sulkies behind horses that are trotting or pacing Kentucky Derby an annual race for three-year-old horses; held at Churchill Downs in Louisville, Kentucky Preakness an annual race for three-year-old horses; held at Pimlico in Baltimore, Maryland Belmont Stakes an annual race for three-year-old horses; held on Long Island at Elmont, New York stake race a horse race in which part of the prize is put up by the owners of the horses in the race steeplechase a horse race over an obstructed course a footrace of usually 3000 meters over a closed track with hurdles and a water jump Grand National an annual steeplechase run in Liverpool, England obstacle race a race in which competitors must negotiate obstacles thoroughbred race a race between thoroughbred horses potato race a novelty race in which competitors move potatoes from one place to another one at a time sack race a novelty race in which competitors jump ahead with their feet confined in a sack scratch race a race in which all contestants start from scratch (on equal terms) ski race a race between people wearing skis downhill a ski race down a trail the downward slope of a hill toward the bottom of a hill; "running downhill, he gained a lot of speed" toward a lower or inferior state; "your performance has been going downhill for a long time now" slalom a downhill race over a winding course defined by upright poles race on skis around obstacles repechage a race (especially in rowing) in which runners-up in the eliminating heats compete for a place in the final race torch race (ancient Greece) in which a torch is passed from one runner to the next World Cup a soccer tournament held every four years between national soccer teams to determine a world champion tournament a sporting competition in which contestants play a series of games to decide the winner a series of jousts between knights contesting for a prize elimination tournament a tournament in which losers are eliminated in successive rounds playoff any final competition to determine a championship rubber a contest consisting of a series of successive matches between the same sides; "he won three out of five games to take the rubber" an elastic material obtained from the latex sap of trees (especially trees of the genera Hevea and Ficus) that can be vulcanized and finished into a variety of products any of various synthetic elastic materials whose properties resemble natural rubber returned for lack of funds; "a rubber check"; "a no-good check" home stand a series of successive games played at a team's home field or court World Series series that constitutes the playoff for the baseball championship; "we watched the World Series on TV" boxing match a match between boxers; usually held in a boxing ring chess match a match between chess players cockfight a match in a cockpit between two fighting cocks heeled with metal gaffs cricket match a match between two cricket teams diving an athletic competition that involves diving into water field event a competition that takes place on a field rather than on a running track final the final match between the winners of all previous matches in an elimination tournament not to be altered or undone; "the judge's decision is final"; "the arbiter will have the last say" conclusive in a process or progression; "the final answer"; "a last resort"; "the net result" cup final the final match of any cup competition (such as the annual final of the English soccer competition at Wembley) quarterfinal one of the four competitions in an elimination tournament whose winners go on to play in the semifinals semifinal one of the two competitions in the next to the last round of an elimination tournament meet a meeting at which a number of athletic contests are held contend against an opponent in a sport, game, or battle; "Princeton plays Yale this weekend"; "Charlie likes to play Mary" meet by design; be present at the arrival of; "Can you meet me at the train station?" come together; "I'll probably see you at the meeting"; "How nice to see you again!" collect in one place; "We assembled in the church basement"; "Let's gather in the dining room" get together socially or for a specific purpose get to know; get acquainted with; "I met this really handsome guy at a bar last night!"; "we met in Singapore" experience as a reaction; "My proposal met with much opposition" gymkhana a meet at which riders and horses display a range of skills and aptitudes race meeting a regular occasion on which a number of horse races are held on the same track; "the Epsom race meeting was an important social event" regatta a meeting for boat races swimming meet a swimming competition between two or more teams track meet a track and field competition between two or more teams track event a footrace performed on a track (indoor or outdoor) hurdles a footrace in which contestants must negotiate a series of hurdles mile a footrace extending one mile; "he holds the record in the mile" a unit of length equal to 1,760 yards or 5,280 feet; exactly 1609.344 meters a Swedish unit of length equivalent to 10 km an ancient Roman unit of length equivalent to 1620 yards a large distance; "he missed by a mile" long jump a competition that involves jumping as far as possible from a running start pole vault a competition that involves jumping over a high crossbar with the aid of a long pole shot put an athletic competition in which a heavy metal ball is hurled as far as possible hammer throw an athletic competition in which a heavy metal ball that is attached to a flexible wire is hurled as far as possible swimming event an athletic competition that involves swimming tennis match a match between tennis players test match an international championship match wrestling match a match between wrestlers takedown (amateur wrestling) being brought to the mat from a standing position; "a takedown counts two points" sparring match a practice or exhibition boxing match prizefight a boxing match between professional boxers for a cash prize box for a prize or money triple jump an athletic contest in which a competitor must perform successively a hop and a step and a jump in continuous movement joust a combat between two mounted knights tilting against each other with blunted lances joust against somebody in a tournament by fighting on horseback arms race a competition between nations to have the most powerful armaments political campaign a race between candidates for elective office; "I managed his campaign for governor"; "he is raising money for a Senate run" governor's race a race for election to the governorship senate campaign a race for election to the senate victory a successful ending of a struggle or contest; "a narrow victory"; "the general always gets credit for his army's victory"; "clinched a victory"; "convincing victory"; "the agreement was a triumph for common sense" independence the successful ending of the American Revolution; "they maintained close relations with England even after independence" freedom from control or influence of another or others last laugh ultimate success achieved after a near failure (inspired by the saying `he laughs best who laughs last'); "we had the last laugh after the votes were counted" Pyrrhic victory a victory that is won by incurring terrible losses grand slam winning all of the tricks in a hand of bridge little slam winning all but one of the tricks in a hand of bridge runaway an easy victory completely out of control; "runaway inflation" service break a tennis game won on the opponent's service defeat an unsuccessful ending to a struggle or contest; "it was a narrow defeat"; "the army's only defeat"; "they suffered a convincing licking" whammy a serious or devastating setback heartbreaker a narrow defeat or a defeat at the last minute a charming person who is irresponsible in emotional relationships rout an overwhelming defeat cause to flee; "rout out the fighters from their caves" make a groove in dig with the snout; "the pig was rooting for truffles" shutout a defeat in a game where one side fails to score thrashing a sound defeat waterloo a final crushing defeat; "he met his waterloo" spelling bee a contest in which you are eliminated if you fail to spell a word correctly loss of consciousness the occurrence of a loss of the ability to perceive and respond faint a spontaneous loss of consciousness caused by insufficient blood to the brain pass out from weakness, physical or emotional distress due to a loss of blood supply to the brain lacking conviction or boldness or courage; "faint heart ne'er won fair lady" indistinctly understood or felt or perceived; "a faint clue to the origin of the mystery"; "haven't the faintest idea" deficient in magnitude; barely perceptible; lacking clarity or brightness or loudness etc; "a faint outline"; "the wan sun cast faint shadows"; "the faint light of a distant candle"; "weak colors"; "a faint hissing sound"; "a faint aroma"; "a weak pulse" lacking strength or vigor; "damning with faint praise"; "faint resistance"; "feeble efforts"; "a feeble voice" weak and likely to lose consciousness; "suddenly felt faint from the pain"; "was sick and faint from hunger"; "felt light in the head"; "a swooning fit"; "light-headed with wine"; "light-headed from lack of sleep" Fall the lapse of mankind into sinfulness because of the sin of Adam and Eve; "women have been blamed ever since the Fall" head crash (computer science) a crash of a read/write head in a hard disk drive (usually caused by contact of the head with the surface of the magnetic disk) supervention a following on in addition zap a sudden event that imparts energy or excitement, usually with a dramatic impact; "they gave it another zap of radiation" kill with or as if with a burst of gunfire or electric current or as if by shooting; "in this computer game, space travellers are vaporized by aliens" strike suddenly and with force; "This show zaps the viewers with some shocking scenes" affect the conscious subjective aspect of feeling or emotion act physically on; have an effect upon; "the medicine affects my heart rate" have an effect upon; "Will the new rules affect me?" have an emotional or cognitive impact upon; "This child impressed me as unusually mature"; "This behavior struck me as odd"; "he was dumb-struck by the news"; "her comments struck a sour note" emotion any strong feeling glow a feeling of considerable warmth; "the glow of new love"; "a glow of regret" a steady even light without flames experience a feeling of well-being or happiness, as from good health or an intense emotion; "She was beaming with joy"; "Her face radiated with happiness" be exuberant or high-spirited; "Make the people's hearts glow" emit a steady even light without flames; "The fireflies were glowing and flying about in the garden" have a complexion with a strong bright color, such as red or pink; "Her face glowed when she came out of the sauna" passion a strong feeling or emotion a feeling of strong sexual desire ardor feelings of great warmth and intensity; "he spoke with great ardor" intense feeling of love a feeling of strong eagerness (usually in favor of a person or cause); "they were imbued with a revolutionary ardor"; "he felt a kind of religious zeal" storminess violent passion in speech or action; "frightened by the storminess of their argument" the state of being stormy; "he dreaded the storminess of the North Atlantic in winter" zeal excessive fervor to do something or accomplish some end; "he had an absolute zeal for litigation" sentiment tender, romantic, or nostalgic feeling or emotion sentimentality extravagant or affected feeling or emotion razbliuto the sentimental feeling you have about someone you once loved but no longer do Oedipus complex a complex of males; desire to possess the mother sexually and to exclude the father; said to be a source of personality disorders if unresolved Electra complex a complex of females; sexual attraction to the father inferiority complex a sense of personal inferiority arising from conflict between the desire to be noticed and the fear of being humiliated ambivalence mixed feelings or emotions emotionlessness apathy demonstrated by an absence of emotional reactions American Dream the widespread aspiration of Americans to live better than their parents did bloodlust a desire for bloodshed craving an intense desire for some particular thing appetite a feeling of craving something; "an appetite for life"; "the object of life is to satisfy as many appetencies as possible"- Granville Hicks sweet tooth a strong appetite for sweet food longing prolonged unfulfilled desire or need hankering a yearning for something or to do something pining a feeling of deep longing wishfulness an unrealistic yearning wistfulness a sadly pensive longing nostalgia longing for something past lovesickness a pining for a loved one homesickness a longing to return home sexual desire a desire for sexual intimacy aphrodisia a desire for heterosexual intimacy anaphrodisia decline or absence of sexual desire sensuality desire for sensual pleasures amorousness the arousal of feelings of sexual desire a feeling of love or fondness libido (psychoanalysis) a Freudian term for sexual urge or desire lecherousness a strong sexual desire nymphomania abnormally intense sexual desire in women satyriasis abnormally intense sexual desire in men the hots intense sexual desire prurience feeling morbid sexual desire or a propensity to lewdness urge a strong restless desire; "why this urge to travel?" an instinctive motive; "profound religious impulses" force or impel in an indicated direction; "I urged him to finish his studies" caprice a sudden desire; "he bought it on an impulse" delight a feeling of extreme pleasure or satisfaction; "his delight to see her was obvious to all" take delight in; "he delights in his granddaughter" entrancement a feeling of delight at being filled with wonder and enchantment amusement a feeling of delight at being entertained Schadenfreude delight in another person's misfortune joie de vivre a keen enjoyment of living gusto vigorous and enthusiastic enjoyment afterglow the pleasure of remembering some pleasant event; "he basked in the afterglow of his victory" a glow sometimes seen in the sky after sunset cold comfort very limited consolation or empathy; "he told me that time heals all wounds but that was cold comfort to me" silver lining a consoling aspect of a difficult situation; "every cloud has a silver lining"; "look on the bright side of it" sexual pleasure pleasure derived from sexual activities algolagnia sexual pleasure derived from inflicting or experiencing pain sadism sexual pleasure obtained by inflicting harm (physical or psychological) on others sadomasochism sadism and masochism combined in one person masochism sexual pleasure obtained from receiving punishment (physical or psychological) pang a sudden sharp feeling; "pangs of regret"; "she felt a stab of excitement"; "twinges of conscience" a sharp spasm of pain a mental pain or distress; "a pang of conscience" guilt pang pangs of feeling guilty mental anguish sustained dull painful emotion suffering feelings of mental or physical pain misery resulting from affliction troubled by pain or loss; "suffering refugees" agony intense feelings of suffering; acute mental or physical pain; "an agony of doubt"; "the torments of the damned" a state of acute pain throes violent pangs of suffering; "death throes" discomfort an uncomfortable feeling of mental painfulness or distress the state of being tense and feeling pain chafing soreness or irritation of the skin caused by friction intertrigo chafing between two skin surfaces that are in contact (as in the armpit or under the breasts or between the thighs) anguish extreme mental distress extreme distress of body or mind suffer great pains or distress self-torture self-imposed distress tsoris (Yiddish) trouble and suffering liking a feeling of pleasure and enjoyment; "I've always had a liking for reading"; "she developed a liking for gin" fondness a predisposition to like something; "he had a fondness for whiskey"; "she had dismissed him quite brutally, relegating him to the status of a passing fancy, or less" captivation a feeling of great liking for something wonderful and unusual acquired taste a preference that is only acquired after considerable experience; "martinis are an acquired taste" mysophilia abnormal attraction to filth good will the friendly hope that something will succeed (accounting) an intangible asset valued according to the advantage or reputation a business has acquired (over and above its tangible assets) brotherhood the feeling that men should treat one another like brothers people engaged in a particular occupation; "the medical fraternity" the kinship relation between a male offspring and the siblings Anglophilia admiration for Britain and British customs hero worship admiration for great men (or their memory) philhellenism admiration for Greece and the Greeks and Greek customs philogyny admiration for women dislike a feeling of aversion or antipathy; "my dislike of him was instinctive" have or feel a dislike or distaste for; "I really dislike this salesman" disinclination that toward which you are inclined to feel dislike; "his disinclination for modesty is well known" Anglophobia dislike (or fear) of Britain and British customs disgust strong feelings of dislike cause aversion in; offend the moral sense of; "The pornographic pictures sickened us" fill with distaste; "This spoilt food disgusts me" abhorrence hate coupled with disgust creepy-crawlies feelings of dislike and anxiety; "the cave gave me the creepy-crawlies" scunner a strong dislike; "they took a scunner against the United States" repugnance intense aversion nausea disgust so strong it makes you feel sick the state that precedes vomiting technophobia dislike for new technology gratitude a feeling of thankfulness and appreciation; "he was overwhelmed with gratitude for their help" gratefulness warm friendly feelings of gratitude ingratitude a lack of gratitude solicitude a feeling of excessive concern softheartedness a feeling of concern for the welfare of someone (especially someone defenseless) unconcern a feeling of lack of concern indifference unbiased impartial unconcern heartlessness an absence of concern for the welfare of others shame a painful emotion resulting from an awareness of inadequacy or guilt a state of dishonor; "one mistake brought shame to all his family"; "suffered the ignominy of being sent to prison" surpass or beat by a wide margin cause to be ashamed compel through a sense of shame; "She shamed him into making amends" self-disgust shame resulting from strong dislike of yourself or your actions shamefacedness feeling embarrassed about yourself chagrin strong feelings of embarrassment abashment feeling embarrassed due to modesty discomfiture anxious embarrassment self-esteem a feeling of pride in yourself amour propre feelings of excessive pride self-depreciation a feeling of being of little worth astonishment the feeling that accompanies something extremely surprising; "he looked at me in astonishment" awe an overwhelming feeling of wonder or admiration; "he stared over the edge with a feeling of awe" inspire awe in; "The famous professor awed the undergraduates" fever intense nervous anticipation; "in a fever of resentment" a rise in the temperature of the body; frequently a symptom of infection buck fever nervous excitement of an inexperienced hunter gold fever greed and the contagious excitement of a gold rush gaiety a festive merry feeling a gay feeling gravity a solemn and dignified feeling (physics) the force of attraction between all masses in the universe; especially the attraction of the earth's mass for bodies near its surface; "the more remote the body the less the gravity"; "the gravitation between two bodies is proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them"; "gravitation cannot be held responsible for people falling in love"--Albert Einstein earnestness an earnest and sincere feeling oversensitiveness sensitivity leading to easy irritation or upset feelings emotional or moral sensitivity (especially in relation to personal principles or dignity); "the remark hurt his feelings" sensuousness a sensuous feeling unrest a feeling of restless agitation fidget a feeling of agitation expressed in continual motion; "he's got the fidgets"; "waiting gave him a feeling of restlessness" move restlessly; "The child is always fidgeting in his seat" stewing an extreme state of worry and agitation; "his stewing over the fight kept him awake most of the night" stir emotional agitation and excitement a prominent or sensational but short-lived news event; "he made a great splash and then disappeared" mix or add by stirring; "Stir nuts into the dough" move very slightly; "He shifted in his seat" move an implement through; "stir the soup"; "stir my drink"; "stir the soil" tumult violent agitation a state of commotion and noise and confusion electricity keen and shared excitement; "the stage crackled with electricity whenever she was on it" a physical phenomenon associated with stationary or moving electrons and protons energy made available by the flow of electric charge through a conductor; "they built a car that runs on electricity"; "The power went oout around midnight" calmness a feeling of calm; an absence of agitation or excitement an absence of strong winds or rain placidity a feeling of calmness; a quiet and undisturbed feeling tranquillity a state of peace and quiet an untroubled state; free from disturbances anger a strong emotion; a feeling that is oriented toward some real or supposed grievance the state of being angry make angry; "The news angered him" become angry; "He angers easily" dudgeon a feeling of intense indignation (now used only in the phrase `in high dudgeon') fury a feeling of intense anger; "hell hath no fury like a woman scorned"; "his face turned red with rage" lividity a state of fury so great the face becomes discolored infuriation a feeling of intense anger umbrage a feeling of anger caused by being offended; "he took offence at my question" indignation a feeling of righteous anger huffiness a passing state of anger and resentment dander a feeling of anger and animosity; "having one's hackles or dander up" small scales from animal skins or hair or bird feathers that can cause allergic reactions in some people bad temper a persisting angry mood fear an emotion experienced in anticipation of some specific pain or danger (usually accompanied by a desire to flee or fight) a feeling of profound respect for someone or something; "the fear of God"; "the Chinese reverence for the dead"; "the French treat food with gentle reverence"; "his respect for the law bordered on veneration" be afraid or scared of; be frightened of; "I fear the winters in Moscow"; "We should not fear the Communists!" be uneasy or apprehensive about; "I fear the results of the final exams" be sorry; used to introduce an unpleasant statement; "I fear I won't make it to your wedding party" be afraid or feel anxious or apprehensive about a possible or probable situation or event; "I fear she might get aggressive" creeps a feeling of fear and revulsion; "he gives me the creeps" a disease of cattle and sheep attributed to a dietary deficiency; characterized by anemia and softening of the bones and a slow stiff gait frisson an almost pleasurable sensation of fright; "a frisson of surprise shot through him" hysteria excessive or uncontrollable fear neurotic disorder characterized by violent emotional outbreaks and disturbances of sensory and motor functions panic an overwhelming feeling of fear and anxiety sudden mass fear and anxiety over anticipated events; "panic in the stock market"; "a war scare"; "a bomb scare led them to evacuate the building" cause sudden fear in or fill with sudden panic; "The mere thought of an isolation cell panicked the prisoners" be overcome by a sudden fear; "The students panicked when told that final exams were less than a week away" swivet a panic or extreme discomposure; "it threw her into a swivet" scare a sudden attack of fear stage fright fear that affects a person about to face an audience trepidation a feeling of alarm or dread presage a foreboding about what is about to happen cold feet timidity that prevents the continuation of a course of action; "I was going to tell him but I got cold feet" shyness a feeling of fear of embarrassment diffidence lack of self-confidence hesitance a feeling of diffidence and indecision about doing something unassertiveness diffidence about self promotion intimidation the feeling of being intimidated; being made to feel afraid or timid the feeling of discouragement in the face of someone's superior fame or wealth or status etc. anxiety a vague unpleasant emotion that is experienced in anticipation of some (usually ill-defined) misfortune (psychiatry) a relatively permanent state of worry and nervousness occurring in a variety of mental disorders, usually accompanied by compulsive behavior or attacks of panic worry a strong feeling of anxiety; "his worry over the prospect of being fired"; "it is not work but worry that kills"; "he wanted to die and end his troubles" touch or rub constantly; "The old man worried his beads" lacerate by biting; "the dog worried his bone" disturb the peace of mind of; afflict with mental agitation or distress; "I cannot sleep--my daughter's health is worrying me" be concerned with; "I worry about my grades" be worried, concerned, anxious, troubled, or uneasy; "I worry about my job" anxiousness a feeling of mild anxiety about possible developments insecurity the anxiety you experience when you feel vulnerable and insecure the state of being subject to danger or injury edginess feelings of anxiety that make you tense and irritable willies feelings of uneasiness; "that guy gave me the willies" jitteriness the anxious feeling you have when you have the jitters angst an acute but unspecific feeling of anxiety; usually reserved for philosophical anxiety about the world or about personal freedom happiness emotions experienced when in a state of well-being state of well-being characterized by emotions ranging from contentment to intense joy bonheur (French) happiness and good humor gladness experiencing joy and pleasure elation a feeling of joy and pride an exhilarating psychological state of pride and optimism; an absence of depression triumph the exultation of victory exhilaration the feeling of lively and cheerful joy; "he could hardly conceal his excitement when she agreed" intoxication excitement and elation beyond the bounds of sobriety; "the intoxication of wealth and power" euphoria a feeling of great (usually exaggerated) elation hilarity great merriment rejoicing a feeling of great happiness jocundity a feeling facetious merriment belonging happiness felt in a secure relationship; "with his classmates he felt a sense of belonging" comfortableness a feeling of being at ease in a relationship togetherness affectionate closeness; "togetherness is the new wonder ingredient in marriage" contentment happiness with one's situation in life complacency the feeling you have when you are satisfied with yourself; "his complacency was absolutely disgusting" smugness an excessive feeling of self-satisfaction gloat malicious satisfaction dwell on with satisfaction gaze at or think about something with great self-satisfaction, gratification, or joy sadness emotions experienced when not in a state of well-being the state of being sad; "she tired of his perpetual sadness" dolefulness sadness caused by grief or affliction melancholy a feeling of thoughtful sadness a constitutional tendency to be gloomy and depressed characterized by or causing or expressing sadness; "growing more melancholy every hour"; "her melancholic smile"; "we acquainted him with the melancholy truth" gloom a feeling of melancholy apprehension a state of partial or total darkness; "he struck a match to dispel the gloom" an atmosphere of depression and melancholy; "gloom pervaded the office" heavyheartedness a feeling of dispirited melancholy world-weariness sadness on thinking about the evils of the world woe intense mournfulness misery a feeling of intense unhappiness; "she was exhausted by her misery and grief" a state of ill-being due to affliction or misfortune; "the misery and wretchedness of those slums is intolerable" forlornness sadness resulting from being forsaken or abandoned weepiness sadness expressed by weeping sorrow an emotion of great sadness associated with loss or bereavement; "he tried to express his sorrow at her loss" sadness associated with some wrong done or some disappointment; "he drank to drown his sorrows"; "he wrote a note expressing his regret"; "to his rue, the error cost him the game" broken heart devastating sorrow and despair; "he is recovering from a broken heart"; "a broken heart languishes here" mournfulness a state of gloomy sorrow plaintiveness expressing sorrowfulness dolor (poetry) painful grief compunction a feeling of deep regret (usually for some misdeed) guilt remorse caused by feeling responsible for some offense the state of having committed an offense survivor guilt a deep feeling of guilt often experienced by those who have survived some catastrophe that took the lives of many others; derives in part from a feeling that they did not do enough to save the others who perished and in part from feelings of being unworthy relative to those who died; "survivor guilt was first noted in those who survived the Holocaust" repentance remorse for your past conduct cheerlessness a feeling of dreary or pessimistic sadness joylessness a feeling of dismal cheerlessness downheartedness a feeling of low spirits; "he felt responsible for her lowness of spirits" self-pity a feeling of sorrow (often self-indulgent) over your own sufferings despondency feeling downcast and disheartened and hopeless discontentment a longing for something better than the present situation disgruntlement a feeling of sulky discontent dysphoria abnormal depression and discontent dissatisfaction the feeling of being displeased and discontent; "he was never slow to express his dissatisfaction with the service he received" boredom the feeling of being bored by something tedious blahs a general feeling of boredom and dissatisfaction fatigue (always used with a modifier) boredom resulting from overexposure to something; "he was suffering from museum fatigue"; "after watching TV with her husband she had a bad case of football fatigue"; "the American public is experiencing scandal fatigue"; "political fatigue" temporary loss of strength and energy resulting from hard physical or mental work; "he was hospitalized for extreme fatigue"; "growing fatigue was apparent from the decline in the execution of their athletic skills"; "weariness overcame her after twelve hours and she fell asleep" used of materials (especially metals) in a weakened state caused by long stress; "metal fatigue" displeasure the feeling of being displeased or annoyed or dissatisfied with someone or something hopefulness the feeling you have when you have hope full of hope sanguinity feeling sanguine; optimistically cheerful and confident despair the feeling that everything is wrong and nothing will turn out well; "they moaned in despair and dismay"; "one harsh word would send her into the depths of despair" a state in which all hope is lost or absent; "in the depths of despair"; "they were rescued from despair at the last minute"; "courage born of desperation" abandon hope; give up hope; lose heart; "Don't despair--help is on the way!" hopelessness the despair you feel when you have abandoned hope of comfort or success defeatism acceptance of the inevitability of defeat cynicism a cynical feeling of distrust filial love the love of a child for a parent puppy love temporary love of an adolescent affection a positive feeling of liking; "he had trouble expressing the affection he felt"; "the child won everyone's heart"; "the warmness of his welcome made us feel right at home" soft spot a sentimental affection; "she had a soft spot for her youngest son" heartstrings your deepest feelings of love and compassion; "many adoption cases tug at the heartstrings" lovingness a loving feeling warmheartedness a warmhearted feeling hate the emotion of intense dislike; a feeling of dislike so strong that it demands action dislike intensely; feel antipathy or aversion towards; "I hate Mexican food"; "She detests politicians" misogamy hatred of marriage misogyny hatred of women mysoandry hatred for men or boys misology hatred of reasoning misoneism hatred of change or innovation misocainea hatred of new ideas misopedia hatred of children despisal a feeling of scornful hatred animosity a feeling of ill will arousing active hostility class feeling feelings of envy and resentment of one social or economic class for toward another belligerence hostile or warlike attitude or nature resentment a feeling of deep and bitter anger and ill-will heartburning intense resentment; "his promotion caused much heartburning among his rivals" grudge a resentment strong enough to justify retaliation; "holding a grudge"; "settling a score" accept or admit unwillingly covetousness an envious eagerness to possess something penis envy (psychoanalysis) a female's presumed envy of the male's penis; said to explain femininity malice feeling a need to see others suffer vindictiveness a malevolent desire for revenge peeve an annoyed or irritated mood cause to be annoyed, irritated, or resentful sulk a mood or display of sullen aloofness or withdrawal; "stayed home in a sulk" be in a huff and display one's displeasure; "She is pouting because she didn't get what she wanted" good humor a cheerful and agreeable mood jollity feeling jolly and jovial and full of good humor ill humor an angry and disagreeable mood moroseness a gloomy ill-tempered feeling irascibility a feeling of resentful anger irritability an irritable petulant feeling testiness feeling easily irritated kindheartedness sympathy arising from a kind heart commiseration a feeling of sympathy and sorrow for the misfortunes of others; "the blind are too often objects of pity" empathy understanding and entering into another's feelings eagerness a positive feeling of wanting to push ahead with something technophilia enthusiasm for new technology comfort food food that is simply prepared and gives a sense of wellbeing; typically food with a high sugar or carbohydrate content that is associated with childhood or with home cooking comestible any substance that can be used as food dainty something considered choice to eat delicately beautiful; "a dainty teacup"; "an exquisite cameo" excessively fastidious and easily disgusted; "too nice about his food to take to camp cooking"; "so squeamish he would only touch the toilet handle with his elbow" especially pleasing to the taste; "a dainty dish to set before a kind" fast food inexpensive food (hamburgers or chicken or milkshakes) prepared and served quickly finger food food to be eaten with the fingers ingesta solid and liquid nourishment taken into the body through the mouth kosher food that fulfills the requirements of Jewish dietary law conforming to dietary laws; "kosher meat"; "a kosher kitchen" proper or legitimate fare the food and drink that are regularly served or consumed a paying (taxi) passenger the sum charged for riding in a public conveyance eat well dietary a regulated daily food allowance of or relating to the diet; "dietary restrictions" allergy diet a diet designed to avoid the foods that you are allergic to balanced diet a diet that contains adequate amounts of all the necessary nutrients required for healthy growth and activity bland diet a diet of foods that are not irritating; "he ate a bland diet because of his colitis" clear liquid diet a diet of fluids with minimal residues (fat-free broth or strained fruit juices or gelatin); cannot be used for more than one day postoperative diabetic diet a diet designed to help control the symptoms of diabetes dietary supplement something added to complete a diet or to make up for a dietary deficiency carbohydrate loading a diet of foods high in starch that increases carbohydrate reserves in muscles; "carbo loading is used by endurance athletes just before competing" fad diet a reducing diet that enjoys temporary popularity gluten-free diet diet prescribed to treat celiac disease; eliminates such foods as wheat and rye and oats and beans and cabbage and turnips and cucumbers that are rich in gluten high-protein diet a diet high in plant and animal proteins; used to treat malnutrition or to increase muscle mass high-vitamin diet a diet designed to patients with vitamin deficiencies leftovers food remaining from a previous meal; "he had leftovers for dinner last night" light diet diet prescribed for bedridden or convalescent people; does not include fried or highly seasoned foods liquid diet a diet of foods that can be served in liquid or strained form (plus custards or puddings); prescribed after certain kinds of surgery low-calorie diet a diet that is low on calories low-fat diet a diet containing limited amounts of fat and stressing foods high in carbohydrates; used in treatment of some gallbladder conditions low-sodium diet a diet that limits the intake of salt (sodium chloride); often used in treating hypertension or edema or certain other disorders macrobiotic diet a diet consisting chiefly of beans and whole grains reducing diet a diet designed to help you lose weight (especially fat) soft diet a diet that does not require chewing; advised for those with intestinal disorders vegetarianism a diet excluding all meat and fish training table planned meals for athletes in training (usually served in a mess hall) ration the food allowance for one day (especially for service personnel); "the rations should be nutritionally balanced" a fixed portion that is allotted (especially in times of scarcity) distribute in rations, as in the army; "Cigarettes are rationed" restrict the consumption of a relatively scarce commodity, as during war; "Bread was rationed during the siege of the city" field ration rations issued for United States troops in the field K ration a small package of emergency rations; issued to United States troops in World War II C-ration a canned field ration issued by the United States Army foodstuff a substance that can be used or prepared for use as food starches foodstuff rich in natural starch (especially potatoes, rice, bread) breadstuff flour or meal or grain used in baking bread tomato concentrate a concentrated form of tomatoes meal coarsely ground foodstuff; especially seeds of various cereal grasses or pulse the food served and eaten at one time any of the occasions for eating food that occur by custom or habit at more or less fixed times cornmeal coarsely ground corn farina fine meal made from cereal grain especially wheat; often used as a cooked cereal or in puddings matzo meal meal made from ground matzos oatmeal meal made from rolled or ground oats porridge made of rolled oats pea flour meal made from dried peas pinole meal made of finely ground corn mixed with sugar and spices roughage coarse, indigestible plant food low in nutrients; its bulk stimulates intestinal peristalsis bran food prepared from the husks of cereal grains broken husks of the seeds of cereal grains that are separated from the flour by sifting flour fine powdery foodstuff obtained by grinding and sifting the meal of a cereal grain convert grain into flour cover with flour; "flour fish or meat before frying it" plain flour flour that does not contain a raising agent wheat flour flour prepared from wheat whole wheat flour flour made by grinding the entire wheat berry including the bran; (`whole meal flour' is British usage) soybean meal meal made from soybeans semolina milled product of durum wheat (or other hard wheat) used in pasta blood meal the dried and powdered blood of animals gluten a protein substance that remains when starch is removed from cereal grains; gives cohesiveness to dough corn gluten gluten prepared from corn corn gluten feed a feed consisting primarily of corn gluten wheat gluten gluten prepared from wheat nutriment a source of materials to nourish the body cuisine the practice or manner of preparing food or the food so prepared dim sum traditional Chinese cuisine; a variety of foods (including several kinds of steamed or fried dumplings) are served successively in small portions haute cuisine (French) an elaborate and skillful manner of preparing food nouvelle cuisine a school of French cooking that uses light sauces and tries to bring out the natural flavors of foods instead of making heavy use of butter and cream rechauffe warmed leftovers commissariat a stock or supply of foods food cache food in a secure or hidden storage place larder a supply of food especially for a household fresh food food that is not preserved by canning or dehydration or freezing or smoking frozen food food preserved by freezing canned food food preserved by canning canned meat meat preserved in a can or tin Fanny Adams nautical term for tinned meat Spam a canned meat made largely from pork dehydrated food food preserved by dehydration square meal a substantial and nourishing meal; "he seldom got three square meals a day" potluck whatever happens to be available especially when offered to an unexpected guest or when brought by guests and shared by all; "having arrived unannounced we had to take potluck"; "a potluck supper" refection a light meal or repast breakfast the first meal of the day (usually in the morning) eat an early morning meal; "We breakfast at seven" provide breakfast for continental breakfast a breakfast that usually includes a roll and coffee or tea brunch combination breakfast and lunch; usually served in late morning eat a meal in the late morning; "We brunch in Sundays" lunch a midday meal take the midday meal; "At what time are you lunching?" provide a midday meal for; "She lunched us well" business lunch lunch (usually at a restaurant) where business is discussed and the cost is charged as a business expense high tea substantial early evening meal including tea tea a light midafternoon meal of tea and sandwiches or cakes; "an Englishman would interrupt a war to have his afternoon tea" dried leaves of the tea shrub; used to make tea; "the store shelves held many different kinds of tea"; "they threw the tea into Boston harbor" a beverage made by steeping tea leaves in water; "iced tea is a cooling drink" a reception or party at which tea is served; "we met at the Dean's tea for newcomers" a tropical evergreen shrub or small tree extensively cultivated in e.g. China and Japan and India; source of tea leaves; "tea has fragrant white flowers" dinner the main meal of the day served in the evening or at midday; "dinner will be at 8"; "on Sundays they had a large dinner when they returned from church" a party of people assembled to have dinner together; "guests should never be late to a dinner party" supper a light evening meal; served in early evening if dinner is at midday or served late in the evening at bedtime a social gathering where a light evening meal is served; "her suppers often included celebrities" TV dinner a meal that is prepared in advance and frozen; can be heated and served picnic any informal meal eaten outside or on an excursion eat alfresco, in the open air; "We picnicked near the lake on this gorgeous Sunday" cookout an informal meal cooked and eaten outdoors clambake a cookout at the seashore where clams and fish and other foods are cooked--usually on heated stones covered with seaweed fish fry a cookout where fried fish is the main course wiener roast a cookout where roasted frankfurters are the main course nosh (Yiddish) a snack or light meal eat a snack; eat lightly; "She never loses weight because she snacks between meals" nosh-up a large satisfying meal ploughman's lunch a meal consisting of a sandwich of bread and cheese and a salad coffee break a snack taken during a break in the work day; "a ten-minute coffee break"; "the British have tea breaks" banquet a meal that is well prepared and greatly enjoyed; "a banquet for the graduating seniors"; "the Thanksgiving feast"; "they put out quite a spread" a ceremonial dinner party for many people helping an individual quantity of food or drink taken as part of a meal; "the helpings were all small"; "his portion was larger than hers"; "there's enough for two servings each" morsel a small amount of solid food; a mouthful; "all they had left was a bit of bread" a small quantity of anything; "a morsel of paper was all he needed" piece de resistance the most important dish of a meal adobo a dish of marinated vegetables and meat or fish; served with rice side dish a dish that is served with, but is subordinate to, a main course chicken casserole chicken cooked and served in a casserole chicken cacciatore chicken casserole prepared with tomatoes and mushrooms and herbs in the Italian style roast a piece of meat roasted or for roasting and of a size for slicing into more than one portion cook with dry heat, usually in an oven; "roast the turkey" (meat) cooked by dry heat in an oven confit a piece of meat (especially a duck) cooked slowly in its own fat antipasto a course of appetizers in an Italian meal appetizer food or drink to stimulate the appetite (usually served before a meal or as the first course) canape an appetizer consisting usually of a thin slice of bread or toast spread with caviar or cheese or other savory food cocktail an appetizer served as a first course at a meal a short mixed drink fruit cocktail a mixture of sliced or diced fruits crab cocktail a cocktail of cold cooked crabmeat and a sauce shrimp cocktail a cocktail of cold cooked shrimp and a sauce hors d'oeuvre a dish served as an appetizer before the main meal bean dip a dip made of cooked beans cheese dip a dip made of cheeses clam dip a dip made of clams and soft cream cheese guacamole a dip made of mashed avocado mixed with chopped onions and other seasonings soup liquid food especially of meat or fish or vegetable stock often containing pieces of solid food an unfortunate situation; "we're in the soup now" any composition having a consistency suggestive of soup dope (a racehorse) soup du jour the soup that a restaurant is featuring on a given day alphabet soup soup that contains small noodles in the shape of letters of the alphabet a confusing assortment; "Roosevelt created an alphabet soup of federal agencies" consomme clear soup usually of beef or veal or chicken madrilene a tomato-flavored consomme; often served chilled bisque a thick cream soup made from shellfish borsch a Russian or Polish soup usually containing beet juice as a foundation broth a thin soup of meat or fish or vegetable stock liquid in which meat and vegetables are simmered; used as a basis for e.g. soups or sauces; "she made gravy with a base of beef stock" liquor the liquid in which vegetables or meat have be cooked an alcoholic beverage that is distilled rather than fermented a liquid substance that is a solution (or emulsion or suspension) used or obtained in an industrial process; "waste liquors" barley water broth used to feed infants bouillon a clear seasoned broth beef broth a stock made with beef chicken broth a stock made with chicken stock cube a cube of dehydrated stock chicken soup soup made from chicken broth cock-a-leekie soup made from chicken boiled with leeks gazpacho a soup made with chopped tomatoes and onions and cucumbers and peppers and herbs; served cold gumbo a soup or stew thickened with okra pods long mucilaginous green pods; may be simmered or sauteed but used especially in soups and stews any of various fine-grained silty soils that become waxy and very sticky mud when saturated with water julienne a clear soup garnished with julienne vegetables a vegetable cut into thin strips (usually used as a garnish) cut into long thin strips; "julienne the potatoes" mock turtle soup soup made from a calf's head or other meat in imitation of green turtle soup mulligatawny a soup of eastern India that is flavored with curry; prepared with a meat or chicken base oxtail soup a soup made from the skinned tail of an ox pea soup a thick soup made of dried peas (usually made into a puree) a heavy thick yellow fog pepper pot a soup made with vegetables and tripe and seasoned with peppercorns; often contains dumplings petite marmite soup made with a variety of vegetables potage thick (often creamy) soup pottage a stew of vegetables and (sometimes) meat turtle soup soup usually made of the flesh of green turtles eggdrop soup made by stirring beaten eggs into a simmering broth chowder a thick soup or stew made with milk and bacon and onions and potatoes corn chowder chowder containing corn clam chowder chowder containing clams Manhattan clam chowder a chowder made with clams and tomatoes and other vegetables and seasonings New England clam chowder a thick chowder made with clams and potatoes and onions and salt pork and milk fish chowder chowder containing fish won ton a soup with won ton dumplings a Chinese dumpling filled with spiced minced pork; usually served in soup split-pea soup made of stock and split peas with onions carrots and celery green pea soup made of fresh green peas and stock with shredded lettuce onion and celery lentil soup made of stock and lentils with onions carrots and celery Scotch broth a thick soup made from beef or mutton with vegetables and pearl barley vichyssoise a creamy potato soup flavored with leeks and onions; usually served cold stew food prepared by stewing especially meat or fish with vegetables cook slowly and for a long time in liquid; "Stew the vegetables in wine" bear a grudge; harbor ill feelings bigos a Polish stew of cabbage and meat Brunswick stew spicy southern specialty: chicken (or small game) with corn and tomatoes and lima beans and okra and onions and potatoes burgoo thick spicy stew of whatever meat and whatever vegetables are available; southern United States a gathering at which burgoo stew is served olla podrida Spanish version of burgoo mulligan stew Irish version of burgoo purloo thick stew made of rice and chicken and small game; southern U.S. goulash a rich meat stew highly seasoned with paprika hotchpotch a stew (or thick soup) made with meat and vegetables hot pot a stew of meat and potatoes cooked in a tightly covered pot beef goulash meat is browned before stewing pork-and-veal goulash made with sauerkraut and caraway seeds and served with sour cream porkholt made of lamb or pork Irish stew meat (especially mutton) stewed with potatoes and onions oyster stew oysters in cream lobster stew diced lobster meat in milk or cream lobscouse a stew of meat and vegetables and hardtack that is eaten by sailors fish stew a stew made with fish bouillabaisse highly seasoned Mediterranean soup or stew made of several kinds of fish and shellfish with tomatoes and onions or leeks and seasoned with saffron and garlic and herbs matelote highly seasoned soup or stew made of freshwater fishes (eel, carp, perch) with wine and stock paella saffron-flavored dish made of rice with shellfish and chicken fricassee pieces of chicken or other meat stewed in gravy with e.g. carrots and onions and served with noodles or dumplings make a fricassee of by cooking; "fricassee meats" chicken stew a stew made with chicken turkey stew a stew made with turkey beef stew a stew made with beef stew meat tough meat that needs stewing to be edible ragout well-seasoned stew of meat and vegetables ratatouille a vegetable stew; usually made with tomatoes, eggplant, zucchini, peppers, onion, and seasonings salmi ragout of game in a rich sauce pot-au-feu traditional French stew of vegetables and beef slumgullion a thin stew of meat and vegetables smorgasbord an assortment of foods starting with herring or smoked eel or salmon etc with bread and butter; then cheeses and eggs and pickled vegetables and aspics; finally hot foods; served as a buffet meal viand a choice or delicious dish convenience food any packaged dish or food that can be prepared quickly and easily as by thawing or heating ready-mix a commercial preparation containing most of the ingredients for a dish brownie mix a commercial mix for making brownies cake mix a commercial mix for making a cake lemonade mix a commercial mix for making lemonade self-rising flour a commercially prepared mixture of flour and salt and a leavening agent choice morsel a small tasty bit of food savory an aromatic or spicy dish served at the end of dinner or as an hors d'oeuvre either of two aromatic herbs of the mint family dwarf aromatic shrub of Mediterranean regions any of several aromatic herbs or subshrubs of the genus Satureja having spikes of flowers attractive to bees morally wholesome or acceptable; "a past that was scarcely savory" calf's-foot jelly a savory jelly made with gelatin obtained by boiling calves' feet caramel burnt sugar; used to color and flavor food firm chewy candy made from caramelized sugar and butter and milk having the color of caramel; of a moderate yellow-brown lump sugar refined sugar molded into rectangular shapes convenient as single servings sugarloaf a large conical loaf of concentrated refined sugar cane sugar sugar from sugarcane used as sweetening agent sucrose obtained from sugar cane castor sugar very finely granulated sugar that was formerly sprinkled from a castor powdered sugar sugar granulated into a fine powder granulated sugar sugar in the form of small grains icing sugar finely powdered sugar used to make icing beet sugar sugar from sugar beets used as sweetening agent sugar made from sugar beets corn sugar dextrose used as sweetening agent dextrose made by hydrolysis of cornstarch brown sugar unrefined or only partly refined sugar demerara light brown cane sugar; originally from Guyana dark rum from Guyana a light brown raw cane sugar from Guyana confiture preserved or candied fruit sweetmeat a sweetened delicacy (as a preserve or pastry) candy a rich sweet made of flavored sugar and often combined with fruit or nuts candy bar a candy shaped as a bar carob powder from the ground seeds and pods of the carob tree; used as a chocolate substitute evergreen Mediterranean tree with edible pods; the biblical carob long pod containing small beans and sweetish edible pulp; used as animal feed and source of a chocolate substitute carob bar a bar of candy made with carob powder hardbake a British sweet made with molasses and butter and almonds hard candy candy that is brittle; "you can break a tooth on that hard candy" barley-sugar a brittle transparent candy made by melting and cooling cane sugar brandyball a British candy flavored with brandy lemon drop a hard candy with lemon flavor and a yellow color and (usually) the shape of a lemon sourball round piece of tart hard candy patty round flat candy small pie or pasty small flat mass of chopped food peppermint patty a patty flavored with peppermint bonbon a candy that usually has a center of fondant or fruit or nuts coated in chocolate brittle caramelized sugar cooled in thin sheets having little elasticity; hence easily cracked or fractured or snapped; "brittle bones"; "glass is brittle"; "`brickle' and `brickly' are dialectal" (of metal or glass) not annealed and consequently easily cracked or fractured lacking warmth and generosity of spirit; "a brittle and calculating woman" peanut brittle brittle containing peanuts chewing gum a preparation (usually made of sweetened chicle) for chewing gum ball a ball of chewing gum with a coating of colored sugar bubble gum a kind of chewing gum that can be blown into bubbles butterscotch a hard brittle candy made with butter and brown sugar candied fruit fruit cooked in sugar syrup and encrusted with a sugar crystals candied apple an apple that is covered with a candy-like substance (usually caramelized sugar) crystallized ginger strips of gingerroot cooked in sugar syrup and coated with sugar grapefruit peel strips of grapefruit peel cooked in sugar syrup and coated with sugar lemon peel strips of lemon peel cooked in sugar and coated with sugar the rind of a lemon orange peel strips of orange peel cooked in sugar and coated with sugar the rind of an orange candied citrus peel strips of citrus peel cooked in a sugar syrup candy cane a hard candy in the shape of a rod (usually with stripes) candy corn a small yellow and white candy shaped to resemble a kernel of corn bitter chocolate pure unsweetened chocolate used in baking and icings and sauces and candy chocolate candy candy made with chocolate chocolate liquor the liquid or paste that is produced when cocoa beans are roasted and ground; the basis of all chocolate cocoa butter the vegetable fat from the cacao that is extracted from chocolate liquor; the basis for white chocolate a yellow-white fat from cocoa beans cocoa powder the powdery remains of chocolate liquor after cocoa butter is removed; used in baking and in low fat and low calorie recipes and as a flavoring for ice cream choc colloquial British abbreviation; "a box of chocs" chocolate bar a bar of chocolate candy Hershey bar a bar of milk chocolate made by the Hershey company bittersweet chocolate chocolate liquor with cocoa butter and small amounts of sugar and vanilla; lecithin is usually added couverture chocolate that contains at least 32 percent cocoa butter Dutch-processed cocoa cocoa powder treated with a mild alkalizing agent (such as baking soda) jimmies bits of sweet chocolate used as a topping on e.g. ice cream milk chocolate chocolate made from chocolate liquor with sugar and cocoa butter and powdered milk solids and vanilla and (usually) lecithin; the most common form of chocolate for eating; used in chocolate candy and baking and coatings white chocolate a blend of cocoa butter and milk solids and sugar and vanilla; used in candy bars and baking and coatings; not technically chocolate because it contains no chocolate liquor nonpareil a flat disk of chocolate covered with beads of colored sugar colored beads of sugar used as a topping on e.g. candies and cookies comfit candy containing a fruit or nut cotton candy a candy made by spinning sugar that has been boiled to a high temperature fondant candy made of a thick creamy sugar paste fudge soft creamy candy tamper, with the purpose of deception; "Fudge the figures"; "cook the books"; "falsify the data" chocolate fudge fudge made with chocolate or cocoa penuche fudge made with brown sugar and butter and milk and nuts gumdrop a jellied candy coated with sugar crystals jujube chewy fruit-flavored jellied candy (sometimes medicated to soothe a sore throat) dark red plumlike fruit of Old World buckthorn trees spiny tree having dark red edible fruits honey crisp a crisp candy made with honey horehound a candy that is flavored with an extract of the horehound plant any of various aromatic herbs of the genus Marrubium peppermint a candy flavored with peppermint oil herb with downy leaves and small purple or white flowers that yields a pungent oil used as a flavoring jelly bean sugar-glazed jellied candy molasses kiss a candy kiss that resembles toffee meringue kiss a kiss made of sugar and egg white and baked slowly chocolate kiss a kiss that consists of a conical bite-sized piece of chocolate Scotch kiss butterscotch candy kiss licorice a black candy flavored with the dried root of the licorice plant deep-rooted coarse-textured plant native to the Mediterranean region having blue flowers and pinnately compound leaves; widely cultivated in Europe for its long thick sweet roots Life Saver a candy shaped like a small lifesaver lollipop hard candy on a stick lozenge a small aromatic or medicated candy cachou a scented lozenge used to sweeten the breath (e.g. to conceal the odor of tobacco) cough drop a medicated lozenge used to soothe the throat marshmallow spongy confection made of gelatin and sugar and corn syrup and dusted with powdered sugar marzipan almond paste and egg whites nougat nuts or fruit pieces in a sugar paste nougat bar a bar of nougat candy often dipped in chocolate nut bar paste of nuts and sugar on a pastry base cut into bars peanut bar bar of peanuts in taffy popcorn ball popcorn combined with a thick sugar or molasses or caramel syrup and formed into balls praline cookie-sized candy made of brown sugar and butter and pecans rock candy sugar in large hard clear crystals on a string hard bright-colored stick candy (typically flavored with peppermint) sugar candy made by boiling pure sugar until it hardens sugarplum any of various small sugary candies taffy chewy candy of sugar or syrup boiled until thick and pulled until glossy molasses taffy taffy made of molasses truffle creamy chocolate candy edible subterranean fungus of the genus Tuber any of various highly prized edible subterranean fungi of the genus Tuber; grow naturally in southwestern Europe Turkish Delight a jellied candy typically flavored with rose water dessert a dish served as the last course of a meal ambrosia (classical mythology) the food and drink of the gods; mortals who ate it became immortal fruit dessert made of oranges and bananas with shredded coconut baked Alaska cake covered with ice cream and meringue browned quickly in an oven blancmange sweet almond-flavored milk pudding thickened with gelatin or cornstarch; usually molded charlotte a mold lined with cake or crumbs and filled with fruit or whipped cream or custard compote dessert of stewed or baked fruit dumpling dessert made by baking fruit wrapped in pastry small balls or strips of boiled or steamed dough flan open pastry filled with fruit or custard frozen dessert any of various desserts prepared by freezing pavlova a dessert consisting of a meringue base or cup filled with fruit and whipped cream peach melba ice cream and peaches with a liqueur prune whip dessert made of prune puree and whipped cream pudding any of various soft sweet desserts thickened usually with flour and baked or boiled or steamed (British) the dessert course of a meal (`pud' is used informally) any of various soft thick unsweetened baked dishes; "corn pudding" syllabub sweetened cream beaten with wine or liquor spiced hot milk with rum or wine tiramisu an Italian dessert consisting of layers of sponge cake soaked with coffee and brandy or liqueur layered with mascarpone cheese and topped with grated chocolate tipsy cake a trifle soaked in wine and decorated with almonds and candied fruit jello fruit-flavored dessert (trade mark Jell-O) made from a commercially prepared gelatin powder charlotte russe lady fingers enclosing Bavarian cream apple dumpling apples wrapped in pastry and baked ice a frozen dessert with fruit flavoring (especially one containing no milk) the frozen part of a body of water diamonds; "look at the ice on that dame!" water frozen in the solid state; "Americans like ice in their drinks" put ice on or put on ice; "Ice your sprained limbs" cause to become ice or icy; "an iced summer drink" water ice an ice containing no milk but having a mushy consistency; usually made from fruit juice ice cream frozen dessert containing cream and sugar and flavoring ice-cream cone ice cream in a crisp conical wafer chocolate ice cream ice cream flavored with chocolate choc-ice colloquial British abbreviation for chocolate ice cream Neapolitan ice cream a block of ice cream with 3 or 4 layers of different colors and flavors peach ice cream ice cream flavored with fresh peaches sherbert a frozen dessert made primarily of fruit juice and sugar, but also containing milk or egg-white or gelatin strawberry ice cream ice cream flavored with fresh strawberries tutti-frutti ice cream containing chopped candied fruits vanilla ice cream ice cream flavored with vanilla extract ice lolly ice cream or water ice on a small wooden stick; "in England a popsicle is called an ice lolly" ice milk similar to ice cream but made of milk frozen yogurt a soft frozen dessert of sweetened flavored yogurt parfait layers of ice cream and syrup and whipped cream ice-cream sundae ice cream served with a topping banana split a banana split lengthwise and topped with scoops of ice cream and sauces and nuts and whipped cream frozen pudding a chilled dessert consisting of a mixture of custard and nuts and (sometimes) liquor frozen custard dessert resembling ice cream but with a boiled custard base flummery a bland custard or pudding especially of oatmeal fish mousse mousse made with fish chicken mousse mousse made with chicken chocolate mousse dessert mousse made with chocolate plum pudding a rich steamed or boiled pudding that resembles cake carrot pudding pudding made with grated carrots corn pudding pudding made of corn and cream and egg steamed pudding a pudding cooked by steaming duff a stiff flour pudding steamed or boiled usually and containing e.g. currants and raisins and citron vanilla pudding sweet vanilla flavored custard-like pudding usually thickened with flour rather than eggs chocolate pudding sweet chocolate flavored custard-like pudding usually thickened with flour rather than eggs brown Betty baked pudding of apples and breadcrumbs Nesselrode a rich frozen pudding made of chopped chestnuts and maraschino cherries and candied fruits and liqueur or rum pease pudding a pudding made with strained split peas mixed with egg custard sweetened mixture of milk and eggs baked or boiled or frozen creme caramel baked custard topped with caramel creme anglais custard sauce flavored with vanilla or a liqueur creme brulee custard sprinkled with sugar and broiled fruit custard a custard containing fruit quiche a tart filled with rich unsweetened custard; often contains other ingredients (as cheese or ham or seafood or vegetables) quiche Lorraine quiche made with cheese and bacon tapioca granular preparation of cassava starch used to thicken especially puddings tapioca pudding sweet pudding thickened with tapioca roly-poly pudding made of suet pastry spread with jam or fruit and rolled up and baked or steamed suet pudding a sweet or savory pudding made with suet and steamed or boiled spotted dick a suet pudding containing currants Bavarian cream a rich custard set with gelatin maraschino cherry preserved in true or imitation maraschino liqueur distilled from fermented juice of bitter wild marasca cherries frosting a flavored sugar topping used to coat and decorate cakes meringue sweet topping especially for pies made of beaten egg whites and sugar whipped cream cream that has been beaten until light and fluffy zabaglione light foamy custard-like dessert served hot or chilled topping a flavorful addition on top of a dish streusel a crumbly topping for a pastry pastry with a topping of streusel baked goods foods (like breads and cakes and pastries) that are cooked in an oven crumb small piece of e.g. bread or cake a very small quantity of something; "he gave only a crumb of information about his plans"; "there were few crumbs of comfort in the report" remove crumbs from; "crumb the table" break into crumbs coat with bread crumbs; "crumb a cutlet" breadcrumb crumb of bread; used especially for coating or thickening cracker crumbs crumbs of crackers used especially for coating or thickening pastry any of various baked foods made of dough or batter a dough of flour and water and shortening pie crust pastry used to hold pie fillings dowdy deep-dish apple dessert covered with a rich crust primly out of date; "nothing so frumpish as last year's gambling game" lacking in smartness or taste; "a dowdy grey outfit"; "a clean and sunny but completely dowdy room" frangipane pastry with a creamy almond-flavored filling tart a pastry cup with a filling of fruit or custard and no top crust a small open pie with a fruit filling apple tart a tart filled with sliced apples and sugar a small open pie filled with sliced apples and sugar lobster tart a pastry shell filled with cooked lobster tartlet a small tart usually used as a canape turnover a dish made by folding a piece of pastry over a filling apple turnover turnover with an apple filling knish (Yiddish) a baked or fried turnover filled with potato or meat or cheese; often eaten as a snack pirogi small fruit or meat turnover baked or fried samosa small turnover of Indian origin filled with vegetables or meat and fried and served hot timbale small pastry shell for creamy mixtures of minced foods individual serving of minced e.g. meat or fish in a rich creamy sauce baked in a small pastry mold or timbale shell pie dish baked in pastry-lined pan often with a pastry top deep-dish pie a pie made of fruit with rich biscuit dough usually only on top of the fruit shoofly pie open pie filled with a mixture of sweet crumbs and molasses mince pie pie containing mincemeat apple pie pie (with a top crust) containing sliced apples and sugar lemon meringue pie pie containing lemon custard and topped with meringue blueberry pie pie containing blueberries and sugar rhubarb pie pie containing diced rhubarb and much sugar pecan pie pie made of pecans and sugar and corn syrup and butter and eggs pumpkin pie pie made of mashed pumpkin and milk and eggs and sugar squash pie similar to pumpkin pie but made with winter squash instead of pumpkin French pastry sweet filled pastry made of especially puff paste napoleon a rectangular piece of pastry with thin flaky layers and filled with custard cream patty shell shell of puff paste sausage roll sausage meat rolled and baked in pastry toad-in-the-hole sausage baked in batter vol-au-vent puff paste shell filled with a savory meat mixture usually with a sauce strudel thin sheet of filled dough rolled and baked baklava rich Middle Eastern cake made of thin layers of flaky pastry filled with nuts and honey puff paste dough used for very light flaky rich pastries phyllo tissue thin sheets of pastry used especially in Greek dishes puff batter batter for making light hollow cases to hold various fillings profiterole a small hollow pastry that is typically filled with cream and covered with chocolate cream puff puff filled with cream or custard eclair oblong cream puff chocolate eclair eclair topped with chocolate applesauce cake moist spicy cake containing applesauce baba a small cake leavened with yeast baba au rhum a baba soaked in rum birthday cake decorated cake served at a birthday party chiffon cake very light cake chocolate cake cake containing chocolate coconut cake cake containing shredded coconut in batter and frosting coffeecake a cake or sweet bread usually served with coffee babka a coffee cake flavored with orange rind and raisins and almonds crumb cake cake or coffeecake topped with a mixture of sugar and butter and flour crumpet a thick soft cake with a porous texture; cooked on a griddle cupcake small cake baked in a muffin tin devil's food very dark chocolate cake Eccles cake a flat round cake of sweetened pastry filled with dried fruit fruitcake a rich cake containing dried fruit and nuts and citrus peel and so on Christmas cake a rich fruitcake (usually covered with icing and marzipan) and eaten at Christmas simnel a fruitcake (sometimes covered with almond paste) eaten at mid-Lent or Easter or Christmas a crisp bread of fine white flour gateau any of various rich and elaborate cakes ice-cream cake ice cream molded to look like a cake sponge cake a light porous cake made with eggs and flour and sugar without shortening angel cake a light sponge cake made without egg yolks jellyroll thin sheet of sponge cake spread with jelly and then rolled up to make a cylindrical cake Madeira cake a rich sponge cake with close texture; intended to be eaten with a glass of Madeira wine Twinkie a small sponge cake with a synthetic cream filling wedding cake a rich cake with two or more tiers and covered with frosting and decorations; served at a wedding reception white cake cake made without egg yolks spice cake cake flavored with spices gingerbread cake flavored with ginger pound cake rich loaf cake made of a pound each of butter and sugar and flour layer cake cake having layers held together by a sweet filling and usually covered with frosting torte rich cake usually covered with cream and fruit or nuts; originated in Austria petit four small (individual) frosted and ornamented cake prune cake moist cake containing prunes that have been made into a puree jumble small flat ring-shaped cake or cookie assemble without order or sense; "She jumbles the words when she is supposed to write a sentence" be all mixed up or jumbled together; "His words jumbled" savarin a sponge cake baked in a ring mold Boston cream pie layer cake filled with custard upside-down cake batter baked atop a layer of sweetened fruit then turned upside down so fruit is on top honey cake a spicy cake partially sweetened with honey marble cake made of light and dark batter very lightly blended genoise rich and delicate Italian sponge cake seedcake a sweet cake flavored with sesame or caraway seeds and lemon teacake any of various small cakes or cookies often served with tea flat semisweet cookie or biscuit usually served with tea Sally Lunn a flat round slightly sweet teacake usually served hot dog biscuit a hard biscuit for dogs butter cookie cookie containing much butter spice cookie cookie flavored with spices shortbread very rich thick butter cookie almond cookie very rich cookie containing ground almonds; usually crescent-shaped brownie square or bar of very rich chocolate cake usually with nuts gingersnap a crisp round cookie flavored with ginger macaroon chewy cookie usually containing almond paste ratafia macaroon flavored with ratafia liqueur sweet liqueur made from wine and brandy flavored with plum or peach or apricot kernels and bitter almonds coconut macaroon macaroon containing coconut ladyfinger small finger-shaped sponge cake anise cookie cookie made without butter and flavored with anise seed molasses cookie very spicy cookies sweetened partially with molasses oreo chocolate cookie with white cream filling raisin-nut cookie cookie filled with a paste of raisins and nuts refrigerator cookie dough formed into a roll and chilled in the refrigerator then sliced and baked raisin cookie cookie containing raisins fruit bar cookies containing chopped fruits either mixed in the dough or spread between layers of dough then baked and cut in bars apricot bar fruit bar containing apricot jam date bar fruit bar containing chopped dates sugar cookie cookies sprinkled with granulated sugar oatmeal cookie cookies containing rolled oats chocolate chip cookie cookies containing chocolate chips fortune cookie thin folded wafer containing a maxim on a slip of paper gingerbread man gingerbread cut in the shape of a person friedcake small cake in the form of a ring or twist or ball or strip fried in deep fat doughboy a rounded lump of dough that is deep-fried and served as hot bread; "the doughboy was a predecessor of the doughnut" an American infantryman in World War I doughnut a small ring-shaped friedcake raised doughnut a doughnut made light with yeast rather than baking powder Berlin doughnut a raised doughnut filled with jelly or jam fastnacht doughnut traditionally eaten on Shrove Tuesday cruller small friedcake formed into twisted strips and fried; richer than doughnuts French fritter a deep-fried, yeast-raised doughnut dusted with confectioners' sugar fritter small quantity of fried batter containing fruit or meat or vegetables spend frivolously and unwisely; "Fritter away one's inheritance" apple fritter fritter containing sliced apple corn fritter fritter containing corn or corn kernels pancake a flat cake of thin batter fried on both sides on a griddle yeast cake small cake of compressed moist yeast buckwheat cake a pancake made with buckwheat flour buttermilk pancake a pancake made with buttermilk blini Russian pancake of buckwheat flour and yeast; usually served with caviar and sour cream blintz (Judaism) thin pancake folded around a filling and fried or baked crape small very thin pancake cover or drape with crape; "crape the mirror" crepe Suzette crepes flamed in a sweet orange-and-lemon flavored liqueur sauce pfannkuchen puffy mildly sweet lemon-flavored egg mixture sprinkled with confectioners' sugar and served with jam or a wine or fruit sauce potato pancake made of grated potato and egg with a little flour waffle pancake batter baked in a waffle iron Belgian waffle thick sweet waffle often eaten with ice cream or fruit sauce fish cake a fried ball or patty of flaked fish and mashed potatoes rock cake a small cake with a hard surface said to resemble a rock Victoria sandwich a cake consisting of two layers of sponge cake with a jelly filling in between fish stick a long fillet of fish breaded and fried conserve fruit preserved by cooking with sugar preserve with sugar; "Mom always conserved the strawberries we grew in the backyard" use cautiously and frugally; "I try to economize my spare time"; "conserve your energy for the ascent to the summit" keep in safety and protect from harm, decay, loss, or destruction; "We preserve these archeological findings"; "The old lady could not keep up the building"; "children must be taught to conserve our national heritage"; "The museum curator conserved the ancient manuscripts" keep constant through physical or chemical reactions or evolutionary change; "Energy is conserved in this process" apple butter thick dark spicy puree of apples chowchow a Chinese preserve of mixed fruits and ginger chopped pickles in mustard sauce jam preserve of crushed fruit interfere with or prevent the reception of signals; "Jam the Voice of America"; "block the signals emitted by this station" crush or bruise; "jam a toe" crowd or pack to capacity; "the theater was jampacked" get stuck and immobilized; "the mechanism jammed" push down forcibly; "The driver jammed the brake pedal to the floor" lemon curd a conserve with a thick consistency; made with lemons and butter and eggs and sugar strawberry jam made with strawberries jelly a preserve made of the jelled juice of fruit any substance having the consistency of jelly or gelatin apple jelly jelly made from apple juice crabapple jelly a tart apple jelly made from crab apples grape jelly jelly made from grape juice marmalade a preserve made of the pulp and rind of citrus fruits orange marmalade marmalade made from oranges gelatin dessert jellied dessert made with gelatin and fruit juice or water poultry flesh of chickens or turkeys or ducks or geese raised for food fryer flesh of a medium-sized young chicken suitable for frying Oven Stuffer a brand name for a roasting chicken spatchcock flesh of a chicken (or game bird) split down the back and grilled (usually immediately after being killed) interpolate or insert (words) into a sentence or story prepare for eating if or as if a spatchcock; "spatchcock a guinea hen" Rock Cornish hen flesh of a small fowl bred for roasting wildfowl flesh of any of a number of wild game birds suitable for food turkey leg the lower joint of the leg of a turkey chicken leg the lower joint of the leg of a chicken second joint the upper joint of the leg of a fowl turkey wing the wing of a turkey chicken wing the wing of a chicken buffalo wing crisp spicy chicken wings barbecued wing chicken wings cooked in barbecue sauce giblet edible viscera of a fowl parson's nose the tail of a dressed fowl loaf a quantity of food (other than bread) formed in a particular shape; "meat loaf"; "sugar loaf"; "a loaf of cheese" meat the flesh of animals (including fishes and birds and snails) used as food dark meat the flesh of the legs of fowl used as food mince food chopped into small bits; "a mince of mushrooms" make less severe or harsh; "He moderated his tone when the students burst out in tears" cut into small pieces; "mince the garlic" walk daintily; "She minced down the street" puree food prepared by cooking and straining or processed in a blender rub through a strainer or process in an electric blender; "puree the vegetables for the baby" raw meat uncooked meat gobbet a lump or chunk of raw meat red meat meat that is dark in color before cooking (as beef, venison, lamb, mutton) variety meat edible viscera of a butchered animal offal viscera and trimmings of a butchered animal often considered inedible by humans calves' liver liver of a calf used as meat chicken liver liver of a chicken used as meat goose liver liver of a goose used as meat sweetbread edible glands of an animal calf's brain the brain of a calf eaten as meat stomach sweetbread edible pancreas of an animal neck sweetbread edible thymus gland of an animal beef tongue the tongue of a cow eaten as meat calf's tongue the tongue of a calf eaten as meat venison meat from a deer used as food biryani an Indian dish made with highly seasoned rice and meat or fish or vegetables cold cuts sliced assorted cold meats cutlet thin slice of meat (especially veal) usually fried or broiled escalope de veau Orloff lightly sauteed veal cutlets spread with a Soubise sauce and liver paste then sprinkled with grated Parmesan and baked briefly saute a dish of sauteed food fry briefly over high heat; "saute the onions" fried quickly in a little fat side of beef dressed half of a beef carcass forequarter the front half of a side of meat hindquarter the back half of a side of meat cut of beef cut of meat from beef cattle chuck short ribs between the chuck and the brisket entrecote cut of meat taken from between the ribs sparerib a cut of pork ribs with much of the meat trimmed off foreshank a cut of meat from the upper part of a front leg hindshank a cut of meat from the upper part of a rear leg brisket a cut of meat from the breast or lower chest especially of beef steak a slice of meat cut from the fleshy part of an animal or large fish fish steak cross-section slice of a large fish beefsteak a beef steak usually cooked by broiling flank steak a cut of beef from the flank of the animal minute steak a thin steak that can be cooked quickly short loin the portion of the loin from which porterhouse steaks are cut beef loin cut of meat from a loin of beef sirloin the portion of the loin (especially of beef) just in front of the rump wedge bone part of the sirloin nearest the rump flat bone part of the sirloin next to the wedge bone pin bone part of the sirloin between the flat bone and the porterhouse sirloin tip a cut of beef from the upper end of the sirloin sirloin steak a cut of beef from the sirloin tenderloin the tender meat of the loin muscle on each side of the vertebral column beef tenderloin beef loin muscle pork tenderloin pork loin muscle Chateaubriand a very thick center cut of beef tenderloin French statesman and writer; considered a precursor of the romantic movement in France (1768-1848) Delmonico steak small steak from the front of the short loin of beef tournedos thick steak cut from the beef tenderloin filet mignon small steak cut from the thick end of a beef tenderloin porterhouse large steak from the thick end of the short loin containing a T-shaped bone and large piece of tenderloin T-bone steak small steak from the thin end of the short loin containing a T-shaped bone and small piece of tenderloin blade roast a roast cut from the blade beef neck a cut of beef from the neck of the animal pot roast cut of beef suitable for simmering in liquid in a closed pot short ribs cut of beef containing rib ends near the sternum rib roast a cut of meat (beef or venison) including more than one rib and the meat located along the outside of the ribs round steak a lean cut of beef from between the rump and the shank top round roast cut from the round; usually suitable for roasting bottom round cut from the round; suitable for pot roast rump steak a steak cut from the rump strip steak steak from upper part of the short loin rump fleshy hindquarters; behind the loin and above the round rump roast a cut of beef or veal from the fleshy hindquarters of the animal aitchbone a cut of beef including the H-shaped rump bone tripe lining of the stomach of a ruminant (especially a bovine) used as food honeycomb tripe lining of the reticulum (or second stomach) of a ruminant used as food buffalo meat from an American bison intimidate or overawe beef roast cut of beef suitable for roasting ground beef beef that has been ground chopped steak a patty of ground cooked beef bully beef beef cured or pickled in brine pastrami highly seasoned cut of smoked beef carbonado a piece of meat (or fish) that has been scored and broiled an inferior dark diamond used in industry for drilling and polishing halal (Islam) meat from animals that have been slaughtered in the prescribed way according to the shariah conforming to dietary laws; "halal meat"; "a halal kitchen" proper or legitimate; "the fund earns halal profits in full compliance with the Shari'a" jerky meat (especially beef) cut in strips and dried in the sun beef jerky strips of dried beef biltong meat that is salted and cut into strips and dried in the sun pemmican lean dried meat pounded fine and mixed with melted fat; used especially by North American Indians veal meat from a calf veal parmesan sauteed veal cutlet in a breadcrumb-and-cheese coating served with tomato sauce cut of veal cut of meat from a calf scrag the lean end of a neck of veal lean end of the neck veal roast cut of veal suitable for roasting breast of veal usually stuffed and roasted fricandeau larded veal braised and glazed in its own juices veal cordon bleu thin slices of veal stuffed with cheese and ham and then sauteed calves' feet feet of calves used as food; usually jellied horsemeat the flesh of horses as food mouton meat from a mature domestic sheep mutton chop chop cut from a mature sheep cut of mutton cut of meat from a mature sheep cut of lamb cut of meat from a lamb breast of lamb a cut of lamb including the breastbone and attached muscles dressed as meat saddle of lamb backbone and both loins of a lamb loin of lamb meat from a loin of lamb lamb chop chop cut from a lamb lamb roast a cut of lamb suitable for roasting rack of lamb a roast of the rib section of lamb ham hock a small cut of meat from the leg just above the foot leg of lamb lamb leg suitable for roasting pork meat from a domestic hog or pig cut of pork cut of meat from a hog or pig cochon de lait whole young pig suitable for roasting flitch salted and cured abdominal wall of a side of pork fish steak usually cut from a halibut gammon hind portion of a side of bacon pork loin meat from a loin of pork side of pork dressed half of a hog carcass pork belly side of fresh pork pork roast cut of pork suitable for roasting ham meat cut from the thigh of a hog (usually smoked) an unskilled actor who overacts a licensed amateur radio operator Virginia ham a lean hickory-smoked ham; has dark red meat picnic ham shoulder of a hog usually smoked porkchop chop cut from a hog prosciutto Italian salt-cured ham usually sliced paper thin bacon back and sides of a hog salted and dried or smoked; usually sliced thin and fried bacon strip a slice of bacon rind the natural outer covering of food (usually removed before eating) bacon rind the rind of bacon Canadian bacon from a boned strip of cured loin salt pork fat from the back and sides and belly of a hog carcass cured with salt fatback salt pork from the back of a hog carcass sowbelly salt pork from the belly of a hog carcass spareribs cut of pork from the rib section with most of the meat trimmed off pigs' feet feet or knuckles of hogs used as food; pickled or stewed or jellied chitterlings small intestines of hogs prepared as food cracklings the crisp residue left after lard has been rendered haslet heart and liver and other edible viscera especially of hogs; usually chopped and formed into a loaf and braised edible fat oily or greasy matter making up the bulk of fatty tissue in animals and in seeds and other plant tissue lard soft white semisolid fat obtained by rendering the fatty tissue of the hog prepare or cook with lard; "lard meat" marbling the intermixture of fat and lean in a cut of meat suet hard fat around the kidneys and loins in beef and sheep margarine a spread made chiefly from vegetable oils and used as a substitute for butter cooking oil any of numerous vegetable oils used in cooking drippings fat that exudes from meat and drips off while it is being roasted or fried vegetable oil any of a group of liquid edible fats that are obtained from plants sweet oil mild vegetable oil when used as food; especially olive or edible rape oil canola oil vegetable oil made from rapeseed; it is high in monounsaturated fatty acids coconut oil oil from coconuts corn oil oil from the germs of corn grains cottonseed oil edible oil pressed from cottonseeds olive oil oil from olives palm oil oil from nuts of oil palms especially the African oil palm peanut oil an oil from peanuts; used in cooking and making soap salad oil any of several edible vegetable oils that can be used in salad dressings safflower oil oil from seeds of the safflower plant oil from safflower seeds used as food as well as in medicines and paints sesame oil oil obtained from sesame seeds soybean oil oil from soya beans sunflower oil oil from sunflower seeds walnut oil oil from walnuts sausage highly seasoned minced meat stuffed in casings sausage meat any meat that is minced and spiced and cooked as patties or used to fill sausages blood sausage a black sausage containing pig's blood and other ingredients bologna large smooth-textured smoked sausage of beef and veal and pork chipolata a small thin sausage chorizo a spicy Spanish pork sausage frank a smooth-textured sausage of minced beef or pork usually smoked; often served on a bread roll exempt by means of an official pass or letter, as from customs or other checks clearly manifest; evident; "frank enjoyment" Vienna sausage short slender frankfurter usually with ends cut off polony another name for Bologna sausage headcheese sausage or jellied loaf made of chopped parts of the head meat and sometimes feet and tongue of a calf or pig knackwurst short thick highly seasoned sausage liver pudding sausage containing ground liver pepperoni a pork and beef sausage (or a thin slice of this sausage) pork sausage sausage containing pork salami highly seasoned fatty sausage of pork and beef usually dried banger (British informal) pork sausage bratwurst a small pork sausage linguica a highly seasoned Portuguese pork sausage flavored with garlic and onions saveloy a ready-cooked and highly seasoned pork sausage souse pork trimmings chopped and pickled and jelled cook in a marinade; "souse herring" become drunk or drink excessively lunch meat any of various sausages or molded loaf meats sliced and served cold mincemeat spiced mixture of chopped raisins and apples and other ingredients with or without meat turkey stuffing stuffing for turkey oyster stuffing stuffing made with oysters forcemeat mixture of ground raw chicken and mushrooms with pistachios and truffles and onions and parsley and lots of butter and bound with eggs bread food made from dough of flour or meal and usually raised with yeast or baking powder and then baked cover with bread crumbs; "bread the pork chops before frying them" anadama bread a yeast-raised bread made of white flour and cornmeal and molasses bap a small loaf or roll of soft bread barmbrack a rich currant cake or bun breadstick a crisp stick-shaped roll; often served with soup grissino a long slender crusty breadstick brown bread dark steamed bread made of cornmeal wheat and flour with molasses and soda and milk or water bun small rounded bread either plain or sweet tea bread sweetened buns to be eaten with tea caraway seed bread bread containing caraway seeds challah (Judaism) a loaf of white bread containing eggs and leavened with yeast; often formed into braided loaves and glazed with eggs before baking cinnamon bread bread flavored with cinnamon often containing raisins cracked-wheat bread bread made with cracked wheat that has been ground fine crouton a small piece of toasted or fried bread; served in soup or salads dark bread bread made with whole wheat flour English muffin round, raised muffin cooked on a griddle; usually split and toasted before being eaten flatbread any of various breads made from usually unleavened dough garlic bread French or Italian bread sliced and spread with garlic butter then crisped in the oven gluten bread bread made with gluten flour graham bread bread made of graham (whole wheat) flour Host a technical name for the bread used in the service of Mass or Holy Communion flatbrod the thin wafer-like bread of Scandinavia bannock a flat bread made of oat or barley flour; common in New England and Scotland chapatti flat pancake-like bread cooked on a griddle pita usually small round bread that can open into a pocket for filling loaf of bread a shaped mass of baked bread that is usually sliced before eating French loaf a loaf of French bread matzo brittle flat bread eaten at Passover nan leavened bread baked in a clay oven in India; usually shaped like a teardrop your grandmother onion bread bread containing finely minced onions raisin bread bread containing raisins quick bread breads made with a leavening agent that permits immediate baking banana bread moist bread containing banana pulp date bread bread containing chopped dates date-nut bread bread containing chopped dates and nuts nut bread bread containing chopped nuts oatcake thin flat unleavened cake of baked oatmeal Irish soda bread round loaf made with soda and buttermilk; often containing caraway seeds and raisins skillet bread usually cooked in a skillet over an open fire: especially cornbread with ham bits and sometimes Irish soda bread rye bread any of various breads made entirely or partly with rye flour black bread bread made of coarse rye flour Jewish rye bread (Judaism) bread made with rye flour; usually contains caraway seeds limpa a rye bread made with molasses or brown sugar Swedish rye bread a moist aromatic yeast-raised bread made with rye flour and molasses and orange rind salt-rising bread white wheat bread raised by a salt-tolerant bacterium in a mixture of salt and either cornmeal or potato pulp sour bread made with a starter of a small amount of dough in which fermentation is active toast slices of bread that have been toasted a celebrity who receives much acclaim and attention; "he was the toast of the town" propose a toast to; "Let us toast the birthday girl!"; "Let's drink to the New Year" wafer thin disk of unleavened bread used in a religious service (especially in the celebration of the Eucharist) a small thin crisp cake or cookie a small adhesive disk of paste; used to seal letters white bread bread made with finely ground and usually bleached wheat flour baguet narrow French stick loaf French bread a crusty sourdough bread often baked in long slender tapered loaves or baguettes Italian bread unsweetened yeast-raised bread made without shortening and baked in long thick loaves with tapered ends cornbread bread made primarily of cornmeal corn cake baked in a pan or on a griddle (southern and midland) skillet corn bread cornbread usually containing ham or bacon bits and cooked in a skillet ashcake corn bread wrapped in cabbage leaves and baked in hot ashes (southern) hoecake thin usually unleavened johnnycake made of cornmeal; originally baked on the blade of a hoe over an open fire (southern) cornpone cornbread often made without milk or eggs and baked or fried (southern) corn dab small oval cake of corn bread baked or fried (chiefly southern) hush puppy deep-fried cornbread ball (southern) johnnycake cornbread usually cooked pancake-style on a griddle (chiefly New England) Shawnee cake form of johnnycake spoon bread soft bread made of cornmeal and sometimes rice or hominy; must be served with a spoon (chiefly southern) cinnamon toast buttered toast with sugar and cinnamon (and nutmeg and grated lemon peel) orange toast buttered toast with sugar and grated orange rind and a little orange juice Melba toast very thin crisp brown toast zwieback slice of sweet raised bread baked again until it is brown and hard and crisp frankfurter bun a long bun shaped to hold a frankfurter hamburger bun a round bun shaped to hold a hamburger patty muffin a sweet quick bread baked in a cup-shaped pan bran muffin muffin containing bran corn muffin cornbread muffin Yorkshire pudding light puffy bread made of a puff batter and traditionally baked in the pan with roast beef popover light hollow muffin made of a puff batter (individual Yorkshire pudding) baked in a deep muffin cup scone small biscuit (rich with cream and eggs) cut into diamonds or sticks and baked in an oven or (especially originally) on a griddle drop scone a scone made by dropping a spoonful of batter on a griddle cross bun moderately sweet raised roll containing spices and raisins and citron and decorated with a cross-shaped sugar glaze coffee ring ring-shaped coffeecake with fruits or nuts and often iced brioche a light roll rich with eggs and butter and somewhat sweet crescent roll very rich flaky crescent-shaped roll hard roll yeast-raised roll with a hard crust soft roll yeast-raised roll with a soft crust kaiser roll rounded raised poppy-seed roll made of a square piece of dough by folding the corners in to the center Parker House roll yeast-raised dinner roll made by folding a disk of dough before baking clover-leaf roll yeast-raised dinner roll made by baking three small balls of dough in each cup of a muffin pan onion roll yeast-raised roll flavored with onion bialy flat crusty-bottomed onion roll sweet roll any of numerous yeast-raised sweet rolls with our without raisins or nuts or spices or a glaze cinnamon roll rolled dough spread with cinnamon and sugar (and raisins) then sliced before baking honey bun rolled dough spread with sugar and nuts then sliced and baked in muffin tins with honey or sugar and butter in the bottom pinwheel roll pinwheel-shaped rolls spread with cinnamon and sugar and filled with e.g. jam before baking danish light sweet yeast-raised roll usually filled with fruits or cheese bagel (Yiddish) glazed yeast-raised doughnut-shaped roll with hard crust onion bagel bagel flavored with onion biscuit small round bread leavened with baking-powder or soda rolled biscuit biscuit made from dough rolled and cut drop biscuit biscuit made from dough with enough milk that it can be dropped from a spoon baking-powder biscuit leavened with baking powder buttermilk biscuit very tender biscuit partially leavened with buttermilk and soda shortcake very short biscuit dough baked as individual biscuits or a round loaf; served with sweetened fruit and usually whipped cream hardtack very hard unsalted biscuit or bread; a former ship's staple a mountain mahogany brandysnap a gingersnap flavored with brandy saltine a cracker sprinkled with salt before baking soda cracker unsweetened cracker leavened slightly with soda and cream of tartar oyster cracker a small dry usually round cracker water biscuit a thin flour-and-water biscuit usually made without shortening; often served with cheese graham cracker semisweet whole-wheat cracker pretzel glazed and salted cracker typically in the shape of a loose knot soft pretzel a pretzel made of soft bread sandwich two (or more) slices of bread with a filling between them insert or squeeze tightly between two people or objects; "She was sandwiched in her airplane seat between two fat men" make into a sandwich sandwich plate a serving consisting of a sandwich or sandwiches with garnishes butty a sandwich; "a bacon butty" ham sandwich a sandwich made with a filling of sliced ham chicken sandwich a sandwich made with a filling of sliced chicken club sandwich made with three slices of usually toasted bread open-face sandwich sandwich without a covering slice of bread hamburger a sandwich consisting of a fried cake of minced beef served on a bun, often with other ingredients cheeseburger a hamburger with melted cheese on it tunaburger a sandwich that resembles a hamburger but made with tuna instead of beef hotdog a frankfurter served hot on a bun someone who performs dangerous stunts to attract attention to himself Sloppy Joe ground beef (not a patty) cooked in a spicy sauce and served on a bun gyro a Greek sandwich: sliced roast lamb with onion and tomato stuffed into pita bread bacon-lettuce-tomato sandwich sandwich filled with slices of bacon and tomato with lettuce Reuben a hot sandwich with corned beef and Swiss cheese and sauerkraut on rye bread (Old Testment) a son of Jacob and forefather of one of the tribes of Israel western a sandwich made from a western omelet lying toward or situated in the west; "our company's western office" relating to or characteristic of the western parts of the world or the West as opposed to the eastern or oriental parts; "the western world"; "western thought" of or characteristic of regions of the United States west of the Mississippi River; "a Western ranch" pasta shaped and dried dough made from flour and water and sometimes egg a dish that contains pasta as its main ingredient farfalle pasta shaped with scalloped edges and pinched in the middle, suggestive of a bow tie noodle a ribbonlike strip of pasta orzo pasta shaped like pearls of barley; frequently prepared with lamb in Greek cuisine egg noodle narrow strip of pasta dough made with eggs spaghetti pasta in the form of long strings spaghetti served with a tomato sauce spaghettini thin spaghetti tortellini small ring-shaped stuffed pasta ziti medium-sized tubular pasta in short pieces rigatoni tubular pasta in short ribbed pieces fedelline extremely fine pasta thinner than vermicelli linguine pasta in long slender flat strips fettuccine pasta in flat strips wider than linguine fettuccine Alfredo fettuccine in cream sauce with cheese vermicelli pasta in strings thinner than spaghetti macaroni pasta in the form of slender tubes a British dandy in the 18th century who affected Continental mannerisms; "Yankee Doodle stuck a feather in his cap and called it macaroni" lasagna very wide flat strips of pasta baked dish of layers of lasagna pasta with sauce and cheese and meat or vegetables penne pasta in short tubes with diagonally cut ends ravioli small circular or square cases of dough with savory fillings tagliatelle pasta cut in narrow ribbons manicotti large pasta tubes stuffed with chopped meat or mild cheese and baked in tomato sauce couscous a pasta made in northern Africa of crushed and steamed semolina a spicy dish that originated in northern Africa; consists of pasta steamed with a meat and vegetable stew gnocchi (Italian) a small dumpling made of potato or flour or semolina that is boiled or baked and is usually served with a sauce or with grated cheese matzo ball a Jewish dumpling made of matzo meal; usually served in soup health food any natural or prepared food popularly believed to promote good health junk food food that tastes good but is high in calories having little nutritional value breakfast food any food (especially cereal) usually served for breakfast cereal a breakfast food prepared from grain grass whose starchy grains are used as food: wheat; rice; rye; oats; maize; buckwheat; millet made of grain or relating to grain or the plants that produce it; "a cereal beverage"; "cereal grasses" muesli mixture of untoasted dry cereals and fruits Pablum a soft form of cereal for infants hot cereal a cereal that is served hot atole eaten as mush or as a thin gruel hasty pudding cornmeal mush served with sweetening (maple syrup or brown sugar) sweetened porridge made of tapioca or flour or oatmeal cooked quickly in milk or water polenta a thick mush made of cornmeal boiled in stock or water gruel a thin porridge (usually oatmeal or cornmeal) congee a Chinese rice gruel eaten for breakfast perform a ceremonious bow depart after obtaining formal permission; "He has congeed with the King" skilly a thin porridge or soup (usually oatmeal and water flavored with meat) grits coarsely ground hulled corn boiled as a breakfast dish in the southern United States kasha boiled or baked buckwheat frumenty sweet spiced porridge made from hulled wheat cold cereal a cereal that is not heated before serving granola cereal made of especially rolled oats with dried fruits and nuts and honey or brown sugar granola bar cookie bar made of granola raisin bran bran flakes with raisins corn flake crisp flake made from corn bran flake wheat flake including the bran wheatflake crisp flake made from wheat puffed rice puffy rice kernels puffed wheat puffy wheat berries produce fresh fruits and vegetable grown for the market create or manufacture a man-made product; "We produce more cars than we can sell"; "The company has been making toys for two centuries" bring forth or yield; "The tree would not produce fruit" cause to happen, occur or exist; "This procedure produces a curious effect"; "The new law gave rise to many complaints"; "These chemicals produce a noxious vapor"; "the new President must bring about a change in the health care system" bring out for display; "The proud father produced many pictures of his baby"; "The accused brought forth a letter in court that he claims exonerates him" bring onto the market or release; "produce a movie"; "bring out a book"; "produce a new play" edible fruit edible reproductive body of a seed plant especially one having sweet flesh vegetable edible seeds or roots or stems or leaves or bulbs or tubers or nonsweet fruits of any of numerous herbaceous plant any of various herbaceous plants cultivated for an edible part such as the fruit or the root of the beet or the leaf of spinach or the seeds of bean plants or the flower buds of broccoli or cauliflower eater any green goods that are good to eat; "these apples are good eaters" someone who consumes food for nourishment raw vegetable an uncooked vegetable crudites raw vegetables cut into bite-sized strips and served with a dip celery stick celery stalks cut into small sticks legume the seedpod of a leguminous plant (such as peas or beans or lentils) an erect or climbing bean or pea plant of the family Leguminosae the fruit or seed of any of various bean or pea plants consisting of a case that splits along both sides when ripe and having the seeds attach to one side of the case potherb any of various herbaceous plants whose leaves or stems or flowers are cooked and used for food or seasoning greens any of various leafy plants or their leaves and stems eaten as vegetables chop-suey greens succulent and aromatic young dark green leaves used in Chinese and Vietnamese and Japanese cooking grown for its succulent edible leaves used in Asian cooking bean curd cheeselike food made of curdled soybean milk solanaceous vegetable any of several fruits of plants of the family Solanaceae; especially of the genera Solanum, Capsicum, and Lycopersicon root vegetable any of various fleshy edible underground roots or tubers potato an edible tuber native to South America; a staple food of Ireland annual native to South America having underground stolons bearing edible starchy tubers; widely cultivated as a garden vegetable; vines are poisonous baked potato potato that has been cooked by baking it in an oven french fries strips of potato fried in deep fat home fries sliced pieces of potato fried in a pan until brown and crisp jacket potato a baked potato served with the jacket on mashed potato potato that has been peeled and boiled and then mashed potato skin crisp fried potato peeling Uruguay potato similar to the common potato South American potato vine yam edible tuberous root of various yam plants of the genus Dioscorea grown in the tropics world-wide for food sweet potato with deep orange flesh that remains moist when baked any of a number of tropical vines of the genus Dioscorea many having edible tuberous roots edible tuber of any of several yams sweet potato the edible tuberous root of the sweet potato vine which is grown widely in warm regions of the United States pantropical vine widely cultivated in several varieties for its large sweet tuberous root with orange flesh snack food food for light meals or for eating between meals corn chip thin piece of cornmeal dough fried tortilla chip a small piece of tortilla nacho a tortilla chip topped with cheese and chili-pepper and broiled eggplant egg-shaped vegetable having a shiny skin typically dark purple but occasionally white or yellow hairy upright herb native to southeastern Asia but widely cultivated for its large glossy edible fruit commonly used as a vegetable pieplant long pinkish sour leafstalks usually eaten cooked and sweetened cruciferous vegetable a vegetable of the mustard family: especially mustard greens; various cabbages; broccoli; cauliflower; brussels sprouts mustard leaves eaten as cooked greens pungent powder or paste prepared from ground mustard seeds any of several cruciferous plants of the genus Brassica cabbage any of various types of cabbage any of various cultivars of the genus Brassica oleracea grown for their edible leaves or flowers kale coarse curly-leafed cabbage a hardy cabbage with coarse curly leaves that do not form a head collards kale that has smooth leaves Chinese cabbage elongated head of crisp celery-like stalks and light green leaves plant with an elongated head of broad stalked leaves resembling celery; used as a vegetable in east Asia bok choy elongated head of dark green leaves on thick white stalks Asiatic plant grown for its cluster of edible white stalks with dark green leaves head cabbage any of several varieties of cabbage having a large compact globular head; may be steamed or boiled or stir-fried or used raw in coleslaw any of various cultivated cabbage plants having a short thick stalk and large compact head of edible usually green leaves red cabbage compact head of purplish-red leaves cabbage plant with a compact head of reddish purple leaves savoy cabbage head of soft crinkly leaves cabbage plant with a compact head of crinkled leaves broccoli branched green undeveloped flower heads plant with dense clusters of tight green flower buds cauliflower compact head of white undeveloped flowers a plant having a large edible head of crowded white flower buds brussels sprouts the small edible cabbage-like buds growing along a stalk of the brussels sprout plant broccoli rabe slightly bitter dark green leaves and clustered flower buds summer squash any of various fruits of the gourd family that mature during the summer; eaten while immature and before seeds and rind harden any of various usually bushy plants producing fruit that is eaten while immature and before the rind or seeds harden yellow squash squash having yellow skin and yellowish flesh and usually elongated neck any of various squash plants grown for their yellow fruits with somewhat elongated necks crookneck yellow squash with a thin curved neck and somewhat warty skin zucchini small cucumber-shaped vegetable marrow; typically dark green marrow squash plant whose fruit are eaten when small cocozelle squash resembling zucchini squash plant having dark green fruit with skin mottled with light green or yellow pattypan squash round greenish-white squash having one face flattened with a scalloped edge spaghetti squash medium-sized oval squash with flesh in the form of strings that resemble spaghetti squash plant bearing oval fruit with smooth yellowish skin and tender stranded flesh resembling spaghetti winter squash any of various fruits of the gourd family with thick rinds and edible yellow to orange flesh that mature in the fall and can be stored for several months any of various plants of the species Cucurbita maxima and Cucurbita moschata producing squashes that have hard rinds and mature in the fall acorn squash small dark green or yellow ribbed squash with yellow to orange flesh squash plant bearing small acorn-shaped fruits having yellow flesh and dark green or yellow rind with longitudinal ridges butternut squash buff-colored squash with a long usually straight neck and sweet orange flesh plant bearing buff-colored squash having somewhat bottle-shaped fruit with fine-textured edible flesh and a smooth thin rind hubbard squash large football-shaped winter squash with a warty grey-green rind any of several winter squash plants producing large greyish-green football-shaped fruit with a rough warty rind turban squash large squash shaped somewhat like a turban usually with a rounded central portion protruding from the blossom end squash plants bearing hard-shelled fruit shaped somewhat like a turban with a rounded central portion protruding from the end opposite the stem buttercup squash drum-shaped squash with dark green rind marked in silver or grey plant bearing somewhat drum-shaped fruit having dark green rind with greyish markings cushaw globose or ovoid squash with striped grey and green warty rind plant bearing squash having globose to ovoid fruit with variously striped grey and green and white warty rinds winter crookneck squash a squash with a hard rind and an elongated curved neck cucumber cylindrical green fruit with thin green rind and white flesh eaten as a vegetable; related to melons a melon vine of the genus Cucumis; cultivated from earliest times for its cylindrical green fruit gherkin small prickly cucumber any of various small cucumbers pickled whole artichoke a thistlelike flower head with edible fleshy leaves and heart Mediterranean thistlelike plant widely cultivated for its large edible flower head artichoke heart the tender fleshy center of the immature artichoke flower Jerusalem artichoke sunflower tuber eaten raw or boiled or sliced thin and fried as Saratoga chips tall perennial with hairy stems and leaves; widely cultivated for its large irregular edible tubers edible tuber of the Jerusalem artichoke asparagus edible young shoots of the asparagus plant plant whose succulent young shoots are cooked and eaten as a vegetable bamboo shoot edible young shoots of bamboo sprout a newly grown bud (especially from a germinating seed) any new growth of a plant such as a new branch or a bud put forth and grow sprouts or shoots; "the plant sprouted early this year" bean sprout any of various sprouted beans: especially mung beans or lentils or edible soybeans alfalfa sprout sprouted alfalfa seeds beet round red root vegetable biennial Eurasian plant usually having a swollen edible root; widely cultivated as a food crop beet green young leaves of the beetroot sugar beet white-rooted beet grown as a source of sugar form of the common beet having a sweet white root from which sugar is obtained mangel-wurzel cultivated as feed for livestock beet with a large yellowish root; grown chiefly as cattle feed chard long succulent whitish stalks with large green leaves beet lacking swollen root; grown as a vegetable for its edible leaves and stalks pepper sweet and hot varieties of fruits of plants of the genus Capsicum pungent seasoning from the berry of the common pepper plant of East India; use whole or ground climber having dark red berries (peppercorns) when fully ripe; southern India and Sri Lanka; naturalized in northern Burma and Assam attack and bombard with or as if with missiles; "pelt the speaker with questions" add pepper to; "pepper the soup" sweet pepper large mild crisp thick-walled capsicum peppers usually bell-shaped or somewhat oblong; commonly used in salads plant bearing large mild thick-walled usually bell-shaped fruits; the principal salad peppers bell pepper large bell-shaped sweet pepper in green or red or yellow or orange or black varieties green pepper a sweet pepper that becomes red when ripe globe pepper round sweet pepper pimento fully ripened sweet red pepper; usually cooked hot pepper any of various pungent capsicum fruits chili very hot and finely tapering pepper of special pungency ground beef and chili peppers or chili powder often with tomatoes and kidney beans jalapeno hot green or red pepper of southwestern United States and Mexico chipotle a ripe jalapeno that has been dried for use in cooking cayenne a long and often twisted hot red pepper ground pods and seeds of pungent red peppers of the genus Capsicum plant bearing very hot and finely tapering long peppers; usually red tabasco very hot red peppers; usually long and thin; some very small onion an aromatic flavorful vegetable bulbous plant having hollow leaves cultivated worldwide for its rounded edible bulb the bulb of an onion plant Bermuda onion mild flat onion grown in warm areas green onion a young onion before the bulb has enlarged; eaten in salads Vidalia onion sweet-flavored onion grown in Georgia Spanish onion large mild and succulent onion; often eaten raw purple onion flat mild onion having purplish tunics; used as garnish on hamburgers and salads leek related to onions; white cylindrical bulb and flat dark-green leaves plant having a large slender white bulb and flat overlapping dark green leaves; used in cooking; believed derived from the wild Allium ampeloprasum shallot small mild-flavored onion-like or garlic-like clustered bulbs used for seasoning type of onion plant producing small clustered mild-flavored bulbs used as seasoning aggregate bulb of the multiplier onion salad green greens suitable for eating uncooked as in salads lettuce leaves of any of various plants of Lactuca sativa any of various plants of the genus Lactuca butterhead lettuce lettuce with relatively soft leaves in a loose head; easily broken or bruised buttercrunch lettuce with delicate and relatively crunchy leaves Bibb lettuce lettuce with relatively crisp leaves Boston lettuce lettuce with relatively soft leaves crisphead lettuce lettuce with crisp tightly packed light-green leaves in a firm head; "iceberg is still the most popular lettuce" cos lettuce with long dark-green leaves in a loosely packed elongated head leaf lettuce lettuce with loosely curled leaves that do not form a compact head distinguished by leaves having curled or incised leaves forming a loose rosette that does not develop into a compact head celtuce leaves having celery-like stems eaten raw or cooked lettuce valued especially for its edible stems bean any of various edible seeds of plants of the family Leguminosae used for food any of various leguminous plants grown for their edible seeds and pods any of various seeds or fruits that are beans or resemble beans hit on the head, especially with a pitched baseball goa bean Old World tropical bean mung bean seed of the mung bean plant used for food lentil round flat seed of the lentil plant used for food widely cultivated Eurasian annual herb grown for its edible flattened seeds that are cooked like peas and also ground into meal and for its leafy stalks that are used as fodder the fruit or seed of a lentil plant pea seed of a pea plant used for food a leguminous plant of the genus Pisum with small white flowers and long green pods containing edible green seeds the fruit or seed of a pea plant green pea fresh pea marrowfat pea a variety of large pea that is commonly processed and sold in cans snow pea green peas with flat edible pods variety of pea plant producing peas having thin flat edible pods sugar snap pea green peas with edible pods that are very crisp and not flat variety of pea plant producing peas having crisp rounded edible pods split-pea dried hulled pea; used in soup chickpea large white roundish Asiatic legume; usually dried Asiatic herb cultivated for its short pods with one or two edible seeds the seed of the chickpea plant cajan pea small highly nutritious seed of the tropical pigeon-pea plant field pea coarse small-seeded pea often used as food when young and tender variety of pea plant native to the Mediterranean region and North Africa and widely grown especially for forage seed of the field pea plant mushy peas marrowfat peas that have been soaked overnight and then boiled; served with fish and chips black-eyed pea eaten fresh as shell beans or dried common bean any of numerous beans eaten either fresh or dried the common annual twining or bushy bean plant grown for its edible seeds or pods kidney bean large dark red bean; usually dried the common bean plant grown for the beans rather than the pods (especially a variety with large red kidney-shaped beans) navy bean white-seeded bean; usually dried pinto bean mottled or spotted bean of southwestern United States; usually dried frijole Mexican bean; usually dried black bean black-seeded bean of South America; usually dried fresh bean beans eaten before they are ripe as opposed to dried green bean immature bean pod eaten as a vegetable a common bean plant cultivated for its slender green edible pods snap bean tender green beans without strings that easily snap into sections string bean green beans with strings that must be removed Kentucky wonder flat-podded green bean scarlet runner long bean pods usually sliced into half-inch lengths; a favorite in Britain hairy trailing or prostrate western Australian vine with bright scarlet-pink flowers tropical American bean with red flowers and mottled black beans similar to Phaseolus vulgaris but perennial; a preferred food bean in Great Britain haricot vert very small and slender green bean wax bean snap beans with yellow pods a common bean plant grown for its edible golden pod shell bean unripe beans removed from the pod before cooking a bean plant grown primarily for its edible seed rather than its pod lima bean broad flat beans simmered gently; never eaten raw bush or tall-growing bean plant having large flat edible seeds Fordhooks relatively large lima beans sieva bean small flat green bean similar to lima beans bush bean plant cultivated especially in southern United States having small flat edible seeds fava bean shell beans cooked as lima beans soy the most highly proteinaceous vegetable known; the fruit of the soybean plant is used in a variety of foods and as fodder (especially as a replacement for animal protein) erect bushy hairy annual herb having trifoliate leaves and purple to pink flowers; extensively cultivated for food and forage and soil improvement but especially for its nutritious oil-rich seeds; native to Asia a source of oil; used for forage and soil improvement and as food green soybean seeds shelled and cooked as lima beans field soybean seeds used as livestock feed cardoon only parts eaten are roots and especially stalks (blanched and used as celery); related to artichokes southern European plant having spiny leaves and purple flowers cultivated for its edible leafstalks and roots carrot stick a stick of carrot eaten raw celery stalks eaten raw or cooked or used as seasoning widely cultivated herb with aromatic leaf stalks that are eaten raw or cooked pascal celery any of several types of commercially grown celery having green stalks celeriac thickened edible aromatic root of a variety of celery plant grown for its thickened edible aromatic root chicory crisp spiky leaves with somewhat bitter taste root of the chicory plant roasted and ground to substitute for or adulterate coffee perennial Old World herb having rayed flower heads with blue florets cultivated for its root and its heads of crisp edible leaves used in salads the dried root of the chicory plant: used as a coffee substitute radicchio prized variety of chicory having globose heads of red leaves coffee substitute a drink resembling coffee that is sometimes substituted for it Postum trade mark for a coffee substitute invented by C. W. Post and made with chicory and roasted grains chicory escarole variety of endive having leaves with irregular frilled edges Belgian endive young broad-leaved endive plant deprived of light to form a narrow whitish head sweet corn corn that can be eaten as a vegetable while still young and soft a corn plant developed in order to have young ears that are sweet and suitable for eating hominy hulled corn with the bran and germ removed lye hominy hominy prepared by bleaching in lye pearl hominy hominy prepared by milling to pellets of medium size popcorn small kernels of corn exploded by heat corn having small ears and kernels that burst when exposed to dry heat cress pungent leaves of any of numerous cruciferous herbs any of various plants of the family Cruciferae with edible leaves that have a pungent taste watercress cresses that grow in clear ponds and streams any of several water-loving cresses garden cress cress cultivated for salads and garnishes winter cress cress cultivated for winter salads any plant of the genus Barbarea: yellow-flowered Eurasian cresses; widely cultivated for winter salad dandelion green edible leaves of the common dandelion collected from the wild; used in salads and in making wine the foliage of the dandelion plant kohlrabi fleshy turnip-shaped edible stem of the kohlrabi plant plant cultivated for its enlarged fleshy turnip-shaped edible stem lamb's-quarter leaves collected from the wild wild spinach leafy greens collected from the wild and used as a substitute for spinach tomato mildly acid red or yellow pulpy fruit eaten as a vegetable native to South America; widely cultivated in many varieties beefsteak tomato any of several large tomatoes with thick flesh cherry tomato small red to yellow tomatoes plant bearing small red to yellow fruit plum tomato a kind of cherry tomato that is frequently used in cooking rather than eaten raw an Italian variety of cherry tomato that is shaped like a plum tomatillo small edible yellow to purple tomato-like fruit enclosed in a bladderlike husk annual of Mexico and southern United States having edible purplish viscid fruit resembling small tomatoes Mexican annual naturalized in eastern North America having yellow to purple edible fruit resembling small tomatoes mushroom fleshy body of any of numerous edible fungi a large cloud of rubble and dust shaped like a mushroom and rising into the sky after an explosion (especially of a nuclear bomb) any of various fleshy fungi of the subdivision Basidiomycota consisting of a cap at the end of a stem arising from an underground mycelium mushrooms and related fleshy fungi (including toadstools, puffballs, morels, coral fungi, etc.) common name for an edible agaric (contrasting with the inedible toadstool) grow and spread fast; "The problem mushroomed" pick or gather mushrooms; "We went mushrooming in the Fall" stuffed mushroom mushrooms stuffed with any of numerous mixtures of e.g. meats or nuts or seafood or spinach salsify either of two long roots eaten cooked Mediterranean biennial herb with long-stemmed heads of purple ray flowers and milky sap and long edible root; naturalized throughout United States edible root of the salsify plant oyster plant long white salsify scorzonera long black salsify parsnip whitish edible root; eaten cooked a strong-scented plant cultivated for its edible root the whitish root of cultivated parsnip pumpkin usually large pulpy deep-yellow round fruit of the squash family maturing in late summer or early autumn a coarse vine widely cultivated for its large pulpy round orange fruit with firm orange skin and numerous seeds; subspecies of Cucurbita pepo include the summer squashes and a few autumn squashes radish pungent fleshy edible root Eurasian plant widely cultivated for its edible pungent root usually eaten raw pungent edible root of any of various cultivated radish plants radish of Japan with a long hard durable root eaten raw or cooked turnip root of any of several members of the mustard family widely cultivated plant having a large fleshy edible white or yellow root white turnip white root of a turnip plant rutabaga the large yellow root of a rutabaga plant used as food a cruciferous plant with a thick bulbous edible yellow root turnip greens tender leaves of young white turnips French sorrel greens having small tart oval to pointed leaves; preferred to common sorrel for salads low perennial with small silvery-green ovate to hastate leaves spinach dark green leaves; eaten cooked or raw in salads southwestern Asian plant widely cultivated for its succulent edible dark green leaves taro tropical starchy tuberous root herb of the Pacific islands grown throughout the tropics for its edible root and in temperate areas as an ornamental for its large glossy leaves edible starchy tuberous root of taro plants edible nut a hard-shelled seed consisting of an edible kernel or meat enclosed in a woody or leathery shell bunya bunya nut tasting like roasted chestnuts; a staple food of Australian aborigines Australian conifer bearing two-inch seeds tasting like roasted chestnuts; among the aborigines the tree is hereditary property protected by law peanut pod of the peanut vine containing usually 2 nuts or seeds; `groundnut' and `monkey nut' are British terms a young child who is small for his age widely cultivated American plant cultivated in tropical and warm regions; showy yellow flowers on stalks that bend over to the soil so that seed pods ripen underground underground pod of the peanut vine water chestnut edible bulbous tuber of a Chinese marsh plant Chinese sedge yielding edible bulb-shaped tubers a plant of the genus Trapa bearing spiny four-pronged edible nutlike fruits freestone fruit (especially peach) whose flesh does not adhere to the pit cling fruit (especially peach) whose flesh adheres strongly to the pit hold on tightly or tenaciously; "hang on to your father's hands"; "The child clung to his mother's apron" come or be in close contact with; stick or hold together and resist separation; "The dress clings to her body"; "The label stuck to the box"; "The sushi rice grains cohere" to remain emotionally or intellectually attached; "He clings to the idea that she might still love him." peel the rind of a fruit or vegetable banana peel the skin of a banana (especially when it is stripped off and discarded); "he slipped on a banana skin and almost fell" windfall fruit that has fallen from the tree apple fruit with red or yellow or green skin and sweet to tart crisp whitish flesh native Eurasian tree widely cultivated in many varieties for its firm rounded edible fruits crab apple small sour apple; suitable for preserving; "crabapples make a tangy jelly" any of numerous varieties of crab apples cultivated for their small acidic (usually bright red) fruit used for preserves or as ornamentals for their blossoms eating apple an apple used primarily for eating raw without cooking Baldwin an American eating apple with red or yellow and red skin English statesman; member of the Conservative Party (1867-1947) United States author who was an outspoken critic of racism (1924-1987) Cortland large apple with a red skin Cox's Orange Pippin a yellow Pippin with distinctive flavor Delicious variety of sweet eating apples Golden Delicious a sweet eating apple with yellow skin Red Delicious a sweet eating apple with bright red skin; most widely grown apple worldwide Empire an eating apple that somewhat resembles a McIntosh; used as both an eating and a cooking apple Grimes' golden yellow apple that ripens in late autumn; eaten raw Jonathan red late-ripening apple; primarily eaten raw McIntosh early-ripening apple popular in the northeastern United States; primarily eaten raw but suitable for applesauce Macoun similar to McIntosh; juicy and late-ripening Northern Spy large late-ripening apple with skin striped with yellow and red Pearmain any of several varieties of apples with red skins Pippin any of numerous superior eating apples with yellow or greenish yellow skin flushed with red Prima used primarily as eating apples Stayman apple grown chiefly in the Shenandoah Valley Winesap crisp apple with dark red skin Stayman Winesap crisp tart apple; good for eating raw and suitable for cooking cooking apple an apple used primarily in cooking for pies and applesauce etc Bramley's Seedling very large cooking apple Granny Smith apple with a green skin and hard tart flesh Lane's Prince Albert apple used primarily in cooking Newtown Wonder apple used primarily in cooking Rome Beauty large red apple used primarily for baking berry any of numerous small and pulpy edible fruits; used as desserts or in making jams and jellies and preserves a small fruit having any of various structures, e.g., simple (grape or blueberry) or aggregate (blackberry or raspberry) pick or gather berries; "We went berrying in the summer" bilberry blue-black berries similar to American blueberries erect blueberry of western United States having solitary flowers and somewhat sour berries erect European blueberry having solitary flowers and blue-black berries huckleberry blue-black berry similar to blueberries and bilberries of the eastern United States any of several shrubs of the genus Gaylussacia bearing small berries resembling blueberries any of various dark-fruited as distinguished from blue-fruited blueberries blueberry sweet edible dark-blue berries of either low-growing or high-growing blueberry plants any of numerous shrubs of the genus Vaccinium bearing blueberries wintergreen spicy red berrylike fruit; source of wintergreen oil any of several evergreen perennials of the genus Pyrola cranberry very tart red berry used for sauce or juice any of numerous shrubs of genus Vaccinium bearing cranberries lingonberry tart red berries similar to American cranberries but smaller currant any of several tart red or black berries used primarily for jellies and jams small dried seedless raisin grown in the Mediterranean region and California; used in cooking any of various deciduous shrubs of the genus Ribes bearing currants gooseberry currant-like berry used primarily in jams and jellies spiny Eurasian shrub having greenish purple-tinged flowers and ovoid yellow-green or red-purple berries black currant small black berries used in jams and jellies widely cultivated current bearing edible black aromatic berries red currant small red berries used primarily in jams and jellies cultivated European current bearing small edible red berries blackberry large sweet black or very dark purple edible aggregate fruit of any of various bushes of the genus Rubus bramble with sweet edible black or dark purple berries that usually do not separate from the receptacle pick or gather blackberries; "The children went blackberrying" boysenberry large raspberry-flavored fruit; cross between blackberries and raspberries cultivated hybrid bramble of California having large dark wine-red fruit with a flavor resembling raspberries dewberry blackberry-like fruits of any of several trailing blackberry bushes any of several trailing blackberry brambles especially of North America loganberry large red variety of the dewberry red-fruited bramble native from Oregon to Baja California raspberry red or black edible aggregate berries usually smaller than the related blackberries woody brambles bearing usually red but sometimes black or yellow fruits that separate from the receptacle when ripe and are rounder and smaller than blackberries saskatoon edible purple or red berries lanseh East Indian tart yellow berrylike fruit sugarberry small edible dark purple to black berry with large pits; southern United States deciduous shade tree with small black berries; southern United States; yields soft yellowish wood persimmon orange fruit resembling a plum; edible when fully ripe any of several tropical trees of the genus Diospyros acerola acid red or yellow cherry-like fruit of a tropical American shrub very rich in vitamin C carambola deeply ridged yellow-brown tropical fruit; used raw as a vegetable or in salad or when fully ripe as a dessert East Indian tree bearing deeply ridged yellow-brown fruit ceriman tropical cylindrical fruit resembling a pinecone with pineapple-banana flavor tropical American vine having roots that hang like cords and cylindrical fruit with a pineapple and banana flavor carissa plum edible scarlet plumlike fruit of a South African plant citrus any of numerous fruits of the genus Citrus having thick rind and juicy pulp; grown in warm regions any of numerous tropical usually thorny evergreen trees of the genus Citrus having leathery evergreen leaves and widely cultivated for their juicy edible fruits having leathery aromatic rinds temple orange large sweet easily-peeled Florida fruit with deep orange rind large citrus tree having large sweet deep orange fruit that is easily peeled; widely cultivated in Florida mandarin a somewhat flat reddish-orange loose skinned citrus of China a high public official of imperial China any high government official or bureaucrat a member of an elite intellectual or cultural group shrub or small tree having flattened globose fruit with very sweet aromatic pulp and thin yellow-orange to flame-orange rind that is loose and easily removed; native to southeastern Asia clementine a mandarin orange of a deep reddish orange color and few seeds a variety of mandarin orange that is grown around the Mediterranean and in South Africa satsuma medium-sized largely seedless mandarin orange with thin smooth skin a variety of mandarin orange tangelo large sweet juicy hybrid between tangerine and grapefruit having a thick wrinkled skin hybrid between grapefruit and mandarin orange; cultivated especially in Florida bitter orange highly acidic orange used especially in marmalade sweet orange orange with sweet juicy pulp; often has a thin skin probably native to southern China; widely cultivated as source of table and juice oranges Jaffa orange sweet almost seedless orange of Israel navel orange seedless orange enclosing a small secondary fruit at the apex Valencia orange variety of sweet orange cultivated extensively in Florida and California kumquat small oval citrus fruit with thin sweet rind and very acid pulp any of several trees or shrubs of the genus Fortunella bearing small orange-colored edible fruits with thick sweet-flavored skin and sour pulp lime the green acidic fruit of any of various lime trees any of various related trees bearing limes cover with lime so as to induce growth; "lime the lawn" key lime small yellow-green limes of southern Florida grapefruit large yellow fruit with somewhat acid juicy pulp; usual serving consists of a half citrus tree bearing large round edible fruit having a thick yellow rind and juicy somewhat acid pulp pomelo large pear-shaped fruit similar to grapefruit but with coarse dry pulp southeastern Asian tree producing large fruits resembling grapefruits citrange more aromatic and acid tasting than oranges; used in beverages and marmalade more aromatic and acidic than oranges citron large lemonlike fruit with thick aromatic rind; usually preserved thorny evergreen small tree or shrub of India widely cultivated for its large lemonlike fruits that have thick warty rind almond oval-shaped edible seed of the almond tree small bushy deciduous tree native to Asia and North Africa having pretty pink blossoms and highly prized edible nuts enclosed in a hard green hull; cultivated in southern Australia and California Jordan almond an almond covered with a sugar coating that is hard and flavored and colored apricot downy yellow to rosy-colored fruit resembling a small peach Asian tree having clusters of usually white blossoms and edible fruit resembling the peach peach downy juicy fruit with sweet yellowish or whitish flesh cultivated in temperate regions nectarine a variety or mutation of the peach that has a smooth skin variety or mutation of the peach bearing fruit with smooth skin and (usually) yellow flesh pitahaya highly colored edible fruit of pitahaya cactus having bright red juice; often as large as a peach damson dark purple plum of the damson tree greengage sweet green or greenish-yellow variety of plum beach plum small dark purple fruit used especially in jams and pies seacoast shrub of northeastern North America having showy white blossoms and edible purple fruit sloe small sour dark purple fruit of especially the Allegheny plum bush Victoria plum a large red plum served as dessert dried fruit fruit preserved by drying dried apricot apricots preserved by drying prune dried plum raisin dried grape seedless raisin dried seedless grape seeded raisin seeded grape that has been dried fig fleshy sweet pear-shaped yellowish or purple multiple fruit eaten fresh or preserved or dried Mediterranean tree widely cultivated for its edible fruit pineapple large sweet fleshy tropical fruit with a terminal tuft of stiff leaves; widely cultivated a tropical American plant bearing a large fleshy edible fruit with a terminal tuft of stiff leaves; widely cultivated in the tropics anchovy pear West Indian fruit resembling the mango; often pickled West Indian tree bearing edible fruit resembling mango banana elongated crescent-shaped yellow fruit with soft sweet flesh any of several tropical and subtropical treelike herbs of the genus Musa having a terminal crown of large entire leaves and usually bearing hanging clusters of elongated fruits passion fruit egg-shaped tropical fruit of certain passionflower vines; used for sherbets and confectionery and drinks granadilla the egg-shaped edible fruit of tropical American vines related to passionflowers Brazilian passionflower cultivated for its deep purple fruit considered best for fruit tropical American passionflower yielding the large granadilla fruit sweet calabash apple-sized passion fruit of the West Indies West Indian passionflower with edible apple-sized fruit bell apple the edible yellow fruit of the Jamaica honeysuckle breadfruit a large round seedless or seeded fruit with a texture like bread; eaten boiled or baked or roasted or ground into flour; the roasted seeds resemble chestnuts native to Pacific islands and having edible fruit with a texture like bread jackfruit immense East Indian fruit resembling breadfruit; it contains an edible pulp and nutritious seeds that are commonly roasted East Indian tree cultivated for its immense edible fruit and seeds cacao bean seed of the cacao tree; ground roasted beans are source of chocolate cocoa powder of ground roasted cacao beans with most of the fat removed a beverage made from cocoa powder and milk and sugar; usually drunk hot canistel ovoid orange-yellow mealy sweet fruit of Florida and West Indies tropical tree of Florida and West Indies yielding edible fruit melon any of numerous fruits of the gourd family having a hard rind and sweet juicy flesh any of various fruit of cucurbitaceous vines including: muskmelons; watermelons; cantaloupes; cucumbers melon ball a bite of melon cut as a sphere muskmelon the fruit of a muskmelon vine; any of several sweet melons related to cucumbers cantaloup the fruit of a cantaloup vine; small to medium-sized melon with yellowish flesh winter melon the fruit of the winter melon vine; a green melon with pale green to orange flesh that keeps well any of a variety of muskmelon vines having fruit with a smooth white rind and white or greenish flesh that does not have a musky smell honeydew the fruit of a variety of winter melon vine; a large smooth greenish-white melon with pale green flesh Persian melon the fruit of a variety of winter melon vine; a large green melon with orange flesh net melon the fruit of a variety of muskmelon vine; a melon with netlike markings and deep green flesh a muskmelon vine with fruit that has a thin reticulated rind and sweet green flesh casaba melon having yellowish rind and whitish flesh watermelon large oblong or roundish melon with a hard green rind and sweet watery red or occasionally yellowish pulp an African melon cherry a red fruit with a single hard stone any of numerous trees and shrubs producing a small fleshy round fruit with a single hard stone; many also produce a valuable hardwood wood of any of various cherry trees especially the black cherry sweet cherry any of several fruits of cultivated cherry trees that have sweet flesh large Eurasian tree producing small dark bitter fruit in the wild but edible sweet fruit under cultivation bing cherry dark red or blackish sweet cherry heart cherry large heart-shaped sweet cherry with soft flesh any of several cultivated sweet cherries having sweet juicy heart-shaped fruits blackheart heart cherry with dark flesh and skin cherry any of various diseases in which the central tissues blacken capulin Mexican black cherry Mexican black cherry tree having edible fruit sour cherry acid cherries used for pies and preserves Australian tree with sour red fruit rather small Eurasian tree producing red to black acid edible fruit amarelle pale red sour cherry with colorless or nearly colorless juice any of several cultivated sour cherry trees bearing pale red fruit with colorless juice morello cultivated sour cherry with dark-colored skin and juice any of several cultivated sour cherry trees bearing fruit with dark skin and juice cocoa plum plum-shaped whitish to almost black fruit used for preserves; tropical American grape any of various juicy fruit of the genus Vitis with green or purple skins; grow in clusters any of numerous woody vines of genus Vitis bearing clusters of edible berries fox grape purplish-black wild grape of the eastern United States with tough skins that slip easily from the flesh; cultivated in many varieties native grape of northeastern United States; origin of many cultivated varieties e.g. Concord grapes Concord grape slipskin grape; a purple table grape of the northeastern United States muscadine dull-purple grape of southern United States native grape of southeastern United States; origin of many cultivated varieties scuppernong amber-green muscadine grape of southeastern United States slipskin grape a grape whose skin slips readily from the pulp vinifera grape grape from a cultivated variety of the common grape vine of Europe muscat sweet aromatic grape used for raisins and wine wine from muscat grapes any of several cultivated grapevines that produce sweet white grapes ribier dark reddish-purple table grape of California sultana pale yellow seedless grape used for raisins and wine Tokay variety of wine grape originally grown in Hungary; the prototype of vinifera grapes Hungarian wine made from Tokay grapes flame tokay purplish-red table grape Thompson Seedless seedless green table grape of California custard apple the fruit of any of several tropical American trees of the genus Annona having soft edible pulp any of several tropical American trees bearing fruit with soft edible pulp cherimoya large tropical fruit with leathery skin and soft pulp; related to custard apples small tropical American tree bearing round or oblong fruit soursop large spiny tropical fruit with tart pulp related to custard apples small tropical American tree bearing large succulent slightly acid fruit bullock's heart large heart-shaped tropical fruit with soft acid pulp small tropical American tree bearing a bristly heart-shaped acid tropical fruit sweetsop sweet pulpy tropical fruit with thick scaly rind and shiny black seeds tropical American tree bearing sweet pulpy fruit with thick scaly rind and shiny black seeds ilama whitish tropical fruit with a pinkish tinge related to custard apples; grown in the southern United States tropical American tree grown in southern United States having a whitish pink-tinged fruit pond apple ovoid yellow fruit with very fragrant peach-colored flesh; related to custard apples small evergreen tree of tropical America with edible fruit; used chiefly as grafting stock papaw fruit with yellow flesh; related to custard apples papaya large oval melon-like tropical fruit with yellowish flesh tropical American shrub or small tree having huge deeply palmately cleft leaves and large oblong yellow fruit kai apple South African fruit smelling and tasting like apricots; used for pickles and preserves ketembilla maroon-purple gooseberry-like fruit of India having tart-sweet purple pulp used especially for preserves a small shrubby spiny tree cultivated for its maroon-purple fruit with sweet purple pulp tasting like gooseberries; Sri Lanka and India ackee red pear-shaped tropical fruit with poisonous seeds; flesh is poisonous when unripe or overripe durian huge fruit native to southeastern Asia `smelling like Hell and tasting like Heaven'; seeds are roasted and eaten like nuts tree of southeastern Asia having edible oval fruit with a hard spiny rind feijoa dark-green kiwi-sized tropical fruit with white flesh; used chiefly for jellies and preserves South American shrub having edible greenish plumlike fruit genip round one-inch Caribbean fruit with green leathery skin and sweet juicy translucent pulp; eaten like grapes genipap a succulent orange-sized tropical fruit with a thick rind loquat yellow olive-sized semitropical fruit with a large free stone and relatively little flesh; used for jellies evergreen tree of warm regions having fuzzy yellow olive-sized fruit with a large free stone; native to China and Japan mangosteen two- to three-inch tropical fruit with juicy flesh suggestive of both peaches and pineapples East Indian tree with thick leathery leaves and edible fruit mango large oval tropical fruit having smooth skin, juicy aromatic pulp, and a large hairy seed large evergreen tropical tree cultivated for its large oval fruit sapodilla tropical fruit with a rough brownish skin and very sweet brownish pulp large tropical American evergreen yielding chicle gum and edible fruit; sometimes placed in genus Achras sapote brown oval fruit flesh makes excellent sherbet tamarind large tropical seed pod with very tangy pulp that is eaten fresh or cooked with rice and fish or preserved for curries and chutneys long-lived tropical evergreen tree with a spreading crown and feathery evergreen foliage and fragrant flowers yielding hard yellowish wood and long pods with edible chocolate-colored acidic pulp avocado a pear-shaped tropical fruit with green or blackish skin and rich yellowish pulp enclosing a single large seed tropical American tree bearing large pulpy green fruits of the dull yellowish green of the meat of an avocado date sweet edible fruit of the date palm with a single long woody seed a meeting arranged in advance; "she asked how to avoid kissing at the end of a date" a participant in a date; "his date never stopped talking" the present; "they are up to date"; "we haven't heard from them to date" the specified day of the month; "what is the date today?" a particular day specified as the time something happens; "the date of the election is set by law"; "we hope to get together at an early date"; "Mother's Day is always on the same date" the particular day, month, or year (usually according to the Gregorian calendar) that an event occurred; "he tried to memorizes all the dates for his history class" assign a date to; determine the (probable) date of; "Scientists often cannot date precisely archeological or prehistorical findings" provide with a dateline; mark with a date; "She wrote the letter on Monday but she dated it Saturday so as not to reveal that she procrastinated" stamp with a date; "The package is dated November 24" go on a date with; "Tonight she is dating a former high school sweetheart" elderberry berrylike fruit of an elder used for e.g. wines and jellies guava tropical fruit having yellow skin and pink pulp; eaten fresh or used for e.g. jellies small tropical American shrubby tree; widely cultivated in warm regions for its sweet globular yellow fruit small tropical shrubby tree bearing small yellowish fruit mombin purplish tropical fruit common tropical American shrub or small tree with purplish fruit hog plum yellow oval tropical fruit fruit of the wild plum of southern United States tropical American tree having edible yellow fruit jaboticaba tough-skinned purple grapelike tropical fruit grown in Brazil small evergreen tropical tree native to Brazil and West Indies but introduced into southern United States; grown in Brazil for its edible tough-skinned purple grapelike fruit that grows all along the branches litchi Chinese fruit having a thin brittle shell enclosing a sweet jellylike pulp and a single seed; often dried Chinese tree cultivated especially in Philippines and India for its edible fruit; sometimes placed in genus Nephelium longanberry Asian fruit similar to litchi mamey globular or ovoid tropical fruit with thick russet leathery rind and juicy yellow or reddish flesh marang tropical fruit from the Philippines having a mass of small seeds embedded in sweetish white pulp Philippine tree similar to the breadfruit tree bearing edible fruit medlar crabapple-like fruit used for preserves a South African globular fruit with brown leathery skin and pithy flesh having a sweet-acid taste small deciduous Eurasian tree cultivated for its fruit that resemble crab apples mulberry sweet usually dark purple blackberry-like fruit of any of several mulberry trees of the genus Morus any of several trees of the genus Morus having edible fruit that resembles the blackberry black olive olives picked ripe and cured in brine then dried or pickled or preserved canned or in oil green olive olives picked green and pickled in brine; infrequently stuffed with e.g. pimento pear sweet juicy gritty-textured fruit available in many varieties Old World tree having sweet gritty-textured juicy fruit; widely cultivated in many varieties bosc greenish-yellow pear anjou a pear with firm flesh and a green skin bartlett juicy yellow pear seckel small yellowish- to reddish-brown pear plantain starchy banana-like fruit; eaten (always cooked) as a staple vegetable throughout the tropics a banana tree bearing hanging clusters of edible angular greenish starchy fruits; tropics and subtropics any of numerous plants of the genus Plantago; mostly small roadside or dooryard weeds with elliptic leaves and small spikes of very small flowers; seeds of some used medicinally plumcot hybrid between plum and apricot hybrid produced by crossing Prunus domestica and Prunus armeniaca pomegranate large globular fruit having many seeds with juicy red pulp in a tough brownish-red rind shrub or small tree native to southwestern Asia having large red many-seeded fruit prickly pear round or pear-shaped spiny fruit of any of various prickly pear cacti cacti having spiny flat joints and oval fruit that is edible in some species; often used as food for stock garambulla small berrylike fruit arborescent cactus of western Mexico bearing a small oblong edible berrylike fruit Barbados gooseberry small yellow to orange fruit of the Barbados gooseberry cactus used in desserts and preserves and jellies West Indian woody climber with spiny stems and numerous fragrant white flowers in panicles followed by small yellow to orange fruits quandong red Australian fruit; used for dessert or in jam Australian tree having hard white timber and glossy green leaves with white flowers followed by one-seeded glossy blue fruit the fruit of the Brisbane quandong tree Australian tree with edible flesh and edible nutlike seed quandong nut edible nutlike seed of the quandong fruit quince aromatic acid-tasting pear-shaped fruit used in preserves small Asian tree with pinkish flowers and pear-shaped fruit; widely cultivated rambutan pleasantly acid bright red oval Malayan fruit covered with soft spines Malayan tree bearing spiny red fruit pulasan fruit of an East Indian tree similar to the rambutan but sweeter East Indian fruit tree bearing fruit similar to but sweeter than that of the rambutan rose apple fragrant oval yellowish tropical fruit used in jellies and confections tropical tree of the East Indies cultivated for its edible fruit sorb acid gritty-textured fruit take up a liquid or a gas either by adsorption or by absorption sour gourd acid-tasting Australian gourd-like fruit with a woody rind and large seeds African gourd-like fruit with edible pulp edible seed many are used as seasoning pumpkin seed the edible seed of a pumpkin betel nut seed of betel palm; chewed with leaves of the betel pepper and lime as a digestive stimulant and narcotic in southeastern Asia beechnut small sweet triangular nut of any of various beech trees walnut nut of any of various walnut trees having a wrinkled two-lobed seed with a hard shell any of various trees of the genus Juglans hard dark-brown wood of any of various walnut trees; used especially for furniture and paneling black walnut American walnut having a very hard and thick woody shell North American walnut tree with hard dark wood and edible nut English walnut nut with a wrinkled two-lobed seed and hard but relatively thin shell; widely used in cooking Eurasian walnut valued for its large edible nut and its hard richly figured wood; widely cultivated brazil nut three-sided tropical American nut with white oily meat and hard brown shell tall South American tree bearing brazil nuts butternut oily egg-shaped nut of an American tree of the walnut family North American walnut tree having light-brown wood and edible nuts; source of a light-brown dye souari nut a large nutlike seed of a South American tree cashew kidney-shaped nut edible only when roasted tropical American evergreen tree bearing kidney-shaped nuts that are edible only when roasted chincapin small nut of either of two small chestnut trees of the southern United States; resembles a hazelnut water chinquapin edible nutlike seeds of an American lotus having the flavor of a chinquapin water lily of eastern North America having pale yellow blossoms and edible globular nutlike seeds hazelnut nut of any of several trees of the genus Corylus any of several shrubs or small trees of the genus Corylus bearing edible nuts enclosed in a leafy husk coconut large hard-shelled oval nut with a fibrous husk containing thick white meat surrounding a central cavity filled (when fresh) with fluid or milk the edible white meat of a coconut; often shredded for use in e.g. cakes and curries tall palm tree bearing coconuts as fruits; widely planted throughout the tropics coconut milk clear to whitish fluid from within a fresh coconut white liquid obtained from compressing fresh coconut meat copra the dried meat of the coconut from which oil is extracted dika nut edible oil-rich seed of wild mango dika bread somewhat astringent paste prepared by grinding and heating seeds of the African wild mango; a staple food of some African peoples groundnut nutlike tuber; important food of Native Americans a North American vine with fragrant blossoms and edible tubers; important food crop of Native Americans grugru nut nut of Brazilian or West Indian palms hickory nut small hard-shelled nut of North American hickory trees especially the shagbark hickories cola extract a flavoring extracted from the kola nut macadamia nut nutlike seed with sweet and crisp white meat small Australian tree with racemes of pink flowers; widely cultivated (especially in Hawaii) for its sweet edible nuts pecan smooth brown oval nut of south central United States tree of southern United States and Mexico cultivated for its nuts wood of a pecan tree pine nut edible seed of any of several nut pines especially some pinons of southwestern North America pistachio nut of Mediterranean trees having an edible green kernel small tree of southern Europe and Asia Minor bearing small hard-shelled nuts sunflower seed edible seed of sunflowers; used as food and poultry feed and as a source of oil saltwater fish flesh of fish from the sea used as food freshwater fish flesh of fish from fresh water used as food seafood edible fish (broadly including freshwater fish) or shellfish or roe etc bream flesh of any of various saltwater fishes of the family Sparidae or the family Bramidae flesh of various freshwater fishes of North America or of Europe clean (a ship's bottom) with heat largemouth bass flesh of largemouth bass smallmouth bass flesh of smallmouth bass buffalofish large carp-like North American fish monkfish flesh of a large-headed anglerfish of the Atlantic waters of North America blowfish delicacy that is highly dangerous because of a potent nerve poison in ovaries and liver fugu a blowfish highly prized as a delicacy in Japan but highly dangerous because the skin and organs are poisonous escargot edible terrestrial snail usually served in the shell with a sauce of melted butter and garlic panfish any of numerous small food fishes; especially those caught with hook and line and not available on the market stockfish fish cured by being split and air-dried without salt shellfish meat of edible aquatic invertebrate with a shell (especially a mollusk or crustacean) anchovy paste paste made primarily of anchovies; used in sauces and spreads smoked eel eel cured by smoking kipper salted and smoked herring bloater large fatty herring lightly salted and briefly smoked pickled herring herring preserved in a pickling liquid (usually brine or vinegar) rollmops a pickled herring filet that has been rolled or wrapped around a pickle huitre edible body of any of numerous oysters oysters Rockefeller oysters spread with butter and spinach and seasonings and baked on the half shell quahaug Atlantic coast round clams with hard shells; large clams usually used for chowders or other clam dishes crab legs legs of especially Alaska king crabs Japanese crab crabmeat usually canned; from Japan Alaska king crab meat of large cold-water crab; mainly leg meat schrod flesh of young Atlantic cod weighing up to 2 pounds; also young haddock and pollock; often broiled finnan haddie haddock usually baked but sometimes broiled with lots of butter salt cod codfish preserved in salt; must be desalted and flaked by soaking in water and pounding; used in e.g. codfish cakes grey sole greyish-white flesh of a flatfish Norwegian lobster caught in European waters; slenderer than American lobster lobster tail lobster tail meat; usually from spiny rock lobsters tomalley edible greenish substance in boiled lobster river prawn large Australian prawn lake herring cold-water fish caught in Lake Superior and northward rock salmon any of several coarse fishes (such as dogfish or wolffish) when used as food red salmon fatty red flesh of salmon of Pacific coast and rivers chinook salmon pink or white flesh of large Pacific salmon silver salmon fatty pinkish flesh of small salmon caught in the Pacific and Great Lakes smoked salmon salmon cured by smoking lox brine-cured salmon that is lightly smoked Scandinavian lox salt-cured Scandinavian salmon Nova Scotia lox brine-cured salmon that is less salty than most; sometimes sugar is also used in the curing kippered salmon salted and smoked salmon American smelt common smelt of eastern North America and Alaska European smelt common smelt of Europe sprat small fatty European fish; usually smoked or canned like sardines caviar salted roe of sturgeon or other large fish; usually served as an hors d'oeuvre beluga caviar roe of beluga sturgeon usually from Russia; highly valued shad roe roe of shad; may be parboiled or baked or sauteed gently smoked mackerel mackerel cured by smoking feed food for domestic livestock introduce continuously; "feed carrots into a food processor" give food to; "Feed the starving children in India"; "don't give the child this tough meat" take in food; used of animals only; "This dog doesn't eat certain kinds of meat"; "What do whales eat?" serve as food for; be the food for; "This dish feeds six" feed into; supply; "Her success feeds her vanity" provide as food; "Feed the guests the nuts" gratify; "feed one's eyes on a gorgeous view" support or promote; "His admiration fed her vanity" cattle cake a concentrated feed for cattle; processed in the form of blocks or cakes creep feed feed given to young animals isolated in a creep fodder coarse food (especially for livestock) composed of entire plants or the leaves and stalks of a cereal crop give fodder (to domesticated animals) feed grain grain grown for cattle feed eatage bulky food like grass or hay for browsing or grazing horses or cattle silage fodder harvested while green and kept succulent by partial fermentation as in a silo oil cake mass of e.g. linseed or cottonseed or soybean from which the oil has been pressed; used as food for livestock oil meal ground oil cake alfalfa leguminous plant grown for hay or forage important European leguminous forage plant with trifoliate leaves and blue-violet flowers grown widely as a pasture and hay crop broad bean a bean plant cultivated for use animal fodder Old World upright plant grown especially for its large flat edible seeds but also as fodder seed of the broad-bean plant hay grass mowed and cured for use as fodder convert (plant material) into hay timothy a grass grown for hay grass with long cylindrical spikes grown in northern United States and Europe for hay stover the dried stalks and leaves of a field crop (especially corn) used as animal fodder after the grain has been harvested grist grain intended to be or that has been ground groats the hulled and crushed grain of various cereals millet small seed of any of various annual cereal grasses especially Setaria italica any of various small-grained annual cereal and forage grasses of the genera Panicum, Echinochloa, Setaria, Sorghum, and Eleusine barley a grain of barley cultivated since prehistoric times; grown for forage and grain pearl barley barley ground into small round pellets buckwheat grain ground into flour a member of the genus Fagopyrum; annual Asian plant with clusters of small pinkish white flowers and small edible triangular seeds which are used whole or ground into flour bulgur parched crushed wheat wheat grains of common wheat; sometimes cooked whole or cracked as cereal; usually ground into flour annual or biennial grass having erect flower spikes and light brown grains cracked wheat grains of wheat that have been crushed into small pieces stodge heavy and filling (and usually starchy) food wheat germ embryo of the wheat kernel; removed before milling and eaten as a source of vitamins oat seed of the annual grass Avena sativa (spoken of primarily in the plural as `oats') annual grass of Europe and North Africa; grains used as food and fodder (referred to primarily in the plural: `oats') rice grains used as food either unpolished or more often polished annual or perennial rhizomatous marsh grasses; seed used for food; straw used for paper sieve so that it becomes the consistency of rice; "rice the potatoes" brown rice unpolished rice retaining the yellowish-brown outer layer white rice having husk or outer brown layers removed wild rice grains of aquatic grass of North America perennial aquatic grass of North America bearing grain used for food paddy rice in the husk either gathered or still in the field an irrigated or flooded field where rice is grown slop wet feed (especially for pigs) consisting of mostly kitchen waste mixed with water or skimmed or sour milk (usually plural) weak or watery unappetizing food or drink; "he lived on the thin slops that food kitchens provided" (usually plural) waste water from a kitchen or bathroom or chamber pot that has to be emptied by hand; "she carried out the sink slops" deep soft mud in water or slush; "they waded through the slop" feed pigs ladle clumsily; "slop the food onto the plate" mash mixture of ground animal feeds a mixture of mashed malt grains and hot water; used in brewing chicken feed dry mash for poultry cud food of a ruminant regurgitated to be chewed again bird feed food given to birds; usually mixed seeds petfood food prepared for animal pets dog food food prepared for dogs cat food food prepared for cats canary seed a mixture of seeds used to feed caged birds salad food mixtures either arranged on a plate or tossed and served with a moist dressing; usually consisting of or including greens tossed salad salad tossed with a dressing green salad tossed salad composed primarily of salad greens Caesar salad typically having fried croutons and dressing made with a raw egg salmagundi cooked meats and eggs and vegetables usually arranged in rows around the plate and dressed with a salad dressing salad nicoise typically containing tomatoes and anchovies and garnished with black olives and capers combination salad containing meat or chicken or cheese in addition to greens and vegetables chef's salad the combination salad prepared as a particular chef's specialty potato salad any of various salads having chopped potatoes as the base pasta salad a salad having any of various pastas as the base macaroni salad having macaroni as the base fruit salad salad composed of fruits Waldorf salad typically made of apples and celery with nuts or raisins and dressed with mayonnaise crab Louis lettuce and crabmeat dressed with sauce Louis herring salad based on pickled herring tuna fish salad salad composed primarily of chopped canned tuna fish chicken salad salad composed primarily of chopped chicken meat coleslaw basically shredded cabbage aspic savory jelly based on fish or meat stock used as a mold for meats or vegetables molded salad salad of meats or vegetables in gelatin tabbouleh a finely chopped salad with tomatoes and parsley and mint and scallions and bulgur wheat flavorer something added to food primarily for the savor it imparts bouillon cube a cube of evaporated seasoned meat extract beef tea an extract of beef (given to people who are ill) lemon zest tiny bits of lemon peel orange zest tiny bits of orange peel condiment a preparation (a sauce or relish or spice) to enhance flavor or enjoyment; "mustard and ketchup are condiments" herb aromatic potherb used in cookery for its savory qualities a plant lacking a permanent woody stem; many are flowering garden plants or potherbs; some having medicinal properties; some are pests fines herbes a mixture of finely chopped fresh herbs; "an omelet flavored with fines herbes" spice any of a variety of pungent aromatic vegetable substances used for flavoring food aromatic substances of vegetable origin used as a preservative make more interesting or flavorful; "Spice up the evening by inviting a belly dancer" peppermint oil oil from the peppermint plant used as flavoring spearmint oil an aromatic oil obtained from the spearmint plant lemon oil fragrant yellow oil obtained from the lemon peel wintergreen oil oil or flavoring obtained from the creeping wintergreen or teaberry plant celery salt ground celery seed and salt garlic salt ground dried garlic and salt onion salt ground dried onion and salt seasoned salt combination of salt and vegetable extracts and spices and monosodium glutamate sour salt crystals of citric acid used as seasoning five spice powder Chinese seasoning made by grinding star anise and fennel and pepper and cloves and cinnamon allspice ground dried berrylike fruit of a West Indian allspice tree; suggesting combined flavors of cinnamon and nutmeg and cloves deciduous shrubs having aromatic bark; eastern China; southwestern and eastern United States aromatic West Indian tree that produces allspice berries cinnamon spice from the dried aromatic bark of the Ceylon cinnamon tree; used as rolled strips or ground tropical Asian tree with aromatic yellowish-brown bark; source of the spice cinnamon aromatic bark used as a spice stick cinnamon dried rolled strips of cinnamon bark clove spice from dried unopened flower bud of the clove tree; used whole or ground one of the small bulblets that can be split off of the axis of a larger garlic bulb moderate sized very symmetrical red-flowered evergreen widely cultivated in the tropics for its flower buds which are source of cloves aromatic flower bud of a clove tree; yields a spice cumin aromatic seeds of the cumin herb of the carrot family dwarf Mediterranean annual long cultivated for its aromatic seeds fennel fennel seeds are ground and used as a spice or as an ingredient of a spice mixture leaves used for seasoning aromatic bulbous stem base eaten cooked or raw in salads any of several aromatic herbs having edible seeds and leaves and stems ginger pungent rhizome of the common ginger plant; used fresh as a seasoning especially in Asian cookery dried ground gingerroot perennial plants having thick branching aromatic rhizomes and leafy reedlike stems add ginger to in order to add flavor; "ginger the soup" (used especially of hair or fur) having a bright orange-brown color; "a man with gingery hair and bright blue eyes"; "a ginger kitten" nutmeg hard aromatic seed of the nutmeg tree used as spice when grated or ground East Indian tree widely cultivated in the tropics for its aromatic seed; source of two spices: nutmeg and mace black pepper pepper that is ground from whole peppercorns with husks on white pepper pepper ground from husked peppercorns sassafras dried root bark of the sassafras tree yellowwood tree with brittle wood and aromatic leaves and bark; source of sassafras oil; widely distributed in eastern North America basil leaves of the common basil; used fresh or dried any of several Old World tropical aromatic annual or perennial herbs of the genus Ocimum bay leaf dried leaf of the bay laurel borage an herb whose leaves are used to flavor sauces and punches; young leaves can be eaten in salads or cooked hairy blue-flowered European annual herb long used in herbal medicine and eaten raw as salad greens or cooked like spinach hyssop bitter leaves used sparingly in salads; dried flowers used in soups and tisanes a European mint with aromatic and pungent leaves used in perfumery and as a seasoning in cookery; often cultivated as a remedy for bruises; yields hyssop oil caraway leaves used sparingly in soups and stews a Eurasian plant with small white flowers yielding caraway seed chervil fresh ferny parsley-like leaves used as a garnish with chicken and veal and omelets and green salads and spinach aromatic annual Old World herb cultivated for its finely divided and often curly leaves for use especially in soups and salads chives cylindrical leaves used fresh as a mild onion-flavored seasoning perennial having hollow cylindrical leaves used for seasoning comfrey leaves make a popular tisane; young leaves used in salads or cooked perennial herbs of Europe and Iran; make rapidly growing groundcover for shaded areas coriander parsley-like herb used as seasoning or garnish dried coriander seeds used whole or ground Old World herb with aromatic leaves and seed resembling parsley costmary leaves used sparingly (because of bitter overtones) in sauces and soups and stuffings tansy-scented Eurasian perennial herb with buttonlike yellow flowers; used as potherb or salad green and sometimes for potpourri or tea or flavoring; sometimes placed in genus Chrysanthemum fennel seed aromatic anis-scented seeds fenugreek aromatic seeds used as seasoning especially in curry annual herb or southern Europe and eastern Asia having off-white flowers and aromatic seeds used medicinally and in curry garlic aromatic bulb used as seasoning bulbous herb of southern Europe widely naturalized; bulb breaks up into separate strong-flavored cloves garlic chive large flat leaves used as chive is used a plant of eastern Asia; larger than Allium schoenoprasum lemon balm lemony leaves used for a tisane or in soups or fruit punches bushy perennial Old World mint having small white or yellowish flowers and fragrant lemon-flavored leaves; a garden escapee in northern Europe and North America lovage stalks eaten like celery or candied like angelica; seeds used for flavoring or pickled like capers herb native to southern Europe; cultivated for its edible stalks and foliage and seeds marjoram pungent leaves used as seasoning with meats and fowl and in stews and soups and omelets mustard seed black or white seeds ground to make mustard pastes or powders Chinese mustard very hot prepared mustard nasturtium flowers and seeds and leaves all used as flavorings any tropical American plant of the genus Tropaeolum having pungent juice and long-spurred yellow to red flowers parsley aromatic herb with flat or crinkly leaves that are cut finely and used to garnish food annual or perennial herb with aromatic leaves salad burnet leaves sometimes used for salad European garden herb with purple-tinged flowers and leaves that are sometimes used for salads rosemary extremely pungent leaves used fresh or dried as seasoning for especially meats widely cultivated for its fragrant grey-green leaves used in cooking and in perfumery sage aromatic fresh or dried grey-green leaves used widely as seasoning for meats and fowl and game etc a mentor in spiritual and philosophical topics who is renowned for profound wisdom any of various plants of the genus Salvia; a cosmopolitan herb of the grey-green color of sage leaves having wisdom that comes with age and experience clary sage fresh leaves used in omelets and fritters and with lamb stout Mediterranean sage with white or pink or violet flowers; yields oil used as a flavoring and in perfumery summer savory herb with delicately flavored leaves with many uses erect annual herb with oval leaves and pink flowers; used to flavor e.g. meats or soups or salads; southeastern Europe and naturalized elsewhere winter savory resinous leaves used in stews and stuffings and meat loaf erect perennial subshrub having pink or white flowers and leathery leaves with a flavor of thyme; southern Europe sweet woodruff fragrant dark green leaves used to flavor May wine Old World fragrant stoloniferous perennial having small white flowers and narrow leaves used as flavoring and in sachets; widely cultivated as a ground cover; in some classifications placed in genus Asperula sweet cicely fresh ferny leaves and green seeds used as garnish in salads and cold vegetables; dried seeds used in confectionery and liqueurs European herb with soft ferny leaves and white flowers tarragon fresh leaves (or leaves preserved in vinegar) used as seasoning aromatic perennial of southeastern Russia thyme leaves can be used as seasoning for almost any meat and stews and stuffings and vegetables any of various mints of the genus Thymus turmeric ground dried rhizome of the turmeric plant used as seasoning widely cultivated tropical plant of India having yellow flowers and a large aromatic deep yellow rhizome; source of a condiment and a yellow dye catsup thick spicy sauce made from tomatoes cardamom aromatic seeds used as seasoning like cinnamon and cloves especially in pickles and barbecue sauces rhizomatous herb of India having aromatic seeds used as seasoning chili powder powder made of ground chili peppers mixed with e.g. cumin and garlic and oregano chili sauce tomatoes and onions and peppers (sweet or hot) simmered with vinegar and sugar and various seasonings chili vinegar fiery vinegar flavored with chili peppers chutney a spicy condiment made of chopped fruits or vegetables cooked in vinegar and sugar with ginger and spices steak sauce pungent bottled sauce for steak taco sauce spicy tomato-based sauce for tacos salsa spicy sauce of tomatoes and onions and chili peppers to accompany Mexican foods mint sauce sweetened diluted vinegar with chopped mint leaves cranberry sauce sauce made of cranberries and sugar curry powder pungent blend of cumin and ground coriander seed and turmeric and other spices curry (East Indian cookery) a pungent dish of vegetables or meats flavored with curry powder and usually eaten with rice treat by incorporating fat; "curry tanned leather" season with a mixture of spices; typical of Indian cooking lamb curry curry made with lamb duck sauce a thick sweet and pungent Chinese condiment horseradish grated horseradish root coarse Eurasian plant cultivated for its thick white pungent root the root of the horseradish plant; it is grated or ground and used for seasoning marinade mixtures of vinegar or wine and oil with various spices and seasonings; used for soaking foods before cooking soak in marinade; "marinade herring" paprika a mild powdered seasoning made from dried pimientos Spanish paprika a mild seasoning made from a variety of pimiento grown in Spain pickle vegetables (especially cucumbers) preserved in brine or vinegar preserve in a pickling liquid dill pickle pickle preserved in brine or vinegar flavored with dill seed bread and butter pickle thinly sliced sweet pickles pickle relish relish of chopped (usually sweet) pickles piccalilli relish of chopped pickled cucumbers and green peppers and onion sweet pickle pickle cured in brine and preserved in sugar and vinegar applesauce puree of stewed apples usually sweetened and spiced soy sauce thin sauce made of fermented soy beans Tabasco very spicy sauce (trade name Tabasco) made from fully-aged red peppers a Mexican state on the Gulf of Campeche tomato paste thick concentrated tomato puree angelica aromatic stems or leaves or roots of Angelica Archangelica candied stalks of the angelica plant any of various tall and stout herbs of the genus Angelica having pinnately compound leaves and small white or greenish flowers in compound umbels almond extract flavoring made from almonds macerated in alcohol anise liquorice-flavored seeds, used medicinally and in cooking and liquors native to Egypt but cultivated widely for its aromatic seeds and the oil from them used medicinally and as a flavoring in cookery Chinese anise anise-scented star-shaped fruit or seed used in Asian cooking and medicine juniper berries berrylike cone of a common juniper; used in making gin saffron dried pungent stigmas of the Old World saffron crocus Old World crocus having purple or white flowers with aromatic pungent orange stigmas used in flavoring food sesame seed small oval seeds of the sesame plant caraway seed aromatic seeds of the caraway plant; used widely as seasoning poppy seed small grey seed of a poppy flower; used whole or ground in baked items dill aromatic threadlike foliage of the dill plant used as seasoning aromatic Old World herb having aromatic threadlike foliage and seeds used as seasoning dill seed seed of the dill plant used as seasoning celery seed seed of the celery plant used as seasoning lemon extract a flavoring made from (or imitating) lemons monosodium glutamate white crystalline compound used as a food additive to enhance flavor; often used in Chinese cooking; "food manufacturers sometimes list MSG simply as `artificial flavors' in ingredient lists" vanilla bean long bean-like fruit; seeds are used as flavoring vinegar sour-tasting liquid produced usually by oxidation of the alcohol in wine or cider and used as a condiment or food preservative dilute acetic acid cider vinegar vinegar made from cider wine vinegar vinegar made from wine sauce flavorful relish or dressing or topping served as an accompaniment to food add zest or flavor to, make more interesting; "sauce the roast" dress (food) with a relish behave saucily or impudently towards anchovy sauce made of white sauce and mashed anchovies hot sauce a pungent peppery sauce hard sauce butter and sugar creamed together with brandy or other flavoring and served with rich puddings horseradish sauce creamy white sauce with horseradish and mustard bolognese pasta sauce sauce for pasta; contains mushrooms and ham and chopped vegetables and beef and tomato paste carbonara sauce for pasta; contains eggs and bacon or ham and grated cheese tomato sauce sauce made with a puree of tomatoes (or strained tomatoes) with savory vegetables and other seasonings; can be used on pasta tartare sauce mayonnaise with chopped pickles and sometimes capers and shallots and parsley and hard-cooked egg; sauce for seafood especially fried fish wine sauce white or veloute sauce with wine and stock variously seasoned with onions and herbs; for fish or meat marchand de vin brown sauce with mushrooms and red wine or Madeira bread sauce creamy white sauce made with bread instead of flour and seasoned with cloves and onion plum sauce for Chinese dishes: plum preserves and chutney peach sauce for Chinese dishes: peach preserves and chutney apricot sauce for Chinese dishes: apricot preserves and chutney pesto a sauce typically served with pasta; contains crushed basil leaves and garlic and pine nuts and Parmesan cheese in olive oil ravigote veloute sauce seasoned with chopped chervil, chives, tarragon, shallots and capers remoulade sauce a mayonnaise sauce flavored with herbs and mustard and capers; served with e.g. salad and cold meat sauce Louis mayonnaise and heavy cream combined with chopped green pepper and green onion seasoned with chili sauce and Worcestershire sauce and lemon juice bleu cheese dressing creamy dressing containing crumbled blue cheese blue cheese dressing vinaigrette containing crumbled Roquefort or blue cheese French dressing oil and vinegar with mustard and garlic Lorenzo dressing vinaigrette with chili sauce and chopped watercress anchovy dressing vinaigrette and mashed anchovies Italian dressing a vinaigrette with garlic and herbs: oregano and basil and dill half-and-half dressing half mayonnaise and half vinaigrette seasoned with minced garlic and mashed anchovies and grated Parmesan cheese; especially good for combination salads mayonnaise egg yolks and oil and vinegar green mayonnaise mayonnaise with tarragon or dill and chopped watercress and spinach or cucumber aioli garlic mayonnaise Russian dressing mayonnaise with horseradish grated onion and chili sauce or catsup; sometimes with caviar added salad cream a creamy salad dressing resembling mayonnaise Thousand Island dressing mayonnaise with chili sauce or catsup and minced olives and peppers and hard-cooked egg barbecue sauce spicy sweet and sour sauce usually based on catsup or chili sauce hollandaise eggs and butter with lemon juice bearnaise a sauce like hollandaise but made with white wine and tarragon and shallots instead of lemon juice Bercy butter creamed with white wine and shallots and parsley bordelaise brown sauce with beef marrow and red wine bourguignon reduced red wine with onions and parsley and thyme and butter brown sauce bouillon or beef stock thickened with butter and flour roux and variously seasoned with herbs or Worcestershire etc. Espagnole brown sauce with tomatoes and a caramelized mixture of minced carrots and onions and celery seasoned with Madeira Chinese brown sauce a sauce based on soy sauce blanc a white sauce of fat, broth, and vegetables (used especially with braised meat) cheese sauce white sauce with grated cheese chocolate sauce sauce made with unsweetened chocolate or cocoa and sugar and water hot-fudge sauce thick chocolate sauce served hot cocktail sauce usually catsup with horseradish and lemon juice Colbert butter creamed with parsley and tarragon and beef extract white sauce milk thickened with a butter and flour roux cream sauce white sauce made with cream Mornay sauce onion-flavored creamy cheese sauce with egg yolk and grated cheese demiglace sauce Espagnole with extra beef stock simmered down and seasoned with dry wine or sherry gravy the seasoned but not thickened juices that drip from cooking meats; often a little water is added a sauce made by adding stock, flour, or other ingredients to the juice and fat that drips from cooking meats spaghetti sauce any of numerous sauces for spaghetti or other kinds of pasta marinara sauce for pasta; contains tomatoes and garlic and herbs hunter's sauce brown sauce and tomato puree with onions and mushrooms and dry white wine mushroom sauce brown sauce and sauteed mushrooms mustard sauce sauce of prepared mustard thinned with vinegar and vegetable oil with sugar and seasonings Nantua white sauce with whipping cream and shrimp butter Hungarian sauce veloute sauce with sauteed chopped onion and paprika and cream pepper sauce for venison: brown sauce with sauteed vegetables and trimmings and marinade and plenty of pepper roux a mixture of fat and flour heated and used as a basis for sauces Smitane veloute or brown sauce with sauteed chopped onion and dry white wine and sour cream Soubise veloute sauce with sauteed chopped onions and whipping cream Lyonnaise sauce brown sauce with sauteed chopped onions and parsley and dry white wine or vinegar veloute white sauce made with stock instead of milk allemande egg-thickened veloute caper sauce allemande sauce with capers poulette allemande sauce with chopped parsley curry sauce allemande sauce with curry powder and coconut milk instead of stock Worcester sauce a savory sauce of vinegar and soy sauce and spices egg white the white part of an egg; the nutritive and protective gelatinous substance surrounding the yolk consisting mainly of albumin dissolved in water; "she separated the whites from the yolks of several eggs" egg yolk the yellow spherical part of an egg that is surrounded by the albumen boiled egg egg cooked briefly in the shell in gently boiling water hard-boiled egg an egg boiled gently until both the white and the yolk solidify Easter egg a colored hard-boiled egg used to celebrate Easter an egg-shaped candy used to celebrate Easter chocolate egg egg-shaped chocolate candy candy egg egg-shaped candy poached egg egg cooked in gently boiling water scrambled eggs eggs beaten and cooked to a soft firm consistency while stirring deviled egg halved hard-cooked egg with the yolk mashed with mayonnaise and seasonings and returned to the white shirred egg egg cooked individually in cream or butter in a small ramekin omelet beaten eggs or an egg mixture cooked until just set; may be folded around e.g. ham or cheese or jelly firm omelet eggs beaten with milk or cream and cooked until set French omelet omelet cooked quickly and slid onto a plate fluffy omelet souffle-like omelet made by beating and adding the whites separately western omelet a firm omelet that has diced ham and peppers and onions souffle light fluffy dish of egg yolks and stiffly beaten egg whites mixed with e.g. cheese or fish or fruit fried egg eggs cooked by sauteing in oil or butter; sometimes turned and cooked on both sides dairy product milk and butter and cheese sour milk milk that has turned sour soya milk a milk substitute containing soybean flour and water; used in some infant formulas and in making tofu pasteurized milk milk that has been exposed briefly to high temperatures to destroy microorganisms and prevent fermentation cows' milk milk obtained from dairy cows yak's milk the milk of a yak goats' milk the milk of a goat acidophilus milk milk fermented by bacteria; used to treat gastrointestinal disorders raw milk unpasteurized milk scalded milk milk heated almost to boiling homogenized milk milk with the fat particles broken up and dispersed uniformly so the cream will not rise certified milk milk from dairies regulated by an authorized medical milk commission powdered milk dehydrated milk nonfat dry milk dehydrated skimmed milk evaporated milk milk concentrated by evaporation condensed milk sweetened evaporated milk skim milk milk from which the cream has been skimmed semi-skimmed milk milk from which some of the cream has been removed whole milk milk from which no constituent (such as fat) has been removed low-fat milk milk from which some of the cream has been removed buttermilk residue from making butter from sour raw milk; or pasteurized milk curdled by adding a culture clotted cream thick cream made from scalded milk double creme cream with a fat content of 48% or more half-and-half half milk and half light cream; contains 10% to 18% butterfat in equal parts; "a half-and-half mixture" in equal parts; "it was divided half-and-half" heavy cream contains more than 36% butterfat light cream cream that has at least 18% butterfat; "in England they call light cream `single cream'" sour cream artificially soured light cream whipping cream cream that has enough butterfat (30% to 36%) to be whipped butter an edible emulsion of fat globules made by churning milk or cream; for cooking and table use a fighter who strikes the opponent with his head spread butter on; "butter bread" clarified butter butter made clear by heating and removing the sediment of milk solids ghee clarified butter used in Indian cookery brown butter clarified butter browned slowly and seasoned with vinegar or lemon juice and capers Meuniere butter clarified butter browned slowly and seasoned with lemon juice and parsley yogurt a custard-like food made from curdled milk blueberry yogurt yogurt with sweetened blueberries or blueberry jam raita an Indian side dish of yogurt and chopped cucumbers and spices whey watery part of milk produced when raw milk sours and coagulates; "Little Miss Muffet sat on a tuffet eating some curds and whey" the serum or watery part of milk that is separated from the curd in making cheese curd coagulated milk; used to make cheese; "Little Miss Muffet sat on a tuffet eating some curds and whey" a coagulated liquid resembling milk curd; "bean curd"; "lemon curd" clabber raw milk that has soured and thickened cheese a solid food prepared from the pressed curd of milk wind onto a cheese; "cheese the yarn" used in the imperative (get away, or stop it); "Cheese it!" cheese rind the rind of a cheese paring (usually plural) a part of a fruit or vegetable that is pared or cut off; especially the skin or peel; "she could peel an apple with a single long paring" a thin fragment or slice (especially of wood) that has been shaved from something cream cheese soft unripened cheese made of sweet milk and cream double cream fresh soft French cheese containing at least 60% fat mascarpone soft mild Italian cream cheese triple cream fresh soft French cheese containing at least 72% fat cottage cheese mild white cheese made from curds of soured skim milk process cheese made by blending several lots of cheese bleu cheese containing a blue mold Stilton English blue cheese Roquefort French blue cheese gorgonzola Italian blue cheese Danish blue blue cheese of Denmark Bavarian blue blue cheese of Bavaria Brie soft creamy white cheese; milder than Camembert brick cheese semisoft sweet American cheese from whole milk in a brick form Camembert rich soft creamy French cheese cheddar hard smooth-textured cheese; originally made in Cheddar in southwestern England rat cheese informal names for American cheddar Cheshire cheese a mild yellow English cheese with a crumbly texture double Gloucester a smooth firm mild orange-red cheese Edam mild yellow Dutch cheese made in balls encased in a red covering goat cheese made from goats' milk Gouda mild cream-colored Dutch cheese shaped in balls grated cheese hard or semihard cheese grated hand cheese any cheese originally molded by hand Liederkranz a soft cheese with a strong odor and flavor Limburger a soft white cheese with a very strong pungent odor and flavor mozzarella mild white Italian cheese Muenster semisoft pale-yellow cheese Parmesan hard dry sharp-flavored Italian cheese; often grated quark cheese fresh unripened cheese of a smooth texture made from pasteurized milk, a starter, and rennet ricotta soft Italian cheese like cottage cheese string cheese cheese formed in long strings twisted together Swiss cheese hard pale yellow cheese with many holes from Switzerland Emmenthal Swiss cheese with large holes Gruyere Swiss cheese with small holes sapsago a hard green Swiss cheese made with skim-milk curd and flavored with clover Velveeta trademark: soft processed American cheese nut butter ground nuts blended with a little butter peanut butter a spread made from ground peanuts marshmallow fluff a very sweet white spread resembling marshmallow candy onion butter butter blended with minced onion pimento butter butter blended with mashed pimento shrimp butter butter blended with chopped shrimp or seasoned with essence from shrimp shells lobster butter butter blended with chopped lobster or seasoned with essence from lobster shells yak butter butter made from yaks' milk cheese spread spread made of cheese mixed with butter or cream or cream cheese and seasonings anchovy butter butter blended with mashed anchovies fishpaste a paste of fish or shellfish garlic butter butter seasoned with mashed garlic miso a thick paste made from fermented soybeans and barley or rice malt; used in Japanese cooking to make soups or sauces wasabi the thick green root of the wasabi plant that the Japanese use in cooking and that tastes like strong horseradish; in powder or paste form it is often eaten with raw fish a Japanese plant of the family Cruciferae with a thick green root snail butter for preparing snails: butter seasoned with shallots and garlic and parsley hummus a thick spread made from mashed chickpeas, tahini, lemon juice and garlic; used especially as a dip for pita; originated in the Middle East duck pate a pate made from duck liver foie gras a pate made from goose liver (marinated in Cognac) and truffles tapenade a spread consisting of capers and black olives and anchovies made into a puree with olive oil tahini a thick Middle Eastern paste made from ground sesame seeds aspartame an artificial sweetener made from aspartic acid; used as a calorie-free sweetener honey a sweet yellow liquid produced by bees sweeten with honey of something having the color of honey saccharin a crystalline substance 500 times sweeter than sugar; used as a calorie-free sweetener sugar a white crystalline carbohydrate used as a sweetener and preservative sweeten with sugar; "sugar your tea" syrup a thick sweet sticky liquid sugar syrup sugar and water and sometimes corn syrup boiled together; used as sweetening especially in drinks molasses thick dark syrup produced by boiling down juice from sugar cane; especially during sugar refining sorghum made from juice of sweet sorghum economically important Old World tropical cereal grass grenadine thin syrup made from pomegranate juice; used in mixed drinks maple syrup made by concentrating sap from sugar maples corn syrup syrup prepared from corn miraculous food (Old Testament) food that God gave the Israelites during the Exodus batter a liquid or semiliquid mixture, as of flour, eggs, and milk, used in cooking (baseball) a ballplayer who is batting dough a flour mixture stiff enough to knead or roll bread dough any of various doughs for bread pancake batter batter for making pancakes fritter batter batter for making fritters coq au vin chicken and onions and mushrooms braised in red wine and seasonings chicken provencale chicken cooked in a sauce made with tomatoes, garlic, and olive oil chicken and rice rice and chicken cooked together with or without other ingredients and variously seasoned moo goo gai pan a Cantonese dish of chicken and sauteed vegetables arroz con pollo rice and chicken cooked together Spanish style; highly seasoned especially with saffron bacon and eggs eggs (fried or scrambled) served with bacon barbecued spareribs baked or roasted with a spicy sauce beef Bourguignonne beef and mushrooms and onions stewed in red wine and seasonings beef Wellington rare-roasted beef tenderloin coated with mushroom paste in puff pastry bitok a Russian dish made with patties of ground meat (mixed with onions and bread and milk) and served with a sauce of sour cream boiled dinner corned beef simmered with onions and cabbage and usually other vegetables Boston baked beans dried navy beans baked slowly with molasses and salt pork bubble and squeak leftover cabbage fried with cooked potatoes and sometimes meat cannelloni tubular pasta filled with meat or cheese carbonnade flamande beef stewed in beer seasoned with garlic and served with boiled potatoes cheese souffle puffy dish of cheese and eggs (whites beaten separately) and white sauce chicken Marengo braised chicken with onions and mushrooms in a wine and tomato sauce chicken cordon bleu thin slices of chicken stuffed with cheese and ham and then sauteed Maryland chicken chicken fried than oven-baked and served with milk gravy chicken paprika chicken simmered in broth with onions and paprika then mixed with sour cream chicken Tetrazzini chicken prepared in a cream sauce with mushrooms and served over pasta; usually topped with cheese Tetrazzini a pasta dish with cream sauce and mushrooms chicken Kiev pounded chicken cutlets rolled around butter (that has been seasoned with herbs) and then covered with crumbs and fried chili dog a hotdog with chili con carne on it chop suey meat or fish stir-fried with vegetables (e.g., celery, onions, peppers or bean sprouts) seasoned with ginger and garlic and soy sauce; served with rice; created in the United States and frequently served in Chinese restaurants there chow mein chop suey served with fried noodles codfish ball usually made of flaked salt cod and mashed potatoes coquilles Saint-Jacques scallops in white wine sauce served in scallop shells Cornish pasty meat pie with filling of meat and vegetables croquette minced cooked meats (or vegetables) in thick white sauce; breaded and deep-fried cottage pie a dish of minced meat topped with mashed potatoes rissole minced cooked meat or fish coated in egg and breadcrumbs and fried in deep fat dolmas well-seasoned rice (with nuts or currants or minced lamb) simmered or braised in stock egg foo yong omelet containing onions and celery and chopped meat or fish egg roll minced vegetables and meat wrapped in a pancake and fried eggs Benedict toasted English muffin topped with ham and a poached egg (or an oyster) and hollandaise sauce enchilada tortilla with meat filling baked in tomato sauce seasoned with chili falafel small croquette of mashed chick peas or fava beans seasoned with sesame seeds fish and chips fried fish and french-fried potatoes fondue hot cheese or chocolate melted to the consistency of a sauce into which bread or fruits are dipped cubes of meat or seafood cooked in hot oil and then dipped in any of various sauces cheese fondue fondue made of cheese melted in wine for dipping bread and sometimes fruits chocolate fondue fondue made of chocolate melted with milk or cream for dipping fruits beef fondue cubes of beef cooked in hot oil and then dipped in various tasty sauces French toast bread slice dipped in egg and milk and fried; topped with sugar or fruit or syrup fried rice boiled rice mixed with scallions and minced pork or shrimp and quickly scrambled with eggs frittata Italian omelet with diced vegetables and meats; cooked until bottom is set then inverted into another pan to cook the top frog legs hind legs of frogs used as food; resemble chicken and cooked as chicken galantine boned poultry stuffed then cooked and covered with aspic; served cold gefilte fish well-seasoned balls of ground fish and eggs and crushed crumbs simmered in fish stock haggis made of sheep's or calf's viscera minced with oatmeal and suet and onions and boiled in the animal's stomach ham and eggs eggs (scrambled or fried) served with ham hash chopped meat mixed with potatoes and browned chop up; "hash the potatoes" corned beef hash hash made with corned beef jambalaya spicy Creole dish of rice and ham, sausage, chicken, or shellfish with tomatoes, peppers, onions, and celery kabob cubes of meat marinated and cooked on a skewer usually with vegetables kedgeree a dish of rice and hard-boiled eggs and cooked flaked fish souvlaki made of lamb seafood Newburg seafood in Newburg sauce served on toast or rice lobster Newburg lobster in Newburg sauce served on buttered toast or rice shrimp Newburg shrimp in Newburg sauce usually served in a rice ring Newburg sauce lobster butter and cream and egg yolks seasoned with onions and sherry or Madeira lobster thermidor diced lobster mixed with Mornay sauce placed back in the shell and sprinkled with grated cheese and browned lutefisk dried cod soaked in a lye solution before boiling to give it a gelatinous consistency macaroni and cheese macaroni prepared in a cheese sauce macedoine mixed diced fruits or vegetables; hot or cold meatball ground meat formed into a ball and fried or simmered in broth porcupine ball meat patties rolled in rice and simmered in a tomato sauce Swedish meatball meatballs simmered in stock meat loaf a baked loaf of ground meat meat pie pie made with meat or fowl enclosed in pastry or covered with pastry or biscuit dough pork pie small pie filled with minced seasoned pork tourtiere a meat pie that is usually eaten at Christmas in Quebec mostaccioli pasta somewhat resembling little moustaches moussaka casserole of eggplant and ground lamb with onion and tomatoes bound with white sauce and beaten eggs osso buco sliced veal knuckle or shin bone cooked with olive oil and wine and tomatoes and served with rice or vegetables marrowbone a bone containing edible marrow; used especially in flavoring soup pheasant under glass a dish of roast pheasant served in a manner characteristic of expensive restaurants pigs in blankets small frankfurters wrapped in biscuit dough and baked pilaf rice cooked in well-seasoned broth with onions or celery and usually poultry or game or shellfish and sometimes tomatoes bulgur pilaf pilaf made with bulgur wheat instead of rice and usually without meat pizza Italian open pie made of thin bread dough spread with a spiced mixture of e.g. tomato sauce and cheese sausage pizza tomato and cheese pizza with sausage pepperoni pizza tomato and cheese pizza with pepperoni cheese pizza pizza with lots of cheese anchovy pizza tomato and cheese pizza with anchovies Sicilian pizza pizza made with a thick crust poi Hawaiian dish of taro root pounded to a paste and often allowed to ferment pork and beans dried beans cooked with pork and tomato sauce porridge soft food made by boiling oatmeal or other meal or legumes in water or milk until thick loblolly thick gruel potpie deep-dish meat and vegetable pie or a meat stew with dumplings rijsttaffel dish originating in Indonesia; a wide variety of foods and sauces are served with rice risotto rice cooked with broth and sprinkled with grated cheese fish loaf flaked fish baked in a loaf with bread crumbs and various seasonings salmon loaf fish loaf made with flaked salmon Salisbury steak ground beef patty usually with a sauce sauerbraten pot roast marinated several days in seasoned vinegar before cooking; usually served with potato dumplings sauerkraut shredded cabbage fermented in brine scallopine sauteed cutlets (usually veal or poultry) that have been pounded thin and coated with flour veal scallopini thin sauteed cutlets of veal scampi large shrimp sauteed in oil or butter and garlic Scotch egg hard-cooked egg encased in sausage meat then breaded and deep-fried Scotch woodcock creamy scrambled eggs on toast spread with anchovy paste scrapple scraps of meat (usually pork) boiled with cornmeal and shaped into loaves for slicing and frying shepherd's pie pie of hash covered with mashed potatoes and browned in the oven spaghetti and meatballs spaghetti with meatballs in a tomato sauce Spanish rice spicy rice with tomatoes and onions and green peppers steak and kidney pie steak with sauteed kidneys and onions cooked in wine and stock then covered with pastry and baked kidney pie like steak and kidney pie but without steak steak tartare ground beef mixed with raw egg and e.g. onions and capers and anchovies; eaten raw pepper steak strips of steak sauteed with green peppers and onions steak au poivre steak covered with crushed peppercorns pan-broiled and served with brandy-and-butter sauce beef Stroganoff sauteed strips of beef and mushrooms in sour cream sauce served with noodles stuffed cabbage parboiled head of cabbage scooped out and filled with a hash of chopped e.g. beef or ham and baked; served with tomato or cheese sauce kishke (Judaism) roasted fowl intestines with a seasoned filling of matzo meal and suet stuffed peppers parboiled green peppers stuffed usually with rice and meat and baked briefly stuffed tomato tomato cases filled with various mixtures and baked briefly tomato cases filled with various salad mixtures and served cold succotash fresh corn and lima beans with butter or cream sukiyaki thin beef strips (or chicken or pork) cooked briefly at the table with onions and greens and soy sauce sashimi very thinly sliced raw fish sushi rice (with raw fish) wrapped in seaweed Swiss steak steak braised in tomato and onion mixture tamal dough stuffed with a meat mixture and sometimes wrapped in corn husks and steamed tamale pie a meat mixture covered with cornbread topping that resembles a Mexican dish tempura vegetables and seafood dipped in batter and deep-fried teriyaki beef or chicken or seafood marinated in spicy soy sauce and grilled or broiled terrine a pate or fancy meatloaf baked in an earthenware casserole Welsh rarebit cheese melted with ale or beer served over toast schnitzel deep-fried breaded veal cutlets tortilla thin unleavened pancake made from cornmeal or wheat flour taco a tortilla rolled cupped around a filling chicken taco a taco with a chicken filling burrito a flour tortilla folded around a filling beef burrito a burrito with a beef filling quesadilla a tortilla that is filled with cheese and heated tostada a crisp flat tortilla a flat tortilla with various fillings piled on it bean tostada a flat tortilla topped with refried beans refried beans dried beans cooked and mashed and then fried in lard with various seasonings beverage any liquid suitable for drinking; "may I take your beverage order?" wish-wash any thin watery drink lekvar a sweet filling made of prunes or apricots potion a medicinal or magical or poisonous beverage elixir a substance believed to cure all ills a sweet flavored liquid (usually containing a small amount of alcohol) used in compounding medicines to be taken by mouth in order to mask an unpleasant taste elixir of life a hypothetical substance believed to maintain life indefinitely; once sought by alchemists philter a drink credited with magical power; can make the one who takes it love the one who gave it chaser a drink to follow immediately after another drink quaff a hearty draft pledge a drink in honor of or to the health of a person or event someone accepted for membership but not yet fully admitted to the group a deposit of personal property as security for a debt; "his saxophone was in pledge" promise solemnly and formally; "I pledge that I will honor my wife" bind or secure by a pledge; "I was pledged to silence" give as a guarantee; "I pledge my honor" pay (an amount of money) as a contribution to a charity or service, especially at regular intervals; "I pledged $10 a month to my favorite radio station" alcohol a liquor or brew containing alcohol as the active agent; "alcohol (or drink) ruined him" any of a series of volatile hydroxyl compounds that are made from hydrocarbons by distillation proof spirit a mixture containing half alcohol by volume at 60 degrees Fahrenheit home brew an alcoholic beverage (especially beer) made at home hooch an illicitly distilled (and usually inferior) alcoholic liquor kava an alcoholic drink made from the aromatic roots of the kava shrub aperitif alcoholic beverage taken before a meal as an appetizer brew drink made by steeping and boiling and fermenting rather than distilling sit or let sit in boiling water so as to extract the flavor; "the tea is brewing" prepare by brewing; "people have been brewing beer for thousands of years" beer a general name for alcoholic beverages made by fermenting a cereal (or mixture of cereals) flavored with hops draft beer beer drawn from a keg suds a dysphemism for beer (especially for lager that effervesces) wash in suds Munich beer a dark lager produced in Munich since the 10th century; has a distinctive taste of malt bock a very strong lager traditionally brewed in the fall and aged through the winter for consumption in the spring lager a general term for beer made with bottom fermenting yeast (usually by decoction mashing); originally it was brewed in March or April and matured until September light beer lager with reduced alcohol content Pilsner a pale lager with strong flavor of hops; first brewed in the Bohemian town of Pilsen shebeen unlicensed drinking establishment Weissbier a general name for beers made from wheat by top fermentation; usually very pale and cloudy and effervescent Weizenbier a general name in southern Germany for wheat beers Weizenbock a German wheat beer of bock strength malt a cereal grain (usually barley) that is kiln-dried after having been germinated by soaking in water; used especially in brewing and distilling a lager of high alcohol content; by law it is considered too alcoholic to be sold as lager or beer convert into malt convert grain into malt turn into malt, become malt treat with malt or malt extract; "malt beer" wort unfermented or fermenting malt usually used in combination: `liverwort'; `milkwort'; `whorlywort' ale a general name for beer made with a top fermenting yeast; in some of the United States an ale is (by law) a brew of more than 4% alcohol by volume Burton a strong dark English ale Welsh film actor who often co-starred with Elizabeth Taylor (1925-1984) English explorer who with John Speke was the first European to explore Lake Tanganyika (1821-1890) pale ale an amber colored ale brewed with pale malts; similar to bitter but drier and lighter porter a very dark sweet ale brewed from roasted unmalted barley a railroad employee who assists passengers (especially on sleeping cars) a person employed to carry luggage and supplies carry luggage or supplies; "They portered the food up Mount Kilimanjaro for the tourists" Guinness a kind of bitter stout English stage and screen actor noted for versatility (1914-2000) kvass fermented beverage resembling beer but made from rye or barley mead made of fermented honey and water metheglin spiced or medicated mead hydromel honey diluted in water; becomes mead when fermented oenomel wine mixed with honey near beer drink that resembles beer but with less than 1/2 percent alcohol ginger beer carbonated slightly alcoholic drink flavored with fermented ginger nipa made from sap of the Australasian nipa palm red wine wine having a red color derived from skins of dark-colored grapes white wine pale yellowish wine made from white grapes or red grapes with skins removed before fermentation blush wine pinkish table wine from red grapes whose skins were removed after fermentation began altar wine used in a communion service sparkling wine effervescent wine champagne a white sparkling wine either produced in Champagne or resembling that produced there cold duck pink sparkling wine originally from Germany Burgundy red table wine from the Burgundy region of France (or any similar wine made elsewhere) Beaujolais dry fruity light red wine drunk within a few months after it is made; from the Beaujolais district in southeastern France Medoc red Bordeaux wine from the Medoc district of southwestern France Canary wine a sweet white wine from the Canary Islands Chablis dry white table wine of Chablis, France or a wine resembling it a town in north central France noted for white Burgundy wines Montrachet a white Burgundy wine Chardonnay dry white table wine resembling Chablis but made from Chardonnay grapes white wine grape Pinot noir dry red California table wine made from purple Pinot grapes red wine grape; grown especially in California for making wines resembling those from Burgundy, France Pinot blanc dry white California table wine made from white Pinot grapes white wine grape; grown especially in California for making wines resembling those from Chablis, France Bordeaux any of several red or white wines produced around Bordeaux, France or wines resembling them a port city in southwestern France; a major center of the wine trade Chianti dry red Italian table wine from the Chianti region of Tuscany Cabernet superior Bordeaux type of red wine Merlot dry red wine made from a grape grown widely in Bordeaux and California black wine grape originally from the region of Bordeaux Sauvignon blanc a California wine white wine grape grown in California California wine any of various wines produced in California Cotes de Provence a wine from southeastern France on the Mediterranean coast dessert wine still sweet wine often served with dessert or after a meal Dubonnet (trademark) a sweet aromatic French wine (red or white) used chiefly as an aperitif jug wine inexpensive wine sold in large bottles or jugs macon fine Burgundy wine usually white and dry Moselle German white wine from the Moselle valley or a similar wine made elsewhere Muscadet dry white wine from the Loire valley in France white grape grown especially in the valley the Loire in France retsina Greek wine flavored with resin Rhine wine any of several white wines from the Rhine River valley in Germany (`hock' is British usage) Riesling fragrant dry or sweet white wine from the Rhine valley or a similar wine from California white grape grown in Europe and California liebfraumilch a sweetened Rhenish wine (especially one from Hesse in western Germany) Rhone wine any of various wines from the Rhone River valley in France Rioja dry red table wine from the Rioja region of northern Spain Saint Emilion full-bodied red wine from around the town of Saint Emilion in Bordeaux Soave dry white Italian wine from Verona zinfandel dry fruity red wine from California Sauterne semisweet golden-colored table or dessert wine from around Bordeaux in France; similar wine from California straw wine sweet wine from grapes partially sun-dried on the vine or on straw mats table wine wine containing not more than 14 percent alcohol usually served with a meal vin ordinaire cheap French table wine of unspecified origin vermouth any of several white wines flavored with aromatic herbs; used as aperitifs or in mixed drinks sweet vermouth sweet dark amber variety dry vermouth dry pale amber variety Chenin blanc made in California and the Loire valley in France white grape grown especially in California and the lower Loire valley of France Verdicchio a dry white Italian wine made from Verdicchio grapes a variety of white wine grape grown in Italy Vouvray a dry white French wine (either still or sparkling) made in the Loire valley Yquem a sweet white French wine varietal a wine made principally from one grape and carrying the name of that grape fortified wine wine to which alcohol (usually grape brandy) has been added Madeira an amber dessert wine from the Madeira Islands an island in the Atlantic Ocean off the coast of Africa; the largest of the Madeira Islands a Brazilian river; tributary of the Amazon River malmsey sweet Madeira wine sherry dry to sweet amber wine from the Jerez region of southern Spain or similar wines produced elsewhere; usually drunk as an aperitif Manzanilla very dry pale sherry from Spain Amontillado pale medium-dry sherry from Spain Marsala dark sweet or semisweet dessert wine from Sicily neutral spirits nonflavored alcohol of 95 percent or 190 proof used for blending with straight whiskies and in making gin and liqueurs aqua vitae strong distilled liquor or brandy eau de vie strong coarse brandy moonshine whiskey illegally distilled from a corn mash distill (alcohol) illegally; produce moonshine bathtub gin homemade gin especially that made illegally aquavit Scandinavian liquor usually flavored with caraway seeds arrack any of various strong liquors distilled from the fermented sap of toddy palms or from fermented molasses bitters alcoholic liquor flavored with bitter herbs and roots brandy distilled from wine or fermented fruit juice applejack distilled from hard cider Calvados dry apple brandy made in Normandy Armagnac dry brandy distilled in the Armagnac district of France Cognac high quality grape brandy distilled in the Cognac district of France grappa Italian brandy made from residue of grapes after pressing kirsch from fermented juice of black morello cherries marc made from residue of grapes or apples after pressing slivovitz a colorless plum brandy popular in the Balkans sloe gin gin flavored with sloes (fruit of the blackthorn) geneva gin made in the Netherlands grog rum cut with water ouzo a Greek liquor flavored with anise rum liquor distilled from fermented molasses Jamaica rum heavy pungent rum from Jamaica schnapps any of various strong liquors especially a Dutch spirit distilled from potatoes pulque fermented Mexican drink from juice of various agave plants especially the maguey mescal a colorless Mexican liquor distilled from fermented juices of certain desert plants of the genus Agavaceae (especially the century plant) a small spineless globe-shaped cactus; source of mescal buttons tequila Mexican liquor made from fermented juices of an agave plant vodka unaged colorless liquor originating in Russia whiskey a liquor made from fermented mash of grain blended whiskey mixture of two or more whiskeys or of a whiskey and neutral spirits bourbon whiskey distilled from a mash of corn and malt and rye and aged in charred oak barrels corn whiskey whiskey distilled from a mash of not less than 80 percent corn firewater any strong spirits (such as strong whisky or rum) poteen unlawfully distilled Irish whiskey rye whiskey distilled from rye or rye and malt hardy annual cereal grass widely cultivated in northern Europe where its grain is the chief ingredient of black bread and in North America for forage and soil improvement the seed of the cereal grass Scotch whiskey distilled in Scotland; especially whiskey made from malted barley in a pot still sour mash any whiskey distilled from sour mash a mash with optimum acidity for yeast fermentation; a mixture of old and new mash; used in distilling some whiskeys liqueur strong highly flavored sweet liquor usually drunk after a meal absinth strong green liqueur flavored with wormwood and anise amaretto an Italian almond liqueur anisette liquorice-flavored usually colorless sweet liqueur made from aniseed benedictine a French liqueur originally made by Benedictine monks Chartreuse aromatic green or yellow liqueur flavored with orange peel and hyssop and peppermint oils; made at monastery near Grenoble, France coffee liqueur coffee-flavored liqueur creme de cacao sweet liqueur flavored with vanilla and cacao beans creme de menthe sweet green or white mint-flavored liqueur creme de fraise strawberry-flavored liqueur Drambuie a sweet Scotch whisky liqueur Galliano golden Italian liqueur flavored with herbs orange liqueur liqueur flavored with orange curacao flavored with sour orange peel triple sec type of curacao having higher alcoholic content Grand Marnier an orange-flavored French liqueur kummel liqueur flavored with caraway seed or cumin pastis similar to absinthe but containing no wormwood Pernod (registered trademark) a liqueur flavored with anise pousse-cafe small drink served after dinner (especially several liqueurs poured carefully so as to remain in separate layers) Kahlua coffee-flavored liqueur made in Mexico sambuca an Italian liqueur made with elderberries and flavored with licorice mixed drink made of two or more ingredients Dom Pedro South African mixed drink made by mixing ice cream with whisky highball a mixed drink made of alcoholic liquor mixed with water or a carbonated beverage and served in a tall glass hair of the dog an alcoholic drink supposed to cure a hangover shandygaff a drink made of beer and lemonade stirrup cup a farewell drink (especially one offered to a horseman ready to depart); usually alcoholic sundowner a drink taken at sundown a tramp who habitually arrives at sundown Bloody Mary a cocktail made with vodka and spicy tomato juice Virgin Mary a Bloody Mary made without alcohol bullshot a cocktail made with vodka and beef bouillon or consomme cobbler tall sweetened iced drink of wine or liquor with fruit a person who makes or repairs shoes collins tall iced drink of liquor (usually gin) with fruit juice refresher a drink that refreshes; "he stopped at the bar for a quick refresher" a fee (in addition to that marked on the brief) paid to counsel in a case that lasts more than one day smoothie a thick smooth drink consisting of fresh fruit pureed with ice cream or yoghurt or milk someone with an assured and ingratiating manner daiquiri a cocktail made with rum and lime or lemon juice strawberry daiquiri daiquiri with crushed strawberries NADA daiquiri a daiquiri made without alcohol spritzer a mixed drink made of wine mixed with a sparkling water gimlet a cocktail made of gin or vodka and lime juice gin and tonic gin and quinine water Harvey Wallbanger a cocktail made of vodka or gin and orange juice and Galliano julep bourbon and sugar and mint over crushed ice manhattan a cocktail made with whiskey and sweet vermouth with a dash of bitters Rob Roy a manhattan cocktail made with Scotch whiskey margarita a cocktail made of tequila and triple sec with lime and lemon juice martini a cocktail made of gin (or vodka) with dry vermouth gin and it a cocktail made of gin and sweet vermouth vodka martini martini made with vodka rather than gin old fashioned a cocktail made of whiskey and bitters and sugar with fruit slices pink lady a cocktail made of gin and brandy with lemon juice and grenadine shaken with an egg white and ice posset sweet spiced hot milk curdled with ale or beer sangaree sweetened red wine and orange or lemon juice with soda water Sazerac a cocktail made with bourbon with bitters and Pernod and sugar served with lemon peel Scotch and soda a highball with Scotch malt whiskey and club soda brandy sling a sling made with brandy gin sling a sling made with gin rum sling a sling made with rum whiskey sour a sour made with whiskey whiskey neat a drink consisting of whiskey without a mixer; "he ordered a whiskey neat" whiskey on the rocks whiskey with ice swizzle any of various tall frothy mixed drinks made usually of rum and lime juice and sugar shaken with ice hot toddy a mixed drink made of liquor and water with sugar and spices and served hot Tom and Jerry hot rum toddy with a beaten egg zombie several kinds of rum with fruit juice and usually apricot liqueur fizz an effervescent beverage (usually alcoholic) Irish coffee sweetened coffee with Irish whiskey and whipped cream cafe au lait equal parts of coffee and hot milk cafe noir small cup of strong black coffee without milk or cream decaffeinated coffee coffee with the caffeine removed drip coffee coffee made by passing boiling water through a perforated container packed with finely ground coffee espresso strong black coffee brewed by forcing hot water under pressure through finely ground coffee beans caffe latte strong espresso coffee with a topping of frothed steamed milk cappuccino equal parts of espresso and hot milk topped with cinnamon and nutmeg and usually whipped cream iced coffee a strong sweetened coffee served over ice with cream instant coffee dehydrated coffee that can be made into a drink by adding hot water; "the advantages of instant coffee are speed of preparation and long shelf life" cassareep a flavoring made by boiling down the juice of the bitter cassava; used in West Indian cooking Turkish coffee a drink made from pulverized coffee beans; usually sweetened chocolate milk milk flavored with chocolate syrup cider a beverage made from juice pressed from apples hard cider alcoholic drink from fermented cider; `cider' and `cyder' are European (especially British) usages for the fermented beverage scrumpy strong cider (as made in western England) sweet cider unfermented cider mulled cider sweet cider heated with spices and citrus fruit perry a fermented and often effervescent beverage made from juice of pears; similar in taste to hard cider pruno a liquor concocted from a mixture of ingredients (such as prunes and raisins and milk and sugar) that can be fermented to produce alcohol; made by prison inmates rotgut any alcoholic beverage of inferior quality criollo cocoa of superior quality a Spanish American of pure European stock (usually Spanish); "Mexico is a country of mestizos, criollos, and indigenes" ice-cream soda a drink with ice cream floating in it root beer float an ice-cream soda made with ice cream floating in root beer milkshake frothy drink of milk and flavoring and sometimes fruit or ice cream eggshake a milkshake with egg in it frappe thick milkshake containing ice cream liqueur poured over shaved ice fruit juice drink produced by squeezing or crushing fruit nectar fruit juice especially when undiluted a sweet liquid secretion that is attractive to pollinators apple juice the juice of apples cranberry juice the juice of cranberries (always diluted and sweetened) grape juice the juice of grapes must grape juice before or during fermentation a necessary or essential thing; "seat belts are an absolute must" grapefruit juice the juice of grapefruits orange juice bottled or freshly squeezed juice of oranges frozen orange juice orange juice that has been concentrated and frozen pineapple juice the juice of pineapples (usually bottled or canned) lemon juice usually freshly squeezed juice of lemons lime juice usually freshly squeezed juice of limes papaya juice juice from papayas tomato juice the juice of tomatoes (usually bottled or canned) carrot juice usually freshly squeezed juice of carrots V-8 juice brand name for canned mixed vegetable juices koumiss an alcoholic beverage made from fermented mare's milk; made originally by nomads of central Asia fruit drink a sweetened beverage of diluted fruit juice lacing a small amount of liquor added to a food or beverage lemonade sweetened beverage of diluted lemon juice limeade sweetened beverage of lime juice and water orangeade sweetened beverage of diluted orange juice malted milk powder made of dried milk and malted cereals malted a milkshake made with malt powder of grain that has been converted into malt; "malted barley" mate South American tea-like drink made from leaves of a South American holly called mate the officer below the master on a commercial ship informal term for a friend of the same sex the partner of an animal (especially a sexual partner); "he loved the mare and all her mates"; "camels hate leaving their mates" South American holly; leaves used in making a drink like tea one of a pair; "he lost the mate to his shoe"; "one eye was blue but its fellow was brown" mulled wine wine heated with sugar and spices and often citrus fruit negus wine and hot water with sugar and lemon juice and nutmeg soft drink nonalcoholic beverage (usually carbonated) birch beer carbonated drink containing an extract from bark of birch trees bitter lemon tart lemon-flavored carbonated drink cola carbonated drink flavored with extract from kola nuts (`dope' is a southernism in the United States) cream soda sweet carbonated drink flavored with vanilla egg cream made of milk and flavored syrup with soda water ginger ale ginger-flavored carbonated drink orange soda orange-flavored carbonated drink phosphate carbonated drink with fruit syrup and a little phosphoric acid a salt of phosphoric acid Coca Cola Coca Cola is a trademarked cola Pepsi Pepsi Cola is a trademarked cola root beer carbonated drink containing extracts of roots and herbs sarsaparilla carbonated drink flavored with an extract from sarsaparilla root or with birch oil and sassafras any of various prickly climbing plants of the tropical American genus Smilax having aromatic roots and heart-shaped leaves coffee bean a seed of the coffee tree; ground to make coffee coffee a beverage consisting of an infusion of ground coffee beans; "he ordered a cup of coffee" any of several small trees and shrubs native to the tropical Old World yielding coffee beans cafe royale black coffee with Cognac and lemon peel and sugar fruit punch a punch made of fruit juices mixed with water or soda water (with or without alcohol) milk punch a punch made of spirits and milk and sugar and spices mimosa a mixed drink containing champagne and orange juice any of various tropical shrubs or trees of the genus Mimosa having usually yellow flowers and compound leaves pina colada a mixed drink made of pineapple juice and coconut cream and rum champagne cup a punch containing a sparkling wine claret cup a punch made of claret and brandy with lemon juice and sugar and sometimes sherry or curacao and fresh fruit wassail a punch made of sweetened ale or wine heated with spices and roasted apples; especially at Christmas planter's punch a cocktail made of rum and lime or lemon juice with sugar and sometimes bitters White Russian a cocktail made with vodka, coffee liqueur, and milk or cream fish house punch a punch made of rum and brandy and water or tea sweetened with sugar syrup May wine a punch made of Moselle and sugar and sparkling water or champagne flavored with sweet woodruff eggnog a punch made of sweetened milk or cream mixed with eggs and usually alcoholic liquor glogg Scandinavian punch made of claret and aquavit with spices and raisins and orange peel and sugar cassiri a drink resembling beer; made from fermented cassava juice spruce beer a brew made by fermenting molasses and other sugars with the sap of spruce trees (sometimes with malt) rickey a mixed drink made of sweetened lime juice and soda water usually with liquor gin rickey a rickey made with gin tea-like drink a beverage that resembles tea but is not made from tea leaves cambric tea a beverage for children containing hot water and milk and sugar and a small amount of tea cuppa a cup of tea herb tea tea-like drink made of leaves of various herbs tisane infusion of e.g. dried or fresh flowers or leaves camomile tea tea-like drink made from camomile leaves and flowers ice tea strong tea served over ice sun tea tea made by exposing tea leaves steeped in water to the direct rays of the sun; usually served with ice black tea fermented tea leaves congou black tea grown in China Darjeeling a fine variety of black tea grown in northern India orange pekoe a superior grade of black tea; grown in India and Sri Lanka and Java souchong a fine quality of black tea native to China green tea tea leaves that have been steamed and dried without fermenting hyson a Chinese green tea with twisted leaves oolong Chinese tea leaves that have been partially fermented before being dried water a liquid necessary for the life of most animals and plants; "he asked for a drink of water" binary compound that occurs at room temperature as a clear colorless odorless tasteless liquid; freezes into ice below 0 degrees centigrade and boils above 100 degrees centigrade; widely used as a solvent once thought to be one of four elements composing the universe (Empedocles) secrete or form water, as tears or saliva; "My mouth watered at the prospect of a good dinner"; "His eyes watered" supply with water, as with channels or ditches or streams; "Water the fields" fill with tears; "His eyes were watering" provide with water; "We watered the buffalo" bottled water drinking water (often spring water) that is put into bottles and offered for sale branch water pure natural water from a stream or brook; often distinguished from soda water spring water water from a spring sugar water water sweetened with sugar tap water water directly from the spigot drinking water water suitable for drinking ice water water served ice-cold or with ice soda water effervescent beverage artificially charged with carbon dioxide mineral water water naturally or artificially impregnated with mineral salts or gasses; often effervescent; often used therapeutically seltzer naturally effervescent mineral water Vichy water sparkling mineral water from springs at Vichy, France or water similar to it brine a strong solution of salt and water used for pickling soak in brine perishable food that will decay rapidly if not refrigerated liable to perish; subject to destruction or death or decay; "this minute and perishable planet"; "perishable foods such as butter and fruit" rugulah pastry made with a cream cheese dough and different fillings (as raisins and walnuts and cinnamon or chocolate and walnut and apricot preserves) multivitamin a pill or tablet containing several vitamins vitamin pill a pill containing one or more vitamins; taken as a dietary supplement soul food food traditionally eaten by African-Americans in the South straggle a wandering or disorderly grouping (of things or persons); "a straggle of outbuildings"; "a straggle of followers" dichotomy being twofold; a classification into two opposed parts or subclasses; "the dichotomy between eastern and western culture" trichotomy being threefold; a classification into three parts or subclasses clone a group of genetically identical cells or organisms derived from a single cell or individual by some kind of asexual reproduction make multiple identical copies of; "people can clone a sheep nowadays" kingdom a basic group of natural objects the highest taxonomic group into which organisms are grouped; one of five biological categories: Monera or Protoctista or Plantae or Fungi or Animalia a monarchy with a king or queen as head of state the domain ruled by a king or queen a country with a king as head of state a domain in which something is dominant; "the untroubled kingdom of reason"; "a land of make-believe"; "the rise of the realm of cotton in the south" subkingdom (biology) a taxonomic group comprising a major division of a kingdom mineral kingdom all inorganic objects; contrasts with animal and plant kingdoms biological group a group of plants or animals biotype organisms sharing a specified genotype or the genotype (or peculiarities) so shared community (ecology) a group of interdependent organisms inhabiting the same region and interacting with each other a group of people having a religion, ethnic, profession, or other particular characteristic in common; "he was well known throughout the Catholic community"; "the news spread rapidly through the medical community"; "they formed a community of scientists" a group of people living in a particular local area; "the team is drawn from all parts of the community" a group of nations having common interests; "they hoped to join the NATO community" common ownership; "they shared a community of possessions" agreement as to goals; "the preachers and the bootleggers found they had a community of interests" biome a major biotic community characterized by the dominant forms of plant life and the prevailing climate people (plural) any group of human beings (men or women or children) collectively; "old people"; "there were at least 200 people in the audience" members of a family line; "his people have been farmers for generations"; "are your people still alive?" fill with people; "Stalin wanted to people the empty steppes" furnish with people; "The plains are sparsely populated" peoples the human beings of a particular nation or community or ethnic group; "the indigenous peoples of Australia" age group a group of people having approximately the same age ancients people who lived in times long past (especially during the historical period before the fall of the Roman Empire in western Europe) aged people who are old collectively; "special arrangements were available for the aged" (used of tobacco) aging as a preservative process (`aged' is pronounced as one syllable) of wines, fruit, cheeses; having reached a desired or final condition; (`aged' pronounced as one syllable); "mature well-aged cheeses" advanced in years; (`aged' is pronounced as two syllables); "aged members of the society"; "elderly residents could remember the construction of the first skyscraper"; "senior citizen" at an advanced stage of erosion (pronounced as one syllable); "aged rocks" baffled people who are frustrated and perplexed; "the children's faces clearly expressed the frustration of the baffled" perplexed by many conflicting situations or statements; filled with bewilderment; "obviously bemused by his questions"; "bewildered and confused"; "a cloudy and confounded philosopher"; "just a mixed-up kid"; "she felt lost on the first day of school" brave people who are brave; "the home of the free and the brave" a North American Indian warrior possessing or displaying courage; able to face and deal with danger or fear without flinching; "Familiarity with danger makes a brave man braver but less daring"- Herman Melville; "a frank courageous heart...triumphed over pain"- William Wordsworth; "set a courageous example by leading them safely into and out of enemy-held territory" brightly colored and showy; "girls decked out in brave new dresses"; "brave banners flying"; "`braw' is a Scottish word"; "a dress a bit too gay for her years"; "birds with gay plumage" timid people who are fearful and cautious; "whitewater rafting is not for the timid" showing fear and lack of confidence business people people who transact business (especially business executives) country people people raised in or living in a rural environment; rustics people living in the same country; compatriots damned people who are condemned to eternal punishment; "he felt he had visited the realm of the damned" in a damnable manner; "kindly Arthur--so damnably, politely, endlessly persistent!" dead people who are no longer living; "they buried the dead" a time when coldness (or some other quality associated with death) is intense; "the dead of winter" devoid of activity; "this is a dead town; nothing ever happens here" physically inactive; "Crater Lake is in the crater of a dead volcano of the Cascade Range" no longer having or seeming to have or expecting to have life; "the nerve is dead"; "a dead pallor"; "he was marked as a dead man by the assassin" not showing characteristics of life especially the capacity to sustain life; no longer exerting force or having energy or heat; "Mars is a dead planet"; "dead soil"; "dead coals"; "the fire is dead" drained of electric charge; discharged; "a dead battery"; "left the lights on and came back to find the battery drained" no longer having force or relevance; "a dead issue" out of use or operation because of a fault or breakdown; "a dead telephone line"; "the motor is dead" lacking resilience or bounce; "a dead tennis ball" not surviving in active use; "Latin is a dead language" unerringly accurate; "a dead shot"; "took dead aim" not yielding a return; "dead capital"; "idle funds" lacking acoustic resonance; "dead sounds characteristic of some compact discs"; "the dead wall surfaces of a recording studio" devoid of physical sensation; numb; "his gums were dead from the novocain"; "she felt no discomfort as the dentist drilled her deadened tooth"; "a public desensitized by continuous television coverage of atrocities" living people who are still living; "save your pity for the living" (informal) absolute; "she is a living doll"; "scared the living daylights out of them"; "beat the living hell out of him" still in active use; "a living language" true to life; lifelike; "the living image of her mother" pertaining to living persons; "within living memory" deaf people who have severe hearing impairments; "many of the deaf use sign language" lacking or deprived of the sense of hearing wholly or in part defeated people who are defeated; "the Romans had no pity for the defeated" beaten or overcome; not victorious; "the defeated enemy" disappointingly unsuccessful; "disappointed expectations and thwarted ambitions"; "their foiled attempt to capture Calais"; "many frustrated poets end as pipe-smoking teachers"; "his best efforts were thwarted" disabled people collectively who are crippled or otherwise physically handicapped; "technology to help the elderly and the disabled" having restricted mental or physical functioning as a consequence of injury or illness the halt (archaic) lame persons collectively; "the poor, and the maimed, and the halt, and the blind"--Luke 14:21 doomed people who are destined to die soon; "the agony of the doomed was in his voice" marked for certain death; "the black spot told the old sailor he was doomed" (usually followed by `to') determined by tragic fate; "doomed to unhappiness"; "fated to be the scene of Kennedy's assassination" marked by or promising bad fortune; "their business venture was doomed from the start"; "an ill-fated business venture"; "an ill-starred romance"; "the unlucky prisoner was again put in irons"- W.H.Prescott enemy any hostile group of people; "he viewed lawyers as the real enemy" an opposing military force; "the enemy attacked at dawn" an armed adversary (especially a member of an opposing military force); "a soldier must be prepared to kill his enemies" episcopacy the collective body of bishops estivation (botany) the arrangement of sepals and petals in a flower bud before it opens (zoology) cessation or slowing of activity during the summer; especially slowing of metabolism in some animals during a hot or dry period folk people in general (often used in the plural); "they're just country folk"; "folks around here drink moonshine"; "the common people determine the group character and preserve its customs from one generation to the next" gentlefolk people of good family and breeding and high social status grass roots the common people at a local level (as distinguished from the centers of political activity) the essential foundation or source; "the problem was attacked at the grass roots" free people who are free; "the home of the free and the brave" free or remove obstruction from; "free a path across the cluttered floor" grant freedom to; free from confinement free from obligations or duties make (information) available for publication; "release the list with the names of the prisoners" not literal; "a loose interpretation of what she had been told"; "a free translation of the poem" unconstrained or not chemically bound in a molecule or not fixed and capable of relatively unrestricted motion; "free expansion"; "free oxygen"; "a free electron" not limited or hampered; not under compulsion or restraint; "free enterprise"; "a free port"; "a free country"; "I have an hour free"; "free will"; "free of racism"; "feel free to stay as long as you wish"; "a free choice" not held in servitude; "after the Civil War he was a free man" not occupied or in use; "a free locker"; "a free lane" home folk folks from your own home town homebound people who are confined to their homes confined usually by illness homeless poor people who unfortunately do not have a home to live in; "the homeless became a problem in the large cities" someone unfortunate without housing; "a homeless was found murdered in Central Park" without nationality or citizenship; "stateless persons" initiate people who have been introduced to the mysteries of some field or activity; "it is very familiar to the initiate" someone who has been admitted to membership in a scholarly field take the lead or initiative in; participate in the development of; "This South African surgeon pioneered heart transplants" accept people into an exclusive society or group, usually with some rite; "African men are initiated when they reach puberty" uninitiate people who have not been introduced to the mysteries of some field or activity; "it diverts the attention of the uninitiate" not initiated; deficient in relevant experience; "it seemed a bizarre ceremony to uninitiated western eyes"; "he took part in the experiment as a naive subject" mentally retarded people collectively who are mentally retarded; "he started a school for the retarded" network army a group of like-minded people united by the internet; a new kind of social or political of business group that may exert broad influence on a shared concern; "a network army of software programmers contribute free software to those who want it" nationality people having common origins or traditions and often comprising a nation; "immigrants of the same nationality often seek each other out"; "such images define their sense of nationality" the status of belonging to a particular nation by birth or naturalization peanut gallery (figurative) people whose criticisms are regarded as irrelevant or insignificant (resembling uneducated people who throw peanuts on the stage to express displeasure with a performance); "he ignored complaints from the peanut gallery" retreated people who have retreated; "he had only contempt for the retreated" sick people who are sick; "they devote their lives to caring for the sick" deeply affected by a strong feeling; "sat completely still, sick with envy"; "she was sick with longing" slain people who have been slain (as in battle) killed; `slain' is formal or literary as in "slain warriors"; "a picture of St. George and the slain dragon" tradespeople people engaged in trade wounded people who are wounded; "they had to leave the wounded where they fell" social group people sharing some social relation armamentarium the collection of equipment and methods used in the practice of medicine art collection a collection of art works backlog an accumulation of jobs not done or materials not processed that are yet to be dealt with (especially unfilled customer orders for products or services) the large log at the back of a hearth fire accumulate and create a backlog bunch any collection in its entirety; "she bought the whole caboodle" a grouping of a number of similar things; "a bunch of trees"; "a cluster of admirers" gather or cause to gather into a cluster; "She bunched her fingers into a fist" coin collection a collection of coins tenantry tenants of an estate considered as a group loan collection a number of pictures loaned by their owners for exhibition findings a collection of tools and other articles used by an artisan to make jewelry or clothing or shoes flinders bits and splinters and fragments; "it would have shattered in flinders long before it did that damage" disk pack (computer science) a portable pack of magnetic disks used in a disk storage device pack of cards a pack of 52 playing cards long suit in a hand, the suit having the most cards bridge hand the cards held in a game of bridge strong suit a long suit including high cards poker hand the 5 cards held in a game of poker royal flush a poker hand with the ace, king, queen, jack, and 10 all in the same suit straight flush a poker hand with consecutive cards in the same suit full house a poker hand with 3 of a kind and a pair straight a poker hand with 5 consecutive cards (regardless of suit) in keeping with the facts; "set the record straight"; "made sure the facts were straight in the report" successive (without a break); "sick for five straight days" following a correct or logical method; "straight reasoning" (of hair) having no waves or curls; "her naturally straight hair hung long and silky" not homosexual erect in posture; "sit straight"; "stood defiantly with unbowed back" having no deviations; "straight lines"; "straight roads across the desert"; "straight teeth"; "straight shoulders" free from curves or angles; "a straight line" characterized by honesty and fairness; "straight dealing"; "a square deal" neatly arranged; not disorderly; "the room is straight now" in a straight line; in a direct course; "the road runs straight" pair a poker hand with 2 cards of the same value two people considered as a unit a set of two similar things considered as a unit arrange in pairs; "Pair these numbers" occur in pairs form a pair or pairs; "The two old friends paired off" herbarium a collection of dried plants that are mounted and systematically classified for study stamp collection a collection of stamps statuary statues collectively of or relating to or suitable for statues Elgin Marbles a collection of classical Greek marble sculptures and fragments of architecture created by Phidias; chiefly from the Parthenon in Athens electron shell a grouping of electrons surrounding the nucleus of an atom; "the chemical properties of an atom are determined by the outermost electron shell" gimmickry a collection of gimmicks nuclear club the nations possessing nuclear weapons swad a bunch; "a thick swad of plants" wisp a small tuft or lock; "wisps of hair" a flock of snipe a small bundle of straw or hay a small person; "a mere wisp of a girl" gob a lump of slimy stuff; "a gob of phlegm" clew a ball of yarn or cord or thread compost heap a heap of manure and vegetation and other organic residues that are decaying to become compost dunghill a heap of dung or refuse a foul or degraded condition logjam an immovable mass of logs blocking a river any stoppage attributable to unusual activity; "the legislation ran into a logjam" scrapheap pile of discarded metal slagheap pile of waste matter from coal mining etc stack an orderly pile arrange the order of so as to increase one's winning chances; "stack the deck of cards" arrange in stacks; "heap firewood around the fireplace"; "stack your books up on the shelves" load or cover with stacks; "stack a truck with boxes" haystack a stack of hay haycock a small cone-shaped pile of hay that has been left in the field until it is dry enough to carry to the hayrick pyre wood heaped for burning a dead body as a funeral rite woodpile a pile or stack of wood to be used for fuel amalgam a combination or blend of diverse things; "his theory is an amalgam of earlier ideas" an alloy of mercury with another metal (usually silver) used by dentists to fill cavities in teeth; except for iron and platinum all metals dissolve in mercury and chemists refer to the resulting mercury mixtures as amalgams color scheme a planned combination of colors; "the color scheme for this room was determined by an interior decorator" combination in restraint of trade (law) any monopoly or contract or combination or conspiracy intended to restrain commerce (which are illegal according to antitrust laws of the United States) public a body of people sharing some common interest; "the reading public" affecting the people or community as a whole; "community leaders"; "community interests"; "the public welfare" not private; open to or concerning the people as a whole; "the public good"; "public libraries"; "public funds"; "public parks"; "a public scandal"; "public gardens"; "performers and members of royal families are public figures" society an extended social group having a distinctive cultural and economic organization the fashionable elite big business commercial enterprises organized and financed on a scale large enough to influence social and political policies; "big business is growing so powerful it is difficult to regulate it effectively" ethnic group people of the same race or nationality who share a distinctive culture ethnic minority a group that has different national or cultural traditions from the majority of the population master race a race that considers itself superior to all others and fitted to rule the others special interest an interest group that tries to influence legislators or bureaucrats to act in their favor, typically through lobbying vested interest groups that seek to control a social system or activity from which they derive private benefit (law) an interest in which there is a fixed right to present or future enjoyment and that can be conveyed to another military-industrial complex a country's military establishment and the industries that produce arms and other military equipment; "we must guard against the acquisition of unwarranted influence, whether sought or unsought, by the military-industrial complex"--Dwight David Eisenhower kin group of people related by blood or marriage a person having kinship with another or others; "he's kin"; "he's family" mishpocha (Yiddish) the entire family network of relatives by blood or marriage (and sometimes close friends); "she invited the whole mishpocha" kith your friends and acquaintances; "all his kith and kin" family primary social group; parents and children; "he wanted to have a good job before starting a family" people descended from a common ancestor; "his family has lived in Massachusetts since the Mayflower" a social unit living together; "he moved his family to Virginia"; "It was a good Christian household"; "I waited until the whole house was asleep"; "the teacher asked how many people made up his home"; "the family refused to accept his will" (biology) a taxonomic group containing one or more genera; "sharks belong to the fish family" an association of people who share common beliefs or activities; "the message was addressed not just to employees but to every member of the company family"; "the church welcomed new members into its fellowship" folks your parents; "he wrote to his folks every day" homefolk the people of your home locality (especially your own family); "he wrote his homefolk every day" dynasty a sequence of powerful leaders in the same family feudalism the social system that developed in Europe in the 8th century; vassals were protected by lords who they had to serve in war patriarchy a form of social organization in which a male is the family head and title is traced through the male line matriarchy a form of social organization in which a female is the family head and title is traced through the female line broken home a family in which the parents have separated or divorced nuclear family a family consisting of parents and their children and grandparents of a marital partner extended family a family consisting of the nuclear family and their blood relatives foster family the family of a fosterling foster home a household in which an orphaned or delinquent child is placed (usually by a social-service agency) age class people in the same age range gathering a group of persons together in one place carload a gathering of passengers sufficient to fill an automobile contingent a gathering of persons representative of some larger group; "each nation sent a contingent of athletes to the Olympics" a temporary military unit; "the peacekeeping force includes one British contingent" uncertain because of uncontrollable circumstances; "the results of confession were not contingent, they were certain"- George Eliot being determined by conditions or circumstances that follow; "arms sales contingent on the approval of congress" possible but not certain to occur; "they had to plan for contingent expenses" love feast a social gathering intended to create goodwill among the participants quilting bee a gathering to make quilts Judaica materials relating to Judaism kludge a badly assembled collection of parts hastily assembled to serve some particular purpose (often used to refer to computing systems or software that has been badly put together) bibliotheca a collection of books public library a nonprofit library maintained for public use rental collection a collection of books that can be rented by readers in return for a small daily fee classical mythology the system of mythology of the Greeks and Romans together; much of Roman mythology (especially the gods) was borrowed from the Greeks Greek mythology the mythology of the ancient Greeks Roman mythology the mythology of the ancient Romans Norse mythology the mythology of Scandinavia (shared in part by Britain and Germany) until the establishment of Christianity Nag Hammadi a collection of 13 ancient papyrus codices translated from Greek into Coptic that were discovered by farmers near the town of Nag Hammadi in 1945; the codices contain 45 distinct works including the chief sources of firsthand knowledge of Gnosticism a town in Upper Egypt team two or more draft animals that work together to pull something a cooperative unit (especially in sports) form a team; "We teamed up for this new project" couple a pair who associate with one another; "the engaged couple"; "an inseparable twosome" a pair of people who live together; "a married couple from Chicago" (physics) something joined by two equal and opposite forces that act along parallel lines two items of the same kind a small indefinite number; "he's coming for a couple of days" link together; "can we couple these proposals?" trilogy a set of three literary or dramatic works related in subject or theme Trimurti the triad of divinities of later Hinduism triumvirate a group of three men responsible for public administration or civil authority quadrumvirate a group of four men Tweedledum and Tweedledee any two people who are hard to tell apart power couple a couple both of whom have high-powered careers or are politically influential DINK a couple who both have careers and no children (an acronym for dual income no kids) Bronte sisters a 19th century family of three sisters who all wrote novels Marx Brothers a family of United States comedians consisting of four brothers with an anarchic sense of humor same-sex marriage two people of the same sex who live together as a family; "the legal status of same-sex marriages has been hotly debated" mixed marriage marriage of two people from different races or different religions or different cultures; "the families of both partners in a mixed marriage often disapprove" antibiosis an association between organisms that is harmful to one of them or between organisms and a metabolic product of another brood the young of an animal cared for at one time sit on (eggs); "Birds brood"; "The female covers the eggs" think moodily or anxiously about something hang over, as of something threatening, dark, or menacing; "The terrible vision brooded over her all day long" flock a group of birds a group of sheep or goats a church congregation guided by a pastor move as a crowd or in a group; "Tourists flocked to the shrine where the statue was said to have shed tears" bevy a flock of birds (especially when gathered close together on the ground); "we were visited at breakfast by a bevy of excited ducks" a large gathering of people of a particular type; "he was surrounded by a bevy of beauties in bathing attire"; "a bevy of young beach boys swarmed around him" covert a flock of coots secret or hidden; not openly practiced or engaged in or shown or avowed; "covert actions by the CIA"; "covert funding for the rebels" (of a wife) being under the protection of her husband; "a woman covert" covey a small flock of grouse or partridge a small collection of people exaltation a flock of larks (especially a flock of larks in flight overhead) the location of a planet in the zodiac at which it is believed to exert its maximum influence gaggle a flock of geese make a noise characteristic of a goose; "Cackling geese" clade a group of biological taxa or species that share features inherited from a common ancestor taxonomic group animal or plant group having natural relations biota all the plant and animal life of a particular region fauna all the animal life in a particular region or period; "the fauna of China"; "the zoology of the Pliocene epoch" petting zoo a collection of docile animals for children to pet and feed avifauna the birds of a particular region or period wildlife all living things (except people) that are undomesticated; "chemicals could kill all the wildlife" animal group a group of animals herd a group of cattle or sheep or other domestic mammals all of the same kind that are herded by humans a group of wild mammals of one species that remain together: antelope or elephants or seals or whales or zebra move together, like a herd cause to herd, drive, or crowd together; "We herded the children into a spare classroom" keep, move, or drive animals; "Who will be herding the cattle when the cowboy dies?" gam a herd of whales remuda the herd of horses from which those to be used the next day are chosen wolf pack a group of wolves hunting together a group of submarines operating together in attacking enemy convoys clowder a group of cats caste in some social insects (such as ants) a physically distinct individual or group of individuals specialized to perform certain functions in the colony a social class separated from others by distinctions of hereditary rank or profession or wealth (Hinduism) a hereditary social class among Hindus; stratified according to ritual purity social status or position conferred by a system based on class; "lose caste by doing work beneath one's station" colony a group of organisms of the same type living or growing together (microbiology) a group of organisms grown from a single parent cell a body of people who settle far from home but maintain ties with their homeland; inhabitants remain nationals of their home state but are not literally under the home state's system of government; "the American colony in Paris" a geographical area politically controlled by a distant country a place where a group of people with the same interest or occupation are concentrated; "a nudist colony"; "an artists' colony" swarm a group of many things in the air or on the ground; "a swarm of insects obscured the light"; "clouds of blossoms"; "it discharged a cloud of spores" infestation a swarm of insects that attack plants; "a plague of grasshoppers" the state of being invaded or overrun by parasites warren a colony of rabbits an overcrowded residential area a series of connected underground tunnels occupied by rabbits chess set checkerboard and a set of 32 pieces used to play chess manicure set a set of implements used to manicure Victoriana collection of materials of or characteristic of the Victorian era brass family (music) the family of brass instruments violin family (music) the family of bowed stringed instruments woodwind family (music) the family of woodwind instruments direct sum a union of two disjoint sets in which every element is the sum of an element from each of the disjoint sets domain (mathematics) the set of values of the independent variable for which a function is defined territory over which rule or control is exercised; "his domain extended into Europe"; "he made it the law of the land" universal set (mathematics) the set that contains all the elements or objects involved in the problem under consideration; "all other sets are subsets of the universal set" locus the set of all points or lines that satisfy or are determined by specific conditions; "the locus of points equidistant from a given point is a circle" the specific site of a particular gene on its chromosome subset a set whose members are members of another set; a set contained within another set null set a set that is empty; a set with no members Mandelbrot set a set of complex numbers that has a highly convoluted fractal boundary when plotted; the set of all points in the complex plane that are bounded under a certain mathematical iteration mathematical space (mathematics) any set of points that satisfy a set of postulates of some kind; "assume that the topological space is finite dimensional" broadcasting company a company that manages tv or radio stations bureau de change (French) an establishment where you can exchange foreign money car company a company that makes and sells automobiles dot-com a company that operates its business primarily on the internet using a URL that ends in `.com' of or relating to an internet company; "a dot-com outfit in San Francisco" drug company a company that makes and sells pharmaceuticals East India Company an English company formed in 1600 to develop trade with the new British colonies in India and southeastern Asia; in the 18th century it assumed administrative control of Bengal and held it until the British army took over in 1858 after the Indian Mutiny electronics company a company that makes and sells electronic instruments film company a company that makes, advertises, and distributes movies indie an independent film company not associated with an established studio a pop group not affiliated with a major record company (of pop groups) not affiliated with a major recording company food company a company that processes and sells food furniture company a company that sells furniture mining company a company that owns and manages mines shipping company a company that provides shipping services steel company a company that makes and sells steel subsidiary company a company that is completely controlled by another company transportation company a company providing transportation trucking company a company that ships goods or possessions by truck subspace a space that is contained within another space null space a space that contains no points; and empty space metric space a set of points such that for every pair of points there is a nonnegative real number called their distance that is symmetric and satisfies the triangle inequality Euclidean space a space in which Euclid's axioms and definitions apply; a metric space that is linear and finite-dimensional Hilbert space a metric space that is linear and complete and (usually) infinite-dimensional bit field a field containing only binary characters scalar field a field of scalars income bracket a category of taxpayers based on the amount of their income price bracket a category of merchandise based on their price declension a class of nouns or pronouns or adjectives in Indo-European languages having the same (or very similar) inflectional forms; "the first declension in Latin" the inflection of nouns and pronouns and adjectives in Indo-European languages conjugation a class of verbs having the same inflectional forms the complete set of inflected forms of a verb the inflection of verbs denomination a class of one kind of unit in a system of numbers or measures or weights or money; "he flashed a fistful of bills of large denominations" a group of religious congregations having its own organization and a distinctive faith histocompatibility complex a family of fifty or more genes on the sixth human chromosome that code for proteins on the surfaces of cells and that play a role in the immune response job lot a miscellaneous collection of things sold together bedroom suite a suite of furniture for the bedroom dining-room suite a suite of furniture for the dining room livingroom suite a suite of furniture for the living room International Olympic Committee organization responsible for organizing the modern Olympic Games adhocracy an organization with little or no structure; "the choice between bureaucracy and adhocracy represents a common dilemma"; "the need for informational flexibility can lead to adhocracy" affiliate a subsidiary or subordinate organization that is affiliated with another organization; "network affiliates" a subordinate or subsidiary associate; a person who is affiliated with another or with an organization join in an affiliation; "The two colleges affiliated"; "They affiliated with a national group" bureaucracy any organization in which action is obstructed by insistence on unnecessary procedures and red tape a government that is administered primarily by bureaus that are staffed with nonelective officials nonelective government officials nongovernmental organization an organization that is not part of the local or state or federal government Alcoholics Anonymous an international organization that provides a support group for persons trying to overcome alcoholism Abu Hafs al-Masri Brigades a terrorist group that has worked with Al Qaeda; claimed responsibility for attacks in Iraq and Turkey Abu Sayyaf a small gang of terrorist thugs claiming to seek a separate Islamic state for the Muslim minority in the Philippines; uses bombing and assassination and extortion and kidnapping; "In 2001 Abu Sayyaf kidnapped twenty people and beheaded one of the American captives" Aksa Martyrs Brigades a militant offshoot of al-Fatah that is the newest and strongest and best equipped faction active in the West Bank; responsible for many deadly attacks in Israel in 2002 Alex Boncayao Brigade an urban hit squad and guerrilla group of the Communist Party in the Philippines; formed in the 1980s al-Fatah a Palestinian political and military organization founded by Yasser Arafat in 1958 to work toward the creation of a Palestinian state; during the 1960s and 1970s trained terrorist and insurgent groups; "al-Fatah carried out numerous acts of international terrorism in western Europe and the Middle East in the 1970s" al-Gama'a al-Islamiyya a terrorist organization of militant Islamists organized into tiny cells of extreme fundamentalists; emerged during the 1970s mainly in Egyptian jails; "al-Gama'a al-Islamiyya uses force to push Egyptian society toward Islamic rule" al Itihaad al Islamiya a fundamentalist Islamic group in Somalia who initially did fundraising for al-Qaeda; responsible for ambushing United States Army Rangers and for terrorist bombings in Ethiopia; believed to have branches in several countries al-Jihad an Islamic extremist group active since the late 1970s; seeks to overthrow the Egyptian government and replace it with an Islamic state; works in small underground cells; "the original Jihad was responsible for the assassination of Anwar Sadat in 1981" al-Ma'unah a radical insurgent Islamist group consisting of disaffected middle-class professionals in Malaysia who want to overthrow the government by violent means and set up an Islamic state al-Muhajiroun a hard-line extremist Islamic group in Great Britain who support bin Laden and other terrorist groups Al Nathir a Palestinian terrorist organization formed in 2002 and linked to Fatah movement of Yasser Arafat al-Qaeda a terrorist network intensely opposed to the United States that dispenses money and logistical support and training to a wide variety of radical Islamic terrorist groups; has cells in more than 50 countries al-Rashid Trust a terrorist group organized in 1996 after the Taliban took over Afghanistan and part of Osama bin Laden's international system; provides financial support for the Taliban and al-Qaeda and Jaish-i-Mohammed and assists Muslim militants around the world; established a network of madrasas and mosques in Afghanistan al Sunna Wal Jamma a resurgent Islamic fundamentalist organization based in Nigeria that is thought to be planning terrorist attacks al-Tawhid an Islamic terrorist cell that originated in Jordan but operates in Germany; goal is to attack Europe and Russia with chemical weapons al-Ummah a terrorist group formed in India in 1992; is believed to be responsible for bombings in southern India in 1998 Ansar al Islam a radical Islamic group of terrorists in the Iraqi part of Kurdistan who oppose an independent secular nation as advocated by the United States; some members fought with the Taliban and al-Qaeda forces in Afghanistan; said to receive financial support from Saddam Hussein Armata Corsa a terrorist organization founded in 1999 to oppose the link between nationalists and the Corsican mafia; "the attacks of Armata Corsa are aimed at symbolic targets of colonialism in Corsica" Armed Islamic Group a terrorist organization of Islamic extremists whose violent activities began in 1992; aims to overthrow the secular Algerian regime and replace it with an Islamic state; "the GIA has embarked on a terrorist campaign of civilian massacres" Armenian Secret Army for the Liberation of Armenia a militant Marxist-Leninist terrorist organization formed in 1975 to force Turkey to acknowledge killing more than a million Armenians and forcibly removing them from border areas in 1915; wants Turkey to pay reparations and cede territory to Armenia; "ASALA bombing at Orly Airport in Paris in 1983 killed 8 and wounded 55 people" Army for the Liberation of Rwanda a terrorist organization that seeks to overthrow the government dominated by Tutsi and to institute Hutu control again; "in 1999 ALIR guerrillas kidnapped and killed eight foreign tourists" Asbat al-Ansar an extremist Palestinian Sunni group active in Lebanon in the early 1990s that advocates Salafism; responsible for murders and bombings; seeks to overthrow the Lebanese government and control Palestinian refugee camps; funded by al-Qaeda Aum Shinrikyo a terrorist organization whose goal is to take over Japan and then the world; based on a religion founded in 1987 that combines elements of Buddhism with Christianity; "in 1995 Aum members released deadly sarin gas on a Tokyo subway train" Baader Meinhof Gang a radical left-wing revolutionary terrorist group active in Germany from 1968 until 1977 Basque Homeland and Freedom a terrorist organization organized in 1959 by student activists who were dissatisfied with the moderate nationalism of the traditional Basque party; want to create an independent homeland in Spain's western Pyrenees; "in 1968 ETA launched a campaign of political assassinations of government officials" Black September Movement a former Palestinian terrorist organization (now merged with Fatah Revolutionary Council) that assassinated the Prime Minister of Jordan and during the 1972 Olympic Games in Munich killed 11 Israeli athletes Chukaku-Ha an ultra-leftist militant group founded in 1957 from the breakup of the Japanese Communist Party; includes a covert action wing; "Chukaku-Ha attacks tend to cause property damage rather than casualties" Continuity Irish Republican Army a terrorist organization formed in Ireland in 1994 as a clandestine armed wing of Sinn Fein Democratic Front for the Liberation of Palestine a Marxist-Leninist group that believes Palestinian goals can only be achieved by revolutionary change; "in 1974 the DFLP took over a schoolhouse and massacred Israeli schoolchildren" East Turkistan Islamic Movement a group of Uighur Muslims fighting Chinese control of Xinjiang; declared by China in 2001 to be terrorists although there is a long history of cycles of insurgency and repression Fatah Revolutionary Council a Palestinian international terrorist organization that split from the PLO in 1974; has conducted terrorist attacks in 20 countries; "in the 1980s the Fatah-RC was considered the most dangerous and murderous Palestinian terror group" Fatah Tanzim a terrorist group organized by Yasser Arafat in 1995 as the armed wing of al-Fatah; serves a dual function of violent confrontation with Israel and serves as Arafat's unofficial militia to prevent rival Islamists from usurping leadership First of October Antifascist Resistance Group an armed wing of the (illegal) Communist Party of Spain; seeks to overthrow the Spanish government and replace it with a Marxist-Leninist regime; "GRAPO is vehemently opposed to the United States" Force 17 formed in 1972 as a personal security force for Arafat and other PLO leaders; became one of PLO's elite units; has built an extensive infrastructure of terrorist cells and weapon depots in Europe while attacking Israeli targets Forces of Umar Al-Mukhtar a little known Palestinian group responsible for bombings and for killing Israelis; seeks to defeat Israel and liberate southern Lebanon, Palestine, and Golan Heights Greenpeace an international organization that works for environmental conservation and the preservation of endangered species Hamas a militant Islamic fundamentalist political movement that opposes peace with Israel and uses terrorism as a weapon; seeks to create an Islamic state in place of Israel; is opposed to the PLO and has become a leading perpetrator of terrorist activity in Israel; pioneered suicide bombing Harkat-ul-Jihad-e-Islami an extremist militant group in Pakistan occupied Kashmir that seeks an Islamic government and that has had close links and fought with the Taliban in Afghanistan Harkat-ul-Mujahidin an Islamic fundamentalist group in Pakistan that fought the Soviet Union in Afghanistan in the 1980s; now operates as a terrorist organization primarily in Kashmir and seeks Kashmir's accession by Pakistan Hizballah a Shiite terrorist organization with strong ties to Iran; seeks to create an Iranian fundamentalist Islamic state in Lebanon; car bombs are the signature weapon Hizb ut-Tahrir the most popular and feared Islamic extremist group in central Asia; advocates `pure' Islam and the creation of a worldwide Islamic state International Islamic Front for Jihad against Jews and Crusaders a terrorist group organized by Osama bin Laden in 1998 that provided an umbrella organization for al-Qaeda and other militant groups in Egypt and Algeria and Pakistan and Bangladesh Irish National Liberation Army a radical terrorist group dedicated to the removal of British forces from Northern Ireland and the unification of Ireland Irish Republican Army a militant organization of Irish nationalists who used terrorism and guerilla warfare in an effort to drive British forces from Northern Ireland and achieve a united independent Ireland Islamic Army of Aden Yemen-based terrorist group that supports al-Qaeda's goals; seeks to overthrow the Yemeni government and eliminate United States interests; responsible for bombings and kidnappings and killing western tourists in Yemen Islamic Great Eastern Raiders-Front a Turkish terrorist organization that claimed responsibility for bombing a British consulate and bank in Istanbul; a violent opponent of Turkey's secular government and its ties to the European Union and NATO Islamic Group of Uzbekistan a terrorist group of Islamic militants formed in 1996; opposes Uzbekistan's secular regime and wants to establish an Islamic state in central Asia; is a conduit for drugs from Afghanistan to central Asian countries Jaish-i-Mohammed a terrorist organization founded in 2000; a militant Islamic group active in Kashmir and closely aligned with al-Rashid Trust; seeks to secure release of imprisoned fellow militants by kidnappings Jamaat ul-Fuqra an Islamic terrorist group organized in the 1980s; seeks to purify Islam through violence; the cells in North America and the Caribbean insulate themselves from Western culture and will even attack other Muslims who they regard as heretics Japanese Red Army a terrorist group organized in 1970 to overthrow the Japanese government and monarchy and to foment world revolution; is said to have close ties with Palestinian terrorists; "in 1972 the Japanese Red Army was responsible for a massacre at an airport in Israel" Jayshullah an indigenous Islamic terrorist group in Azerbaijan that attempted to bomb the United States embassy in 1999 Jemaah Islamiyah a clandestine group of southeast Asian terrorists organized in 1993 and trained by al-Qaeda; supports militant Muslims in Indonesia and the Philippines and has cells in Singapore and Malaysia and Indonesia Jerusalem Warriors ethnic Turkish Sunni terrorists who are linked with the Turkish Hizballah; killed a United States Air Force sergeant in 1991 Jund-ul-Islam an Islamic extremist group of Kurds who oppose secular control with bombings and assassinations; believed to have ties with al-Qaeda Kahane Chai a terrorist organization founded for Jewish defense; fights antisemitism and hopes to restore the biblical state of Israel Kaplan Group a Turkish terrorist group of fundamentalist Muslims with ties to al-Qaeda that operates in Germany; seeks the violent overthrow of the Turkish government and the establishment of an Islamic nation modeled on Iran Khmer Rouge a communist organization formed in Cambodia in 1970; became a terrorist organization in 1975 when it captured Phnom Penh and created a government that killed an estimated three million people; was defeated by Vietnamese troops but remained active until 1999 Ku Klux Klan a secret society of white Southerners in the United States; was formed in the 19th century to resist the emancipation of slaves; used terrorist tactics to suppress Black people klavern a local unit of the Ku Klux Klan Kurdistan Workers Party a Marxist-Leninist terrorist group of Kurds trying to establish an independent Kurdish state in eastern Turkey Contras a Nicaraguan counterrevolutionary guerrilla force from 1979 to 1990; it opposed a left-wing government, with support from the United States Pesh Merga a Kurdish guerrilla force in Iraqi Kurdistan Lashkar-e-Jhangvi a Sunni Muslim extremist group in Pakistan that collaborates with al-Qaeda; the armed wing of Sipah-e-Sahaba Lashkar-e-Omar a terrorist organization formed in Pakistan in 2002 as a coalition of extremist Islamic militant groups including Lashkar-e-Taiba and Lashkar-e-Jhangvi and Jaish-e-Muhammad and elements of al-Qaeda Lashkar-e-Taiba a brutal terrorist group active in Kashmir; fights against India with the goal of restoring Islamic rule of India; "Lashkar-e-Toiba has committed mass murders of civilian Hindus" Laskar Jihad a paramilitary terrorist organization of militant Muslims in Indonesia; wages a jihad against Christians in Indonesia; subscribes to the Wahhabi creed of Islam Lautaro Youth Movement a violent terrorist group organized in the 1980s and advocating the overthrow of the Chilean military government; leaders are mainly criminals or impoverished youths Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam a terrorist organization in Sri Lanka that began in 1970 as a student protest over the limited university access for Tamil students; currently seeks to establish an independent Tamil state called Eelam; relies on guerilla strategy including terrorist tactics that target key government and military personnel; "the Tamil Tigers perfected suicide bombing as a weapon of war" Libyan Islamic Fighting Group a Libyan terrorist group organized in 1995 and aligned with al-Qaeda; seeks to radicalize the Libyan government; attempted to assassinate Qaddafi Lord's Resistance Army a quasi-religious rebel group in Uganda that terrorized and raped women and kidnapped children who were forced to serve in the army Loyalist Volunteer Force a terrorist group formed in 1996 in Northern Ireland; seeks to prevent the peace process; murders Catholics and any Protestant leaders who favor peace Maktab al-Khidmat a terrorist organization founded by Osama bin Laden in the 1980s to provide money and recruit fighters around the world; enlisted and transported thousands of men to Afghanistan to fight the Russians; a split in the group led bin Laden and the extremist faction of MAK to form al-Qaeda Manuel Rodriquez Patriotic Front a terrorist group formed in 1983 as the armed wing of the Chilean Communist Party Moranzanist Patriotic Front a terrorist group of radical leftists formed in the late 1980s; seeks to prevent the United States from intervening in Honduran economic and political affairs Moro Islamic Liberation Front a terrorist group in the southern Philippines formed in 1977 to establish an independent Islamic state for the Moros; have clashed with troops at United States bases Mujahedeen Kompak a militant Islamic militia that was formed in 2005 by hardliners who split from Jemaah Islamiyah Mujahidin-e Khalq Organization a terrorist organization formed in the 1960s by children of Iranian merchants; sought to counter the Shah of Iran's pro-western policies of modernization and opposition to communism; following a philosophy that mixes Marxism and Islam it now attacks the Islamic fundamentalists who deposed the Shah National Liberation Army a terrorist organization in Bolivia that acts as an umbrella for numerous small indigenous subversive groups; a revival of a group with Marxist-Leninist ideologies originally established by Che Guevara in the 1960s a Marxist terrorist group formed in 1963 by Colombian intellectuals who were inspired by the Cuban Revolution; responsible for a campaign of mass kidnappings and resistance to the government's efforts to stop the drug trade; "ELN kidnappers target foreign employees of large corporations" National Liberation Front of Corsica a terrorist group formed in 1976 to work for Corsican independence; attacks on Corsica are aimed at sabotaging public infrastructure and symbols of colonialism New People's Army a terrorist organization that is the militant wing of the Communist Party of the Philippines; a Maoist organization formed to overthrow the government; uses hit squads called Sparrow Units; opposes United States military presence in the Philippines Orange Order a Protestant political organization in Northern Ireland Orange Group a terrorist group of Protestants who oppose any political settlement with Irish nationalists; a paramilitary group that attacks Catholic interests in Northern Ireland Palestine Islamic Jihad a militant Palestinian terrorist group created in 1979 and committed to the creation of an Islamic state in Palestine and to the destruction of Israel; smaller and more exclusively militant that Hamas Palestine Liberation Front a terrorist group formed in 1977 as the result of a split with the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine; became a satellite of al-Fatah; made terrorist attacks on Israel across the Lebanese border Palestinian Hizballah a little known Palestinian group comprised of members of Hamas and Tanzim with suspected ties to the Lebanese Hizballah; responsible for suicide bombings in Israel Pentagon Gang a Filipino terrorist group that broke away from the Moro Islamic Liberation Front in 2001 in order to continue terrorism and kidnapping and extortion Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine a terrorist group of limited popularity formed in 1967 after the Six-Day War; combined Marxist-Leninist ideology with Palestinian nationalism; used terrorism to gain attention for their cause; hoped to eliminate the state of Israel Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine-General Command a Marxist-Leninist terrorist organization that conducted several attacks in western Europe Popular Struggle Front a terrorist group of radical Palestinians who split with al-Fatah in 1967 but now have close relations with al-Fatah; staged terrorist attacks against Israel across the Lebanese border 15 May Organization a terrorist organization formed in 1979 by a faction of the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine but disbanded in the 1980s when key members left to join a faction of al-Fatah People against Gangsterism and Drugs a terrorist organization in South Africa formed in 1996 to fight drug lords; evolved into a vigilante group with anti-western views closely allied with Qibla; is believed to have ties to Islamic extremists in the Middle East; is suspected of conducting bouts of urban terrorism Puka Inti a small but violent terrorist organization formed in Ecuador in the early 1990s; responsible for bombing several government buildings Qassam Brigades the military arm of Hamas responsible for suicide bombings and other attacks on Israel Qibla a small terrorist group of Muslims in South Africa formed in the 1980s; was inspired by Ayatollah Khomeini to create an Islamic state in South Africa Real IRA a radical terrorist group that broke away in 1997 when the mainstream Provisional IRA proposed a cease-fire; has continued terrorist activities in opposition to any peace agreement Red Army Faction a Marxist and Maoist terrorist organization in Germany; a network of underground guerillas who committed acts of violence in the service of the class struggle; a successor to the Baader-Meinhof Gang; became one of Europe's most feared terrorist groups; disbanded in 1998 Red Brigades a Marxist-Leninist terrorist organization that arose out of a student protest movement in the late 1960s; wants to separate Italy from NATO and advocates violence in the service of class warfare and revolution; mostly inactive since 1989 Red Hand Defenders a paramilitary group of Protestants in Northern Ireland that tries to prevent any political settlement with the Irish Republic; attacks interests of Catholic civilians in Northern Ireland; responsible for arson and bombing and murder Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia a powerful and wealthy terrorist organization formed in 1957 as the guerilla arm of the Colombian communist party; opposed to the United States; has strong ties to drug dealers Revolutionary Organization 17 November a Marxist-Leninist terrorist organization in Greece that is violently opposed to imperialism and capitalism and NATO and the United States; an active terrorist group during the 1980s Revolutionary People's Liberation Party an extreme Marxist terrorist organization in Turkey that is opposed to NATO and the United States; attacks Turkish security and military officials Revolutionary People's Struggle an extreme leftist terrorist group formed in Greece in 1971 to oppose the military junta that ruled Greece from 1967 to 1974; a revolutionary group opposed to capitalism and imperialism and the United States Revolutionary Proletarian Nucleus a clandestine group of leftist extremists who oppose Italy's labor policies and foreign policy; responsible for bombing building in the historic center of Rome from 2000 to 2002 Revolutionary United Front a terrorist group formed in the 1980s in Sierra Leone; seeks to overthrow the government and gain control of the diamond producing regions; responsible for attacks on civilians and children, widespread torture and murder and using children to commit atrocities; sponsored by the president of Liberia Salafist Group an Algerian extremist Islamic offshoot of the Armed Islamic Group; now the largest and most active armed terrorist group in Algeria that seeks to overthrow the government; a major source of support and recruitment for al-Qaeda operations in Europe and northern Africa Shining Path a terrorist group formed in Peru in the late 1960s as a splinter group from the communist party of Peru; is among the most ruthless guerilla organizations in the world; seeks to destroy Peruvian institutions and replace them with a Maoist peasant regime; is involved in the cocaine trade; "Shining Path has been responsible for 30,000 deaths" Sipah-e-Sahaba a vicious sectarian organization in Pakistan that persecutes Shiite Muslims and collaborates with al-Qaeda to attack foreigners and to disrupt the government of Pakistan Tareekh e Kasas an organization of Muslims in India who killed Hindus in September 2002; believed to have ties with Muslim terrorists in Pakistan Tupac Amaru Revolutionary Movement a Marxist-Leninist terrorist organization in Peru; was formed in 1983 to overthrow the Peruvian government and replace it with a Marxist regime; has connections with the ELN in Bolivia Tupac Katari Guerrilla Army a terrorist group that is the remnants of the original Bolivian insurgents trained by Che Guevara; attacks small unprotected targets such as power pylons or oil pipelines or government buildings Turkish Hizballah an ethnic Kurdish group of Sunni extremists formed in the late 1980s in southeastern Turkey; seeks to replace Turkey's secular regime with an Islamic state and strict shariah law; responsible for bombings and the torture and murder of Turkish and Kurdish journalists and businessmen; receives support from Iran Ulster Defence Association the major Protestant paramilitary group in Northern Ireland; responsible for bombing the homes of Catholics and for criminal racketeering and selling drugs United Self-Defense Force of Colombia a terrorist organization in Colombia formed in 1997 as an umbrella for local and regional paramilitary groups; is financed by earnings from narcotics and serves to protect the economic interests of its members; "the AUC conducted over 800 assassinations in one year" Markaz-ud-Dawa-wal-Irshad a Sunni organization formed in 1989 and based in Pakistan; opposes missionary groups from the United States; has Lashkar-e-Tayyiba as its armed wing Red Cross an international organization that cares for the sick or wounded or homeless in wartime Salvation Army a charitable and religious organization to evangelize and to care for the poor and homeless Tammany Hall a political organization within the Democratic Party in New York City (late 1800's and early 1900's) seeking political control by corruption and bossism Umma Tameer-e-Nau a nongovernmental organization of Pakistani scientists that has been a supporter of terrorism; has provided information about chemical and biological and nuclear warfare to Osama bin Laden and al-Qaeda and the Taliban fiefdom an organization that is controlled by a dominant person or group the domain controlled by a feudal lord line organization the organizational structure of activities contributing directly to the organization's output National Trust an organization concerned to preserve historic monuments and buildings and places of historical interest or natural beauty; founded in 1895 and supported by endowment and private subscription British Commonwealth an association of nations consisting of the United Kingdom and several former British colonies that are now sovereign states but still pay allegiance to the British Crown quango a quasi nongovernmental organization; an organization that is financed by the government yet acts independently of the government authoritarian state a government that concentrates political power in an authority not responsible to the people ancien regime a political and social system that no longer governs (especially the system that existed in France before the French Revolution) Court of Saint James's the British royal court Porte the Ottoman court in Constantinople Downing Street the British government a street of Westminster in London; "the Prime Minister lives at No. 10 Downing Street" empire a group of countries under a single authority; "the British created a great empire" a monarchy with an emperor as head of state the domain ruled by an emperor or empress; the region over which imperial dominion is exercised federal government a government with strong central powers government-in-exile a temporary government moved to or formed in a foreign land by exiles who hope to rule when their country is liberated local government the government of a local area military government government by the military and an army papacy the government of the Roman Catholic Church Soviets the government of the Soviet Union; "the Soviets said they wanted to increase trade with Europe" medical institution an institution created for the practice of medicine extended care facility a medical institution that provides prolonged care (as in cases of prolonged illness or rehabilitation from acute illness) eye clinic a clinic where specialist care for a patient's eyes financial institution an institution (public or private) that collects funds (from the public or other institutions) and invests them in financial assets issuer an institution that issues something (securities or publications or currency etc.) giro a British financial system in which a bank or a post office transfers money from one account to another when they receive authorization to do so a check given by the British government to someone who is unemployed; it can be cashed either at a bank or at the post office clearing house a central collection place where banks exchange checks or drafts; participants maintain an account against which credits or debits are posted lending institution a financial institution that makes loans community chest a charity supported by individual subscriptions; defrays the demands on a community for social welfare soup kitchen a place where food is dispensed to the needy collective members of a cooperative enterprise set up on the principle of collectivism or ownership and production by the workers involved usually under the supervision of a government; "collective farms" forming a whole or aggregate collective farm a farm operated collectively kibbutz a collective farm or settlement owned by its members in modern Israel; children are reared collectively kolkhoz a collective farm owned by the communist state agency a business or organization that provides a particular service, especially the mediation of transactions between two parties an administrative unit of government; "the Central Intelligence Agency"; "the Census Bureau"; "Office of Management and Budget"; "Tennessee Valley Authority" the state of being in action or exerting power; "the agency of providence"; "she has free agency" brokerage the business of a broker; charges a fee to arrange a contract between two parties a stock broker's business; charges a fee to act as intermediary between buyer and seller company an institution created to conduct business; "he only invests in large well-established companies"; "he started the company in his garage" a unit of firefighters including their equipment; "a hook-and-ladder company" a social gathering of guests or companions; "the house was filled with company when I arrived" organization of performers and associated personnel (especially theatrical); "the traveling company all stayed at the same hotel" small military unit; usually two or three platoons the state of being with someone; "he missed their company"; "he enjoyed the society of his friends" be a companion to somebody conglomerate a group of diverse companies under common ownership and run as a single organization composed of heterogeneous elements gathered into a mass; "the conglomerate peoples of New England" large cap a corporation with a large capitalization; "he works for a large cap" small cap a corporation with a small capitalization; "this annual conference is a showcase for ambitious small caps" corporation a business firm whose articles of incorporation have been approved in some state firm the members of a business organization that owns or operates one or more establishments; "he worked for a brokerage house" strong and sure; "a firm grasp"; "gave a strong pull on the rope" unwavering in devotion to friend or vow or cause; "a firm ally"; "loyal supporters"; "the true-hearted soldier...of Tippecanoe"- Campaign song for William Henry Harrison; "fast friends" not soft or yielding to pressure; "a firm mattress"; "the snow was firm underfoot"; "solid ground" possessing the tone and resiliency of healthy tissue; "firm muscles" marked by firm determination or resolution; not shakable; "firm convictions"; "a firm mouth"; "steadfast resolve"; "a man of unbendable perseverence"; "unwavering loyalty" securely established; "holds a firm position as the country's leading poet" not subject to revision or change; "a firm contract"; "a firm offer" not liable to fluctuate or especially to fall; "stocks are still firm" (of especially a person's physical features) not shaking or trembling; "his voice was firm and confident"; "a firm step" with resolute determination; "we firmly believed it"; "you must stand firm" manufacturer a business engaged in manufacturing some product someone who manufactures something copartnership a partnership in which employees get a share of the profits in addition to their wages apparel chain a chain of clothing stores discount chain a chain of discount stores restaurant chain a chain of restaurants direct mailer a distributor who uses direct mail to sell merchandise retail chain a chain of retail stores accounting firm a firm of accountants who provide accounting and auditing services for a fee consulting firm a firm of experts providing professional advice to an organization for a fee publisher a firm in the publishing business a person engaged in publishing periodicals or books or music the proprietor of a newspaper publishing conglomerate a conglomerate of publishing companies dealer a firm engaged in trading the person who distributes the playing cards in a card game a seller of illicit goods; "a dealer in stolen goods" car dealer a firm that sells and buys cars computer dealer a firm that sells and buys computers jewelry dealer a firm that sells and buys jewelry truck dealer a firm that sells and buys trucks law firm a firm of lawyers processor a business engaged in processing agricultural products and preparing them for market someone who processes things (foods or photographs or applicants etc.) armorer a manufacturer of firearms an enlisted man responsible for the upkeep of small arms and machine guns etc. a worker skilled in making armor or arms; "a sword made by a famous English armorer" aluminum business manufacturers of aluminum considered as a group apparel industry makers and sellers of fashionable clothing banking industry banks collectively bottler a manufacturer that makes and bottles beverages car manufacturer a business engaged in the manufacture of automobiles computer business a business that manufactures and sells computers automobile industry the manufacturers of automobiles considered collectively chemical industry the manufacturers of chemicals considered collectively coal industry the producers of coal considered collectively computer industry the manufacturers of computers considered collectively construction industry an industry that builds housing electronics industry the manufacturers of electronic products considered collectively entertainment industry those involved in providing entertainment: radio and television and films and theater film industry the entertainment industries involved in producing and distributing movies Bollywood the film industry of India filmdom the personnel of the film industry; "a star of stage and screen" Hollywood the film industry of the United States a district of Los Angeles long associated with the American film industry a flashy vulgar tone or atmosphere believed to be characteristic of the American film industry; "some people in publishing think of theirs as a glamorous medium so they copy the glitter of Hollywood" flashy and vulgar; "young white women dressed Hollywood style"; "Hollywood philandering" of or relating to the film industry in the United States; "a Hollywood actor" growth industry an industry that is growing rapidly lighting industry an industry devoted to manufacturing and selling and installing lighting munitions industry an industry that manufacturers weapons of war oil industry an industry that produces and delivers oil and oil products oil company a company that sells oil packaging company a company that packages goods for sale or shipment or storage pipeline company a company that operates oil pipelines for the oil industry printing concern a company that does commercial printing plastics industry an industry that manufactures plastic articles commodity brokerage a brokerage firm dealing in commodities marriage brokerage a business that arranges marriage contracts insurance company a financial institution that sells insurance pension fund a financial institution that collects regular contributions from employers to provide retirement income for employees a fund reserved to pay workers' pensions when they retire from service investment company a financial institution that sells shares to individuals and invests in securities issued by other companies hedge fund a flexible investment company for a small number of large investors (usually the minimum investment is $1 million); can use high-risk techniques (not allowed for mutual funds) such as short-selling and heavy leveraging mutual fund a regulated investment company with a pool of assets that regularly sells and redeems its shares the pooled money that is invested in assets index fund a mutual fund that invests in the stocks that are the basis of a well-known stock or bond index a mutual fund whose assets are stocks on a given list closed-end fund a regulated investment company that issues a fixed number of shares which are listed on a stock market face-amount certificate company a regulated investment company that pays a stated amount to certificate holders on a stated maturity date Real Estate Investment Trust an investment trust that owns and manages a pool of commercial properties and mortgages and other real estate assets; shares can be bought and sold in the stock market unit investment trust a regulated investment company consisting of professional managers who issue redeemable securities representing a portfolio of many different securities; "you can invest in a unit investment trust for as little as $1000" bear market a market characterized by falling prices for securities bull market a market characterized by rising prices for securities the City used to allude to the securities industry of Great Britain Wall Street used to allude to the securities industry of the United States a street in lower Manhattan where the New York Stock Exchange is located; symbol of American finance money market a market for short-term debt instruments service industry an industry that provides services rather than tangible objects management consulting a service industry that provides advice to those in charge of running a business shipbuilder a business that builds and repairs ships a person who builds ships as a business shipbuilding industry an industry that builds ships shoe industry an industry that manufactures and sells shoes sign industry an industry that produces signs signage signs collectively (especially commercial signs or posters); "there will be signage displayed at each post" steel industry the industry that makes steel and steel products sunrise industry a new industry that is expanding rapidly (especially telecommunications or electronics) tobacco industry an industry that manufactures and sells products containing tobacco toy industry an industry that manufactures and sells toys for children trucking industry an industry that provides transportation for commercial products agriculture the class of people engaged in growing food sisterhood a religious society of women who live together as sisters (especially an order of nuns) an association or society of women who are linked together by a common religion or trade or interest the kinship relation between a female offspring and the siblings corporate investor a company that invests in (acquires control of) other companies target company a company that has been chosen as attractive for takeover by a potential acquirer raider a corporate investor who intends to take over a company by buying a controlling interest in its stock and installing new management sleeping beauty a potential takeover target that has not yet been put in play a person who is sleeping soundly underperformer a business that is less successful than expected white knight a company that is a friendly acquirer in a takeover white squire a white knight that buys less than a majority interest auction house a firm that conducts auctions A-team a group of elite soldiers or a leadership group of advisors or workers in an organization administrative unit a unit with administrative responsibilities coronary care unit a hospital unit specially staffed and equipped to treat patients with serious cardiac problems menage a trois household for three; an arrangement where a married couple and a lover of one of them live together while sharing sexual relations flying squad a mobile group of trained people (police or executives or officials) able to move quickly in the case of emergencies major-league team a team that plays in a major league minor-league team a team that plays in a minor league farm team a minor-league team that is owned by a major-league team (especially in baseball) baseball team a team that plays baseball baseball club a team of professional baseball players who play and travel together; "each club played six home games with teams in its own division" basketball team a team that plays basketball football team a team that plays football hockey team a team that plays ice hockey junior varsity a college or university team that competes at a level below the varsity team varsity a team representing a college or university a British abbreviation of `university'; usually refers to Oxford University or Cambridge University second string a squad of players that are available either individually or as a team to relieve or replace the players who started the game police squad a small squad of policemen trained to deal with a particular kind of crime powerhouse a team considered to be the best of its class a highly energetic and indefatigable person Christendom the collective body of Christians throughout the world and history (found predominantly in Europe and the Americas and Australia); "for a thousand years the Roman Catholic Church was the principal church of Christendom" Armenian Church an independent Christian church established in Armenia since 300; was influenced by both Roman and Byzantine traditions Catholic Church any of several churches claiming to have maintained historical continuity with the original Christian Church Roman Catholic the Christian Church based in the Vatican and presided over by a pope and an episcopal hierarchy a member of the Roman Catholic Church Albigenses a Christian religious sect in southern France in the 12th and 13th centuries; believers in Albigensianism Nestorian Church a Christian Church in the Middle East that followed Nestorianism; there is still a small Nestorian Church in Iraq Rome the leadership of the Roman Catholic Church capital and largest city of Italy; on the Tiber; seat of the Roman Catholic Church; formerly the capital of the Roman Republic and the Roman Empire Curia (Roman Catholic Church) the central administration governing the Roman Catholic Church Sacred College (Roman Catholic Church) the body of all cardinals of the church; elects and advises the pope Old Catholic Church Catholic churches that broke away from the Roman Catholic Church in the 18th century Eastern Church the Catholic Church as it existed in the Byzantine Empire Orthodox Church derived from the Byzantine Church and adhering to Byzantine rites Greek Orthodox Church state church of Greece; an autonomous part of the Eastern Orthodox Church Russian Orthodox Church an independent church with its own Patriarch; until 1917 it was the established church or Russia Uniat Church any of several churches in eastern Europe or the Middle East that acknowledge papal authority but retain their own liturgy Coptic Church the ancient Christian church of Egypt Pentecostal religion any fundamentalist Protestant Church that uses revivalistic methods to achieve experiences comparable to the Pentecostal experiences of the first Christian disciples Protestant Church the Protestant churches and denominations collectively Christian Church a Protestant church that accepts the Bible as the only source of true Christian faith and practices baptism by immersion Anglican Church the national church of England (and all other churches in other countries that share its beliefs); has its see in Canterbury and the sovereign as its temporal head Episcopal Church United States church that is in communication with the see of Canterbury an autonomous branch of the Anglican Communion in Scotland Church of Ireland autonomous branch of the Church of England in Ireland High Church a group in the Anglican Church that emphasizes the Catholic tradition (especially in sacraments and rituals and obedience to church authority) Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints church founded by Joseph Smith in 1830 with headquarters in Salt Lake City, Utah Baptist Church any of various evangelical Protestant churches that believe in the baptism of voluntary believers Baptist denomination group of Baptist congregations American Baptist Convention an association of Northern Baptists Southern Baptist Convention an association of Southern Baptists Arminian Baptist group of Baptist congregations believing the teachings of the Dutch theologian Jacobus Arminius (who opposed the doctrine of strict predestination of the Calvinists) Calvinistic Baptist group of Baptist congregations believing the teachings of the French theologian John Calvin who believed in strict predetermination Church of the Brethren a Baptist denomination founded in 1708 by Americans of German descent; opposed to military service and taking legal oaths; practiced trine immersion Congregational Church a Protestant denomination holding that each individual congregation should be self-governing Congregational Christian Church merger of the Congregational Church and the Christian Church Evangelical and Reformed Church a Protestant denomination of Calvinist faith United Church of Christ merger of the Congregational Christian Church and the Evangelical and Reformed Church in 1957 Jehovah's Witnesses Protestant denomination founded in the United States by Charles Taze Russell in 1884 Lutheran Church the Protestant denomination adhering to the views of Martin Luther Presbyterian Church the Protestant denomination adhering to the views of John Calvin Unitarian Church the Protestant denomination that rejects the doctrine of the Trinity Arminian Church the Protestant denomination adhering to the views of Jacobus Arminius Methodist Church a Protestant denomination founded on the principles of John Wesley and Charles Wesley Methodist denomination group of Methodist congregations Wesleyan Methodist Church the original Methodist Church Evangelical United Brethren Church a Methodist denomination United Methodist Church union of the Wesleyan Methodist Church and the Evangelical United Brethren Church Anabaptist denomination a Protestant sect denying infant baptism and baptising only believers Mennonite Church formed from the Anabaptist movement in the 16th century; noted for its simplicity of life Unification Church a Christian church (with some Buddhist elements) founded in 1954 by Sun Myung Moon and known for staging mass weddings and other communal activities Abecedarian a 16th century sect of Anabaptists centered in Germany who had an absolute disdain for human knowledge Amish sect an orthodox Anabaptist sect separated from the Mennonites in late 17th century; settled chiefly in southeastern Pennsylvania Sanhedrin the supreme judicial and ecclesiastical council of ancient Jerusalem Karaites a Jewish sect that recognizes only the Hebrew Scriptures as the source of divinely inspired legislation and denies the authority of the postbiblical tradition of the Talmud; the sect arose in Iraq in the eighth century Hasidim a sect of Orthodox Jews that arose out of a pietistic movement originating in eastern Europe in the second half of the 18th century; a sect that follows the Mosaic law strictly Islamism a fundamentalist Islamic revivalist movement generally characterized by moral conservatism and the literal interpretation of the Koran and the attempt to implement Islamic values in all aspects of life Shiah one of the two main branches of orthodox Islam; mainly in Iran Sunni one of the two main branches of orthodox Islam Haredi any of several sects of Orthodox Judaism that reject modern secular culture and many of whom do not recognize the spiritual authority of the modern state of Israel Tantrism movement within Buddhism combining elements of Hinduism and paganism Khalsa the group of initiated Sikhs to which devout orthodox Sikhs are ritually admitted at puberty; founded by the tenth and last Guru in 1699 Scientology a new religion founded by L. Ron Hubbard in 1955 and characterized by a belief in the power of a person's spirit to clear itself of past painful experiences through self-knowledge and spiritual fulfillment Kokka Shinto the branch of Shinto recognized as the official state religion of Japan Shuha Shinto any branch of Shinto other than Kokka established church the church that is recognized as the official church of a nation vicariate the religious institution under the authority of a vicar bloodstock thoroughbred horses (collectively) lineage the descendants of one individual; "his entire lineage has been warriors" phylum (biology) the major taxonomic group of animals and plants; contains classes (linguistics) a large group of languages that are historically related subphylum (biology) a taxonomic group ranking between a phylum and a class superphylum (biology) a taxonomic group ranking between a phylum and below a class or subclass subclass (biology) a taxonomic category below a class and above an order superclass (biology) a taxonomic class below a phylum and above a class suborder (biology) taxonomic group that is a subdivision of an order superorder (biology) a taxonomic group ranking above an order and below a class or subclass superfamily (biology) a taxonomic group ranking below an order but above a family form family (biology) an artificial taxonomic category for organisms of which the true relationships are obscure subfamily (biology) a taxonomic category below a family tribe (biology) a taxonomic category between a genus and a subfamily a federation (as of American Indians) a social division of (usually preliterate) people subgenus (biology) taxonomic group between a genus and a species type genus (biology) genus from which the name of a family or subfamily is formed; it is not necessarily the most representative genus but often the largest or best known or earliest described subspecies (biology) a taxonomic group that is a division of a species; usually arises as a consequence of geographical isolation within a species endangered species a species whose numbers are so small that the species is at risk of extinction fish species a species of fish type species (biology) the species that best exemplifies the essential characteristics of the genus to which it belongs civilization a society in an advanced state of social development (e.g., with complex legal and political and religious organizations); "the people slowly progressed from barbarism to civilization" the social process whereby societies achieve an advanced stage of development and organization legal profession the body of individuals qualified to practice law in a particular jurisdiction; "he was admitted to the bar in New Jersey" health profession the body of individuals whose work helps to maintain the health of their clients medical profession the body of individuals who are qualified to practice medicine businessmen the body of individuals who manage businesses community of scholars the body of individuals holding advanced academic degrees economics profession the body of professional economists priesthood the body of ordained religious practitioners pastorate pastors collectively Foreign Office the government department in charge of foreign relations Home Office the government department in charge of domestic affairs French Foreign Office the French department in charge of foreign affairs; referred to familiarly by its address in Paris Free French a French movement during World War II that was organized in London by Charles de Gaulle to fight for the liberation of France from German control and for the restoration of the republic academic department a division of a school that is responsible for a given subject anthropology department the academic department responsible for teaching and research in anthropology art department the academic department responsible for teaching art and art appreciation biology department the academic department responsible for teaching and research in biology chemistry department the academic department responsible for teaching and research in chemistry department of computer science the academic department responsible for teaching and research in computer science economics department the academic department responsible for teaching and research in economics English department the academic department responsible for teaching English and American literature history department the academic department responsible for teaching history linguistics department the academic department responsible for teaching and research in linguistics mathematics department the academic department responsible for teaching and research in mathematics philosophy department the academic department responsible for teaching philosophy physics department the academic department responsible for teaching and research in physics music department the academic department responsible for teaching music and music appreciation psychology department the academic department responsible for teaching and research in psychology sociology department the academic department responsible for teaching and research in sociology business department a division of a business firm advertising department the division of a business that is responsible for advertising editorial department the department of a publishing business that edits material for publication city desk the editorial department of a newspaper that edits the local news sports desk the editorial department of a newspaper that edits the sports news parts department the division of a business (e.g. a service garage) that sells replacement parts personnel department the department responsible for hiring and training and placing employees and for setting policies for personnel management plant department the division of a business responsible for building and maintaining the physical plant purchasing department the division of a business that is responsible for purchases sales department the division of a business that is responsible for selling products or services service department the division of a business that provides customer services government department a department of government payroll the department that determines the amounts of wage or salary due to each employee a list of employees and their salaries; "the company had a long payroll" the total amount of money paid in wages; "the company had a large payroll" local department a permanent department created to perform the work of a local government fire department the department of local government responsible for preventing and extinguishing fires fire brigade British name for a fire department a private or temporary organization of individuals equipped to fight fires police department the department of local government concerned with enforcing the law and preventing crime sanitation department the department of local government responsible for collecting and disposing of garbage Special Branch a government police department dealing with political security State Department a department of government in one of the 50 states federal department a department of the federal government of the United States Atomic Energy Commission a former executive agency (from 1946 to 1974) that was responsible for research into atomic energy and its peacetime uses in the United States Nuclear Regulatory Commission an independent federal agency created in 1974 to license and regulate nuclear power plants Environmental Protection Agency an independent federal agency established to coordinate programs aimed at reducing pollution and protecting the environment executive department a federal department in the executive branch of the government of the United States executive agency an agency of the executive branch of government Federal Emergency Management Agency an independent agency of the United States government that provides a single point of accountability for all federal emergency preparedness and mitigation and response activities Food and Drug Administration a federal agency in the Department of Health and Human Services established to regulate the release of new foods and health-related products Council of Economic Advisors an executive agency responsible for providing economic advice to the President Center for Disease Control and Prevention a federal agency in the Department of Health and Human Services; located in Atlanta; investigates and diagnoses and tries to control or prevent diseases (especially new and unusual diseases) Central Intelligence Agency an independent agency of the United States government responsible for collecting and coordinating intelligence and counterintelligence activities abroad in the national interest; headed by the Director of Central Intelligence under the supervision of the President and National Security Council Counterterrorist Center an agency that helps the Director of Central Intelligence coordinate counterterrorist efforts in order to preempt and disrupt and defeat terrorist activities at the earliest possible stage Nonproliferation Center an agency that serves as the focal point for all Intelligence Community activities related to nonproliferation of weapons of mass destruction and their missile delivery systems Interstate Commerce Commission a former independent federal agency that supervised and set rates for carriers that transported goods and people between states; was terminated in 1995; "the ICC was established in 1887 as the first federal agency" National Aeronautics and Space Administration an independent agency of the United States government responsible for aviation and spaceflight National Archives and Records Administration the independent agency that oversees management of federal government records including presidential libraries and historic collections National Labor Relations Board an independent agency of the United States government charged with mediating disputes between management and labor unions National Science Foundation an independent agency of the federal government responsible for the promotion of progress in science and engineering by supporting programs in research and education Postal Rate Commission an independent federal agency that recommends changes in postal rates United States Postal Service an independent federal agency that provides mail processing and delivery service for individuals and businesses in the United States United States Postal Inspection Service the primary law enforcement arm of the United States Postal Service National Security Council a committee in the executive branch of government that advises the president on foreign and military and national security; supervises the Central Intelligence Agency Council on Environmental Policy the executive agency that advises the President on protecting the environment Joint Chiefs of Staff the executive agency that advises the President on military questions; composed of the chiefs of the United States Army and the United States Navy and the United States Air Force and the commandant of the United States Marine Corps Office of Management and Budget the executive agency that advises the President on the federal budget United States Trade Representative the executive agency that administers the President's policies on international trade Department of Agriculture the federal department that administers programs that provide services to farmers (including research and soil conservation and efforts to stabilize the farming economy); created in 1862 Department of Commerce the United States federal department that promotes and administers domestic and foreign trade (including management of the census and the patent office); created in 1913 Bureau of the Census the bureau of the Commerce Department responsible for taking the census; provides demographic information and analyses about the population of the United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration an agency in the Department of Commerce that maps the oceans and conserves their living resources; predicts changes to the earth's environment; provides weather reports and forecasts floods and hurricanes and other natural disasters related to weather National Climatic Data Center the part of NOAA that maintains the world's largest active archive of weather data National Weather Service the federal agency in the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration that is responsible for weather forecast and preparation of weather maps Technology Administration an agency in the Department of Commerce that works with United States industries to promote competitiveness and maximize the impact of technology on economic growth National Institute of Standards and Technology an agency in the Technology Administration that makes measurements and sets standards as needed by industry or government programs National Technical Information Service an agency in the Technology Administration that is a primary resource for government-funded scientific and technical and engineering and business related information Department of Defense the federal department responsible for safeguarding national security of the United States; created in 1947 Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency the central research and development organization for the United States Department of Defense; responsible for developing new surveillance technologies since 9/11 Department of Defense Laboratory System a defense laboratory that provides essential services in fundamental science for national security and environmental protection and provides technologies that contribute to industrial competitiveness Department of Education the United States federal department that administers all federal programs dealing with education (including federal aid to educational institutions and students); created 1979 Department of Energy the federal department responsible for maintaining a national energy policy of the United States; created in 1977 Department of Energy Intelligence an agency that collects political and economic and technical information about energy matters and makes the Department of Energy's technical and analytical expertise available to other members of the Intelligence Community Department of Health and Human Services the United States federal department that administers all federal programs dealing with health and welfare; created in 1979 United States Public Health Service an agency that serves as the office of Surgeon General; includes agencies whose mission is to improve the public health National Institutes of Health an agency in the Department of Health and Human Services whose mission is to employ science in the pursuit of knowledge to improve human health; is the principal biomedical research agency of the federal government Federal Communications Commission an independent government agency that regulates interstate and international communications by radio and television and wire and cable and satellite Social Security Administration an independent government agency responsible for the Social Security system Department of Homeland Security the federal department that administers all matters relating to homeland security Department of Housing and Urban Development the United States federal department that administers federal programs dealing with better housing and urban renewal; created in 1965 Department of Justice the United States federal department responsible for enforcing federal laws (including the enforcement of all civil rights legislation); created in 1870 Bureau of Justice Assistance the bureau in the Department of Justice that assists local criminal justice systems to reduce or prevent crime and violence and drug abuse Bureau of Justice Statistics the agency in the Department of Justice that is the primary source of criminal justice statistics for federal and local policy makers Federal Bureau of Investigation a federal law enforcement agency that is the principal investigative arm of the Department of Justice Immigration and Naturalization Service an agency in the Department of Justice that enforces laws and regulations for the admission of foreign-born persons to the United States United States Border Patrol the mobile law enforcement arm of the Immigration and Naturalization Service that detects and prevents illegal entry of aliens into the United States Federal Law Enforcement Training Center a center in the Department of Homeland Security that trains law enforcement professionals for more than seventy federal agencies Financial Crimes Enforcement Network a law enforcement agency of the Treasury Department responsible for establishing and implementing policies to detect money laundering Department of Labor the federal department responsible for promoting the working conditions of wage earners in the United States; created in 1913 Department of State the federal department in the United States that sets and maintains foreign policies; "the Department of State was created in 1789" Foggy Bottom United States Department of State, which is housed in a building in a low-lying area of Washington near the Potomac River Bureau of Diplomatic Security the bureau in the State Department that is responsible for the security of diplomats and embassies overseas Foreign Service the part of the State Department that supplies diplomats for the United States embassies and consulates around the world Bureau of Intelligence and Research an agency that is the primary source in the State Department for interpretive analyses of global developments and focal point for policy issues and activities of the Intelligence Community Department of the Interior the United States federal department charged with conservation and the development of natural resources; created in 1849 United States Fish and Wildlife Service an agency in the Department of the Interior that conserves and protects fish and wildlife and their habitats; assesses the environmental impact of pesticides and nuclear power site and hydroelectric dams and thermal pollution National Park Service an agency of the Interior Department responsible for the national parks Department of the Treasury the federal department that collects revenue and administers federal finances; the Treasury Department was created in 1789 Bureau of Alcohol Tobacco and Firearms the law enforcement and tax collection agency of the Treasury Department that enforces federal laws concerning alcohol and tobacco products and firearms and explosives and arson Financial Management Service the federal agency in the Treasury Department that manages the government's disbursement and collection systems and provides central accounting and financial reporting Office of Intelligence Support agency that oversees the intelligence relationships of the Treasury's offices and bureaus and provides a link between the Intelligence Community and officials responsible for international economic policy Criminal Investigation Command the United States Army's principal law enforcement agency responsible for the conduct of criminal investigations for all levels of the Army anywhere in the world Drug Enforcement Administration federal agency responsible for enforcing laws and regulations governing narcotics and controlled substances; goal is to immobilize drug trafficking organizations Federal Bureau of Prisons the law enforcement agency of the Justice Department that operates a nationwide system of prisons and detention facilities to incarcerate inmates sentenced to imprisonment for federal crimes Federal Judiciary the judiciary of the United States which is responsible for interpreting and enforcing federal laws National Institute of Justice the law enforcement agency that is the research and development branch of the Department of Justice United States Marshals Service the United States' oldest federal law enforcement agency is responsible today for protecting the Federal Judiciary and transporting federal prisoners and protecting federal witnesses and managing assets seized from criminals and generally ensuring the effective operation of the federal judicial system Comptroller of the Currency the agency of the Treasury Department responsible for controlling the currency a United States federal official who regulates the national banks Bureau of Customs the agency of the Treasury Department that enforces import tariffs Bureau of Engraving and Printing the agency of the Treasury Department that produces currency Internal Revenue Service the bureau of the Treasury Department responsible for tax collections Inland Revenue a board of the British government that administers and collects major direct taxes Department of Transportation the United States federal department that institutes and coordinates national transportation programs; created in 1966 Federal Aviation Administration an agency in the Department of Transportation that is responsible for the safety of civilian aviation Department of Veterans Affairs the United States federal department responsible for the interests of military veterans; created in 1989 Transportation Security Administration an agency established in 2001 to safeguard United States transportation systems and insure safe air travel Department of Commerce and Labor a former executive department of the United States government; created in 1903 and split into two departments in 1913 Department of Health Education and Welfare a former executive department of the United States government; created in 1953 and divided in 1979 Navy Department a former executive department of the United States government; created in 1798 and combined with the War Department in 1947 War Department a former executive department of the United States government; created in 1789 and combined with the Navy Department in 1947 United States Post Office an independent agency of the federal government responsible for mail delivery (and sometimes telecommunications) between individuals and businesses in the United States general delivery the part of a post office that handles mail for persons who call for it generally accepted accounting principles a collection of rules and procedures and conventions that define accepted accounting practice; includes broad guidelines as well as detailed procedures neonatal intensive care unit an intensive care unit designed with special equipment to care for premature or seriously ill newborn intensive care unit a hospital unit staffed and equipped to provide intensive care Protestant denomination group of Protestant congregations brethren (plural) the lay members of a male religious order Augustinian order any of several monastic orders observing a rule derived from the writings of St. Augustine Augustinian Canons an Augustinian monastic order Augustinian Hermits a monastic order of friars established in 1256 by the Pope Austin Friars an Augustinian monastic order Benedictine order a Roman Catholic monastic order founded in the 6th century; noted for liturgical worship and for scholarly activities Carmelite order a Roman Catholic mendicant order founded in the 12th century Carthusian order an austere contemplative Roman Catholic order founded by St. Bruno in 1084 Dominican order a Roman Catholic order of mendicant preachers founded in the 13th century Franciscan order a Roman Catholic order founded by Saint Francis of Assisi in the 13th century Society of Jesus a Roman Catholic order founded by Saint Ignatius of Loyola in 1534 to defend Catholicism against the Reformation and to do missionary work among the heathen; it is strongly committed to education and scholarship sect a subdivision of a larger religious group Religious Society of Friends a Christian sect founded by George Fox about 1660; commonly called Quakers Shakers a celibate and communistic Christian sect in the United States Assemblies of God a charismatic Protestant denomination in the United States Waldenses a Christian sect of dissenters that originated in southern France in the late 12th century adopted Calvinist doctrines in the 16th century Rastafarian (Ethiopia) adherents of an African religion that regards Ras Tafari as divine follower of Rastafarianism of or pertaining to or characteristic of Rastafarianism or Rastafarians clergy in Christianity, clergymen collectively (as distinguished from the laity) laity in Christianity, members of a religious community that do not have the priestly responsibilities of ordained clergy royalty royal persons collectively; "the wedding was attended by royalty" payment to the holder of a patent or copyright or resource for the right to use their property; "he received royalties on his book" Ordnance Survey the official cartography agency of the British government Bourbon a European royal line that ruled in France (from 1589-1793) and Spain and Naples and Sicily a member of the European royal family that ruled France a reactionary politician in the United States (usually from the South) Capetian dynasty a Frankish dynasty founded by Hugh Capet that ruled from 987 to 1328 Carolingian dynasty a Frankish dynasty founded by Charlemagne's father that ruled from 751 to 987 Flavian dynasty a dynasty of Roman Emperors from 69 to 96 including Vespasian and his sons Titus and Domitian Han imperial dynasty that ruled China (most of the time from 206 BC to AD 220) and expanded its boundaries and developed its bureaucracy; remembered as one of the great eras of Chinese civilization Hanover the English royal house that reigned from 1714 to 1901 (from George I to Victoria) Habsburg a royal German family that provided rulers for several European states and wore the crown of the Holy Roman Empire from 1440 to 1806 Hohenzollern a German noble family that ruled Brandenburg and Prussia Lancaster the English royal house that reigned from 1399 to 1461; its emblem was a red rose a city in northwestern England Liao the dynasty that ruled much of Manchuria and northeastern China from 947 to 1125 Merovingian a Frankish dynasty founded by Clovis I that reigned in Gaul and Germany from about 500 to 750 a member of the Merovingian dynasty of or relating to the Merovingian dynasty or its members Ming the imperial dynasty of China from 1368 to 1644 Ottoman the Turkish dynasty that ruled the Ottoman Empire from the 13th century to its dissolution after World War I a Turk (especially a Turk who is a member of the tribe of Osman I) of or relating to the Ottoman Empire or its people or its culture Plantagenet the family name of a line of English kings that reigned from 1154 to 1485 Ptolemy an ancient dynasty of Macedonian kings who ruled Egypt from 323 BC to 30 BC; founded by Ptolemy I and ended with Cleopatra Alexandrian astronomer (of the 2nd century) who proposed a geocentric system of astronomy that was undisputed until the late Renaissance Qin the Chinese dynasty (from 246 BC to 206 BC) that established the first centralized imperial government and built much of the Great Wall Qing the last imperial dynasty of China (from 1644 to 1912) which was overthrown by revolutionaries; during the Qing dynasty China was ruled by the Manchu Romanov the Russian imperial line that ruled from 1613 to 1917 a member of the imperial family that ruled Russia Saxe-Coburg-Gotha the name of the royal family that ruled Great Britain from 1901-1917; the name was changed to Windsor in 1917 in response to anti-German feelings in World War I Seljuk any one of the Turkish dynasties that ruled Asia Minor from the 11th to the 13th centuries; they successfully invaded Byzantium and defended the Holy Land against Crusaders of or relating to the Seljuks Shang the imperial dynasty ruling China from about the 18th to the 12th centuries BC Stuart the royal family that ruled Scotland from 1371-1714 and ruled England from 1603 to 1649 and again from 1660 to 1714 a member of the royal family that ruled Scotland and England United States painter best known for his portraits of George Washington (1755-1828) Sung the imperial dynasty of China from 960 to 1279; noted for art and literature and philosophy Tang the imperial dynasty of China from 618 to 907 Tudor an English dynasty descended from Henry Tudor; Tudor monarchs ruled from Henry VII to Elizabeth I (from 1485 to 1603) a member of the dynasty that ruled England United States dancer and choreographer (born in England) (1909-1987) of or relating to a style of architecture in England in the 15th century; "half-timbered Tudor houses"; "Tudor furniture" Umayyad the first dynasty of Arab caliphs whose capital was Damascus Valois French royal house from 1328 to 1589 Wei any of several imperial dynasties of China ruling from 220 to 265 and from 386 to 556 Windsor the British royal family since 1917 a city in southeastern Ontario on the Detroit River opposite Detroit York the English royal house (a branch of the Plantagenet line) that reigned from 1461 to 1485; its emblem was a white rose Yuan the imperial dynasty of China from 1279 to 1368 citizenry the body of citizens of a state or country; "the Spanish people" Achaean the ancient Greek inhabitants of Achaea a member of one of four linguistic divisions of the prehistoric Greeks of or relating to Achaea or its ancient Greek people Aeolian the ancient Greek inhabitants of Aeolia a member of one of four linguistic divisions of the prehistoric Greeks of or relating to Aeolis or its ancient Greek people of or pertaining to Aeolus, the Greek god of the winds; relating to or caused by the wind Dorian the ancient Greek inhabitants of Doris who entered Greece from the north about 1100 BC a member of one of four linguistic divisions of the prehistoric Greeks of or relating to the ancient Greek inhabitants of Doris, to their Doric dialect of Greek, or to their culture Ionian the ancient Greek inhabitants of Attica and related regions in Ionia a member of one of four linguistic divisions of the prehistoric Greeks of or pertaining to the ancient Ionians who lived in Attica and related territories, to their Ionic dialect of Greek, or to their culture electorate the body of enfranchised citizens; those qualified to vote governed the body of people who are citizens of a particular government; "governments derive their just powers from the consent of the governed"--Declaration of Independence senate assembly possessing high legislative powers United States Senate the upper house of the United States Congress Congress the legislature of the United States government United States House of Representatives the lower legislative house of the United States Congress Government Accounting Office an independent nonpartisan federal agency that acts as the investigative arm of Congress making the executive branch accountable to Congress and the government accountable to citizens of the United States House of Burgesses the lower house of legislature in colonial Virginia House of Commons the lower house of the British parliament House of Lords the upper house of the British parliament legislature persons who make or amend or repeal laws legislative council a unicameral legislature Areopagus the highest governmental assembly in ancient Athens (later a judicial court) a hill to the to the west of the Athenian acropolis where met the highest governmental council of ancient Athens and later a judicial court States General assembly of the estates of an entire country especially the sovereign body of the Dutch republic from 16th to 18th centuries Estates General assembly of the estates of all France; last meeting in 1789 top brass the most important persons in a governing body executive persons who administer the law a person responsible for the administration of a business having the function of carrying out plans or orders etc.; "the executive branch" Bush administration the executive under President George W. Bush the executive under President George H. W. Bush Clinton administration the executive under President Clinton Reagan administration the executive under President Reagan Carter administration the executive under President Carter judiciary persons who administer justice the system of law courts that administer justice and constitute the judicial branch of government nation the people who live in a nation or country; "a statement that sums up the nation's mood"; "the news was announced to the nation"; "the whole country worshipped him" a federation of tribes (especially Native American tribes); "the Shawnee nation" commonwealth country any of the countries in the British Commonwealth developing country a country that is poor and whose citizens are mostly agricultural workers but that wants to become more advanced socially and economically Dominion one of the self-governing nations in the British Commonwealth estate of the realm a major social class or order of persons regarded collectively as part of the body politic of the country (especially in the United Kingdom) and formerly possessing distinct political rights first estate the clergy in France and the heads of the church in Britain second estate the nobility in France and the peerage in Britain third estate the common people fourth estate the press, including journalists, newspaper writers, photographers foreign country any state of which one is not a citizen; "working in a foreign country takes a bit of getting used to" Free World anti-communist countries collectively Third World underdeveloped and developing countries of Asia and Africa and Latin America collectively Reich the German state United States composer (born in 1936) Austrian born psychoanalyst who lived in the United States; advocated sexual freedom and believed that cosmic energy could be concentrated in a human being (1897-1957) Holy Roman Empire a political entity in Europe that began with the papal coronation of Otto I as the first emperor in 962 and lasted until 1806 when it was dissolved by Napoleon Hohenzollern empire the Reich when Hohenzollern monarchs ruled Germany (from 1871 to 1919) Weimar Republic the German republic founded at Weimar in 1919; "The Weimar Republic was overthrown in 1933 and replaced by the Third Reich" Third Reich the Nazi dictatorship under Hitler (1933-1945) rogue state a state that does not respect other states in its international actions suzerain a state exercising a degree of dominion over a dependent state especially in its foreign affairs member an organization that is a member of another organization (especially a state that belongs to a group of nations); "the library was a member of the interlibrary loan association"; "Canada is a member of the United Nations" one of the persons who compose a social group (especially individuals who have joined and participate in a group organization); "only members will be admitted"; "a member of the faculty"; "she was introduced to all the members of his family" anything that belongs to a set or class; "snakes are members of the class Reptilia"; "members of the opposite sex" allies an alliance of nations joining together to fight a common enemy bloc a group of countries in special alliance Allies in World War I the alliance of Great Britain and France and Russia and all the other nations that became allied with them in opposing the Central Powers the alliance of nations that fought the Axis in World War II and which (with subsequent additions) signed the charter of the United Nations in 1945 Central Powers in World War I the alliance of Germany and Austria-Hungary and other nations allied with them in opposing the Allies Axis in World War II the alliance of Germany and Italy in 1936 which later included Japan and other nations; "the Axis opposed the Allies in World War II" Arab League an international organization of independent Arab states formed in 1945 to promote cultural and economic and military and political and social cooperation Europe the nations of the European continent collectively; "the Marshall Plan helped Europe recover from World War II" the 2nd smallest continent (actually a vast peninsula of Eurasia); the British use `Europe' to refer to all of the continent except the British Isles Asia the nations of the Asian continent collectively the largest continent with 60% of the earth's population; it is joined to Europe on the west to form Eurasia; it is the site of some of the world's earliest civilizations North America the nations of the North American continent collectively a continent (the third largest) in the western hemisphere connected to South America by the Isthmus of Panama Central America the nations of Central America collectively the isthmus joining North America and South America; extends from the southern border of Mexico to the northern border of Colombia South America the nations of the South American continent collectively; "South America is an important market for goods from the United States" a continent in the western hemisphere connected to North America by the Isthmus of Panama European Union an international organization of European countries formed after World War II to reduce trade barriers and increase cooperation among its members; "he tried to take Britain into the Europen Union" Supreme Headquarters Allied Powers Europe the supreme headquarters that advises NATO on military matters and oversees all aspects of the Allied Command Europe North Atlantic Treaty Organization an international organization created in 1949 by the North Atlantic Treaty for purposes of collective security Allied Command Atlantic a major strategic headquarters of NATO located in the United States; is under the authority of the North Atlantic Council Supreme Allied Commander Atlantic commanding officer of ACLANT; a general of the United States Army nominated by the President of the United States and approved by the North Atlantic Council Allied Command Europe a major strategic headquarters of NATO; safeguards an area extending from Norway to Turkey Supreme Allied Commander Europe commanding officer of ACE; NATO's senior military commander in Europe Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons international organization for chemical disarmament; administers the Chemical Weapons Convention Organization of American States an association including most countries in the western hemisphere; created in 1948 to promote military and economic and social and cultural cooperation Pan American Union the administrative agency of the Organization of American States Organization of Petroleum-Exporting Countries an organization of countries formed in 1961 to agree on a common policy for the production and sale of petroleum world power a state powerful enough to influence events throughout the world hegemon a leading or paramount power church-state a state ruled by religious authority city state a state consisting of a sovereign city welfare state a government that undertakes responsibility for the welfare of its citizens through programs in public health and public housing and pensions and unemployment compensation etc. puppet government a government that is appointed by and whose affairs are directed by an outside authority that may impose hardships on those governed overpopulation too much population overspill the relocation of people from overcrowded cities; they are accommodated in new houses or apartments in smaller towns poor people people without possessions or wealth (considered as a group); "the urban poor need assistance" rich people people who have possessions and wealth (considered as a group); "only the very rich benefit from this legislation" populace people in general considered as a whole; "he is a hero in the eyes of the public" home front the civilian population (and their activities) of a country at war multitude the common people generally; "separate the warriors from the mass"; "power to the people" a large gathering of people admass the segment of the public that is easily influenced by mass media (chiefly British) labor force the source of trained people from which workers can be hired lumpenproletariat (Marxism) the unorganized lower levels of the proletariat who are not interested in revolutionary advancement organized labor employees who are represented by a labor union Laurel and Hardy United States slapstick comedy duo who made many films together lower class the social class lowest in the social hierarchy middle class the social class between the lower and upper classes booboisie class consisting of all those who are considered boobs commonalty a class composed of persons lacking clerical or noble rank petit bourgeois lower middle class (shopkeepers and clerical staff etc.) a member of the lower middle class peasantry the class of peasants crowd a large number of things or people considered together; "a crowd of insects assembled around the flowers" an informal body of friends; "he still hangs out with the same crowd" to gather together in large numbers; "men in straw boaters and waxed mustaches crowded the verandah" fill or occupy to the point of overflowing; "The students crowded the auditorium" hive a teeming multitude gather into a hive; "The beekeeper hived the swarm" move together in a hive or as if in a hive; "The bee swarms are hiving" store, like bees; "bees hive honey and pollen"; "He hived lots of information" horde a vast multitude a nomadic community ruck a crowd especially of ordinary or undistinguished persons or things; "his brilliance raised him above the ruck"; "the children resembled a fairy herd" army a large number of people united for some specific purpose a permanent organization of the military land forces of a nation or state traffic jam a number of vehicles blocking one another until they can scarcely move gridlock a traffic jam so bad that no movement is possible Roman Legion a division of from 3000 to 6000 men (including cavalry) in the Roman army Sabaoth (plural) hosts or armies; used in the book of Romans in the New Testament; "Lord of Sabaoth" mob a disorderly crowd of people lynch mob a mob that kills a person for some presumed offense without legal authority limited company a company that is organized to give its owners limited liability holding company a company with controlling shares in other companies bank holding company a holding company owning or controlling one or more banks multibank holding company a bank holding company owning several banks telephone company a public utility that provides telephone service power company a public utility that provides electricity water company a public utility that provides water gas company a public utility that provides gas bus company a public utility providing local transportation livery company one of the chartered companies of London originating with the craft guilds opera company a company that produces operas theater company a company that produces plays stock company a theatrical company that performs plays from a repertoire a company whose capital is represented by stock ballet company a company that produces ballets husking bee a social gathering for the purpose of husking corn corps de ballet the chorus of a ballet company task force a temporary military unit formed to accomplish a particular objective a semipermanent unit created to carry out a continuing task army unit a military unit that is part of an army naval unit a military unit that is part of a navy navy an organization of military vessels belonging to a country and available for sea warfare United States Navy the navy of the United States of America; the agency that maintains and trains and equips combat-ready naval forces coastguard a military service responsible for the safety of maritime traffic in coastal waters United States Coast Guard an agency of the Department of Transportation responsible for patrolling shores and facilitating nautical commerce Marines members of a body of troops trained to serve on land or at sea United States Marine Corps an amphibious division of the United States Navy Naval Air Warfare Center Weapons Division the principal agency of the United States Navy for research and development for air warfare and missile weapon systems Naval Special Warfare the agency that provides units to conduct unconventional and counter-guerilla warfare Naval Surface Warfare Center the agency that provides scientific and engineering and technical support for all aspects of surface warfare Naval Underwater Warfare Center the agency that provides scientific and engineering and technical support for submarine and undersea warfare systems United States Naval Academy a school for training men and women to become officers in the United States Navy Office of Naval Intelligence the military intelligence agency that provides for the intelligence and counterintelligence and investigative and security requirements of the United States Navy Marine Corps Intelligence Activity an agency of the United States Marine Corps that provides responsive and broad intelligence support for the worldwide Marine Corps organization Air Corps formerly the airborne division of the United States Army United States Air Force Academy a school for training men and women to become officers in the United States Air Force Royal Air Force the airforce of Great Britain Luftwaffe the German airforce League of Nations an international organization formed in 1920 to promote cooperation and peace among nations; although suggested by Woodrow Wilson, the United States never joined and it remained powerless; it was dissolved in 1946 after the United Nations was formed Peace Corps a civilian organization sponsored by the United States government; helps people in developing countries air unit a military unit that is part of the airforce air force the airborne branch of a country's armed forces United States Air Force the airforce of the United States of America; the agency that defends the United States through control and exploitation of air and space Air Combat Command a command that is the primary provider of air combat weapon systems to the United States Air Force; operates fighter, bomber, reconnaissance, battle-management, and rescue aircraft Air Force Space Command a command of the United States Air Force that is responsible for defending the United States through its space and intercontinental ballistic missile operations Air National Guard a civilian reserve component of the United States Air Force that provides prompt mobilization during war and assistance during national emergencies Air Force Intelligence Surveillance and Reconnaissance an agency focused on ensuring that the United States military attains information superiority; operates worldwide ground sites and an array of airborne reconnaissance and surveillance platforms guerrilla force an irregular armed force that fights by sabotage and harassment; often rural and organized in large groups military unit a unit that is part of some military service; "he sent Caesar a force of six thousand men" military the military forces of a nation; "their military is the largest in the region"; "the military machine is the same one we faced in 1991 but now it is weaker" associated with or performed by members of the armed services as contrasted with civilians; "military police" characteristic of or associated with soldiers or the military; "military uniforms" of or relating to the study of the principles of warfare; "military law" military reserve armed forces that are not on active duty but can be called in an emergency mujahidin a military force of Muslim guerilla warriors engaged in a jihad; "some call the mujahidin international warriors but others just call them terrorists" Mujahedeen Khalq Iranian guerillas based in Iraq paramilitary a group of civilians organized in a military fashion (especially to operate in place of or to assist regular army troops) of or relating to a group of civilians organized to function like or to assist a military unit fedayeen (plural) Arab guerrillas who operate mainly against Israel Fedayeen Saddam a feared paramilitary unit formed in 1995 by young soldiers to serve Saddam Hussein against domestic opponents hit squad a team of assassins death squad a clandestine military or paramilitary team who murder political dissidents or petty criminals (usually with the government's tacit approval) Sparrow Unit a hit squad of the New People's Army in the Philippines police the force of policemen and officers; "the law came looking for him" Europol police organization for the European Union; aims to improve effectiveness and cooperation among European police forces gendarmerie French police force; a group of gendarmes or gendarmes collectively Mutawa'een religious police in Saudi Arabia whose duty is to ensure strict adherence to established codes of conduct; offenders may be detained indefinitely; foreigners are not excluded Royal Canadian Mounted Police the federal police force of Canada Scotland Yard the detective department of the metropolitan police force of London security force a privately employed group hired to protect the security of a business or industry vice squad a police group to enforce laws against gambling and prostitution military police a military corps that enforces discipline and guards prisoners shore patrol the military police of the navy secret police a police force that operates in secrecy (usually against persons suspected of treason or sedition) Gestapo the secret state police in Nazi Germany; known for its terrorist methods Schutzstaffel special police force in Nazi Germany founded as a personal bodyguard for Adolf Hitler in 1925; the SS administered the concentration camps SA Nazi militia created by Hitler in 1921 that helped him to power but was eclipsed by the SS after 1943 work force the force of workers available corps an army unit usually consisting of two or more divisions and their support a body of people associated together; "diplomatic corps" Women's Army Corps an army corps that was organized in World War II but is no longer a separate branch of the United States Army Reserve Officers Training Corps a training program to prepare college students to be commissioned officers Special Forces a division of the United States Army that is specially trained for guerilla fighting battle group an army unit usually consisting of five companies regiment army unit smaller than a division assign to a regiment; "regiment soldiers" subject to rigid discipline, order, and systematization; "regiment one's children" form (military personnel) into a regiment brigade army unit smaller than a division form or unite into a brigade battalion an army unit usually consisting of a headquarters and three or more companies a large indefinite number; "a battalion of ants"; "a multitude of TV antennas"; "a plurality of religions" platoon a military unit that is a subdivision of a company; usually has a headquarters and two or more squads; usually commanded by a lieutenant a team of policemen working under the military platoon system a group of persons who are engaged in a common activity; "platoons of tourists poured out of the busses"; "the defensive platoon of the football team" bodyguard a group of men who escort and protect some important person someone who escorts and protects a prominent person yeomanry a British volunteer cavalry force organized in 1761 for home defense later incorporated into the Territorial Army class of small freeholders who cultivated their own land press gang a detachment empowered to force civilians to serve in the army or navy provost guard a detachment under the command of a provost marshall rearguard a detachment assigned to protect the rear of a (retreating) military body brass section the section of a band or orchestra that plays brass instruments string section the section of an orchestra that plays stringed instruments violin section the section of an orchestra that plays violins percussion section the section of a band or orchestra that plays percussion instruments trumpet section the section of a band or orchestra that plays trumpets or cornets reed section the section of a band or orchestra that plays reed instruments clarinet section the section of a band or orchestra that plays clarinets squad a smallest army unit day shift workers who work during the day (as 8 a.m. to 4 p.m.) the work shift during the day (as 8 a.m. to 4 p.m.) evening shift workers who work during the evening (as 4 p.m. to midnight) the work shift during the evening (as 4 p.m. to midnight) night shift workers who work during the night (as midnight to 8 a.m.) the work shift during the night (as midnight to 8 a.m.) ship's company crew of a ship including the officers; the whole force or personnel of a ship air group a unit of the United States Air Force larger than a squadron and smaller than a wing squadron an air force unit larger than a flight and smaller than a group a cavalry unit consisting of two or more troops and headquarters and supporting arms a naval unit that is detached from the fleet for a particular task escadrille an air force squadron typically containing six airplanes (as in France during World War I) a small squadron form division an artificial taxonomic category for organisms of which the true relationships are obscure audience a gathering of spectators or listeners at a (usually public) performance; "the audience applauded"; "someone in the audience began to cough" the part of the general public interested in a source of information or entertainment; "every artist needs an audience"; "the broadcast reached an audience of millions" readership the audience reached by written communications (books or magazines or newspapers etc.) viewing audience the audience reached by television claque a group of followers hired to applaud at a performance following a group of followers or enthusiasts immediately following in time or order; "the following day"; "next in line"; "the next president"; "the next item on the list" going or proceeding or coming after in the same direction; "the crowd of following cars made the occasion seem like a parade"; "tried to outrun the following footsteps" faithful any loyal and steadfast following steadfast in affection or allegiance; "years of faithful service"; "faithful employees"; "we do not doubt that England has a faithful patriot in the Lord Chancellor" not having sexual relations with anyone except your husband or wife, or your boyfriend or girlfriend; "he remained faithful to his wife" fandom the fans of a sport or famous person parish a local church community the local subdivision of a diocese committed to one pastor Ummah the Muslim community or people, considered to extend from Mauritania to Pakistan; "moderate Muslims urge the Ummah to reject the terrorism of radical Muslims" speech community people sharing a given language or dialect neighborhood people living near one another; "it is a friendly neighborhood"; "my neighborhood voted for Bush" an area within a city or town that has some distinctive features (especially one forming a community); "an ethnic neighborhood" municipality people living in a town or city having local self-government an urban district having corporate status and powers of self-government municipal government the government of a municipality commission plan a municipal government that combines legislative and executive authority in the members of a commission state government the government of a state in the United States totalitarian state a government that subordinates the individual to the state and strictly controls all aspects of life by coercive measures city people living in a large densely populated municipality; "the city voted for Republicans in 1994" a large and densely populated urban area; may include several independent administrative districts; "Ancient Troy was a great city" an incorporated administrative district established by state charter; "the city raised the tax rate" town the people living in a municipality smaller than a city; "the whole town cheered the team" an urban area with a fixed boundary that is smaller than a city; "they drive through town on their way to work" village a community of people smaller than a town a settlement smaller than a town moshav a cooperative Israeli village or settlement comprised of small farms hamlet a community of people smaller than a village koinonia Christian fellowship or communion with God or with fellow Christians; said in particular of the early Christian community bookclub a club that people join in order to buy selected books at reduced prices American Legion the largest organization of United States war veterans Veterans of Foreign Wars an organization of United States war veterans chess club a club of people to play chess country club a suburban club for recreation and socializing fraternity a social club for male undergraduates glee club a club organized to sing together investors club a club of small investors who buy and sell securities jointly jockey club a club to promote and regulate horse racing racket club club for players of racket sports rowing club a club for rowers slate club a group of people who save money in a common fund for a specific purpose (usually distributed at Christmas) sorority a social club for female undergraduates tennis club a club of people to play tennis turnverein a club of tumblers or gymnasts yacht club club that promotes and supports yachting and boating yakuza organized crime in Japan; an alliance of criminal organizations and illegal enterprises a Japanese gangster league an association of sports teams that organizes matches for its members an association of states or organizations or individuals for common action an obsolete unit of distance of variable length (usually 3 miles) unite to form a league major league the most important league in any sport (especially baseball) minor league a league of teams that do not belong to a major league (especially baseball) baseball league a league of baseball teams little league a commercially sponsored baseball league for players between 8 and 12 years of age little-league team a team that plays in a little league basketball league a league of basketball teams bowling league a league of bowling teams football league a league of football teams hockey league a league of hockey teams Ivy League a league of universities and colleges in the northeastern United States that have a reputation for scholastic achievement and social prestige industrial union a labor union that admits all workers in a given industry irrespective of their craft Teamsters Union an industrial union of truck drivers and chauffeurs and warehouse workers United Mine Workers of America an industrial union of mine workers in North America American Federation of Labor a federation of North American labor unions that merged with the Congress of Industrial Organizations in 1955 American Federation of Labor and Congress of Industrial Organizations the largest federation of North American labor unions; formed in 1955 Congress of Industrial Organizations a federation of North American industrial unions that merged with the American Federation of Labor in 1955 craft union a labor union whose membership is restricted to workers in a particular craft credit union a cooperative depository financial institution whose members can obtain loans from their combined savings company union a union of workers for a single company; a union not affiliated with a larger union open shop a company whose workers are hired without regard to their membership in a labor union closed shop a company that hires only union members union shop a company allowed to hire nonunion workers on the condition that they will join the union within a specified time secret society a society that conceals its activities from nonmembers Freemasonry Freemasons collectively Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh an all-male organization begun in 1925 to foster nationalism in India's Hindus Lions Club club dedicated to promoting responsible citizenship and good government and community and national and international welfare Rotary Club a group of businessmen in a town organized as a service club and to promote world peace consortium an association of companies for some definite purpose drug cartel an illicit cartel formed to control the production and distribution of narcotic drugs; "drug cartels sometimes finance terrorist organizations" Medellin cartel a drug cartel in Colombia; controlled the production of cocaine from the 1970s until 1993 when the leader was killed Cali cartel a drug cartel that seized control of cocaine production in Colombia in 1993; adopted techniques used by terrorist organizations (small cells and sophisticated communications equipment and close ties with politicians etc.) oil cartel a cartel of companies or nations formed to control the production and distribution of oil constituency the body of voters who elect a representative for their area electoral college the body of electors who formally elect the United States president and vice president graduating class the body of students who graduate together this year master class a class (especially in music) given to talented students by an expert senior class final grade or class in high school or college junior class penultimate class in high school or college sophomore class the second class in a four-year college or high school freshman class the first class in college or high school car pool a small group of car drivers who arrange to take turns driving while the others are passengers clique an exclusive circle of people with a common purpose Bloomsbury Group an inner circle of writers and artists and philosophers who lived in or around Bloomsbury early in the 20th century and were noted for their unconventional lifestyles bohemia a group of artists and writers with real or pretended artistic or intellectual aspirations and usually an unconventional life style kitchen cabinet an inner circle of unofficial advisors to the head of a government cabal a clique (often secret) that seeks power usually through intrigue military junta a group of military officers who rule a country after seizing power cadre a nucleus of military personnel capable of expansion professional association an association of practitioners of a given profession chain gang a gang of convicts chained together ground crew the crew of technicians and mechanics who service aircraft on the ground road gang a gang of road workers section gang a work crew assigned to a section of a railroad stage crew crew of workers who move scenery or handle properties in a theatrical production Fabian Society an association of British socialists who advocate gradual reforms within the law leading to democratic socialism sleeper nest a nest of sleepers awaiting a prearranged signal; "sleeper nests of Islamic terrorists were capable of launching major attacks in Europe" youth gang a gang whose members are teenagers demimonde a class of woman not considered respectable because of indiscreet or promiscuous behavior underworld the criminal class organized crime underworld organizations mafia any tightly knit group of trusted associates Mafia a secret terrorist group in Sicily; originally opposed tyranny but evolved into a criminal organization in the middle of the 19th century a crime syndicate in the United States; organized in families; believed to have important relations to the Sicilian Mafia Black Hand a secret terrorist society in the United States early in the 20th century Camorra a secret society in Naples notorious for violence and blackmail syndicate a loose affiliation of gangsters in charge of organized criminal activities a news agency that sells features or articles or photographs etc. to newspapers for simultaneous publication sell articles, television programs, or photos to several publications or independent broadcasting stations organize into or form a syndicate join together into a syndicate; "The banks syndicated" musical organization an organization of musicians who perform together barbershop quartet an unaccompanied quartet of (usually male) voices singing sentimental songs in four-part harmony string quartet an instrumental quartet with 2 violins and a viola and a cello chamber orchestra small orchestra; usually plays classical music gamelan a traditional Indonesian ensemble typically including many tuned percussion instruments including bamboo xylophones and wooden or bronze chimes and gongs string orchestra an orchestra playing only stringed instruments symphony orchestra a large orchestra; can perform symphonies; "we heard the Vienna symphony" marching band a band that marches (as in a parade) and plays music at the same time brass band a group of musicians playing only brass and percussion instruments concert band a group of musicians playing brass and woodwind and percussion instruments jug band a musical group that uses jugs and washboards and kazoos and other improvised instruments pop group a group that plays pop music dance band a group of musicians playing popular music for dancing big band a large dance or jazz band usually featuring improvised solos by lead musicians jazz band a small band of jazz musicians mariachi a group of street musicians in Mexico rock group a band of musicians who play rock'n'roll music skiffle group a band of musicians who play skiffle steel band a band that plays instruments made from the heads of oil drums (Caribbean Islands) Golden Horde a Mongolian army that swept over eastern Europe in the 13th century cohort a band of warriors (originally a unit of a Roman Legion) a company of companions or supporters Four Hundred the exclusive social set of a city horsy set a set of people sharing a devotion to horses and horseback riding and horse racing jet set a set of rich and fashionable people who travel widely for pleasure faction a dissenting clique splinter group a faction or sect that has broken away from its parent organization social gathering a gathering for the purpose of promoting fellowship shindig a large and noisy party of people gaudy (Britain) a celebratory reunion feast or entertainment held a college beanfeast an annual dinner party given by an employer for the employees at home a reception held in your own home at, to, or toward the place where you reside; "he worked at home" on the home team's field; "they played at home last night" wedding reception a reception for wedding guests held after the wedding open house an informal party of people with hospitality for all comers housewarming a party of people assembled to celebrate moving into a new home soiree a party of people assembled in the evening (usually at a private house) musical soiree a soiree assembled for the purpose of listening to music garden party a party of people assembled for social interaction out of doors bachelor party stag party held for a bachelor (usually on the night before he is married) stag party a party for men only (or one considered suitable for men only) hen party a party for women only slumber party an overnight party of girls who dress in nightclothes and pass the night talking sociable a party of people assembled to promote sociability and communal activity friendly and pleasant; "a sociable gathering" inclined to or conducive to companionship with others; "a sociable occasion"; "enjoyed a sociable chat"; "a sociable conversation"; "Americans are sociable and gregarious" American Labor Party a former political party in the United States; formed in 1936 in New York when labor and liberals bolted the Democratic Party American Party a former political party in the United States; active in the 1850s to keep power out of the hands of immigrants and Roman Catholics Anti-Masonic Party a former political party in the United States; founded in 1825 in opposition to Freemasonry in public affairs Black Panthers a militant Black political party founded in 1965 to end political dominance by Whites Communist Party a political party that actively advocates a communist form of government; in Communist countries it is the sole political party of the state Conservative Party a political party (especially in Great Britain or Australia) that believes in the importance of a capitalist economy with private ownership rather than state control Constitutional Union Party a former political party in the United States; formed in 1859 by former Whigs who hoped to preserve the Union Democratic Party the older of two major political parties in the United States Democratic-Republican Party a former major political party in the United States in the early 19th century; opposed the old Federalist party; favored a strict interpretation of the constitution in order to limit the powers of the federal government Farmer-Labor Party a former minor political party in the United States in the early 20th century Federalist Party a major political party in the United States in the early 19th century; founded by Alexander Hamilton; favored a strong centralized government Free Soil Party a former political party in the United States; formed in 1848 to oppose the extension of slavery into the territories; merged with the Liberty Party in 1848 Gironde the French moderate political party that was in power (1791-1793) during the French Revolution Green Party an environmentalist political party Greenback Party a former political party in the United States; organized in 1874; opposed any reduction in the amount of paper money in circulation Kuomintang the political party founded in 1911 by Sun Yat-sen; it governed China under Chiang Kai-shek from 1928 until 1949 when the Communists took power and subsequently was the official ruling party of Taiwan labor party a left-of-center political party formed to represent the interest of ordinary working people Australian Labor Party the oldest political party in Australia, founded in 1891; the party is moderately liberal British Labour Party a political party formed in Great Britain in 1900; characterized by the promotion of labor's interests and formerly the socialization of key industries Liberal Democrat Party a political party in Great Britain; formerly the Liberal Party; advocates reforms and improvement of the conditions of working people Liberal Party a political party in Australia, Canada, and other nations, and formerly in Great Britain Liberty Party a former political party in the United States; formed in 1839 to oppose the practice of slavery; merged with the Free Soil Party in 1848 Militant Tendency a Trotskyist political organization in Great Britain set up in 1964 inside the Labour Party National Socialist German Workers' Party the political party founded in Germany in 1919 and brought to power by Hitler in 1933 People's Party a former political party in the United States; formed in 1891 to advocate currency expansion and state control of railroads Progressive Party a former political party in the United States; founded by Theodore Roosevelt during the presidential campaign of 1912; its emblem was a picture of a bull moose Prohibition Party a political party in the United States; formed in 1869 to oppose the manufacture and sale of alcoholic beverages Republican Party the younger of two major political parties in the United States; GOP is an acronym for grand old party Social Democratic Party a political party in Germany and Britain (and elsewhere) founded in late 19th century; originally Marxist; now advocates the gradual transformation of capitalism into democratic socialism Socialist Labor Party a political party in the United States; formed in 1874 to advocate the peaceful introduction of socialism Socialist Party a political party in the United States formed in 1900 to advocate socialism States' Rights Democratic Party a former political party in the United States; formed in 1948 by Democrats from southern states in order to oppose to the candidacy of Harry S Truman war party a political party that supports a war a band of warriors who raid or fight an enemy (used especially of Native Americans) Whig Party a former political party in the United States; formed in 1834 in opposition to the Democratic Party; advocated a loose interpretation of the Constitution and high protective tariffs third party a political party organized in opposition to the major parties in a two-party system someone other than the principals who are involved in a transaction fatigue party a group of soldiers on fatigue duty landing party a part of a ship's company organized for special duties ashore party to the action a party of people taking a role in legal proceedings rescue party a party of rescuers search party a party of people to search for someone stretcher party a party of people with stretchers to carry an injured person professional organization an organization of and for professional people actuarial table a table of statistical data mortality table an actuarial table indicating life expectancy and probability of death as a function or age and sex and occupation etc perpetual calendar a chart or mechanical device that indicates the days of the week corresponding to any given date over a long period of years file allocation table the part of a floppy disk or hard disk where information is stored about the location of each piece of information on the disk (and about the location of unusable areas of the disk) periodic table (chemistry) a tabular arrangement of the chemical elements according to atomic number as based on the periodic law dot matrix a rectangular matrix of dots from which written characters can be formed square matrix a matrix with the same number of rows and columns diagonal (mathematics) a set of entries in a square matrix running diagonally either from the upper left to lower right entry or running from the upper right to lower left entry an oblique line of squares of the same color on a checkerboard; "the bishop moves on the diagonals" a line or cut across a fabric that is not at right angles to a side of the fabric (geometry) a straight line connecting any two vertices of a polygon that are not adjacent connecting two nonadjacent corners of a plane figure or any two corners of a solid that are not in the same face; "a diagonal line across the page" main diagonal the diagonal of a square matrix running from the upper left entry to the lower right entry secondary diagonal the diagonal of a square matrix running from the lower left entry to the upper right entry diagonal matrix a square matrix with all elements not on the main diagonal equal to zero scalar matrix a diagonal matrix in which all of the diagonal elements are equal identity matrix a scalar matrix in which all of the diagonal elements are unity Latin square a square matrix of n rows and columns; cells contain n different symbols so arranged that no symbol occurs more than once in any row or column magic square a square matrix of n rows and columns; the first n^2 integers are arranged in the cells of the matrix in such a way that the sum of any row or column or diagonal is the same nonsingular matrix a square matrix whose determinant is not zero real matrix a matrix whose elements are all real numbers singular matrix a square matrix whose determinant is zero transpose a matrix formed by interchanging the rows and columns of a given matrix change key; "Can you transpose this fugue into G major?" put (a piece of music) into another key transfer a quantity from one side of an equation to the other side reversing its sign, in order to maintain equality Oort cloud (astronomy) a hypothetical huge collection of comets orbiting the sun far beyond the orbit of Pluto; perturbations (as by other stars) can upset a comet's orbit and may send it tumbling toward the sun galaxy a splendid assemblage (especially of famous people) (astronomy) a collection of star systems; any of the billions of systems each having many stars and nebulae and dust; "`extragalactic nebula' is a former name for `galaxy'" spiral galaxy a galaxy having a spiral structure; arms containing younger stars spiral out from old stars at the center Andromeda galaxy a spiral galaxy in the constellation of Andromeda that is visible to the naked eye legion a large military unit; "the French Foreign Legion" association of ex-servicemen; "the American Legion" foreign legion a military unit composed of foreign volunteers who serve the state French Foreign Legion a former foreign legion in the French army that was used for military duties outside of France threescore a set with 3 times 20 members synset a set of one or more synonyms crew the men and women who man a vehicle (ship, aircraft, etc.) the team of men manning a racing shell serve as a crew member on aircrew the crew of an aircraft bomber crew the crew of a bomber merchant marine the crew of a merchant vessel shock troops soldiers who are specially trained and armed to lead an assault SWAT team a squad of policemen who have been trained to deal with violent and dangerous situations troop a group of soldiers a cavalry unit corresponding to an infantry company an orderly crowd; "a troop of children" a unit of Girl or Boy Scouts move or march as if in a crowd; "They children trooped into the room" academia the academic world Grub Street the world of literary hacks Ashcan School a group of United States painters founded in 1907 and noted for their realistic depictions of sordid aspects of city life deconstructivism a school of architecture based on the philosophical theory of deconstruction historical school a school of 19th century German economists and legal philosophers who tried to explain modern economic systems in evolutionary or historical terms educational institution an institution dedicated to education preschool an educational institution for children too young for elementary school junior school British school for children aged 7-11 infant school British school for children aged 5-7 yeshiva an academy for the advanced study of Jewish texts (primarily the Talmud) correspondence school a school that teaches nonresident students by mail dancing school a school in which students learn to dance direct-grant school formerly a school that charged tuition fees and also received government grants in return for admitting certain non-paying students who were nominated by the local authorities driving school a school where people are taught to drive automobiles police academy an academy for training police officers military academy an academy for training military officers naval academy an academy for training naval officers air force academy an academy for training air force officers Plato's Academy a school established by Plato in ancient Athens; "Plato's Academy continued for several hundred years after Plato died" Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences an academy that gives annual awards for achievements in motion picture production and performance Academy of Television Arts and Sciences an academy that gives annual awards for outstanding achievements in television French Academy an honorary group of French writers and thinkers supported by the French government; "the French Academy sets standards for the use of the French language" National Academy of Sciences an honorary American society of scientists created by President Lincoln during the American Civil War Royal Academy an honorary academy in London (founded in 1768) intended to cultivate painting and sculpture and architecture in Britain Royal Society an honorary English society (formalized in 1660 and given a royal charter by Charles II in 1662) through which the British government has supported science business college a school for teaching the clerical aspects of business and commerce business school a graduate school offering study leading to a degree of Master in Business Administration dental school a graduate school offering study leading to degrees in dentistry finishing school a private school for girls that emphasizes training in cultural and social activities flying school a school for teaching students to fly airplanes junior college a college that offers only the first two years terminating in an associate degree community college a nonresidential junior college offering a curriculum fitted to the needs of the community graduate school a school in a university offering study leading to degrees beyond the bachelor's degree language school a school for teaching foreign languages law school a graduate school offering study leading to a law degree madrasa Muslim schools in Bangladesh and Pakistan; "the Pakistan government decided to close down madrasas that provided military training for their students"; "many madrasas in Bangladesh are supported with money from Saudi Arabia" medical school a graduate school offering study leading to a medical degree nursing school a school for training nurses pesantran a Muslim school in Indonesia operated by religious leaders; produces young militants skilled in jihad religious school a school run by a religious body church school a private religious school run by a church or parish riding school a school where horsemanship is taught and practiced secondary school a school for students intermediate between elementary school and college; usually grades 9 to 12 secretarial school a school where secretarial skills (typing and shorthand and filing etc) are taught seminary a private place of education for the young a theological school for training ministers or priests or rabbis technical school a school teaching mechanical and industrial arts and the applied sciences polytechnic institute a technical school offering instruction in many industrial arts and applied sciences trade school a secondary school teaching the skilled trades trainband a company of militia in England or America from the 16th century to the 18th century training college a school providing training for a special field or profession training school a school providing practical vocational and technical training multiversity a university system having several separate campuses and colleges and research centers Open University a British university that is open to people without formal academic qualifications and where teaching is by correspondence or broadcasting or summer school veterinary school a school teaching veterinary medicine open society a society that allows its members considerable freedom (as in a democracy); "America's open society has made it an easy target for terrorists" tribal society a society with the social organization of a tribe hunting and gathering tribe group that supports itself by hunting and fishing and by gathering wild fruits and vegetables; usually nomadic subculture a social group within a national culture that has distinctive patterns of behavior and beliefs suburbia suburbanites considered as a cultural class or subculture youth culture young adults (a generational unit) considered as a cultural class or subculture hip-hop an urban youth culture associated with rap music and the fashions of African-American residents of the inner city youth subculture a minority youth culture whose distinctiveness depended largely on the social class and ethnic background of its members; often characterized by its adoption of a particular music genre flower people a youth subculture (mostly from the middle class) originating in San Francisco in the 1960s; advocated universal love and peace and communes and long hair and soft drugs; favored acid rock and progressive rock music Aegean civilization the prehistoric civilization on the islands in the Aegean sea and the surrounding countries; "by 800 BC the entire Aegean had adopted this style of pottery" Helladic civilization the bronze-age culture of mainland Greece that flourished 2500-1100 BC Indus civilization the bronze-age culture of the Indus valley that flourished from about 2600-1750 BC Minoan civilization the bronze-age culture of Crete that flourished 3000-1100 BC Cycladic civilization the Bronze Age civilization on the Cyclades islands in the southern Aegean Sea that flourished 3000-1100 BC Mycenaean civilization the late bronze-age culture of Mycenae that flourished 1400-1100 BC Paleo-American culture the prehistoric culture of the earliest human inhabitants of North America and South America Clovis culture the Paleo-American culture of Central America and North America; distinguished chiefly by sharp fluted projectile points made of obsidian or chalcedony Folsom culture the Paleo-American culture of Central America and North America; distinguished chiefly by a thin finely made flint projectile point having the shape of a leaf Western culture the modern culture of western Europe and North America; "when Ghandi was asked what he thought of Western civilization he said he thought it would be a good idea" psychedelia the subculture of users of psychedelic drugs Rastafari (Jamaica) a Black youth subculture and religious movement that arose in the ghettos of Kingston, Jamaica, in the 1950s; males grow hair in long dreadlocks and wear woolen caps; use marijuana and listen to reggae music fleet a group of warships organized as a tactical unit a group of steamships operating together under the same ownership group of motor vehicles operating together under the same ownership group of aircraft operating together under the same ownership moving very fast; "fleet of foot"; "the fleet scurrying of squirrels"; "a swift current"; "swift flight of an arrow"; "a swift runner" armada a large fleet Spanish Armada the great fleet sent from Spain against England by Philip II in 1588 battle fleet a fleet of warships prepared for battle motor pool a fleet of military vehicles controlled by a single agency and available for use as needed nonalignment people (or countries) who are not aligned with other people (or countries) in a pact or treaty popular front a leftist coalition organized against a common opponent world organization an international alliance involving many different countries Commonwealth of Independent States an alliance made up of states that had been Soviet Socialist Republics in the Soviet Union prior to its dissolution in Dec 1991 United Nations an organization of independent states formed in 1945 to promote international peace and security deliberative assembly an assembly of people for the purpose of unhurried consideration and discussion General Assembly the supreme deliberative assembly of the United Nations United Nations Secretariat the administrative arm of the United Nations Security Council a permanent council of the United Nations; responsible for preserving world peace Trusteeship Council a permanent council of the United Nations that commissions a country (or countries) to undertake the administration of a territory Economic and Social Council a permanent council of the United Nations; responsible for economic and social conditions Economic and Social Council commission a commission of the Economic and Social Council of the United Nations Commission on Human Rights the commission of the Economic and Social Council of the United Nations that is concerned with human rights Commission on Narcotic Drugs the commission of the Economic and Social Council of the United Nations that is concerned with drug traffic Commission on the Status of Women the commission of the Economic and Social Council of the United Nations that is concerned with the status of women in different societies Economic Commission for Africa the commission of the Economic and Social Council of the United Nations that is concerned with economic development of African nations Economic Commission for Asia and the Far East the commission of the Economic and Social Council of the United Nations that is concerned with economic development of countries in Asia and the Far East Economic Commission for Europe the commission of the Economic and Social Council of the United Nations that is concerned with economic development in Europe Economic Commission for Latin America the commission of the Economic and Social Council of the United Nations that is concerned with economic development in Latin America Population Commission the commission of the Economic and Social Council of the United Nations that is concerned with population control Social Development Commission the commission of the Economic and Social Council of the United Nations that is concerned with social development Statistical Commission the commission of the Economic and Social Council of the United Nations that is concerned with statistical data from member nations International Court of Justice a court established to settle disputes between members of the United Nations United Nations agency an agency of the United Nations United Nations Children's Fund an agency of the United Nations responsible for programs to aid education and the health of children and mothers in developing countries Food and Agriculture Organization the United Nations agency concerned with the international organization of food and agriculture General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade a United Nations agency created by a multinational treaty to promote trade by the reduction of tariffs and import quotas International Atomic Energy Agency the United Nations agency concerned with atomic energy International Bank for Reconstruction and Development a United Nations agency created to assist developing nations by loans guaranteed by member governments International Civil Aviation Organization the United Nations agency concerned with civil aviation International Development Association an agency of the United Nations affiliated with the World Bank International Finance Corporation a United Nations agency that invests directly in companies and guarantees loans to private investors; affiliated with the World Bank International Labor Organization the United Nations agency concerned with the interests of labor International Maritime Organization the United Nations agency concerned with international maritime activities International Monetary Fund a United Nations agency to promote trade by increasing the exchange stability of the major currencies United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization an agency of the United Nations that promotes education and communication and the arts United Nations Office for Drug Control and Crime Prevention an agency of the United Nations that promotes drug control and crime prevention United Nations Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice the United Nations office responsible for crime prevention and criminal justice and law reform World Health Organization a United Nations agency to coordinate international health activities and to help governments improve health services World Meteorological Organization the United Nations agency concerned with the international collection of meteorological data sterling area the group of countries whose currencies are tied to the British pound sterling Creek Confederacy a North American Indian confederacy organized by the Muskogee that dominated the southeastern part of the United States before being removed to Oklahoma Hanseatic League a commercial and defensive confederation of free cities in northern Germany and surrounding areas; formed in 1241 and most influential in the 14th century when it included over 100 towns and functioned as an independent political power; the last official assembly was held in 1669 enosis the union of Greece and Cyprus (which is the goal of a group of Greek Cypriots) Iroquois League a league of Iroquois tribes including originally the Mohawk, Oneida, Onondaga, Cayuga and Seneca (the Five Nations); after 1722 they were joined by the Tuscarora (the Six Nations) customs union an association of nations to promote free trade within the union and set common tariffs for nations that are not members Benelux a customs union comprising Belgium and Netherlands and Luxembourg ally a friendly nation an associate who provides cooperation or assistance; "he's a good ally in fight" become an ally or associate, as by a treaty or marriage; "He allied himself with the Communists" jati (Hinduism) a Hindu caste or distinctive social group of which there are thousands throughout India; a special characteristic is often the exclusive occupation of its male members (such as barber or potter) varna (Hinduism) the name for the original social division of Vedic people into four groups (which are subdivided into thousands of jatis) brahman the highest of the four varnas: the priestly or sacerdotal category a member of the highest of the four Hindu varnas; "originally all brahmans were priests" a member of a social and cultural elite (especially a descendant of an old New England family); "a Boston brahman" rajanya the second highest of the four varnas: the noble or warrior category vaisya the third of the four varnas: the commoners or yeoman farmers or mercantile and professional category sudra the lowest of the four varnas: the servants and workers of low status board meeting a meeting for administrative purposes camp meeting religious (usually evangelistic) meeting held in a large tent or outdoors and lasting several days caucus a closed political meeting meet to select a candidate or promote a policy conclave a confidential or secret meeting congress a meeting of elected or appointed representatives a national legislative assembly Congress of Racial Equality an organization founded by James Leonard Farmer in 1942 to work for racial equality Constitutional Convention the convention of United States statesmen who drafted the United States Constitution in 1787 council a meeting of people for consultation; "emergency council" a body serving in an administrative capacity; "student council" (Christianity) an assembly of theologians and bishops and other representatives of different churches or dioceses that is convened to regulate matters of discipline or doctrine encounter group a meeting of people to develop mutual understanding by freely expressing emotions psychotherapy group a meeting of people for psychotherapeutic purposes stockholders meeting a meeting at which the management reports to the stockholders of a company North Atlantic Council a council consisting of permanent representatives of all the member countries of NATO; has political authority and powers of decision city council a municipal body that can pass ordinances and appropriate funds etc. executive council a council that shares the supreme executive power panchayat a village council in India or southern Pakistan privy council an advisory council to a ruler (especially to the British Crown) works council (chiefly Brit) a council representing employer and employees of a plant or business to discuss working conditions etc; also: a committee representing the workers elected to negotiate with management about grievances and wages etc town meeting government of a town by an assembly of the qualified voters a meeting of the inhabitants of a town summit a meeting of heads of governments reach the summit (of a mountain); "They breasted the mountain"; "Many mountaineers go up Mt. Everest but not all summit" ecumenical council (early Christian church) one of seven gatherings of bishops from around the known world under the presidency of the Pope to regulate matters of faith and morals and discipline; "the first seven councils through 787 are considered to be ecumenical councils by both the Roman Catholic church and the Eastern Orthodox church but the next fourteen councils are considered ecumenical only by the Roman Catholic church" Nicaea the first ecumenical council in 325 which produced the wording of the Nicene Creed and condemned the heresy of Arianism the seventh ecumenical council in 787 which refuted iconoclasm and regulated the veneration of holy images an ancient city in Bithynia; founded in the 4th century BC and flourished under the Romans; the Nicene Creed was adopted there in 325 Constantinople the second ecumenical council in 381 which added wording about the Holy Spirit to the Nicene Creed the fifth ecumenical council in 553 which held Origen's writings to be heretic the sixth ecumenical council in 680-681 which condemned Monothelitism by defining two wills in Christ, divine and human the council in 869 that condemned Photius who had become the patriarch of Constantinople without approval from the Vatican, thereby precipitating the schism between the eastern and western churches Ephesus the third ecumenical council in 431 which declared Mary as mother of God and condemned Pelagius an ancient Greek city on the western shore of Asia Minor in what is now Turkey; site of the Temple of Artemis; was a major trading center and played an important role in early Christianity Chalcedon the fourth ecumenical council in 451 which defined the two natures (human and divine) of Christ a former town on the Bosporus (now part of Istanbul); site of the Council of Chalcedon Lateran Council any of five general councils of the Western Catholic Church that were held in the Lateran Palace First Lateran Council the first council of the Western Church held in the Lateran Palace in 1123; focused on church discipline and made plans to recover the Holy Lands from the Muslim `infidels' Second Lateran Council the second council of the Western Church in 1139 which put an end to the dogmatic errors of Arnold of Brescia Third Lateran Council the Lateran Council in 1179 that condemned the heresies of the Albigenses and the Waldenses Fourth Lateran Council the Lateran Council in 1215 was the most important council of the Middle Ages; issued a creed against Albigensianism, published reformatory decrees, promulgated the doctrine of transubstantiation, and clarified church doctrine on the Trinity and Incarnation Lyons the council of the Western Church in 1245 that excommunicated Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II and planned a new crusade against the Holy Land the council in 1274 that effected a temporary reunion of the Greek Orthodox with the Roman Catholic Church Vienne the council in 1311-1313 that dealt with alleged crimes of the Knights Templar, planned a new crusade, and took on the reformation of the clergy a town in south central France where is 1311-1313 the Roman Catholic Church held one of its councils Constance the council in 1414-1418 that succeeded in ending the Great Schism in the Roman Catholic Church a lake in southeastern Germany on the northern side of the Swiss Alps; forms part of the Rhine River Council of Basel-Ferrara-Florence the council in 1431-1439 that concentrated on the elimination of heresies and on reforms within the Roman Catholic Church Fifth Lateran Council the council in 1512-1517 that published disciplinary decrees and planned (but did not carry out) a crusade against Turkey Council of Trent a council of the Roman Catholic Church convened in Trento in three sessions between 1545 and 1563 to examine and condemn the teachings of Martin Luther and other Protestant reformers; redefined the Roman Catholic doctrine and abolished various ecclesiastical abuses and strengthened the papacy Vatican Council each of two councils of the Roman Catholic Church First Vatican Council the Vatican Council in 1869-1870 that proclaimed the infallibility of the pope when speaking ex cathedra Second Vatican Council the Vatican Council in 1962-1965 that abandoned the universal Latin liturgy and acknowledged ecumenism and made other reforms Continental Congress the legislative assembly composed of delegates from the rebel colonies who met during and after the American Revolution; they issued the Declaration of Independence and framed Articles of Confederation chamber of commerce an association of businessmen to protect and promote business interests parliament a legislative assembly in certain countries British Parliament the British legislative body Dail Eireann the lower house of the parliament of the Irish Republic Knesset the Israeli unicameral parliament Oireachtas the parliament of the Irish Republic Seanad Eireann the upper house of the parliament of the Irish Republic Duma a legislative body in the ruling assembly of Russia and of some other republics in the former USSR soviet an elected governmental council in a communist country (especially one that is a member of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics) Palestine Liberation Organization a political movement uniting Palestinian Arabs in an effort to create an independent state of Palestine; when formed in 1964 it was a terrorist organization dominated by Yasser Arafat's al-Fatah; in 1968 Arafat became chairman; received recognition by the United Nations and by Arab states in 1974 as a government in exile; has played a largely political role since the creation of the Palestine National Authority Palestine National Authority combines the Gaza Strip and the West Bank under a political unit with limited autonomy and a police force; created in 1993 by an agreement between Israel and the PLO Sinn Fein an Irish republican political movement founded in 1905 to promote independence from England and unification of Ireland; became the political branch of the Irish Republican Army Red Guard a radical political movement by Chinese youths who espoused Maoist principles syndicalism a radical political movement that advocates bringing industry and government under the control of labor unions indaba a council at which indigenous peoples of southern Africa meet to discuss some important question Jirga a Pashto term for a decision making assembly of male elders; "most criminal cases are handled by a tribal Jirga rather than by laws or police" Loya Jirga a grand council or grand assembly used to resolve political conflicts or other national problems; "he convened a Loya Jirga that persuaded tribal leaders to acquiesce" powwow a council of or with Native Americans hold a powwow, talk, conference or meeting synod a council convened to discuss ecclesiastical business world council a council with representatives from different nations blue ribbon commission an independent and exclusive commission of nonpartisan statesmen and experts formed to investigate some important governmental issue appeal board a board of officials that are not judicial but are appointed to hear appeals board of selectmen a board of officials elected to administer the public business of a New England town board of regents a committee of university officers who have general supervision over the welfare and conduct of students board of trustees a governing board elected or appointed to direct the policies of an educational institution Federal Reserve Board the seven-member board governing the Federal Reserve System governing board a board that manages the affairs of an institution secretariat an administrative unit responsible for maintaining records and other secretarial duties; especially for international organizations committee a special group delegated to consider some matter; "a committee is a group that keeps minutes and loses hours" - Milton Berle a self-constituted organization to promote something election commission a commission delegated to supervise an election fairness commission a commission delegated to ensure opportunities for the expression of opposing views planning commission a commission delegated to propose plans for future activities and developments select committee a parliamentary committee appointed for some special purpose subcommittee a subset of committee members organized for a specific purpose vigilance committee a volunteer committee to maintain order where an efficient legal system does not exist welcoming committee a committee to welcome new residents to a community standing committee a permanent committee Ways and Means Committee a permanent committee of the United States House of Representatives that makes recommendations to the US House on all bills that would raise revenue steering committee a committee to arrange the order of business for some larger (legislative) body ethics committee a committee appointed to consider ethical issues finance committee a committee appointed to consider financial issues politburo the chief executive and political committee of the Communist Party political action committee committee formed by a special-interest group to raise money for their favorite political candidates presidium a permanent executive committee in socialist countries that has all the powers of some larger legislative body and that acts for it when it is not in session symposium a meeting or conference for the public discussion of some topic especially one in which the participants form an audience and make presentations Potsdam Conference a conference held in Potsdam in the summer of 1945 where Truman, Stalin, and Churchill drew up plans for the administration of Germany and Poland after World War II ended Yalta Conference a conference held in Yalta in February 1945 where Roosevelt, Stalin, and Churchill planned the final stages of World War II and agreed to the territorial division of Europe research colloquium a colloquium at which the results of (scientific) research are reported Bench the magistrate or judge or judges sitting in court in judicial capacity to compose the court collectively border patrol a group of officers who patrol the borders of a country harbor patrol patrol of officers who police a harbor area appellate court a court whose jurisdiction is to review decisions of lower courts or agencies circuit court of appeals one of the twelve federal United States courts of appeals that cover a group of states known as a `circuit' assizes the county courts of England (replaced in 1971 by Crown courts) consistory a church tribunal or governing body criminal court a court having jurisdiction over criminal cases drumhead court-martial a military court convened to hear urgent charges of offenses committed in action special court-martial a court-martial to try soldiers for offenses less serious that than those committed in action; consists of at least three officers divorce court a court having jurisdiction over the termination of marriage contracts family court a court in some states in the United States that has jurisdiction over family disputes (especially those involving children) federal court a court establish by the authority of a federal government Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court a secret federal court created in 1978 by the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act; responsible for authorizing wiretaps and other forms of electronic surveillance and for authorizing searches of suspected spies and terrorists by the Department of Justice or United States intelligence agencies inferior court any court whose decisions can be appealed to a higher court Inquisition a former tribunal of the Roman Catholic Church (1232-1820) created to discover and suppress heresy Spanish Inquisition an inquisition initiated in 1478 by King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella that guarded the orthodoxy of Catholicism in Spain (especially from the 15th to the 17th centuries); "the Spanish Inquisition was administered by both civil and church authorities which gave it ultimate power"; "Torquemada was the inquisitor general for the Spanish Inquisition" Roman Inquisition an inquisition set up in Italy in 1542 to curb the number of Protestants; "it was the Roman Inquisition that put Galileo on trial" juvenile court a court having jurisdiction over dependent and delinquent children kangaroo court an irregular unauthorized court military court a judicial court of commissioned officers for the discipline and punishment of military personnel moot court a mock court where law students argue hypothetical cases night court a criminal court (in large cities) that sits at night Old Bailey the central criminal court in London provost court a military court for trying people charged with minor offenses in an occupied area police court a court that has power to prosecute for minor offenses and to bind over for trial in a superior court anyone accused of serious offenses probate court a court having jurisdiction over the probate of wills and the administration of estates quarter sessions a local court with criminal jurisdiction and sometimes administrative functions Rota (Roman Catholic Church) the supreme ecclesiastical tribunal for cases appealed to the Holy See from diocesan courts Star Chamber a former English court that became notorious for its arbitrary methods and severe punishments superior court any court that has jurisdiction above an inferior court Supreme Court the highest federal court in the United States; has final appellate jurisdiction and has jurisdiction over all other courts in the nation supreme court the highest court in most states of the United States traffic court a court that has power to prosecute for traffic offenses trial court the first court before which the facts of a case are decided repertoire a collection of works (plays, songs, operas, ballets) that an artist or company can perform and do perform for short intervals on a regular schedule independent agency an agency of the United States government that is created by an act of Congress and is independent of the executive departments United States intelligence agency an intelligence service in the United States Intelligence Community a group of government agencies and organizations that carry out intelligence activities for the United States government; headed by the Director of Central Intelligence Advanced Research and Development Activity an agency of the Intelligence Community that conducts advanced research and development related to information technology Defense Intelligence Agency an intelligence agency of the United States in the Department of Defense; is responsible for providing intelligence in support of military planning and operations and weapons acquisition Defense Logistics Agency a logistics combat support agency in the Department of Defense; provides worldwide support for military missions Defense Reutilization and Marketing Service the organization in the Defense Logistics Agency that inventories and evaluates and sells reusable United States government surplus Defense Technical Information Center the agency in the Department of Defense that provides scientific and technical information to federal agencies and their contractors international intelligence agency an intelligence agency outside the United States Canadian Security Intelligence Service Canada's main foreign intelligence agency that gathers and analyzes information to provide security intelligence for the Canadian government Central Intelligence Machinery the United Kingdom's central unit for the tasking and coordination and funding of intelligence and security agencies Communications Security Establishment Canadian agency that gathers communications intelligence and assist law enforcement and security agencies Criminal Intelligence Services of Canada an agency of the Canadian government that unifies the intelligence units of Canadian law enforcement agencies Department of Justice Canada an agency of the Canadian government that provides litigation and legal advice and opinions to the government Directorate for Inter-Services Intelligence the Pakistan intelligence agency; a powerful and almost autonomous political and military force; has procured nuclear technology and delivery capabilities; has had strong ties with the Taliban and other militant Islamic groups Foreign Intelligence Service Russia's intelligence service responsible for foreign operations, intelligence-gathering and analysis, and the exchange of intelligence information; collaborates with other countries to oppose proliferation of weapons of mass destruction, terrorism and organized crime International Relations and Security Network Switzerland's information network for security and defense studies and for peace and conflict research and for international relations international law enforcement agency an international administrative unit responsible for law enforcement Interpol an international intelligence agency permitting collaboration among intelligence agencies around the world Iraqi Intelligence Service the most notorious and possibly the most important arm of Iraq's security system; "the Iraqi Mukhabarat has been involved in numerous terrorist activities" Republican Guard formerly Iraq's elite military unit whose primary role was to protect the government in Baghdad Haganah the clandestine military wing of the Jewish leadership during the British rule over the mandate of Palestine from 1920 to 1948; became the basis for the Israeli defense force Israeli Defense Force the ground and air and naval forces of Israel Sayeret Matkal Israel's elite secret commando unit responsible for counterterrorist and top secret intelligence gathering and hostage rescue missions Special Air Service a specialist regiment of the British army that is trained in commando techniques of warfare and used in clandestine operations (especially against terrorist groups) A'man the Israeli military intelligence which produces comprehensive national intelligence briefings for the prime minister and the cabinet Mossad the Israeli foreign intelligence agency; "the primary focus of the Mossad is on Arab nations" Secret Intelligence Service the government agency in the United Kingdom that is responsible for internal security and counterintelligence overseas Security Intelligence Review Committee an agency of the Canadian government that oversees the activities of the Criminal Intelligence Services of Canada and has the power to intrude on the privacy of suspected terrorists or spies Security Service the government agency in the United Kingdom that is responsible for internal security and counterintelligence on British territory Shin Bet the Israeli domestic counterintelligence and internal security agency; "the Shin Bet also handles overall security for Israel's national airline" National Reconnaissance Office an intelligence agency in the United States Department of Defense that designs and builds and operates space reconnaissance systems to detect trouble spots worldwide and to monitor arms control agreements and environmental issues and to help plan military operations National Security Agency the United States cryptologic organization that coordinates and directs highly specialized activities to protect United States information systems and to produce foreign intelligence information United States Secret Service the United States intelligence agency that protects current and former presidents and vice presidents and their immediate families and protects distinguished foreign visitors; detects and apprehends counterfeiters; suppresses forgery of government securities and documents law enforcement agency an agency responsible for insuring obedience to the laws Occupational Safety and Health Administration a government agency in the Department of Labor to maintain a safe and healthy work environment Patent and Trademark Office Database the government bureau in the Department of Commerce that keeps a record of patents and trademarks and grants new ones central bank a government monetary authority that issues currency and regulates the supply of credit and holds the reserves of other banks and sells new issues of securities for the government European Central Bank the central bank of those members of the European Union who share a common currency; "The European Central Bank is Europe's equivalent of the Federal Reserve" Federal Reserve System the central bank of the United States; incorporates 12 Federal Reserve branch banks and all national banks and state-chartered commercial banks and some trust companies; "the Fed seeks to control the United States economy by raising and lowering short-term interest rates and the money supply" Federal Reserve Bank one of 12 regional banks that monitor and act as depositories for banks in their region Federal Trade Commission an independent agency of the United States federal government that maintains fair and free competition; enforces federal antitrust laws; educates the public about identity theft Office of Inspector General the investigative arm of the Federal Trade Commission General Services Administration a central management agency that sets Federal policy for Federal procurement and real property management and information resources management Federal Protective Service an agency in the General Services Administration that is a security organization to provide a safe environment where Federal agencies can conduct their business Bank of England the central bank of England and Wales Bundesbank the central bank of Germany Bank of Japan the central bank of Japan research staff a group of associated research workers in a university or library or laboratory sales staff those in a business who are responsible for sales security staff those in an organization responsible for preventing spying or theft service staff those in a business responsible for maintaining the physical plant Small Business Administration an independent agency of the United States government that protects the interests of small businesses and ensures that they receive a fair share of government contracts redevelopment authority a public administrative unit given responsibility for the renovation of blighted urban areas regulatory agency a governmental agency that regulates businesses in the public interest Selective Service an independent federal agency that administers compulsory military service weather bureau an administrative unit responsible for gathering and interpreting meteorological data for weather study and forecasts advertising agency an agency that designs advertisement to call public attention to its clients credit bureau a private firm that maintains consumer credit data files and provides credit information to authorized users for a fee detective agency an agency that makes inquiries for its clients employment agency an agency that finds people to fill particular jobs or finds jobs for unemployed people placement office an office that finds suitable employment for applicants hiring hall a union-operated placement office where jobs are allotted to applicants according to seniority or rotation mercantile agency an organization that provides businesses with credit ratings of other firms; "Dun & Bradstreet is the largest mercantile agency in the United States" news agency an agency to collects news reports for newspapers and distributes it electronically service agency a business that makes its facilities available to others for a fee; achieves economy of scale travel agency an agency that arranges personal travel United States government the executive and legislative and judicial branches of the federal government of the United States executive branch the branch of the United States government that is responsible for carrying out the laws legislative branch the branch of the United States government that has the power of legislating United States Government Printing Office an agency of the legislative branch that provides printing and binding services for Congress and the departments and establishments of the federal government judicial branch the branch of the United States government responsible for the administration of justice Capital the federal government of the United States civil service government workers; usually hired on the basis of competitive examinations Whitehall the British civil service a wide street in London stretching from Trafalgar Square to the Houses of Parliament; site of many government offices county council the elected governing body of a county diplomatic service the body of diplomatic personnel government officials people elected or appointed to administer a government quorum a gathering of the minimal number of members of an organization to conduct business minyan the quorum required by Jewish law to be present for public worship (at least ten males over thirteen years of age) pep rally a rally (especially of students) before a game sleeper cell a cell of sleepers; "an al-Qaeda sleeper cell may have used Arizona as its base" terrorist cell a cell of terrorists (usually 3 to 5 members); "to insure operational security the members of adjacent terrorist cells usually don't know each other or the identity of their leadership" operational cell a terrorist cell that performs clandestine activities intelligence cell a terrorist cell whose members are trained to perform reconnaissance and surveillance auxiliary cell a terrorist cell responsible for logistics; usually large and less compartmentalized than other terrorist cells fifth column a subversive group that supports the enemy and engages in espionage or sabotage; an enemy in your midst political unit a unit with political responsibilities amphictyony an association of neighboring states or tribes in ancient Greece; established originally to defend a common religious center lunatic fringe a political unit with extreme and fanatical views revolutionary group a political unit organized to promote revolution underground a secret group organized to overthrow a government or occupation force beneath the surface of the earth; "water flowing underground" in or into hiding or secret operation; "the organization was driven underground" Maquis the French underground that fought against the German occupation in World War II a guerrilla fighter in the French underground in World War II diarchy a form of government having two joint rulers gerontocracy a political system governed by old men gynecocracy a political system governed by a woman hegemony the dominance or leadership of one social group or nation over others; "the hegemony of a single member state is not incompatible with a genuine confederation"; "to say they have priority is not to say they have complete hegemony"; "the consolidation of the United States' hegemony over a new international economic system" mobocracy a political system in which a mob is the source of control; government by the masses oligarchy a political system governed by a few people; "one of his cardinal convictions was that Britain was not run as a democracy but as an oligarchy"; "the big cities were notoriously in the hands of the oligarchy of local businessmen" plutocracy a political system governed by the wealthy people republic a form of government whose head of state is not a monarch; "the head of state in a republic is usually a president" technocracy a form of government in which scientists and technical experts are in control; "technocracy was described as that society in which those who govern justify themselves by appeal to technical experts who justify themselves by appeal to scientific forms of knowledge" hierocracy a ruling body composed of clergy parliamentary democracy a democracy having a parliament monarchy an autocracy governed by a monarch who usually inherits the authority parliamentary monarchy a monarchy having a parliament capitalism an economic system based on private ownership of capital venture capitalism capitalism that invests in innovative enterprises (especially high technology) where the potential profits are large black economy a hidden sector of the economy where private cash transactions go unreported; "no one knows how large the black economy really is" industrialism an economic system built on large industries rather than on agriculture or craftsmanship market economy an economy that relies chiefly on market forces to allocate goods and resources and to determine prices mixed economy an economic system that combines private and state enterprises non-market economy an economy that is not a market economy state capitalism an economic system that is primarily capitalistic but there is some degree of government ownership of the means of production state socialism an economic system in which the government owns most means of production but some degree of private capitalism is allowed International any of several international socialist organizations Nazism a form of socialism featuring racism and expansionism and obedience to a strong leader Falange the Spanish Nazi party under Franco managed economy a non-market economy in which government intervention is important in allocating goods and resources and determining prices mercantilism an economic system (Europe in 18th century) to increase a nation's wealth by government regulation of all of the nation's commercial interests communist economy the managed economy of a communist state political system the members of a social organization who are in power Bolshevism Soviet communism revisionism a moderate evolutionary form of Marxism any dangerous departure from the teachings of Marx ecosystem a system formed by the interaction of a community of organisms with their physical environment posterity all future generations descendants all of the offspring of a given progenitor; "we must secure the benefits of freedom for ourselves and our posterity" coevals all the people living at the same time or of approximately the same age beat generation a United States youth subculture of the 1950s; rejected possessions or regular work or traditional dress; for communal living and psychedelic drugs and anarchism; favored modern forms of jazz (e.g., bebop) Beatles a rock group from Liverpool who between 1962 and 1970 produced a variety of hit songs and albums (most of them written by Paul McCartney and John Lennon) teddy boys a British youth subculture that first appeared in the 1950s; mainly from unskilled backgrounds, they adopted a pseudo-Edwardian dress code and rock'n'roll music; proletarian and xenophobic, they were involved in race riots in the United Kingdom punks a youth subculture closely associated with punk rock music in the late 1970s; in part a reaction to the hippy subculture; dress was optional but intended to shock (plastic garbage bags or old school uniforms) and hair was dyed in bright colors (in Mohican haircuts or sometimes spiked in bright plumes) rockers originally a British youth subculture that evolved out of the teddy boys in the 1960s; wore black leather jackets and jeans and boots; had greased hair and rode motorcycles and listened to rock'n'roll; were largely unskilled manual laborers skinheads a youth subculture that appeared first in England in the late 1960s as a working-class reaction to the hippies; hair was cropped close to the scalp; wore work-shirts and short jeans (supported by suspenders) and heavy red boots; involved in attacks against Asians and football hooliganism mods a youth subculture that began in London in the early 1960s; a working-class movement with highly stylized dress and short hair; listened to rhythm and blues music and travelled on motor scooters baby boom the larger than expected generation in United States born shortly after World War II generation X the generation following the baby boom (especially Americans and Canadians born in the 1960s and 1970s) peer group contemporaries of the same status moiety one of two basic subdivisions of a tribe one of two (approximately) equal parts Tribes of Israel twelve kin groups of ancient Israel each traditionally descended from one of the twelve sons of Jacob Lost Tribes the ten Tribes of Israel that were deported into captivity in Assyria around 720 BC (leaving only the tribes of Judah and Benjamin) vernation (botany) the arrangement of young leaves in a leaf bud before it opens Fibonacci sequence a sequence of numbers in which each number equals the sum of the two preceding numbers phyle a tribe of ancient Athenians frontier settlement a settlement on the frontier of civilization Plantation a newly established colony (especially in the colonization of North America); "the practice of sending convicted criminals to serve on the Plantations was common in the 17th century" proprietary colony a colony given to a proprietor to govern (in 17th century) commonwealth a world organization of autonomous states that are united in allegiance to a central power but are not subordinate to it or to one another the official name of some states in the United States (Massachusetts and Pennsylvania and Virginia and Kentucky) and associated territories (Puerto Rico) commune a body of people or families living together and sharing everything the smallest administrative district of several European countries communicate intimately with; be in a state of heightened, intimate receptivity; "He seemed to commune with nature" receive Communion, in the Catholic church National Rifle Association a powerful lobby that advocates the right to own and bear arms and rejects any gun regulation by the government lobby the people who support some common cause or business or principle or sectional interest detain in conversation by or as if by holding on to the outer garments of; as for political or economic favors hierarchy the organization of people at different ranks in an administrative body a series of ordered groupings of people or things within a system; "put honesty first in her hierarchy of values" catena a chain of connected ideas or passages or objects so arranged that each member is closely related to the preceding and following members (especially a series of patristic comments elucidating Christian dogma) electromotive series a serial arrangement of metallic elements or ions according to their electrode potentials determined under specified conditions; the order shows the tendency of one metal to reduce the ions of any other metal below it in the series celestial hierarchy the collective body of angels data hierarchy an arrangement of data consisting of sets and subsets such that every subset of a set is of lower rank than the set class structure the organization of classes within a society caste system a social structure in which classes are determined by heredity social organization the people in a society considered as a system organized by a characteristic pattern of relationships; "the social organization of England and America is very different"; "sociologists have studied the changing structure of the family" racial segregation segregation by race petty apartheid racial segregation enforced primarily in public transportation and hotels and restaurants and other public places de facto segregation segregation (especially in schools) that happens in fact although not required by law de jure segregation segregation that is imposed by law ulema the body of Mullahs (Muslim scholars trained in Islam and Islamic law) who are the interpreters of Islam's sciences and doctrines and laws and the chief guarantors of continuity in the spiritual and intellectual history of the Islamic community white separatism a social system in which white people live separately from members of other races directorate a group of persons chosen to govern the affairs of a corporation or other large institution staggered board of directors a board of directors a portion of whose members are elected each year instead of all members being elected annually advisory board a board appointed to advise the chief administrator British Cabinet the senior ministers of the British government shadow cabinet a group of senior members of the political party that is out of power; these members would probably assume corresponding positions as ministers in the British Cabinet if their party was elected United States Cabinet a board to advise the President; members are the secretaries of executive departments; the United States constitution does not provide for the cabinet draft board a board to select personnel for involuntary military service Kashag the advisory board of the Tibetan government-in-exile joint-stock company a company (usually unincorporated) which has the capital of its members pooled in a common fund; transferable shares represent ownership interest; shareholders are legally liable for all debts of the company closed corporation a corporation owned by a few people; shares have no public market family business a corporation that is entirely owned by the members of a single family closely held corporation stock is publicly traded but most is held by a few shareholders who have no plans to sell shell corporation a company that is incorporated but has no assets or operations Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation a federally sponsored corporation that insures accounts in national banks and other qualified institutions Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation a corporation authorized by Congress to provide a secondary market for residential mortgages Federal National Mortgage Association a federally chartered corporation that purchases mortgages blind date a date with a stranger; "she never goes on blind dates" a participant in a blind date (someone you meet for the first time when you have a date with them) double date a date in which two couples participate tryst a date; usually with a member of the opposite sex luncheon meeting a meeting for lunch; usually to conduct business while eating power breakfast a meeting of influential people to conduct business while eating breakfast argosy one or more large merchant ships upper class the class occupying the highest position in the social hierarchy elite a group or class of persons enjoying superior intellectual or social or economic status chosen an exclusive group of people; "one of the elect who have power inside the government" one who is the object of choice; who is given preference; "she was Mama's chosen" gentry the most powerful members of a society intelligentsia an educated and intellectual elite culturati people interested in culture and cultural activities literati the literary intelligentsia landed gentry the gentry who own land (considered as a class) ruling class the class of people exerting power or authority few a small elite group; "it was designed for the discriminating few" a quantifier that can be used with count nouns and is often preceded by `a'; a small but indefinite number; "a few weeks ago"; "a few more wagons than usual"; "an invalid's pleasures are few and far between"; "few roses were still blooming"; "few women have led troops in battle" noblesse members of the nobility (especially of the French nobility) peerage the peers of a kingdom considered as a group knighthood aristocrats holding the rank of knight samurai feudal Japanese military aristocracy a Japanese warrior who was a member of the feudal military aristocracy ninja a class of 14th century Japanese who were trained in martial arts and were hired for espionage and assassinations a member of the ninja who were trained in martial arts and hired for espionage or sabotage or assassinations; a person skilled in ninjutsu cavalry a highly mobile army unit troops trained to fight on horseback; "500 horse led the attack" zumbooruk a camel cavalry used in the early modern era by Arab, Afghan, Persian, and Indian armies horse cavalry an army unit mounted on horseback mechanized cavalry an armored unit of a modern army equipped with motor vehicles infantry an army unit consisting of soldiers who fight on foot; "there came ten thousand horsemen and as many fully-armed foot" paratroops infantry trained and equipped to parachute militia civilians trained as soldiers but not part of the regular army the entire body of physically fit civilians eligible by law for military service; "their troops were untrained militia"; "Congress shall have power to provide for calling forth the militia"--United States Constitution home guard a volunteer unit formed to defend the homeland while the regular army is fighting elsewhere territorial a territorial military unit nonprofessional soldier member of a territorial military unit belonging to the territory of any state or ruler; "territorial rights" displaying territoriality; defending a territory from intruders; "territorial behavior"; "strongly territorial birds" of or relating to a territory; "the territorial government of the Virgin Islands"; "territorial claims made by a country" National Guard United States military reserves recruited by the states and equipped by the federal government; subject to call by either National Guard Bureau the agency that administers the Army National Guard and the Air National Guard; provides liaison between the Army and the Air Force and various National Guard units Territorial Army British unit of nonprofessional soldiers organized for the defense of Great Britain terrorist organization a political movement that uses terror as a weapon to achieve its goals standing army a permanent army of paid soldiers Union Army the northern army during the American Civil War Confederate Army the southern army during the American Civil War Continental Army the American army during the American Revolution United States Army the army of the United States of America; the agency that organizes and trains soldiers for land warfare United States Army Rangers a specially trained elite unit of the United States Army United States Military Academy a school for training men and women to become officers in the United States Army Army Intelligence an agency of the United States Army responsible for providing timely and relevant and accurate and synchronized intelligence to tactical and operational and strategic level commanders Ballistic Missile Defense Organization an agency in the Department of Defense that is responsible for making ballistic missile defense a reality Defense Information Systems Agency a combat support agency in the Department of Defense responsible for developing and operating and supporting information systems to serve the needs of the President and the Secretary of Defense and the Joint Chiefs of Staff National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency a combat support agency that provides geographic intelligence in support of national security Casualty Care Research Center an agency in the Department of Defense that is a national center for research on all aspects of injury control and casualty care Army National Guard a civilian reserve component of the United States Army comprised of guardsmen who serve during overseas peacekeeping missions and during local emergencies military personnel soldiers collectively friendly troops belonging to or allied with your own military forces; "friendlies came to their rescue" characteristic of or befitting a friend; "friendly advice"; "a friendly neighborhood"; "the only friendly person here"; "a friendly host and hostess" of or belonging to your own country's forces or those of an ally; "in friendly territory"; "he was accidentally killed by friendly fire" easy to understand or use; "user-friendly computers"; "a consumer-friendly policy"; "a reader-friendly novel" inclined to help or support; not antagonistic or hostile; "a government friendly to our interests"; "well disposed to the good order and happiness of the United States"; "a relaxed environment well-disposed to the appreciation of good food and fine wine" hostile troops belonging to the enemy's military forces; "the platoon ran into a pack of hostiles" unsolicited and resisted by the management of the target company (used of attempts to buy or take control of a business); "hostile takeover"; "hostile tender offer"; "hostile bid" not belonging to your own country's forces or those of an ally; "hostile naval and air forces" very unfavorable to life or growth; "a hostile climate"; "an uncongenial atmosphere"; "an uncongenial soil"; "the unfriendly environment at high altitudes" characterized by enmity or ill will; "a hostile nation"; "a hostile remark"; "hostile actions" impossible to bring into friendly accord; "hostile factions" rank and file the ordinary members of an organization (such as the enlisted soldiers of an army); "the strike was supported by the union rank and file"; "he rose from the ranks to become a colonel" people who constitute the main body of any group coven an assembly of witches; usually 13 witches sabbat a midnight meeting of witches to practice witchcraft and sorcery; in the Middle Ages it was supposed to be a demonic orgy assortment a collection containing a variety of sorts of things; "a great assortment of cars was on display"; "he had a variety of disorders"; "a veritable smorgasbord of religions" witches' brew a fearsome mixture; "a witches' brew of gangsters and terrorists"; "mixing dope and alcohol creates a witches' brew" selection an assortment of things from which a choice can be made; "the store carried a large selection of shoes" odds and ends a motley assortment of things batch a collection of things or persons to be handled together all the loaves of bread baked at the same time (often followed by `of') a large number or amount or extent; "a batch of letters"; "a deal of trouble"; "a lot of money"; "he made a mint on the stock market"; "see the rest of the winners in our huge passel of photos"; "it must have cost plenty"; "a slew of journalists"; "a wad of money" batch together; assemble or process as a batch schmeer (Yiddish) a batch of things that go together; "he bought the whole schmeer" membership the body of members of an organization or group; "they polled their membership"; "they found dissension in their own ranks"; "he joined the ranks of the unemployed" the state of being a member branch a division of some larger or more complex organization; "a branch of Congress"; "botany is a branch of biology"; "the Germanic branch of Indo-European languages" a stream or river connected to a larger one a division of a stem, or secondary stem arising from the main stem of a plant a part of a forked or branching shape; "he broke off one of the branches" divide into two or more branches so as to form a fork; "The road forks" clientele customers collectively; "they have an upper class clientele" rabble disparaging terms for the common people smart money people who are highly experienced or who have inside information; "the smart money said Truman would lose the election" money bet or invested by experienced gamblers or investors (especially if they have inside information) trash worthless people dispose of (something useless or old); "trash these old chairs"; "junk an old car"; "scrap your old computer" alma mater your alma mater is a school you graduated from deputation a group of representatives or delegates diplomatic mission a mission serving diplomatic ends High Commission an embassy of one British Commonwealth country to another press corps a group of journalists representing different publications who all cover the same topics; "the White House press corps" occupational group a body of people doing the same kind of work opposition a body of people united in opposing something a contestant that you are matched against a direction opposite to another the relation between opposed entities Iraqi National Congress a heterogeneous collection of groups united in their opposition to Saddam Hussein's government of Iraq; formed in 1992 it is comprised of Sunni and Shiite Arabs and Kurds who hope to build a new government Opposition the major political party opposed to the party in office and prepared to replace it if elected; "Her Majesty's loyal opposition" commando an amphibious military unit trained for raids into enemy territory a member of a military unit trained as shock troops for hit-and-run raids general staff military officers assigned to assist a senior officer in planning military policy headquarters staff military staff stationed at headquarters high command the highest leaders in an organization (e.g. the commander-in-chief and senior officers of the military) posse a temporary police force Mogul empire an empire established by the Mogul conquerors of India that reigned from 1526 to 1857 Second Empire the imperial government of Napoleon III in France from 1852-1870 rogue's gallery a collection of pictures of criminals galere a coterie of undesirable people hard core the most dedicated and intensely loyal nucleus of a group or movement philanthropic foundation a foundation that provides funds for science or art or education or religion or relief from disease etc. private foundation a charity that does not receive a major part of its support from the public public charity a charity that is deemed to receive the major part of its support from the public (rather than from a small group of individuals) institute an association organized to promote art or science or education advance or set forth in court; "bring charges"; "institute proceedings" art exhibition an exhibition of art objects (paintings or statues) retrospective an exhibition of a representative selection of an artist's life work concerned with or related to the past; "retrospective self-justification" fair a competitive exhibition of farm products; "she won a blue ribbon for her baking at the county fair" gathering of producers to promote business; "world fair"; "trade fair"; "book fair" join so that the external surfaces blend smoothly (used of hair or skin) pale or light-colored; "a fair complexion" free of clouds or rain; "today will be fair and warm" (of a baseball) hit between the foul lines; "he hit a fair ball over the third base bag" free from favoritism or self-interest or bias or deception; conforming with established standards or rules; "a fair referee"; "fair deal"; "on a fair footing"; "a fair fight"; "by fair means or foul" not excessive or extreme; "a fairish income"; "reasonable prices" working group a group of people working together temporarily until some goal is achieved; "the working group was supposed to report back in two weeks" Lewis and Clark Expedition an expedition sent by Thomas Jefferson to explore the northwestern territories of the United States; led by Meriwether Lewis and William Clark; traveled from St. Louis to the mouth of the Columbia River from 1803 to 1806 senior high school a public secondary school usually including grades 9 through 12; "he goes to the neighborhood highschool" junior high school a secondary school usually including 7th and 8th grades preparatory school a private secondary school choir school a school that is part of a cathedral or monastery where boys with singing ability can receive a general education public school a tuition free school in the United States supported by taxes and controlled by a school board private independent secondary school in Great Britain supported by endowment and tuition charter school an experimental public school for kindergarten through grade 12; created and organized by teachers and parents and community leaders; operates independently of other schools Eton College a public school for boys founded in 1440; located in Berkshire Winchester College the oldest English public school; located in Winchester private school a school established and controlled privately and supported by endowment and tuition Catholic school a parochial school maintained by the Catholic Church dance school a school where students are taught to dance boarding school a private school where students are lodged and fed as well as taught night school a school that holds classes in the evenings for students who cannot attend during the day kindergarten a preschool for children age 4 to 6 to prepare them for primary school nursery school a small preschool for small children playschool a small informal nursery group meeting for half-day sessions Sunday school school meeting on Sundays for religious instruction normal school a two-year school for training elementary teachers grade school a school for young children; usually the first 6 or 8 grades grammar school a secondary school emphasizing Latin and Greek in preparation for college secondary modern school a former British secondary school emphasizing practical rather than academic education comprehensive school a large British or Canadian secondary school for children of all abilities school board a board in charge of local public schools zoning board a board of officials who divide an area into zones that are subject to different restrictions zoning commission a commission delegated to supervise the zoning of areas for residential or commercial use inspectorate a body of inspectors jury a body of citizens sworn to give a true verdict according to the evidence presented in a court of law a committee appointed to judge a competition grand jury a jury to inquire into accusations of crime and to evaluate the grounds for indictments hung jury a jury that is unable to agree on a verdict (the result is a mistrial) petit jury a jury of 12 to determine the facts and decide the issue in civil or criminal proceedings special jury a jury whose members are selected for special knowledge for a case involving complicated issues firing line the most advanced and responsible group in an activity; "the firing line is where the action is" the line from which soldiers deliver fire immigrant class recent immigrants who are lumped together as a class by their low socioeconomic status in spite of different cultural backgrounds religious right United States political faction that advocates social and political conservativism, school prayer, and federal aid for religious groups and schools hard right the extreme right wing old guard a faction that is unwilling to accept new ideas pro-choice faction those who argue that the decision to have an induced abortion should be made by the mother pro-life faction those who argue that induced abortion is killing and should be prohibited old school a class of people favoring traditional ideas seance a meeting of spiritualists; "the seance was held in the medium's parlor" aggregate a sum total of many heterogenous things taken together material such as sand or gravel used with cement and water to make concrete, mortar, or plaster gather in a mass, sum, or whole amount in the aggregate to formed of separate units gathered into a mass or whole; "aggregate expenses include expenses of all divisions combined for the entire year"; "the aggregated amount of indebtedness" composed of a dense cluster of separate units such as carpels or florets or drupelets; "raspberries are aggregate fruits" agent bank a bank that acts as an agent for a foreign bank commercial bank a financial institution that accepts demand deposits and makes loans and provides other services for the public national bank a commercial bank chartered by the federal government state bank a bank chartered by a state rather than by the federal government lead bank a bank named by a lending syndicate of several banks to protect their interests member bank a bank that is a member of the Federal Reserve System merchant bank a credit card processing bank; merchants receive credit for credit card receipts less a processing fee acquirer the financial institution that dispenses cash in automated teller machines and collects a fee from the bank that issued the credit card a corporation gaining financial control over another corporation or financial institution through a payment in cash or an exchange of stock a person who acquires something (usually permanently) transfer agent an agency (usually a bank) that is appointed by a corporation to keep records of its stock and bond owners and to resolve problems about certificates nondepository financial institution a financial institution that funds their investment activities from the sale of securities or insurance depository financial institution a financial institution that accepts deposits and channels the money into lending activities; "he cashed a check at the bank"; "that bank holds the mortgage on my home" finance company a financial institution (often affiliated with a holding company or manufacturer) that makes loans to individuals or businesses consumer finance company a finance company that makes loans to people who have trouble getting a bank loan industrial bank a finance company that makes small loans to industrial workers captive finance company a finance company owned by a manufacturer to finance dealers' inventories or to make loans to consumers buying the company's products sales finance company a finance company that buys (at a discount) the installment sales contracts of retail merchants commercial finance company a finance company that makes loans to manufacturers and wholesalers Farm Credit System a cooperative nationwide system of banks and associations providing credit to farmers and related businesses; originally capitalized by the federal government but now owned by its members and borrowers hawala an underground banking system based on trust whereby money can be made available internationally without actually moving it or leaving a record of the transaction; "terrorists make extensive use of hawala" thrift institution a depository financial institution intended to encourage personal savings and home buying savings and loan a thrift institution that is required by law to make a certain percentage of its loans as home mortgages building society British equivalent of United States savings and loan association Home Loan Bank one of 11 regional banks that monitor and make short-term credit advances to thrift institutions in their region Federal Home Loan Bank System the central credit system for thrift institutions Federal Housing Administration the federal agency in the Department of Housing and Urban Development that insures residential mortgages child welfare agency an administrative unit responsible for social work concerned with the welfare and vocational training of children Securities and Exchange Commission an independent federal agency that oversees the exchange of securities to protect investors trust company an organization (usually with a commercial bank) that is engaged as a trustee or fiduciary or agent in handling trust funds or estates of custodial arrangements or stock transfers or related services mutual savings bank a state-chartered savings bank owned by its depositors and managed by a board of trustees federal savings bank a federally chartered savings bank firing squad a squad formed to fire volleys at a military funeral or to carry out a military execution air traffic traffic created by the movement of aircraft commuter traffic traffic created by people going to or returning from work pedestrian traffic people coming and going on foot vehicular traffic the aggregation of vehicles coming and going in a particular locality automobile traffic cars coming and going bicycle traffic bicycles coming and going bus traffic buses coming and going truck traffic trucks coming and going military formation a formation of troops open order a military formation leaving enough space between ranks to allow an inspecting officer to pass close order a military formation for drill or marching extended order a military formation for skirmishing; as widely separated as the tactical situation permits sick call the daily military formation at which individuals report to the medical officer as sick caravan a procession (of wagons or mules or camels) traveling together in single file; "we were part of a caravan of almost a thousand camels"; "they joined the wagon train for safety" travel in a caravan cavalcade a procession of people traveling on horseback hunger march a march of protest or demonstration by the unemployed motorcade a procession of people traveling in motor cars callithump a noisy boisterous parade cortege the group following and attending to some important person a funeral procession Praetorian Guard the elite bodyguard of a Roman Emperor in ancient Rome a member of the Praetorian Guard backfield the offensive football players who line up behind the linemen secondary the defensive football players who line up behind the linemen belonging to a lower class or rank not of major importance; "played a secondary role in world events" being of second rank or importance or value; not direct or immediate; "the stone will be hauled to a secondary crusher"; "a secondary source"; "a secondary issue"; "secondary streams" depending on or incidental to what is original or primary; "a secondary infection" linemen the football players who line up on the line of scrimmage line of march the arrangement of people in a line for marching the route along which a column advances line of succession the order in which individuals are expected to succeed one another in some official position picket line a line of people acting as pickets terrace a row of houses built in a similar style and having common dividing walls (or the street on which they face); "Grosvenor Terrace" a level shelf of land interrupting a declivity (with steep slopes above and below) make into terraces as for cultivation; "The Incas terraced their mountainous land" provide (a house) with a terrace; "We terrassed the country house" rank a row or line of people (especially soldiers or police) standing abreast of one another; "the entrance was guarded by ranks of policemen" relative status; "his salary was determined by his rank and seniority" take or have a position relative to others; "This painting ranks among the best in the Western World" take precedence or surpass others in rank growing profusely; "rank jungle vegetation" very fertile; producing profuse growth; "rank earth" very offensive in smell or taste; "a rank cigar" conga line a line of people in single file performing the conga dance trap line a line or series of traps breadline a queue of people waiting for free food checkout line a queue of people waiting to pay for purchases chow line a queue of people waiting for food to be served (especially at a military camp) reception line a line of people (hosts and guests of honor) who welcome the guests at a reception party ticket line a queue of people waiting to buy tickets unemployment line a queue of people waiting for employment dragnet a system of coordinated measures for apprehending (criminals or other individuals); "caught in the police dragnet" espionage network a network of spies old boy network an exclusive informal network linking members of a social class or profession or organization in order to provide connections and information and favors (especially in business or politics); "professional women have developed an old boy network of their own" support system a network of facilities and people who interact and remain in informal communication for mutual assistance; a network that enables you to live in a certain style nonlinear system a system whose performance cannot be described by equations of the first degree subsystem a system that is part of some larger system shebang an entire system; used in the phrase `the whole shebang' canebrake a dense growth of cane (especially giant cane) spinney a copse that shelters game growth vegetation that has grown; "a growth of trees"; "the only growth was some salt grass" something grown or growing; "a growth of hair" (biology) the process of an individual organism growing organically; a purely biological unfolding of events involved in an organism changing gradually from a simple to a more complex level; "he proposed an indicator of osseous development in children" a progression from simpler to more complex forms; "the growth of culture" (pathology) an abnormal proliferation of tissue (as in a tumor) forest the trees and other plants in a large densely wooded area land that is covered with trees and shrubs bosk a small wooded area jungle an impenetrable equatorial forest a location marked by an intense competition and struggle for survival rain forest a forest with heavy annual rainfall temperate rain forest a rain forest in a temperate area tropical rain forest a rain forest in a tropical area underbrush the brush (small trees and bushes and ferns etc.) growing beneath taller trees in a wood or forest shrubbery a collection of shrubs growing together an area where a number of shrubs are planted line personnel personnel having direct job performance responsibilities management personnel personnel having overall planning and direction responsibilities dictatorship a form of government in which the ruler is an absolute dictator (not restricted by a constitution or laws or opposition etc.) police state a country that maintains repressive control over the people by means of police (especially secret police) administrative law the body of rules and regulations and orders and decisions created by administrative agencies of government canon law the body of codified laws governing the affairs of a Christian church civil law the body of laws established by a state or nation for its own regulation common law a system of jurisprudence based on judicial precedents rather than statutory laws; "common law originated in the unwritten laws of England and was later applied in the United States" international law the body of laws governing relations between nations maritime law the branch of international law that deals with territorial and international waters or with shipping or with ocean fishery etc. law of the land a phrase used in the Magna Carta to refer to the then established law of the kingdom (as distinct from Roman or civil law); today it refers to fundamental principles of justice commensurate with due process; "the United States Constitution declares itself to be `the supreme law of the land'" martial law the body of law imposed by the military over civilian affairs (usually in time of war or civil crisis); overrides civil law mercantile law the body of rules applied to commercial transactions; derived from the practices of traders rather than from jurisprudence military law the body of laws and rules of conduct administered by military courts for the discipline, trial, and punishment of military personnel Mosaic law the laws (beginning with the Ten Commandments) that God gave to the Israelites through Moses; it includes many rules of religious observance given in the first five books of the Old Testament (in Judaism these books are called the Torah) shariah the code of law derived from the Koran and from the teachings and example of Mohammed; "sharia is only applicable to Muslims"; "under Islamic law there is no separation of church and state" hudud Islamic laws stating the limits ordained by Allah and including the deterrent punishments for serious crimes statutory law the body of laws created by legislative statutes securities law the body of laws governing the issuance and selling of securities tax law the body of laws governing taxation ordering logical or comprehensible arrangement of separate elements; "we shall consider these questions in the inverse order of their presentation" genetic code the ordering of nucleotides in DNA molecules that carries the genetic information in living cells genome the ordering of genes in a haploid set of chromosomes of a particular organism; the full DNA sequence of an organism; "the human genome contains approximately three billion chemical base pairs" triplet code the normal version of the genetic code in which a sequence of three nucleotides codes for the synthesis of a specific amino acid nexus a connected series or group progression a series with a definite pattern of advance rash a series of unexpected and unpleasant occurrences; "a rash of bank robberies"; "a blizzard of lawsuits" any red eruption of the skin imprudently incurring risk; "do something rash that he will forever repent"- George Meredith cascade a succession of stages or operations or processes or units; "progressing in severity as though a cascade of genetic damage was occurring"; "separation of isotopes by a cascade of processes" a small waterfall or series of small waterfalls arrange (open windows) on a computer desktop so that they overlap each other, with the title bars visible rush down in big quantities, like a cascade losing streak a streak of losses winning streak a streak of wins arithmetic progression (mathematics) a progression in which a constant is added to each term in order to obtain the next term; "1-4-7-10-13- is the start of an arithmetic progression" geometric progression (mathematics) a progression in which each term is multiplied by a constant in order to obtain the next term; "1-4-16-64-256- is the start of a geometric progression" harmonic progression (mathematics) a progression of terms whose reciprocals form an arithmetic progression stream dominant course (suggestive of running water) of successive events or ideas; "two streams of development run through American history"; "stream of consciousness"; "the flow of thought"; "the current of history" a natural body of running water flowing on or under the earth something that resembles a flowing stream in moving continuously; "a stream of people emptied from the terminal"; "the museum had planned carefully for the flow of visitors" exude profusely; "She was streaming with sweat"; "His nose streamed blood" flow freely and abundantly; "Tears streamed down her face" to extend, wave or float outward, as if in the wind; "their manes streamed like stiff black pennants in the wind" wave train a succession of waves spaced at regular intervals panoply a complete and impressive array stockpile a storage pile accumulated for future use data a collection of facts from which conclusions may be drawn; "statistical data" accounting data all the data (ledgers and journals and spreadsheets) that support a financial statement; can be hard copy or machine readable metadata data about data; "a library catalog is metadata because it describes publications" raw data unanalyzed data; data not yet subjected to analysis ana a collection of anecdotes about a person or place fan mail mail sent to public figures from their admirers; "he hired someone to answer his fan mail" hate mail mail that expresses the writer's dislike or hatred (usually in offensive language) treasure a collection of precious things; "the trunk held all her meager treasures" any possession that is highly valued by its owner; "the children returned from the seashore with their shells and other treasures" accumulated wealth in the form of money or jewels etc.; "the pirates hid their treasure on a small island in the West Indies" treasure trove any collection of valuables that is discovered; "her book was a treasure trove of new ideas"; "mother's attic was a treasure trove when we were looking for antiques" treasure of unknown ownership found hidden (usually in the earth) trinketry trinkets and other ornaments of dress collectively troponymy the place names of a region or a language considered collectively the semantic relation of being a manner of does something deco a style of design that was popular in the 1920s and 1930s; marked by stylized forms and geometric designs adapted to mass production art nouveau a French school of art and architecture popular in the 1890s; characterized by stylized natural forms and sinuous outlines of such objects as leaves and vines and flowers avant-garde any creative group active in the innovation and application of new concepts and techniques in a given field (especially in the arts) radically new or original; "an avant-garde theater piece" constructivism an abstractionist artistic movement in Russia after World War I; industrial materials were used to construct nonrepresentational objects suprematism a geometric abstractionist movement originated by Kazimir Malevich in Russia that influenced constructivism cubism an artistic movement in France beginning in 1907 that featured surfaces of geometrical planes dada a nihilistic art movement (especially in painting) that flourished in Europe early in the 20th century; based on irrationality and negation of the accepted laws of beauty artistic movement a group of artists who agree on general principles expressionism an art movement early in the 20th century; the artist's subjective expression of inner experiences was emphasized; an inner feeling was expressed through a distorted rendition of reality neoexpressionism an art movement based on expressionism; developed in 1980s in Europe and United States; crudely drawn garish paintings supra expressionism a movement that tried to go beyond expressionism fauvism an art movement launched in 1905 whose work was characterized by bright and nonnatural colors and simple forms; influenced the expressionists Hudson River school the first coherent school of American art; active from 1825 to 1870; painted wilderness landscapes of the Hudson River valley and surrounding New England imagism a movement by American and English poets early in the 20th century in reaction to Victorian sentimentality; used common speech in free verse with clear concrete imagery lake poets English poets at the beginning of the 19th century who lived in the Lake District and were inspired by it luminism an artistic movement in the United States that was derived from the Hudson River school; active from 1850 to 1870; painted realistic landscapes in a style that pictured atmospheric light and the use of aerial perspective minimalism an art movement in sculpture and painting that began in the 1950s and emphasized extreme simplification of form and color needy needy people collectively; "they try to help the needy" demanding or needing attention, affection, or reassurance to an excessive degree neoromanticism an art movement based on a revival of Romanticism in art and literature New Wave an art movement in French cinema in the 1960s surrealism a 20th century movement of artists and writers (developing out of dadaism) who used fantastic images and incongruous juxtapositions in order to represent unconscious thoughts and dreams Boy Scouts an international (but decentralized) movement started in 1908 in England with the goal of teaching good citizenship to boys Boy Scouts of America a corporation that operates through a national council that charters local councils all over the United States; the purpose is character building and citizenship training Girl Scouts an organization of young women and girls founded in 1912 for character development and citizenship training Civil Rights movement movement in the United States beginning in the 1960s and led primarily by Blacks in an effort to establish the civil rights of individual Black citizens common front a movement in which several individuals or groups with different interests join together; "the unions presented a common front at the bargaining table" cultural movement a group of people working together to advance certain cultural goals falun gong a spiritual movement that began in China in the latter half of the 20th century and is based on Buddhist and Taoist teachings and practices political movement a group of people working together to achieve a political goal Enlightenment a movement in Europe from about 1650 until 1800 that advocated the use of reason and individualism instead of tradition and established doctrine; "the Enlightenment brought about many humanitarian reforms" labor movement an organized attempt by workers to improve their status by united action (particularly via labor unions) or the leaders of this movement Industrial Workers of the World a former international labor union and radical labor movement in the United States; founded in Chicago in 1905 and dedicated to the overthrow of capitalism; its membership declined after World War I unionism the system or principles and theory of labor unions reform movement a movement intended to bring about social and humanitarian reforms religious movement a movement intended to bring about religious reforms Akhbari a religious movement by Arab Shiite Muslims in 17th century Iraq that is opposed to the Usuli; "Akhbari Shiism has never promoted political control" Usuli a religious movement by Persian Shiite Muslims in 17th century Iran that is opposed to the Akhbari; "Usuli Shiism produced the politically active caste of priests that is a distinctive feature of Iranian Shiism" Counter Reformation the reaction of the Roman Catholic Church to the Reformation reaffirming the veneration of saints and the authority of the Pope (to which Protestants objected); many leaders were Jesuits ecumenical movement a movement aimed to promote understanding and cooperation among Christian churches; aimed ultimately at universal Christian unity Gallicanism a religious movement originating among the French Roman Catholic clergy that favored the restriction of papal control and the achievement by each nation of individual administrative autonomy of the church Lubavitch a large missionary Hasidic movement known for their hospitality, technological expertise, optimism and emphasis on religious study a town in Belarus that was the center of the Chabad movement for a brief period during the 19th century Oxford movement 19th-century movement in the Church of England opposing liberal tendencies Pietism 17th and 18th-century German movement in the Lutheran Church stressing personal piety and devotion Reformation a religious movement of the 16th century that began as an attempt to reform the Roman Catholic Church and resulted in the creation of Protestant churches Taliban a fundamentalist Islamic militia; in 1995 the Taliban militia took over Afghanistan and in 1996 took Kabul and set up an Islamic government; "the Taliban enforced a strict Muslim code of behavior" Northern Alliance a multiethnic alliance in Afghanistan who practice a moderate form of Islam and are united in their opposition to the Taliban Nation of Islam a group of militant Black Americans who profess Islamic religious beliefs and advocate independence for Black Americans analytical cubism the early phase of cubism synthetic cubism the late phase of cubism unconfessed people who have not confessed; "the unconfessed cannot be forgiven" not admitted; "unconfessed sins" unemployed people people who are involuntarily out of work (considered as a group); "the long-term unemployed need assistance" womankind women as distinguished from men hobo camp a place where hoboes camp record company a company that makes and sells musical recordings mover a company that moves the possessions of a family or business from one site to another someone who moves workman employed by a moving company; "the movers were very careful with the grand piano" think tank a company that does research for hire and issues reports on the implications Jewry Jews collectively Zhou the imperial dynasty of China from 1122 to 221 BC; notable for the rise of Confucianism and Taoism muster a gathering of military personnel for duty; "he was thrown in the brig for missing muster" call to duty, military service, jury duty, etc. gather or bring together; "muster the courage to do something"; "she rallied her intellect"; "Summon all your courage" rap group a gathering of people holding a rap session rave-up a raucous gathering World Council of Churches an ecumenical organization of Protestant and eastern churches; intended to promote unity and cooperation in religious and secular matters typing pool a group of typists who can work for different persons shipper a company in the business of shipping freight someone who ships goods local authority an administrative unit of local government smithereens a collection of small fragments considered as a whole; "Berlin was bombed to smithereens"; "his hopes were dashed to smithereens"; "I wanted to smash him to smithereens"; "the toilet bowl ws blown to smithereens" chosen people any people believing themselves to be chosen by God Azeri an ethnic group living in Azerbaijan Berbers an ethnic minority descended from Berbers and Arabs and living in northern Africa Dagestani an ethnic minority living on the Caspian Sea in southwestern Russia and Azerbaijan Hebrews the ethnic group claiming descent from Abraham and Isaac (especially from Isaac's son Jacob); the nation whom God chose to receive his revelation and with whom God chose to make a covenant (Exodus 19) Mbundu an ethnic group speaking Umbundu and living in western Angola Pathan an ethnic minority speaking Pashto and living in northwestern Pakistan and southeastern Afghanistan a member of the mountain people living in the eastern regions of Afghanistan; "Pathans are the predominant ethnic group in Afghanistan" Tajik an ethnic group (mostly Moslem) living in Tajikistan and neighboring areas of Uzbekistan and Afghanistan and China a native or inhabitant of Tajikistan and neighboring areas of Uzbekistan and Afghanistan and China Walloons an ethnic group speaking a dialect of French and living in southern and eastern Belgium and neighboring parts of France Ferdinand and Isabella joint monarchs of Spain; Ferdinand V and Isabella I Medici aristocratic Italian family of powerful merchants and bankers who ruled Florence in the 15th century Committee for State Security formerly the predominant security police organization of Soviet Russia Federal Security Bureau the internal counterintelligence agency of the Russian Federation and successor to the Soviet KGB; formerly led by Vladimir Putin Russian agency an administrative agency of the Russian government William and Mary joint monarchs of England; William III and Mary II wine tasting a gathering of people to taste and compare different wines Wise Men (New Testament) the sages who visited Jesus and Mary and Joseph shortly after Jesus was born; the Gospel According to Matthew says they were guided by a star and brought gifts of gold and frankincense and myrrh; because there were three gifts it is usually assumed that there were three of them World Trade Organization an international organization based in Geneva that monitors and enforces rules governing global trade Association for the Advancement of Retired Persons an association of people to promote the welfare of senior citizens National Association of Realtors a United States association of real estate agents which follows a strict code of ethics Association of Southeast Asian Nations an association of nations dedicated to economic and political cooperation in southeastern Asia and who joined with the United States to fight against global terrorism Abkhaz Circassian people living east of the Black Sea an autonomous province of Georgia on the Black Sea; a strong independence movement has resulted in much instability a member of the Circassian people who live to the east of the Black Sea of or relating to Abkazia or its people or their language Inca the small group of Quechua living in the Cuzco Valley in Peru who established hegemony over their neighbors in order to create an empire that lasted from about 1100 until the Spanish conquest in the early 1530s a member of the Quechuan people living in the Cuzco valley in Peru a ruler of the Incas (or a member of his family) here the present location; this place; "where do we go from here?" in or at this place; where the speaker or writer is; "I work here"; "turn here"; "radio waves received here on Earth" to this place (especially toward the speaker); "come here, please" in this circumstance or respect or on this point or detail; "what do we have here?"; "here I must disagree" at this time; now; "we'll adjourn here for lunch and discuss the remaining issues this afternoon" there a location other than here; that place; "you can take it from there" in or at that place or location; "they have lived there for years"; "it's not there"; "that man there" to or toward that place; away from the speaker; "go there around noon!" in that matter; in that respect; on that point; "I agree with you there" somewhere an indefinite or unknown location; "they moved to somewhere in Spain" in or at or to some place; "she must be somewhere"; (`someplace' is used informally for `somewhere') bilocation the ability (said of certain Roman Catholic saints) to exist simultaneously in two locations aclinic line an imaginary line paralleling the equator where a magnetic needle has no dip agonic line an imaginary line connecting points on the Earth's surface where the magnetic declination is zero isogonic line an imaginary line connecting points on the Earth's surface where the magnetic declination is the same mailing address the address where a person or organization can be communicated with box number a mailing address to which answers to a newspaper ad can be sent post-office box number the number of a letter box at the post office where mail is collected street address the address where a person or organization can be found administrative district a district defined for administrative purposes aerie any habitation at a high altitude the lofty nest of a bird of prey (such as a hawk or eagle) air lane a designated route followed by airplanes in flying from one airport to another traffic pattern the path that is prescribed for an airplane that is preparing to land at an airport; "the traffic patterns around O'Hare are very crowded"; "they stayed in the pattern until the fog lifted" Andalusia a region in southern Spain on the Atlantic and the Mediterranean; formerly a center of Moorish civilization Appalachia an impoverished coal mining area in the Appalachian Mountains (from Pennsylvania to North Carolina) flight path the path of a rocket or projectile or aircraft through the air approach path the final path followed by an aircraft as it is landing ambiance the atmosphere of an environment amusement park a commercially operated park with stalls and shows for amusement Antarctic the region around the south pole: Antarctica and surrounding waters Antarctic Circle a line of latitude north of the south pole Adelie Land a costal region of Antarctica to the south of Australia; noted for its large colonies of penguins apex the point on the celestial sphere toward which the sun and solar system appear to be moving relative to the fixed stars antapex the point opposite in direction from the solar apex; the point the solar system is moving away from apogee apoapsis in Earth orbit; the point in its orbit where a satellite is at the greatest distance from the Earth a final climactic stage; "their achievements stand as a culmination of centuries of development" apoapsis (astronomy) the point in an orbit farthest from the body being orbited aphelion apoapsis in solar orbit; the point in the orbit of a planet or comet that is at the greatest distance from the sun apojove apoapsis in orbit around Jupiter aposelene apoapsis in orbit around the moon Arctic the regions to the north of the Arctic Circle centered on the North Pole polar circle a line of latitude at the north or south poles Arctic Circle a line of latitude near but to the south of the north pole; it marks the northernmost point at which the sun is visible on the northern winter solstice and the southernmost point at which the midnight sun can be seen on the northern summer solstice high country an area lying above the piedmont but below the timberline ascending node the point at which an orbit crosses the ecliptic plane going north antinode (physics) the point of maximum displacement in a periodic system asteroid belt the region of interplanetary space between Mars and Jupiter where most asteroids are found atmosphere the mass of air surrounding the Earth; "there was great heat as the comet entered the atmosphere"; "it was exposed to the air" the envelope of gases surrounding any celestial body the weather or climate at some place; "the atmosphere was thick with fog" a particular environment or surrounding influence; "there was an atmosphere of excitement" bed ground an area on which a drove of cattle or sheep can sleep for a night biosphere the regions of the surface and atmosphere of the Earth (or other planet) where living organisms exist back of beyond a very remote and inaccessible place; "you'd have to go to the back of beyond to find one of those" Crown Colony a British colony controlled by the British Crown, represented by a governor depths (plural) the deepest and most remote part; "from the depths of darkest Africa"; "signals received from the depths of space" outer space any location outside the Earth's atmosphere; "the astronauts walked in outer space without a tether"; "the first major milestone in space exploration was in 1957, when the USSR's Sputnik 1 orbited the Earth" interplanetary space the part of outer space within the solar system interstellar space the space between stars heliopause the boundary marking the edge of the sun's influence; the boundary (roughly 100 AU from the sun) between the interplanetary medium and the interstellar medium; where the solar wind from the sun and the radiation from other stars meet heliosphere the region inside the heliopause containing the sun and solar system holding pattern the flight path (usually circular) maintained by an aircraft that is awaiting permission to land a state of inaction with no progress and no change; "you should go into a holding pattern until he gets over his disappointment" intergalactic space the space between galaxies; "the Milky Way travels through intergalactic space" deep space any region in space outside the solar system aerospace the atmosphere and outer space considered as a whole airspace the atmosphere above a nation that is deemed to be under its jurisdiction; "the plane was refused permission to enter Chinese airspace" the space in the atmosphere immediately above the earth backwater a place or condition in which no development or progress is occurring; "the country is an economic backwater" a body of water that was created by a flood or tide or by being held or forced back by a dam; "the bayous and backwaters are breeding grounds for mosquitos" backwoods a remote and undeveloped area Bad Lands an eroded and barren region in southwestern South Dakota and northwestern Nebraska banana republic a small country (especially in Central America) that is politically unstable and whose economy is dominated by foreign companies and depends on one export (such as bananas) Barbary a region of northern Africa on the Mediterranean coast between Egypt and Gibraltar; was used as a base for pirates from the 16th to 19th centuries Barbary Coast the Mediterranean coast of northern Africa that was famous for its Moorish pirates a part of a city that is notorious for gambling dens and brothels and saloons and riotous night life (especially the waterfront of San Francisco after the gold rush of 1849); "we'll tolerate no Barbary Coast in this city!" Bithynia an ancient country in northwestern Asia Minor in what is now Turkey; was absorbed into the Roman Empire by the end of the 1st century BC Nubia an ancient region of northeastern Africa (southern Egypt and northern Sudan) on the Nile; much of Nubia is now under Lake Nasser barren an uninhabited wilderness that is worthless for cultivation; "the barrens of central Africa"; "the trackless wastes of the desert" completely wanting or lacking; "writing barren of insight"; "young recruits destitute of experience"; "innocent of literary merit"; "the sentence was devoid of meaning" not bearing offspring; "a barren woman"; "learned early in his marriage that he was sterile" heath a tract of level wasteland; uncultivated land with sandy soil and scrubby vegetation a low evergreen shrub of the family Ericaceae; has small bell-shaped pink or purple flowers bush a large wilderness area provide with a bushing outback the bush country of the interior of Australia Never-Never the remote outback of Australia; unpopulated desert country semidesert a region much like a desert but usually located between a desert and the surrounding regions oasis a fertile tract in a desert (where the water table approaches the surface) battlefield a region where a battle is being (or has been) fought; "they made a tour of Civil War battlefields" Camlan (Arthurian legend) the battlefield where King Arthur was mortally wounded minefield a region in which explosives mines have been placed fountainhead the source of water from which a stream arises; "they tracked him back toward the head of the stream" headwater the source of a river; "the headwaters of the Nile" jumping-off place a place from which an enterprise or expedition is launched; "one day when I was at a suitable jumping-off place I decided to see if I could find him"; "my point of departure was San Francisco" concrete jungle an area in a city with large modern buildings that is perceived as dangerous and unpleasant Bible Belt southern and midwestern United States where Protestant fundamentalism is dominant fatherland the country where you were born birthplace the place where someone was born where something originated or was nurtured in its early existence; "the birthplace of civilization" beam-ends (nautical) at the ends of the transverse deck beams of a vessel; "on her beam-ends" means heeled over on the side so that the deck is almost vertical rock bottom the absolute bottom boundary the line or plane indicating the limit or extent of something a line determining the limits of an area boundary line a line that indicates a boundary borderland district consisting of the area on either side of a border or boundary of a country or an area; "the Welsh marches between England and Wales" narco-state an area that has been taken over and is controlled and corrupted by drug cartels and where law enforcement is effectively nonexistent; "this Mexican town has become a narco-state that ships 100 pounds of cocaine to the United States every day" nerve center a center that provides information and control; "the nerve center of the diamond industry is in Amsterdam" fence line a boundary line created by a fence Green Line the border marking the boundaries of the land that Israel won in its 1948 war of independence Line of Control a 450-mile line that is supposed to indicate the boundary between the part of Kashmir controlled by India and the part controlled by Pakistan property line the boundary line between two pieces of property state line the boundary between two states Mason-Dixon line the boundary between Maryland and Pennsylvania; symbolic dividing line between North and South before the American Civil War district line the boundary between two districts county line the boundary between two counties city line the boundary of a city balkline line across a billiard table behind which the cue balls are placed at the start of a game bomb site an area in a town that has been devastated by bombs; "they opened a parking lot on the bomb site" bowels the center of the Earth bowling green a field of closely mowed turf for playing bowls breeding ground a place where animals breed bridgehead a defensive post at the end of a bridge nearest to the enemy an area in hostile territory that has been captured and is held awaiting further troops and supplies; "an attempt to secure a bridgehead behind enemy lines"; "the only foothold left for British troops in Europe was Gibraltar" brink the edge of a steep place a region marking a boundary broadcast area the area over which a radio or tv transmission can be received buffer state a small neutral state between two rival powers bus route the route regularly followed by a passenger bus bus stop a place on a bus route where buses stop to discharge and take on passengers checkpoint a place (as at a frontier) where travellers are stopped for inspection and clearance cabstand a place where taxis park while awaiting customers; "in England the place where taxis wait to be hired is called a `taxi rank'" campsite a site where people on holiday can pitch a tent campus a field on which the buildings of a university are situated river basin the entire geographical area drained by a river and its tributaries; an area characterized by all runoff being conveyed to the same outlet; "flood control in the Missouri basin" detention basin a storage site (such as a small reservoir) that delays the flow of water downstream retention basin a storage site similar to a detention basin but the water in storage is permanently obstructed from flowing downstream Caucasia a large region between the Black and Caspian seas that contains the Caucasus Mountains; oil is its major resource Transcaucasia a geographical region to the south of the Caucasus Mountains and to the north of Turkey that comprises Georgia and Armenia and Azerbaijan celestial equator the great circle on the celestial sphere midway between the celestial poles celestial point a point in the heavens (on the celestial sphere) equinoctial point (astronomy) either of the two celestial points at which the celestial equator intersects the ecliptic vernal equinox (astronomy) the equinoctial point that lies in the constellation of Pisces March 21 autumnal equinox (astronomy) the equinoctial point that lies in the constellation of Virgo September 22 celestial sphere the apparent surface of the imaginary sphere on which celestial bodies appear to be projected cemetery a tract of land used for burials center of buoyancy (physics) the center of mass of the immersed part of ship or other floating object center of gravity the point within something at which gravity can be considered to act; in uniform gravity it is equal to the center of mass center of flotation the center of gravity of a floating object center of mass point representing the mean position of the matter in a body barycenter (astronomy) the common center of mass around which two or more bodies revolve centroid the center of mass of an object of uniform density trichion point where the hairline meets the midpoint of the forehead center stage the central area on a theater stage a position of prominence or importance city center the central part of a city storm center the central area or place of lowest barometric pressure within a storm a center of trouble or disturbance megalopolis a very large urban complex (usually involving several cities and towns) city district a district of a town or city precinct a district of a city or town marked out for administrative purposes police precinct a precinct in which law enforcement is the responsibility of particular police force voting precinct one of several districts into which a city or town is divided for voting; each contains one polling place polling place a place where voters go to cast their votes in an election business district the central area or commercial center of a town or city; "the heart of Birmingham's downtown" outskirts outlying areas (as of a city or town); "they lived on the outskirts of Houston"; "they mingled in the outskirts of the crowd" environs an outer adjacent area of any place Tin Pan Alley a city district (originally in New York) where composers and publishers of popular music do business conurbation an aggregation or continuous network of urban communities subtopia monotonous urban sprawl of standardized buildings borough an English town that forms the constituency of a member of parliament one of the administrative divisions of a large city burgh a borough in Scotland pocket borough a sparsely populated borough in which all or most of the land is owned by a single family rotten borough an English parliamentary constituency with few electors canton a small administrative division of a country divide into cantons, of a country city limit the limits of the area occupied by a city or town Coats Land a region of western Antarctica along the southeastern shore of the Weddell Sea climatic zone any of the geographical zones loosely divided according to prevailing climate and latitude commons a pasture subject to common use congressional district a territorial division of a state; entitled to elect one member to the United States House of Representatives financial center the part of a city where financial institutions are centered civic center the center of a city inner city the older and more populated and (usually) poorer central section of a city chokepoint a point of congestion or blockage; "the bridge is always a chokepoint at rush hour" Corn Belt the midwestern states in the U.S. where corn is grown; Iowa and Illinois are excellent for raising corn and corn-fed livestock corncob the hard cylindrical core that bears the kernels of an ear of corn cornfield a field planted with corn country the territory occupied by a nation; "he returned to the land of his birth"; "he visited several European countries" an area outside of cities and towns; "his poetry celebrated the slower pace of life in the country" county (United Kingdom) a region created by territorial division for the purpose of local government; "the county has a population of 12,345 people" (United States) the largest administrative district within a state; "the county plans to build a new road" county palatine the territory of a count palatine county seat the town or city that is the seat of government for a county county town the town or city that is the seat of government for a shire cow pasture a pasture for cows timber line line marking the upper limit of tree growth in mountains or northern latitudes snow line the line on a mountain above which there is perpetual snow and ice culmination (astronomy) a heavenly body's highest celestial point above an observer's horizon soil profile a vertical section of soil from the ground surface to the parent rock descending node the point at which an orbit crosses the ecliptic plane going south ghetto a poor densely populated city district occupied by a minority ethnic group linked together by economic hardship and social restrictions formerly the restricted quarter of many European cities in which Jews were required to live; "the Warsaw ghetto" any segregated mode of living or working that results from bias or stereotyping; "the relative security of the gay ghetto"; "no escape from the ghetto of the typing pool" housing development a residential area of similar dwellings built by property developers and usually under a single management; "they live in the new housing development" housing estate a residential area where the houses were all planned and built at the same time housing project a housing development that is publicly funded and administered for low-income families abbacy the jurisdiction or office of an abbot archbishopric the territorial jurisdiction of an archbishop archdeaconry the territorial jurisdiction of an archdeacon bailiwick the area over which a bailiff has jurisdiction archdiocese the diocese of an archbishop diocese the territorial jurisdiction of a bishop disaster area a region whose population is affected by a general disaster eparchy a diocese of the Eastern Orthodox Church a province in ancient Greece theater of war the entire land, sea, and air area that may become or is directly involved in war operations zone of interior the part of the theater of war not included in the theater of operations district a region marked off for administrative or other purposes enclave an enclosed territory that is culturally distinct from the foreign territory that surrounds it federal district a district set apart as the seat of government of a federation palatinate a territory under the jurisdiction of a count palatine residential district a district where people live; occupied primarily by private residences planned community a residential district that is planned for a certain class of residents retirement community a planned community for residents who have retired from an active working life uptown a residential part of town away from the central commercial district of or located in the upper part of a town; "uptown residential areas" toward or in the upper part of town red-light district a district with many brothels suburb a residential district located on the outskirts of a city exurbia a residential area outside of a city and beyond suburbia bedroom community a community where many commuters live faubourg a New Orleans district lying outside the original city limits; used in combination with the names of various quarters of the city; "in Faubourg Sainte-Marie" stockbroker belt a wealthy residential suburb tenement district a residential district occupied primarily with tenement houses crawlspace low space beneath a floor of a building; gives workers access to wiring or plumbing disk space (computer science) the space available on a magnetic disk disk overhead (computer science) the disk space required for information that is not data but is used for location and timing swap space the disk space that is set aside for virtual memory archduchy the domain controlled by an archduke or archduchess barony the domain of a baron the estate of a baron duchy the domain controlled by a duke or duchess earldom the domain controlled by an earl or count or countess the dignity or rank or position of an earl or countess grand duchy the domain controlled by a grand duke or grand duchess viscounty the domain controlled by a viscount or viscountess Camelot (Arthurian legend) the capital of King Arthur's kingdom; according to the legend, truth and goodness and beauty reigned there principality territory ruled by a prince Kingdom of God the spiritual domain over which God is sovereign sheikdom the domain ruled by a sheik suzerainty the domain of a suzerain the position or authority of a suzerain; "under the suzerainty of..." domicile (law) the residence where you have your permanent home or principal establishment and to where, whenever you are absent, you intend to return; every person is compelled to have one and only one domicile at a time; "what's his legal residence?" home away from home a place where you are just as comfortable and content as if you were home business address the address at which a business is located dude ranch a holiday resort offering ranch activities (riding and camping) honeymoon resort a resort that caters to newlyweds; "Niagra Falls is a well-known honeymoon resort" eitchen midden (archeology) a mound of domestic refuse containing shells and animal bones marking the site of a prehistoric settlement earshot the range within which a voice can be heard; "the children were told to stay within earshot" north a location in the northern part of a country, region, or city the cardinal compass point that is at 0 or 360 degrees the direction in which a compass needle points the direction corresponding to the northward cardinal compass point situated in or facing or moving toward or coming from the north; "artists like north light"; "the north portico" in a northern direction; "they earn more up north"; "Let's go north!" northeast a location in the northeastern part of a country, region, or city the compass point midway between north and east; at 45 degrees the direction corresponding to the northeastward compass point to, toward, or in the northeast east a location in the eastern part of a country, region, or city the cardinal compass point that is at 90 degrees the direction corresponding to the eastward cardinal compass point situated in or facing or moving toward the east to, toward, or in the east; "we travelled east for several miles"; "located east of Rome" southeast a location in the southeastern part of a country, region, or city the compass point midway between south and east; at 135 degrees the direction corresponding to the southeastward compass point situated in or oriented toward the southeast to, toward, or in the southeast south a location in the southern part of a country, region, or city the cardinal compass point that is at 180 degrees the direction corresponding to the southward cardinal compass point situated in or facing or moving toward or coming from the south; "the south entrance" in a southern direction; "we moved south" southwest a location in the southwestern part of a country, region, or city the compass point midway between south and west; at 225 degrees the direction corresponding to the southwestward compass point situated in or oriented toward the southwest to, toward, or in the southwest west a location in the western part of a country, region, or city the cardinal compass point that is a 270 degrees the direction corresponding to the westward cardinal compass point situated in or facing or moving toward the west to, toward, or in the west; "we moved west to Arizona"; "situated west of Boston" northwest a location in the northwestern part of a country, region, or city the compass point midway between north and west; at 315 degrees the direction corresponding to the northwestward compass point to, toward, or in the northwest Earth the abode of mortals (as contrasted with Heaven or Hell); "it was hell on earth" the 3rd planet from the sun; the planet we live on; "the Earth moves around the sun"; "he sailed around the world" eastern hemisphere the hemisphere that includes Eurasia and Africa and Australia Old World the regions of the world that were known to Europeans before the discovery of the Americas East the countries of Asia the region of the United States lying to the north of the Ohio River and to the east of the Mississippi River Far East a popular expression for the countries of eastern Asia (usually including China and Mongolia and Taiwan and Japan and Korea and Indochina and eastern Siberia) northland any region lying in or toward the north southland any region lying in or toward the south Southeast the southeastern region of the United States Southwest the southwestern region of the United States generally including New Mexico, Arizona, Texas, California, and sometimes Utah and Colorado Northeast the northeastern region of the United States Northwest the northwestern region of the United States Midwest the north central region of the United States (sometimes called the heartland or the breadbasket of America) Pacific Northwest a region of the northwestern United States usually including Washington and Oregon and sometimes southwestern British Columbia Rustbelt urban areas in New England and Midwest characterized by concentrations of declining industries (steel or textiles) ecliptic the great circle representing the apparent annual path of the sun; the plane of the Earth's orbit around the sun; makes an angle of about 23 degrees with the equator; "all of the planets rotate the sun in approximately the same ecliptic" end point a place where something ends or is complete Enderby Land a region of Antarctica between Queen Maud Land and Wilkes Land; claimed by Australia environment the area in which something exists or lives; "the country--the flat agricultural surround" the totality of surrounding conditions; "he longed for the comfortable environment of his living room" Finger Lakes a geographical area in central New York State that is named for a series of narrow glacial lakes that lie parallel in a north-south direction setting the context and environment in which something is set; "the perfect setting for a ghost story" the physical position of something; "he changed the setting on the thermostat" the state of the environment in which a situation exists; "you can't do that in a university setting" element the most favorable environment for a plant or animal; "water is the element of fishes" a straight line that generates a cylinder or cone the situation in which you are happiest and most effective; "in your element" one of four substances thought in ancient and medieval cosmology to constitute the physical universe; "the alchemists believed that there were four elements" equator an imaginary line around the Earth forming the great circle that is equidistant from the north and south poles; "the equator is the boundary between the northern and southern hemispheres" a circle dividing a sphere or other surface into two usually equal and symmetrical parts extreme point the point located farthest from the middle of something fairway the area between the tee and putting green where the grass is cut short a tract of ground free of obstacles to movement the usual course taken by vessels through a harbor or coastal waters farmland a rural area where farming is practiced fault line (geology) line determined by the intersection of a geological fault and the earth's surface field of fire the area that a weapon or group of weapons can cover effectively with gun fire from a given position grounds a tract of land cleared for some special purposes (recreation or burial etc.) dregs consisting of solid particles (especially of coffee) that form a residue; "it is a Middle Eastern custom to read your future in your coffee grounds" hayfield a field where grass or alfalfa are grown to be made into hay playing field a piece of land prepared for playing a game; "the home crowd cheered when Princeton took the field" the circumstances under which competition occurs; "the government's objective is to insure a genuinely level playing field for American industry and commerce in Europe" medical center the part of a city where medical facilities are centered midfield (sports) the middle part of a playing field (as in football or lacrosse) finishing line a line indicating the location of the finish of a race firebreak a narrow field that has been cleared to check the spread of a prairie fire or forest fire flea market an open-air street market for inexpensive or secondhand articles flies (theater) the space over the stage (out of view of the audience) used to store scenery (drop curtains) forefront the part in the front or nearest the viewer; "he was in the forefront"; "he was at the head of the column" foul line lines through 1st and 3rd base indicating the boundaries of a baseball field a line across a bowling alley that a bowler must not cross a line from which basketball players take penalty shots baseline the lines a baseball player must follow while running the bases an imaginary line or standard by which things are measured or compared; "the established a baseline for the budget" Frigid Zone the part of the Earth's surface forming a cap over a pole; characterized by frigid climate battlefront the line along which opposing armies face each other garbage heap an accumulation of refuse and discarded matter toxic waste dump a location where toxic wastes can be or have been disposed of (often illegally) gathering place a favorite haunt where people gather geographical area a demarcated area of the Earth epicenter the point on the Earth's surface directly above the focus of an earthquake dust bowl a region subject to dust storms; especially the central region of United States subject to dust storms in the 1930s biogeographical region an area of the Earth determined by distribution of flora and fauna geographic point a point on the surface of the Earth goal line a line marking each end of the playing field or pitch; where the goals stand goldfield a district where gold is mined grainfield a field where grain is grown great circle a circular line on the surface of a sphere formed by intersecting it with a plane passing through the center greenbelt a belt of parks or rural land surrounding a town or city ground zero the point of detonation (or above or below) of a nuclear weapon the site of the World Trade Center before it was destroyed the target of a projectile (as a bomb or missile) habitat the type of environment in which an organism or group normally lives or occurs; "a marine habitat"; "he felt safe on his home grounds" habitation the native habitat or home of an animal or plant half-mast a position some distance below the top of a mast to which a flag is lowered in mourning or to signal distress Harley Street a street in central London where the consulting rooms of many physicians and surgeons are located hatchery a place where eggs are hatched under artificial conditions (especially fish eggs); "the park authorities operated a trout hatchery" haunt a frequently visited place haunt like a ghost; pursue; "Fear of illness haunts her" follow stealthily or recur constantly and spontaneously to; "her ex-boyfriend stalked her"; "the ghost of her mother haunted her" heartland the central region of a country or continent; especially a region that is important to a country or to a culture hunting ground an area in which game is hunted a place where opportunities abound D-layer the lowest region of the ionosphere (35 to 50 miles up) that reflects low-frequency radio waves Appleton layer the highest region of the ionosphere (from 90 to 600 miles up) which contains the highest concentration of free electrons and is most useful for long-range radio transmission Heaviside layer a region of the ionosphere (from 50 to 90 miles up) that reflects radio waves of medium length hemline the line formed by the lower edge of a skirt or coat heronry a breeding ground for herons; a heron rookery hipline the line formed by the lower edge of hip-length garment the line formed by measuring the hip at its greatest part dead drop a drop used for the clandestine exchange of intelligence information; "a dead drop avoids the need for an intelligence officer and a spy to be present at the same time" hideout a hiding place; usually a remote place used by outlaws lurking place a place suitable for lurking hiding place a place suitable for hiding something (such as yourself) hilltop the peak of a hill; "the sun set behind the brow of distant hills" hole-in-the-wall a small unpretentious out-of-the-way place; "his office was a hole-in-the-wall" holy place a sacred place of pilgrimage point source a concentrated source (especially of radiation or pollution) that is spatially constricted trail head the beginning of a trail home range the area in which an animal normally ranges horse latitude either of two belts or regions near 30 degrees north or 30 degrees south; characterized by calms and light-baffling winds hour angle the angular distance along the celestial equator from the observer's meridian to the hour circle of a given celestial body (astronomy) the angular distance of a celestial point measured westward along the celestial equator from the zenith crossing; the right ascension for an observer at a particular location and time of day hour circle a great circle on the celestial sphere that passes through both celestial poles see the seat within a bishop's diocese where his cathedral is located be careful or certain to do something; make certain of something; "He verified that the valves were closed"; "See that the curtains are closed"; "control the quality of the product" deem to be; "She views this quite differently from me"; "I consider her to be shallow"; "I don't see the situation quite as negatively as you do" deliberate or decide; "See whether you can come tomorrow"; "let's see--which movie should we see tonight?" match or meet; "I saw the bet of one of my fellow players" receive as a specified guest; "the doctor will see you now"; "The minister doesn't see anybody before noon" accompany or escort; "I'll see you to the door" perceive by sight or have the power to perceive by sight; "You have to be a good observer to see all the details"; "Can you see the bird in that tree?"; "He is blind--he cannot see" see and understand, have a good eye; "The artist must first learn to see" observe as if with an eye; "The camera saw the burglary and recorded it" go to see for professional or business reasons; "You should see a lawyer"; "We had to see a psychiatrist" go to see for a social visit; "I went to see my friend Mary the other day" junkyard a field where junk is collected and stored for resale justiciary the jurisdiction of a justiciar Indian reservation a reservation set aside for the use of Indians preserve a reservation where animals are protected a domain that seems to be specially reserved for someone; "medicine is no longer a male preserve" prevent (food) from rotting; "preserved meats"; "keep potatoes fresh" keep undisturbed for personal or private use for hunting, shooting, or fishing; "preserve the forest and the lakes" shooting preserve a preserve on which hunting is permitted during certain months of the year school district a district whose public schools are administered together industrial park a tract of land at a distance from city center that is designed for a cluster of businesses and factories inside the inner or enclosed surface of something the region that is inside of something away from the outer edge; "the inside lane" relating to or being on the side closer to the center or within a defined space; "he reached into his inside jacket pocket"; "inside out"; "an inside pitch is between home plate and the batter" confined to an exclusive group; "privy to inner knowledge"; "inside information"; "privileged information" within a building; "in winter we play inside" on the inside; "inside, the car is a mess" midland the interior part of a country midst the location of something surrounded by other things; "in the midst of the crowd" penetralium the innermost parts ionosphere the outer region of the Earth's atmosphere; contains a high concentration of free electrons irredenta a region that is related ethnically or historically to one country but is controlled politically by another isobar (meteorology)an isogram connecting points having equal barometric pressure at a given time isochrone an isogram connecting points at which something occurs or arrives at the same time isoclinic line an isogram connecting points of equal magnetic inclination isogram a line drawn on a map connecting points having the same numerical value of some variable isohel an isogram connecting points receiving equal amounts of sunshine isotherm (meteorology) an isogram connecting points having the same temperature at a given time jurisdiction in law; the territory within which power can be exercised turf range of jurisdiction or influence; "a bureaucracy...chiefly concerned with turf...and protecting the retirement system" the territory claimed by a juvenile gang as its own surface layer of ground containing a mat of grass and grass roots cover (the ground) with a surface layer of grass or grass roots lair the habitation of wild animals launching site a place for launching pads lawn a field of cultivated and mowed grass lee the side of something that is sheltered from the wind upper limit the limit on the upper (or northernmost) side of something lower limit the limit on the lower (or southernmost) side of something flight line place where airplanes are parked and the maintenance hangars (but not the runways or taxiways) line of battle a line formed by troops or ships prepared to deliver or receive an attack salient (military) the part of the line of battle that projects closest to the enemy (of angles) pointing outward at an angle of less than 180 degrees battle line the line along which warring troops meet line of flight the path along which a freely moving object travels through the air line of sight an imaginary straight line along which an observer looks lunar latitude an imaginary line around the moon parallel to its equator littoral the region of the shore of a lake or sea or ocean of or relating to a coastal or shore region loading zone a stop where carriers can be loaded and unloaded load line waterlines to show the level the water should reach when the ship is properly loaded Lombard Street a street in central London containing many of the major London banks longitude the angular distance between a point on any meridian and the prime meridian at Greenwich Trafalgar Square a square in central London where there is a memorial to Admiral Nelson Maghreb the region of northwest Africa comprising the Atlas Mountains and the coastlands of Morocco and Algeria and Tunisia magnetic pole either of two points where the lines of force of the Earth's magnetic field are vertical market cross a cross-shaped monument set up in the marketplace of a town where public business is often conducted maximum the point on a curve where the tangent changes from positive on the left to negative on the right the largest possible quantity grassland land where grass or grasslike vegetation grows and is the dominant form of plant life mecca a place that attracts many visitors; "New York is a mecca for young artists" melting pot an environment in which many ideas and races are socially assimilated meridian an imaginary great circle on the surface of the earth passing through the north and south poles at right angles to the equator; "all points on the same meridian have the same longitude" of or happening at noon; "meridian hour" observer's meridian a meridian that passes through the observer's zenith prime meridian meridian at zero degree longitude from which east and west are reckoned (usually the Greenwich longitude in England) Greenwich Meridian the meridian passing through Greenwich; was internationally adopted as the earth's zero of longitude in 1884 magnetic meridian an imaginary line passing through both magnetic poles of the Earth meteorological observation post one of a network of observation posts where meteorological data is recorded midair some point in the air; above ground level; "the planes collided in midair" minimum the point on a curve where the tangent changes from negative on the left to positive on the right the smallest possible quantity monument an important site that is marked and preserved as public property mud flat a tract of low muddy land near an estuary; covered at high tide and exposed at low tide nadir the point below the observer that is directly opposite the zenith on the imaginary sphere against which celestial bodies appear to be projected an extreme state of adversity; the lowest point of anything national park a tract of land declared by the national government to be public property Acadia National Park a national park in Maine showing marine erosion and glaciation; includes seashore and also the highest point on the Atlantic coast Arches National Park a national park in Utah including mountains and the Colorado River gorge and huge rock formations caused by erosion Badlands National Park a national park in South Dakota having multicolored peaks and spires resulting from erosion; fossil sites Big Bend a triangular area in southwestern Texas on the Mexican border; formed by a bend in the Rio Grande Big Bend National Park a large national park in Texas featuring mountains and desert and canyons and wildlife Biscayne National Park a national park in Florida having underwater coral reefs and marine life Bryce Canyon National Park a national park in Utah having multicolored rock erosions Canyonlands National Park a national park in Utah having rock formations and ancient cliff dwellings; canyons of the Green River and the Colorado River Capitol Reef National Park a national park in Utah having colorful rock formations and desert plants and wildlife Carlsbad Caverns National Park a national park in New Mexico featuring what is probably the world's largest cavern with spectacular underground formations Channel Islands National Park a national park in California featuring sea birds and marine life Crater Lake National Park a national park in Oregon having the deepest lake in the United States in the crater of an extinct volcano Denali National Park a large national park in Alaska having peaks of the Alaska Range (including Mount McKinley) and the huge Denali fault Everglades National Park a national park in Florida containing an immense subtropical wilderness with mangrove swamps and rare birds and wild animals Gates of the Arctic National Park a large national park in Alaska featuring the Great Mendenhall Glacier Grand Canyon National Park a national park in Arizona including the mile deep canyon of the Colorado River which shows geologic features and fossil plants and animals Grand Teton National Park a national park in Wyoming featuring mountains Great Smoky Mountains National Park a national park in Tennessee and North Carolina that includes the highest mountain in the eastern United States Guadalupe Mountains National Park a national park in Texas that has the highest point in Texas; includes desert wilderness and the ancient Apache hunting grounds Haleakala National Park a national park in Hawaii including a dormant volcano Hawaii Volcanoes National Park a national park in Hawaii featuring active volcanoes Hot Springs National Park a national park in Arkansas featuring ancient hot springs; bathing is said to have therapeutic effects Isle Royal National Park a national park on an island in Michigan; includes prehistoric iron mines Katmai National Park a national park in Alaska featuring mountains Kenai Fjords National Park a national park in Alaska having mountains and whale watching and ancient Indian copper mines Kings Canyon National Park a national park in California that has giant sequoia trees and alpine lakes and glaciers Kobuk Valley National Park a national park in Alaska having mountains and forests and tundra and sand dunes and archeological sites Lake Clark National Park a national park in Alaska having Eskimo and Athapaskan archeological sites Lassen Volcanic National Park a national park in California having mountains and volcanic lakes and hot springs Mammoth Cave National Park a national park in Kentucky having a large cavern and an underground river Mesa Verde National Park a national park in Colorado containing prehistoric cliff dwellings; semiarid landscape Mount Rainier National Park a national park in Washington having mountain terrain featuring glaciers and alpine lakes and streams and swamps North Cascades National Park a national park in Washington that is an alpine wilderness area featuring gold rush and logging campsites Olympic National Park a national park in Washington having rain forests of giant evergreens Petrified Forest National Park a national park in Arizona having the world's largest collection of petrified coniferous trees Platt National Park a national park in Oklahoma having mineral springs Redwood National Park a national park in California featuring a redwood forest and Pacific Ocean coastline Rocky Mountain National Park a national park in Colorado having mountains and lakes and streams and forests Sequoia National Park a national park in California that includes Mount Whitney Shenandoah National Park a national park in Virginia for the Blue Ridge Mountains Theodore Roosevelt Memorial National Park a national park in North Dakota that includes the site of former President Theodore Roosevelt's ranch Virgin Islands National Park a national park in the Virgin Islands having tropical plants and animals; sandy beaches and coral reefs Voyageurs National Park a national park in Minnesota having ancient rock outcroppings and evergreen forests Wind Cave National Park a national park in South Dakota featuring bison herds and limestone caverns windward the side of something that is toward the wind the direction from which the wind is coming on the side exposed to the wind; "the windward islands" toward the wind; "they were sailing windward" Wrangell-St. Elias National Park the largest national park of the United States; located in Alaska Yellowstone National Park the first national park in the United States; located in the border area between Wyoming and Montana and Idaho; spectacular wilderness; famous for Old Faithful geyser and for buffalo and bears Yosemite National Park a national park in California famous for its waterfalls and rock formations Zion National Park a national park in Utah having huge canyons and gorges carved by mountain rivers nesting place a place suitable for nesting no-go area an area that is dangerous or impossible to enter or to which entry is forbidden no man's land an unoccupied area between the front lines of opposing armies land that is unowned and uninhabited (and usually undesirable) nombril the center point on a shield no-parking zone a space where automobiles are not allowed to park north celestial pole the celestial pole above the northern hemisphere; near Polaris northern hemisphere the hemisphere that is to the north of the equator North Pole the northernmost point of the Earth's axis old country the country of origin of an immigrant orbit the (usually elliptical) path described by one celestial body in its revolution about another; "he plotted the orbit of the moon" the path of an electron around the nucleus of an atom geosynchronous orbit a circular orbit around the Earth having a period of 24 hours geostationary orbit a geosynchronous orbit that is fixed with respect to a position on the Earth coastline the outline of a coast outside the outer side or surface of something the region that is outside of something originating or belonging beyond some bounds; "the outside world"; "outside interests"; "an outside job" on or toward an outer edge; "an outer lane"; "the outside lane" functioning outside the boundaries or precincts of an organized unit; "extramural hospital care and treatment"; "extramural studies" very unlikely; "an outside chance"; "a remote possibility"; "a remote contingency" relating to or being on or near the outer side or limit; "an outside margin" outside a building; "in summer we play outside" on the outside; "outside, the box is black" outdoors where the air is unconfined; "he wanted to get outdoors a little"; "the concert was held in the open air"; "camping in the open" outstation a station in a remote or sparsely populated location overlook a high place affording a good view watch over; "I am overlooking her work" look past, fail to notice parade ground an area for holding parades fairground an open area for holding fairs or exhibitions or circuses midway the place at a fair or carnival where sideshows and similar amusements are located parking lot a lot where cars are parked parking space a space where an automobile can be parked parts the local environment; "he hasn't been seen around these parts in years" pasture a field covered with grass or herbage and suitable for grazing by livestock beeline the most direct route; "he made a beeline for the bathroom" crosscut a diagonal path cut using a diagonal line supply line a route over which supplies can be delivered line of fire the path of a missile discharged from a firearm migration route the geographic route along which birds customarily migrate patriarchate the jurisdiction of a patriarch peak the top or extreme point of something (usually a mountain or hill); "the view from the peak was magnificent"; "they clambered to the tip of Monadnock"; "the region is a few molecules wide at the summit" periapsis (astronomy) the point in an orbit closest to the body being orbited perigee periapsis in Earth orbit; the point in its orbit where a satellite is nearest to the Earth perihelion periapsis in solar orbit; the point in the orbit of a planet or comet where it is nearest to the sun perijove periapsis in orbit around Jupiter periselene periapsis in orbit around the moon pesthole a breeding ground for epidemic disease picnic area a tract of land set aside for picnicking prairie a treeless grassy plain public square an open area at the meeting of two or more streets toll plaza an area where tollbooths are located pole position the most favorable position at the start of a race polls the place where people vote pride of place the first or highest or most important or most ostentatious place military position a point occupied by troops for tactical reasons anomaly (astronomy) position of a planet as defined by its angular distance from its perihelion (as observed from the sun) a person who is unusual deviation from the normal or common order or form or rule site physical position in relation to the surroundings; "the sites are determined by highly specific sequences of nucleotides" the piece of land on which something is located (or is to be located); "a good site for the school" active site the part of an enzyme or antibody where the chemical reaction occurs close quarters a situation of being uncomfortably close to someone or something locus of infection the specific site in the body where an infection originates restriction site the specific sites at which a restriction enzyme will cleave DNA stage right the part of the stage on the actor's right as the actor faces the audience stage left the part of the stage on the actor's left as the actor faces the audience new town a planned urban community created in a rural or undeveloped area and designed to be self-sufficient with its own housing and education and commerce and recreation potter's field a cemetery for unknown or indigent people premises land and the buildings on it; "bread is baked on the premises"; "the were evicted from the premises" protectorate a state or territory partly controlled by (but not a possession of) a stronger state but autonomous in internal affairs; protectorates are established by treaty kasbah an older or native quarter of many cities in northern Africa; the quarter in which the citadel is located medina the ancient quarter of many cities in northern Africa Queen Maud Land a region of Antarctica between Enderby Land and the Weddell Sea; claimed by Norway rain shadow an area that has little precipitation because some barrier causes the winds to lose their moisture before reaching it rearward direction toward the rear; "his outfit marched to the rearward of the tank divisions" directed or moving toward the rear; "a rearward glance"; "a rearward movement" red line a line that is colored red and that bisects an ice hockey rink antipodes any two places or regions on diametrically opposite sides of the Earth; "the North Pole and the South Pole are antipodes" staging area an area where troops and equipment in transit are assembled before a military operation rhumb line a line on a sphere that cuts all meridians at the same angle; the path taken by a ship or plane that maintains a constant compass direction right ascension (astronomy) the equatorial coordinate specifying the angle, measured eastward along the celestial equator, from the vernal equinox to the intersection of the hour circle that passes through an object in the sky; usually expressed in hours and minutes and seconds; used with declination to specify positions on the celestial sphere; "one hour of right ascension equals fifteen degrees" waterfront the area of a city (such as a harbor or dockyard) alongside a body of water seafront the waterfront of a seaside town entrepot a port where merchandise can be imported and then exported without paying import duties; "Bahrain has been an entrepot of trade between Arabia and India since the second millennium BC" free port a port open on equal terms to all commercial vessels an area adjoining a port where goods that are intended for reshipment can be received and stored without payment of duties home port the port from which a ship originates of where it is registered outport a subsidiary port built in deeper water than the original port (but usually farther from the center of trade) port of entry a port in the United States where customs officials are stationed to oversee the entry and exit of people and merchandise seaport a sheltered port where ships can take on or discharge cargo coaling station a seaport where ships can take on supplies of coal port of call any port where a ship stops except its home port treaty port a port in China or Korea or Japan that once was open to foreign trade on the basis of a trading treaty roads a partly sheltered anchorage dockyard an establishment on the waterfront where vessels are built or fitted out or repaired resort a hotel located in a resort area resort area an area where many people go for recreation rough the part of a golf course bordering the fairway where the grass is not cut short not perfected; "a rough draft"; "a few rough sketches" (of persons or behavior) lacking refinement or finesse; "she was a diamond in the rough"; "rough manners" having or caused by an irregular surface; "trees with rough bark"; "rough ground"; "rough skin"; "rough blankets"; "his unsmooth face" causing or characterized by jolts and irregular movements; "a rough ride" of the margin of a leaf shape; having the edge cut or fringed or scalloped vicinity a surrounding or nearby region; "the plane crashed in the vicinity of Asheville"; "it is a rugged locality"; "he always blames someone else in the immediate neighborhood"; "I will drop in on you the next time I am in this neck of the woods" gold coast a rich neighborhood noted for expensive homes and luxurious living; usually along a coastal area; "Chicago's gold coast is along Lake Michigan" 'hood (slang) a neighborhood ashram (India) a place of religious retreat for Hindus a place of religious retreat modeled after the Indian ashram Camp David a retreat to the northwest of Washington that is used by the president of the United States nook a sheltered and secluded place pleasance a pleasant and secluded part of a garden; usually attached to a mansion harborage (nautical) a place of refuge (as for a ship) danger a dangerous place; "He moved out of danger" the condition of being susceptible to harm or injury; "you are in no danger"; "there was widespread danger of disease" a cause of pain or injury or loss; "he feared the dangers of traveling by air" danger line a line beyond which it is dangerous to go rookery a breeding ground for gregarious birds (such as rooks) countryside rural regions scrubland an uncultivated region covered with scrub vegetation weald an area of open or forested country wold a tract of open rolling country (especially upland) safari park an area of parkland where wild animals are kept and can be viewed by visitors driving through sanctum a place of inviolable privacy; "he withdrew to his sanctum sanctorum, where the children could never go" sandlot a vacant lot used by city boys to play games savanna a flat grassland in tropical or subtropical regions field of honor the scene of a duel schoolyard the yard associated with a school churchyard the yard associated with a church scour a place that is scoured (especially by running water) rub hard or scrub; "scour the counter tops" examine minutely; "The police scoured the country for the fugitive" service area place on a highway providing garage services and eating and toilet facilities showplace a place that is frequently exhibited and visited for its historical interest or natural beauty bedside space by the side of a bed (especially the bed of a sick or dying person); "the doctor stood at her bedside" blind side the side on which your vision is limited or obstructed dockside the region adjacent to a boat dock east side the side that is on the east north side the side that is on the north shipside the part of a wharf that is next to a ship south side the side that is on the south west side the side that is on the west scrimmage line line parallel to the goal lines where football linesmen line up at the start of each play in American football; "the runner was tackled at the line of scrimmage" service line the back line bounding each end of a tennis or handball court; when serving the server must not step over this line skyline the outline of objects seen against the sky slum a district of a city marked by poverty and inferior living conditions spend time at a lower socio-economic level than one's own, motivated by curiosity or desire for adventure; usage considered condescending and insensitive; "attending a motion picture show by the upper class was considered sluming in the early 20th century" shantytown a city district inhabited by people living in huts and shanties skid row a city district frequented by vagrants and alcoholics and addicts ski resort a resort with lodging and facilities for skiing solitude a solitary place the state or situation of being alone a state of social isolation southern hemisphere the hemisphere to the south of the equator South Pole the southernmost point of the Earth's axis south celestial pole the celestial pole above the southern hemisphere touchline either of the sidelines in soccer or rugby yard line in football; line parallel to the goal lines indicating position on the field American state one of the 50 states of the United States Stonehenge an ancient megalithic monument in southern England; probably used for ritual purposes stopover a stopping place on a journey; "there is a stopover to change planes in Chicago" Strand a street in west central London famous for its theaters and hotels soil horizon a layer in a soil profile A-horizon the top layer of a soil profile; usually contains humus B-horizon immediately below the A-horizon; contains deposits of organic matter leached from surface soils C-horizon beneath the B-horizon and above the bedrock; consisting of weathered rock geological horizon a layer of rock with a particular composition (especially of fossils); for dating the stratum coal seam a seam of coal coalface the part of a coal seam that is being cut coalfield a region where there is coal underground gasfield a region where there is natural gas underground oilfield a region rich in petroleum deposits (especially one with producing oil wells) tank farm an area used exclusively for storing petroleum in large tanks trouble spot a place where trouble exists or occurs regularly tax haven a country or independent region where taxes are low toxic site a site where toxic wastes have been dumped and the Environmental Protection Agency has designated them to be cleaned up orphan site a toxic waste area where the polluter could not be identified or the polluter refused to take action or pay for the cleanup Temperate Zone the part of the Earth's surface between the Arctic Circle and the Tropic of Cancer or between the Antarctic Circle and the Tropic of Capricorn; characterized by temperate climate North Temperate Zone Temperate Zone between the Arctic Circle and the Tropic of Cancer South Temperate Zone Temperate Zone between the Antarctic Circle and the Tropic of Capricorn terreplein level space where heavy guns can be mounted behind the parapet at the top of a rampart testing ground a region resembling a laboratory inasmuch as it offers opportunities for observation and practice and experimentation; "the new nation is a testing ground for socioeconomic theories"; "Pakistan is a laboratory for studying the use of American troops to combat terrorism" theme park an amusement park that is organized around some theme (as the world of tomorrow) three-mile limit the limit of a nation's territorial waters desktop the top of a desk rooftop the top of a (usually flat) roof tiptop the extreme top or summit topographic point a point located with respect to surface features of some region; "this is a nice place for a picnic"; "a bright spot on a planet" Torrid Zone the part of the Earth's surface between the Tropic of Cancer and the Tropic of Capricorn; characterized by a hot climate burg colloquial American term for a town; "I've lived in this burg all my life" boom town a town enjoying sudden prosperity cow town a small town in a cattle-raising area of western North America ghost town a deserted settlement (especially in western United States) hometown the town (or city) where you grew up or where you have your principal residence; "he never went back to his hometown again" Main Street any small town (or the people who inhabit it); generally used to represent parochialism and materialism (after a novel by Sinclair Lewis); "Main Street will never vote for a liberal politician" market town a (usually small) town where a public market is held at stated times township an administrative division of a county; "the town is responsible for snow removal" kampong a native village in Malaysia pueblo a communal village built by Indians in the southwestern United States subtropics regions adjacent to the tropics mine field a tract of land containing explosive mines terrain a piece of ground having specific characteristics or military potential; "they decided to attack across the rocky terrain" lot a parcel of land having fixed boundaries; "he bought a lot on the lake" divide into lots, as of land, for example tropic either of two parallels of latitude about 23.5 degrees to the north and south of the equator representing the points farthest north and south at which the sun can shine directly overhead and constituting the boundaries of the Torrid Zone or tropics Tropic of Cancer a line of latitude about 23 degrees to the north of the equator Tropic of Capricorn a line of latitude about 23 degrees to the south of the equator trust territory a dependent country; administered by another country under the supervision of the United Nations urban area a geographical area constituting a city or town barrio an urban area in a Spanish-speaking country a Spanish-speaking quarter in a town or city (especially in the United States) used-car lot a parking lot where a dealer in used-cars displays cars for sale vacant lot a lot on which there are no permanent buildings Van Allen belt a belt of charged particles (resulting from cosmic rays) above the Earth trapped by the Earth's magnetic field vantage place or situation affording some advantage (especially a comprehensive view or commanding perspective) vantage point a place from which something can be viewed; "from that vantage point he could survey the whole valley" veld elevated open grassland in southern Africa venue in law: the jurisdiction where a trial will be held the scene of any event or action (especially the place of a meeting) vertical circle a great circle on the celestial sphere passing through the zenith and perpendicular to the horizon viceroyalty a district or province governed by a viceroy Victoria Land a mountainous area of Antarctica bounded by the Ross Sea and Wilkes Land village green a village park consisting of a plot of grassy land watering place a health resort near a spring or at the seaside waterline a line corresponding to the surface of the water when the vessel is afloat on an even keel; often painted on the hull of a ship water line a line marking the level reached by a body of water high-water mark a line marking the highest level reached low-water mark a line marking the lowest level reached watershed a ridge of land that separates two adjacent river systems continental divide the watershed of a continent (especially the watershed of North America formed by a series of mountain ridges extending from Alaska to Mexico) Great Divide that part of the continental divide formed by the Rocky Mountains in the United States trade route a route followed by traders (usually in caravans) Silk Road an ancient trade route between China and the Mediterranean (4,000 miles); followed by Marco Polo in the 13th century to reach Cathay Northwest Passage a water route between the Atlantic Ocean and the Pacific Ocean along the northern coast of North America; Europeans since the 16th century had searched for a short route to the Far East before it was successfully traversed by Roald Amundsen (1903-1906) east-west direction in a direction parallel with lines of latitude north-south direction in a direction parallel with lines of longitude qibla the direction of the Kaaba toward which Muslims turn for their daily prayers wave front (physics) an imaginary surface joining all points in space that are reached at the same instant by a wave propagating through a medium all the points just reached by a wave as it propagates Wilkes Land a coastal region of Antarctica on the Indian Ocean to the south of Australia; most of the territory is claimed by Australia western hemisphere the hemisphere that includes North America and South America West the countries of (originally) Europe and (now including) North America and South America the region of the United States lying to the west of the Mississippi River English painter (born in America) who became the second president of the Royal Academy (1738-1820) United States film actress (1892-1980) British writer (born in Ireland) (1892-1983) Wild West the western United States during its frontier period wheatfield a field planted with wheat whereabouts the general location where something is; "I questioned him about his whereabouts on the night of the crime" winner's circle a small area at a racecourse where awards are given to the owners of winning horses workspace space allocated for your work (as in an office) tiltyard (formerly) an enclosed field for tilting contests zenith the point above the observer that is directly opposite the nadir on the imaginary sphere against which celestial bodies appear to be projected sign of the zodiac (astrology) one of 12 equal areas into which the zodiac is divided Aries the first sign of the zodiac which the sun enters at the vernal equinox; the sun is in this sign from about March 21 to April 19 a small zodiacal constellation in the northern hemisphere; between Pisces and Taurus (astrology) a person who is born while the sun is in Aries Taurus the second sign of the zodiac; the sun is in this sign from about April 20 to May 20 a zodiacal constellation in the northern hemisphere near Orion; between Aries and Gemini (astrology) a person who is born while the sun is in Taurus Gemini the third sign of the zodiac; the sun is in this sign from about May 21 to June 20 a zodiacal constellation in the northern hemisphere between Taurus and Cancer on the ecliptic (astrology) a person who is born while the sun is in Gemini Leo the fifth sign of the zodiac; the sun is in this sign from about July 23 to August 22 a zodiacal constellation in northern hemisphere between Cancer and Virgo (astrology) a person who is born while the sun is in Leo Virgo the sixth sign of the zodiac; the sun is in this sign from about August 23 to September 22 a large zodiacal constellation on the equator; between Leo and Libra (astrology) a person who is born while the sun is in Virgo Libra the seventh sign of the zodiac; the sun is in this sign from about September 23 to October 22 a small faint zodiacal constellation in the southern hemisphere; between Virgo and Scorpius (astrology) a person who is born while the sun is in Libra Scorpio the eighth sign of the zodiac; the sun is in this sign from about October 23 to November 21 (astrology) a person who is born while the sun is in Scorpio Capricorn the tenth sign of the zodiac; the sun is in this sign from about December 22 to January 19 (astrology) a person who is born while the sun is in Capricorn Aquarius the eleventh sign of the zodiac; the sun is in this sign from about January 20 to February 18 a zodiacal constellation in the southern hemisphere; between Capricornus and Pisces (astrology) a person who is born while the sun is in Aquarius buffer zone a neutral zone between two rival powers that is created in order to diminish the danger of conflict combat zone a military area where combat forces operate a city district known for its vice and high crime rate war zone a combat zone where military operations are coordinated (especially a designated area in international waters where the rights of neutrals are not respected by nations at war) airhead a bridgehead seized by airborne troops a flighty scatterbrained simpleton; "she's a total airhead"; "every airhead on a big salary rushed out to buy one" danger zone a dangerous area demilitarized zone a zone from which military forces or operations or installations are prohibited; "tensions exist on both sides of the demilitarized zone separating North Korea and South Korea" drop zone an agreed area where military supplies are dropped to ground troops kill zone an area where a battle has occurred with many fatalities killing field (usually plural) an area where many people have died (usually by massacre or genocide during war or violent civil disturbance) enterprise zone a city district where development receives special tax advantages outskirt a part of the city far removed from the center; "they built a factory on the outskirts of the city" strike zone (baseball) the area over home plate between a batter's knees and shoulders through which a pitch must pass in order to be called a strike tidal zone an area subject to tidal action time zone any of the 24 regions of the globe (loosely divided by longitude) throughout which the same standard time is used transit zone a six million square mile area that includes the Caribbean and the Gulf of Mexico and the eastern Pacific Ocean; includes the principal routes used by drug smugglers national capital the capital city of a nation provincial capital the capital city of a province state capital the capital city of a political subdivision of a country Continent the European mainland; "Englishmen like to visit the Continent but they wouldn't like to live there" European country any one of the countries occupying the European continent Scandinavian country any one of the countries occupying Scandinavia Balkans the Balkan countries collectively the major mountain range of Bulgaria and the Balkan Peninsula Balkan country any one of the countries on the Balkan Peninsula African country any one of the countries occupying the African continent East Africa a geographical area in eastern Africa Namibia a republic in southwestern Africa on the south Atlantic coast (formerly called South West Africa); achieved independence from South Africa in 1990; the greater part of Namibia forms part of the high Namibian plateau of South Africa Windhoek capital of Namibia in the center of the country Asian country any one of the nations occupying the Asian continent Cappadocia an ancient country is eastern Asia Minor Galatia an ancient country in central Asia Minor Phrygia an ancient country in western and central Asia Minor Colossae an ancient city in south western Phrygia in Asia Minor; site of an early Christian Church Pontus an ancient region of northern Asia Minor on the Black Sea; it reached its height under Mithridates VI but was later incorporated into the Roman Empire (Greek mythology) ancient personification of the sea; father of Nereus Asia Minor a peninsula in southwestern Asia that forms the Asian part of Turkey South American country any one of the countries occupying the South American continent North American country any country on the North American continent Central American country any one of the countries occupying Central America; these countries (except for Belize and Costa Rica) are characterized by low per capita income and unstable governments Afghanistan a mountainous landlocked country in central Asia; bordered by Iran to the west and Russia to the north and Pakistan to the east and south; "Soviet troops invaded Afghanistan in 1979" Herat a city in northwestern Afghanistan on the site of several ancient cities Jalalabad a town in eastern Afghanistan (east of Kabul) Kabul the capital and largest city of Afghanistan; located in eastern Afghanistan Kandahar a city in southern Afghanistan; an important trading center Mazar-i-Sharif a city in northern Afghanistan Illyria an uncertain region on the east shore of the Adriatic where an ancient Indo-European people once lived Albania a republic in southeastern Europe on the Adriatic coast of the Balkan Peninsula Tirana the capital and largest city of Albania in the center of the country Durres port city in western Albania on the Adriatic Algeria a republic in northwestern Africa on the Mediterranean Sea with a population that is predominantly Sunni Muslim; colonized by France in the 19th century but gained autonomy in the early 1960s Algiers an ancient port on the Mediterranean; the capital and largest city of Algeria Annaba a port city of northeastern Algeria near the Tunisian border Batna a town in north central Algeria Blida a city in northern Algeria at the foot of the Atlas Mountains to the southwest of Algiers Oran a port city in northwestern Algeria and the country's 2nd largest city Constantine a walled city in northeastern Algeria to the east of Algiers; was destroyed in warfare in the 4th century and rebuilt by Constantine I Emperor of Rome who stopped the persecution of Christians and in 324 made Christianity the official religion of the Roman Empire; in 330 he moved his capital from Rome to Byzantium and renamed it Constantinople (280-337) Djanet a desert town in southeastern Algeria Hippo an ancient Numidian town in northwestern Africa adjoining present-day Annaba in northeastern Algeria Reggane a town in central Algeria Timgad an ancient town founded by the Romans; noted for extensive and well-preserved ruins Timimoun a town in central Algeria in the Atlas Mountains Numidia an ancient kingdom (later a Roman province) in North Africa in an area corresponding roughly to present-day Algeria Angola a republic in southwestern Africa on the Atlantic Ocean; achieved independence from Portugal in 1975 and was the scene of civil war until 1990 Luanda port city on Atlantic coast; the capital and largest city of Angola Huambo a city in the mountains in western Angola Lobito a seaport on the Atlantic coast of Angola Aran Islands three small islands belonging to Ireland at the entrance to Galway Bay Caribbean region including the Caribbean Islands an arm of the Atlantic Ocean between North and South America; the origin of the Gulf stream Cayman Islands a British colony in the Caribbean to the northwest of Jamaica; an international banking center George Town the capital of the Cayman Islands Antigua and Barbuda a country in the northern Leeward Islands Antigua the largest of the islands comprising Antigua and Barbuda Barbuda an island in Antigua and Barbuda Redonda an island in Antigua and Barbuda St. John's the capital and largest city of Antigua and Barbuda; located on the island of Antigua Bengal a region whose eastern part is now Bangladesh and whose western part is included in India Bermuda a group of islands in the Atlantic off the Carolina coast; British colony; a popular resort Hamilton the capital of Bermuda a port city in southeastern Ontario at the western end of Lake Ontario United States statesman and leader of the Federalists; as the first Secretary of the Treasury he establish a federal bank; was mortally wounded in a duel with Aaron Burr (1755-1804) United States toxicologist known for her work on industrial poisons (1869-1970) English beauty who was the mistress of Admiral Nelson (1765-1815) Irish mathematician (1806-1865) Bermuda Triangle an area in the western Atlantic Ocean where many ships and planes are supposed to have been mysteriously lost Bouvet Island an island belonging to Norway in the South Atlantic near the Antarctic Circle Montserrat a volcanic island in the Caribbean; in the West Indies Patagonia region in southern South America between the Andes and the South Atlantic Triple Frontier the border area where Argentina and Brazil and Paraguay meet; an active South American center for contraband and drug trafficking and money laundering; a suspected locale for Islamic extremist groups Bahia Blanca a port city in eastern Argentina to the southwest of Buenos Aires on an inlet of the Atlantic Ocean Buenos Aires capital and largest city of Argentina; located in eastern Argentina near Uruguay; Argentina's chief port and industrial and cultural center Cordoba a city in central Argentina; site of a university founded in 1613 a city in southern Spain; center of Moorish culture Spanish explorer who discovered Yucatan (1475-1526) Moron a city in Argentina, to the west of Buenos Aires Rosario a port city on the Parana River in eastern central Argentina Vicente Lopez an industrial suburb of Buenos Aires pampas the vast grassy plains of northern Argentina Balkan Peninsula a large peninsula in southeastern Europe containing the Balkan Mountain Range Bulgaria a republic in the eastern part of the Balkan Peninsula in southeastern Europe Sofia capital and largest city of Bulgaria located in western Bulgaria Dobrich a city in northeastern Bulgaria (north of Varna) that is the commercial center of an agricultural region Plovdiv an ancient city in southern Bulgaria; commercial center of an agricultural region Varna a port city in northeastern Bulgaria on the Black Sea Southeast Asia a geographical division of Asia that includes Indochina plus Indonesia and the Philippines and Singapore Myanmar a mountainous republic in southeastern Asia on the Bay of Bengal; "much opium is grown in Myanmar" Yangon the capital and largest city of Myanmar; located in the south near the Irrawaddy river delta Mandalay a city in central Myanmar to the north of Rangoon Moulmein a port city of southern Myanmar on the Gulf of Martaban Burundi a landlocked republic in east central Africa on the northeastern shore of Lake Tanganyika of or relating to or characteristic of Burundi or its people; "the Burundi capital" Bujumbura the capital and largest city of Burundi; "Usumbura was renamed Bujumbura when Burundi became independent in 1962" Cambodia a nation in southeastern Asia; was part of Indochina under French rule until 1946 Phnom Penh the capital and largest city of Kampuchea Cameroon a republic on the western coast of central Africa; was under French and British control until 1960 an inactive volcano in western Cameroon; highest peak on the West African coast Yaounde the capital of Cameroon Douala the largest city of Cameroon Cape Verde Islands a group of islands in the Atlantic off of the coast of Senegal Cape Verde an island country in the Atlantic off the coast of Senegal Praia the capital of Cape Verde on Sao Tiago Island Sao Tiago Island largest of the Cape Verde Islands in the Atlantic Ocean Falkland Islands a group of over 100 islands in the southern Atlantic off the coast of Argentina; a British Crown Colony Central African Republic a landlocked country in central Africa; formerly under French control; became independent in 1960 Bangui the capital and largest city of the Central African Republic Ceylon an island in the Indian Ocean off the southeastern coast of India Sri Lanka a republic on the island of Ceylon; became independent of the United Kingdom in 1948 Colombo the capital and largest city of Sri Lanka; has one of the largest harbors in the world; is located on the western coast of the island of Ceylon Kandy a city of central Sri Lanka that was the last capital of the ancient kings of Ceylon; a resort and religious center Eelam the independent state that the Tamil Tigers have fought for N'Djamena the capital and largest city of Chad; located in the southwestern on the Shari river Chile a republic in southern South America on the western slopes of the Andes on the south Pacific coast Antofagasta a port city on the Pacific in northern Chile Chiloe the largest Chilean island and the only one to be settled; located off south-central Chile Concepcion an industrial city in Chile to the south of Santiago Gran Santiago the capital and largest city of Chile; located in central Chile; one of the largest cities in South America Punta Arenas a city in southern Chile on the Strait of Magellan; the southernmost city in the world Temuco a city in central Chile to the south of Concepcion Valparaiso the chief port and second largest city of Chile; located on a wide harbor in central Chile Vina del Mar a resort city on the Pacific in central Chile Tierra del Fuego an archipelago off southern South America; separated from the continent by the Strait of Magellan; islands are administered by Chile and by Argentina Cape Horn a rocky headland belonging to Chile at the southernmost tip of South America (south of Tierra del Fuego) Manchuria a region in northeastern China China a communist nation that covers a vast territory in eastern Asia; the most populous country in the world Turkistan a historical region of central Asia that was a center for trade between the East and the West Beijing capital of the People's Republic of China in the Hebei province in northeastern China; 2nd largest Chinese city Forbidden City a walled section of Beijing that encloses the palace that was formerly the residence of the emperor of China Chongqing a city in south-central China on the Chang Jiang; a commercial center for western China Guangdong a province in southern China Guangzhou a city on the Zhu Jiang delta in southern China; the capital of Guangdong province and a major deep-water port Gansu a province in north-central China; formerly part of the Silk Road to Turkistan and India and Persia Hebei a populous province in northeastern China Hunan a province in southeastern central China between the Nan Ling mountains and the Chang Jiang; noted for its timber and valuable mineral resources Szechwan a populous province of south central China Yunnan a province of southern China Lanzhou the capital city of the Chinese province of Gansu on the Yellow River Luda an industrial conurbation in northeastern China on the southern end of the Liaodong Peninsula; it now includes the cities of Dalian and Lushun Dalian a port and shipbuilding center in northeastern China on the Liaodong Peninsula; now a part of Luda Luoyang a city in east central China; the capital of ancient China during several dynasties Lushun a major port city in northeastern China on the Liaodong Peninsula; now a part of Luda Hangzhou a city of eastern China on Hangzhou Bay; regarded by Marco Polo as the finest city in the world Nanchang a walled city in southeastern China on the Gan Jiang Nanning an industrial city in southern China Nanjing a city in eastern China on the Yangtze River; a former capital of China; the scene of a Japanese massacre in the 1930s Shanghai the largest city of China; located in the east on the Pacific; one of the largest ports in the world Shenyang a city in northeastern China Taiyuan an ancient city in northeastern China noted for coal mining and steel production Tangshan an industrial city of northeastern China in Hebei province Tianjin a major industrial center in northeastern China on the Grand Canal near the Yellow Sea; 3rd largest city in China Grand Canal an inland waterway 1000 miles long in eastern China; extends from Tianjin in the north to Hangzhou in the south the major waterway in Venice, Italy Wuhan a city of central China on the Chang Jiang; the commercial and industrial center of central China Xian a city of central China; capital of ancient Chinese empire 221-206 BC Xinjiang an autonomous province in far northwestern China on the border with Mongolia and Kazakhstan; the largest province in the People's Republic of China and the homeland of the Uighur people Inner Mongolia an autonomous region of northeastern China that was annexed by the Manchu rulers in 1635 and became an integral part of China in 1911 Hohhot a northern industrial city of China to the northwest of Beijing Taiwan an island in southeastern Asia 100 miles off the coast of mainland China in the South China Sea a government on the island of Taiwan established in 1949 by Chiang Kai-shek after the conquest of mainland China by the Communists led by Mao Zedong Taipei the capital of Nationalist China; located in northern Taiwan Taichung a city in Taiwan Hong Kong formerly a Crown Colony on the coast of southern China in Guangdong province; leased by China to Britain in 1842 and returned in 1997; one of the world's leading commercial centers Macao a former Portuguese province on the south coast of China and two islands in the South China Sea; reverted to China in 1999 Indochina a peninsula of southeastern Asia that includes Myanmar and Cambodia and Laos and Malaysia and Thailand and Vietnam French Indochina the French colonies of the territory now occupied by Cambodia, Laos, and Vietnam Colombia a republic in northwestern South America with a coastline on the Pacific Ocean and the Caribbean Sea; achieved independence from Spain in 1821 under the leadership of Simon Bolivar; Spanish is the official language Barranquilla a port city of northern Colombia near the Caribbean on the Magdalena River Bogota capital and largest city of Colombia; located in central Colombia on a high fertile plain Cali city in southwestern Colombia in a rich agricultural area Medellin city in western Colombia; important coffee center Cartagena a port city in northwestern Colombia on the Caribbean a port in southeastern Spain on the Mediterranean Soledad a city in northern Colombia; a suburb of Barranquilla Comoro Islands three main islands and numerous islets in the Indian Ocean between Mozambique and Madagascar Comoros a country on the Comoro Islands Congo a republic in west-central Africa; achieved independence from France in 1960 a republic in central Africa; achieved independence from Belgium in 1960 a major African river (one of the world's longest); flows through Congo into the South Atlantic Brazzaville the capital and largest city of the Republic of the Congo Goma a city in eastern Congo at the northern end of Lake Kivu near the border with Rwanda Kananga a city in southwestern Congo; former name (until 1966) was Luluabourg Kinshasa the capital of the Democratic Republic of the Congo on the Congo river opposite Brazzaville Lubumbashi a city in southeastern Congo near the border with Zambia; a copper mining center; former name (until 1966) was Elisabethville Mesoamerica Mexico and Central America Costa Rica a republic in Central America; one of the most politically stable countries in Latin America San Jose the capital and largest city of Costa Rica a city in western California located at the southern end of San Francisco Bay to the south of San Francisco; a center for computer and electronics industries Ivory Coast a republic in western Africa on the Gulf of Guinea; one of the most prosperous and politically stable countries in Africa Abidjan city recognized by the United States as the capital of the Ivory Coast; largest city of the Ivory Coast Yamoussukro capital of the Ivory Coast Guatemala a republic in Central America; achieved independence from Spain in 1821; noted for low per capita income and illiteracy; politically unstable Guatemala City the capital and largest city of Guatemala Belize a country on the northeastern coast of Central America on the Caribbean; formerly under British control Honduras a republic in Central America; achieved independence from Spain in 1821; an early center of Mayan culture Tegucigalpa the capital and largest city of Honduras San Pedro Sula industrial city in northwestern Honduras El Salvador a republic on the Pacific coast of Central America San Salvador the capital and largest city of El Salvador; has suffered from recurrent earthquakes Santa Ana a city in western El Salvador a city in southern California to the east of Long Beach a strong hot dry wind that blows in winter from the deserts of southern California toward the Pacific Coast Nicaragua a republic in Central America; achieved independence from Spain in 1821 Managua the capital and largest city of Nicaragua Panama a republic on the Isthmus of Panama; achieved independence from Colombia in 1903 Panama City the capital and largest city of Panama a resort and fishing town on the Gulf of Mexico in northwest Florida Colon a port city at the Caribbean entrance to the Panama Canal Panama Canal Zone a zone consisting of a strip of land across the Isthmus of Panama that contains the Panama Canal Yucatan a peninsula in Central America extending into the Gulf of Mexico between the Bay of Campeche and the Caribbean Sea a state of Mexico on the northern part of the Yucatan Peninsula Merida the capital of the Mexican state of Yucatan Campeche a Mexican state on the eastern part of the Gulf of Campeche a Mexican city on the Bay of Campeche Cancun a popular island resort off the northeastern tip of the Yucatan peninsula Mexico a republic in southern North America; became independent from Spain in 1810 Acapulco a port and fashionable resort city on the Pacific coast of southern Mexico; known for beaches and water sports (including cliff diving) Ciudad Juarez a city in northern Mexico on the Rio Grande opposite El Paso Ciudad Victoria a city in east central Mexico Coahuila a state in northern Mexico; mostly high plateau Culiacan a city in northwestern Mexico Durango a city in north central Mexico; mining center Guadalajara a city in southwestern Mexico; a popular health resort and site of architecture from the Spanish colonial era Hermosillo a city in northwestern Mexico near the Gulf of California Leon a city in central Mexico a city in northwestern Spain at the foot of the Cantabrian Mountains a historical area and former kingdom in northwestern Spain Matamoros a city in northeastern Mexico opposite Brownsville near the mouth of the Rio Grande Mazatlan a port city in western Mexico on the Pacific Ocean; tourist center Mexicali a city in northwestern Mexico near the California border Mexico City the capital and largest city of Mexico is a political and cultural and commercial and industrial center; one of the world's largest cities Monterrey an industrial city in northeastern Mexico Nogales a town in northern Mexico on the border of Arizona a town in Arizona on the Mexican border opposite Nogales, Mexico Oaxaca a city of southeastern Mexico Orizaba a city of east central Mexico (west of Veracruz); a popular resort Puebla a city in south central Mexico (southeast of Mexico City) on the edge of central Mexican plateau Quintana Roo a Mexican state on the eastern side of the Yucatan Peninsula San Luis Potosi a city in central Mexico Santa Maria del Tule a town in southeastern Mexico near Oaxaca; site of Ahuehuete, a giant Montezuma cypress Tepic a city in west central Mexico Tampico a port city in eastern Mexico Torreon a city in northern Mexico to the west of Monterrey Tijuana a Mexican city just to the south of San Diego on the Lower California peninsula; popular among American tourists for racetracks and bullfights Tuxtla Gutierrez a city in southeastern Mexico Veracruz a major Mexican port on the Gulf of Mexico in the state of Veracruz Villahermosa a city in southeastern Mexico; the capital of the state of Tabasco Guadalupe Island a Mexican island in the Pacific to the west of Baja California Caribbean Island an island in the Caribbean Sea West Indies the string of islands between North America and South America; a popular resort area British West Indies the islands in the West Indies that were formerly under British control, including the Bahamas, Saint Lucia, Antigua, Grenada, Jamaica, Barbados, and Trinidad Antilles a group of islands in the West Indies French West Indies the islands in the Lesser Antilles that are administered by France Greater Antilles a group of islands in the western West Indies Lesser Antilles a group of islands in the southeastern West Indies Netherlands Antilles a group of islands in the Lesser Antilles just to the north of Venezuela that are administered by The Netherlands Aruba a popular island resort in the Netherlands Antilles Bonaire a popular island resort in the Netherlands Antilles Curacao a popular island resort in the Netherlands Antilles Saba a island in the Netherlands Antilles that is the top of an extinct volcano Saint Eustatius an island in the Netherlands Antilles Leeward Islands a group of islands in the eastern West Indies Saint Martin an island in the western Leeward Islands; administered jointly by France and the Netherlands Windward Islands a group of islands in the southeastern West Indies; the southern part of the Lesser Antilles Cuba the largest island in the West Indies a communist state in the Caribbean on the island of Cuba Havana the capital and largest city of Cuba; located in western Cuba; one of the oldest cities in the Americas Santiago de Cuba a port city in southeastern Cuba; industrial center Guantanamo a city in southeastern Cuba; site of a United States naval base Guadeloupe an island territory of France located in the eastern West Indies; tourism is the major industry Hispaniola an island in the West Indies Haiti a republic in the West Indies on the western part of the island of Hispaniola; achieved independence from France in 1804; the poorest and most illiterate nation in the western hemisphere Port-au-Prince the capital and largest city of Haiti Dominican Republic a republic in the West Indies; located on the eastern two-thirds of the island of Hispaniola Santo Domingo the capital and largest city of the Dominican Republic; "Santo Domingo is the oldest continually inhabited European settlement in the Americas with the oldest cathedral and the oldest hospital and the oldest monastery in the Western Hemisphere" Santiago de los Caballeros city in the northern Dominican Republic Puerto Rico the smallest and easternmost of the Greater Antilles in the Caribbean a self-governing commonwealth associated with the United States occupying the island of Puerto Rico San Juan the capital and largest city of Puerto Rico Culebra a small island off the coast of Puerto Rico with miles of beautiful beaches Vieques a small island off the coast of Puerto Rico used for target practice by the United States Navy Jamaica an island in the West Indies to the south of Cuba and to the west of Haiti a country on the island of Jamaica; became independent of England in 1962; much poverty; the major industry is tourism Kingston capital and largest city of Jamaica a town in southeast Ontario on Lake Ontario near the head of the Saint Lawrence River a town on the Hudson River in New York Montego Bay port and resort city in northwestern Jamaica Virgin Islands a group of islands in northeastern West Indies (east of Puerto Rico) discovered by Christopher Columbus in 1493; owned by United States and Britain British Virgin Islands more than 40 northeastern Virgin Islands (15 inhabited); a dependent territory of the United Kingdom United States Virgin Islands more than 130 southeastern Virgin Islands; a dependent territory of the United States Barbados easternmost of the West Indies about 300 miles to the north of Venezuela a parliamentary democracy on the island of Barbados; former British colony; a popular resort area Bridgetown capital of Barbados; a port city on the southwestern coast of Barbados Trinidad an island in West Indies just off the northeastern coast of Venezuela Tobago island in West Indies Trinidad and Tobago an island republic in the West Indies off the northeastern coast of Venezuela; achieved independence from the United Kingdom in 1962 Port of Spain the capital and largest city of Trinidad and Tobago on the west coast of the island of Trinidad Cyprus an island in the eastern Mediterranean a country on the island of Cyprus; 80% of the people are of Greek origin and 20% or Turkish origin Nicosia the capital and largest city of Cyprus Czech Republic a landlocked republic in central Europe; separated from Slovakia in 1993 Czechoslovakia a former republic in central Europe; divided into Czech Republic and Slovakia in 1993 Pilsen a town in Czech Republic where Pilsner beer originated Prague the capital and largest city of the Czech Republic in the western part of the country; a cultural and commercial center since the 14th century Brno an industrial city in Moravia in Czech Republic to the southeast of Prague Ostrava an industrial city in northwestern Czech Republic in the Moravian lowlands; located in the coal mining area of Silesia Moravia a region in the central and eastern part of the Czech Republic; it lies to the east of Bohemia and to the west of the Carpathians Bohemia a historical area and former kingdom in the Czech Republic Slovakia a landlocked republic in central Europe; separated from the Czech Republic in 1993 Bratislava capital and largest city of Slovakia Benin a country on western coast of Africa; formerly under French control Porto Novo the capital of Benin in southwestern part of country on a coastal lagoon Cotonou chief port of Benin on the Bight of Benin Togo a republic on the western coast of Africa on the Gulf of Guinea; formerly under French control Lome capital and largest city of Togo; located in the south on the Gulf of Guinea northern Europe the northernmost countries of Europe Scandinavia a group of culturally related countries in northern Europe; Finland and Iceland are sometimes considered Scandinavian the peninsula in northern Europe occupied by Norway and Sweden Denmark a constitutional monarchy in northern Europe; consists of the mainland of Jutland and many islands between the North Sea and the Baltic Sea Zealand the largest island of Denmark and the site of Copenhagen Copenhagen the capital and largest city of Denmark; located on the island of Zealand; "Copenhagen is sometimes called the Paris of the North" Arhus port city of Denmark in eastern Jutland Aalborg a city and port in northern Jutland Viborg a town of Denmark in north central Jutland Djibouti a country in northeastern Africa on the Somali peninsula; formerly under French control but became independent in 1997 port city on the Gulf of Aden; the capital and largest city of Djibouti Dominica a volcanic island in the Windward Islands that was once a stronghold of the Carib Indians a country on the island of Dominica Roseau the capital and largest city of Dominica Equatorial Guinea a country of west central Africa (including islands in the Gulf of Guinea); became independent from Spain in 1968 Malabo the capital and largest city of Equatorial Guinea on the island of Bioko in the Gulf of Guinea Bioko an island in the Gulf of Guinea that is part of Equatorial Guinea Norway a constitutional monarchy in northern Europe on the western side of the Scandinavian Peninsula; achieved independence from Sweden in 1905 Svalbard a Norwegian archipelago in the Arctic Ocean Spitsbergen islands in the Svalbard archipelago to the east of northern Greenland; belonging to Norway Lofoten a string of islands off the northwestern coast of Norway in the Norwegian Sea Oslo the capital and largest city of Norway; the country's main port; located at the head of a fjord on Norway's southern coast Bergen a port city in southwestern Norway Stavanger a port city in southwestern Norway; center for shipbuilding industry Trondheim a port in central Norway on Trondheim Fjord Lindesnes a cape at the southern tip of Norway Sweden a Scandinavian kingdom in the eastern part of the Scandinavian Peninsula Stockholm the capital and largest city of Sweden; located in southern Sweden on the Baltic; "the Nobel Prize is awarded in Stockholm" Malmo a port in southern Sweden Lund a city in southern Sweden Goteborg a port in southwestern Sweden; second largest city in Sweden Uppsala a city in east central Sweden to the northwest of Stockholm Germany a republic in central Europe; split into East Germany and West Germany after World War II and reunited in 1990 East Germany a republic in north central Europe on the Baltic; established by the Soviet Union in 1954; reunified with West Germany in 1990 West Germany a republic in north central Europe on the North Sea; established in 1949 from the zones of Germany occupied by the British and French and Americans after the German defeat; reunified with East Germany in 1990 Saxony an area in Germany around the upper Elbe river; the original home of the Saxons Lower Saxony a state in northwestern Germany Aachen a city in western Germany near the Dutch and Belgian borders; formerly it was Charlemagne's northern capital Berlin capital of Germany located in eastern Germany United States songwriter (born in Russia) who wrote more than 1500 songs and several musical comedies (1888-1989) West Berlin the part of Berlin under United States and British and French control until 1989 Bremen a city of northwestern Germany linked by the Weser River to the port of Bremerhaven and the North Sea; in the Middle Ages it was a leading member of the Hanseatic League Bremerhaven a port city in northwestern Germany at the mouth of the Weser River on the North Sea; has a deep natural harbor and is an important shipping center Chemnitz a city in east central Germany; formerly called Karl-Marx-Stadt until 1990; noted for textile manufacturing Dortmund an industrial city in northwestern Germany; flourished from the 13th to 17th century as a member of the Hanseatic League Dresden a city in southeastern Germany on the Elbe River; it was almost totally destroyed by British air raids in 1945 Leipzig a city in southeastern Germany famous for fairs; formerly a music and publishing center Solingen a city in west central Germany noted for cutlery Weimar a German city near Leipzig; scene of the adoption in 1919 of the constitution of the Weimar Republic that lasted until 1933 Bavaria a state in southern Germany famous for its beer; site of an automobile factory Hameln a town in northern Germany (near Hanover) that is famous as the setting for the legend of the Pied Piper Bonn a city in western Germany on the Rhine River; was the capital of West Germany between 1949 and 1989 Cologne a commercial center and river port in western Germany on the Rhine River; flourished during the 15th century as a member of the Hanseatic League Braunschweig a city in central Germany Dusseldorf an industrial city in western Germany on the Rhine Essen a city in western Germany; industrial center of the Ruhr Frankfurt on the Main a German city; an industrial and commercial and financial center Halle a city in the Saxony region of Germany on the Saale River; a member of the Hanseatic League during the 13th and 14th centuries Hamburg a port city in northern Germany on the Elbe River that was founded by Charlemagne in the 9th century and is today the largest port in Germany; in 1241 it formed an alliance with Lubeck that became the basis for the Hanseatic League Hannover a port city in northwestern Germany; formerly a member of the Hanseatic League Lubeck a city in northwestern Germany and an important Baltic port; a leading member of the Hanseatic League Mannheim a city in southwestern Germany at the confluence of the Rhine and Neckar rivers Munich the capital and largest city of Bavaria in southwestern Germany Nuremberg a city in southeastern Germany; site of Allied trials of Nazi war criminals (1945-46) Potsdam a city in northeastern Germany; site of the Potsdam Conference in the summer of 1945 Rostock a city in northeastern Germany near the Baltic sea; an important member of the Hanseatic League in the 14th century Stuttgart a city in southwestern Germany famous for innovative architecture Wiesbaden a city in western Germany; a spa since Roman times Wurzburg a city of south central Germany Rhineland a picturesque region of Germany around the Rhine river Palatinate a territory in southwestern Germany formerly ruled by the counts palatine Brandenburg the territory of an Elector (of the Holy Roman Empire) that expanded to become the kingdom of Prussia in 1701 Prussia a former kingdom in north-central Europe including present-day northern Germany and northern Poland; "in the 19th century Prussia led the economic and political unification of the German states" Ruhr a major industrial and coal mining region in the valley of the Ruhr river in northwestern Germany a tributary of the Rhine Thuringia a historical region of southern Germany East Timor a former Portuguese colony that was annexed by Indonesia in 1976; voted for independence from Indonesia in 1999 and in May 2002 became an independent nation Ecuador a republic in northwestern South America; became independent from Spain in 1822; the landscape is dominated by the Andes Guayaquil the largest city of Ecuador Quito the capital of Ecuador Galapagos Islands a group of islands in the Pacific off South America; owned by Ecuador; known for unusual animal life Eritrea an African country to the north of Ethiopia on the Red Sea; achieved independence from Ethiopia in 1993 Asmara the capital of Eritrea Massawa a port town in Eritrea on an inlet of the Red Sea Ethiopia Ethiopia is a republic in northeastern Africa on the Red Sea; formerly called Abyssinia Addis Ababa the capital of Ethiopia and the country's largest city; located in central Ethiopia Fiji Islands a group of more than 800 islands (100 inhabited) in the southwestern Pacific; larger islands (Viti Levu and Vanua Levu) are of volcanic origin surrounded by coral reefs; smaller islands are coral Viti Levu a volcanic island in the Fijis Vanua Levu a volcanic island in the Fijis Fiji an independent state within the British Commonwealth located on the Fiji Islands Suva the capital and largest city of Fiji (on Viti Levu island) Finland republic in northern Europe; achieved independence from Russia in 1917 Karelia a region in Finland and Russia between the Gulf of Finland and the White Sea Helsinki the capital and largest city of Finland; located in southern Finland; a major port and commercial and cultural center Espoo a city in southern Finland Tampere an industrial city in south central Finland Aland islands an archipelago of some 6,000 islands in the Gulf of Bothnia under Finnish control Mariehamn a town that is the chief port of the Aland islands Greece a republic in southeastern Europe on the southern part of the Balkan peninsula; known for grapes and olives and olive oil ancient Greece; a country of city-states (especially Athens and Sparta) that reached its peak in the fifth century BCE Achaea a region of ancient Greece on the north coast of the Peloponnese Aegean island an island in the Aegean Sea Chios an island in the Aegean Sea off the west coast of Turkey; belongs to Greece Cyclades a group of over 200 islands in the southern Aegean Dodecanese a group of islands in the southeast Aegean Sea Doris a small region of ancient Greece where the Doric dialect was spoken (Greek mythology) wife of Nereus and mother of the Nereids Lesbos an island of eastern Greece in the eastern Aegean Sea; in antiquity it was famous for lyric poetry Rhodes a Greek island in the southeast Aegean Sea 10 miles off the Turkish coast; the largest of the Dodecanese; it was colonized before 1000 BC by Dorians from Argos; site of the Colossus of Rhodes British colonial financier and statesman in South Africa; made a fortune in gold and diamond mining; helped colonize the territory now known as Zimbabwe; he endowed annual fellowships for British Commonwealth and United States students to study at Oxford University (1853-1902) Aeolis an ancient coastal region of northwestern Asia Minor (including Lesbos) where the Aeolians founded several cities around 1100 BC Crete the largest Greek island in the Mediterranean; site of the Minoan civilization that reached its peak in 1600 BC Knossos an ancient town on Crete where Bronze Age culture flourished from about 2000 BC to 1400 BC Ithaca a Greek island to the west of Greece; in Homeric legend Odysseus was its king a college town in central New York on Lake Cayuga Egadi Islands a group of islands off the west coast of Sicily in the Mediterranean Athos an autonomous area in northeastern Greece that is the site of several Greek Orthodox monasteries founded in the tenth century Athens the capital and largest city of Greece; named after Athena (its patron goddess); "in the 5th century BC ancient Athens was the world's most powerful and civilized city" a university town in northeast Georgia a town in southeast Ohio Dipylon gate a gateway to the west of ancient Athens near which a distinctive style of pottery has been found Attica the territory of Athens in ancient Greece where the Ionic dialect was spoken Corinth the modern Greek port near the site of the ancient city that was second only to Athens Argos an ancient city in southeastern Greece; dominated the Peloponnese in the 7th century BC Delphi an ancient Greek city on the slopes of Mount Parnassus; site of the oracle of Delphi Mycenae an ancient city is southern Greece; center of the Mycenaean civilization during the late Bronze Age Sparta an ancient Greek city famous for military prowess; the dominant city of the Peloponnesus prior to the 4th century BC Epirus an ancient area on the Ionian Sea that flourished as a kingdom in the 3rd century BC; located in northwestern Greece and southern Albania Laconia an ancient region of southern Greece in the southeastern Peloponnesus; dominated by Sparta Lycia an ancient region on the coast of southwest Asia Minor Lydia an ancient region on the coast of western Asia Minor; a powerful kingdom until conquered by the Persians in 546 BC Nemea a valley in southeastern Greece where the Nemean Games were held Patras a port city in western Greece in the northwestern Peloponnese on an inlet of the Ionian Sea; was a major trade center from the 5th century BC to the 3rd century BC; commercial importance revived during the Middle Ages Troy an ancient city in Asia Minor that was the site of the Trojan War Thebes an ancient Greek city in Boeotia destroyed by Alexander the Great in 336 BC an ancient Egyptian city on the Nile River that flourished from the 22nd century BC to the 18th century BC; today the archeological remains include many splendid temples and tombs Boeotia a district of ancient Greece to the northwest of Athens Thessaloniki a port city in northeastern Greece on an inlet of the Aegean Sea; second largest city of Greece Stagira an ancient town of Greece where Aristotle was born Thessalia a fertile plain on the Aegean Sea in east central Greece; Thessaly was a former region of ancient Greece Arcadia a department of Greece in the central Peloponnese Peloponnese the southern peninsula of Greece; dominated by Sparta until the 4th century BC Lemnos a Greek island in the northern Aegean Sea; famous for a reddish-brown clay that has medicinal properties Olympia a plain in Greece in the northwestern Peloponnese; the chief sanctuary of Zeus and the site of the original Olympian Games capital of the state of Washington; located in western Washington on Puget Sound Middle East the area around the eastern Mediterranean; from Turkey to northern Africa and eastward to Iran; the site of such ancient civilizations as Phoenicia and Babylon and Egypt and the birthplace of Judaism and Christianity and Islam; had continuous economic and political turmoil in the 20th century; "the Middle East is the cradle of Western civilization" Mashriq Arabic name for the Middle East Fertile Crescent a geographical area of fertile land in the Middle East stretching in a broad semicircle from the Nile to the Tigris and Euphrates Israel an ancient kingdom of the Hebrew tribes at the southeastern end of the Mediterranean Sea; founded by Saul around 1025 BC and destroyed by the Assyrians in 721 BC Jewish republic in southwestern Asia at eastern end of Mediterranean; formerly part of Palestine Acre a town and port in northwestern Israel in the eastern Mediterranean a territory of western Brazil bordering on Bolivia and Peru West Bank an area between Israel and Jordan on the west bank of the Jordan river; populated largely by Palestinians Nablus an ancient city in the West Bank to the north of Jerusalem; the home of Jacob in biblical times Galilee an area of northern Israel; formerly the northern part of Palestine and the ancient kingdom of Israel; the scene of Jesus's ministry Nazareth a historic town in northern Israel that is mentioned in the Gospels as the home of Joseph and Mary Gaza Strip a coastal region at the southeastern corner of the Mediterranean bordering Israel and Egypt; "he is a Palestinian from Gaza" Golan Heights a fortified hilly area between southern Lebanon and southern Syria; "artillery on the Golan Heights can dominate a large area of Israel" Jerusalem capital and largest city of the modern state of Israel (although its status as capital is disputed); it was captured from Jordan in 1967 in the Six Day War; a holy city for Jews and Christians and Muslims; was the capital of an ancient kingdom Bethlehem a small town near Jerusalem on the West Bank of the Jordan River; early home of David and regarded as the place where Jesus was born a town in eastern Pennsylvania on the Lehigh River to the northwest of Philadelphia; an important center for steel production Caesarea an ancient seaport in northwestern Israel; an important Roman city in ancient Palestine Sodom (Old Testament) an ancient city near the Dead Sea that (along with Gomorrah) was destroyed by God for the wickedness of its inhabitants sodom any location known for vice and corruption Gomorrah (Old Testament) an ancient city near the Dead Sea that (along with Sodom) was destroyed by God for the vice and depravity of its inhabitants Calvary a hill near Jerusalem where Jesus was crucified Zion originally a stronghold captured by David (the 2nd king of the Israelites); above it was built a temple and later the name extended to the whole hill; finally it became a synonym for the city of Jerusalem; "the inhabitants of Jerusalem are personified as `the daughter of Zion'" Cotswolds a range of low hills in southwestern England Cheviots a range of hills on the border between England and Scotland Pennines a system of hills in Britain that extend from the Scottish border in the north to the Trent River in the south; forms the watershed for English rivers Seven Hills of Rome the hills on which the ancient city of Rome was built Palatine the most important of the Seven Hills of Rome; supposedly the location of the first settlement and the site of many imperial palaces Wailing Wall a wall in Jerusalem; sacred to Jews as a place of prayer and lamentation; its stones are believed to have formed part of the Temple of Solomon Tel Aviv the largest city and financial center of Israel; located in western Israel on the Mediterranean Hefa a major port in northwestern Israel Jaffa a port in western Israel on the Mediterranean; incorporated into Tel Aviv in 1950 Palestine an ancient country in southwestern Asia on the east coast of the Mediterranean Sea; a place of pilgrimage for Christianity and Islam and Judaism a former British mandate on the east coast of the Mediterranean; divided between Jordan and Israel in 1948 Judah an ancient kingdom of southern Palestine with Jerusalem as its center (Old Testament) the fourth son of Jacob who was forebear of one of the tribes of Israel; one of his descendants was to be the Messiah Judea the southern part of ancient Palestine succeeding the kingdom of Judah; a Roman province at the time of Christ Samaria an ancient city in central Palestine founded in the 9th century BC as the capital of the northern Hebrew kingdom of Israel; the site is in present-day northwestern Jordan Philistia an ancient region on the coast of southwestern Palestine that was strategically located on a trade route between Syria and Egypt; important in biblical times Roman Republic the ancient Roman state from 509 BC until Augustus assumed power in 27 BC; was governed by an elected Senate but dissatisfaction with the Senate led to civil wars that culminated in a brief dictatorship by Julius Caesar Roman Empire an empire established by Augustus in 27 BC and divided in AD 395 into the Western Roman Empire and the eastern or Byzantine Empire; at its peak lands in Europe and Africa and Asia were ruled by ancient Rome Byzantine Empire a continuation of the Roman Empire in the Middle East after its division in 395 Western Roman Empire the western part after the Roman Empire was divided in 395; it lasted only until 476 Byzantium an ancient city on the Bosporus founded by the Greeks; site of modern Istanbul; in 330 Constantine I rebuilt the city and called it Constantinople and made it his capital Italian Peninsula a boot-shaped peninsula in southern Europe extending into the Mediterranean Sea Ticino an Italian-speaking region of southern Switzerland Italy a republic in southern Europe on the Italian Peninsula; was the core of the Roman Republic and the Roman Empire between the 4th century BC and the 5th century AD Italian region Italy is divided into 20 regions for administrative purposes Pompeii ancient city to the southeast of Naples that was buried by a volcanic eruption from Vesuvius Herculaneum ancient city; now destroyed Abruzzi a mountainous region of central Italy on the Adriatic Basilicata a region of southern Italy (forming the instep of the Italian `boot') Bolzano an Italian city in Trentino-Alto Adige near the Austrian border; noted as a resort and for its Alpine scenery Brescia an ancient Italian city in central Lombardy Calabria a region of southern Italy (forming the toe of the Italian `boot') Campania a region of southwestern Italy on the Tyrrhenian Sea including the islands of Capri and Ischia Ferrara a city in northern Italy; "in the 13th century Ferrara was a center of Renaissance learning and the arts" Naples a port and tourist center in southwestern Italy; capital of the Campania region Messina a port city in northeastern Sicily on the Strait of Messina Capri an island (part of Campania) in the Bay of Naples in southern Italy; a tourist attraction noted for beautiful scenery Ischia a volcanic island (part of Campania) in the Tyrrhenian Sea at the north end of the Bay of Naples Emilia-Romagna a region of north central Italy on the Adriatic Bologna the capital of Emilia-Romagna; located in northern Italy to the east of the Apennines Friuli-Venezia Giulia a region in northeastern Italy Latium an ancient region of west central Italy (southeast of Rome) on the Tyrrhenian Sea Lateran the site in Rome containing the church of Rome and the Lateran Palace Anzio a town of central Italy on the Tyrrhenian Sea; the Allies established a beachhead at Anzio in World War II Brindisi a port city in southeastern Apulia in Italy; a center for the Crusades in the Middle Ages Tivoli a town twenty miles to the east of Rome (Tibur is the ancient name); a summer resort during the Roman empire; noted for its waterfalls Liguria region of northwestern Italy on the Ligurian Sea Genoa a seaport in northwestern Italy; provincial capital of Liguria Lombardy a region of north central Italy bordering Switzerland Cremona a city in Lombardy on the Po River; noted for the manufacture of fine violins from the 16th to the 18th centuries La Spezia a port city in Liguria on an arm of the Ligurian Sea; a major seaport and year-round resort Milan the capital of Lombardy in northern Italy; has been an international center of trade and industry since the Middle Ages Marche a region in central Italy Molise a region of south central Italy Papal States the temporal dominions belonging to the pope (especially in central Italy) Piedmont the region of northwestern Italy; includes the Po valley the plateau between the coastal plain and the Appalachian Mountains: parts of Virginia and North and South Carolina and Georgia and Alabama Pisa a city in Tuscany; site of the famous Leaning Tower Turin capital city of the Piemonte region of northwestern Italy Puglia a region in southeastern Italy on the Adriatic Bari capital city of the Apulia region on the Adriatic coast Sardinia an island in the Mediterranean to the west of Italy the Italian region on the island of Sardinia; the kingdom of Sardinia was the nucleus for uniting Italy during the 19th century Sicily the largest island in the Mediterranean the Italian region on the island of Sicily Palermo the capital of Sicily; located in northwestern Sicily; an important port for 3000 years Cape Passero a cape that forms the southeastern corner of the island of Sicily Agrigento a town in Italy in southwestern Sicily near the coast; the site of six Greek temples Tuscany a region in central Italy Firenze a city in central Italy on the Arno; provincial capital of Tuscany; center of the Italian Renaissance from 14th to 16th centuries Trentino-Alto Adige a region of northeastern Italy bordering Austria Trento a city in northern Italy (northwest of Venice) on the River Adige; the site of the Council of Trent Umbria a mountainous region in central Italy Valle D'Aosta a region in northwestern Italy Veneto a region of northeastern Italy on the Adriatic Padua a city in Veneto Venice the provincial capital of Veneto; built on 118 islands within a lagoon in the Gulf of Venice; has canals instead of streets; one of Italy's major ports and a famous tourist attraction Verona a city in Veneto on the River Adige Etruria an ancient country in central Italy; assimilated by the Romans by about 200 BC Romania a republic in southeastern Europe with a short coastline on the Black Sea Brasov a city in central Romania in the foothills of the Transylvanian Alps Bucharest national capital and largest city of Romania in southeastern Romania Constantina a Romanian resort city on the Black Sea Transylvania a historical plateau region in northwestern Romania that is separated from the rest of the country by the Transylvanian Alps; originally part of Hungary; incorporated into Romania at the end of World War I Rwanda a landlocked republic in central Africa; formerly a German colony Kigali the national capital and largest city of Rwanda; located in central Rwanda Yugoslavia a former country of southeastern Europe bordering the Adriatic Sea; formed in 1918 and named Yugoslavia in 1929; controlled by Marshal Tito as a communist state until his death in 1980; "Tito's Yugoslavia included Slovenia, Croatia, Macedonia, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Serbia, and Montenegro" Croatia a republic in the western Balkans in south-central Europe in the eastern Adriatic coastal area; formerly part of the Habsburg monarchy and Yugoslavia; became independent in 1991 Serbia and Montenegro a mountainous republic in southeastern Europe bordering on the Adriatic Sea; formed from two of the six republics that made up Yugoslavia until 1992; Serbia and Montenegro were known as the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia until 2003 when they adopted the name of the Union of Serbia and Montenegro Kosovo a Serbian province in southern Serbia and Montenegro populated predominantly by Albanians Serbia a historical region in central and northern Yugoslavia; Serbs settled the region in the 6th and 7th centuries Montenegro a former country bordering on the Adriatic Sea; now part of the Union of Serbia and Montenegro Belgrade capital and largest city of Serbia and Montenegro; situated on the Danube Bosnia and Herzegovina a mountainous republic of south-central Europe; formerly part of the Ottoman Empire and then a part of Yugoslavia; voted for independence in 1992 but the mostly Serbian army of Yugoslavia refused to accept the vote and began ethnic cleansing in order to rid Bosnia of its Croats and Muslims Bosnia the northern part of Bosnia-Herzegovina Sarajevo capital and largest city of Bosnia; scene of the assassination of Francis Ferdinand in 1914 which precipitated World War I Slovenia a mountainous republic in central Europe; formerly part of the Habsburg monarchy and Yugoslavia; achieved independence in 1991 Ljubljana the capital of Slovenia Dubrovnik a port city in southwestern Croatia on the Adriatic; a popular tourist center Split an old Croatian city on the Adriatic Sea Zagreb the capital of Croatia Dalmatia a historical region of Croatia on the Adriatic Sea; mountainous with many islands Greenland the largest island in the world; lies between the North Atlantic and the Arctic Ocean; a self-governing province of Denmark Baffin Island the 5th largest island and the largest island of Arctic Canada; lies between Greenland and Hudson Bay Labrador the mainland part of the province of Newfoundland and Labrador in the eastern part of the large Labrador-Ungava Peninsula in northeastern Canada Canada a nation in northern North America; the French were the first Europeans to settle in mainland Canada; "the border between the United States and Canada is the longest unguarded border in the world" Acadia the French-speaking part of the Canadian Maritime Provinces Laurentian Plateau a large plateau that occupies more than 40% of the land area of Canada; it extends from the Great Lakes northward to the Arctic Ocean Maritime Provinces the collective name for the Canadian provinces of New Brunswick and Nova Scotia and Prince Edward Island Canadian province Canada is divided into 12 provinces for administrative purposes Alberta one of the three prairie provinces in western Canada; rich in oil and natural gas and minerals Banff a popular vacation spot in the Canadian Rockies Calgary the largest city in southern Alberta; an oil and gas center and a technology center for Alberta and most of western Canada Edmonton the capital of the province of Alberta British Columbia a province in western Canada Nanaimo a town in southwestern British Columbia on Vancouver Island to the west of Vancouver Victoria capital of the Canadian province of British Columbia on Vancouver Island a state in southeastern Australia port city and the capital of Seychelles a town in southeast Texas to the southeast of San Antonio a waterfall in the Zambezi River on the border between Zimbabwe and Zambia; diminishes seasonally (Roman mythology) goddess of victory; counterpart of Greek Nike queen of Great Britain and Ireland and empress of India from 1837 to 1901; the last Hanoverian ruler of England (1819-1901) Vancouver a port city in southwestern British Columbia on an arm of the Pacific Ocean opposite Vancouver Island; Canada's chief Pacific port and third largest city a town in southwestern Washington on the Columbia River across from Portland, Oregon English navigator remembered for his exploration of the Pacific coast of North America (1757-1798) Vancouver Island an island off southwestern Canada (off the southwestern coast of British Columbia); the largest island off the west coast of North America Manitoba one of the three prairie provinces in central Canada Winnipeg the capital and largest city of Manitoba; located in southern Manitoba; known for severe winters a lake in southern Canada in Manitoba Churchill a Canadian town in northern Manitoba on Hudson Bay; important port for shipping grain British statesman and leader during World War II; received Nobel prize for literature in 1953 (1874-1965) English general considered one of the greatest generals in history (1650-1722) New Brunswick a province in southeastern Canada a university town in central New Jersey Fredericton the provincial capital of New Brunswick Saint John a port in eastern Canada; the largest city in New Brunswick a river that rises in Maine and flows northeastward through New Brunswick to empty into the Bay of Fundy Newfoundland and Labrador a Canadian province on the island of Newfoundland and on the mainland along the coast of the Labrador Sea; became Canada's 10th province in 1949 Saint John's a port and provincial capital of Newfoundland Northwest Territories a large territory in northwestern Canada; part is now Nunavut Nunavut an Arctic territory in northern Canada created in 1999 and governed solely by the Inuit; includes the eastern part of what was the Northwest Territories and most of the islands of the Arctic Archipelago; "Nunavut is the homeland of the Inuit people" Arctic Archipelago all the islands that lie to the north of mainland Canada and the Arctic Circle Yellowknife a town in the Northwest Territories in northern Canada on the Great Slave Lake Nova Scotia the Canadian province in the Maritimes consisting of the Nova Scotia peninsula and Cape Breton Island; French settlers who called the area Acadia were exiled to Louisiana by the British in the 1750s and their descendants are know as Cajuns a peninsula in eastern Canada between the Bay of Fundy and the Saint Lawrence River Cape Breton Island an island that forms the northeastern part of Nova Scotia Halifax provincial capital and largest city of Nova Scotia Ontario a prosperous and industrialized province in central Canada Ottawa the capital of Canada (located in southeastern Ontario across the Ottawa river from Quebec) a member of the Algonquian people of southern Ontario Sault Sainte Marie a town of southern Ontario opposite northern Michigan Sudbury a city in south central Canada in Ontario; a major nickel mining center Thunder Bay a port city in Ontario on Lake Superior Toronto the provincial capital and largest city in Ontario (and the largest city in Canada) Prince Edward Island an island in the Gulf of Saint Lawrence; the smallest province of Canada Charlottetown the provincial capital and largest city of Prince Edward Island Quebec the largest province of Canada; a French colony from 1663 to 1759 when it was lost to the British the French-speaking capital of the province of Quebec; situated on the Saint Lawrence River Montreal a city in southern Quebec province on the Saint Lawrence River; the largest city in Quebec and 2nd largest in Canada; the 2nd largest French-speaking city in the world Saskatchewan one of the three prairie provinces in west central Canada; "vast fields of wheat grow on Saskatchewan's prairies" Regina the provincial capital of Saskatchewan Saskatoon a city in central Saskatchewan; the largest city in the province Dawson a town in northwestern Canada in the Yukon on the Yukon River; a boom town around 1900 when gold was discovered in the Klondike Yukon a territory in northwestern Canada; site of the Klondike gold rush in the 1890s a North American river that flows westward from the Yukon Territory through central Alaska to the Bering Sea Klondike a region in northwestern Canada where gold was discovered in 1896 but exhausted by 1910 Whitehorse the provincial capital of the Yukon Territory Australia a nation occupying the whole of the Australian continent; Aboriginal tribes are thought to have migrated from southeastern Asia 20,000 years ago; first Europeans were British convicts sent there as a penal colony the smallest continent; between the South Pacific and the Indian Ocean Canberra the capital of Australia; located in southeastern Australia Australian state one of the several states constituting Australia Queensland a state in northeastern Australia Brisbane capital and largest city of Queensland state; located in the southeastern corner of Queensland on the Pacific; settled by British as a penal colony; 3rd largest city in Australia New South Wales an Australian state in southeastern Australia Sydney the largest Australian city located in southeastern Australia on the Tasman Sea; state capital of New South Wales; Australia's chief port Wagga Wagga a town on the Murrumbidgee River in New South Wales; agricultural trading center Melbourne the capital of Victoria state and 2nd largest Australian city; a financial and commercial center a resort town in east central Florida Tasmania an island off the southeastern coast of Australia an Australian state on the island of Tasmania Hobart a port and state capital of Tasmania South Australia a state in south central Australia Adelaide the state capital of South Australia Western Australia a state containing the western third of Australia Perth the state capital of Western Australia Northern Territory a territory in north central Australia Darwin provincial capital of the Northern Territory of Australia English natural scientist who formulated a theory of evolution by natural selection (1809-1882) Norfolk Island an island territory of Australia in the Pacific Ocean off the eastern coast of Australia; formerly a British penal colony Nullarbor Plain a vast arid plain of southern Australia stretching inland from the Great Australian Bight; has sparse vegetation and no surface water and is almost uninhabited; the site of a major rocket research center Aleutian Islands an archipelago in the North Pacific extending southwest from Alaska Oceania a large group of islands in the south Pacific including Melanesia and Micronesia and Polynesia (and sometimes Australasia and the Malay Archipelago) Australasia Australia, New Zealand, and neighboring islands in the South Pacific Austronesia islands of central and South Pacific (Indonesia and Melanesia and Micronesia and Polynesia) Melanesia the islands in the southwestern part of Oceania Micronesia the islands in the northwestern part of Oceania a country scattered over Micronesia with a constitutional government in free association with the United States; achieved independence in 1986 Kolonia capital of Micronesia Mariana Islands a chain of coral and volcanic islands in Micronesia (including Guam and the Northern Marianas) halfway between New Guinea and Japan; discovered by Magellan in 1521 Northern Marianas a self-governing territory comprising all of the Mariana Islands except Guam Guam the largest and southernmost island in the Marianas which is administered as a territory of the United States; it was ceded by Spain to the United States in 1898 Wake Island an island in the western Pacific between Guam and Hawaii Caroline Islands a long archipelago of more than 500 islands in Micronesia to the east of the Philippines Marshall Islands a group of coral islands in eastern Micronesia a republic (under United States protection) on the Marshall Islands Bikini an atoll in the Marshall Islands; formerly used by the United States as a site for testing nuclear weapons Gilbert Islands a group of islands in Micronesia to the southwest of Hawaii; formerly part of the British colony of Gilbert and Ellice Islands until it became part of the Republic of Kiribati in 1979 Tuvalu a group of coral islands in Micronesia to the southwest of Hawaii a small island republic on the Tuvalu islands; formerly part of the British colony of Gilbert and Ellice Islands until it withdrew in 1975 and became independent of the United Kingdom in 1978 Funafuti capital of Tuvalu Kiribati an island republic in the west central Pacific just to the south of the equator Gilbert and Ellice Islands a former British possession in Micronesia Nauru a small island in the central Pacific Ocean 2,800 miles to the southwest of Hawaii; in Micronesia to the west of the Gilbert Islands an island republic on Nauru Island; phosphate exports support the economy Polynesia the islands in the eastern part of Oceania Malay Archipelago a group of islands in the Indian and Pacific Oceans between Asia and Australia Sunda Islands a chain of islands in the western Malay Archipelago Greater Sunda Islands a chain of islands including Borneo and Celebes and Java and Sumatra Lesser Sunda Islands a chain of islands forming a province of Indonesia to the east of Java; includes Bali and Timor Bismarck Archipelago a group of islands in the southwestern Pacific to the northeast of New Guinea; part of Papua New Guinea Admiralty Islands a group of islands in the Bismarck Archipelago Borneo 3rd largest island in the world; in the western Pacific to the north of Java; largely covered by dense jungle and rain forest; part of the Malay Archipelago Bougainville the largest of the Solomon Islands; a province of Papua New Guinea French explorer who circumnavigated the globe accompanied by scientists (1729-1811) New Britain the largest island in the Bismarck Archipelago; part of Papua New Guinea New Caledonia an island to the to the east of Australia and to the north of New Zealand New Guinea a Pacific island to the north of Australia; the 2nd largest island in the world; the western part is governed by Indonesia and the eastern part is Papua New Guinea Papua New Guinea a parliamentary democracy on the eastern half of the island of New Guinea; in 1975 it became an independent state within the Commonwealth of Nations Papua the southeastern part of Papua New Guinea Port Moresby the administrative capital and largest city of Papua New Guinea New Ireland an island in the Bismarck Archipelago; part of Papua New Guinea Austria-Hungary a geographical area in central and eastern Europe; broken into separate countries at the end of World War I Austria a mountainous republic in central Europe; under the Habsburgs (1278-1918) Austria maintained control of the Holy Roman Empire and was a leader in European politics until the 19th century Tyrol a picturesque mountainous province of western Austria and northern Italy Vienna the capital and largest city of Austria; located on the Danube in northeastern Austria; was the home of Beethoven and Brahms and Haydn and Mozart and Schubert and Strauss Graz an industrial city is southeastern Austria Linz city in northern Austria on the Danube; noted as a cultural center Salzburg city in western Austria; a music center and birthplace of Mozart Innsbruck city in southwestern Austria; known as a summer and winter resort Bahamas island country in the Atlantic to the east of Florida and Cuba; a popular winter resort Nassau the capital of the Bahamas Arabian Peninsula a peninsula between the Red Sea and the Persian Gulf; strategically important for its oil resources Bahrain an island country in the Persian Gulf off the coast of Saudi Arabia; oil revenues funded progressive programs until reserves were exhausted in 1970s an island in the Persian Gulf Manama the capital of Bahrain; located at the northern end of Bahrain Island Bangladesh a Muslim republic in southern Asia bordered by India to the north and west and east and the Bay of Bengal to the south; formerly part of India and then part of Pakistan; it achieved independence in 1971 Dhaka the capital and largest city of Bangladesh Chittagong a port city and industrial center in southeastern Bangladesh on the Bay of Bengal Flanders a medieval country in northern Europe that included regions now parts of northern France and Belgium and southwestern Netherlands Belgium a monarchy in northwestern Europe; headquarters for the European Union and for the North Atlantic Treaty Organization Bruxelles the capital and largest city of Belgium; seat of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization Aalst a town in central Belgium Antwerpen a busy port and financial center in northern Belgium on the Scheldt river; it has long been a center for the diamond industry and the first stock exchange was opened there in 1460 Bruges a city in northwestern Belgium that is connected by canal to the North Sea; in the 13th century it was a leading member of the Hanseatic League; the old city (known as the City of Bridges) is a popular tourist attraction Charleroi city in southwestern Belgium; center of an industrial region Gent port city in northwestern Belgium and industrial center; famous for cloth industry Liege city in eastern Belgium; largest French-speaking city in Belgium Namur a city in south central Belgium situated on a promontory between the Meuse River and the Sambre River; the site of intense fighting in World War I and World War II Bhutan a landlocked principality in the Himalayas to the northeast of India Botswana a landlocked republic in south-central Africa that became independent from British control in the 1960s Gaborone capital and largest city of Botswana in the extreme southeast Bolivia a landlocked republic in central South America; Simon Bolivar founded Bolivia in 1825 after winning independence from Spain La Paz capital city in western Bolivia and the administrative seat of Bolivia's government; largest city in Bolivia Santa Cruz a city in central Bolivia a town in western California on Monterey Bay; a tourist center Sucre the judicial capital and seat of the judiciary in Bolivia Brazil the largest Latin American country and the largest Portuguese speaking country in the world; located in the central and northeastern part of South America; world's leading coffee exporter Belem port city in northern Brazil in the Amazon delta; main port and commercial center for the Amazon River basin Belo Horizonte city in southeastern Brazil to the north of Rio de Janeiro; the first of Brazil's planned communities Brasilia the capital of Brazil; a city built on the central plateau and inaugurated in 1960 Curitiba a city in southeastern Brazil Joao Pessoa a city in northeastern Brazil near the Atlantic Ocean to the north of Recife Governador Valadares a city in eastern Brazil to the northeast of Belo Horizonte Limeira a city of southeastern Brazil (northwest of Sao Paulo) Natal a port city in northeastern Brazil a region of eastern South Africa on the Indian Ocean; "Natal was renamed KwaZulu-Natal in 1994" Osasco a city in southeastern Brazil; suburb of Sao Paulo Rio de Janeiro the former capital and 2nd largest city of Brazil; chief Brazilian port; famous as a tourist attraction Recife a port city of northeastern Brazil on the Atlantic Santos a port city in southwestern Brazil on an offshore island near Sao Paulo Sao Bernardo do Campo a city in southeastern Brazil; an industrial suburb of Sao Paulo Sao Goncalo an industrial city in southeastern Brazil across the bay from Rio de Janeiro Sao Joao de Meriti a city in southeastern Brazil that is a residential suburb of Rio de Janeiro Sao Jose dos Campos a city in southeastern Brazil to the northeast of Sao Paulo Sao Louis a city on an offshore island in northeast Brazil Sao Paulo an ultramodern city in southeastern Brazil; the largest city in South America British Empire a former empire consisting of Great Britain and all the territories under its control; reached its greatest extent at the end of World War I; it included the British Isles, British West Indies, Canada, British Guiana; British West Africa, British East Africa, India, Australia, New Zealand; "the sun never sets on the British Empire" British Isles Great Britain and Ireland and adjacent islands in the north Atlantic British East Africa the former British territories of eastern Africa, including Kenya, Tanganyika, Uganda, and Zanzibar British West Africa the former British territories of western Africa, including Nigeria, Cameroon, Gambia, Togo, Sierra Leone, and the Gold Coast Great Britain an island comprising England and Scotland and Wales Ireland an island comprising the republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland a republic consisting of 26 of 32 counties comprising the island of Ireland; achieved independence from the United Kingdom in 1921 Erin an early name of Ireland that is now used in poetry United Kingdom a monarchy in northwestern Europe occupying most of the British Isles; divided into England and Scotland and Wales and Northern Ireland; `Great Britain' is often used loosely to refer to the United Kingdom England a division of the United Kingdom Albion archaic name for England or Great Britain; used poetically Anglia the Latin name for England Blighty a slang term for Great Britain used by British troops serving abroad Lake District a popular tourist area in northwestern England including England's largest lake and highest mountain London the capital and largest city of England; located on the Thames in southeastern England; financial and industrial and cultural center United States writer of novels based on experiences in the Klondike gold rush (1876-1916) City of London the part of London situated within the ancient boundaries; the commercial and financial center of London Home Counties the English counties surrounding London into which Greater London has expanded Greenwich a borough of Greater London on the Thames; zero degrees of longitude runs through Greenwich; time is measured relative to Greenwich Mean Time Bloomsbury a city district of central London laid out in garden squares Soho a city district of central London now noted for restaurants and nightclubs Wembley a southeastern part of Greater London that is the site of the English national soccer stadium West End the part of west central London containing the main entertainment and shopping areas Westminster a borough of Greater London on the Thames; contains Buckingham Palace and the Houses of Parliament and Westminster Abbey Buckingham Palace the London residence of the British sovereign Pall Mall a fashionable street in London noted for its many private clubs Houses of Parliament the building in which the House of Commons and the House of Lords meet Westminster Abbey a famous Gothic church of St. Peter in Westminster, London on the site of a former Benedictine monastery; "Westminster Abbey is the scene of the coronations of almost all English monarchs"; "Distinguished English subjects are buried in Westminster Abbey" Wimbledon a suburb of London and the headquarters of the club where annual international tennis championships are played on grass courts Manchester a city in northwestern England (30 miles to the east of Liverpool); heart of the most densely populated area of England largest city in New Hampshire; located in southeastern New Hampshire on the Merrimack river Hull a large fishing port in northeastern England United States diplomat who did the groundwork for creating the United Nations (1871-1955) United States naval officer who commanded the `Constitution' during the War of 1812 and won a series of brilliant victories against the British (1773-1843) Liverpool a large city in northwestern England; its port is the country's major outlet for industrial exports Birmingham a city in central England; 2nd largest English city and an important industrial and transportation center the largest city in Alabama; located in northeastern Alabama Oxford a city in southern England to the northwest of London; site of Oxford University a university town in northern Mississippi; home of William Faulkner Cambridge a city in eastern England on the River Cam; site of Cambridge University a city in Massachusetts just to the north of Boston; site of Harvard University and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology Bath a town in southwestern England on the River Avon; famous for its hot springs and Roman remains Blackpool a resort town in Lancashire in northwestern England on the Irish Sea; famous for its tower Brighton a city in East Sussex in southern England that is a popular resort; site of the University of Sussex Bristol an industrial city and port in southwestern England near the mouth of the River Avon Cheddar a village in southwestern England where cheddar cheese was first made Leeds a city on the River Aire in West Yorkshire in northern England; a center of the clothing industry Leicester an industrial city in Leicestershire in central England; built on the site of a Roman settlement Newcastle a port city in northeastern England on the River Tyne; a center for coal exports (giving rise to the expression `carry coals to Newcastle' meaning to do something unnecessary) Portsmouth a port city in southern England on the English Channel; Britain's major naval base a port town in southeastern New Hampshire on the Atlantic Ocean a port city in southeastern Virginia on the Elizabeth River opposite Norfolk; naval base; shipyards Coventry an industrial city in central England; devastated by air raids during World War II; remembered as the home of Lady Godiva in the 11th century Gloucester a city in southwestern England in Gloucestershire on the Severn a town in northeastern Massachusetts on Cape Ann to the northeast of Boston; the harbor has been a fishing center for centuries Reading a city on the River Thames in Berkshire in southern England Sheffield a steel manufacturing city in northern England famous for its cutlery industry Stratford-on-Avon a town in central England on the River Avon; birthplace (and burial place) of William Shakespeare Sunderland a port and industrial city in northeastern England Worcester a cathedral city in west central England on the River Severn an industrial and university city in central Massachusetts to the west of Boston United States lexicographer who was accused of plagiarism by Noah Webster (1784-1865) Avon a county in southwestern England a river in central England that flows through Stratford-on-Avon and empties into the Severn a river in southwestern England rising in Gloucestershire and flowing through Bristol to empty into the estuary of the Severn Berkshire a county in southern England Cornwall a hilly county in southwestern England Cumbria a county of northwestern England a former Celtic kingdom in northwestern England; the name continued to be used for the hilly northwestern region of England including the Lake District and the northern Pennines Essex a county in southeastern England on the North Sea and the Thames estuary Gloucestershire a county in southwestern England in the lower Severn valley New Forest an area of woods and heathland in southern Hampshire that was set aside by William I as Crown property in 1079; originally a royal hunting ground but now administered as parkland; noted for its ponies Hertfordshire a county in southern England Kent a county in southeastern England on the English Channel; formerly an Anglo-Saxon kingdom, it was the first to be colonized by the Romans United States painter noted for his woodcuts (1882-1971) Somerset a county in southwestern England on the Bristol Channel East Sussex a county in southern England on the English Channel West Sussex a county in southern England on the English Channel Canterbury a town in Kent in southeastern England; site of the cathedral where Thomas a Becket was martyred in 1170; seat of the archbishop and primate of the Anglican Church Leicestershire a largely agricultural county in central England Lincolnshire an agricultural county of eastern England on the North Sea Northumberland the northernmost county of England; has many Roman remains (including Hadrian's Wall) East Anglia a region of eastern England that was formerly a kingdom Lancashire a historical area of northwestern England on the Irish Sea; noted for textiles Surrey a county in southeastern England on the Thames Yorkshire a former large county in northern England; in 1974 it was divided into three smaller counties North Yorkshire a county in northern England West Yorkshire a metropolitan county in northern England South Yorkshire a metropolitan county in northern England Northamptonshire a county is central England Northampton the principal city of Northamptonshire Northumbria an Anglo-Saxon kingdom in northern England until 876 West Country the southwestern part of England (including Cornwall and Devon and Somerset) Sussex a county in southern England on the English Channel; formerly an Anglo-Saxon kingdom that was captured by Wessex in the 9th century Wessex a Saxon kingdom in southwestern England that became the most powerful English kingdom by the 10th century Hadrian's Wall an ancient Roman wall built by Hadrian in the 2nd century; marked the northern boundary of the Roman Empire in Britain Channel Island any of a group of British islands in the English Channel off the northern coast of France Scilly Islands an archipelago of small islands off the southwestern coast of England near the entrance to the English Channel; formerly a haven for smugglers and pirates Man one of the British Isles in the Irish Sea Northern Ireland a division of the United Kingdom located on the northern part of the island of Ireland Ulster a historic division of Ireland located in the northeastern part of the island; six of Ulster's nine counties are in Northern Ireland Bangor a town in southeastern Northern Ireland a university town in northwestern Wales on the Menai Strait a town in east central Maine on the Penobscot River Belfast capital and largest city of Northern Ireland; the center of Protestantism in Northern Ireland Dublin capital and largest city and major port of the Irish Republic Cork a port city in southern Ireland Galway a port city in western Ireland on Galway Bay Limerick port city in southwestern Ireland Tara a village in eastern Ireland (northwest of Dublin); seat of Irish kings until 6th century Waterford a port city in southern Ireland; famous for glass industry Scotland one of the four countries that make up the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland; located on the northern part of the island of Great Britain; famous for bagpipes and plaids and kilts Caledonia the geographical area (in Roman times) to the north of the Antonine Wall; now a poetic name for Scotland Highlands a mountainous region of northern Scotland famous for its rugged beauty; known for the style of dress (the kilt and tartan) and the clan system (now in disuse) Lowlands the southern part of Scotland that is not mountainous Aberdeen a city in northeastern Scotland on the North Sea a town in northeastern Maryland a town in northeastern South Dakota a town in western Washington Ayr a port in southwestern Scotland Balmoral Castle a castle in northeastern Scotland that is a private residence of the British sovereign Edinburgh the capital of Scotland; located in the Lothian Region on the south side of the Firth of Forth Lothian Region a district in southeast central Scotland (south side of the Firth of Forth) and the location of Edinburgh Glasgow largest city in Scotland; a port on the Clyde in west central Scotland; one of the great shipbuilding centers of the world Hebrides a group of more than 500 islands off the western coast of Scotland Inner Hebrides islands between the Outer Hebrides and the western coast of Scotland Isle of Skye an island of northwestern Scotland noted for its rugged mountain scenery Islay an island of western Scotland at the southern end of the Inner Hebrides Mull an island in western Scotland in the Inner Hebrides Staffa an island in western Scotland in the Inner Hebrides to the west of Mull; site of Fingal's Cave Outer Hebrides a 130-mile long archipelago to the northwest of Scotland Wales one of the four countries that make up the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland; during Roman times the region was known as Cambria Aberdare a mining town in southern Wales Cardiff the capital and largest city of Wales Newport a port city in southeastern Wales a resort city in southeastern Rhode Island; known for the summer homes of millionaires; important yachting center Sealyham a village in southwestern Wales where the Sealyham terrier was first bred Swansea a port city in southern Wales on an inlet of the Bristol Channel Anglesey an island to the northwest of Wales Brunei a sultanate in northwestern Borneo; became independent of Great Britain in 1984 sultanate country or territory ruled by a sultan Burkina Faso a desperately poor landlocked country in western Africa; was formerly Upper Volta under French rule but gained independence in 1960 Sinai a peninsula in northeastern Egypt; at north end of Red Sea a desert on the Sinai Peninsula in northeastern Egypt a mountain peak in the southern Sinai Peninsula (7,500 feet high); it is believed to be the peak on which Moses received the Ten Commandments Egyptian Empire an ancient empire to the west of Israel; centered on the Nile River and ruled by a Pharaoh; figured in many events described in the Old Testament Egypt a republic in northeastern Africa known as the United Arab Republic until 1971; site of an ancient civilization that flourished from 2600 to 30 BC Lower Egypt one of the two main administrative districts of Egypt; consists of the Nile delta Upper Egypt one of the two main administrative districts of Egypt; extends south from Cairo to Sudan Alexandria the chief port of Egypt; located on the western edge of the Nile delta on the Mediterranean Sea; founded by Alexander the Great; the capital of ancient Egypt a town in Louisiana on the Red River Aswan an ancient city on the Nile in Egypt; two dams across the Nile have been built nearby Cairo the capital of Egypt and the largest city in Africa; a major port just to the south of the Nile delta; formerly the home of the Pharaohs a town at the southern tip of Illinois at the confluence of the Ohio and Mississippi Rivers Giza an ancient Egyptian city on the west bank of the Nile opposite Cairo; site of three Great Pyramids and the Sphinx Memphis an ancient city of Egypt on the Nile (south of Cairo) largest city of Tennessee; located in southwestern Tennessee on bluffs overlooking the Mississippi River Luxor a city in central Egypt on the east bank of the Nile that is a center for visitors to the ruins of and around Thebes Saqqara a town in northern Egypt; site of the oldest Egyptian pyramids Suez a city in northeastern Egypt at the head of the Gulf of Suez and at the southern end of the Suez Canal Suez Canal a ship canal in northeastern Egypt linking the Red Sea with the Mediterranean Sea India a republic in the Asian subcontinent in southern Asia; second most populous country in the world; achieved independence from the United Kingdom in 1947 Assam state in northeastern India Karnataka state in southern India; formerly Mysore Manipur state in northeastern India Hindustan northern region of India where Hinduism predominates Sikkim a state in northeastern India in the Himalaya Mountains between Nepal and Bhutan Kanara a historical region of southwestern India on the west coast Punjab a historical region on northwestern India and northern Pakistan Delhi a city in north central India Bangalore an industrial city in south central India (west of Chennai) Jabalpur an industrial city of central India to the southeast of Delhi Kolkata the largest city in India and one of the largest cities in the world; located in eastern India; suffers from poverty and overcrowding Mumbai a city in western India just off the coast of the Arabian Sea; India's 2nd largest city (after Calcutta); has the only natural deep-water harbor in western India Agra a city in northern India; former capital of the Mogul empire; site of the Taj Mahal Hyderabad a city in south central India in Andhra Pradesh a city in southern Pakistan on the Indus River Chennai a city in Tamil Nadu on the Bay of Bengal; formerly Madras Mysore a city in southern India to the southwest of Bangalore Salem a city in southern India a city in northeastern Massachusetts; site of the witchcraft trials in 1692 capital of the state of Oregon in the northwestern part of the state on the Willamette River Andhra Pradesh a state of southeastern India on the Bay of Bengal Bihar a state of northeastern India Goa a state of southwestern India; a former Portuguese colony Gujarat an industrialized state in western India that includes parts of Bombay Tamil Nadu a state in southeastern India on the Bay of Bengal (south of Andhra Pradesh); formerly Madras Uttar Pradesh a state in northern India Maharashtra a state in west-central India Orissa state in eastern India on the Bay of Bengal Nilgiri Hills hills in southern India West Bengal a state in eastern India Nepal a small landlocked Asian country high in the Himalayas between India and China Kathmandu the capital and largest city of Nepal Tibet an autonomous region of the Peoples Republic of China; located in the Himalayas Indonesia a republic in southeastern Asia on an archipelago including more than 13,000 islands; achieved independence from the Netherlands in 1945; the principal oil producer in the Far East and Pacific regions Bali an island in Indonesia to the east of Java; striking volcanic scenery; culture is known for elaborate dances and rituals and for handicrafts Timor an island in Indonesia in the Malay Archipelago; the largest and most eastern of the Lesser Sunda Islands Sumatra a mountainous island in western Indonesia Celebes a mountainous island in eastern Indonesia Moluccas a group of island in eastern Indonesia between Celebes and New Guinea; settled by the Portuguese but taken by the Dutch who made them the center for a spice monopoly, at which time they were known as Spice Islands Indonesian Borneo the part of Indonesia on the southern side of the island of Borneo Jakarta capital and largest city of Indonesia; located on the island of Java; founded by the Dutch in 17th century Bandung a city in Indonesia; located on western Java (southeast of Jakarta); a resort known for its climate Medan a city in Indonesia; located in northeastern Sumatra Semarang a port city is southern Indonesia; located in northern Java Gulf States the countries in southwestern Asia that border the Persian Gulf a region of the United States comprising states bordering the Gulf of Mexico; Alabama and Florida and Louisiana and Mississippi and Texas Iran a theocratic Islamic republic in the Middle East in western Asia; Iran was the core of the ancient empire that was known as Persia until 1935; rich in oil Teheran the capital and largest city of Iran; located in northern Iran Abadan a port city in southwestern Iran Bam an ancient city in southeastern Iran; destroyed by an earthquake in 2003 Mashhad the holy city of Shiite Muslims; located in northeastern Iran Isfahan city in central Iran; former capital of Persia Rasht city in northwestern Iran near the Caspian Sea Shiraz a city in central southwestern Iran; ruins of ancient Persepolis are nearby Tabriz an ancient city in northwestern Iran; known for hot springs Urmia a city on the western side of Lake Urmia in northwestern Iran Qum a city in northwestern Iran; a place of pilgrimage for Shiite Muslims Persia an empire in southern Asia created by Cyrus the Great in the 6th century BC and destroyed by Alexander the Great in the 4th century BC Persepolis an ancient city that was the capital of the ancient Persian Empire; now in ruins Elam an ancient country in southwestern Asia to the east of the Tigris River (in what is modern Iran); was known for its warlike people Iraq a republic in the Middle East in western Asia; the ancient civilization of Mesopotamia was in the area now known as Iraq Baghdad capital and largest city of Iraq; located on the Tigris River; "Baghdad is one of the great cities of the Muslim world" Basra the second largest city in Iraq; an oil port in southern Iraq Kerbala a city of central Iraq to the south of Baghdad; a holy city for Shiite Muslims because it is the site of the tomb of Mohammed's grandson who was killed there in 680 Kirkuk a city in northeastern Iraq; the center of a rich oilfield with pipelines to the Mediterranean Mosul a city in northern Iraq on the Tigris across from the ruins of Nineveh Levant the former name for the geographical area of the eastern Mediterranean that is now occupied by Lebanon, Syria, and Israel a heavy morocco often used in bookbinding Macedon the ancient kingdom of Philip II and Alexander the Great in the southeastern Balkans that is now divided among modern Macedonia and Greece and Bulgaria Thrace an ancient country and wine producing region in the east of the Balkan Peninsula to the north of the Aegean Sea; colonized by ancient Greeks; later a Roman province; now divided between Bulgaria and Greece and Turkey Edirne a city in northwestern Turkey; a Thracian town that was rebuilt and renamed by the Roman Emperor Hadrian Mesopotamia the land between the Tigris and Euphrates; site of several ancient civilizations; part of what is now known as Iraq Babylon the chief city of ancient Mesopotamia and capital of the ancient kingdom of Babylonia Babylonia an ancient kingdom in southern Mesopotamia; Babylonia conquered Israel in the 6th century BC and exiled the Jews to Babylon (where Daniel became a counselor to the king) Chaldea an ancient region of Mesopotamia lying between the Euphrates delta and the Persian Gulf and the Arabian Desert; settled in 1000 BC and destroyed by the Persians in 539 BC; reached the height of its power under Nebuchadnezzar II Sumer an area in the southern region of Babylonia in present-day Iraq; site of the Sumerian civilization of city-states that flowered during the third millennium BC Ur an ancient city of Sumer located on a former channel of the Euphrates River Assyria an ancient kingdom in northern Mesopotamia which is in present-day Iraq Assur an ancient Assyrian city on the Tigris and traditional capital of Assyria; just to the south of the modern city of Mosul in Iraq Nineveh an ancient Assyrian city on the Tigris across from the modern city of Mosul in the northern part of what is now known as Iraq Phoenicia an ancient maritime country (a collection of city states) at eastern end of the Mediterranean Carthage an ancient city state on the north African coast near modern Tunis; founded by Phoenicians; destroyed and rebuilt by Romans; razed by Arabs in 697 Utica an ancient city on the north coast of Africa (northwest of Carthage); destroyed by Arabs around 700 AD a city in central New York Japan a string of more than 3,000 islands to the east of Asia extending 1,300 miles between the Sea of Japan and the western Pacific Ocean a constitutional monarchy occupying the Japanese Archipelago; a world leader in electronics and automobile manufacture and ship building Hokkaido the second largest of the four main islands of Japan; to the north of Honshu Honshu the central and largest of the four main islands of Japan; between the Sea of Japan and the Pacific Ocean; regarded as the Japanese mainland Kyushu the southernmost of the four main islands of Japan; contains coal fields Shikoku the smallest of the four main islands of Japan; to the south of Honshu and to the east of Kyushu; separated from Honshu by the Inland Sea; forested and mountainous Asahikawa a city on western Hokkaido that is the center of a fertile agricultural area Tokyo the capital and largest city of Japan; the economic and cultural center of Japan Nagano a city in central Honshu to the northwest of Tokyo; site of a Buddhist shrine Nagoya an industrial city in southern Honshu Omiya a city of east central Honshu; a suburb of Tokyo Osaka port city on southern Honshu on Osaka Bay; a commercial and industrial center of Japan Yokohama port city on southeastern Honshu in central Japan Naha City the chief city in the Ryukyu Islands Ryukyu Islands a chain of 55 islands in the western Pacific to the to the southwest of Japan (returned by United States to Japan in 1972) Kobe a port city in Japan on Osaka Bay in southern Honshu; was damaged by an earthquake in 1995 Kyoto a city in central Japan on southern Honshu; a famous cultural center that was once the capital of Japan Hiroshima a port city on the southwestern coast of Honshu in Japan; on August 6, 1945 Hiroshima was almost completely destroyed by the first atomic bomb dropped on a populated area Sapporo a commercial city in northern Japan on western Hokkaido Kitakyushu a Japanese city on northern Kyushu Fukuoka a city in southern Japan on Kyushu Nagasaki a city in southern Japan on Kyushu; a leading port and shipbuilding center; on August 9, 1945 Nagasaki became the second populated area to receive an atomic bomb Toyohashi a Japanese city in southern Honshu on the Pacific shore Toyonaki a Japanese city in southern Honshu; main residential suburb of Osaka Toyota an industrial city of Japan in southern Honshu Asama a volcano in central Honshu near Nagano; one of the largest volcanoes in Japan (8,340 feet) Volcano Islands a group of Japanese Islands in the northwestern Pacific Ocean to the north of the Marianas Iwo Jima the largest of the Volcano Islands of Japan Jordan an Arab kingdom in southwestern Asia on the Red Sea a river in Palestine that empties into the Dead Sea; John the Baptist baptized Jesus in the Jordan Amman the capital and largest city of Jordan Al Aqabah Jordan's port; located in southwestern Jordan on the Gulf of Aqaba Jericho a village in Palestine near the north end of the Dead Sea; in the Old Testament it was the first place taken by the Israelites under Joshua as they entered the Promised Land Az Zarqa city in northwestern Jordan Kenya a republic in eastern Africa; achieved independence from the United Kingdom in 1963; major archeological discoveries have been made in the Great Rift Valley in Kenya Nairobi the capital and largest city of Kenya; a center for tourist safaris Kisumu a port city in western Kenya on the northeastern shore of Lake Victoria; fishing and trading center Mombasa a port city in southern Kenya on a coral island in a bay of the Indian Ocean Nakuru a city in western Kenya; commercial center of an agricultural region Kuwait an Arab kingdom in Asia on the northwestern coast of the Persian Gulf; a major source of petroleum a seaport on the Persian Gulf and capital of Kuwait Gaul an ancient region of western Europe that included what is now northern Italy and France and Belgium and part of Germany and the Netherlands a Celt of ancient Gaul France a republic in western Europe; the largest country wholly in Europe French writer of sophisticated novels and short stories (1844-1924) Paris the capital and largest city of France; and international center of culture and commerce a town in northeastern Texas (Greek mythology) the prince of Troy who abducted Helen from her husband Menelaus and provoked the Trojan War sometimes placed in subfamily Trilliaceae Left Bank the region of Paris on the southern bank of the Seine; a center of artistic and student life Montmartre the highest point in Paris; famous for its associations with many artists Clichy a northwestern suburb of Paris; the residence of the Merovingian royalty in the 7th century Orly a southeastern suburb of Paris; site of an international airport serving Paris Quai d'Orsay the street in Paris along the south bank of the Seine known for its governmental ministries Right Bank the region of Paris on the north bank of the Seine Ile-St-Louis island in Paris on the Seine Champs Elysees a major avenue in Paris famous for elegant shops and cafes Avignon a town in southeastern France on the Rhone River; the seat of the papacy from 1309 to 1378 and the residence of antipopes during the Great Schism Brest a port city in northwestern France (in Brittany); the chief naval station of France Calais a town in northern France on the Strait of Dover that serves as a ferry port to England; in 1347 it was captured by the English king Edward III after a long siege and remained in English hands until it was recaptured by the French king Henry II in 1558 Cannes a port and resort city on the French Riviera; site of an annual film festival Chartres a town in northern France that is noted for its Gothic Cathedral Cherbourg a port town in northwestern France on the English Channel; site of a naval base Dijon an industrial city in eastern France to the north of Lyons Grenoble a city in southeastern France on the Isere River Le Havre a port city in northern France on the English Channel at the mouth of the Seine Lille an industrial city in northern France near the Belgian border; was the medieval capital of Flanders Lyon a city in east-central France on the Rhone River; a principal producer of silk and rayon Marseille a port city in southeastern France on the Mediterranean Nancy a city in northeastern France in Lorraine Nantes a port city in western France on the Loire estuary Nice a city in southeastern France on the Mediterranean; the leading resort on the French Riviera Rheims a city in northeastern France to the east of Paris; scene of the coronation of most French kings; site of the unconditional German surrender in 1945 at the end of World War II Strasbourg city on the Rhine in eastern France near the German border; an inland port Toulon a port city and naval base in southeastern France on the Mediterranean coast Toulouse a city on the Garonne River in southern France to the southeast of Bordeaux; a cultural center of medieval Europe Tours an industrial city in western France on the Loire River Vichy a town in central France (south of Paris) noted for hot mineral springs; was capital of the unoccupied part of France during World War II Riviera a coastal area between La Spezia in Italy and Cannes in France; "the Riviera contains some of Europe's most popular resorts" French Riviera the French part of the Riviera French region a geographical subdivision of France Alsace a region of northeastern France famous for its wines Anjou a former province of western France in the Loire valley Aquitaine a region of southwestern France between Bordeaux and the Pyrenees Artois a former province of northern France near the English Channel (between Picardy and Flanders) Auvergne a region in central France Basse-Normandie a division of Normandy Bourgogne a former province of eastern France that is famous for its wines Bretagne a former province of northwestern France on a peninsula between the English Channel and the Bay of Biscay Centre a low-lying region in central France Champagne a region of northeastern France Ardennes a wooded plateau in the Champagne-Ardenne region of France; the site of intense fighting in World War I and World War II Corse a region of France on the island of Corsica; birthplace of Napoleon Bonaparte an island in the Mediterranean; with adjacent islets it constitutes a region of France Franche-Comte a former province of eastern France Gascogne a region of southwestern France Haute-Normandie a division of Normandy Ile-de-France a region of north central France including Paris and the area around it Languedoc-Roussillon a region in south central France; named after the medieval dialect of French that was spoken there Limousin a region of central France to the west of the Auvergne mountains Lorraine an eastern French region rich in iron-ore deposits Martinique an island in the eastern Caribbean in the Windward Islands; administered as an overseas region of France Mayenne a department of northwestern France in the Pays de la Loire region Midi the southern part of France Midi-Pyrenees a region in southwestern France Nord-Pas-de-Calais a region in northeastern France Pays de la Loire an agricultural region of western France on the Bay of Biscay Picardie a region of northern France on the English Channel Poitou-Charentes a low-lying region of west central France on the Bay of Biscay Rhone-Alpes a mountainous region of eastern France drained by the Rhone and Saone and Isere rivers Normandie a former province of northwestern France on the English channel; divided into Haute-Normandie and Basse-Normandie Orleanais a former province of north central France; centered around Orleans Provence a former province of southeastern France; now administered with Cote d'Azur Lyonnais a former province of east central France; now administered by Rhone-Alpes Savoy a geographical region of historical importance; a former duchy in what is now southwestern France, western Switzerland, and northwestern Italy Gabon a republic on the west coast of Africa Libreville the capital of Gabon Gambia a narrow republic surrounded by Senegal in West Africa Banjul a port city and capital of Gambia Ghana a republic in West Africa on the Gulf of Guinea; "Ghana was colonized as the Gold Coast by the British" Accra the capital and largest city of Ghana with a deep-water port Kumasi a city in southern Ghana Tamale a city in northern Ghana Grenada an island state in the West Indies in the southeastern Caribbean Sea; an independent state within the British Commonwealth St. George's the capital and largest city of Grenada Guinea a republic in western Africa on the Atlantic; formerly a French colony; achieved independence from France in 1958 Conakry a port and the capital of Guinea Guinea-Bissau a republic on the northwestern coast of Africa; recognized as independent by Portugal in 1974 Bissau the capital of Guinea-Bissau Guiana a geographical region of northeastern South America including Guyana and Surinam Guyana a republic in northeastern South America; formerly part of the British Empire, but it achieved independence from the United Kingdom in 1966 Georgetown port city and the capital and largest city of Guyana; "the city was called Stabroek by the Dutch but was renamed Georgetown by the British in 1812" a section of northwestern Washington, D.C. Demerara a former Dutch colony in South America; now a part of Guyana a river in northern Guyana that flows northward into the Atlantic Netherlands a constitutional monarchy in western Europe on the North Sea; half the country lies below sea level Amsterdam an industrial center and the nominal capital of the Netherlands; center of the diamond-cutting industry; seat of an important stock exchange; known for its canals and art museum Apeldoorn a city of east central Netherlands; a popular tourist center and site of the summer residence of the Dutch royal family Arnhem a city in the central Netherlands on the lower Rhine River; site of a battle in 1944 during World War II The Hague the site of the royal residence and the de facto capital in the western part of the Netherlands; seat of the International Court of Justice Eindhoven city in southeastern Netherlands noted for electrical industry Nijmegen an industrial city in the eastern Netherlands Rotterdam the 2nd largest city in the Netherlands; located in the western Netherlands near the North Sea Leiden a city in the western Netherlands; residence of the Pilgrim Fathers for 11 years before they sailed for America in 1620 Utrecht a city in the central Netherlands Friesland one of the northernmost provinces of the Netherlands the western part of the ancient region of Frisia in northern Europe on the North Sea between the Scheldt river and the Weser river; part of this region is now a province in the Netherlands Frisia an ancient region of northwestern Europe including the Frisian Islands Frisian Islands a chain of islands in the North Sea off the coast of northwestern Europe extending from the IJsselmeer to Jutland Hungary a republic in central Europe Budapest capital and largest city of Hungary; located on the Danube River in north-central Hungary Faroe Islands a group of 21 volcanic islands in the North Atlantic between Iceland and the Shetland Islands a self-governing colony that is a possession of Denmark in the Faroe Islands Thorshavn the administrative center of the Faroe Islands Iceland a volcanic island in the North Atlantic near the Arctic Circle an island republic on the island of Iceland; became independent of Denmark in 1944 Reykjavik the capital and chief port of Iceland on the southwestern coast of Iceland; buildings are heated by natural hot water Orkney Islands an archipelago of about 70 islands in the North Atlantic and North Sea off the northeastern coast of Scotland Shetland an archipelago of about 100 islands in the North Atlantic off the north coast of Scotland Thule the geographical region believed by ancient geographers to be the northernmost land in the inhabited world a town in northwestern Greenland; during World War II a United States naval base was built there Korea an Asian peninsula (off Manchuria) separating the Yellow Sea and the Sea of Japan; the Korean name is Dae-Han-Min-Gook or Han-Gook Chosen the name for Korea as a Japanese province (1910-1945) North Korea a communist country in the northern half of the Korean Peninsula; established in 1948 Pyongyang capital of North Korea and an industrial center; "Pyongyang is Korea's oldest city but little of its history has been preserved" South Korea a republic in the southern half of the Korean Peninsula; established in 1948 Seoul the capital of South Korea and the largest city of Asia; located in northwestern South Korea Kwangju city in southwestern South Korea; an important military base during the Korean War Taegu a city in southeastern South Korea Pusan a city in southeastern South Korea on the Korean Strait; the chief port and second largest city Laos a mountainous landlocked communist state in southeastern Asia; achieved independence from France in 1949 Vientiane the capital and largest city of Laos Lappland a region in northmost Europe inhabited by Lapps Lebanon an Asian republic at east end of Mediterranean Bayrut capital and largest city of Lebanon; located in western Lebanon on the Mediterranean Tarabulus a port city and commercial center in northwestern Lebanon on the Mediterranean Sea Sayda the main city of ancient Phoenicia Sur a port in southern Lebanon on the Mediterranean Sea; formerly a major Phoenician seaport famous for silks Byblos an ancient Mediterranean seaport that was a thriving city state in Phoenicia during the second millennium BC; was the chief port for the export of papyrus; located in Lebanon to the north of Beirut; now partially excavated Lesotho a landlocked constitutional monarchy in southern Africa; achieved independence from the United Kingdom in 1966 Maseru the capital of Lesotho; located in northwestern Lesotho Liberia a republic in West Africa; established in 1822 by Americans as a way to free negro slaves Monrovia the capital and chief port and largest city of Liberia Libya a military dictatorship in northern Africa on the Mediterranean; consists almost entirely of desert; a major exporter of petroleum Tripoli the capital and chief port and largest city of Libya; in northwestern Libya on the Mediterranean Sea; founded by the Phoenicians in the 7th century BC Benghazi port in northern Libya on the Gulf of Sidra; formerly a joint capital of Libya with Tripoli Liechtenstein a small landlocked principality (constitutional monarchy) in central Europe located in the Alps between Austria and Switzerland Vaduz the capital and largest city of Liechtenstein Luxembourg a grand duchy (a constitutional monarchy) landlocked in northwestern Europe between France and Belgium and Germany; an international financial center Luxembourg-Ville the capital and largest city of Luxembourg Macedonia landlocked republic on the Balkan Peninsula; achieved independence from Yugoslavia in 1991 Skopje capital of modern Macedonia Madagascar an island in the Indian Ocean off the southeastern coast of Africa; the 4th largest island in the world a republic on the island of Madagascar; achieved independence from France in 1960 Antananarivo the capital and largest city of Madagascar Malawi a landlocked republic in southern central Africa; achieved independence from the United Kingdom in 1964 Blantyre city in southern Malawi; largest city and commercial center of Malawi Lilongwe the capital of Malawi; located in south central Malawi Zomba a city in southern Malawi; was the capital until 1971 Malaysia a constitutional monarchy in southeastern Asia on Borneo and the Malay Peninsula; achieved independence from the United Kingdom in 1957 Kuala Lumpur the largest city and former capital of Malaysia until 2005 Putrajaya Malaysia's sparkling new capital East Malaysia the part of Malaysia that is on the island of Borneo West Malaysia the region of Malaysia on the Malay Peninsula; shares a land border with Thailand to the north Malay Peninsula a peninsula in southeastern Asia occupied by parts of Malaysia and Thailand and Myanmar Malaysian state one of the several states constituting Malaysia Malacca the third smallest Malaysian state; located in the southern region of the Malay Peninsula Penang the second smallest Malaysian state; located on the northwest coast of Peninsular Malaysia Perlis the smallest Malaysian state; located at the northern part of the west coast of Peninsular Malaysia Negeri Sembilan one of the 13 states that constitute the Federation of Malaysia; located on the western coast of Peninsular Malaysia Terengganu sultanate and one of the 13 states of the Federation of Malaysia Selangor sultanate and one of the 13 states that constitute the Federation of Malaysia Perak sultanate and one of the 13 states that constitute the Federation of Malaysia Pahang sultanate and one of the 13 states that constitute the Federation of Malaysia Kelantan sultanate and one of the 13 states that constitute the Federation of Malaysia Kedah sultanate and one of the 13 states that constitute the Federation of Malaysia Johor sultanate and one of the 13 states that constitute the Federation of Malaysia Sabah one of the 13 states that constitute the Federation of Malaysia; located on the northern portion of the island of Borneo Sarawak the largest state in Malaysia; located on the northwest of the island of Borneo Maldives a group of about 1,200 small coral islands (about 220 inhabited) in the Indian ocean a republic on the Maldive Islands; achieved independence from the United Kingdom in 1965 Male the capital of Maldives in the center of the islands Mali a landlocked republic in northwestern Africa; achieved independence from France in 1960; Mali was a center of West African civilization for more than 4,000 years Bamako the capital of Mali; located in the south on the Niger Timbuktu a city in central Mali near the Niger river; formerly famous for its gold trade Malta a strategically located island to the south of Sicily in the Mediterranean Sea a republic on the island of Malta in the Mediterranean; achieved independence from the United Kingdom in 1964 Valletta the capital of Malta; located on the northeastern coast of the island Mauritania a country in northwestern Africa with a provisional military government; achieved independence from France in 1960; largely western Sahara Desert Nouakchott capital of Mauritania; located in western Mauritania near the Atlantic coast Mauritius an island in the southwestern Indian Ocean a parliamentary state on the island of Mauritius Port Louis capital and chief port of Mauritius; located on the northwestern coast of the island Monaco a constitutional monarchy in a tiny enclave on the French Riviera Monaco-Ville the capital of Monaco Monte Carlo a town and popular resort in the principality of Monaco; famous for its gambling casino Tartary the vast geographical region of Europe and Asia that was controlled by the Mongols in the 13th and 14th centuries; "under Genghis Khan Tartary extended as far east as the Pacific Ocean" Mongolia a vast region in Asia including the Mongolian People's Republic and China's Inner Mongolia a landlocked socialist republic in central Asia Ulan Bator the capital and largest city of Mongolia Morocco a kingdom (constitutional monarchy) in northwestern Africa with a largely Muslim population; achieved independence from France in 1956 Casablanca a port on the Atlantic and the largest city of Morocco El Aaium a town in Morocco near the Atlantic coast Fez a city in north central Morocco; religious center Marrakesh a city in western Morocco; tourist center Oujda a city in northeastern Morocco near the Algerian border Rabat the capital of Morocco; located in the northwestern on the Atlantic coast Tangier a city of northern Morocco at the west end of the Strait of Gibraltar; "the first tangerines were shipped from Tangier to Europe in 1841" Western Sahara an area in northwestern Africa with rich phosphate deposits; under Moroccan control since 1992 Mozambique a republic on the southeastern coast of Africa on the Mozambique Channel; became independent from Portugal in 1975 Beira a port city in eastern Mozambique on the Mozambique Channel Maputo the capital and largest city of Mozambique New Zealand North Island and South Island and adjacent small islands in the South Pacific an independent country within the British Commonwealth; achieved independence from the United Kingdom in 1907; known for sheep and spectacular scenery North Island the smaller but more populous of two main islands of New Zealand; separated from South Island by Cook Strait South Island the larger but less populous of two main islands of New Zealand; separated from North Island by Cook Strait Auckland the largest city and principal port of New Zealand Christchurch industrial city at the center of a rich agricultural region Wellington the capital of New Zealand British general and statesman; he defeated Napoleon at Waterloo; subsequently served as Prime Minister (1769-1852) Niger a landlocked republic in West Africa; gained independence from France in 1960; most of the country is dominated by the Sahara Desert an African river; flows into the South Atlantic Niamey the capital and largest city of Niger Nigeria a republic in West Africa on the Gulf of Guinea; gained independence from Britain in 1960; most populous African country Abuja capital of Nigeria in the center of the country Ibadan a large Yoruba city in southwestern Nigeria; site of a university Katsina a city in northern Nigeria; a major center of the Hausa people Lagos chief port and economic center of Nigeria; located in southwestern Nigeria on the Gulf of Guinea; former capital of Nigeria Maiduguri a city in northeastern Nigeria; an agricultural trading center Zaria a city in north central Nigeria; agricultural trading center Oman a strategically located monarchy on the southern and eastern coasts of the Arabian Peninsula; the economy is dominated by oil Muscat a port on the Gulf of Oman and capital of the sultanate of Oman Kashmir an area in southwestern Asia whose sovereignty is disputed between Pakistan and India Pakistan a Muslim republic that occupies the heartland of ancient south Asian civilization in the Indus River valley; formerly part of India; achieved independence from the United Kingdom in 1947 Faisalabad city in northeast Pakistan Islamabad the capital of Pakistan in the north on a plateau; the site was chosen in 1959 Karachi the largest city in Pakistan; located in southeastern Pakistan; an industrial center and seaport on the Arabian Sea; former capital of Pakistan Lahore city in northeast Pakistan Peshawar city in northern Pakistan at the eastern end of the Khyber Pass Rawalpindi an ancient city in northeastern Pakistan; served as capital of Pakistan while Islamabad was being built Sind a region of southeastern Pakistan Palau a chain of more than 200 islands about 400 miles long in the western central Pacific Ocean a republic in the western central Pacific Ocean in association with the United States Paraguay a landlocked republic in south central South America; achieved independence from Spain in 1811 Asuncion the capital and chief port of Paraguay Parthia an ancient kingdom in Asia to the southeast of the Caspian Sea; it dominated southwestern Asia from about 250 BC to AD 226 Peru a republic in western South America; achieved independence from Spain in 1821; was the heart of the Inca empire from the 12th to 16th centuries Arequipa a city in southern Peru founded in 1540 on the site of an ancient Inca city Cuzco a town in the Andes in southern Peru; formerly the capital of the Inca empire Lima capital and largest city and economic center of Peru; located in western Peru; was capital of the Spanish empire in the New World until the 19th century Machu Picchu Inca fortress city in the Andes in Peru discovered in 1911; it may have been built in the 15th century Philippines an archipelago in the southwestern Pacific including some 7000 islands a republic on the Philippine Islands; achieved independence from the United States in 1946 Cebu one of the Visayan islands of the central Philippines; important for its fine harbor an important seaport on the island of Cebu in the Philippines Luzon the main island of the Philippines Mindanao the second largest island of the Philippines at the southern end of the archipelago; mountainous and volcanic Mindoro a mountainous island in the central Philippines Manila the capital and largest city of the Philippines; located on southern Luzon Caloocan a suburb of Manila in southwestern Luzon Quezon City city on Luzon adjoining Manila Pinatubo a volcano on Luzon to the northwest of Manila; erupted in 1991 after 600 years of dormancy Visayan Islands group of islands in the central Philippines Poland a republic in central Europe; the invasion of Poland by Germany in 1939 started World War II Warszawa the capital and largest city of Poland; located in central Poland Bydgoszcz an industrial city and river port in northern Poland Cracow an industrial city in southern Poland on the Vistula Czestochowa a city of southern Poland whose church contains the statue of the black Madonna which attracts many pilgrims Gdansk a port city of northern Poland near the mouth of the Vistula River on a gulf of the Baltic Sea; a member of the Hanseatic League in the 14th century Katowice an industrial city of southern Poland Lodz a large city of central Poland Lublin an industrial city of eastern Poland Wroclaw a city in southwestern Poland on the Oder Zabrze an industrial city in southern Poland Iberian Peninsula a peninsula in southwestern Europe Portugal a republic in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula; Portuguese explorers and colonists in the 15th and 16th centuries created a vast overseas empire (including Brazil) Azores islands in the Atlantic Ocean belonging to Portugal; "the Azores are strategically located on transatlantic air and shipping routes" Madeira Islands a group of volcanic islands in the Atlantic Ocean to the west of Morocco; the group forms an autonomous region of Portugal Braga an ancient city in northern Portugal Lisbon capital and largest city and economic and cultural center of Portugal; a major port in western Portugal on Tagus River where it broadens and empties into the Atlantic Porto port city in northwest Portugal; noted for port wine Setubal a port city on the Atlantic coast of Portugal to the southeast of Lisbon Qatar a peninsula extending northward from the Arabian mainland into the Persian Gulf an Arab country on the peninsula of Qatar; achieved independence from the United Kingdom in 1971; the economy is dominated by oil Doha the capital and chief port of Qatar Saint Kitts and Nevis a country on several of the Leeward Islands; located to the east southeast of Puerto Rico; achieved independence from the United Kingdom in 1983 Saint Christopher the largest of the islands comprising Saint Christopher-Nevis Basseterre the capital of Saint Kitts and Nevis on the island of Saint Christopher Nevis one of the islands of Saint Christopher-Nevis Sombrero one of the islands of Saint Christopher-Nevis Saint Lucia a volcanic island in the Windward Isles to the south of Martinique a country on the island of Saint Lucia; gained independence from Great Britain in 1979 Castries a port on the island of Saint Lucia; capital and largest city of Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines an island country in the central Windward Islands; achieved independence from the United Kingdom in 1979 Saint Vincent an island in the center of the Windward Islands; the largest of the islands comprising Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Kingstown the capital of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines; on Saint Vincent French Polynesia a French overseas possession in the South Pacific Tahiti an island in the south Pacific; the most important island in French Polynesia; made famous by Robert Louis Stevenson and Paul Gauguin Papeete the capital of French Polynesia on the northwestern coast of Tahiti Society Islands an island group of French Polynesia in the South Pacific to the east of Samoa Tuamotu Archipelago a group of about 80 coral islands in French Polynesia Tubuai Islands a chain of small islands in French Polynesia Gambier Islands a group of islands in the south central Pacific; part of French Polynesia Marquesas Islands a group of volcanic islands in the south central Pacific; part of French Polynesia Samoa a group of volcanic islands in the South Pacific midway between Hawaii and Australia; its climate and scenery and Polynesian culture make it a popular tourist stop a constitutional monarchy on the western part of the islands of Samoa in the South Pacific Apia the capital of Western Samoa American Samoa a United States territory on the eastern part of the island of Samoa Pago Pago a port in American Samoa San Marino the smallest republic in the world; the oldest independent country in Europe (achieved independence in 301); located in the Apennines and completely surrounded by Italy the capital and only city of San Marino Sao Tome and Principe island nation in the South Atlantic off the west coast of Africa; achieved independence from Portugal in 1975; has enormous offshore oil reserves Sao Tome capital of Sao Tome and Principe Principe an island in the Gulf of Guinea that is part of Sao Tome and Principe Saudi Arabia an absolute monarchy occupying most of the Arabian Peninsula in southwest Asia; vast oil reserves dominate the economy Riyadh joint capital (with Mecca) of Saudi Arabia located in the central oasis; largest city in Saudi Arabia Mecca joint capital (with Riyadh) of Saudi Arabia; located in western Saudi Arabia; as the birthplace of Muhammad it is the holiest city of Islam Medina a city in western Saudi Arabia; site of the tomb of Muhammad; the second most holy city of Islam Dhahran an oil town in eastern Saudi Arabia on an inlet from the Persian Gulf; in June 1996 terrorists bombed an apartment complex in Dhahran killing 19 United States soldiers and wounding more than 300 people Jeddah port city in western Saudi Arabia on the Red Sea; near Mecca Tabuk a city in northwestern Saudi Arabia Taif a city in western Saudi Arabia to the east of Mecca Nejd a central plateau region of the Arabian Peninsula; formerly an independent sultanate until 1932 when it united with Hejaz to form the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia Hejaz a coastal region of the western Arabian Peninsula bordering on the Red Sea; includes both Mecca and Medina; formerly an independent kingdom until it united with Nejd to form the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia Senegal a republic in northwestern Africa on the coast of the Atlantic; formerly a French colony but achieved independence in 1960 Dakar the capital and chief port and largest city of Senegal Seychelles a group of about 90 islands in the western Indian Ocean to the north of Madagascar a republic on the Seychelles islands; achieved independence from the United Kingdom in 1976 Sierra Leone a republic in West Africa; achieved independence from the United Kingdom in 1961 Freetown port city and the capital and largest city of Sierra Leone Singapore an island to the south of the Malay Peninsula a country in southeastern Asia on the island of Singapore; achieved independence from Malaysia in 1965 the capital of Singapore; one of the world's biggest ports Solomons the northernmost islands are part of Papua New Guinea; the remainder form an independent state within the British Commonwealth Solomon Islands the southern Solomon Islands that since 1978 form an independent state in the British Commonwealth Honiara national capital of Solomon Islands Somalia a republic in extreme eastern Africa on the Somali peninsula; subject to tribal warfare Mogadishu the capital and largest city of Somalia; a port on the Indian Ocean Hargeisa a city in northwestern Somalia Somali peninsula a peninsula of northeastern Africa (the easternmost part of Africa) comprising Somalia and Djibouti and Eritrea and parts of Ethiopia South Africa a republic at the southernmost part of Africa; achieved independence from the United Kingdom in 1910; first European settlers were Dutch (known as Boers) Pretoria city in the Transvaal; the seat of the executive branch of the government of South Africa Cape Town port city in southwestern South Africa; the seat of the legislative branch of the government of South Africa Johannesburg city in the northeastern part of South Africa near Pretoria; commercial center for diamond and gold industries Kimberley city in central South Africa; center for diamond mining and diamond marketing Durban a port city in eastern South Africa on the Indian Ocean; resort and industrial center Free State a province in central South Africa that was colonized by the Boers; named Free State in 1997 Transvaal a province of northeastern South Africa originally inhabited by Africans who spoke Bantu; colonized by the Boers Cape Province a former province of southern South Africa that was settled by the Dutch in 1652 and ceded to Great Britain in 1814; in 1994 it was split into three new provinces of South Africa Witwatersrand a rocky region in the southern Transvaal in northeastern South Africa; contains rich gold deposits and coal and manganese Cape of Good Hope a province of western South Africa a point of land in southwestern South Africa (south of Cape Town) Bloemfontein the seat of the supreme court Soweto a large collection of African townships to the southwest of Johannesburg in South Africa; inhabited solely by Black Africans Rus the medieval Russian state established by Scandinavian traders in the 9th century; the capital was first in Novgorod and then in Kiev Russia a former empire in eastern Europe and northern Asia created in the 14th century with Moscow as the capital; powerful in the 17th and 18th centuries under Peter the Great and Catherine the Great when Saint Petersburg was the capital; overthrown by revolution in 1917 a federation in northeastern Europe and northern Asia; formerly Soviet Russia; since 1991 an independent state Soviet Union a former communist country in eastern Europe and northern Asia; established in 1922; included Russia and 14 other soviet socialist republics (Ukraine and Byelorussia and others); officially dissolved 31 December 1991 Muscovy a Russian principality in the 13th to 16th centuries; Moscow was the capital Moscow a city of central European Russia; formerly capital of both the Soviet Union and Soviet Russia; since 1991 the capital of the Russian Federation Astrakhan a city in southwestern Russia on the delta of the Volga River Cherepovets a city of east central Russia to the north of Moscow Chechnya an autonomous republic in southwestern Russia in the northern Caucasus Mountains bordering on Georgia; declared independence from the USSR in 1991 but Russian troops invaded and continue to prosecute a relentless military campaign in the largely Muslim republic Grozny the capital of Chechnya in southwestern Russia; center of extensive oil fields Kaluga a city of central Russia to the south of Moscow Khabarovsk an administrative territory in Russia on the eastern coast of Siberia a city on the Amur River on the border of China and the capital of Khabarovsk Kursk a city of southwestern Russia Siberia a vast Asian region of Russia; famous for long cold winters Soviet Socialist Republic one of the states that formerly made up the former Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (1922-1991) European Russia the part of Russia that is part of Europe Asian Russia the Russia that is part of Asia Soviet Russia formerly the largest Soviet Socialist Republic in the USSR occupying eastern Europe and northern Asia Nizhnyi Novgorod an industrial city in the European part of Russia; birthplace of Maksim Gorky Kazan an industrial city in the European part of Russia United States stage and screen director (born in Turkey) and believer in method acting (1909-2003) St. Petersburg a city in the European part of Russia; 2nd largest Russian city; located at the head of the Gulf of Finland; former capital of Russia a city in western Florida on Tampa Bay; a popular winter resort Murmansk a port city in northwestern Russia on the Kola Peninsula; the largest city to the north of the Arctic Circle; an important supply line to Russia in World War I and World War II Nalchik a city in southwestern Russia in a valley of the Caucasus Mountains; an industrial center and health resort Novgorod a city in northwestern Russia on the Volkhov River; Russia's oldest city and an important trading center in the Middle Ages Perm a city in the European part of Russia Rostov a seaport on the Don River near the Sea of Azov in the European part of Russia Saratov an industrial city in the European part of Russia Smolensk a city in western Russia on the Dnieper River; scene of severe fighting in World War II Ufa a city in the European part of Russia Volgograd a city in the European part of Russia on the Volga; site of German defeat in World War II in the winter of 1942-43 Novosibirsk a city in the Asian part of Russia on the Ob river; largest city in Siberia Chelyabinsk a city in the Asian part of Russia Omsk a city in the Asian part of Russia Vladivostok a seaport in the Asian part of Russia Novaya Zemlya two islands in the Arctic Ocean belonging to Russia; site of a test center for nuclear warheads Kola Peninsula a peninsula in northwestern Russia projecting eastward between the Barents Sea and the White Sea Belarus a landlocked republic in eastern Europe; formerly a European soviet Minsk the capital of Belarus and of the Commonwealth of Independent States Homyel industrial city of Belarus to the southeast of Minsk Pinsk a city of southwestern Belarus Baltic State European countries bordering the Baltic Sea Estonia a republic in northeastern Europe on the Baltic Sea Tallinn a port city on the Gulf of Finland that is the capital and largest city of Estonia Tartu a city of southeastern Estonia that was a member of the Hanseatic League Livonia a region on the Baltic that is divided between northern Estonia and southern Latvia Latvia a republic in northeastern Europe on the eastern coast of the Baltic Sea Riga a port city on the Gulf of Riga that is the capital and largest city of Latvia; formerly a member of the Hanseatic League Liepaja a city of southwestern Latvia on the Baltic Sea Daugavpils a city of southeastern Latvia Lithuania a republic in northeastern Europe on the Baltic Sea Klaipeda a city in western Lithuania on the Baltic Sea; formerly an important trading town of the Hanseatic League Vilnius the capital and largest city of Lithuania; located in southeastern Lithuania Kaunas a city in central Lithuania Moldova a landlocked republic in eastern Europe; formerly a European soviet but achieved independence in 1991 Kishinev the capital of Moldova Ukraine a republic in southeastern Europe; formerly a European soviet; the center of the original Russian state which came into existence in the ninth century Crimea a Ukrainian peninsula between the Black Sea and the Sea of Azov Colchis (Greek mythology) a region on the Black Sea to the south of the Caucasus that was the site of an ancient country where (according to Greek mythology) Jason sought the Golden Fleece Kyyiv capital and largest city of the Ukraine; a major manufacturing and transportation center Donetsk an industrial city in the Donets Basin Donets Basin an industrial region in the Ukraine Chernobyl a city in north central Ukraine; site of a major disaster at a nuclear power plant (26 April 1986) Dneprodzerzhinsk port city and industrial center in east central Ukraine on the Dnieper River Dnipropetrovsk city in east central Ukraine on the Dnieper River; center of metallurgical industry Kharkov a city in northeastern Ukraine; former capital of the Ukraine Odessa a port city of south central Ukraine on an arm of the Black Sea a city in western Texas Sebastopol a city in southern Ukraine on the Black Sea Yalta a resort city in Crimea in the southern Ukraine on the Black Sea; site of the Allied conference between Roosevelt, Stalin, and Churchill in February 1945 Armenia a landlocked republic in southwestern Asia; formerly an Asian soviet; modern Armenia is but a fragment of ancient Armenia which was one of the world's oldest civilizations; throughout 2500 years the Armenian people have been invaded and oppressed by their neighbors Yerevan capital of Armenia Azerbaijan a landlocked republic in southwestern Asia; formerly an Asian soviet Baku a port city on the Caspian Sea that is the capital of Azerbaijan and an important center for oil production Iberia an ancient geographical region to the south of the Caucasus Mountains that corresponded approximately to the present-day Georgia Georgia a republic in Asia Minor on the Black Sea separated from Russia by the Caucasus mountains; formerly an Asian soviet but became independent in 1991 a state in southeastern United States; one of the Confederate states during the American Civil War one of the British colonies that formed the United States Tbilisi the capital and largest city of Georgia on the Kura river Adzhar an autonomous province of Georgia on the Black Sea Kazakhstan a landlocked republic to the south of Russia and to the northeast of the Caspian Sea; the original Turkic-speaking inhabitants were overrun by Mongols in the 13th century; an Asian soviet from 1936 to 1991 Astana remote city of Kazakhstan that (ostensibly for security reasons) was made the capital in 1998 Almaty the largest city in Kazakhstan and the capital until 1998 Kyrgyzstan a landlocked republic in west central Asia bordering on northwestern China; formerly an Asian soviet but became independent in 1991 Bishkek the capital of Kyrgyzstan (known as Frunze 1926-1991) Tajikistan a landlocked mountainous republic in southeast central Asia to the north of Afghanistan; formerly an Asian soviet Dushanbe the capital of Tajikistan; formerly Stalinabad 1926-1991 Turkmenistan a republic in Asia to the east of the Caspian Sea and to the south of Kazakhstan and to the north of Iran; an Asian soviet from 1925 to 1991 Ashkhabad the capital and largest city of Turkmenistan Kamchatka Peninsula a peninsula in eastern Siberia; between Bering Sea and Sea of Okhotsk Taimyr Peninsula a peninsula in northern Siberia Uzbekistan a landlocked republic in west central Asia; formerly an Asian soviet Tashkent the capital of Uzbekistan Samarkand city in southern Uzbekistan; Tamerlane's opulent capital in the 14th century Latin America the parts of North America and South America to the south of the United States where Romance languages are spoken Andorra a small republic in the eastern Pyrenees between Spain and France Spain a parliamentary monarchy in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula; a former colonial power Madrid the capital and largest city situated centrally in Spain; home of an outstanding art museum Balearic Islands an archipelago in the western Mediterranean off the eastern coast of Spain Majorca the largest of the Balearic Islands Canary Islands a group of mountainous islands in the Atlantic off the northwest coast of Africa forming Spanish provinces Barcelona a city in northeastern Spain on the Mediterranean; 2nd largest Spanish city and the largest port and commercial center; has been a center for radical political beliefs Cadiz an ancient port city in southwestern Spain Granada a city in southeastern Spain that was the capital of the Moorish kingdom until it was captured by Ferdinand and Isabella in 1492; site of the Alhambra (a palace and fortress built by Moors in the Middle Ages) which is now a major tourist attraction Jerez a city in southwestern Spain that is famous for making sherry Logrono a city in northern Spain on the Ebro River Malaga a port city and resort in Andalusia in southern Spain on the Mediterranean Oviedo a city in northwestern Spain near the Cantabrian Mountains San Sebastian a city in northern Spain on the Bay of Biscay near the French border; a fashionable seaside resort Sevilla a city in southwestern Spain; a major port and cultural center; the capital of bullfighting in Spain Toledo a city in central Spain on the Tagus river; famous for steel and swords since the first century an industrial city in northwestern Ohio on Lake Erie Aragon a region of northeastern Spain; a former kingdom that united with Castile in 1479 to form Spain (after the marriage of Ferdinand V and Isabella I) French writer who generalized surrealism to literature (1897-1982) Zaragoza an ancient city on the Ebro River in northeastern Spain; formerly the capital of Aragon Castile a region of central Spain; a former kingdom that comprised most of modern Spain and united with Aragon to form Spain in 1479 Catalonia a region of northeastern Spain Galicia a region (and former kingdom) in northwestern Spain on the Atlantic and the Bay of Biscay Valencia a city in eastern Spain on the Mediterranean; "Valencia is the third largest city in Spain" an industrial city in northern Venezuela Tenerife a Spanish island in the Atlantic off the northwestern coast of Africa; the largest of the Canary Islands Gibraltar location of a colony of the United Kingdom on a limestone promontory at the southern tip of Spain; strategically important because it can control the entrance of ships into the Mediterranean; one of the Pillars of Hercules Sudan a region of northern Africa to the south of the Sahara and Libyan deserts; extends from the Atlantic to the Red Sea a republic in northeastern Africa on the Red Sea; achieved independence from Egypt and the United Kingdom in 1956 Darfur an impoverished region of western Sudan; "Darfur was a semi-independent sultanate until 1917 and is ethnically distinct from central Sudan" Kordofan a mountainous province of central Sudan Khartoum the capital of Sudan located at the confluence of the Blue Nile and White Nile Nyala city in Sudan Port Sudan port city in Sudan on the Red Sea Suriname a republic in northeastern South America on the Atlantic; achieved independence from the Netherlands in 1975 Paramaribo the capital and largest city and major port of Surinam Swaziland a landlocked monarchy in southeastern Africa; member of the commonwealth that achieved independence from the United Kingdom in 1968 Mbabane capital of Swaziland; located in northwestern Swaziland Switzerland a landlocked federal republic in central Europe Helvetia the Latin name for Switzerland Swiss canton one of the cantons of Switzerland Bern the capital of Switzerland; located in western Switzerland Basel a city in northwestern Switzerland Geneva a city in southwestern Switzerland at the western end of Lake Geneva; it is the headquarters of various international organizations Interlaken a popular resort town in the Alps in west central Switzerland Lausanne a city in western Switzerland; cultural and commercial center Zurich the largest city in Switzerland; located in the northern part of the country; "Zurich is the center of the German-speaking part of Switzerland" Syria an Asian republic in the Middle East at the east end of the Mediterranean; site of some of the world's most ancient centers of civilization Aram the biblical name for ancient Syria Dimash an ancient city (widely regarded as the world's oldest) and present capital and largest city of Syria; according to the New Testament, the Apostle Paul (then known as Saul) underwent a dramatic conversion on the road to Damascus Halab a city in northwestern Syria Al Ladhiqiyah a seaport on the western coast of Syria Tanzania a republic in eastern Africa Dar es Salaam the capital and largest port city of Tanzania on the Indian Ocean Dodoma a city in the center of Tanzania that has been designated as the future capital Tanganyika a former state in East Africa; united with Zanzibar in 1964 to form Tanzania Zanzibar an island in the Indian Ocean off the east coast of Africa; part of the United Republic of Tanzania Mbeya a city in southwestern Tanzania Mwanza a city in northern Tanzania on Lake Victoria Tabora a city in western Tanzania Tanga a port city in northeastern Tanzania on the Indian Ocean Serengeti a vast plain in Tanzania to the west of the Great Rift Valley known for its wildlife Serengeti National Park a national park in Tanzania created in 1951 to protect the wildlife Thailand a country of southeastern Asia that extends southward along the Isthmus of Kra to the Malay Peninsula; "Thailand is the official name of the former Siam" Bangkok the capital and largest city and chief port of Thailand; a leading city in southeastern Asia; noted for Buddhist architecture Tunisia a republic in northwestern Africa on the Mediterranean coast; achieved independence from France in 1956; "southern Tunisia is mostly desert" Tunis the capital and principal port of Tunisia Ariana city in Tunisia Ehadhamen city in Tunisia Gafsa a city in west central Tunisia Sfax the second largest city in Tunisia; located in eastern Tunisia near a phosphate region Sousse a port city in eastern Tunisia on the Mediterranean Ottoman Empire a Turkish sultanate of southwestern Asia and northeastern Africa and southeastern Europe; created by the Ottoman Turks in the 13th century and lasted until the end of World War I; although initially small it expanded until it superseded the Byzantine Empire Iraqi Kurdistan the part of Kurdistan that is in northwestern Iraq Turkey a Eurasian republic in Asia Minor and the Balkans; on the collapse of the Ottoman Empire in 1918, the Young Turks, led by Kemal Ataturk, established a republic in 1923 Abydos an ancient Greek colony on the Asiatic side of the Dardanelles; scene of the legend of Hero and Leander Adana a city in southern Turkey on the Seyhan River Ankara the capital of Turkey; located in west-central Turkey; it was formerly known as Angora and is the home of Angora goats Antalya a port city in southwestern Turkey on the Gulf of Antalya Antioch a town in southern Turkey; ancient commercial center and capital of Syria; an early center of Christianity Halicarnassus an ancient Greek city on the southwestern coast of Asia Minor in what is now Turkey; site of the mausoleum at Halicarnassus Istanbul the largest city and former capital of Turkey; rebuilt on the site of ancient Byzantium by Constantine I in the fourth century; renamed Constantinople by Constantine who made it the capital of the Byzantine Empire; now the seat of the Eastern Orthodox Church Bursa a city in northwestern Turkey Izmir a port city in western Turkey Pergamum an ancient Greek city located in the western part of what is now modern Turkey; the technique of preparing sheepskins as parchment was developed here Sardis an ancient Greek city located in the western part of what is now modern Turkey; as the capital of Lydia it was the cultural center of Asia Minor; destroyed by Tamerlane in 1402 Ionia region of western Asia Minor colonized by ancient Greeks Uganda a landlocked republic in eastern Africa; achieved independence from the United Kingdom in 1962 Buganda a state of Uganda and site of a former Bantu kingdom Entebbe a town in southern Uganda on Lake Victoria; site of an international airport (where in 1976 Israeli commandos rescued hostages held aboard a plane by Palestinian hijackers) Jinja a city in Uganda on the north shore of Lake Victoria Kampala the capital and largest city of Uganda on the north shore of Lake Victoria Gulu a city in northern Uganda United Arab Emirates a federation of seven Arab emirates on the eastern Arabian peninsula; achieved independence from the United Kingdom in 1971; rich in oil reserves Abu Dhabi a sheikhdom of eastern Arabia and capital of the United Arab Emirates Dubai port city in the United Arab Emirates on the Persian Gulf United States North American republic containing 50 states - 48 conterminous states in North America plus Alaska in northwest North America and the Hawaiian Islands in the Pacific Ocean; achieved independence in 1776 East Coast the eastern seaboard of the United States (especially the strip between Boston and Washington D.C.) West Coast the western seaboard of the United States from Washington to southern California Colony one of the 13 British colonies that formed the original states of the United States New England a region of northeastern United States comprising Maine and New Hampshire and Vermont and Massachusetts and Rhode Island and Connecticut Mid-Atlantic states a region of the eastern United States comprising New York and New Jersey and Pennsylvania and Delaware and Maryland slave state any of the southern states in which slavery was legal prior to the American Civil War free state any state prohibiting slavery prior to the American Civil War Confederacy the southern states that seceded from the United States in 1861 South the region of the United States lying to the south of the Mason-Dixon line Deep South the southeastern region of the United States: South Carolina and Georgia and Alabama and Mississippi and Louisiana; prior to the American Civil War all these states produced cotton and permitted slavery Old South the South of the United States before the American Civil War Sunbelt states in the south and southwest that have a warm climate and tend to be politically conservative Tidewater the coastal plain of the South: eastern parts of Virginia and North Carolina and South Carolina and Georgia Union the United States (especially the northern states during the American Civil War); "he has visited every state in the Union"; "Lee hoped to detach Maryland from the Union"; "the North's superior resources turned the scale" being of or having to do with the northern United States and those loyal to the Union during the American Civil War; "Union soldiers"; "Federal forces"; "a Federal infantryman" North the region of the United States lying to the north of the Mason-Dixon line British statesman under George III whose policies led to rebellion in the American colonies (1732-1792) Carolina the area of the states of North Carolina and South Carolina Montgomery the state capital of Alabama on the Mobile River English general during World War II; won victories over Rommel in North Africa and led British ground forces in the invasion of Normandy (1887-1976) Canadian novelist (1874-1942) Decatur a town in northern Alabama on the Tennessee River a city in central Illinois; Abraham Lincoln practiced law here United States naval officer remembered for his heroic deeds (1779-1820) Gadsden an industrial town in north central Alabama Huntsville a city in northern Alabama; center for space research Mobile a port in southwestern Alabama on Mobile Bay a river in southwestern Alabama; flows into Mobile Bay Selma a town in central Alabama on the Alabama river; in 1965 it was the center of a drive to register Black voters Tuscaloosa a university town in west central Alabama Tuskegee a town in eastern Alabama Alaska a state in northwestern North America; the 49th state admitted to the union; "Alaska is the largest state in the United States" Juneau the state capital of Alaska Anchorage a city in south central Alaska; "Anchorage is the largest city in Alaska" Nome a town in western Alaska on the southern coast of the Seward Peninsula; an important center of an Alaskan gold rush at the beginning of the 20th century Sitka a town in southeastern Alaska that was the capital of Russian America and served as the capital of Alaska from 1867 until 1906 Skagway a town in southeastern Alaska at the northern end of the Inside Passage; a gateway to the Klondike during the Alaskan gold rush Valdez a port on Alaska's southern coast from which oil is shipped to markets around the world Seward Peninsula a peninsula in western Alaska that projects westward into the Bering Sea just below the Arctic Circle Alexander Archipelago a group of islands off southeastern Alaska Admiralty Island an Alaskan island in the Alexander Archipelago near Juneau Flagstaff a town in north central Arizona; site of an important observatory Mesa a city in Arizona just to the east of Phoenix; originally a suburb of Phoenix Phoenix the state capital and largest city located in south central Arizona; situated in a former desert that has become a prosperous agricultural area thanks to irrigation a constellation in the southern hemisphere near Tucana and Sculptor Prescott a town in central Arizona Sun City a residential suburb of Phoenix Tucson a city in southeastern Arizona ringed by mountain ranges; long known as a winter and health resort but the population shift from industrial states to the Sunbelt resulted in rapid growth late in the 20th century Arkansas a state in south central United States; one of the Confederate states during the American Civil War a river that rises in the Rocky Mountains in Colorado and flows southeast through Kansas and Oklahoma and through Arkansas to become a tributary of the Mississippi River Fayetteville a university town in northwestern Arkansas in the Ozarks a town in south central North Carolina a town in central West Virginia on the New River Fort Smith a town in western Arkansas on the Arkansas River at the Oklahoma border Hot Springs a town in west central Arkansas; a health resort noted for thermal springs Jonesboro a town in northeast Arkansas Little Rock the state capital and largest city of Arkansas in the central part of Arkansas on the Arkansas River Pine Bluff a town in southeast central Arkansas on the Arkansas River Texarkana a town in southwest Arkansas on the Texas border adjacent to Texarkana, Texas a town in northeast Texas adjacent to Texarkana, Arkansas California a state in the western United States on the Pacific; the 3rd largest state; known for earthquakes Anaheim a city in southern California (southeast of Los Angeles); site of Disneyland Disneyland an amusement park in Anaheim created in 1955 by Walt Disney Bakersfield a city in south central California at the southern end of the San Joaquin Valley Barstow a town in southeastern California Berkeley a city in California on the eastern shore of San Francisco Bay; site of the University of California at Berkeley Irish philosopher and Anglican bishop who opposed the materialism of Thomas Hobbes (1685-1753) Beverly Hills a city in southwestern California surrounded by Los Angeles; home of many Hollywood actors Chula Vista an industrial city in southern California (south of San Diego) near the Mexican border Eureka a town in northwest California on an arm of the Pacific Ocean Fresno a city in south central California in the San Joaquin Valley; center of an important agricultural area and gateway to the Sierra Nevada Mountains Long Beach a city in southern California located on 8.5 miles of Pacific beachfront; was a resort until oil was discovered in 1921 Los Angeles a city in southern California; motion picture capital of the world; most populous city of California and second largest in the United States Monterey a town in western California to the south of San Francisco on a peninsula at the southern end of Monterey Bay Oakland a city in western California on San Francisco Bay opposite San Francisco; primarily and industrial urban center Palo Alto a university town in California Pasadena a city in southwestern California to the east of Los Angeles Redding a town in north central California on the Sacramento River Riverside a city in southern California Sacramento a city in north central California 75 miles to the northeast of San Francisco on the Sacramento River; capital of California San Bernardino a city in southern California to the east of Los Angeles San Diego a picturesque city of southern California on San Diego Bay near the Mexican border; site of an important naval base San Francisco a port in western California near the Golden Gate that is one of the major industrial and transportation centers; it has one of the world's finest harbors; site of the Golden Gate Bridge Nob Hill a fashionable neighborhood in San Francisco San Mateo a town in California to the south of San Francisco San Pablo a town in western California to the north of Oakland on an arm of San Francisco Bay Santa Barbara a town in southwestern California on the Pacific Ocean Santa Clara a city of west central California; residential area with light industry Santa Catalina an island resort in the Pacific off the southwestern coast of California Colorado a state in west central United States in the Rocky Mountains an important river in the southwestern United States; rises in the Rocky Mountains of northern Colorado and flows southwest through Utah into Arizona (where it flows through the Grand Canyon) and then southward through the southern tip of Nevada, then forming the border between California and Arizona and finally into Mexico where it empties into the Gulf of California; the main source of water in the southwestern United States a river in Texas; flows southeast into the Gulf of Mexico Boulder a town in north central Colorado; Rocky Mountains resort center and university town Colorado Springs a city in east central Colorado on the eastern edge of the Rocky Mountains; popular tourist center and site of the United States Air Force Academy Denver the state capital and largest city of Colorado; located in central Colorado on the South Platte river Pueblo a city in Colorado to the south of Colorado Springs a member of any of about two dozen Native American peoples called `Pueblos' by the Spanish because they live in pueblos (villages built of adobe and rock) Connecticut a New England state; one of the original 13 colonies one of the British colonies that formed the United States a river in the northeastern United States; flows south from northern New Hampshire along the border between New Hampshire and Vermont and through Massachusetts and Connecticut where it empties into Long Island Sound Bridgeport a port in southwestern Connecticut on Long Island Sound Farmington a residential town in central Connecticut a town in northwestern New Mexico Hartford the state capital of Connecticut; located in central Connecticut on the Connecticut river; a center of the insurance business New Haven a city in southwestern Connecticut; site of Yale University New London a town in southeastern Connecticut near Long Island Sound; an important whaling center in the 19th century Waterbury a city in west central Connecticut Dover the capital of the state of Delaware Wilmington the largest city in Delaware a town in southeastern North Carolina on the Cape Fear River District of Columbia the district occupied entirely by the city of Washington; chosen by George Washington as the site of the capital of the United States and created out of land ceded by Maryland and Virginia Washington the capital of the United States in the District of Columbia and a tourist mecca; George Washington commissioned Charles L'Enfant to lay out the city in 1791 a state in northwestern United States on the Pacific 1st President of the United States; commander-in-chief of the Continental Army during the American Revolution (1732-1799) United States educator who was born a slave but became educated and founded a college at Tuskegee in Alabama (1856-1915) Potomac term sometimes used to refer to Washington, D.C. a river in the east central United States; rises in West Virginia in the Appalachian Mountains and flows eastward, forming the boundary between Maryland and Virginia, to the Chesapeake Bay Capitol Hill a hill in Washington, D.C., where the Capitol Building sits and Congress meets; "they are debating the budget today on Capitol Hill" Florida a state in southeastern United States between the Atlantic and the Gulf of Mexico; one of the Confederate states during the American Civil War Daytona Beach a resort town in northeast Florida on the Atlantic coast; hard white beaches have been used for automobile speed trials Fort Lauderdale a city in southeast Florida on the Atlantic coast to the north of Miami; a favorite place for college students to go on their spring vacations Fort Myers a town in southwest Florida Gainesville a university town in north central Florida Jacksonville Florida's largest city; a port and important commercial center in northeastern Florida Key West a town on the westernmost of the Florida keys in the Gulf of Mexico Miami a city and resort in southeastern Florida on Biscayne Bay; the best known city in Florida; a haven for retirees and a refuge for Cubans fleeing Castro a member of the extinct Algonquian people formerly living in northern Indiana and southern Michigan Miami Beach a city in southeastern Florida on an island between Biscayne Bay and the Atlantic Ocean; known for fashionable resort hotels Orlando a city in central Florida; site of Walt Disney World Palm Beach a resort town in southeast Florida on an island on the Atlantic coast Pensacola a town in extreme northwest Florida Sarasota a town in west central Florida on the Gulf of Mexico St. Augustine a resort city in northeastern Florida; the oldest city in the United States Tallahassee capital of the state of Florida; located in northern Florida Tampa a resort city in western Florida; located on Tampa Bay on the Gulf of Mexico West Palm Beach a town in southeast Florida on the mainland opposite Palm Beach; founded as a commercial center for Palm Beach Walt Disney World a large amusement park established in 1971 to the southwest of Orlando Albany a town in southwest Georgia; processing center for peanuts and pecans state capital of New York; located in eastern New York State on the west bank of the Hudson river Augusta a city in eastern Georgia north-northwest of Savannah; noted for golf tournaments the capital of the state of Maine Brunswick a town in southeast Georgia near the Atlantic coast; a port of entry a university town in southwestern Maine Columbus a city in western Georgia on the Chattahoochee River; industrial center a town in eastern Mississippi near the border with Alabama the state capital of Ohio; located in the center of the state; site of Ohio State University Italian navigator who discovered the New World in the service of Spain while looking for a route to China (1451-1506) Macon a city in central Georgia to the southeast of Atlanta Savannah a port in eastern Georgia near the mouth of the Savannah river a river in South Carolina that flows southeast to the Atlantic Valdosta a town in southern Georgia near the Florida border Vidalia a town in central Georgia; the origin of Vidalia onions Hawaii a state in the United States in the central Pacific on the Hawaiian Islands the largest and southernmost of the Hawaii islands; has several volcanic peaks Hilo a town in Hawaii on the island of Hawaii Honolulu the capital and largest city of Hawaii; located on a large bay on the island of Oahu Waikiki a well-known beach and resort area on Oahu Island to the southeast of Honolulu Hawaiian Islands a group of volcanic and coral islands in the central Pacific Kahoolawe an island of south-central Hawaii Kauai an island of Hawaii to the northwest of Oahu Lanai an island of central Hawaii; a pineapple-growing area Maui the second largest of the Hawaiian Islands Molokai an island of central Hawaii (between Maui and Oahu) Nihau the most northwestern Hawaiian island (beyond Kauai) Oahu an island of central Hawaii (between Molokai and Kauai); the chief island of the state Pearl Harbor a harbor on Oahu to the west of Honolulu; location of a United States naval base that was attacked by the Japanese on 7 Dec 1941 Midway Islands an atoll in the Hawaiian Islands some 1300 miles to the northwest of Honolulu; site of an important United States naval base Idaho a state in the Rocky Mountains Boise the capital and largest city of Idaho Coeur d'Alene a town in the northern panhandle of Idaho; popular resort area a member of an Amerindian people living in northern Idaho around Coeur d'Alene Lake Idaho Falls a town in southeastern Idaho on the Snake River Lewiston a town in northwestern Idaho a town in southwestern Maine to the north of Portland Nampa a town in southwestern Idaho Pocatello a university town in southeastern Idaho Sun Valley a winter sports resort in south central Idaho Twin Falls a town on the Snake River in south central Idaho near the Twin Falls Carbondale a town in southern Illinois Champaign a university town in east central Illinois adjoining Urbana Chicago largest city in Illinois; a bustling Great Lakes port that extends 26 miles along the southwestern shoreline of Lake Michigan East Saint Louis a town in southwest Illinois on the Mississippi across from Saint Louis Moline a town in northwest Illinois on the Mississippi River Peoria a city in central Illinois on the Illinois River Rockford a city in northern Illinois Rock Island a town in northwest Illinois on the Mississippi River; site of a Union prison during the American Civil War Springfield capital of the state of Illinois a city and manufacturing center in southwestern Massachusetts on the Connecticut River a city of southwestern Missouri Urbana a university town in east central Illinois adjoining Champaign Indiana a state in midwestern United States United States pop artist (born 1928) Bloomington a university town in south central Indiana Evansville a city in southwestern Indiana on the Ohio River Fort Wayne a city in northeastern Indiana Gary a city in northwest Indiana on Lake Michigan; steel production Indianapolis the capital and largest city of Indiana; a major commercial center in the country's heartland; site of an annual 500-mile automobile race Lafayette a university town in west central Indiana on the Wabash River a town in south central Louisiana; settled by Acadians French soldier who served under George Washington in the American Revolution (1757-1834) Muncie a town in east central Indiana South Bend a city in northern Indiana Council Bluffs a town in southwest Iowa on the Missouri River across from Omaha Davenport a city in eastern Iowa on the Mississippi River across from Moline and Rock Island Cedar Rapids a city in eastern Iowa Clinton a town in east central Iowa United States politician who as governor of New York supported the project to build the Erie Canal (1769-1828) 42nd President of the United States (1946-) wife of President Clinton and later a woman member of the United States Senate (1947-) Des Moines the capital and largest city in Iowa Dubuque a town in eastern Iowa on the Mississippi River Mason City a town in north central Iowa Ottumwa a town in southeast Iowa Sioux City a city in northeastern Iowa where the Big Sioux River joins the Missouri Kansas a state in midwestern United States a river in northeastern Kansas; flows eastward to become a tributary of the Missouri River Dodge City a town of southwestern Kansas on the Arkansas River; formerly a rowdy cow town Abilene a town in central Kansas to the west of Topeka; home of Dwight D. Eisenhower a city in central Texas Hays a town in central Kansas United States lawyer involved in several famous court trials (1881-1954) United States lawyer and politician who formulated a production code that prescribed the moral content of United States films from 1930 to 1966 (1879-1954) Kansas City a city of northeast Kansas on the Missouri River adjacent to Kansas City, Missouri a city in western Missouri situated at the confluence of the Kansas River and the Missouri River; adjacent to Kansas City, Kansas Lawrence a town in northeastern Kansas on the Kansas River; scene of raids by John Brown in 1856 English novelist and poet and essayist whose work condemned industrial society and explored sexual relationships (1885-1930) United States physicist who developed the cyclotron (1901-1958) English actress (1898-1952) English portrait painter remembered for the series of portraits of the leaders of the alliance against Napoleon (1769-1830) Welsh soldier who from 1916 to 1918 organized the Arab revolt against the Turks; he later wrote an account of his adventures (1888-1935) Roman martyr; supposedly Lawrence was ordered by the police to give up the church's treasure and when he responded by presenting the poor people of Rome he was roasted to death on a gridiron (died in 258) Salina a town in central Kansas Topeka the capital of the state of Kansas; located in eastern Kansas on the Kansas river Kentucky a state in east central United States; a border state during the American Civil War; famous for breeding race horses Bowling Green a town in southern Kentucky Frankfort the capital of Kentucky; located in northern Kentucky Louisville the largest city in Kentucky; located in north central Kentucky on the Ohio river; site of the Kentucky Derby Owensboro a town in northwestern Kentucky on the Ohio River; a tobacco market Paducah a town in western Kentucky on the Ohio River Bluegrass an area in central Kentucky noted for its bluegrass and thoroughbred horses Louisiana Purchase territory in the western United States purchased from France in 1803 for $15 million; extends from the Mississippi River to the Rocky Mountains and from the Gulf of Mexico to Canada Louisiana a state in southern United States on the Gulf of Mexico; one of the Confederate states during the American Civil War Baton Rouge capital of Louisiana Monroe a town in north central Louisiana a town of southeast Michigan on Lake Erie 5th President of the United States; author of the Monroe Doctrine (1758-1831) United States film actress noted for sex appeal (1926-1962) Morgan City a town in southeast Louisiana to the south of Baton Rouge New Orleans a port and largest city in Louisiana; located in southeastern Louisiana near the mouth of the Mississippi river; a major center for offshore drilling for oil in the Gulf of Mexico; jazz originated here among black musicians in the late 19th century; Mardi Gras is celebrated here each year Shreveport a city in northwest Louisiana on the Red River near the Texas border Maine a state in New England Orono a university town in east central Maine on the Penobscot River to the north of Bangor Portland largest city in Maine in the southwestern corner of the state freshwater port and largest city in Oregon; located in northwestern Oregon on the Willamette River which divides the city into east and west sections; renowned for its beautiful natural setting among the mountains Maryland a Mid-Atlantic state; one of the original 13 colonies one of the British colonies that formed the United States Annapolis state capital of Maryland; site of the United States Naval Academy Baltimore the largest city in Maryland; a major seaport and industrial center Fort Meade a United States Army base in Maryland; headquarters of the National Security Agency Frederick a town in northern Maryland to the west of Baltimore Hagerstown a town in northern Maryland Massachusetts a state in New England; one of the original 13 colonies one of the British colonies that formed the United States Boston state capital and largest city of Massachusetts; a major center for banking and financial services Boston Harbor the seaport at Boston Beacon Hill a fashionable section of Boston; site of the Massachusetts capital building Breed's Hill a hill in Charlestown that was the site of the battle of Bunker Hill in 1775 Charlestown a former town and present-day neighborhood of Boston; settled in 1629 Concord town in eastern Massachusetts near Boston where the first battle of the American Revolution was fought capital of the state of New Hampshire; located in south central New Hampshire on the Merrimack river Medford town in northeastern Massachusetts; residential suburb of Boston a town in southwestern Oregon; a summer resort Pittsfield a town in western Massachusetts Cape Ann a Massachusetts peninsula to the north of Boston extending into the Atlantic Ocean Cape Cod a Massachusetts peninsula to the south of Boston extending into the Atlantic; a popular resort area Cape Cod Canal a canal connecting Cape Cod Bay with Buzzards Bay Martha's Vineyard an island summer resort off of Cape Cod Nantucket an island resort off Cape Cod; formerly a center of the whaling industry Plymouth a town in Massachusetts founded by Pilgrims in 1620 Plymouth Colony colony formed by the Pilgrims when they arrived at Plymouth Rock in 1620; it was absorbed into the Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1691 Williamstown a town in northwestern Massachusetts Alpena a town in northern Michigan on an arm of Lake Huron Ann Arbor a city in southern Michigan near Detroit; site of the University of Michigan Detroit the largest city in Michigan and a major Great Lakes port; center of the United States automobile industry; located in southeastern Michigan on the Detroit river across from Windsor Flint a city in southeast central Michigan near Detroit; automobile manufacturing a river in western Georgia that flows generally south to join the Chattahoochee River at the Florida border where they form the Apalachicola River Grand Rapids a city in west central Michigan; noted for manufacturing furniture Houghton a town in northwest Michigan on the Upper Peninsula United States publisher who founded a printing shop that became an important book publisher (1823-1895) Jackson a town in south central Michigan capital of the state of Mississippi on the Pearl River a town in western Tennessee a town in western Wyoming 7th president of the US; successfully defended New Orleans from the British in 1815; expanded the power of the presidency (1767-1845) general in the Confederate Army during the American Civil War whose troops at the first Battle of Bull Run stood like a stone wall (1824-1863) United States writer of romantic novels about the unjust treatment of Native Americans (1830-1885) United States civil rights leader who led a national campaign against racial discrimination and ran for presidential nomination (born in 1941) United States singer who did much to popularize gospel music (1911-1972) United States singer who began singing with his four brothers and later became a highly successful star during the 1980s (born in 1958) English film actress who later became a member of British Parliament (born in 1936) Kalamazoo a town in southwest Michigan Lansing capital of the state of Michigan; located in southern Michigan on the Grand River Marquette a town on Lake Superior on the Upper Peninsula in northwest Michigan French missionary who accompanied Louis Joliet in exploring the upper Mississippi River valley (1637-1675) Saginaw a town in east central Michigan on an arm of Lake Huron Traverse City a town in northern Michigan on an arm of Lake Michigan Minnesota a midwestern state Bemidji a town in northern Minnesota Duluth a city in northeast Minnesota on Lake Superior Hibbing a town in northeastern Minnesota in the Mesabi Range Mankato a town in southern Minnesota Minneapolis largest city in Minnesota; located in southeastern Minnesota on the Mississippi river; noted for flour mills; one of the Twin Cities Rochester a town in southeast Minnesota a city in western New York; a center of the photographic equipment industry Saint Cloud a town in central Minnesota on the Mississippi River; granite quarries Saint Paul capital of the state of Minnesota; located in southeastern Minnesota on the Mississippi river adjacent to Minneapolis; one of the Twin Cities Twin Cities nickname for Saint Paul and Minneapolis Virginia a town in northeastern Minnesota in the heart of the Mesabi Range a state in the eastern United States; one of the original 13 colonies; one of the Confederate States in the American Civil War one of the British colonies that formed the United States Mississippi a state in the Deep South on the gulf of Mexico; one of the Confederate States during the American Civil War a major North American river and the chief river of the United States; rises in northern Minnesota and flows southward into the Gulf of Mexico Greenville a town in western Mississippi on the Mississippi River to the north of Vicksburg a city in eastern North Carolina; tobacco market a town in northwest South Carolina in the Piedmont Hattiesburg a town in southeast Mississippi Meridian a town in eastern Mississippi Natchez a town in southwest Mississippi on the Mississippi River Tupelo a town in northeast Mississippi Cape Girardeau a town in southeast Missouri Columbia a university town in central Missouri capital and largest city in South Carolina; located in central South Carolina a town in west central Tennessee a North American river; rises in southwestern Canada and flows southward across Washington to form the border between Washington and Oregon before emptying into the Pacific; known for its salmon runs in the spring Hannibal a town in northeast Missouri on the Mississippi River; boyhood home of Mark Twain general who commanded the Carthaginian army in the second Punic War; crossed the Alps and defeated the Romans but was recalled to defend Carthage and was defeated (247-182 BC) Independence a city in western Missouri; the beginning of the Santa Fe Trail Jefferson City capital of the state of Missouri; located in central Missouri on the Missouri river Poplar Bluff a town in southeast Missouri Saint Joseph a town in northwest Missouri on the Missouri River; in the 19th century it became the eastern terminus of the pony express a Christian holy day Saint Louis the largest city in Missouri; a busy river port on the Mississippi River near its confluence with the Missouri River; was an important staging area for wagon trains westward in the 19th century Sedalia a town in east central Missouri Montana a state in northwestern United States on the Canadian border Bozeman a town in southwestern Montana; gateway to Yellowstone National Park Billings the largest city in Montana; located in southern Montana on the Yellowstone river Butte a town in southwestern Montana; center for mining copper Great Falls a town in central Montana on the Missouri river; a center of extensive hydroelectric power Helena capital of the state of Montana; located in western Montana Missoula a university town in western Montana Nebraska a midwestern state on the Great Plains Grand Island a town in south central Nebraska North Platte a town in west central Nebraska on the Platte River a river that rises in northern Colorado and flows northward into Wyoming and then eastward and southeastward through Nebraska where it joins the South Platte to form the Platte River Nevada a state in the western United States Carson City capital of the state of Nevada; located in western Nevada Las Vegas largest city in Nevada; located in southeastern Nevada; originally settled by Mormons but is now famous for entertainment and gambling and general excess Reno a city in western Nevada at the foot of the Sierra Nevada Mountains; known for gambling casinos and easy divorce and remarriage New Hampshire a state in New England; one of the original 13 colonies one of the British colonies that formed the United States New Jersey a Mid-Atlantic state on the Atlantic; one of the original 13 colonies one of the British colonies that formed the United States Atlantic City a city on the Atlantic shore in southeastern New Jersey; a resort and gambling center Trenton capital of the state of New Jersey; located in western New Jersey on the Delaware river Bayonne a city in northeastern New Jersey Camden a city in southwestern New Jersey on the Delaware River near Philadelphia Jersey City a city in northeastern New Jersey (opposite Manhattan) Morristown a town in northern New Jersey where the Continental Army spent two winters Newark the largest city in New Jersey; located in northeastern New Jersey Paterson a city of northeastern New Jersey American Revolutionary leader (born in Ireland) who was a member of the Constitutional Convention (1745-1806) Princeton a university town in central New Jersey Cape May a cape of southeast New Jersey extending into the Atlantic Ocean Liberty Island an island in New York Bay to the southwest of Manhattan where the Statue of Liberty stands; "Congress officially changed the name from Bedloe's Island to Liberty Island in 1956" New Mexico a state in southwestern United States on the Mexican border Albuquerque the largest city in New Mexico; located in central New Mexico on the Rio Grande river Carlsbad a town in southeastern New Mexico on the Pecos River near the Mexican border; potash deposits Gallup a town in northwestern New Mexico near the Arizona border Las Cruces a town in southern New Mexico on the Rio Grande Los Alamos a town in north central New Mexico; in 1942 it was chosen as a nuclear research site where the first atomic bombs were produced Roswell a town in southeast New Mexico Santa Fe capital of the state of New Mexico; located in north central New Mexico Silver City a town in southwestern New Mexico Taos an artist colony in northern New Mexico a member of the Pueblo people living in northern New Mexico Manhattan Island an island at the north end of New York Bay where the borough of Manhattan is located New Amsterdam a settlement established by the Dutch near the mouth of Hudson River and the southern end of Manhattan Island; annexed by the English in 1664 and renamed New York New Netherland a Dutch colony in North America along the Hudson and lower Delaware rivers although the colony centered in New Amsterdam; annexed by the English in 1664 New York a Mid-Atlantic state; one of the original 13 colonies one of the British colonies that formed the United States the largest city in New York State and in the United States; located in southeastern New York at the mouth of the Hudson river; a major financial and cultural center Buffalo a city on Lake Erie in western New York (near Niagara Falls) Cooperstown a small town in east central New York; site of the National Baseball Hall of Fame Erie Canal an artificial waterway connecting the Hudson river at Albany with Lake Erie at Buffalo; built in the 19th century; now part of the New York State Barge Canal New York State Barge Canal a system of canals crossing New York State and connecting the Great Lakes with the Hudson River and Lake Champlain Bronx a borough of New York City Brooklyn a borough of New York City Coney Island a section of Brooklyn on the Atlantic; known as an amusement center Ellis Island an island in New York Bay that was formerly the principal immigration station for the United States; "some twelve millions immigrants passed through Ellis Island" Manhattan one of the five boroughs of New York City Fifth Avenue an avenue in Manhattan that separates the east side of Manhattan from the west side Seventh Avenue an avenue in Manhattan that runs north and south Central Park a large park in Manhattan Harlem a district of Manhattan; now largely a Black ghetto Hell's Kitchen a district in Manhattan formerly noted for its slums and vice SoHo a district in southwestern Manhattan noted for its shops and restaurants and galleries and artist's lofts Bowery a street in Manhattan noted for cheap hotels frequented by homeless derelicts Broadway a street in Manhattan that passes through Times Square; famous for its theaters Park Avenue a fashionable residential street in New York City off-Broadway low-budget theaters located outside the Broadway area in Manhattan Times Square the area of Manhattan around the intersection of Broadway and Seventh Avenue; heart of the New York theater district; site of annual celebration of New Year's Greenwich Village a mainly residential district of Manhattan; `the Village' became a home for many writers and artists in the 20th century Queens a borough of New York City Staten Island a borough of New York City East River a tidal strait separating Manhattan and the Bronx from Queens and Brooklyn Harlem River a channel separating Manhattan from the Bronx Verrazano Narrows a narrow channel of water separating Staten Island and Brooklyn West Point United States Army installation on the west bank of Hudson river to the north of New York City; site of United States Military Academy Long Island an island in southeastern New York; Brooklyn and Queens are on its western end Elmont a town on Long Island in New York; site of Belmont Park Kennedy a large airport on Long Island to the east of New York City 35th President of the United States; established the Peace Corps; assassinated in Dallas (1917-1963) Binghamton a city in south central New York near the border with Pennsylvania Newburgh a town on the Hudson River in New York; in 1782 and 1783 it was George Washington's headquarters Niagara Falls a city in western New York State at the falls of the Niagara river; tourist attraction and honeymoon resort Schenectady a city of eastern New York on the Mohawk river; it prospered after the opening of the Erie Canal Saratoga Springs a town in eastern New York State famed for its spa and its horse racing Watertown a town in northern New York a town in southeastern Wisconsin borscht circuit (informal) a resort area in the Catskill Mountains of New York that was patronized primarily by Jewish guests; "many comedians learned their trade playing the borscht circuit" North Carolina a state in southeastern United States; one of the original 13 colonies one of the British colonies that formed the United States Cape Fear a cape in southeastern North Carolina extending into the Atlantic Ocean Cape Flattery a cape of northwestern Washington Cape Froward a cape on the Strait of Magellan in southern Chile; the most southern point on the mainland of South America Cape Hatteras a promontory on Hatteras Island off the Atlantic coast of North Carolina; "frequent storms drive ships to their destruction on Cape Hatteras" Hatteras Island a barrier island running parallel to the North Carolina shore Raleigh capital of the state of North Carolina; located in the east central part of the North Carolina English courtier (a favorite of Elizabeth I) who tried to colonize Virginia; introduced potatoes and tobacco to England (1552-1618) Asheville a town in western North Carolina in the Blue Ridge Mountains to the west of Charlotte Chapel Hill a town in central North Carolina; site of the University of North Carolina Charlotte the largest city in North Carolina; located in south central North Carolina Goldsboro a town that is a major tobacco center in eastern North Carolina Greensboro a city of north central North Carolina Winston-Salem a city of north central North Carolina North Dakota a state of north central United States bordering on Canada Bismarck capital of the state of North Dakota; located in south central North Dakota overlooking the Missouri river German statesman under whose leadership Germany was united (1815-1898) Fargo largest city in North Dakota; located in eastern North Dakota on the Red river Ohio a midwestern state in north central United States in the Great Lakes region a river that is formed in western Pennsylvania and flows westward to become a tributary of the Mississippi River Akron a city in northeastern Ohio; the heart of the United States rubber industry Cleveland the largest city in Ohio; located in northeastern Ohio on Lake Erie; a major Great Lakes port 22nd and 24th President of the United States (1837-1908) Cincinnati a city in southern Ohio on the Ohio river Dayton a city in southwest Ohio; manufacturing center Mansfield a town in north central Ohio New Zealand writer of short stories (1888-1923) Youngstown a city in northeast Ohio Oklahoma a state in south central United States Bartlesville a town in northeastern Oklahoma Enid a town in north central Oklahoma Lawton a town in southwest Oklahoma McAlester a town in southeastern Oklahoma Oklahoma City capital and largest city of Oklahoma; the economy is based on oil and livestock Tulsa a major city of northeastern Oklahoma on the Arkansas river; once known as the oil capital of the world and still heavily involved in the oil and gas industries Oregon a state in northwestern United States on the Pacific Bend a town in central Oregon at the eastern foot of the Cascade Range Eugene a city in western Oregon on the Willamette River; site of a university Austrian general in the service of the Holy Roman Empire during the War of the Spanish Succession (1663-1736) Klamath Falls a town in southern Oregon near the California border Pennsylvania a Mid-Atlantic state; one of the original 13 colonies one of the British colonies that formed the United States Allentown a city in eastern Pennsylvania; an industrial and commercial center Altoona a town in central Pennsylvania Erie a port city on Lake Erie in northwestern Pennsylvania a member of an Iroquoian people formerly living on the south shore of Lake Erie in northern Ohio and northwest Pennsylvania and western New York Harrisburg capital of Pennsylvania; located in southern part of state Hershey an industrial town to the east of Harrisburg United States confectioner and philanthropist who created the model industrial town of Hershey, Pennsylvania; founded an industrial school for orphan boys (1857-1945) Chester a city of southeastern Pennsylvania on the Delaware river (an industrial suburb of Philadelphia) Philadelphia the largest city in Pennsylvania; located in the southeastern part of the state on the Delaware river; site of Independence Hall where the Declaration of Independence and the Constitution were signed; site of the University of Pennsylvania Pittsburgh a city in southwestern Pennsylvania where the confluence of the Allegheny River and Monongahela River forms the Ohio River; long an important urban industrial area; site of Carnegie Mellon University and the University of Pittsburgh Scranton an industrial city of northeastern Pennsylvania Rhode Island a state in New England; one of the original 13 colonies; the smallest state one of the British colonies that formed the United States Providence the capital and largest city of Rhode Island; located in northeastern Rhode Island on Narragansett Bay; site of Brown University South Carolina a state in the Deep South; one of the original 13 colonies one of the British colonies that formed the United States Florence a town in northeast South Carolina; transportation center South Dakota a state in north central United States Pierre capital of the state of South Dakota; located in central South Dakota on the Missouri river Rapid City a town in southwestern South Dakota in the eastern part of the Black Hills Sioux Falls largest city in South Dakota; located in southeastern South Dakota Black Hills mountains in western South Dakota and northeastern Wyoming mountains in southwestern South Dakota and northeastern Wyoming; sacred to the Sioux (whites settling in the Black Hills led to the Battle of Little Bighorn); site of Mount Rushmore Tennessee a state in east central United States a river formed by the confluence of two other rivers near Knoxville; it follows a U-shaped course to become a tributary of the Ohio River in western Kentucky Johnson City a town in northeastern Tennessee Knoxville a city in eastern Tennessee on the Tennessee River Nashville capital of the state of Tennessee; located in the north central part of the state on the Cumberland River; known for country music Texas the second largest state; located in southwestern United States on the Gulf of Mexico Amarillo a city in the northern panhandle of Texas Arlington a city in northern Texas between Dallas and Fort Worth Austin state capital of Texas on the Colorado River; site of the University of Texas Beaumont a city of southeastern Texas near Houston English dramatist who collaborated with John Fletcher (1584-1616) United States surgeon remembered for his studies of digestion (1785-1853) Brownsville a city in southern Texas on the Rio Grande near its mouth into the Gulf of Mexico; has a channel that accommodates oceangoing ships Bryan a town of east central Texas United States lawyer and politician who advocated free silver and prosecuted John Scopes (1925) for teaching evolution in a Tennessee high school (1860-1925) Corpus Christi a city in southern Texas on an arm of the Gulf of Mexico Thursday after Trinity Sunday; first celebrated in 1246 Dallas a large commercial and industrial city in northeastern Texas located in the heart of the northern Texas oil fields Del Rio a town in southwest Texas on the Rio Grande to the west of San Antonio El Paso a city in western Texas on the Mexican border; located on the northern bank of the Rio Grande across from the Mexican city of Juarez Fort Worth a city in northeastern Texas (just to the west of Dallas); a major industrial center Galveston a town in southeast Texas on Galveston Island Galveston Island an island at the entrance of Galveston Bay Garland a city in northeastern Texas (suburb of Dallas) United States singer and film actress (1922-1969) Houston the largest city in Texas; located in southeastern Texas near the Gulf of Mexico; site of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration United States politician and military leader who fought to gain independence for Texas from Mexico and to make it a part of the United States (1793-1863) Laredo a city in southern Texas on the Rio Grande Lubbock a city in northwest Texas to the south of Amarillo Lufkin a town in eastern Texas McAllen a town in southern Texas on the Rio Grande Midland a town in west central Texas Plano a city in northeastern Texas (suburb of Dallas) San Angelo a town in west central Texas; formerly a notorious frontier town San Antonio a city of south central Texas; site of the Alamo; site of several military bases and a popular haven for vacationers Sherman a town in northeastern Texas near the Oklahoma border a peak in the Rocky Mountains in central Colorado (14,036 feet high) American Revolutionary leader and signer of the Declaration of Independence and the Articles of Confederation and the United States Constitution (1721-1793) United States general who was commander of all Union troops in the West; he captured Atlanta and led a destructive march to the sea that cut the Confederacy in two (1820-1891) Tyler a town in northeast Texas elected vice president and became the 10th President of the United States when Harrison died (1790-1862) Waco a city in east central Texas Wichita Falls a city in north central Texas near the Oklahoma border Utah a state in the western United States; settled in 1847 by Mormons led by Brigham Young Ogden a town in northern Utah settled by Mormons English psychologist who collaborated with I. A. Richards in designing Basic English (1889-1957) Provo a city in north central Utah settled by Mormons Salt Lake City the capital and largest city of Utah; located near the Great Salt Lake in north central Utah; world capital of the Mormon Church Vermont a state in New England Montpelier capital of the state of Vermont; located in north central Vermont Bennington a town in southwestern Vermont Brattleboro a town in southeastern Vermont on the Connecticut River Burlington the largest city in Vermont; located in northwestern Vermont on Lake Champlain; site of the University of Vermont Rutland a town in central Vermont Richmond capital of the state of Virginia located in the east central part of the state; was capital of the Confederacy during the American Civil War Blacksburg a university town in southwestern Virginia (west of Roanoke) in the Allegheny Mountains Jamestown a former village on the James River in Virginia to the north of Norfolk; site of the first permanent English settlement in America in 1607 Newport News a port city in southeastern Virginia at the mouth of the James River off Hampton Roads; large shipyards Norfolk port city located in southeastern Virginia on the Elizabeth River at the mouth of Chesapeake Bay; headquarters of the Atlantic fleet of the United States Navy Lynchburg a city in central Virginia Roanoke a city in southwestern Virginia Virginia Beach the largest city in Virginia; long overshadowed by Norfolk but growing rapidly since 1970; with 28 miles of public beaches tourism is a major factor in the economy; site of three United States Navy bases Mount Vernon the former residence of George Washington in northeastern Virginia overlooking the Potomac river Bellingham a town in northwestern Washington on a bay near the Canadian border Kennewick a town in southern Washington on the Columbia River Seattle a major port of entry and the largest city in Washington; located in west central Washington on the protected waters of Puget Sound with the snow-capped peaks of the Cascade Range and Mount Rainier visible to the south and east; an aerospace and computer center; site of the University of Washington Spokane a city in eastern Washington near the Idaho border Tacoma a city in west central Washington on an arm of Puget Sound to the south of Seattle Walla Walla a town in southeastern Washington near the Oregon border Yakima a town in south central Washington West Virginia a state in east central United States Beckley a city in southern West Virginia Clarksburg a city in northern West Virginia Huntington a city of western West Virginia on the Ohio river at the mouth of the Kanawha United States railroad executive who built the western section of the first United States transcontinental railroad (1821-1900) American revolutionary leader who signed the Declaration of Independence and was president of the Continental Congress (1731-1796) United States physician who first described Huntington's chorea Harpers Ferry a small town in northeastern West Virginia that was the site of a raid in 1859 by the abolitionist John Brown and his followers who captured an arsenal that was located there Morgantown a city in northern West Virginia on the Monongahela river near the Pennsylvania border; site of the University of West Virginia Parkersburg a city in northwestern West Virginia on the Ohio river Wheeling a city in the northern panhandle of West Virginia on the Ohio river Wisconsin a midwestern state in north central United States a tributary of the Mississippi River in Wisconsin Appleton a town in eastern Wisconsin English physicist remembered for his studies of the ionosphere (1892-1966) Eau Claire a town in west central Wisconsin Green Bay a city of eastern Wisconsin on an arm of Lake Michigan La Crosse a town in western Wisconsin on the Mississippi River Madison capital of the state of Wisconsin; located in the southern part of state; site of the main branch of the University of Wisconsin 4th President of the United States; member of the Continental Congress and rapporteur at the Constitutional Convention in 1776; helped frame the Bill of Rights (1751-1836) Milwaukee largest city of Wisconsin; located in southeastern Wisconsin on the western shore of Lake Michigan; a flourishing agricultural center known for its breweries Racine a city in southeastern Wisconsin on Lake Michigan to the south of Milwaukee French advocate of Jansenism; tragedian who based his works on Greek and Roman themes (1639-1699) Superior a town in northwest Wisconsin on Lake Superior across from Duluth Wausau a town in north central Wisconsin Wyoming a state in the western United States; mountainous in the west and north with the Great Plains in the east Casper a city of east central Wyoming on the North Platte river Lander a town in central Wyoming Laramie a university town in southeast Wyoming Rock Springs a town of southwest Wyoming near the Utah border Uruguay a South American republic on the southeast coast of South America; achieved independence from Brazil in 1825 Montevideo the capital and largest city of Uruguay; a cosmopolitan city and one of the busiest ports in South America Vanuatu a volcanic island republic in Melanesia; independent since 1980 Port Vila capital of Vanuatu Holy See the smallest sovereign state in the world; the see of the Pope (as the Bishop of Rome); home of the Pope and the central administration of the Roman Catholic Church; achieved independence from Italy in 1929 Vatican City the capital of the State of the Vatican City Guiana Highlands a mountainous tableland in northern South America; extends from Venezuela into Guyana and northern Brazil Venezuela a republic in northern South America on the Caribbean; achieved independence from Spain in 1811; rich in oil Caracas the capital and largest city of Venezuela Ciudad Bolivar a port in eastern Venezuela on the Orinoco river Cumana a port city in northeastern Venezuela on the Caribbean Sea; founded in 1523, it is the oldest European settlement in South America Maracaibo a port city in northwestern Venezuela; a major oil center Maracay a city in north central Venezuela; cattle center Vietnam a communist state in Indochina on the South China Sea; achieved independence from France in 1945 North Vietnam a former country in southeastern Asia that existed from 1954 (after the defeat of the French at Dien Bien Phu) until 1975 when South Vietnam collapsed at the end of the Vietnam War South Vietnam a former country in southeastern Asia that existed from 1954 (after the defeat of the French at Dien Bien Phu) until 1975 when it was defeated and annexed by North Vietnam Hanoi the capital city of Vietnam; located in North Vietnam Ho Chi Minh City a city in South Vietnam; formerly (as Saigon) it was the capital of French Indochina Haiphong a port city in northern Vietnam; industrial center Yemen a republic on the southwestern shores of the Arabian Peninsula on the Indian Ocean; formed in 1990 Aden an important port of Yemen; located on the Gulf of Aden; its strategic location has made it a major trading center of southern Arabia since ancient times Hodeida an important port in Yemen on the Red Sea Mukalla a port in southern Yemen on the Gulf of Aden to the east of Aden Sana the capital and largest city of Yemen; on the central plateau Zambia a republic in central Africa; formerly controlled by Great Britain and called Northern Rhodesia until it gained independence within the commonwealth in 1964 Lusaka the capital and largest city of Zambia Low Countries the lowland region of western Europe on the North Sea: Belgium and Luxembourg and the Netherlands Lusitania ancient region and Roman province on the Iberian Peninsula; corresponds roughly to modern Portugal and parts of Spain Silesia a region of central Europe rich in deposits of coal and iron ore; annexed by Prussia in 1742 but now largely in Poland Big Sur a picturesque coastal region of California to the south of San Francisco Silicon Valley a region in California to the south of San Francisco that is noted for its concentration of high-technology industries Zimbabwe a landlocked republic in south central Africa formerly called Rhodesia; achieved independence from the United Kingdom in 1980 Harare the capital and largest city of Zimbabwe Bulawayo industrial city in southwestern Zimbabwe Arabian Desert a desert on the Arabian Peninsula in southwestern Asia a desert in Egypt between the Nile River and the Red Sea Atacama Desert a desert in western Chile that extends roughly 600 miles south from the Peruvian border; one of the driest areas in the world, but rich in nitrate and copper deposits Australian Desert general name given to all desert areas in Australia Black Rock Desert a desert in northwestern Nevada Chihuahuan Desert a desert in western Texas, New Mexico, Arizona, and northern Mexico Colorado Desert an arid region of southeastern California Dasht-e-Kavir a salt desert in north central Iran Dasht-e-Lut a desert in eastern Iran Death Valley a desert area that is part of the Mojave Desert in eastern California and southwestern Nevada; contains the lowest point in North America Gibson Desert a desert area in western Australia Gila Desert a desert area in southern Arizona Gobi a desert in central China Great Sandy Desert a desert region in northwestern Australia to the north of the Gibson Desert Great Victoria Desert a desert region in south central Australia to the north of the Nullarbor Plain Kalahari a desert in southwestern Africa - largely Botswana Kara Kum a desert in Turkmenistan to the south of the Aral Sea Kyzyl Kum a desert in Uzbekistan to the southeast of the Aral Sea Libyan Desert the northeastern part of the Sahara Desert in Libya and Egypt and Sudan Mojave a desert area in southern California and western Arizona Namib Desert a desert in Namibia extending along the coast between the high plateau and the Atlantic Ocean Nefud a desert in northern Saudi Arabia that is noted for its red sand and violent winds Negev a desert in southern Israel Nubian Desert an arid sandstone plateau in northeastern Sudan between the Nile and the Red Sea Painted Desert a desert on a high plateau in northeastern Arizona Patagonian Desert a semiarid region in southern South America Rub al-Khali a desert in southern Saudi Arabia Sahara the world's largest desert (3,500,000 square miles) in northern Africa Sub-Saharan Africa the region of Africa to the south of the Sahara Desert Simpson Desert a desert region of central Australia Sonoran Desert a desert in southwestern Arizona Syrian Desert a desert of northern Arabia occupying western Iraq, southern Syria, eastern Jordan, and northern Saudi Arabia Taklimakan Desert a desert in western China Thar Desert a desert to the east of the Indus River in northwestern India and southeastern Pakistan Citlaltepetl an extinct volcano in southern Mexico between Mexico City and Veracruz; the highest peak in Mexico (18,695 feet) Colima an active volcano in southwestern Mexico Cotacachi an Andean volcano in northern Ecuador; last erupted in 1955 Cotopaxi the world's largest active volcano; located in the Andes in north central Ecuador Demavend an active volcano in northern Iran El Misti the world's 2nd largest active volcano; located in the Andes in southern Peru Etna an inactive volcano in Sicily; last erupted in 1961; the highest volcano in Europe (10,500 feet) Fuego a volcano in south central Guatemala Fuji an extinct volcano in south central Honshu that is the highest peak in Japan; last erupted in 1707; famous for its symmetrical snow-capped peak; a sacred mountain and site for pilgrimages Galeras an active volcano in southeastern Colombia in the Andes Guallatiri the world's highest volcano; in the Andes in northern Chile; last erupted in 1959 Huainaputina an inactive volcano in the Andes in southern Peru; last erupted in 1783 Klyuchevskaya an inactive volcano on the Kamchatka Peninsula; last erupted in 1946 Krakatau a small volcanic island in Indonesia between Java and Sumatra; its violent eruption in 1883 was the greatest in recorded history New Siberian Islands a group of islands in the Arctic Ocean to the north of Siberia and to the east of the Laptev Sea Lascar a volcano in the Andes in Chile Mauna Kea an active volcano on north central Hawaii Island; highest peak in the Hawaiian Islands Mauna Loa an active volcano on south central Hawaii Island Nyamuragira an active volcano in eastern Congo Nyiragongo an active volcano in eastern Congo Purace an inactive volcano in the Andes in southern Colombia; last erupted in 1950 Sangay an inactive volcano in the Andes in central Ecuador; last erupted in 1946 Tupungatito an inactive volcano in central Chile; last erupted in 1959 Mount Saint Helens an active volcano in the Cascade Range in southwestern Washington; erupted violently in 1980 after 123 years of inactivity Scythia an ancient area of Eurasia extending from the Black Sea to the Aral Sea that was populated by Scythians from the eighth to the fourth century BC Vesuvius a volcano in southwestern Italy on the Mediterranean coast; a Plinian eruption in 79 AD buried Pompeii and killed Pliny the Elder; last erupted in 1944 North Africa an area of northern Africa between the Sahara and the Mediterranean Sea West Africa an area of western Africa between the Sahara Desert and the Gulf of Guinea Dar al-Islam areas where Muslims are in the majority Dar al-harb areas where Muslims are in the minority and are persecuted rational motive a motive that can be defended by reasoning or logical argument occasion reason; "there was no occasion for complaint" an opportunity to do something; "there was never an occasion for her to demonstrate her skill" the time of a particular event; "on the occasion of his 60th birthday" give occasion to why the cause or intention underlying an action or situation, especially in the phrase `the whys and wherefores' incentive a positive motivational influence moral force an efficient incentive; "they hoped it would act as a spiritual dynamic on all churches" disincentive a negative motivational influence irrational motive a motivation that is inconsistent with reason or logic abience (psychology) an urge to withdraw or avoid a situation or an object adience (psychology) an urge to accept or approach a situation or an object death instinct (psychoanalysis) an unconscious urge to die irrational impulse a strong spontaneous and irrational motivation; "his first impulse was to denounce them"; "the urge to find out got him into trouble" mania an irrational but irresistible motive for a belief or action a mood disorder; an affective disorder in which the victim tends to respond excessively and sometimes violently agromania an intense desire to be alone or out in the open dipsomania an intense persistent desire to drink alcoholic beverages to excess egomania an intense and irresistible love for yourself and concern for your own needs kleptomania an irresistible impulse to steal in the absence of any economic motive logorrhea pathologically excessive (and often incoherent) talking monomania a mania restricted to one thing or idea necrophilia an irresistible sexual attraction to dead bodies phaneromania an irresistible desire to pick at superficial body parts (as in obsessive nail-biting) pyromania an uncontrollable desire to set fire to things trichotillomania an irresistible urge to pull out your own hair wanderlust very strong or irresistible impulse to travel onomatomania obsession with a particular word which the person uses repeatedly or which intrudes into consciousness ethical motive motivation based on ideas of right and wrong wee small voice an inner voice that judges your behavior sense of shame a motivating awareness of ethical responsibility Inner Light a divine presence believed by Quakers to enlighten and guide the soul psychic energy an actuating force or factor incitement something that incites or provokes; a means of arousing or stirring to action libidinal energy (psychoanalysis) psychic energy produced by the libido cathexis (psychoanalysis) the libidinal energy invested in some idea or person or object; "Freud thought of cathexis as a psychic analog of an electrical charge" acathexis (psychoanalysis) a lack of cathexis; a condition in which significant objects or memories arouse no emotion in an individual Aare a river in north central Switzerland that runs northeast into the Rhine Abukir a bay on the Mediterranean Sea in northern Egypt abyss a bottomless gulf or pit; any unfathomable (or apparently unfathomable) cavity or chasm or void extending below (often used figuratively) abyssal zone the deep sea (2000 meters or more) where there is no light Acheron (Greek mythology) a river in Hades across which the souls of the dead were carried by Charon achondrite a stony meteor lacking chondrules acicula a needlelike part or structure of a plant or animal or crystal; as a spine or bristle or crystal Aconcagua the highest mountain in the western hemisphere; located in the Andes in western Argentina (22,834 feet high) Adams a mountain peak in southwestern Washington in the Cascade Range (12,307 feet high) 2nd President of the United States (1735-1826) 6th President of the United States; son of John Adams (1767-1848) American Revolutionary leader and patriot; an organizer of the Boston Tea Party and signer of the Declaration of Independence (1722-1803) Adam's Peak a mountain peak in south central Sri Lanka (7,360 feet high) Adige a river in northern Italy that flows southeast into the Adriatic Sea; "Verona is on the Adige" Adirondacks a mountain range in northeastern New York State; a popular resort area Admiralty Range mountains in Antarctica to the north of Victoria Land Adriatic an arm of the Mediterranean between Slovenia and Croatia and Montenegro and Albania on the east and Italy on the west Aegean an arm of the Mediterranean between Greece and Turkey; a main trade route for the ancient civilizations of Crete and Greece and Rome and Persia of or relating to or bordering the Aegean Sea; "Aegean islands" of or relating to or characteristic of the prehistoric Aegean civilization aerolite a stony meteorite consisting of silicate minerals Africa the second largest continent; located to the south of Europe and bordered to the west by the South Atlantic and to the east by the Indian Ocean agent an active and efficient cause; capable of producing a certain effect; "their research uncovered new disease agents" a businessman who buys or sells for another in exchange for a commission a representative who acts on behalf of other persons or organizations any agent or representative of a federal agency or bureau a substance that exerts some force or effect airborne transmission a transmission mechanism in the which the infectious agent is spread as an aerosol and usually enters a person through the respiratory tract air bubble a bubble of air Aire a river in northern England that flows southeast through West Yorkshire Alaska Peninsula a peninsula of southwestern Alaska (a continuation of the Aleutian Islands) Alaska Range a mountain range in south central Alaska; contains Mount McKinley Aldebaran the brightest star in Taurus Algol the second brightest star in Perseus; the first known eclipsing binary Alleghenies the western part of the Appalachian Mountains; extending from northern Pennsylvania to southwestern Virginia Allegheny a river that rises in Pennsylvania and flows north into New York and then back south through Pennsylvania again to join the Monongahela River at Pittsburgh which is the beginning of the Ohio River alluvial sediment clay or silt or gravel carried by rushing streams and deposited where the stream slows down alluvial flat a flat resulting from repeated deposits of alluvial material by running water alp any high mountain Alpha Centauri brightest star in Centaurus; second nearest star to the sun Alpha Crucis the brightest star in the Southern Cross alpha particle a positively charged particle that is the nucleus of the helium atom; emitted from natural or radioactive isotopes Alpine glacier a glacier that moves down from a high valley Alps a large mountain system in south-central Europe; scenic beauty and winter sports make them a popular tourist attraction Altai Mountains a mountain range in central Asia that extends a thousand miles from Kazakhstan eastward into western Mongolia and northern China Altair double star 15.7 light years from Earth; the brightest star in the Aquila constellation altocumulus a cumulus cloud at an intermediate altitude of 2 or 3 miles altostratus a stratus cloud at an intermediate altitude of 2 or 3 miles Amazon a major South American river; arises in the Andes and flows eastward into the South Atlantic; the world's 2nd longest river (4000 miles) (Greek mythology) one of a nation of women warriors of Scythia (who burned off the right breast in order to use a bow and arrow more effectively) America North America and South America and Central America American Falls a part of Niagara Falls in western New York (north of Buffalo) ammonite one of the coiled chambered fossil shells of extinct mollusks Amur an Asian river between China and Russia; flows into the Sea of Okhotsk Ancohuma a mountain peak in the Andes in Bolivia (20,960 feet high) Andaman Sea part of the Bay of Bengal to the west of the Malay Peninsula Andes a mountain range in South America running 5000 miles along the Pacific coast Andromeda a constellation in the northern hemisphere between Cassiopeia and Pegasus; contains the Andromeda galaxy (Greek mythology) an Ethiopian princess and daughter of Cassiopeia; she was fastened to a rock and exposed to a sea monster that was sent by Poseidon, but she was rescued by Perseus and became his wife Angara a river in southeastern Siberia that flows northwest from Lake Baikal to become a tributary of the Yenisei River Angel the highest waterfall; has more than one leap; flow varies seasonally anion a negatively charged ion Annapurna a mountain in the Himalayas in Nepal (26,500 feet high) Antarctica an extremely cold continent at the south pole almost entirely below the Antarctic Circle; covered by an ice cap up to 13,000 feet deep; "Antarctica is twice the size of Australia" Antarctic Ocean the southern waters surrounding Antarctica Antarctic Peninsula a large peninsula of Antarctica that extends some 1200 miles north toward South America; separates the Weddell Sea from the South Pacific Antares the brightest star in Scorpius anthill a mound of earth made by ants as they dig their nest antibaryon the antiparticle of a baryon; a hadron with a baryon number of -1 antilepton the antiparticle of a lepton antimeson the antiparticle of a meson antimuon the antiparticle of a muon; decays to positron and neutrino and antineutrino antineutrino the antiparticle of a neutrino antineutron the antiparticle of a neutron antiparticle a particle that has the same mass as another particle but has opposite values for its other properties; interaction of a particle and its antiparticle results in annihilation and the production of radiant energy antiproton an unstable negatively charged proton; the antiparticle of a proton antiquark the antiparticle of a quark antitauon an antilepton of very great mass Antlia a faint constellation in the southern hemisphere near Hydra and Vela Apalachicola a river in northwestern Florida formed by the confluence of the Chattahoochee River and the Flint River at the Florida border Apennines a mountain range extending the length of the Italian peninsula Apollo asteroid an asteroid whose orbit crosses the Earth's orbit Appalachians a mountain range in the eastern United States extending from Quebec to the Gulf of Mexico; a historic barrier to early westward expansion of the United States aquifer underground bed or layer yielding ground water for wells and springs etc Arabian Sea a northwestern arm of the Indian Ocean between India and Arabia Arafura Sea a part of the western Pacific Ocean to the north of Australia and to the south of New Guinea and the eastern islands of Indonesia Araguaia a river in central Brazil that flows generally northward (with many falls) to join the Tocantins River Ararat the mountain peak that Noah's ark landed on as the waters of the great flood receded Aras a river that rises in northeastern Turkey (near the source of the Euphrates) and flows generally eastward through Armenia to the Caspian Sea; ancient name was Araxes Arauca a river that rises in northern Colombia and flows generally eastward to the Orinoco in central Venezuela archeological remains a relic that has been excavated from the soil archipelago a group of many islands in a large body of water Arctic Ocean ice covered waters surrounding the North Pole; mostly covered with solid ice or with ice floes and icebergs Arcturus the 4th brightest star and the brightest star in the constellation Bootes; 36 light-years from Earth arete a sharp narrow ridge found in rugged mountains Argo formerly a large constellation in the southern hemisphere between Canis Major and the Southern Cross; now divided into Carina and Pyxis and Puppis and Vela Argun a river in eastern Asia that arises in China and flows northeast along the border between China and Russia to become a tributary of the Amur River Aristarchus a bright crater on the Moon an ancient Greek grammarian remembered for his commentary on the Iliad and Odyssey (circa 217-145 BC) Arno a river in central Italy rising in the Apennines and flowing through Florence and Pisa to the Ligurian Sea arroyo a stream or brook ascent an upward slope or grade (as in a road); "the car couldn't make it up the rise" asterism (astronomy) a cluster of stars (or a small constellation) (mineralogy) a star-shaped figure with six rays that is seen in some crystal structures under reflected or transmitted light asteroid any of numerous small celestial bodies composed of rock and metal that move around the sun (mainly between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter) shaped like a star asthenosphere the lower layer of the crust Atacama Trench a depression in the floor of the Pacific Ocean off the coast of Chile Atlantic the 2nd largest ocean; separates North and South America on the west from Europe and Africa on the east relating to or bordering the Atlantic Ocean; "Atlantic currents" Atlantic Coast a coast of the Atlantic Ocean Atlas Mountains a mountain range in northern Africa between the Mediterranean and the Sahara Desert; extends from southwestern Morocco to northern Tunisia atoll an island consisting of a circular coral reef surrounding a lagoon Auriga a conspicuous constellation in the northern hemisphere; between Great Bear and Orion at edge of Milky Way Australian Alps a range of mountains in Australia that forms the southern end of the Great Dividing Range badlands deeply eroded barren land Baffin Bay a body of water between Greenland and northeastern Canada; connected with the Arctic Ocean to the north and with the Atlantic Ocean (via the Labrador Sea) to the south; icebound in winter Balaton a large shallow lake in western Hungary barbecue pit a pit where wood or charcoal is burned to make a bed of hot coals suitable for barbecuing meat Barents Sea the part of the Arctic Ocean to the north of Norway and Russia barrier island a long narrow sandy island (wider than a reef) running parallel to the shore barrier reef a long coral reef near and parallel to the shore baryon any of the elementary particles having a mass equal to or greater than that of a proton and that participate in strong interactions; a hadron with a baryon number of +1 Bay of Bengal an arm of the Indian Ocean to the east of India Bay of Biscay an arm of the Atlantic Ocean in western Europe; bordered by the west coast of France and the north coast of Spain Bay of Fundy a bay of the North Atlantic between New Brunswick and Nova Scotia; noted for rapid tides as great as 70 feet Bay of Naples an arm of the Tyrrhenian Sea at Naples bayou a swampy arm or slow-moving outlet of a lake (term used mainly in Mississippi and Louisiana) beach an area of sand sloping down to the water of a sea or lake land on a beach; "the ship beached near the port" beachfront a strip of land running along a beach Beaufort Sea part of the Arctic Ocean to the northeast of Alaska bedrock solid unweathered rock lying beneath surface deposits of soil belay something to which a mountain climber's rope can be secured fasten a boat to a bitt, pin, or cleat turn a rope round an object or person in order to secure it or him ben a mountain or tall hill; "they were climbing the ben" Bering Sea part of the North Pacific between Alaska and Siberia; connected to the Arctic Ocean by the Bering Strait Bering Strait a strait connecting the Bering Sea to the Arctic Ocean Berkshires a low mountain range in western Massachusetts; a resort area berm a narrow ledge or shelf typically at the top or bottom of a slope Beta Centauri the second brightest star in Centaurus Beta Crucis the second brightest star in the Southern Cross beta particle a high-speed electron or positron emitted in the decay of a radioactive isotope Betelgeuse the second brightest star in Orion Big Dipper a group of seven bright stars in the constellation Ursa Major Bighorn a river that flows from central Wyoming to the Yellowstone River in southern Montana Bight of Benin a broad indentation of the Gulf of Guinea in western Africa Big Sioux River a river that rises in northeastern South Dakota and flows southward to join the Missouri River at Sioux City, Iowa billabong a branch of a river made by water flowing from the main stream only when the water level is high a stagnant pool of water in the bed of a stream that flows intermittently binary star a system of two stars that revolve around each other under their mutual gravitation biological agent any bacterium or virus or toxin that could be used in biological warfare bird's nest nest where birds lay their eggs and hatch their young Biscayne Bay a narrow bay formed by an inlet from the Atlantic Ocean in southeastern Florida black body a hypothetical object capable of absorbing all the electromagnetic radiation falling on it; "a black body maintained at a constant temperature is a full radiator at that temperature because the radiation reaching and leaving it must be in equilibrium" Black Forest a hilly forest region in southwestern Germany black hole a region of space resulting from the collapse of a star; extremely high gravitational field Black Sea a sea between Europe and Asia; a popular resort area of eastern Europeans bladder stone a calculus formed in the bladder blood-brain barrier a mechanism that creates a barrier between brain tissues and circulating blood; serves to protect the central nervous system; "the brain was protected from the large molecules of the virus by the blood-brain barrier" Blue Nile a headstream of the Nile; joins the White Nile at Khartoum to form the Nile Blue Ridge Mountains a range of the Appalachians extending from southern Pennsylvania to northern Georgia blue sky the sky as viewed during daylight; "he shot an arrow into the blue" b-meson exceedingly short-lived meson body of water the part of the earth's surface covered with water (such as a river or lake or ocean); "they invaded our territorial waters"; "they were sitting by the water's edge" bog wet spongy ground of decomposing vegetation; has poorer drainage than a swamp; soil is unfit for cultivation but can be cut and dried and used for fuel Bo Hai an inlet of the Yellow Sea, on the coast of Eastern China bolt-hole a hole through which an animal may bolt when pursued into its burrow or den bonanza an especially rich vein of precious ore Bonete a mountain in the Andes in Argentina (22,546 feet high) Bootes a constellation in the northern hemisphere near Ursa Major borrow pit a pit created to provide earth that can be used as fill at another site boson any particle that obeys Bose-Einstein statistics but not the Pauli exclusion principle; all nuclei with an even mass number are bosons Bosporus a strait connecting the Mediterranean and the Black Sea; separates the European and Asian parts of Turkey; an important shipping route bottomland low-lying alluvial land near a river bottom quark a quark with a charge of -1/3 and a mass about 10,000 times that of an electron Bougainville Trench a depression in the floor of the Pacific Ocean between New Guinea and the Solomon Islands boulder a large smooth mass of rock detached from its place of origin brae a slope or hillside Brahmaputra an Asian river; flows into the Bay of Bengal branched chain an open chain of atoms with one or more side chains attached to it Brazos a river that rises in Mexico and flows across Texas into the Gulf of Mexico Brenner Pass an Alpine mountain pass connecting Innsbruck in Austria with Bolzano in Italy that has long been a route for trade and for invasions Bristol Channel an inlet of the Atlantic Ocean between southern Wales and southwestern England brook a natural stream of water smaller than a river (and often a tributary of a river); "the creek dried up every summer" brooklet a small brook bullet hole a hole made by a bullet passing through it burrow a hole made by an animal, usually for shelter move through by or as by digging; "burrow through the forest" butte a hill that rises abruptly from the surrounding region; has a flat top and sloping sides Buzzards Bay an inlet of the Atlantic Ocean in southeastern Massachusetts Cachi a mountain in the Andes in Argentina (22,047 feet high) Caelum a constellation in the southern hemisphere near Columba and Eridanus caldera a large crater caused by the violent explosion of a volcano that collapses into a depression Callisto the second largest of Jupiter's satellites Caloosahatchee a river in southern Florida that flows westerly to the Gulf of Mexico; forms the western end of the Cross-Florida Waterway Cam a river in east central England that flows past Cambridge to join the Ouse River Cambrian Mountains a rugged plateau that runs north to south through central Wales Canadian a river rising in northeastern New Mexico and flowing eastward across the Texas panhandle to become a tributary of the Arkansas River in Oklahoma a native or inhabitant of Canada of or relating to Canada or its people Canadian Falls a part of Niagara Falls in Ontario Canandaigua Lake a glacial lake in central New York; one of the Finger Lakes Canis Major a constellation to the southeast of Orion; contains Sirius Canis Minor a constellation to the east of Orion; contains Procyon Canopus supergiant star 650 light years from Earth; second brightest star in the sky Cantabrian Mountains a range of mountains in northern Spain along the coast of the Bay of Biscay canyon a ravine formed by a river in an area with little rainfall canyonside the steeply sloping side of a canyon Cape Canaveral a sandy promontory (formerly Cape Kennedy) extending into the Atlantic Ocean from a barrier island off the eastern coast of Florida; the site of a NASA center for spaceflight Cape Cod Bay the southern part of Massachusetts Bay Cape Fear River a river in North Carolina that flows southeast to the Atlantic Ocean at Cape Fear Capella the brightest star in Auriga Cape Sable a promontory on the far southern part of Nova Scotia a cape at the southwest tip of Florida; the southernmost part of the United States mainland Cape Trafalgar a small cape in southwestern Spain; "Nelson defeated the French and Spanish fleets off Cape Trafalgar in 1805" Cape York the northern tip of Cape York Peninsula at the Torres Strait; the northernmost point of the Australian mainland Cape York Peninsula a peninsula in Queensland in northeastern Australia between the Gulf of Carpentaria and the Coral Sea Capricornus a faint zodiacal constellation in the southern hemisphere; between Sagittarius and Aquarius Carina a keel-shaped constellation in the southern hemisphere; contains the star Canopus Carlsbad Caverns a group of caverns in southeastern New Mexico noted for their stalactites and stalagmites Carpathians a mountain range in central Europe that extends from Slovakia and southern Poland southeastward through western Ukraine to northeastern Romania; a popular resort area carpet a natural object that resembles or suggests a carpet; "a carpet of flowers"; "the larvae of some moths spin a web that resembles a carpet" cover with a carpet; "carpet the floors of the house" cover completely, as if with a carpet; "flowers carpeted the meadows" form a carpet-like cover (over) Cascades a mountain range in the northwestern United States extending through Washington and Oregon and northern California; a part of the Coast Range Caspian a large saltwater lake between Iran and Russia fed by the Volga River; the largest inland body of water in the world Cassiopeia a W-shaped constellation in the northern hemisphere near Polaris (Greek mythology) the wife of Cepheus and mother of Andromeda cataract a large waterfall; violent rush of water over a precipice an eye disease that involves the clouding or opacification of the natural lens of the eye Cataract Canyon a tributary of the Grand Canyon cation a positively charged ion Catskills a range of the Appalachians to the west of the Hudson in southeastern New York; includes many popular resort areas Caucasus the mountain range in Caucasia between the Black Sea and the Caspian Sea that forms part of the traditional border between Europe and Asia cave a geological formation consisting of an underground enclosure with access from the surface of the ground or from the sea explore natural caves hollow out as if making a cave or opening; "The river was caving the banks" cavern a large cave or a large chamber in a cave any large dark enclosed space; "his eyes were dark caverns" hollow out as if making a cavern Cayuga Lake a glacial lake in central New York; the longest of the Finger Lakes celestial body natural objects visible in the sky Centaurus a conspicuous constellation in the southern hemisphere near the Southern Cross Cepheus a faint constellation in the northern hemisphere near Cassiopeia and the pole star (Greek mythology) king of Ethiopia and husband of Cassiopeia Ceres the largest asteroid and the first discovered (Roman mythology) goddess of agriculture; counterpart of Greek Demeter Cetus a large constellation on the equator near Pisces and Aquarius Chamaeleon a faint constellation in the polar region of the southern hemisphere near Apus and Mensa Changtzu a mountain in the central Himalayas on the border of Tibet and Nepal (24,780 feet high) Chao Phraya a river in Thailand formed by the confluence of the Nan and Ping Rivers; flows southward past Bangkok and empties into the Gulf of Thailand Charles a river in eastern Massachusetts that empties into Boston Harbor and that separates Cambridge from Boston French physicist and author of Charles's law which anticipated Gay-Lussac's law (1746-1823) the eldest son of Elizabeth II and heir to the English throne (born in 1948) son of James I who was King of England and Scotland and Ireland; was deposed and executed by Oliver Cromwell (1600-1649) King of England and Scotland and Ireland during the Restoration (1630-1685) as Charles II he was Holy Roman Emperor and as Charles I he was king of France (823-877) King of France who began his reign with most of northern France under English control; after the intervention of Jeanne d'Arc the French were able to defeat the English and end the Hundred Years' War (1403-1461) King of France from 1560 to 1574 whose reign was dominated by his mother Catherine de Medicis (1550-1574) charm quark a quark with an electric charge of +2/3 and a mass 2900 times that of an electron and a charm of +1 chasm a deep opening in the earth's surface Chattahoochee a river rising in northern Georgia and flowing southwest and south to join the Flint River at the Florida border where they form the Apalachicola River Baikal the largest freshwater lake in Asia or Europe and the deepest lake in the world Lake Chelan a narrow very deep lake in central Washington in the Cascade Range Coeur d'Alene Lake a lake in northern Idaho Lake Tahoe a lake on the border between Nevada and California to the west of Carson City; a popular resort area Chesapeake Bay a large inlet of the North Atlantic between Virginia and Maryland; fed by Susquehanna River Chimborazo a mountain peak in the Andes in Ecuador (20,560 feet high) Chiron an asteroid discovered in 1977; it is unique in having an orbit lying mainly between the orbits of Saturn and Uranus (Greek mythology) the learned centaur who tutored Achilles, Asclepius, Hercules, Jason, and other heroes chondrite a rock of meteoric origin containing chondrules chondrule small granule (of e.g. chrysolite) found in some meteoric rocks chromosphere a gaseous layer of the sun's atmosphere (extending from the photosphere to the corona) that is visible during a total eclipse of the sun Chukchi Peninsula peninsula of northeastern Siberia across the Bering Strait from northwestern Alaska Chukchi Sea part of the Arctic Ocean just to the north of the Bering Strait Cimarron a river that rises in northeastern New Mexico and flows eastward into Oklahoma where it becomes a tributary of the Arkansas River cinder a fragment of incombustible matter left after a wood or coal or charcoal fire Circinus a small faint constellation in the southern hemisphere near Musca and Triangulum Australe cirque a steep-walled semicircular basin in a mountain; may contain a lake cirrocumulus a cloud at a high altitude consisting of a series of regularly arranged small clouds resembling ripples cirrostratus a thin uniform layer of hazy cloud at high altitude clast (geology) a constituent fragment of a clastic rock clastic rock (geology) a rock composed of broken pieces of older rocks cliff a steep high face of rock; "he stood on a high cliff overlooking the town"; "a steep drop" Clinch River a river that rises in southwestern Virginia and flows generally southwestward across eastern Tennessee to the Tennessee River closed chain (chemistry) a chain of atoms in a molecule that forms a closed loop closed universe (cosmology) a universe that is spatially closed and in which there is sufficient matter to halt the expansion that began with the big bang; the visible matter is only 10 percent of the matter required for closure but there may be large amounts of dark matter cloud a visible mass of water or ice particles suspended at a considerable altitude any collection of particles (e.g., smoke or dust) or gases that is visible out of touch with reality; "his head was in the clouds" suspicion affecting your reputation; "after that mistake he was under a cloud" a cause of worry or gloom or trouble; "the only cloud on the horizon was the possibility of dissent by the French" make milky or dull; "The chemical clouded the liquid to which it was added" make less clear; "the stroke clouded memories of her youth" make gloomy or depressed; "Their faces were clouded with sadness" billow up in the form of a cloud; "The smoke clouded above the houses" cloud bank a layer of clouds seen from a distance Clyde a river in western Scotland that flows from the southern uplands into the Firth of Clyde; navigable by oceangoing vessels as far as Glasgow coastal plain a plain adjacent to a coast coastland land in a coastal area Coast Range a string of mountain ranges along the Pacific coast of North America from southeastern Alaska to Lower California Cocytus (Greek mythology) a river in Hades that was said to be a tributary of the Acheron coffee grounds the dregs remaining after brewing coffee col a pass between mountain peaks Colorado Plateau a large plateau to the south and west of the Rocky Mountains; abuts mountains on the north and east and ends in an escarpment overlooking lowlands to the south and west; the Grand Canyon is carved out of the southwestern corner Coma Berenices a constellation in the northern hemisphere between Ursa Major and Bootes; contains a cluster of some 10,000 galaxies comet (astronomy) a relatively small extraterrestrial body consisting of a frozen mass that travels around the sun in a highly elliptical orbit commemorative an object (such as a coin or postage stamp) made to mark an event or honor a person intended as a commemoration; "a commemorative plaque" Communism Peak the highest mountain peak in the Pamir Mountains; near the Chinese border in northeastern Tajikistan (24,590 feet high) constellation a configuration of stars as seen from the earth continent one of the large landmasses of the earth; "there are seven continents"; "pioneers had to cross the continent on foot" having control over urination and defecation continental glacier a glacier that spreads out from a central mass of ice continental shelf the relatively shallow (up to 200 meters) seabed surrounding a continent continental slope the steep descent of the seabed from the continental shelf to the abyssal zone contrail an artificial cloud created by an aircraft; caused either by condensation due to the reduction in air pressure above the wing surface or by water vapor in the engine exhaust Cook Strait a narrow strait separating the North Island and South Island in New Zealand Coosa river that rises in northwestern Georgia and flows southwest through eastern Alabama to join the Tallapoosa River near Montgomery and form the Alabama River Copernicus a conspicuous crater on the Moon Polish astronomer who produced a workable model of the solar system with the sun in the center (1473-1543) coprolite fossil excrement; petrified dung coprolith a hard mass of fecal matter coral reef a reef consisting of coral consolidated into limestone Corona Borealis a small constellation in the northern hemisphere between Bootes and Hercules Coropuna a mountain peak in the Andes in Peru (21,083 feet high) cove a small inlet small or narrow cave in the side of a cliff or mountain Crab Nebula a remnant of a supernova detected first in 1054 AD crag a steep rugged rock or cliff cranny a small opening or crevice (especially in a rock face or wall) crater a bowl-shaped depression formed by the impact of a meteorite or bomb Crater a faint constellation in the southern hemisphere near Hydra and Corvus craton the part of a continent that is stable and forms the central mass of the continent; typically Precambrian crevasse a deep fissure Cross-Florida Waterway a waterway used by small boats to travel between the Atlantic Ocean and the Gulf of Mexico through Lake Okeechobee and the Caloosahatchee Canal and the Caloosahatchee River crystallite any of numerous minute rudimentary crystalline bodies of unknown composition found in glassy igneous rock cultivated land arable land that is worked by plowing and sowing and raising crops Cumberland a river that rises in southeastern Kentucky and flows westward through northern Tennessee to become a tributary of the Ohio River in southwestern Kentucky English general; son of George II; fought unsuccessfully in the battle of Fontenoy (1721-1765) Cumberland Gap a pass through the Cumberland Mountains between Virginia and Kentucky that early settlers used in order to move west Cumberland Mountains the southwestern part of the Appalachians cumulonimbus a dark cloud of great vertical extent charged with electricity; associated with thunderstorms cumulus a globular cloud Cuquenan a famous waterfall in Venezuela dale an open river valley (in a hilly area) dandruff loose scales shed from the scalp; "I could see the dandruff on her shoulders" a condition in which white scales of dead skin are shed by the scalp Danube the 2nd longest European river (after the Volga); flows from southwestern Germany to the Black Sea; "Vienna, Budapest, and Belgrade are on the banks of the Danube" Darling an Australian river; tributary of the Murray River Dead Sea a saltwater lake on the border between Israel and Jordan; its surface in 1292 feet below sea level deep literary term for an ocean; "denizens of the deep" the central and most intense or profound part; "in the deep of night"; "in the deep of winter" exhibiting great cunning usually with secrecy; "deep political machinations"; "a deep plot" strong; intense; "deep purple"; "a rich red" very distant in time or space; "deep in the past"; "deep in enemy territory"; "deep in the woods"; "a deep space probe" having great spatial extension or penetration downward or inward from an outer surface or backward or laterally or outward from a center; sometimes used in combination; "a deep well"; "a deep dive"; "deep water"; "a deep casserole"; "a deep gash"; "deep massage"; "deep pressure receptors in muscles"; "deep shelves"; "a deep closet"; "surrounded by a deep yard"; "hit the ball to deep center field"; "in deep space"; "waist-deep" relatively deep or strong; affecting one deeply; "a deep breath"; "a deep sigh"; "deep concentration"; "deep emotion"; "a deep trance"; "in a deep sleep" with head or back bent low; "a deep bow" large in quantity or size; "deep cuts in the budget" intense or extreme; "in deep trouble"; "deep happiness" marked by depth of thinking; "deep thoughts"; "a deep allegory" relatively thick from top to bottom; "deep carpets"; "deep snow" extending relatively far inward; "a deep border" to a great distance; "penetrated deep into enemy territory"; "went deep into the woods" to an advanced time; "deep into the night"; "talked late into the evening" defile a narrow pass (especially one between mountains) place under suspicion or cast doubt upon; "sully someone's reputation" Deimos the outer of two small satellites of Mars Delaware Bay an inlet of the North Atlantic; fed by the Delaware River dell a small wooded hollow delta ray an electron ejected from matter by ionizing radiation Denali Fault a major open geological fault in Alaska Deneb the brightest star in Cygnus Denebola a star in Leo approximately 43 light years from Earth desideratum something desired as a necessity; "the desiderata for a vacation are time and money" Detroit River a short river flowing from Lake St. Clair to Lake Erie along the border between the United States and Canada; one the busiest inland waterways in the world deuteron the nucleus of deuterium; consists of one proton and one neutron; used as a bombarding particle in accelerators Dhaulagiri a mountain in the Himalayas in Nepal (26,820 feet high) diapir a domed rock formation where a core of rock has moved upward and pierced through the more brittle overlying strata diffuse nebula a cluster of stars within an intricate cloud of gas and dust dipole molecule a molecule that is a permanent dipole direct transmission a transmission mechanism in which the infectious agent is transferred directly into the body via touching or biting or kissing or sexual intercourse or by droplets entering the eye or nose or mouth distributary a branch of a river that flows away from the main stream and does not rejoin it divot a piece of turf dug out of a lawn or fairway (by an animals hooves or a golf club) (golf) the cavity left when a piece of turf is cut from the ground by the club head in making a stroke; "it was a good drive but the ball ended up in a divot" Dnieper a river that rises in Russia near Smolensk and flowing south through Belarus and Ukraine to empty into the Black Sea dog shit fecal droppings from a dog Dolomite Alps an eastern range of the Alps in northeastern Italy famous for their dolomitic limestone Donner Pass a mountain pass in northeastern California near Lake Tahoe; site where in 1844 some members of an emigrant party survived by eating those who had died Dorado a constellation in the southern hemisphere near Reticulum and Pictor; contains most of the Large Magellanic Cloud down quark a stable quark with an electric charge of -1/3 and a mass 607 times that of an electron dregs sediment that has settled at the bottom of a liquid drey the nest of a squirrel drift ice masses of ice floating in the open sea drumlin a mound of glacial drift dune a ridge of sand created by the wind; found in deserts or near lakes and oceans East China Sea part of the Pacific Ocean near eastern Asia Ebro a river in northeastern Spain; flows into the Mediterranean Elbe a river in central Europe that arises in northwestern Czechoslovakia and flows northward through Germany to empty into the North Sea electric dipole a dipole with equal and opposite electric charges electron an elementary particle with negative charge elementary particle (physics) a particle that is less complex than an atom; regarded as constituents of all matter eliminator an agent that eliminates something Elizabeth River a short river in southeastern Virginia flowing between Norfolk and Portsmouth into Hampton Roads El Libertador a mountain in the Andes in Argentina (22,047 feet high) El Muerto a mountain peak in the Andes on the border between Argentina and Chile (21,457 feet high) ember a hot fragment of wood or coal that is left from a fire and is glowing or smoldering English Channel an arm of the Atlantic Ocean that forms a channel between France and Britain enterolith a calculus occurring in the intestines Epsilon Aurigae the largest known star Eridanus a constellation in the southern hemisphere near Fornax and Cetus esker (geology) a long winding ridge of post glacial gravel and other sediment; deposited by meltwater from glaciers or ice sheets estuary the wide part of a river where it nears the sea; fresh and salt water mix Euphrates a river in southwestern Asia; flows into the Persian Gulf; was important in the development of several great civilizations in ancient Mesopotamia Eurasia the land mass formed by the continents of Europe and Asia Europa the 4th largest of Jupiter's satellites; covered with a smooth shell of frozen water evening star a planet (usually Venus) seen at sunset in the western sky Everest a mountain in the central Himalayas on the border of Tibet and Nepal; the highest mountain peak in the world (29,028 feet high) Everglades a large subtropical swamp in southern Florida that is noted for its wildlife exosphere the outermost atmospheric layer expanse a wide and open space or area as of surface or land or sky extraterrestrial object a natural object existing outside the earth and outside the earth's atmosphere Eyre a shallow salt lake in south central Australia about 35 feet below sea level; the largest lake in the country and the lowest point on the continent Eyre Peninsula a peninsula of southern Australia fallow cultivated land that is not seeded for one or more growing seasons undeveloped but potentially useful; "a fallow gold market" left unplowed and unseeded during a growing season; "fallow farmland" fatigue crack a crack in metal resulting from metal fatigue fermion any particle that obeys Fermi-Dirac statistics and is subject to the Pauli exclusion principle Fingal's Cave a large cave with basaltic pillars on Staffa island in Scotland fireball the luminous center of a nuclear explosion a ball of fire (such as the sun or a ball-shaped discharge of lightning) fire pit a pit whose floor is incandescent lava; "the fire pit of the crater" firestone a sandstone that withstands intense heat; used to line fireplaces and furnaces and kilns a piece of flint that is struck to light a fire firth a long narrow estuary (especially in Scotland) Firth of Clyde a firth on the southwestern coast of Scotland emptying into the North Channel Firth of Forth a large firth on the east coast of Scotland and the estuary of the Forth River; location of Edinburgh fishpond a freshwater pond with fish fixed star any star in the Ptolemaic theory of planetary motion fjord a long narrow inlet of the sea between steep cliffs; common in Norway flare star a red dwarf star in which luminosity can change several magnitudes in a few minutes floodplain a low plain adjacent to a river that is formed chiefly of river sediment and is subject to flooding flowage a body of water that has been created by deliberately flooding an area; "many campsites were located near the flowage" gradual internal motion or deformation of a solid body (as by heat); "rock fracture and rock flowage are different types of geological deformation" foam a mass of small bubbles formed in or on a liquid; "the beer had a thick head of foam" a lightweight material in cellular form; made by introducing gas bubbles during manufacture become bubbly or frothy or foaming; "The boiling soup was frothing"; "The river was foaming"; "sparkling water" folium a thin layer or stratum of (especially metamorphic) rock fomite any inanimate object (as a towel or money or clothing or dishes or books or toys etc.) that can transmit infectious agents from one person to another foothill a relatively low hill on the lower slope of a mountain footwall the lower wall of an inclined fault foreland land forming the forward margin of something foreshore the part of the seashore between the highwater mark and the low-water mark Fornax a faint constellation in the southern hemisphere near Cetus and Phoenix Forth a river in southern Scotland that flows eastward to the Firth of Forth fossil the remains (or an impression) of a plant or animal that existed in a past geological age and that has been excavated from the soil characteristic of a fossil Fountain of Youth a fountain described in folk tales as able to make people young again; "Ponce de Leon discovered Florida while searching for the Fountain of Youth" Fox River a river in Wisconsin that flows into Lake Michigan free electron electron that is not attached to an atom or ion or molecule but is free to move under the influence of an electric field Galan a mountain peak in the Andes in Argentina (21,654 feet high) Galilean satellite one of the four satellites of Jupiter that were discovered by Galileo gallstone a calculus formed in the gall bladder or its ducts Galveston Bay an arm of the Gulf of Mexico in Texas to the south of Houston Galway Bay a bay of the North Atlantic on the west coast of Ireland Ganges an Asian river; rises in the Himalayas and flows east into the Bay of Bengal; a sacred river of the Hindus Gan Jiang a river in southeastern China that flows generally north into the Chang Jiang to the north of Nanchang Ganymede the largest of Jupiter's satellites (Greek mythology) a Trojan boy who was so beautiful that Zeus carried him away to serve as cupbearer to the gods Garonne a river that rises in the Pyrenees and flows northwest to the Bay of Biscay Gasherbrum a mountain in northern Kashmir (26,470 feet high) gauge boson a particle that mediates the interaction of two elementary particles geode (mineralogy) a hollow rock or nodule with the cavity usually lined with crystals geological formation (geology) the geological features of the earth geyser a spring that discharges hot water and steam to overflow like a geyser giant star a very bright star of large diameter and low density (relative to the Sun) Gila a river that rises in western New Mexico and flows westward through southern Arizona to become a tributary of the Colorado River glacial boulder a boulder that has been carried by a glacier to a place far distant from its place of origin glacier a slowly moving mass of ice glen a narrow secluded valley (in the mountains) globule a small globe or ball gluon a gauge boson that mediates strong interaction among quarks Golden Gate a strait in western California that connects the San Francisco Bay with the Pacific Ocean; discovered in 1579 by Sir Francis Drake Gondwanaland a hypothetical continent that (according to plate tectonic theory) broke up later into India and Australia and Africa and South America and Antarctica gopher hole a hole in the ground made by gophers gorge a deep ravine (usually with a river running through it) overeat or eat immodestly; make a pig of oneself; "She stuffed herself at the dinner"; "The kids binged on ice cream" Gosainthan a mountain in the Himalayas in Tibet (26,290 feet high) Grand Canyon the enormous gorge of the Colorado River in northern Arizona Grand River a river in southern Michigan that flows northwest to empty into Lake Michigan Grand Teton a mountain peak in northwestern Wyoming; the highest peak in the Teton Range (13,766 feet high) granule a tiny grain graviton a gauge boson that mediates the (extremely weak) gravitational interactions between particles Great Attractor a massive grouping of galaxies in the direction of Centaurus and Hydra whose gravitational attraction is believed to cause deviations in the paths of other galaxies Great Australian Bight a wide bay of the Indian Ocean in southern Australia; notorious for storms Great Bear a constellation outside the zodiac that rotates around the North Star Great Barrier Reef the largest coral reef in the world; in the Coral Sea off the northeastern coast of Australia Great Dividing Range a mountain range running along the eastern coast of Australia Great Lakes a group of five large, interconnected lakes in central North America Great Plains a vast prairie region extending from Alberta and Saskatchewan and Manitoba in Canada south through the west central United States into Texas; formerly inhabited by Native Americans Great Rift Valley ( geology) a depression in southwestern Asia and eastern Africa; extends from the valley of the Jordan River to Mozambique; marked by geological faults Great Salt Lake a shallow body of salt water in northwestern Utah Great Slave Lake a lake in the Northwest Territories in northwestern Canada; drained by the Mackenzie River Great Smoky Mountains part of the Appalachians between North Carolina and Tennessee Green a river that rises in western Wyoming and flows southward through Utah to become a tributary of the Colorado River an environmentalist who belongs to the Green Party United States labor leader who was president of the American Federation of Labor from 1924 to 1952 and who led the struggle with the Congress of Industrial Organizations (1873-1952) Greenland Sea part of the Arctic Ocean to the north of Iceland Green Mountains a range of the Appalachian Mountains that extends from south to north through Vermont greenwood woodlands in full leaf; "the greenwood was Robin Hood's home" grotto a small cave (usually with attractive features) growler a small iceberg or ice floe just large enough to be hazardous for shipping a speaker whose voice sounds like a growl Guadalupe Mountains a mountain range in southern New Mexico and western Texas; the southern extension of the Sacramento Mountains Guantanamo Bay an inlet of the Caribbean Sea; a United States naval station was established on the bay in 1903 gulch a narrow gorge with a stream running through it Gulf Coast a seashore of the Gulf of Mexico Gulf of Aden arm of the Indian Ocean at the entrance to the Red Sea Gulf of Alaska a gulf of the Pacific Ocean between the Alaska Peninsula and the Alexander Archipelago Gulf of Antalya a gulf of the Mediterranean Sea in southwestern Turkey Gulf of Aqaba a northeastern arm of the Red Sea; between the Sinai Peninsula (Egypt) and Saudi Arabia Gulf of Bothnia a northern arm of the Baltic Sea; between Sweden and Finland Gulf of California a gulf to the west of the mainland of Mexico Gulf of Campeche a part of the Gulf of Mexico to the west of Yucatan Gulf of Carpentaria a wide shallow inlet of the Arafura Sea in northern Australia Gulf of Corinth inlet of the Ionian Sea between central Greece and the Peloponnesus Gulf of Finland an eastern arm of the Baltic Sea; between Finland and Estonia Gulf of Guinea a gulf off the southwest coast of Africa Gulf of Martaban an arm of the Andaman Sea off southern Myanmar Gulf of Mexico an arm of the Atlantic to the south of the United States and to the east of Mexico Gulf of Ob an inlet of the Kara Sea in western Siberia Gulf of Oman an arm of the Arabian Sea connecting it with the Persian Gulf Gulf of Riga an inlet of the Baltic Sea between Latvia and Estonia Gulf of Saint Lawrence an arm of the northwest Atlantic Ocean off the southeastern coast of Canada Gulf of Sidra wide inlet of the Mediterranean Sea on the north coast of Libya Gulf of Suez a northwestern arm of the Red Sea linked to the Mediterranean by the Suez Canal Gulf of Tehuantepec an arm of the Pacific in southern Mexico Gulf of Thailand an arm of the South China Sea between Indochina and the Malay Peninsula Gulf of Venice an arm of the Adriatic Sea gully deep ditch cut by running water (especially after a prolonged downpour) gut a narrow channel or strait remove the guts of; "gut the sheep" empty completely; destroy the inside of; "Gut the building" guyot a seamount of volcanic origin (especially in the Pacific Ocean) hadron any elementary particle that interacts strongly with other particles hairball a compact mass of hair that forms in the alimentary canal (especially in the stomach of animals as a result of licking fur) Handies Peak a mountain peak in the San Juan Mountains in southwestern Colorado (14,048 feet high) hanging wall the upper wall of an inclined fault Hangzhou Bay a bay formed by an inlet of the East China Sea headstream a stream that forms the source of a river Hercules a large constellation in the northern hemisphere between Lyra and Corona Borealis (classical mythology) a hero noted for his strength; performed 12 immense labors to gain immortality heterocyclic ring a ring of atoms of more than one kind; especially a ring of carbon atoms containing at least one atom that is not carbon highland elevated (e.g., mountainous) land high sea the open seas of the world outside the territorial waters of any nation hill a local and well-defined elevation of the land; "they loved to roam the hills of West Virginia" form into a hill hillside the side or slope of a hill Himalayas a mountain range extending 1500 miles on the border between India and Tibet; this range contains the world's highest mountain Hindu Kush a mountain range extending to the west of the Himalayas hogback a narrow ridge of hills hollow a small valley between mountains; "he built himself a cabin in a hollow high up in the Appalachians" a cavity or space in something; "hunger had caused the hollows in their cheeks" remove the interior of; "hollow out a tree trunk" lacking in substance or character; "a hollow person" as if echoing in a hollow space; "the hollow sound of footsteps in the empty ballroom" not solid; having a space or gap or cavity; "a hollow wall"; "a hollow tree"; "hollow cheeks"; "his face became gaunter and more hollow with each year" holystone a soft sandstone used for scrubbing the decks of a ship scrub with a holystone; "holystone the ship's deck" Hook of Holland a cape on the southwestern coast of the Netherlands near Rotterdam horsepond a pond for watering horses horst a ridge of the earth's crust that has been forced upward between two faults and so is higher than the surrounding land hot spring a natural spring of water at a temperature of 70 F or above Housatonic a river that rises in western Massachusetts and flows south through Connecticut to empty into Long Island Sound Huang He a major river of Asia in northern China; flows generally eastward into the Yellow Sea; carries large quantities of yellow silt to its delta Huascaran a mountain in the Andes in Peru (22,205 feet high) Hubbard a mountain peak in southeastern Alaska that is part of the Coast Range (14,950 feet high) a United States writer of science fiction and founder of Scientology (1911-1986) Hudson a New York river; flows southward into New York Bay; explored by Henry Hudson early in the 17th century English navigator who discovered the Hudson River; in 1610 he attempted to winter in Hudson Bay but his crew mutinied and set him adrift to die (1565-1611) English naturalist (born in Argentina) (1841-1922) Hudson Bay an inland sea in northern Canada Humber an estuary in central northeastern England formed by the Ouse River and the Trent River hunk a large piece of something without definite shape; "a hunk of bread"; "a lump of coal" a well-built sexually attractive man Hydra a long faint constellation in the southern hemisphere near the equator stretching between Virgo and Cancer (Greek mythology) monster with nine heads; when struck off each head was replaced by two new ones; "Hydra was slain by Hercules" hydrogen ion a positively charged atom of hydrogen; that is to say, a normal hydrogen atomic nucleus hydrosphere the watery layer of the earth's surface; includes water vapor Hydrus a constellation in the southern hemisphere near the south celestial pole hyperon any baryon that is not a nucleon; unstable particle with mass greater than a neutron iceberg a large mass of ice floating at sea; usually broken off of a polar glacier icecap a mass of ice and snow that permanently covers a large area of land (e.g., the polar regions or a mountain peak) icefall a steep part of a glacier resembling a frozen waterfall ice field a large flat mass of ice (larger than an ice floe) floating at sea ice floe a flat mass of ice (smaller than an ice field) floating at sea ice mass a large mass of ice Iguazu a large waterfall on the border between Argentina and Brazil IJssel a river in the central Netherlands flowing north to the IJsselmeer IJsselmeer a shallow lake in northwestern Netherlands created in 1932 by building a dam across the entrance to the Zuider Zee Illampu a mountain peak in the Andes in Bolivia (20,870 feet high) Illimani a mountain peak in the Andes in Bolivia (21,201 feet high) Illinois River a river in Illinois that flows southwest to the Mississippi River impairer an agent that impairs; "crops can be great impairers of the soil" inclined fault a geological fault in which one side is above the other inclusion body any small intracellular body found within another (characteristic of certain diseases); "an inclusion in the cytoplasm of the cell" index fossil a fossil known to have lived in a particular geologic age that can be used to date the rock layer in which it is found Indian Ocean the 3rd largest ocean; bounded by Africa on the west, Asia on the north, Australia on the east and merging with the Antarctic Ocean to the south Indigirka a river in far eastern Siberia that flows generally northward to the Arctic Ocean indirect transmission a transmission mechanism in which the infectious agent is transferred to the person by a fomite of vector indumentum a covering of fine hairs (or sometimes scales) as on a leaf or insect Indus an Asian river that rises in Tibet and flows through northern India and then southwest through Kashmir and Pakistan to the Arabian Sea; "the valley of the Indus was the site of an early civilization" a faint constellation in the southern hemisphere near Telescopium and Tucana inessential anything that is not essential; "they discarded all their inessentials" not basic or fundamental not absolutely necessary infectious agent an agent capable of producing infection inferior planet any of the planets whose orbit lies inside the earth's orbit ingrowth something that grows inward Inland Passage a naturally protected waterway from Seattle to Skagway in southeastern Alaska Inland Sea an arm of the Pacific Ocean in southern Japan; surrounded by the islands of Honshu and Shikoku and Kyushu and linked to the Sea of Japan by a narrow channel; the chief port is Hiroshima inlet an arm off of a larger body of water (often between rocky headlands) intermediate vector boson a gauge boson that mediates weak interactions between particles interplanetary dust microscopic particles in the interplanetary medium interplanetary gas a rarefied flow of gas and charged particles (plasma) that stream from the sun and form the solar wind interplanetary medium interplanetary space including forms of energy and gas and dust interstellar medium interstellar space including streams of protons moving from the stars Io the closest of Jupiter's moons; has active volcanoes (Greek mythology) a maiden seduced by Zeus; when Hera was about to discover them together Zeus turned her into a white heifer ion a particle that is electrically charged (positive or negative); an atom or molecule or group that has lost or gained one or more electrons Ionian Sea an arm of the Mediterranean Sea between western Greece and southern Italy Irish Sea an arm of the North Atlantic between Great Britain and Ireland iron filing a fragment of iron rubbed off by the use of a file Irrawaddy the main river of Myanmar rising in the north and flowing south through the length of Burma to empty into the Andaman Sea Irtish an Asian river that rises in the Altai Mountains in northern China and flows generally northwest to become a tributary of the Ob River Isere a river in southeastern France; a tributary of the Rhone isle a small island Isthmus of Corinth a narrow isthmus between the Gulf of Corinth and the Saronic Gulf; a canal crosses the isthmus so that navigation is possible between the gulfs Isthmus of Kra a narrow isthmus linking the Malay Peninsula to the Asian mainland Isthmus of Panama the isthmus that connects Central America and South America; was formerly called the Isthmus of Darien; "Balboa crossed the Isthmus of Darien" Isthmus of Suez the isthmus in northeastern Egypt that connects Africa and Asia Isthmus of Tehuantepec the narrowest part of southern Mexico is an isthmus between the Bay of Campeche on the north coast and the Gulf of Tehuantepec on the south coast James a river that rises in North Dakota and flows southward across South Dakota to the Missouri a river in Virginia that flows east into Chesapeake Bay at Hampton Roads (New Testament) disciple of Jesus; brother of John; author of the Epistle of James in the New Testament writer who was born in the United States but lived in England (1843-1916) United States pragmatic philosopher and psychologist (1842-1910) United States outlaw who fought as a Confederate soldier and later led a band of outlaws that robbed trains and banks in the West until he was murdered by a member of his own gang (1847-1882) the first Stuart to be king of England and Ireland from 1603 to 1625 and king of Scotland from 1567 to 1625; he was the son of Mary Queen of Scots and he succeeded Elizabeth I; he alienated the British Parliament by claiming the divine right of kings (1566-1625) the last Stuart to be king of England and Ireland and Scotland; overthrown in 1688 (1633-1701) a Stuart king of Scotland who married a daughter of Henry VII; when England and France went to war in 1513 he invaded England and died in defeat at Flodden (1473-1513) James Bay the southern extension of Hudson Bay in Canada between western Quebec and northeastern Ontario Japan Trench a depression in the floor of the Pacific Ocean to the northeast of Japan that reaches depths of 30,000 feet Jebel Musa a promontory in northern Morocco opposite the Rock of Gibraltar; one of the Pillars of Hercules Jovian planet any of the four outermost planets in the solar system; much larger than Earth and gaseous in nature (like Jupiter) J particle a neutral meson with a large mass Jupiter the largest planet and the 5th from the sun; has many satellites and is one of the brightest objects in the night sky (Roman mythology) supreme god of Romans; counterpart of Greek Zeus K2 a mountain peak in the Karakoram Range in northern Kashmir; the 2nd highest peak in the world (28,250 feet high) Kamet a mountain in the Himalayas in northern India (25,450 feet high) Kanawha a tributary of the Ohio River in West Virginia Kanchenjunga a mountain the Himalayas on the border between Nepal and Tibet (28,208 feet high) kaon an unstable meson produced as the result of a high-energy particle collision Karakoram a mountain range in northern Kashmir; an extension of the Hindu Kush; contains the 2nd highest peak Kara Sea part of the Arctic Ocean to the north of Siberia and to the east of the Barents Sea; icebound most of the year Karelian Isthmus the isthmus between the Gulf of Finland and Lake Ladoga that connects Finland and Russia Kasai a river of southwestern Africa that rises in central Angola and flows east and then north (forming part of the border between Angola and Congo) and continuing northwest through Congo to empty into the Congo River on the border between Congo and Republic of the Congo Kattegatt a strait of the North Sea between Jutland and Sweden; connects with the North Sea through the Skagerrak kettle hole (geology) a hollow (typically filled by a lake) that results from the melting of a mass of ice trapped in glacial deposits Keuka Lake a glacial lake in central New York; one of the Finger Lakes Khyber Pass a mountain pass of great strategic and commercial value in the Hindu Kush on the border between northern Pakistan and western Afghanistan; a route by which invaders entered India kidney stone a calculus formed in the kidney Kilimanjaro the highest peak in Africa; located in northeastern Tanzania; 19,340 feet high Kissimmee a river of central Florida that flows southward to Lake Okeechobee Kivu a lake in the mountains of central Africa between Congo and Rwanda Klamath a river flowing southwest from Oregon through northern California to the Pacific Ocean knoll a small natural hill Kodiak an island off southern Alaska in the Gulf of Alaska; site of the first European settlement in the area which was founded by the Russians in 1784 kopje a small hill rising up from the African veld Korea Bay an inlet of the Yellow Sea between the Liaodong Peninsula in China and western Korea Korean Strait a strait between Korea and Japan; connects the East China Sea and the Sea of Japan Kuiper belt a disk-shaped region of minor planets outside the orbit of Neptune Kuiper belt object any of many minor planets in the Kuiper belt outside the orbit of Neptune at the edge of the solar system Kunlun a mountain range in western China that extends eastward from the Indian border for 1000 miles Kura a river in western Asia; rises in northeast Turkey and flows to the Caspian Sea Labrador-Ungava Peninsula a peninsular region of eastern Canada between Hudson Bay and the Labrador Sea; contains most of Quebec and the mainland part of Newfoundland and Labrador Labrador Sea an arm of the northern Atlantic between Labrador and southern Greenland lagoon a body of water cut off from a larger body by a reef of sand or coral lake a body of (usually fresh) water surrounded by land any of numerous bright translucent organic pigments a purplish red pigment prepared from lac or cochineal Lake Albert a shallow lake on the border between Uganda and Congo in the Great Rift Valley Lake Aral a lake to the east of the Caspian Sea lying between Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan lake bed the bottom of a lake Lake Chad a lake in north central Africa; fed by the Shari river Lake Champlain a lake in northeastern New York, northwestern Vermont and southern Quebec; site of many battles in the French and Indian War and in the American Revolution and in the War of 1812 Lake Edward a lake in the Great Rift Valley between Congo and Uganda Lake Erie the 4th largest of the Great Lakes; it is linked to the Hudson River by the New York State Barge Canal lakefront land bordering a lake Lake Geneva a lake between southwestern Switzerland and France that is crossed from east to west by the Rhone Lake Huron the 2nd largest of the Great Lakes Lake Ilmen a lake in northwestern Russia; drains through the Volkhov River into Lake Ladoga Lake Ladoga a lake in northwestern Russia to the north of St. Petersburg; the largest lake in Europe; drains through the Neva River into the Gulf of Finland Lake Michigan the 3rd largest of the Great Lakes; the largest freshwater lake entirely within the United States borders Lake Nasser lake in Egypt formed by dams built on the Nile River at Aswan Lake Nyasa a long lake in southeastern Africa between Tanzania, Mozambique, and Malawi Lake Onega lake in northwestern Russia near the border with Finland; second largest lake in Europe Lake Ontario the smallest of the Great Lakes lakeside the shore of a lake Lake St. Clair a lake between Ontario and Michigan; connected with Lake Huron and Lake Erie Lake Superior the largest freshwater lake in the world; the deepest of the Great Lakes Lake Tana a lake in northern Ethiopia; the largest lake in Ethiopia and the source of the Blue Nile Lake Tanganyika the longest lake in the world in central Africa between Tanzania and Congo in the Great Rift Valley Lake Urmia a shallow saline lake in northwestern Iran between Tabriz and the western border of Turkey Lake Vanern a lake in southwestern Sweden; the largest lake in Sweden Lake Victoria the largest lake in Africa and the 2nd largest fresh water lake in the world; a headwaters reservoir for the Nile River lambda particle an electrically neutral baryon with isotopic spin 1 land the solid part of the earth's surface; "the plane turned away from the sea and moved back over land"; "the earth shook for several minutes"; "he dropped the logs on the ground" material in the top layer of the surface of the earth in which plants can grow (especially with reference to its quality or use); "the land had never been plowed"; "good agricultural soil" the land on which real estate is located; "he built the house on land leased from the city" reach or come to rest; "The bird landed on the highest branch"; "The plane landed in Istanbul" cause to come to the ground; "the pilot managed to land the airplane safely" arrive on shore; "The ship landed in Pearl Harbor" bring ashore; "The drug smugglers landed the heroin on the beach of the island" deliver (a blow); "He landed several blows on his opponent's head" landfill a low area that has been filled in landmass a large continuous extent of land Laptev Sea part of the Arctic Ocean to the north of Siberia (between the Taimyr Peninsula and the New Siberian Islands) that is icebound most of the year Large Magellanic Cloud the larger of the two Magellanic Clouds visible from the southern hemisphere Lascaux a cave in southwestern France that contains Paleolithic paintings lather the foam resulting from excessive sweating (as on a horse) a workman who puts up laths exude sweat or lather; "this unfit horse lathers easily" form a lather; "The shaving cream lathered" Laudo a mountain peak in the Andes in Argentina (20,997 feet high) Laurasia a hypothetical continent that (according to plate tectonic theory) broke up later into North America and Europe and Asia ledge a projecting ridge on a mountain or submerged under water lees the sediment from fermentation of an alcoholic beverage Lehigh River a river in eastern Pennsylvania that flows southeast into the Delaware River Lena a Russian river in Siberia; flows northward into the Laptev Sea lepton an elementary particle that participates in weak interactions; has a baryon number of 0 100 lepta equal 1 drachma in Greece lethal agent an agent capable of causing death Lethe (Greek mythology) a river in Hades; the souls of the dead had to drink from it, which made them forget all they had done and suffered when they were alive Lhotse a mountain in the central Himalayas on the border of Tibet and Nepal (27,890 feet high) Liaodong Peninsula a peninsula in northeastern China that extends into the Yellow Sea, between Bo Hai and Korea Bay Ligurian Sea an arm of the Mediterranean between northwest Italy and Corsica liman a long narrow lagoon near the mouth of a river Limpopo an African river; flows into the Indian Ocean liposomal delivery vector a transducing vector that uses liposomes to carry the gene of interest lithosphere the solid part of the earth consisting of the crust and outer mantle Little Bear a constellation outside the zodiac that rotates around the North Star Little Dipper a cluster of seven stars in Ursa Minor; at the end of the dipper's handle is Polaris Little Missouri a river that rises in northeastern Wyoming and flows through Montana and South Dakota to join the Missouri River in North Dakota Little Sioux River a river that rises in southwestern Minnesota and flows southwestward to the Missouri River in western Iowa Little Wabash a river in eastern Illinois that flows southeastward to the Wabash River llano an extensive grassy and nearly treeless plain (especially in Latin America) Llano Estacado a large semiarid plateau forming the southern part of the Great Plains Llullaillaco a mountain in the Andes on the border between Argentina and Chile (22,057 feet high) loch Scottish word for a lake a long narrow inlet of the sea in Scotland (especially when it is nearly landlocked) Loch Achray a lake in central Scotland Loch Linnhe an inlet of the Atlantic Ocean on the western coast of Scotland Loch Ness a lake in the Scottish highlands; the largest body of fresh water in Great Britain Logan a mountain peak in the St. Elias Range in the southwestern Yukon Territory in Canada (19,850 feet high) Loire the longest French river; rises in the Massif Central and flows north and west to the Atlantic Ocean Loire Valley the valley of the Loire River where many French wines originated long chain (chemistry) a relatively long chain of atoms in a molecule Long Island Sound a sound between Long Island and Connecticut lough Irish word for a lake a long narrow (nearly landlocked) cove in Ireland Lower California a mountainous peninsula on northwest Mexico lower mantle the deeper part of the mantle Lower Peninsula the part of Michigan between Lake Michigan and Lake Huron lowland low level country of relatively low or level country lunar crater a crater on the Earth's Moon Lupus a constellation in the southern hemisphere near Centaurus Lyra a small constellation in the northern hemisphere near Cygnus and Draco; contains the star Vega maar a flat-bottomed volcanic crater that was formed by an explosion; often filled with water Mackenzie a Canadian river; flows into the Beaufort Sea Canadian explorer (born in England) who explored the Mackenzie River and who was first to cross North America by land north of Mexico (1764-1820) mackerel sky a sky filled with rows of cirrocumulus or small altocumulus clouds Magdalena a river that rises in the Andes mountains in southwestern Colombia and flows generally northward to empty into the Caribbean Sea at Barranquilla Magellanic Cloud either of two small galaxies orbiting the Milky Way; visible near the south celestial pole magnetic dipole a dipole with opposing magnetic poles magnetic monopole a hypothetical particle with a single magnetic pole instead of the usual two mainland the main land mass of a country or continent; as distinguished from an island or peninsula Makalu a mountain in the Himalayas in Nepal (27,790 feet high) mare clausum (closed sea) a navigable body of water under the jurisdiction of a single nation mare liberum (free sea) a navigable body of water to which all nations have equal access mare nostrum (our sea) the Mediterranean to the ancient Romans mare's tail a long narrow flowing cirrus cloud Marmara an inland sea in northwestern Turkey; linked to the Black Sea by the Bosporus and linked to the Aegean by the Dardanelles Mars a small reddish planet that is the 4th from the sun and is periodically visible to the naked eye; minerals rich in iron cover its surface and are responsible for its characteristic color; "Mars has two satellites" (Roman mythology) Roman god of war and agriculture; father of Romulus and Remus; counterpart of Greek Ares marsh low-lying wet land with grassy vegetation; usually is a transition zone between land and water; "thousands of acres of marshland"; "the fens of eastern England" Massachusetts Bay an inlet of the Atlantic Ocean off of eastern Massachusetts extending from Cape Ann on the north to Cape Cod on the south massif a block of the earth's crust bounded by faults and shifted to form peaks of a mountain range Massif Central a mountainous plateau in southern France that covers almost one sixth of the country matchwood fragments of wood; "it was smashed into matchwood" wood suitable for making matchsticks wood in small pieces or splinters; "the vessel was beaten to matchwood on the rocks" Matterhorn a mountain in the Alps on the border between Switzerland and Italy (14,780 feet high); noted for its distinctive shape McKinley a mountain in south central Alaska; the highest peak in North America (20,300 feet high) 25th President of the United States; was assassinated by an anarchist (1843-1901) meander a bend or curve, as in a stream or river Mediterranean the largest inland sea; between Europe and Africa and Asia of or relating to or characteristic of or located near the Mediterranean Sea; "Mediterranean countries" Mekong an Asian river; flows through a large delta in southern Vietnam into the South China Sea Menai Strait a strait in northern Wales between Anglesey Island and the mainland Mendenhall Glacier a glacier of the Piedmont type near Juneau in Alaska Mensa a faint constellation in the polar region of the southern hemisphere and containing part of the Large Magellanic Cloud Mercedario a mountain in the Andes in Argentina (22,210 feet high) Mercury the smallest planet and the nearest to the sun (Roman mythology) messenger of Jupiter and god of commerce; counterpart of Greek Hermes mere a small pond of standing water Merrimack a river that rises in south central New Hampshire and flows through Concord and Manchester into Massachusetts and empties into the Atlantic Ocean mesa flat tableland with steep edges; "the tribe was relatively safe on the mesa but they had to descend into the valley for water" Mesabi Range a range of hills in northeastern Minnesota where rich iron ore deposits were discovered in 1887 meson an elementary particle responsible for the forces in the atomic nucleus; a hadron with a baryon number of 0 mesosphere the atmospheric layer between the stratosphere and the thermosphere metal filing a fragment of metal rubbed off by the use of a file meteorite stony or metallic object that is the remains of a meteoroid that has reached the earth's surface meteoroid (astronomy) any of the small solid extraterrestrial bodies that hits the earth's atmosphere meteor swarm a group of meteoroids with similar paths micelle an electrically charged particle built up from polymeric molecules or ions and occurring in certain colloidal electrolytic solutions like soaps and detergents microfossil a fossil that must be studied microscopically micrometeorite a meteorite or meteoroid so small that it drifts down to earth without becoming intensely heated in the atmosphere Microscopium a faint constellation in the southern hemisphere near Sagittarius and Capricornus Mid-Atlantic Ridge a very long narrow elevation on the ocean floor that runs all the way from Iceland in the North Atlantic to Bouvet Island in the South Atlantic midstream the middle of a stream mid-water the water that is well below the surface but also well above the bottom; "many marine fishes inhabit the mid-waters" Milk a river that rises in the Rockies in northwestern Montana and flows eastward to become a tributary of the Missouri River Milky Way the galaxy containing the solar system; consists of millions of stars that can be seen as a diffuse band of light stretching across the night sky millpond a pond formed by damming a stream to provide a head of water to turn a mill wheel Minamata Bay a bay on the west coast of Kyushu; in the 1950s industrial wastes caused mercury poisoning among the Japanese people who ate fish from Minamata Bay minor planet any of numerous small celestial bodies that move around the sun mire a soft wet area of low-lying land that sinks underfoot a difficulty or embarrassment that is hard to extricate yourself from; "the country is still trying to climb out of the mire left by its previous president"; "caught in the mire of poverty" soil with mud, muck, or mire; "The child mucked up his shirt while playing ball in the garden" cause to get stuck as if in a mire; "The mud mired our cart" Mobile Bay a bay of the Gulf of Mexico; fed by the Mobile River Mohawk River a river of central New York that flows southeastward to the Hudson River Mohorovicic discontinuity the boundary between the Earth's crust and the underlying mantle; "the Mohorovicic discontinuity averages 5 miles down under oceans and 20 miles down under continents" molehill a mound of earth made by moles while burrowing monocline a geological formation in which all strata are inclined in the same direction Monongahela a river that rises in northern West Virginia and flows north into Pennsylvania where it joins the Allegheny River at Pittsburgh to form the Ohio River Mont Blanc the highest mountain peak in the Alps; on the border between France and Italy to the south of Geneva (15,781 feet high) Monterey Bay an inlet of the Pacific Ocean in western California moon any natural satellite of a planet; "Jupiter has sixteen moons" any object resembling a moon; "he made a moon lamp that he used as a night light"; "the clock had a moon that showed various phases" expose one's buttocks to; "moon the audience" be idle in a listless or dreamy way Moon the natural satellite of the Earth; "the average distance to the Moon is 384,400 kilometers"; "men first stepped on the moon in 1969" United States religious leader (born in Korea) who founded the Unification Church in 1954; was found guilty of conspiracy to evade taxes (born in 1920) moor open land usually with peaty soil covered with heather and bracken and moss secure with cables or ropes; "moor the boat" come into or dock at a wharf; "the big ship wharfed in the evening" secure in or as if in a berth or dock; "tie up the boat" moraine accumulated earth and stones deposited by a glacier Moray Firth an inlet of the North Sea on the northeast coast of Scotland Moreau River a river that rises in western South Dakota and flows eastward to the Missouri River Moreton Bay an arm of the Tasman Sea forming a bay to the east of Brisbane morning star a planet (usually Venus) seen just before sunrise in the eastern sky mountain a land mass that projects well above its surroundings; higher than a hill mountain peak the summit of a mountain mountainside the side or slope of a mountain; "conifer forests cover the eastern versant" Mount Bartle Frere the highest mountain peak in Queensland, Australia Mount Carmel a mountain range in northwestern Israel near the Mediterranean coast; "according to the Old Testament, Elijah defeated the priests of Baal at Mount Carmel" Mount Elbert the highest peak in the Rocky Mountains in central Colorado (14,431 feet high) mouse nest where mice bear and raise their young Mozambique Channel an arm of the Indian Ocean between Madagascar and southeastern Africa mud puddle a puddle of mud; "the children loved a mud puddle" mull a term used in Scottish names of promontories; "the Mull of Kintyre" heat with sugar and spices to make a hot drink; "mulled cider" multiple star a system of three or more stars associated by gravity muon an elementary particle with a negative charge and a half-life of 2 microsecond; decays to electron and neutrino and antineutrino Murray a southeast Australian river; flows westward and then south into the Indian Ocean at Adelaide Scottish philologist and the lexicographer who shaped the Oxford English Dictionary (1837-1915) British classical scholar (born in Australia) who advocated the League of Nations and the United Nations (1866-1957) Murrumbidgee a river of southeastern Australia; flows westward into the Murray River mutagen any agent (physical or environmental) that can induce a genetic mutation or can increase the rate of mutation Muztag a highest mountain peak in the Kunlun Shan in China; near the Indian border (23,891 feet high) Nacimiento a mountain peak in the Andes in Argentina (21,302 feet high) nacreous cloud a luminous iridescent cloud at a high altitude that may be seen when the sun is a few degrees below the horizon Namoi a river in southeastern Australia that flows generally northwest to join the Darling River Nan a river of western Thailand flowing southward to join the Ping River to form the Chao Phraya Nanda Devi a mountain in the Himalayas in northern India (25,660 feet high) Nanga Parbat a mountain in the Himalayas in Kashmir (26,660 feet high) Nan Ling a mountain range in southeastern China running generally east to west Nares Deep a depression in the floor of the Atlantic Ocean to the north of Haiti and Puerto Rico Narragansett Bay a deep inlet of the Atlantic Ocean in Rhode Island narrow a narrow strait connecting two bodies of water make or become more narrow or restricted; "The selection was narrowed"; "The road narrowed" limited in size or scope; "the narrow sense of a word" not wide; "a narrow bridge"; "a narrow line across the page" very limited in degree; "won by a narrow margin"; "a narrow escape" natural depression a sunken or depressed geological formation natural elevation a raised or elevated geological formation natural order the physical universe considered as an orderly system subject to natural (not human or supernatural) laws nebule a small cloud necessity anything indispensable; "food and shelter are necessities of life"; "the essentials of the good life"; "allow farmers to buy their requirements under favorable conditions"; "a place where the requisites of water fuel and fodder can be obtained" the condition of being essential or indispensable Neckar a river in Germany; rises in the Black Forest and flows north into the Rhine need anything that is necessary but lacking; "he had sufficient means to meet his simple needs"; "I tried to supply his wants" a condition requiring relief; "she satisfied his need for affection"; "God has no need of men to accomplish His work"; "there is a demand for jobs" have or feel a need for; "always needing friends and money" neighbor a nearby object of the same kind; "Fort Worth is a neighbor of Dallas"; "what is the closest neighbor to the Earth?" a person who lives (or is located) near another be located near or adjacent to; "Pakistan neighbors India" live or be located as a neighbor; "the neighboring house" Neosho a river that rises in eastern Kansas and flows eastward into Oklahoma to become a tributary of the Arkansas River Neptune a giant planet with a ring of ice particles; the 8th planet from the sun is the most remote of the gas giants; "the existence of Neptune was predicted from perturbations in the orbit of Uranus and it was then identified in 1846" (Roman mythology) god of the sea; counterpart of Greek Poseidon neritic zone the ocean waters from the low tide mark to a depth of about 100 fathoms neutrino an elementary, electrically neutral particle with a very small mass neutron an elementary particle with 0 charge and mass about equal to a proton; enters into the structure of the atomic nucleus neutron star a star that has collapsed under its own gravity; it is composed of neutrons Neva a river in northwestern Russia flowing generally west into the Gulf of Finland neve the upper part of a glacier (beyond the limit of perpetual snow) where the snow turns to ice New River a river in the southeastern United States that flows northward from North Carolina to West Virginia where it empties into the Kanawha River New York Bay a bay of the North Atlantic; fed by the Hudson River Niagara a river flowing from Lake Erie into Lake Ontario; forms boundary between Ontario and New York waterfall in Canada is the Horseshoe Falls; in the United States it is the American Falls nidus a nest in which spiders or insects deposit their eggs Nile the world's longest river (4150 miles); flows northward through eastern Africa into the Mediterranean; the Nile River valley in Egypt was the site of the world's first great civilization nimbus a dark grey cloud bearing rain Niobrara a tributary of the Missouri River Norma a small constellation in the southern hemisphere near Lupus and Ara in the Milky Way normal fault an inclined fault in which the hanging wall appears to have slipped downward relative to the footwall North Atlantic that part of the Atlantic Ocean to the north of the equator North Channel a strait between Northern Ireland and Scotland that connects the Atlantic Ocean and the Irish Sea Northern Cross a cluster of 5 bright stars forming a cross in the constellation Cygnus North Pacific that part of the Pacific Ocean to the north of the equator North Peak 19,370 feet high North Sea an arm of the North Atlantic between the British Isles and Scandinavia; oil was discovered under the North Sea in 1970 Norwegian Sea the part of the Atlantic that lies off the Norwegian coast to the north of the North Sea nova a star that ejects some of its material in the form of a cloud and becomes more luminous in the process nub a small piece; "a nub of coal"; "a stub of a pencil" a small lump or protuberance nubbin a small nub (especially an undeveloped fruit or ear of corn) nucleon a constituent (proton or neutron) of an atomic nucleus nugget a solid lump of a precious metal (especially gold) as found in the earth nullah a ravine or gully in southern Asia Nuptse a mountain in the central Himalayas on the border of Tibet and Nepal (25,726 feet high) Ob a major river of western Siberia; flows generally northward and westward to the Gulf of Ob and the Kara Sea obliterator an eliminator that does away with all traces ocean a large body of water constituting a principal part of the hydrosphere anything apparently limitless in quantity or volume ocean floor the bottom of a sea or ocean oceanfront land bordering an ocean Octans the constellation that includes the southern celestial pole Oder a European river; flows into the Baltic Sea offing the part of the sea that can be seen from the shore and is beyond the anchoring area; "there was a ship in the offing" the near or foreseeable future; "there was a wedding in the offing" oil-water interface an interface forming the boundary between the non-miscible liquids oil and water Ojos del Salado a mountain in the Andes on the border between Argentina and Chile (22,572 feet high) Okeechobee a lake in southeast Florida to the north of the Everglades Okefenokee Swamp a large swampy area of northeast Florida and southeast Georgia Old Faithful a geyser in Yellowstone National Park that erupts for about 4 minutes about every 65 minutes Olduvai Gorge a gorge in northeastern Tanzania where anthropologists have found some of the earliest human remains Olympus a mountain peak in northeast Greece near the Aegean coast; believed by ancient Greeks to be the dwelling place of the gods (9,570 feet high) Omega Centauri a global cluster in the constellation Centaurus open chain a chain of atoms in a molecule whose ends are not joined to form a ring Ophiuchus a large constellation in the equatorial region between Hercules and Scorpius Orange a river in South Africa that flows generally westward to the Atlantic Ocean ore bed a stratum of ore Orinoco a South American river 1,500 miles long; flows into the South Atlantic Orion a constellation on the equator to the east of Taurus; contains Betelgeuse and Rigel (Greek mythology) a giant Boeotian hunter who pursued the Pleiades and was eventually slain by Artemis; was then placed in the sky as a constellation Osaka Bay a bay of the western Pacific in southern Honshu Outaouais a river in southeastern Canada that flows along the boundary between Quebec and Ontario to the Saint Lawrence River near Montreal Ouachita a river that rises in western Arkansas and flows southeast into eastern Louisiana to become a tributary of the Red River Ouse a river in northeastern England that flows generally southeastward to join the Trent River and form the Humber outcrop the part of a rock formation that appears above the surface of the surrounding land appear on the surface, come to the surface on the ground; "Big boulders outcropped" outer planet (astronomy) a major planet whose orbit is outside the asteroid belt (Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune, Pluto) outthrust an outcropping of rock that extends outward overburden the surface soil that must be moved away to get at coal seams and mineral deposits burden with too much work or responsibility load with excessive weight oxbow lake a crescent-shaped lake (often temporary) that is formed when a meander of a river is cut off from the main channel Ozarks an area of low mountains in northwestern Arkansas and southeastern Missouri and northeastern Oklahoma ozone hole an area of the ozone layer (near the poles) that is seasonally depleted of ozone ozone layer a layer in the stratosphere (at approximately 20 miles) that contains a concentration of ozone sufficient to block most ultraviolet radiation from the sun Pacific the largest ocean in the world relating to or bordering the Pacific Ocean; "Pacific islands" Pacific Coast a coast of the Pacific Ocean pack ice a large expanse of floating ice Pallas a large asteroid; the second asteroid to be discovered pallasite a meteorite composed principally of olivine and metallic iron Pamir Mountains a mountain range in central Asia that is centered in Tajikistan but extends into Kyrgyzstan and Afghanistan and Pakistan and western China Pangaea (plate tectonics) a hypothetical continent including all the landmass of the earth prior to the Triassic period when it split into Laurasia and Gondwanaland Para an estuary in northern Brazil into which the Tocantins River flows Parana a South American river; tributary of Rio de la Plata Parnaiba a river in northeastern Brazil that flows generally northward to the Atlantic Ocean Parnassus (Greek mythology) a mountain in central Greece where (according to Greek mythology) the Muses lived; known as the mythological home of music and poetry; "Liakoura is the modern name of Mount Parnassus" Paulo Afonso a major waterfall in northeastern Brazil Pearl River a river in Mississippi that flows southward to the Gulf of Mexico pebble a small smooth rounded rock Pecos a tributary of the Rio Grande that flows southeastward from New Mexico through western Texas Pee Dee a river that flows through central North Carolina and northeastern South Carolina to the Atlantic Ocean Pegasus a constellation in the northern hemisphere near Andromeda and Pisces (Greek mythology) the immortal winged horse that sprang from the blood of the slain Medusa; was tamed by Bellerophon with the help of a bridle given him by Athena; as the flying horse of the Muses it is a symbol of highflying imagination peneplain a more or less level land surface representing an advanced stage of erosion undisturbed by crustal movements peninsula a large mass of land projecting into a body of water Penobscot a river in central Maine flowing into Penobscot Bay a member of the Algonquian people belonging to the Abnaki confederacy and living in the Penobscot valley in northern Maine Penobscot Bay an inlet of the Atlantic in eastern Maine Perejil a small uninhabited Mediterranean islet claimed by both Morocco and Spain permafrost ground that is permanently frozen Perseus a conspicuous constellation in the northern hemisphere; between Auriga and Cassiopeia and crossed by the Milky Way (Greek mythology) the son of Zeus who slew Medusa (with the help of Athena and Hermes) and rescued Andromeda from a sea monster Persian Gulf a shallow arm of the Arabian Sea between Iran and the Arabian peninsula; the Persian Gulf oil fields are among the most productive in the world petrifaction a rock created by petrifaction; an organic object infiltrated with mineral matter and preserved in its original form the process of turning some plant material into stone by infiltration with water carrying mineral particles without changing the original shape Phobos the larger of the two satellites of Mars photoelectron an electron that is emitted from an atom or molecule by an incident photon photon a quantum of electromagnetic radiation; an elementary particle that is its own antiparticle photosphere the intensely luminous surface of a star (especially the sun) Pictor a constellation in the southern hemisphere near Dorado and Columba piedmont a gentle slope leading from the base of a mountain to a region of flat land Piedmont glacier a type of glaciation characteristic of Alaska; large valley glaciers meet to form an almost stagnant sheet of ice Pike's Peak a mountain peak in the Rockies in central Colorado (14,109 feet high) Pillars of Hercules the two promontories at the eastern end of the Strait of Gibraltar; according to legend they were formed by Hercules pinetum an area planted with pine trees or related conifers Ping a river in western Thailand; a major tributary of the Chao Phraya pion a meson involved in holding the nucleus together; produced as the result of high-energy particle collision Pissis a mountain in the Andes in Argentina (22,241 feet high) placer an alluvial deposit that contains particles of some valuable mineral plage the beach at a seaside resort plain extensive tract of level open land; "they emerged from the woods onto a vast open plain"; "he longed for the fields of his youth" lacking embellishment or ornamentation; "a plain hair style"; "unembellished white walls"; "functional architecture featuring stark unornamented concrete" free from any effort to soften to disguise; "the plain and unvarnished truth"; "the unvarnished candor of old people and children" lacking patterns especially in color not elaborate or elaborated; simple; "plain food"; "stuck to the plain facts"; "a plain blue suit"; "a plain rectangular brick building" not mixed with extraneous elements; "plain water"; "sheer wine"; "not an unmixed blessing" planet (astronomy) any of the nine large celestial bodies in the solar system that revolve around the sun and shine by reflected light; Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune, and Pluto in order of their proximity to the sun; viewed from the constellation Hercules, all the planets rotate around the sun in a counterclockwise direction any celestial body (other than comets or satellites) that revolves around a star planetary nebula a nebula that was once thought to be a star with its planets but is now thought to be a very hot star surrounded by an expanding envelope of ionized gases that emit a fluorescent glow because of intense radiation from the star planetesimal one of many small solid celestial bodies thought to have existed at an early stage in the development of the solar system plasmid a small cellular inclusion consisting of a ring of DNA that is not in a chromosome but is capable of autonomous replication Platte a river in Nebraska that flows eastward to become a tributary of the Missouri River Pleiades a star cluster in the constellation Taurus (Greek mythology) 7 daughters of Atlas and half-sisters of the Hyades; placed among the stars to save them from the pursuit of Orion Pluto a large asteroid that was once thought to be the farthest known planet from the sun; it has an elliptical orbit; "Pluto was discovered by Clyde Tombaugh in 1930" (Roman mythology) god of the underworld; counterpart of Greek Hades a cartoon character created by Walt Disney Po a European river; flows into the Adriatic Sea Pobeda Peak a mountain peak in the Tien Shan mountains in northern India (24,406 feet high) polar glacier a glacier near the Arctic or Antarctic poles Polaris the brightest star in Ursa Minor; at the end of the handle of the Little Dipper; the northern axis of the earth points toward it polder low-lying land that has been reclaimed and is protected by dikes (especially in the Netherlands) Pollux the brightest star in Gemini; close to Castor polynya a stretch of open water surrounded by ice (especially in Arctic seas) pond a small lake; "the pond was too small for sailing" positron an elementary particle with positive charge; interaction of a positron and an electron results in annihilation pothole a pit or hole produced by wear or weathering (especially in a road surface) Poyang a lake in central China that is connected to the Chang Jiang by a canal precipice a very steep cliff prion (microbiology) an infectious protein particle similar to a virus but lacking nucleic acid; thought to be the agent responsible for scrapie and other degenerative diseases of the nervous system virino (microbiology) a hypothetical infectious particle thought to be the cause of scrapie and other degenerative diseases of the central nervous system; consists of nucleic acid in a protective coat of host cell proteins promontory a natural elevation (especially a rocky one that juts out into the sea) protein molecule any large molecule containing chains of amino acids linked by peptide bonds proton a stable particle with positive charge equal to the negative charge of an electron Proxima the nearest star to the sun; distance: 4.3 light years Prudhoe Bay a bay on the northern coast of Alaska where oil was discovered in 1968 ptyalith calculus in a salivary gland Puget Sound an inlet of the North Pacific in northwestern Washington State pulsar a degenerate neutron star; small and extremely dense; rotates very fast and emits regular pulses of polarized radiation Puppis a constellation in the southern hemisphere between Vela and Canis Major that shaped like the stern of a boat Purus a Brazilian river; tributary of the Amazon River Pyrenees a chain of mountains between France and Spain Pyxis a constellation in the southern hemisphere near Puppis and Antlia Quaoar a planetoid discovered in 2002 quark (physics) hypothetical truly fundamental particle in mesons and baryons; there are supposed to be six flavors of quarks (and their antiquarks), which come in pairs; each has an electric charge of +2/3 or -1/3; "quarks have not been observed directly but theoretical predictions based on their existence have been confirmed experimentally" quasar a starlike object that may send out radio waves and other forms of energy; many have large red shifts Queen Charlotte Sound an inlet of the Pacific Ocean off the coast of British Columbia quickener an agent that gives or restores life or vigor; "the soul is the quickener of the body" quicksand a pit filled with loose wet sand into which objects are sucked down a treacherous situation that tends to entrap and destroy rabbit burrow a hole in the ground as a nest made by wild rabbits radio source an object that radiates radio waves Rakaposhi a mountain peak in the Karakoram Range in northern Kashmir (25,560 feet high) rangeland land suitable for grazing livestock Rainier a mountain peak in central Washington; highest peak in the Cascade Range; (14,410 feet high) rapid a part of a river where the current is very fast done or occurring in a brief period of time; "a rapid rise through the ranks" characterized by speed; moving with or capable of moving with high speed; "a rapid movement"; "a speedy car"; "a speedy errand boy" Rappahannock a river that flows across eastern Virginia into the Tidewater region ravine a deep narrow steep-sided valley (especially one formed by running water) Red a tributary of the Mississippi River that flows eastward from Texas along the southern boundary of Oklahoma and through Louisiana red dwarf a small, old, relatively cool star; approximately 100 times the mass of Jupiter red giant a large, old, luminous star; has a relatively low surface temperature and a diameter large relative to the sun Red Sea a long arm of the Indian Ocean between northeast Africa and Arabia; linked to the Mediterranean at the north end by the Suez Canal relaxer any agent that produces relaxation; "music is a good relaxer" relict geological feature that is a remnant of a pre-existing formation after other parts have disappeared an organism or species surviving as a remnant of an otherwise extinct flora or fauna in an environment much changed from that in which it originated remains any object that is left unused or still extant; "I threw out the remains of my dinner" repressor an agent that represses Republican a tributary of the Kansas River that flows from eastern Colorado eastward through Nebraska and Kansas a member of the Republican Party restriction fragment the fragment of DNA that is produced by cleaving DNA with a restriction enzyme retardant any agent that retards or delays or hinders; "flame-retardant" Reticulum a small constellation in the southern hemisphere near Dorado and Hydrus Rhine a major European river carrying more traffic than any other river in the world; flows into the North Sea United States parapsychologist (1895-1980) Rhodope Mountains a mountain range in the Balkan peninsula in southeastern Europe; extends along the border between Greece and Bulgaria Rhone a major French river; flows into the Mediterranean near Marseilles; "the valley of the Rhone is famous for its vineyards" rift a narrow fissure in rock a gap between cloud masses; "the sun shone through a rift in the clouds" rift valley a valley with steep sides; formed by a rift in the earth's crust Rigel the brightest star in Orion rill a small channel (as one formed by soil erosion) Rio de la Plata an estuary between Argentina and Uruguay Rio Grande a North American river; boundary between the United States and Mexico; flows into Gulf of Mexico riparian forest woodlands along the banks of stream or river ripple mark one of a series of small ridges produced in sand by water currents or by wind river a large natural stream of water (larger than a creek); "the river was navigable for 50 miles" riverbank the bank of a river riverbed a channel occupied (or formerly occupied) by a river river boulder a boulder that has been carried by a river to a place remote from its place of origin rivulet a small stream Rockies the chief mountain range of western North America; extends from British Columbia to northern New Mexico; forms the continental divide Ross Sea an arm of the southern Pacific Ocean in Antarctica Rushmore a mountain in the Black Hills of South Dakota; the likenesses of Washington and Jefferson and Lincoln and Roosevelt are carved on it Russell's body an inclusion body found in plasma cells in cases of cancer Russian River a river in northern California Saale a river that rises in central Germany and flows north to join the Elbe River Sabine a river in eastern Texas that flows south into the Gulf of Mexico a member of an ancient Oscan-speaking people of the central Apennines north of Rome who were conquered and assimilated into the Roman state in 290 BC of or relating to or characteristic of the Sabines Sacramento Mountains mountain range in New Mexico to the east of the Rio Grande Sacramento River a river in northern California rising near Mount Shasta and flowing south to the San Francisco Bay saddleback a pass or ridge that slopes gently between two peaks (is shaped like a saddle) Sagitta a small constellation in the northern hemisphere between Cygnus and Aquila and crossed by the Milky Way Saint Francis a tributary of the Mississippi River that rises in Missouri and flows southeastward through Arkansas Saint Johns a river in northeastern Florida that flows northward to Jacksonville and then eastward to empty into the Atlantic Ocean Saint Lawrence a North American river; flows into the Gulf of Saint Lawrence and the North Atlantic Sajama a mountain peak in the Andes in Bolivia (21,391 feet high) Salmon a tributary of the Snake River in Idaho salt flat a flat expanse of salt left by the evaporation of a body of salt water salt lick a salt deposit that animals regularly lick salt marsh low-lying wet land that is frequently flooded with saltwater Salton Sea a saltwater lake in southeastern California saltpan a shallow basin in a desert region; contains salt and gypsum that was deposited by an evaporated salt lake Sambre a river in western Europe that rises in northern France and flows generally east into Belgium where it joins the Meuse at Namur San Andreas Fault a major geological fault in California; runs from San Diego to San Francisco; the source of serious earthquakes sandbank a submerged bank of sand near a shore or in a river; can be exposed at low tide sandbar a bar of sand San Diego Bay a bay of the Pacific in southern California sandpit a large pit in sandy ground from which sand is dug San Fernando Valley a fertile valley in southern California to the north of Los Angeles; includes many residential communities San Francisco Bay a bay of the Pacific in western California sanitary landfill a low area where waste is buried between layers of earth San Joaquin River a river in central California that rises in the Sierra Nevada and flows northwest to form a large delta with the Sacramento River San Joaquin Valley a vast valley in central California known for its rich farmland San Juan Hill a hill in eastern Cuba (near Santiago de Cuba) that was captured during the Spanish-American War; "Theodore Roosevelt and his Rough Riders became famous for their charge up San Juan Hill" San Juan Mountains a mountain range in southwestern Colorado that is part of the Rocky Mountains Sao Francisco a river in eastern Brazil flowing into the Atlantic Ocean Saone a river in eastern France; rises in Lorraine and flows south to become the chief tributary of the Rhone Sargasso Sea a vast area of the North Atlantic from the West Indies to the Azores that is dense with gulfweed Saronic Gulf a gulf of the Aegean on the southeastern coast of Greece satisfier any agent capable of producing satisfaction Saturn a giant planet that is surrounded by three planar concentric rings of ice particles; the 6th planet from the sun (Roman mythology) god of agriculture and vegetation; counterpart of Greek Cronus; "Saturday is Saturn's Day" sawpit a pit over which lumber is positioned to be sawed by two men with a long two-handed saw Sayan Mountains a range of mountains in southern Siberia to the west of Lake Baikal; contain important mineral deposits scablands (geology) flat elevated land with poor soil and little vegetation that is scarred by dry channels of glacial origin (especially in eastern Washington) Scheldt a river that rises in France and flows northeast across Belgium and empties into the North Sea scintilla a sparkling glittering particle Scorpius a large zodiacal constellation between Libra and Sagittarius scraping (usually plural) a fragment scraped off of something and collected; "they collected blood scrapings for analysis" Sculptor a faint constellation in the southern hemisphere near Phoenix and Cetus scurf (botany) a covering that resembles scales or bran that covers some plant parts sea a division of an ocean or a large body of salt water partially enclosed by land turbulent water with swells of considerable size; "heavy seas" seamount an underwater mountain rising above the ocean floor Sea of Azov a bay of the Black Sea between Russia and the Ukraine Sea of Japan an arm of the Pacific bordered by Japan, Korea, North Korea, and Russia Sea of Okhotsk an arm of the Pacific to the east of Asia seashore the shore of a sea or ocean seaside the shore of a sea or ocean regarded as a resort sediment matter that has been deposited by some natural process settle as sediment deposit as a sediment Sedna a planetoid of rock and ice about three-quarters the size of Pluto discovered in 2003; the most distant object known to orbit around the sun segment one of the parts into which something naturally divides; "a segment of an orange" divide or split up; "The cells segmented" divide into segments; "segment an orange"; "segment a compound word" seif dune a long and tall sand dune with a sharp crest; common in the Sahara Seine a French river that flows through the heart of Paris and then northward into the English Channel Selkirk Mountains a range of the Rocky Mountains in southeastern British Columbia Seneca Lake a glacial lake in central New York; the largest of the Finger Lakes Serpens a constellation in the equatorial region of the northern hemisphere near Ophiuchus and Corona Borealis Sete Quedas a great waterfall on the border between Brazil and Paraguay seven seas an informal expression for all of the oceans of the world; "the old salt had sailed the seven seas" Severn a river in England and Wales flowing into the Bristol Channel; the longest river in Great Britain a river in Ontario that flows northeast into Hudson Bay Seyhan a Turkish river flowing south southwest into the Mediterranean Shari an African river that flows northwest into Lake Chad Shenandoah River a river of northern Virginia that empties into the Potomac at Harpers Ferry shelf ice ice that is attached to land but projects out to sea Shenandoah Valley a large valley between the Allegheny Mountains and the Blue Ridge Mountains in northern Virginia; site of numerous battles during the American Civil War Sherwood Forest an ancient forest in central England; formerly a royal hunting ground; said to be the home of Robin Hood and his merry band shoal a stretch of shallow water a sandbank in a stretch of water that is visible at low tide shore boulder a boulder found on a shore remote from its place of origin shoreline a boundary line between land and water shortener any agent that shortens; "alcohol is a great shortener of life" sialolith a stone formed in the salivary gland siderite a meteorite consisting principally of nickel and iron iron ore in the form of ferrous carbonate Sierra Madre Occidental a mountain range in northwestern Mexico that runs south from Arizona parallel to the Pacific coastline Sierra Madre Oriental a mountain range in northeastern Mexico the runs parallel to the coastline of the Gulf of Mexico Sierra Nevada a mountain range in eastern California; contains Mount Whitney a mountain range in southern Spain along the Mediterranean coast to the east of Granada silva the forest trees growing in a country or region sinkhole a depression in the ground communicating with a subterranean passage (especially in limestone) and formed by solution or by collapse of a cavern roof Sirius the brightest star in the sky; in Canis Major Skagens Odde a cape on the northernmost tip of Jutland between the Skagerrak and the Kattegatt Skagerrak a broad strait of the North Sea between Jutland and Norway ski slope a snow-covered slope for skiing sky the atmosphere and outer space as viewed from the earth slope an elevated geological formation; "he climbed the steep slope"; "the house was built on the side of a mountain" be at an angle; "The terrain sloped down" slough any outer covering that can be shed or cast off (such as the cast-off skin of a snake) a stagnant swamp (especially as part of a bayou) a hollow filled with mud Small Magellanic Cloud the smaller of the two Magellanic Clouds visible from the southern hemisphere Snake a tributary of the Columbia River that rises in Wyoming and flows westward; discovered in 1805 by the Lewis and Clark Expedition snowcap a covering of snow (as on a mountain peak) snowdrift a mass of snow heaped up by the wind snowfield a permanent wide expanse of snow soap bubble a bubble formed by a thin soap film soapsuds the froth produced by soaps or detergents solar system the sun with the celestial bodies that revolve around it in its gravitational field Solent a strait of the English Channel between the coast of Hampshire and the Isle of Wight Solway Firth a large firth on the west coast of Britain between England and Scotland South Atlantic that part of the Atlantic Ocean to the south of the equator South China Sea a tropical arm of the Pacific Ocean near southeastern Asia subject to frequent typhoons Southern Cross a small conspicuous constellation in the southern hemisphere in the Milky Way near Centaurus South Pacific that part of the Pacific Ocean to the south of the equator South Platte a tributary of the Platte River South Sea any sea to the south of the equator (but especially the South Pacific) South Sea Islands any islands in the southern or southwestern of central parts of the Pacific Ocean spall a fragment broken off from the edge or face of stone or ore and having at least one thin edge; "a truck bearing a mound of blue spalls" spark a small fragment of a burning substance thrown out by burning material or by friction a small but noticeable trace of some quality that might become stronger; "a spark of interest"; "a spark of decency" emit or produce sparks; "A high tension wire, brought down by a storm, can continue to spark" Spica the brightest star in Virgo splinter a small thin sharp bit or wood or glass or metal; "he got a splinter in his finger"; "it broke into slivers" break up into splinters or slivers; "The wood splintered" spoor the trail left by a person or an animal; what the hunter follows in pursuing game; "the hounds followed the fox's spoor" spume foam or froth on the sea stalactite a cylinder of calcium carbonate hanging from the roof of a limestone cave stalagmite a cylinder of calcium carbonate projecting upward from the floor of a limestone cave star (astronomy) a celestial body of hot gases that radiates energy derived from thermonuclear reactions in the interior any celestial body visible (as a point of light) from the Earth at night an actor who plays a principal role a plane figure with 5 or more points; often used as an emblem mark with an asterisk; "Linguists star unacceptable sentences" be the star in a performance feature as the star; "The movie stars Dustin Hoffman as an autistic man" starlet a small star a young (film) actress who is publicized as a future star steep a steep place (as on a hill) let sit in a liquid to extract a flavor or to cleanse; "steep the blossoms in oil"; "steep the fruit in alcohol" devote (oneself) fully to; "He immersed himself into his studies" having a sharp inclination; "the steep attic stairs"; "steep cliffs" of a slope; set at a high angle; "note the steep incline"; "a steep roof sheds snow" St. Elias Range a range of mountains between Alaska and the Yukon territory steppe extensive plain without trees (associated with eastern Russia and Siberia) steps the course along which a person has walked or is walking in; "I followed in his steps"; "he retraced his steps"; "his steps turned toward home" Sterope one of the stars in the star cluster Pleiades (Greek mythology) one of the 7 Pleiades storm cloud a heavy dark cloud presaging rain or a storm straight chain an open chain of atoms with no side chains strait a narrow channel of the sea joining two larger bodies of water narrow; "strait is the gate" Strait of Georgia the strait separating Vancouver Island from the Canadian mainland Strait of Gibraltar the strait between Spain and Africa Strait of Hormuz a strategically important strait linking the Persian Gulf and the Gulf of Oman Strait of Magellan the strait separating South America from Tierra del Fuego and other islands to the south of the continent; discovered by Ferdinand Magellan in 1520; an important route around South America before the Panama Canal was built Strait of Messina the strait separating Sicily from the tip of Italy Strait of Dover the strait between the English Channel and the North Sea; shortest distance between England and the European continent Strait of Malacca the strait between the Malay Peninsula and Sumatra; it connects the Pacific Ocean to the east with the Indian Ocean to the west and is an important shipping lane strange particle an elementary particle with non-zero strangeness strange quark a quark with an electric charge of -1/3 and a mass 988 times that of an electron and a strangeness of -1 stratosphere the atmospheric layer between the troposphere and the mesosphere stratus a large dark low cloud streambed a channel occupied (or formerly occupied) by a stream stressor any agent that causes stress to an organism strike-slip fault a geological fault in which one of the adjacent surfaces appears to have moved horizontally Styx (Greek mythology) a river in Hades across which Charon carried dead souls subcontinent a large and distinctive landmass (as India or Greenland) that is a distinct part of some continent sun the star that is the source of light and heat for the planets in the solar system; "the sun contains 99.85% of the mass in the solar system"; "the Earth revolves around the Sun" any star around which a planetary system revolves a person considered as a source of warmth or energy or glory etc expose one's body to the sun expose to the rays of the sun or affect by exposure to the sun; "insolated paper may turn yellow and crumble"; "These herbs suffer when sunned" Sun River a river in western Montana that flows south and east to join the Missouri River supergiant an extremely bright star of very large diameter and low density superior planet any of the planets whose orbit lies outside the earth's orbit supernatant the clear liquid that lies above a sediment or precipitate of a liquid; floating on the surface above a sediment or precipitate; "the supernatant fat was skimmed off" supernova a star that explodes and becomes extremely luminous in the process superstring a hypothetical particle that is the elementary particle in a theory of space-time Suriname River a river in Suriname that flows northward to the Atlantic Susquehanna a river in the northeastern United States that rises in New York and flows southward through Pennsylvania and Maryland into Chesapeake Bay swale a low area (especially a marshy area between ridges) swamp low land that is seasonally flooded; has more woody plants than a marsh and better drainage than a bog a situation fraught with difficulties and imponderables; "he was trapped in a medical swamp" drench or submerge or be drenched or submerged; "The tsunami swamped every boat in the harbor" swath a path or strip (as cut by one course of mowing) the space created by the swing of a scythe or the cut of a mowing machine swimming hole a small body of water (usually in a creek) that is deep enough to use for swimming tableland a relatively flat highland Taconic Mountains a range of the Appalachian Mountains along the eastern border of New York with Connecticut, Massachusetts, and Vermont Tagus a European river; flows into the North Atlantic Takakkaw a waterfall in southeastern British Columbia; the highest waterfall in Canada (1250 feet high) Tallapoosa river that rises in northwestern Georgia and flows southwest through central Alabama to join the Coosa River near Montgomery and form the Alabama River talus a sloping mass of loose rocks at the base of a cliff Tampa Bay an arm of the Gulf of Mexico in west central Florida tarn a mountain lake (especially one formed by glaciers) tar pit a natural accumulation of bitumens at the surface of the earth; often acts as a trap for animals whose bones are thus preserved tartar an incrustation that forms on the teeth and gums Tasman Sea an arm of the southern Pacific Ocean between southeastern Australia and New Zealand tauon a lepton of very great mass Telescopium a small constellation in the southern hemisphere near Ara teratogen any agent that interferes with normal embryonic development: alcohol or thalidomide or X-rays or rubella are examples terrestrial planet a planet having a compact rocky surface like the Earth's; the four innermost planets in the solar system territorial waters the waters surrounding a nation and its territories over which that nation exercises sovereign jurisdiction Teton Range a mountain range in northwest Wyoming; contains the Grand Teton Thames the longest river in England; flows eastward through London to the North Sea thermion an electrically charged particle (electron or ion) emitted by a substance at a high temperature thermosphere the atmospheric layer between the mesosphere and the exosphere thrust fault a geological fault in which the upper side appears to have been pushed upward by compression thunderhead a rounded projecting mass of a cumulus cloud with shining edges; often appears before a thunderstorm Tiber a river of central Italy; flows through Rome to the Tyrrhenian Sea tidal basin a basin that is full of water at high tide tidal river a stream in which the effects of the tide extend far upstream tideland land near the sea that is overflowed by the tide tidewater low-lying coastal land drained by tidal streams tideway a channel in which a tidal current runs Tien Shan a major mountain range of central Asia; extends 1,500 miles Tigris an Asian river; a tributary of the Euphrates River Timor Sea an arm of the eastern Indian Ocean between Timor and northern Australia Tirich Mir a mountain in the Hindu Kush in Pakistan (25,230 feet high) Titan the largest of the satellites of Saturn; has a hazy nitrogen atmosphere (Greek mythology) any of the primordial giant gods who ruled the Earth until overthrown by Zeus; the Titans were offspring of Uranus (Heaven) and Gaea (Earth) Tocantins a river in eastern Brazil that flows generally north to the Para River Tombigbee a river that rises in northeastern Mississippi and flows southward through western Alabama to join the Alabama River and form the Mobile River top quark a hypothetical quark with a charge of +2/3 and a mass more than 100,000 times that of an electron tor a high rocky hill a prominent rock or pile of rocks on a hill Torres Strait a strait between northeastern Australia and southern New Guinea that connects the Coral Sea with the Arafura Sea transducing vector a vector for delivering genes into cells transmission mechanism any mechanism whereby an infectious agent is spread from a reservoir to a human being Transylvanian Alps a range of the southern Carpathian Mountains extending across central Romania Trapezium a multiple star in the constellation of Orion tree farm a forest (or part of a forest) where trees are grown for commercial use Trent a river in central England that flows generally northeastward to join with the Ouse River and form the Humber Triangulum a small northern constellation near Perseus between Andromeda and Aries Triangulum Australe a small bright constellation in the polar region of the southern hemisphere near Circinus and Apus Trinity River a river in eastern Texas that is formed near Dallas and flows generally southeastward to Galveston Bay Triton the largest moon of Neptune (Greek mythology) a sea god; son of Poseidon Trondheim Fjord a long narrow inlet of the Norwegian Sea tropopause the region of discontinuity between the troposphere and the stratosphere troposphere the lowest atmospheric layer; from 4 to 11 miles high (depending on latitude) Tucana a large faint constellation in the southern hemisphere containing most of the Small Magellanic Cloud Tugela a major waterfall in southern Africa; has more than one leap tundra a vast treeless plain in the Arctic regions where the subsoil is permanently frozen Tunguska a river that arises to the north of Lake Baikal and flows north and west to the Yenisei River a river in Siberia that flows northwest to become a tributary of the Yenisei River Tupungato a mountain in the Andes on the border between Argentina and Chile (22,310 feet high) Twin a waterfall in the Snake River in southern Idaho twinkler an object that emits or reflects light in an intermittent flickering manner Tyrolean Alps a popular tourist area in the Tyrol Tyne a river in northern England that flows east to the North Sea Tyrrhenian Sea an arm of the Mediterranean between Italy and the islands of Corsica and Sardinia and Sicily Ulugh Muztagh a mountain in the Kunlun range in China (25,340 feet high) Uncompahgre Peak the highest peak in the San Juan Mountains of southwestern Colorado (14,309 feet high) unit cell the smallest group of atoms or molecules whose repetition at regular intervals in three dimensions produces the lattices of a crystal United States waters territorial waters included within a distance of 12 nautical miles of the coasts of the United States and its territories; "ships operating in United States waters must adhere to United States laws and regulations" uphill the upward slope of a hill upward on a hill or incline; "this street lay uphill" against difficulties; "she was talking uphill" upper mantle the upper part of the mantle Upper Peninsula the peninsula between Lake Superior and Lake Michigan that forms the northwestern part of Michigan up quark a stable quark with an electric charge of +2/3 and a mass 607 times that of an electron Urals a mountain range in western Russia extending from the Arctic to the Caspian Sea; forms part of the traditional boundary between Europe and Asia Uranus a giant planet with a ring of ice particles; the 7th planet from the sun has a blue-green color and many satellites; "Uranus was discovered by William Herschel in 1781" urolith a urinary stone Urubupunga a waterfall in the Parana river in Brazil Uruguay River a South American river that arises in southern Brazil and flows south to the Rio de la Plata; the northern section forms the boundary between Argentina and Brazil and the southern section forms the boundary between Argentina and Uruguay vagabond anything that resembles a vagabond in having no fixed place; "pirate ships were vagabonds of the sea" valence electron an electron in the outer shell of an atom which can combine with other atoms to form molecules valley a long depression in the surface of the land that usually contains a river variable star a star that varies noticeably in brightness vector-borne transmission indirect transmission of an infectious agent that occurs when a vector bites or touches a person Vega the brightest star in the constellation Lyra prolific Spanish playwright (1562-1635) vehicle-borne transmission indirect transmission of an infectious agent that occurs when a vehicle (or fomite) touches a person's body or is ingested Vela a constellation in the southern hemisphere between Carina and Pyxis; "because of its configuration Vela is sometimes called `the Sails'" Vesta the brightest asteroid but the fourth to be discovered (Roman mythology) goddess of the hearth and its fire whose flame was tended by vestal virgins; counterpart of Greek Hestia vesture something that covers or cloaks like a garment; "fields in a vesture of green" provide or cover with a cloak Vetluga a river in central Russia; flows generally southward into the Volga viral delivery vector a transducing vector that uses a retrovirus Vistula a European river; flows into the Baltic Sea Volans a small constellation in the polar region of the southern hemisphere near Dorado and Carina volcanic crater a bowl-shaped geological formation at the top of a volcano volcano a mountain formed by volcanic material Volga a Russian river; the longest river in Europe; flows into the Caspian Sea Volkhov a river in northwestern Russia flowing generally north into Lake Ladoga Volta a river in Ghana that flows south to the Bight of Benin Italian physicist after whom the volt is named; studied electric currents and invented the voltaic pile (1745-1827) Vulpecula a constellation in the northern hemisphere near Cygnus and Sagitta Wabash a tributary of the Ohio River that rises in western Ohio and flows southwestward across Indiana wadi gully or streambed in northern Africa and the Middle East that remains dry except during rainy season wall rock a rock immediately adjacent to a vein or fault wasp's nest habitation for wasps or hornets waterfall a steep descent of the water of a river water gap a pass in a mountain ridge through which a stream flows water hole a natural hole or hollow containing water waterside land bordering a body of water water table underground surface below which the ground is wholly saturated with water; "spring rains had raised the water table" waterway a navigable body of water weakener that which weakens or causes a loss of strength; "doubt is a great weakener of resolve" weakly interacting massive particle a hypothetical subatomic particle of large mass that interacts weakly with ordinary matter through gravitation; postulated as a constituent of the dark matter of the universe Weddell Sea an arm of the south Atlantic in Antarctica to the east of the Antarctic Peninsula Weisshorn a mountain in the Alps in Switzerland (14,804 feet high) Weser a river in northwestern Germany that flows northward to the North Sea near Bremerhaven wetland a low area where the land is saturated with water Wheeler Peak a mountain peak in northeastern New Mexico in the Rocky Mountains whinstone any of various hard colored rocks (especially rocks consisting of chert or basalt) White a tributary of the Mississippi River that flows southeastward through northern Arkansas and southern Missouri a Caucasian United States educator who in 1865 (with Ezra Cornell) founded Cornell University and served as its first president (1832-1918) United States writer noted for his humorous essays (1899-1985) United States architect (1853-1906) United States political journalist (1915-1986) Australian writer (1912-1990) United States jurist appointed chief justice of the United States Supreme Court in 1910 by President Taft; noted for his work on antitrust legislation (1845-1921) white dwarf a faint star of enormous density White Nile a headstream of the Nile; joins the Blue Nile at Khartoum to form the Nile White Sea a large inlet of the Barents Sea in the northwestern part of European Russia white water frothy water as in rapids or waterfalls Whitney the highest peak in the Sierra Nevada range in California (14,494 feet high) United States inventor of the mechanical cotton gin (1765-1825) Wight an isle and county of southern England in the English Channel Wilderness a wooded region in northeastern Virginia near Spotsylvania where bloody but inconclusive battles were fought in the American Civil War Willamette a river in western Oregon that flows north into the Columbia River near Portland Wilson a peak in the San Juan mountains of Colorado (14,246 feet high) 28th President of the United States; led the United States in World War I and secured the formation of the League of Nations (1856-1924) United States literary critic (1895-1972) Scottish physicist who invented the cloud chamber (1869-1959) United States entomologist who has generalized from social insects to other animals including humans (born in 1929) American Revolutionary leader who was one of the signers of the Declaration of Independence (1742-1798) Canadian geophysicist who was a pioneer in the study of plate tectonics (1908-1993) United States physicist honored for his work on cosmic microwave radiation (born in 1918) Scottish ornithologist in the United States (1766-1813) English writer of novels and short stories (1913-1991) author of the first novel by an African American that was published in the United States (1808-1870) wind gap a pass in a mountain ridge with no stream flowing through it Windward Passage a channel between eastern Cuba and western Haiti that connects the Atlantic Ocean with the Caribbean Sea wormcast fossil trail of a worm cylindrical mass of earth voided by a burrowing earthworm or lugworm wormhole hole made by a burrowing worm xenolith (geology) a piece of rock of different origin from the igneous rock in which it is embedded Yalu river in eastern Asia; rises in North Korea and flows southwest to Korea Bay (forming part of the border between North Korea and China) Chang Jiang the longest river of Asia; flows eastward from Tibet into the East China Sea near Shanghai Yazoo a river that rises in west central Mississippi and flows southwest to empty into the Mississippi River above Vicksburg Yellow Sea part of the Pacific off the east coast of Asia Yellowstone a tributary of the Missouri River that flows through the Yellowstone National Park Yenisei a Russian river in Siberia; rises in mountains near the Mongolian border and flows generally northward into the Kara Sea Yerupaja a mountain peak in the Andes in Peru (21,709 feet high) Yosemite a series of waterfalls in Yosemite National Park in California; is reduced to a trickle for part of each year Zambezi an African river; flows into the Indian Ocean Zhu Jiang a river in southeast China that flows into the South China Sea Zuider Zee a former inlet of the North Sea in the northern coast of the Netherlands; sealed off from the sea in 1932 by a dam that created the IJsselmeer imaginary being a creature of the imagination; a person that exists only in legends or myths or fiction hypothetical creature a creature that has not been observed but is hypothesized to exist extraterrestrial being a form of life assumed to exist outside the Earth or its atmosphere mythical being an imaginary being of myth or fable Augeas (Greek mythology) the mythical Greek king who for 30 years did not clean his stables which contained his vast herd of cattle Alcyone (Greek mythology) a woman who was turned into a kingfisher Arjuna (Hindu mythology) the warrior prince in the Bhagavad-Gita to whom Krishna explains the nature of being and of God and how humans can come to know God legendary creature a monster that is unverifiable but popularly accepted as possibly factual abominable snowman a large hairy humanoid creature said to live in the Himalayas Bigfoot large hairy humanoid creature said to live in wilderness areas of the United States and Canada Demogorgon (Greek mythology) a mysterious and terrifying deity of the underworld doppelganger a ghostly double of a living person that haunts its living counterpart Loch Ness monster a large aquatic animal supposed to resemble a serpent or plesiosaur of Loch Ness in Scotland sea serpent huge creature of the sea resembling a snake or dragon bogeyman an imaginary monster used to frighten children Death the personification of death; "Death walked the streets of the plague-bound city" Gargantua a voracious giant in Francois Rabelais' book of the same name Grim Reaper Death personified as an old man or a skeleton with a scythe hobbit an imaginary being similar to a person but smaller and with hairy feet; invented by J.R.R. Tolkien Maxwell's demon an imaginary creature that controls a small hole in a partition that divides a chamber filled with gas into two parts and allows fast molecules to move in one direction and slow molecules to move in the other direction through the hole; this would result in one part of the container becoming warmer and the other cooler, thus decreasing entropy and violating the second law of thermodynamics mermaid half woman and half fish; lives in the sea merman half man and half fish; lives in the sea Martian imaginary people who live on the planet Mars of or relating to the planet Mars (or its fictional inhabitants) Argus (Greek mythology) a giant with 100 eyes; was guardian of the heifer Io and was slain by Hermes Cadmus (Greek mythology) the brother of Europa and traditional founder of Thebes in Boeotia Calypso (Greek mythology) the sea nymph who detained Odysseus for seven years sea nymph (Greek mythology) a water nymph who was the daughter of Oceanus or Nereus Cyclops (Greek mythology) one of a group of giants having a single eye in the middle of their forehead giantess a female giant ogre (folklore) a giant who likes to eat human beings ogress (folklore) a female ogre Humpty Dumpty an egg-shaped character in a nursery rhyme who fell off a wall and could not be put back together again (late 17th century) Jack Frost a personification of frost or winter weather Mammon (New Testament) a personification of wealth and avarice as an evil spirit; "ye cannot serve God and Mammon" Scylla (Greek mythology) a sea nymph transformed into a sea monster who lived on one side of a narrow strait; drowned and devoured sailors who tried to escape Charybdis (a whirlpool) on the other side of the strait Stentor the mythical Greek warrior with an unusually loud voice who died after losing a shouting contest with Hermes mythical monster a monster renowned in folklore and myth amphisbaena (classical mythology) a serpent with a head at each end of its body centaur (classical mythology) a mythical being that is half man and half horse Cerberus (Greek mythology) the three-headed dog guarding the entrance to Hades; son of Typhon Charon (Greek mythology) the ferryman who brought the souls of the dead across the river Styx or the river Acheron to Hades Chimera (Greek mythology) fire-breathing female monster with a lion's head and a goat's body and a serpent's tail; daughter of Typhon Circe (Greek mythology) a sorceress who detained Odysseus on her island and turned his men into swine cockatrice monster hatched by a reptile from a cock's egg; able to kill with a glance Dardanus (Greek mythology) founder of Troy Fafnir (Norse mythology) the Norse dragon that guarded a treasure and was slain by Sigurd Geryon (Greek mythology) a mythical monster with three heads that was slain by Hercules Gorgon (Greek mythology) any of three winged sister monsters and the mortal Medusa who had live snakes for hair; a glance at Medusa turned the beholder to stone Grace (Greek mythology) one of three sisters who were the givers of beauty and charm; a favorite subject for sculptors Aglaia (Greek mythology) one of the three Graces Euphrosyne (Greek mythology) one of the three Graces Thalia (Greek mythology) one of the three Graces (Greek mythology) the Muse of comedy and pastoral poetry gryphon winged monster with the head of an eagle and the body of a lion Harpy (Greek mythology) vicious winged monster; often depicted as a bird with the head of a woman Hyperborean (Greek mythology) one of a people that the ancient Greeks believed lived in a warm and sunny land north of the source of the north wind Hypnos (Greek mythology) the Greek god of sleep; the son of Nyx leviathan monstrous sea creature symbolizing evil in the Old Testament the largest or most massive thing of its kind; "it was a leviathan among redwoods"; "they were assigned the leviathan of textbooks" Niobe (Greek mythology) the daughter of Tantalus whose boasting about her children provoked Apollo and Artemis to slay them all; Niobe was turned to stone while bewailing her loss Medusa (Greek mythology) a woman transformed into a Gorgon by Athena; she was slain by Perseus Stheno (Greek mythology) one of the three Gorgons manticore a mythical monster having the head of man (with horns) and the body of a lion and the tail of a scorpion Midas (Greek legend) the greedy king of Phrygia who Dionysus gave the power to turn everything he touched into gold Sisyphus (Greek legend) a king in ancient Greece who offended Zeus and whose punishment was to roll a huge boulder to the top of a steep hill; each time the boulder neared the top it rolled back down and Sisyphus was forced to start again Minotaur (Greek mythology) a mythical monster with the head of a bull and the body of a man; slain by Theseus Morpheus the Roman god of sleep and dreams Narcissus (Greek mythology) a beautiful young man who fell in love with his own reflection Nemean lion (Greek mythology) an enormous lion strangled by Hercules as the first of his 12 labors Nibelung (German mythology) any of the group of dwarfs who possessed a treasure hoard that was stolen by Siegfried (German mythology) a companion or follower of Siegfried Bellerophon (Greek mythology) a mythical hero of Corinth who performed miracles on the winged horse Pegasus (especially killing the monster Chimera) Patroclus (Greek mythology) a friend of Achilles who was killed in the Trojan War; his death led Achilles to return to the fight after his quarrel with Agamemnon phoenix a legendary Arabian bird said to periodically burn itself to death and emerge from the ashes as a new phoenix; according to most versions only one phoenix lived at a time and it renewed itself every 500 years a large monocotyledonous genus of pinnate-leaved palms found in Asia and Africa Python (Greek mythology) dragon killed by Apollo at Delphi roc mythical bird of prey having enormous size and strength Sarpedon (Greek mythology) a son of Zeus who became king of Lycia; fought on behalf of the Trojans in the Trojan War and was killed by Patroclus Siegfried (German mythology) mythical German warrior hero of the Nibelungenlied who takes possession of the accursed treasure of the Nibelungs by slaying the dragon that guards it and awakens Brynhild and is eventually killed; Sigurd is the Norse counterpart Sigurd (Norse mythology) mythical Norse warrior hero who gains an accursed hoard of gold and was killed by Brynhild; Siegfried is the German counterpart Sphinx (Greek mythology) a riddling winged monster with a woman's head and breast on a lion's body; daughter of Typhon Typhoeus (Greek mythology) son of Gaea and Tartarus who created the whirlwinds; had a terrifying voice and 100 dragon heads that spurted fire Typhon (Greek mythology) a monster with a hundred heads who breathed out flames; son of Typhoeus and father of Cerberus and the Chimera and the Sphinx werewolf a monster able to change appearance from human to wolf and back again witch a being (usually female) imagined to have special powers derived from the devil wyvern a fire-breathing dragon used in medieval heraldry; had the head of a dragon and the tail of a snake and a body with wings and two legs supernatural supernatural forces and events and beings collectively; "She doesn't believe in the supernatural" not existing in nature or subject to explanation according to natural laws; not physical or material; "supernatural forces and occurrences and beings" spiritual being an incorporeal being believed to have powers to affect the course of human events first cause an agent that is the cause of all things but does not itself have a cause; "God is the first cause" spiritual leader a leader in religious or sacred affairs deity any supernatural being worshipped as controlling some part of the world or some aspect of life or who is the personification of a force daemon a person who is part mortal and part god Fury (classical mythology) the hideous snake-haired monsters (usually three in number) who pursued unpunished criminals Alecto one of the three Furies Megaera one of the three Furies Tisiphone one of the three Furies sea god a deity that personifies the sea and is usually believed to live in or to control the sea sun god a god that personifies the sun or is otherwise associated with the sun Celtic deity a deity worshipped by the Celts Amaethon the farmer god; ancient god of agriculture Ana mother of the ancient Irish gods; sometimes identified with Danu Angus Og Celtic god of love and beauty; patron deity of young men and women Arawn Celtic deity who was the lord of Annwfn (the other world or the land of fairies) Arianrhod Celtic goddess famous for her beauty; mother of Dylan Boann Celtic goddess; mother of Angus Og Brigit Celtic goddess of fire and fertility and agriculture and household arts and wisdom; later associated with Saint Bridget Dagda chief Celtic god of the Tuatha De Danann; father of Angus Og and Brigit Danu Celtic goddess who was the mother of the Tuatha De Danann; identified with the Welsh Don Dylan Celtic god of the waves; son of Arianrhod United States songwriter noted for his protest songs (born in 1941) Epona (possibly Roman mythology) Celtic goddess of horses and mules and asses Fomor one of a group of Celtic sea demons sometimes associated with the hostile power of nature Gwydion Celtic sky god; a magician; giver of arts and civilization Gwyn Celtic underworld god Lir the sea personified; father of Manannan; corresponds to Welsh Llyr Llew Llaw Gyffes son of Gwydion and Arianrhod; supported by magic of Gwydion; cursed by Arianrhod LLud a Celtic warrior god Llyr Celtic deity who was the father of Manawydan; corresponds to Irish Lir Lug ancient Celtic god Manannan Celtic god of the sea; son of Ler Manawydan Celtic sea god; son of Llyr Morrigan Celtic war goddess Tuatha De Danann group of Celtic gods or demigods; ruled Ireland in the Golden Age Egyptian deity a deity worshipped by the ancient Egyptians Amen a primeval Egyptian personification of air and breath; worshipped especially at Thebes Amen-Ra Egyptian sun god; supreme god of the universe in whom Amen and Ra were merged; principal deity during Theban supremacy Anubis Egyptian god of tombs and ruler of the underworld; usually depicted as a man with the head of a jackal Aten the sun (or solar disc) which was the deity of a monotheistic cult under the Pharaoh Akhenaten Bast cat- or lion-headed Egyptian goddess; represents life-giving power of the sun Geb Egyptian god of the earth; father of Osiris and Isis Horus Egyptian solar god with the head of a falcon; the son of Osiris and Isis Isis Egyptian goddess of fertility; daughter of Geb; sister and wife of Osiris Khepera Egyptian god of the morning sun; creator Nephthys Egyptian goddess associated with ritual of the dead; sister of Geb and Nut; wife of Set Nut Egyptian goddess of the sky Osiris Egyptian god of the underworld and judge of the dead; husband and brother of Isis; father of Horus Ptah a major Egyptian god; shaper of the world; father of gods and men; worshipped especially at Memphis Ra ancient Egyptian sun god with the head of a hawk; a universal creator; he merged with the god Amen as Amen-Ra to become the king of the gods Sekhet a lion-headed Egyptian goddess; typifies life-destroying power of the sun Set evil Egyptian god with the head of a beast that has high square ears and a long snout; brother and murderer of Osiris Thoth Egyptian Moon deity with the head of an ibis; god of wisdom and learning and the arts; scribe of the gods Semitic deity a deity worshipped by the ancient Semites Adad Babylonian god of storms and wind Adapa a Babylonian demigod or first man (sometimes identified with Adam) Anshar the Babylonian father of the gods; identified with Assyrian Ashur; in Sumerian the name signifies `the totality of the upper world' Antum Babylonian consort of Anu Anu Babylonian god of the sky; one of the supreme triad including Bel and Ea Anunnaki any of a group of powerful Babylonian earth spirits or genii; servitors of the gods Apsu father of the gods and consort of Tiamat Aruru mother and earth goddess in Gilgamish epic; identified with Sumerian Ki and Ninkhursag Ashur chief god of the Assyrians; god of military prowess and empire; identified with Babylonian Anshar Astarte an ancient Phoenician goddess of love and fertility; the Phoenician counterpart to Ishtar Ishtar Babylonian and Assyrian goddess of love and fertility and war; counterpart to the Phoenician Astarte Baal any of numerous local fertility and nature deities worshipped by ancient Semitic peoples; the Hebrews considered Baal a false god Bel Babylonian god of the earth; one of the supreme triad including Anu and Ea; earlier identified with En-lil a logarithmic unit of sound intensity equal to 10 decibels Dagon god of agriculture and the earth; national god of Philistines Dagan god of agriculture and earth; counterpart of Phoenician Dagon Damkina (Babylonian) earth goddess; consort of Ea and mother of Marduk Dumuzi Sumerian and Babylonian god of pastures and vegetation; consort of Inanna Ea the Babylonian god of wisdom; son of Apsu and father of Marduk; counterpart of the Sumerian Enki; as one of the supreme triad including Anu and Bel he was assigned control of the watery element Enki water god and god of wisdom; counterpart of the Akkadian Ea Enlil god of the air and king of the Sumerian gods Ereshkigal goddess of death and consort of Nergal Girru the Babylonian god of fire; often invoked in incantations against sorcery Gula the Babylonian goddess of healing and consort of Ninurta Igigi any of a group of heavenly spirits under the god Anu Inanna consort of Dumuzi (Tammuz) Ki goddess personifying earth; counterpart of Akkadian Aruru Kishar Babylonian consort of Anshar; in Sumerian the name signifies `the totality of the lower world' Lilith in ancient Semitic folklore: a female demon who attacks children Mama a name under which Ninkhursag was worshipped Marduk the chief Babylonian god; his consort was Sarpanitu Moloch god of the Canaanites and Phoenicians to whom parents sacrificed their children a tyrannical power to be propitiated by human subservience or sacrifice; "the great Moloch of war"; "duty has become the Moloch of modern life"- Norman Douglas Nabu Babylonian god of wisdom and agriculture and patron of scribes and schools Nammu goddess personifying the primeval sea; mother of the gods and of heaven and earth Namtar a demon personifying death; messenger of the underworld goddess Ereshkigal bringing death to mankind Nanna god of the Moon; counterpart of the Akkadian Sin (Norse mythology) wife of Balder Nergal (Akkadian) god ruling with his consort Ereshkigal the world of the dead Nina the Babylonian goddess of the watery deep and daughter of Ea Ningal (Akkadian) a goddess; wife of the Moon god Sin Ningirsu Babylonian god in older pantheon: god of war and agriculture Ningishzida an underworld Babylonian deity; patron of medicine Ninkhursag the great mother goddess; worshipped also as Aruru and Mama and Nintu Nintu a name under which Ninkhursag was worshipped Ninurta a solar deity; firstborn of Bel and consort was Gula; god of war and the chase and agriculture; sometimes identified with biblical Nimrod Nusku god of fire and light; corresponds to Babylonian Girru Ramman god of storms and wind; corresponds to Babylonian Adad Sarpanitu consort of Marduk Shamash the chief sun god; drives away winter and storms and brightens the earth with greenery; drives away evil and brings justice and compassion Sin (Akkadian) god of the Moon; counterpart of Sumerian Nanna Tashmit consort of Nabu Tiamat (Akkadian) mother of the gods and consort of Apsu Utnapishtim favorite of the gods and grandfather of Gilgamish; survived the great flood and became immortal Utu sun god; counterpart of Akkadian Shamash Zu evil storm god represented as a black bird Enkidu legendary friend of Gilgamish Gilgamish legendary Sumerian king and hero of Sumerian and Babylonian epics Hindu deity a deity worshipped by the Hindus Aditi a Hindu goddess who releases from sin or disease; mother of the Adityas Aditya one of 7 to 12 sons of Aditi; Hindu gods of celestial light Agni (Sanskrit) Hindu god of fire in ancient and traditional India; one of the three chief deities of the Vedas Asura earlier a god; later a demon; counterpart of Zoroastrian Ahura Ahura (Zoroastrianism) title for benevolent deities Asvins (literally `possessing horses' in Sanskrit) in Hinduism the twin chariot warriors conveying Surya Bhaga Hindu god of wealth and love Brahma the Creator; one of the three major deities in the later Hindu pantheon Brihaspati personification of the power of ritual devotion Bhumi Devi Hindu earth goddess; one of the two wives of Vishnu Devi Hindu mother goddess; supreme power in the universe; wife or embodiment of the female energy of Siva having both beneficent and malevolent forms or aspects Chandi malevolent aspect of Devi; "the fierce" Dharma basic principles of the cosmos; also: an ancient sage in Hindu mythology worshipped as a god by some lower castes Durga Hindu goddess of war; a malevolent aspect of Devi; "the inaccessible Durga" Dyaus Hindu god of the sky Ganesh Hindu god of wisdom or prophecy; the god who removes obstacles Garuda a supernatural eagle-like being that serves as Vishnu's mount Gauri in Hinduism, goddess of purity and posterity and a benevolent aspect of Devi; the `brilliant' Hanuman in Hinduism, the monkey god and helper of Rama; god of devotion and courage Indra chief Hindu god of the Rig-Veda; god of rain and thunder Ka unknown god; an epithet of Prajapati and Brahma Kali wife of Siva and malevolent form of Devi; "the black" Kama Hindu god of love and erotic desire; opposite of Mara Mara Hindu god of death; opposite of Kama Kartikeya Hindu god of bravery Lakshmi Hindu goddess of fortune and prosperity Marut any of a group of Hindu storm gods; offspring of Rudra Mitra Hindu god of friendship and alliances; usually invoked together with Varuna as a supporter of heaven and earth Parjanya Hindu god of rain; sometimes identified with Indra Parvati wife of Siva and a benevolent aspect of Devi: Hindu goddess of plenty Prajapati Hindu god personifying a creative force; equivalent to Brahma Praxiteles ancient Greek sculptor (circa 370-330 BC) Pushan celestial shepherd god; conductor of souls of the dead Rahu a Hindu demon who swallows the sun causing eclipses Ribhus one of three artisans of the Hindu gods Rudra father of the Hindu storm gods Marut; controller of nature; sometimes identified with Siva Sarasvati Hindu goddess of learning and the arts Savitar an important Hindu god; the sun in its life-giving aspect Shakti the female or generative principle; wife of Siva and a benevolent form of Devi Siva the auspicious one; a major divinity in the later Hindu pantheon Bairava epithet of Siva; "the terrible Bairava" Skanda Hindu god of war Soma personification of a sacred intoxicating drink used in Vedic ritual Surya an important god of later Hinduism; the sun god or the sun itself worshipped as the source of warmth and light Ushas Hindu goddess of dawn; daughter of the sky and sister of the night Vajra Indra's thunderbolt Varuna in Vedism, god of the night sky who with his thousand eyes watches over human conduct and judges good and evil and punishes evildoers; often considered king of the Hindu gods and frequently paired with Mitra as an upholder of the world Vayu Hindu wind god Vishnu the sustainer; a Hindu divinity worshipped as the preserver of worlds Yama Hindu god of death and lord of the underworld avatar the manifestation of a Hindu deity (especially Vishnu) in human or superhuman or animal form; "some Hindus consider Krishna to be an avatar of the god Vishnu" Jagannath an avatar of Vishnu Kalki the 10th and last incarnation of Vishnu Krishna 8th and most important avatar of Vishnu; incarnated as a handsome young man playing a flute Rama avatar of Vishnu whose name is synonymous with God; any of three incarnations: Ramachandra or Parashurama or Balarama; "in Hindu folklore Rama is the epitome of chivalry and courage and obedience to sacred law" Ramachandra a hero in Hindu mythology; an incarnation of Vishnu Sita wife of the Hindu god Rama; regarded as an ideal of womanhood Balarama elder brother of Krishna; an incarnation of Vishnu Parashurama an incarnation of Vishnu who rid the earth of Kshatriyas Persian deity a deity worshiped by the ancient Persians Mithras ancient Persian god of light and truth; sun god Ormazd chief deity of Zoroastrianism; source of light and embodiment of good Ahriman the spirit of evil in Zoroastrianism; arch rival of Ormazd Buddha founder of Buddhism (c 563-483 BC) one who has achieved a state of perfect enlightenment Bodhisattva Buddhist worthy of nirvana who postpones it to help others Maitreya the Bodhisattva who is to appear as a Buddha 5000 years after the death of Gautama Avalokitesvara a male Bodhisattva; widely associated with various gods and people Arhat a Buddhist who has attained nirvana Chinese deity a deity worshipped by the ancient Chinese Chang Kuo one of the 8 immortals of Taoism Wen Ch'ang Chinese god of literature Taoist Trinity the three pure ones; the three chief gods of Taoism Tien-pao a member of the Taoist Trinity Ling-pao a member of the Taoist Trinity Shen-pao a member of the Taoist Trinity; identified with Lao-tse Chuang-tzu 4th-century Chinese philosopher on whose teachings Lao-tse based Taoism Kwan-yin (Buddhism) a female Bodhisattva; often called goddess of mercy and considered an aspect of the Bodhisattva Avalokitesvara; identified with Japanese Kwannon Japanese deity a deity worshipped by the Japanese Amaterasu central deity of Shinto; goddess personifying the sun and ancestress of the rulers of Japan Hachiman a Shinto god of war Hotei one of the 7 gods of happiness Izanagi the god who fathered the islands and gods of Japan with his sister Izanami Izanami sister and consort of Izanami; mother of the islands and gods of Japan Kami one the Shinto deities (including mythological beings, spirits of distinguished men, forces of nature) Kwannon Japanese counterpart of Chinese Kuan Yin Ninigi grandson of Amaterasu and first ruler of Japan goddess a female deity earth-god a god of fertility and vegetation earth-goddess a goddess of fertility and vegetation earth mother the earth conceived of as the female principle of fertility God the supernatural being conceived as the perfect and omnipotent and omniscient originator and ruler of the universe; the object of worship in monotheistic religions Godhead terms referring to the Judeo-Christian God eon (Gnosticism) a divine power or nature emanating from the Supreme Being and playing various roles in the operation of the universe an immeasurably long period of time; "oh, that happened eons ago" the longest division of geological time Trinity the union of the Father and Son and Holy Ghost in one Godhead Father God when considered as the first person in the Trinity; "hear our prayers, Heavenly Father" `Father' is a term of address for priests in some churches (especially the Roman Catholic Church or the Orthodox Catholic Church); `Padre' is frequently used in the military Son the divine word of God; the second person in the Trinity (incarnate in Jesus) messiah any expected deliverer Holy Ghost the third person in the Trinity; Jesus promised the Apostles that he would send the Holy Spirit after his Crucifixion and Resurrection; it came on Pentecost Yahweh a name for the God of the Old Testament as transliterated from the Hebrew consonants YHVH Allah Muslim name for the one and only God demiurge a subordinate deity, in some philosophies the creator of the universe faun ancient Italian deity in human shape, with horns, pointed ears and a goat's tail; equivalent to Greek satyr angel spiritual being attendant upon God invests in a theatrical production archangel an angel ranked above the highest rank in the celestial hierarchy Gabriel (Bible) the archangel who was the messenger of God Michael (Old Testament) the guardian archangel of the Jews Raphael an archangel of the Hebrew tradition Italian painter whose many paintings exemplify the ideals of the High Renaissance (1483-1520) cherub an angel of the second order whose gift is knowledge; usually portrayed as a winged child a sweet innocent baby seraph an angel of the first order; usually portrayed as the winged head of a child guardian spirit an angel believed to have special affection for a particular individual genius loci the guardian spirit of a place the special atmosphere of a place divine messenger a messenger from God; "angel of death" fairy a small being, human in form, playful and having magical powers elf (folklore) fairies that are somewhat mischievous fairy godmother a female character in some fairy stories who has magical powers and can bring unexpected good fortune to the hero or heroine a generous benefactor undine any of various female water spirits leprechaun a mischievous elf in Irish folklore sandman an elf in fairy stories who sprinkles sand in children's eyes to make them sleepy Morgan le Fay (Arthurian legend) a wicked enchantress who was the half sister and enemy of King Arthur Puck a mischievous sprite of English folklore evil spirit a spirit tending to cause harm bad fairy a fairy that tends to cause harm bogey an evil spirit (golf) a score of one stroke over par on a hole to shoot in one stroke over par cacodemon an evil spirit eudemon a benevolent spirit incubus a male demon believed to lie on sleeping persons and to have sexual intercourse with sleeping women someone who depresses or worries others succubus a female demon believed to have sexual intercourse with sleeping men dybbuk (Jewish folklore) a demon that enters the body of a living person and controls that body's behavior Satan (Judeo-Christian and Islamic religions) chief spirit of evil and adversary of God; tempter of mankind; master of Hell ghoul an evil spirit or ghost goblin (folklore) a small grotesque supernatural creature that makes trouble for human beings kelpy (Scottish folklore) water spirit in the form of a horse that likes to drown its riders vampire (folklore) a corpse that rises at night to drink the blood of the living banshee (Irish folklore) a female spirit who wails to warn of impending death genie (Islam) an invisible spirit mentioned in the Koran and believed by Muslims to inhabit the earth and influence mankind by appearing in the form of humans or animals shaitan (Islam) a rebellious jinni who leads men astray eblis (Islam) the principal evil jinni in Islamic mythology houri (Islam) one of the dark-eyed virgins of perfect beauty believed to live with the blessed in Paradise familiar a spirit (usually in animal form) that acts as an assistant to a witch or wizard a person attached to the household of a high official (as a pope or bishop) who renders service in return for support having mutual interests or affections; of established friendship; "on familiar terms"; "pretending she is on an intimate footing with those she slanders" well known or easily recognized; "a familiar figure"; "familiar songs"; "familiar guests" within normal everyday experience; common and ordinary; not strange; "familiar ordinary objects found in every home"; "a familiar everyday scene"; "a familiar excuse"; "a day like any other filled with familiar duties and experiences" trickster a mischievous supernatural being found in the folklore of many primitive people; sometimes distinguished by prodigious biological drives and exaggerated bodily parts poltergeist a ghost that announces its presence with rapping and the creation of disorder Oberson (Middle Ages) the king of the fairies and husband of Titania in medieval folklore Titania (Middle Ages) the queen of the fairies in medieval folklore tooth fairy a fairy that is said to leave money at night under a child's pillow to compensate for a baby tooth falling out water sprite a fairy that inhabits water peri (Persian folklore) a supernatural being descended from fallen angels and excluded from paradise until penance is done a beautiful and graceful girl Adonis (Greek mythology) a handsome youth loved by both Aphrodite and Persephone; "when Adonis died Zeus decreed that he should spend winters in the underworld with Persephone and spend summers with Aphrodite" annual or perennial herbs Greco-Roman deity a deity of classical mythology satyr one of a class of woodland deities; attendant on Bacchus; identified with Roman fauns man with strong sexual desires Silenus the chief satyr in the service of Bacchus; father of Dionysus; usually depicted as drunk and jolly and riding a donkey silenus any of the minor woodland deities who were companions of Dionysus (similar to the satyrs) Echo (Greek mythology) a nymph who was spurned by Narcissus and pined away until only her voice remained Hesperides (Greek mythology) group of 3 to 7 nymphs who guarded the golden apples that Gaea gave as a wedding gift to Hera Hyades (Greek mythology) 7 daughters of Atlas and half-sisters of the Pleiades; they nurtured the infant Dionysus and Zeus placed them among the stars as a reward Oread (Greek mythology) one of the mountain nymphs water nymph (Greek mythology) any nymph of the water a water lily having large leaves and showy fragrant flowers that float on the water; of temperate and tropical regions Daphne (Greek mythology) a nymph who was transformed into a laurel tree to escape the amorous Apollo naiad (Greek mythology) a nymph of lakes and springs and rivers and fountains submerged aquatic plant having narrow leaves and small flowers; of fresh or brackish water Nereid (Greek mythology) any of the 50 sea nymphs who were daughters of the sea god Nereus Thetis (Greek mythology) one of the 50 Nereids; mother of Achilles by Peleus Oceanid (Greek mythology) sea nymph who was a daughter of Oceanus and Tethys dryad a deity or nymph of the woods Salmacis nymph who merged with Hermaphroditus to form one body Greek deity a deity worshipped by the ancient Greeks Roman deity a deity worshipped by the ancient Romans Olympian a classical Greek god after the overthrow of the Titans an athlete who participates in the Olympic games of or pertaining to the greater gods of ancient Greece whose abode was Mount Olympus; "Olympian deities" of the region of Olympia in Greece or its inhabitants; "Olympian plain" Aeolus god of the winds in ancient mythology Aether personification of the sky or upper air breathed by the Olympians; son of Erebus and night or of Chaos and darkness Apollo (Greek mythology) Greek god of light; god of prophecy and poetry and music and healing; son of Zeus and Leto; twin brother of Artemis Pythius epithet for Apollo; from the dragon Python which he killed Aphrodite goddess of love and beauty and daughter of Zeus in ancient mythology; identified with Roman Venus Hero (Greek mythology) priestess of Aphrodite who killed herself when her lover Leander drowned while trying to swim the Hellespont to see her Greek mathematician and inventor who devised a way to determine the area of a triangle and who described various mechanical devices (first century) Leander (Greek mythology) a youth beloved of Hero who drowned in a storm in the Hellespont on one of his nightly visits to see her Pygmalion (Greek mythology) a king who created a statue of a woman and fell in love with it; Aphrodite brought the sculpture to life as Galatea Galatea (Greek mythology) a maiden who was first a sculpture created by Pygmalion and was brought to life by Aphrodite in answer to Pygmalion's prayers Ares (Greek mythology) Greek god of war; son of Zeus and Hera; identified with Roman Mars Eris (Greek mythology) goddess of discord; sister of Ares Thanatos (Greek mythology) the Greek personification of death; son of Nyx Mors (Roman mythology) Roman god of death; counterpart of Thanatos Nyx (Greek mythology) Greek goddess of the night; daughter of Chaos; counterpart of Roman Nox Rhea Silvia (Roman mythology) a vestal virgin who became the mother by Mars of the twins Romulus and Remus Romulus (Roman mythology) founder of Rome; suckled with his twin brother Remus by a wolf after their parents (Mars and Rhea Silvia) abandoned them; Romulus killed Remus in an argument over the building of Rome Remus (Roman mythology) the twin brother of Romulus Artemis (Greek mythology) the virgin goddess of the hunt and the Moon; daughter of Leto and twin sister of Apollo; identified with Roman Diana Boreas (Greek mythology) the god who personified the north wind; "Boreas was pictured as bearded and powerful and winged and draped against the cold" Diana (Roman mythology) virgin goddess of the hunt and the Moon; counterpart of Greek Artemis English aristocrat who was the first wife of Prince Charles; her death in an automobile accident in Paris produced intense national mourning (1961-1997) Ate goddess of criminal rashness and its punishment Athena (Greek mythology) goddess of wisdom and useful arts and prudent warfare; guardian of Athens; identified with Roman Minerva Minerva (Roman mythology) goddess of wisdom; counterpart of Greek Athena Chaos (Greek mythology) the most ancient of gods; the personification of the infinity of space preceding creation of the universe Cronus (Greek mythology) the supreme god until Zeus dethroned him; son of Uranus and Gaea in ancient Greek mythology; identified with Roman Saturn Dido (Roman mythology) a princess of Tyre who was the founder and queen of Carthage; Virgil tells of her suicide when she was abandoned by Aeneas Demeter (Greek mythology) goddess of fertility and protector of marriage in ancient mythology; counterpart of Roman Ceres Dionysus (Greek mythology) god of wine and fertility and drama; the Greek name of Bacchus Aesculapius son of Apollo; a hero and the Roman god of medicine and healing; his daughters were Hygeia and Panacea Bacchus (classical mythology) god of wine; equivalent of Dionysus Erebus (Greek mythology) Greek god of darkness who dwelt in the underworld; son of Chaos; brother of Nox; father of Aether and Day Nox Roman goddess of night; daughter of Erebus; counterpart of Greek Nyx Eros (Greek mythology) god of love; son of Aphrodite; identified with Roman Cupid Cupid (Roman mythology) god of love; counterpart of Greek Eros Daedalus (Greek mythology) an Athenian inventor who built the labyrinth of Minos; to escape the labyrinth he fashioned wings for himself and his son Icarus Damon and Pythias (Greek mythology) according to a Greek legend: when Pythias was sentenced to be executed Damon took his place to allow Pythias to get his affairs in order; when Pythias returned in time to save Damon the king was so impressed that he let them both live Gaea (Greek mythology) goddess of the earth and mother of Cronus and the Titans in ancient mythology Hebe (Greek mythology) the goddess of youth and spring; wife of Hercules; daughter of Zeus and Hera; cupbearer to the Olympian gods Helios (Greek mythology) ancient god of the sun; drove his chariot across the sky each day; identified with Roman Sol Icarus (Greek mythology) son of Daedalus; while escaping from Crete with his father (using the wings Daedalus had made) he flew too close to the sun and the wax melted and he fell into the Aegean and drowned Sol (Roman mythology) ancient Roman god; personification of the sun; counterpart of Greek Helios Hecate (Greek mythology) Greek goddess of fertility who later became associated with Persephone as goddess of the underworld and protector of witches Hephaestus (Greek mythology) the lame god of fire and metalworking in ancient mythology; identified with Roman Vulcan Vulcan (Roman mythology) god of fire and metal working; counterpart of Greek Hephaestus Hermes (Greek mythology) messenger and herald of the gods; god of commerce and cunning and invention and theft; identified with Roman Mercury Hermaphroditus (Greek mythology) son of Hermes and Aphrodite who merged with the nymph Salmacis to form one body Hygeia (Greek mythology) the goddess of health; daughter of Aesculapius and sister of Panacea Panacea (Greek mythology) the goddess of healing; daughter of Aesculapius and sister of Hygeia Hera queen of the Olympian gods in ancient Greek mythology; sister and wife of Zeus remembered for her jealously of the many mortal women Zeus fell in love with; identified with Roman Juno Janus (Roman mythology) the Roman god of doorways and passages; is depicted with two faces on opposite sides of his head Juno (Roman mythology) queen of the Olympian gods who protected marriage; wife and sister of Jupiter; counterpart of Greek Hera Hestia (Greek mythology) the goddess of the hearth and its fire in ancient mythology; identified with Roman Vesta Hymen (Greek mythology) the god of marriage Hyperion (Greek mythology) a Titan who was the son of Gaea and Uranus and the father of Helios and Selene and Eos in ancient mythology Minos son of Zeus and Europa; king of ancient Crete; ordered Daedalus to build the labyrinth; after death Minos became a judge in the underworld Ariadne beautiful daughter of Minos and Pasiphae; she fell in love with Theseus and gave him the thread with which he found his way out of the Minotaur's labyrinth Moirai any of the three Greek goddesses of fate or destiny; identified with the Roman Parcae and similar to the Norse Norns Parcae any of the three Roman goddesses of fate or destiny; identified with the Greek Moirai and similar to the Norse Norns Clotho the Greek goddess of fate who spins the thread of life Lachesis the Greek goddess of fate who determines the length of the thread of life Atropos the Greek goddess of fate who cuts the thread of life Momus god of blame and mockery Muse in ancient Greek mythology any of 9 daughters of Zeus and Mnemosyne; protector of an art or science Calliope (Greek mythology) the Muse of epic poetry Clio (Greek mythology) the Muse of history Erato (Greek mythology) the Muse of lyric and love poetry Euterpe (Greek mythology) the Muse of music (or the flute) a monocotyledonous genus of graceful palm trees in tropical America Melpomene (Greek mythology) the Muse of tragedy Polyhymnia (Greek mythology) the Muse of singing and mime and sacred dance Terpsichore (Greek mythology) the Muse of the dance and of choral song Urania (Greek mythology) the Muse of astronomy Nemesis (Greek mythology) the goddess of divine retribution and vengeance Nereus (Greek mythology) a sea god son of Pontus and Gaea; lived in the depths of the sea with his wife Doris and their daughters the Nereids Nike (Greek mythology) winged goddess of victory; identified with Roman Victoria Ouranos (Greek mythology) god of the heavens; son and husband of Gaea and father of the Titans in ancient mythology Faunus (Roman mythology) ancient rural deity; later considered a counterpart of Greek Pan Pasiphae (Greek mythology) daughter of Helios and mother of Ariadne Poseidon (Greek mythology) the god of the sea and earthquakes in ancient mythology; brother of Zeus and Hades and Hera; identified with Roman Neptune Persephone (Greek mythology) daughter of Zeus and Demeter; made queen of the underworld by Pluto in ancient mythology; identified with Roman Proserpina Procrustes (Greek mythology) a mythical giant who was a thief and murderer; he would capture people and tie them to an iron bed, stretching them or hacking off their legs to make them fit; was killed by Theseus Proserpina goddess of the underworld; counterpart of Greek Persephone Hades (Greek mythology) the god of the underworld in ancient mythology; brother of Zeus and husband of Persephone Pythia (Greek mythology) the priestess of Apollo at Delphi who transmitted the oracles Priapus (classical mythology) god of male procreative power and guardian of gardens and vineyards Rhadamanthus (Greek mythology) a judge of the dead in the underworld Luna (Roman mythology) the goddess of the Moon; counterpart of Greek Selene Eos (Greek mythology) the winged goddess of the dawn in ancient mythology; daughter of Hyperion; identified with Roman Aurora Eurydice (Greek mythology) the wife of Orpheus Orpheus (Greek mythology) a great musician; when his wife Eurydice died he went to Hades to get her back but failed Aurora (Roman mythology) goddess of the dawn; counterpart of Greek Eos Tellus (Roman mythology) goddess of the earth; protector of marriage and fertility; identified with Greek Gaea Titaness (Greek mythology) any of the primordial giant goddesses who were offspring of Uranus (heaven) and Gaea (earth) in ancient mythology Tyche (Greek mythology) the goddess of fortune; identified with Roman Fortuna Fortuna (Roman mythology) the goddess of fortune and good luck; counterpart of Greek Tyche Zephyr (Greek mythology) the Greek god of the west wind Jupiter Fulgur an epithet for Jupiter Jupiter Tonans an epithet for Jupiter Jupiter Pluvius an epithet for Jupiter Jupiter Optimus Maximus an epithet for Jupiter Jupiter Fidius an epithet for Jupiter Oceanus (Greek mythology) god of the stream that flowed around the earth in ancient mythology Cocus (Greek mythology) one of the Titans Crius (Greek mythology) one of the Titans Iapetus (Greek mythology) the Titan who was father of Atlas and Epimetheus and Prometheus in ancient mythology vestal virgin (Roman mythology) one of the virgin priestesses consecrated to the Roman goddess Vesta and to maintaining the sacred fire in her temple Atlas (Greek mythology) a Titan who was forced by Zeus to bear the sky on his shoulders Epimetheus (Greek mythology) brother of Prometheus; despite Prometheus's warning against gifts from Zeus he accepted Pandora as his wife Prometheus (Greek mythology) the Titan who stole fire from Olympus and gave it to mankind; Zeus punished him by chaining him to a rock where an eagle gnawed at his liver until Hercules rescued him Thea (Greek mythology) the Titaness who was mother of Helios and Selene and Eos in ancient mythology Rhea fertility goddess in ancient Greek mythology; wife of Cronus and mother of Zeus; identified with Roman Ops and Cybele of ancient Asia Minor Ops (Roman mythology) goddess of abundance and fertility; wife of Saturn; counterpart of Greek Rhea and Cybele of ancient Asia Minor Sylvanus (Roman mythology) god of woods and fields and flocks; Pan is the Greek counterpart Agdistis Asiatic epithet for Rhea or Cybele Themis (Greek mythology) the Titaness who was goddess of justice in ancient mythology Mnemosyne (Greek mythology) the Titaness who was goddess of memory; mother of the Muses Phoebe (Greek mythology) a Titaness who became identified with Artemis as goddess of the Moon Tethys (Greek mythology) a Titaness and sea goddess; wife of Oceanus Psyche (Greek mythology) a beautiful princess loved by Cupid who visited her at night and told her she must not try to see him; became the personification of the soul Leto wife or mistress of Zeus and mother of Apollo and Artemis in ancient mythology; called Latona in Roman mythology Pandora (Greek mythology) the first woman; created by Hephaestus on orders from Zeus who presented her to Epimetheus along with a box filled with evils Norse deity a deity worshipped by the ancient Norsemen Aesir (Norse mythology) the chief of gods living at Asgard Andvari (Norse mythology) a dwarf who possessed a treasure that was stolen by Loki Vanir (Norse mythology) group of ancient gods sometimes in conflict with the Aesir Balder (Norse mythology) god of light and peace and noted for his beauty and sweet nature; son of Odin and Frigg and husband of Nanna; killed by Hoth Bragi (Norse mythology) god of poetry and music; son of Odin Elli (Norse mythology) goddess of old age who defeated Thor in a wrestling match Forseti (Norse mythology) god of justice; son of Balder and Nanna Frey (Norse mythology) god of earth's fertility and peace and prosperity; son of Njorth and brother of Freya; originally of the Vanir; later with the Aesir Freya (Norse mythology) goddess of love and fecundity; daughter of Njorth and sister of Frey Frigg (Norse mythology) goddess of the heavens and married love; wife of Odin Heimdall (Norse mythology) god of dawn and light; guardian of Asgard Hel (Norse mythology) goddess of the dead and queen of the underworld Hoenir (Norse mythology) one of the Aesir having a strong and beautiful body but a dull mind Hoth (Norse mythology) a blind god; misled by Loki, he kills his brother Balder by throwing a shaft of mistletoe Idun (Norse mythology) goddess of spring and wife of Bragi; guarded the apples that kept the gods eternally young Jotun (Norse mythology) one of a group of giants often in conflict with the Aesir Loki (Norse mythology) trickster; god of discord and mischief; contrived death of Balder and was overcome by Thor Mimir (Norse mythology) giant who lives in the roots of Yggdrasil and guards the well of wisdom Njord (Norse mythology) chief of the Vanir; god of the sea and winds and prosperity; father of Frey and Freya; sometimes subsumes Teutonic Nerthus Norn (Norse mythology) any of the three goddesses of destiny; identified with Anglo-Saxon Wyrd; similar to Greek Moirae and Roman Parcae Urd goddess of fate: a giantess who personified the past Verdandi goddess of fate: an elf who personified the present Skuld goddess of fate: a dwarf who personified the future Odin (Norse mythology) ruler of the Aesir; supreme god of war and poetry and knowledge and wisdom (for which he gave an eye) and husband of Frigg; identified with the Teutonic Wotan Sif (Norse mythology) wife of Thor and guardian of the home Sigyn (Norse mythology) wife of Loki; held a cup over him during his punishment to spare him the pain of drops of poison Thor (Norse mythology) god of thunder and rain and farming; pictured as wielding a hammer emblematic of the thunderbolt; identified with Teutonic Donar Tyr (Norse mythology) god of war and strife and son of Odin; identified with Anglo-Saxon Tiu Ull (Norse mythology) one of the Aesir known for his beauty and skill with bow and skis; son of Sif and stepson of Thor Vali (Norse mythology) one of the Aesir and avenger of Balder; son of Odin Vitharr (Norse mythology) one of the Aesir; son of Odin; avenges his parent by slaying Fenrir at Ragnarok Fenrir (Norse mythology) an enormous wolf that was fathered by Loki and that killed Odin Volund (Norse mythology) a wonderful smith; identified with Anglo-Saxon Wayland and Teutonic Wieland Yggdrasil (Norse mythology) a huge ash tree whose roots and branches hold the earth and Heaven and Hell together Ymir (Norse mythology) the primeval giant slain by Odin and his brothers and from whose body they created the world: the sea from his blood; the earth from his flesh; the mountains from his bones; the sky from his skull Wayland (European mythology) a supernatural smith and king of the elves; identified with Norse Volund Teutonic deity (German mythology) a deity worshipped by the ancient Teutons Donar the Teutonic god of thunder; counterpart of Norse Thor Nerthus the Teutonic goddess of fertility; later identified with Norse Njord Wotan supreme Teutonic god; counterpart of Norse Odin and Anglo-Saxon Woden Anglo-Saxon deity (Anglo-Saxon mythology) a deity worshipped by the Anglo-Saxons Tiu god of war and sky; counterpart of Norse Tyr Woden chief god; counterpart of Norse Odin and Teutonic Wotan Wyrd fate personified; any one of the three Weird Sisters Eve (Old Testament) Adam's wife in Judeo-Christian mythology: the first woman and mother of the human race; God created Eve from Adam's rib and placed Adam and Eve in the Garden of Eden Cain (Old Testament) Cain and Abel were the first children of Adam and Eve born after the Fall of Man; Cain killed Abel out of jealousy and was exiled by God Abel (Old Testament) Cain and Abel were the first children of Adam and Eve born after the Fall of Man; Abel was killed by Cain Norwegian mathematician (1802-1829) Seth (Old Testament) third son of Adam and Eve; given by God in place of the murdered Abel fictional character an imaginary person represented in a work of fiction (play or film or story); "she is the main character in the novel" Ajax a mythical Greek hero; a warrior who fought against Troy in the Iliad Aladdin in the Arabian Nights a boy who acquires a magic lamp from which he can summon a genie Argonaut (Greek mythology) one of the heroes who sailed with Jason in search of the Golden Fleece Babar an imaginary elephant that appears in a series of French books for children Beatrice the woman who guided Dante through Paradise in the Divine Comedy Beowulf the legendary hero of an anonymous Old English epic poem composed in the early 8th century; he slays a monster and becomes king but dies fighting a dragon Bluebeard (fairytale) a monstrous villain who marries seven women; he kills the first six for disobedience Bond British secret operative 007 in novels by Ian Fleming United States civil rights leader who was elected to the legislature in Georgia but was barred from taking his seat because he opposed the Vietnam War (born 1940) Brunhild a Valkyrie or a queen in the Nibelungenlied who loved the hero Siegfried; when he deceived her she had him killed and then committed suicide Valkyrie (Norse mythology) one of the maidens of Odin who chose heroes to be slain in battle and conducted them to Valhalla Brer Rabbit the fictional character of a rabbit who appeared in tales supposedly told by Uncle Remus and first published in 1880 Bunyan a legendary giant lumberjack of the north woods of the United States and Canada; "Paul Bunyan had a blue ox named Babe"; "the lakes of Minnesota began when Paul Bunyan and Babe's footprints filled with water" English preacher and author of an allegorical novel, Pilgrim's Progress (1628-1688) John Henry hero of American folk tales; portrayed as an enormously strong black man who worked on the railroads and died from exhaustion after winning a contest with a steam drill Cheshire cat a fictional cat with a broad fixed smile on its face; created by Lewis Carroll Chicken Little a fictional character who was hit on the head with an acorn and believed that the sky was falling Cinderella a fictional young girl who is saved from her stepmother and stepsisters by her fairy godmother and a handsome prince a woman whose merits were not been recognized but who then achieves sudden success and recognition Colonel Blimp a pompous reactionary cartoon character created by Sir David Low any elderly pompous reactionary ultranationalistic person (after the cartoon character created by Sir David Low) Dracula fictional vampire in a gothic horror novel by Bram Stoker comprises tropical American species usually placed in genus Masdevallia: diminutive plants having bizarre and often sinister-looking flowers with pendulous scapes and motile lips Jason (Greek mythology) the husband of Medea and leader of the Argonauts who sailed in quest of the Golden Fleece Medea (Greek mythology) a princess of Colchis who aided Jason in taking the Golden Fleece from her father Laertes (Greek mythology) the father of Odysseus Odysseus (Greek mythology) a famous mythical Greek hero; his return to Ithaca after the siege of Troy was described in the Odyssey Ulysses (Roman mythology) Roman spelling for Odysseus Theseus (Greek mythology) a hero and king of Athens who was noted for his many great deeds: killed Procrustes and the Minotaur and defeated the Amazons and united Attica Tantalus (Greek mythology) a wicked king and son of Zeus; condemned in Hades to stand in water that receded when he tried to drink and beneath fruit that receded when he reached for it Phrygian deity deity of the ancient Phrygians of west central Asia Minor Cybele great nature goddess of ancient Phrygia in Asia Minor; counterpart of Greek Rhea and Roman Ops Achilles a mythical Greek hero of the Iliad; a foremost Greek warrior at the siege of Troy; when he was a baby his mother tried to make him immortal by bathing him in a magical river but the heel by which she held him remained vulnerable--his `Achilles' heel' Aeneas a mythical Greek warrior who was a leader on the Trojan side of the Trojan War; hero of the Aeneid Atreus (Greek mythology) the king of Mycenae and father of Agamemnon and of Menelaus Agamemnon (Greek mythology) the king who lead the Greeks against Troy in the Trojan War Menelaus (Greek mythology) the king of Sparta at the time of the Trojan War; brother of Agamemnon; husband of Helen Iphigenia (Greek mythology) the daughter of Clytemnestra and Agamemnon; Agamemnon was obliged to offer her as a sacrifice to Artemis when the Greek fleet was becalmed on its way to Troy; Artemis rescued her and she later became a priestess Clytemnestra (Greek mythology) wife of Agamemnon who had him murdered when he returned from the Trojan War Aegisthus (Greek mythology) the seducer of Clytemnestra and murderer of Agamemnon who usurped the throne of Mycenae until Agamemnon's son Orestes returned home and killed him Orestes (Greek mythology) the son of Agamemnon and Clytemnestra; his sister Electra persuaded him to avenge Agamemnon's death by killing Clytemnestra and Aegisthus Cassandra (Greek mythology) a prophetess in Troy during the Trojan War whose predictions were true but were never believed Antigone (Greek mythology) the daughter of King Oedipus who disobeyed her father and was condemned to death Creon (Greek mythology) the brother of Jocasta and uncle of Antigone who became king of Thebes after the fall of Oedipus Jocasta (Greek mythology) queen of Thebes who unknowingly married her own son Oedipus Electra (Greek mythology) the daughter of Agamemnon and Clytemnestra; persuaded her brother (Orestes) to avenge Agamemnon's death by helping her to kill Clytemnestra and her lover (Aegisthus) Laocoon (Greek mythology) the priest of Apollo who warned the Trojans to beware of Greeks bearing gifts when they wanted to accept the Trojan Horse; a god who favored the Greeks (Poseidon or Athena) sent snakes who coiled around Laocoon and his two twin sons killing them Laius (Greek mythology) king of Thebes who was unwittingly killed by his son Oedipus Myrmidon (Greek mythology) a member of the warriors who followed Achilles on the expedition against Troy Oedipus (Greek mythology) a tragic king of Thebes who unknowingly killed his father Laius and married his mother Jocasta; the subject of the drama `Oedipus Rex' by Sophocles Tiresias (Greek mythology) the blind prophet of Thebes who revealed to Oedipus that Oedipus had murdered his father and married his mother Peleus a king of the Myrmidons and father of Achilles Don Quixote the hero of a romance by Cervantes; chivalrous but impractical any impractical idealist (after Cervantes' hero) El Cid the hero of a Spanish epic poem from the 12th century Fagin a villainous Jew in a novel by Charles Dickens; "Fagin was a fence who trained boys as pickpockets" Falstaff a dissolute character in Shakespeare's plays Father Brown a Catholic priest who was the hero of detective stories by G. K. Chesterton Faust an alchemist of German legend who sold his soul to Mephistopheles in exchange for knowledge Frankenstein the fictional Swiss scientist who was the protagonist in a gothic novel by Mary Wollstonecraft Shelley; he created a monster from parts of corpses the monster created by Frankenstein in a gothic novel by Mary Wollstonecraft Shelley (the creator's name is commonly used to refer to his creation) an agency that escapes control and destroys its creator Goofy a cartoon character created by Walt Disney Gulliver a fictional Englishman who travels to the imaginary land of Lilliput in a satirical novel by Jonathan Swift Hamlet the hero of William Shakespeare's tragedy who hoped to avenge the murder of his father Hector (Greek mythology) a mythical Trojan who was killed by Achilles during the Trojan War Helen (Greek mythology) the beautiful daughter of Zeus and Leda who was abducted by Paris; the Greek army sailed to Troy to get her back which resulted in the Trojan War Horatio Hornblower a fictional English admiral during the Napoleonic Wars in novels written by C. S. Forester Iago the villain in William Shakespeare's tragedy who tricked Othello into murdering his wife Inspector Maigret a fictional detective in novels by Georges Simenon Kilroy a nonexistent person popularized by American servicemen during World War II; "Kilroy was here" Lear the hero of William Shakespeare's tragedy who was betrayed and mistreated by two of his scheming daughters British artist and writer of nonsense verse (1812-1888) Leda (Greek mythology) a queen of Sparta who was raped by Zeus who had taken the form of a swan; Helen of Troy was conceived in the rape of Leda Lilliputian a 6-inch tall inhabitant of Lilliput in a novel by Jonathan Swift tiny; relating to or characteristic of the imaginary country of Lilliput; "the Lilliputian population" Marlowe tough cynical detective (one of the early detective heroes in American fiction) created by Raymond Chandler English poet and playwright who introduced blank verse as a form of dramatic expression; was stabbed to death in a tavern brawl (1564-1593) Mephistopheles evil spirit to whom Faust sold his soul Micawber fictional character created by Charles Dickens; an eternal optimist Mother Goose the imaginary author of a collection of nursery rhymes Mr. Moto Japanese sleuth created by John Marquand Othello the hero of William Shakespeare's tragedy who would not trust his wife Pangloss an incurable optimist in a satire by Voltaire Pantaloon a character in the commedia dell'arte; portrayed as a foolish old man a buffoon in modern pantomimes; the butt of jokes Perry Mason fictional detective in novels by Erle Stanley Gardner Peter Pan the main character in a play and novel by J. M. Barrie; a boy who won't grow up a boyish or immature man; after the boy in Barrie's play who never grows up Pied Piper the title character in a German folk tale and in a poem by Robert Browning Pierrot a male character in French pantomime; usually dressed in white with a whitened face Huckleberry Finn a mischievous boy in a novel by Mark Twain Rip van Winkle the title character in a story by Washington Irving about a man who sleeps for 20 years and doesn't recognize the world when he wakens a person who sleeps a lot a person oblivious to social changes Ruritanian an imaginary inhabitant of Ruritania of or pertaining to or characteristic of Ruritania (or any other imaginary country) Tarzan a man raised by apes who was the hero of a series of novels by Edgar Rice Burroughs (sometimes used ironically) a man of great strength and agility (after the hero of a series of novels by Edgar Rice Burroughs) Tom Sawyer the boy hero of a novel by Mark Twain Uncle Remus the fictional storyteller of tales written in the Black Vernacular and set in the South; the tales were first collected and published in book form in 1880 Uncle Tom a servile black character in a novel by Harriet Beecher Stowe Uncle Sam a personification of the United States government Sherlock Holmes a fictitious detective in stories by A. Conan Doyle Simon Legree the cruel slave dealer in an anti-slavery novel by Harriet Beecher Stowe Sinbad the Sailor in the Arabian Nights a hero who tells of the fantastic adventures he had in his voyages Snoopy a fictional beagle in a comic strip drawn by Charles Schulz number one a reference to yourself or myself etc.; `take care of number one' means to put your own interests first adventurer a person who enjoys taking risks anomalist someone who has a special interest in exceptional cases Ananias a habitual liar (after a New Testament character who was struck dead for lying) apache a Parisian gangster applicant a person who requests or seeks something such as assistance or employment or admission appointee a person who is appointed to a job or position an official who is appointed argonaut someone engaged in a dangerous but potentially rewarding adventure Ashkenazi a Jew of eastern European or German descent attendant a person who is present and participates in a meeting; "he was a regular attender at department meetings"; "the gathering satisfied both organizers and attendees" someone who waits on or tends to or attends to the needs of another occurring with or following as a consequence; "an excessive growth of bureaucracy, with attendant problems"; "snags incidental to the changeover in management"; "attendant circumstances"; "the period of tension and consequent need for military preparedness"; "the ensuant response to his appeal"; "the resultant savings were considerable"; "collateral target damage from a bombing run" being present (at a meeting or event, etc.); "attendant members of the congregation" auctioneer an agent who conducts an auction behaviorist a psychologist who subscribes to behaviorism benefactor a person who helps people or institutions (especially with financial help) benefactress a woman benefactor capitalist a person who invests capital in a business (especially a large business) a conservative advocate of capitalism of or relating to capitalism or capitalists; "a capitalist nation"; "capitalistic methods and incentives" captor a person who captures and holds people or animals changer a person who changes something; "an inveterate changer of the menu" coadjutor an assistant to a bishop cofounder one of a group of founders color-blind person a person unable to distinguish differences in hue commoner a person who holds no title communicator a person who communicates with others Conservative Jew Jew who keeps some requirements of Mosaic law but adapts others to suit modern circumstances conservator someone appointed by a court to assume responsibility for the interests of a minor or incompetent person contestee a winner (of a race or an election etc.) whose victory is contested contester someone who contests an outcome (of a race or an election etc.) Contra a member of the guerrilla force that opposed a left-wing government in Nicaragua contrapuntist a composer who specializes in counterpoint contrarian an investor who deliberately decides to go against the prevailing wisdom of other investors consumer a person who uses goods or services contadino an Italian farmer contestant a person who participates in competitions coon an eccentric or undignified rustic; "I'll be a gone coon when the battle starts" cosigner one of two or more signers of the same document (as a treaty or declaration) a signer in addition to the principal signer (to verify the authenticity of the principal signature or to provide surety) coward a person who shows fear or timidity creator a person who grows or makes or invents things defender a person who cares for persons or property a fighter who holds out against attack discussant a participant in a formal discussion disputant a person who disputes; who is good at or enjoys controversy engineer a person who uses scientific knowledge to solve practical problems the operator of a railway locomotive design as an engineer; "He engineered the water supply project" enologist a specialist in wine making entertainer a person who tries to please or amuse eulogist an orator who delivers eulogies or panegyrics excavator a workman who excavates for foundations of buildings or for quarrying ex-gambler a former gambler ex-mayor a former mayor experimenter a research worker who conducts experiments a person who enjoys testing innovative ideas; "she was an experimenter in new forms of poetry" expert a person with special knowledge or ability who performs skillfully ex-president a former president gypsy a person who resembles a Gypsy in leading an unconventional, nomadic way of life individualist a person who pursues independent thought or action marked by or expressing individuality; "an individualistic way of dressing" inhabitant a person who inhabits a particular place innocent a person who lacks knowledge of evil (used of things) lacking sense or awareness; "fine innocent weather" lacking intent or capacity to injure; "an innocent prank" free from evil or guilt; "an innocent child"; "the principle that one is innocent until proved guilty" lacking in sophistication or worldliness; "a child's innocent stare"; "his ingenuous explanation that he would not have burned the church if he had not thought the bishop was in it" intellectual a person who uses the mind creatively appealing to or using the intellect; "satire is an intellectual weapon"; "intellectual workers engaged in creative literary or artistic or scientific labor"; "has tremendous intellectual sympathy for oppressed people"; "coldly intellectual"; "sort of the intellectual type"; "intellectual literature" of or associated with or requiring the use of the mind; "intellectual problems"; "the triumph of the rational over the animal side of man" juvenile a young person, not fully developed of or relating to or characteristic of or appropriate for children or young people; "juvenile diabetes"; "juvenile fashions" lover a person who loves someone or is loved by someone a significant other to whom you are not related by marriage loved one a person who you love, usually a member of your family leader a person who rules or guides or inspires others mediator a negotiator who acts as a link between parties mediatrix a woman who is a mediator money handler a person who receives or invests or pays out money monochromat a person who is completely color-blind naprapath a therapist who practices naprapathy national a person who owes allegiance to that nation; "a monarch has a duty to his subjects" concerned with or applicable to or belonging to an entire nation or country; "the national government"; "national elections"; "of national concern"; "the national highway system"; "national forests" limited to or in the interests of a particular nation; "national interests"; "isolationism is a strictly national policy" owned or maintained for the public by the national government; "national parks" of or relating to or belonging to a nation or country; "national hero"; "national anthem"; "a national landmark" of or relating to nationality; "national origin" characteristic of or peculiar to the people of a nation; "a national trait" nativist a philosopher who subscribes to nativism of or relating to or advocating nativism; "nativist theories"; "the traditional controversy between the nativistic and empiristic theories" advocating the perpetuation of native societies; "the old nativist prejudice against the foreign businessman"; "the nativistic faith preaches the old values"- C.K.Kluckhohn nonreligious person a person who does not manifest devotion to a deity nonworker a person who does nothing peer a person who is of equal standing with another in a group a nobleman (duke or marquis or earl or viscount or baron) who is a member of the British peerage look searchingly; "We peered into the back of the shop to see whether a salesman was around" perceiver a person who becomes aware (of things or events) through the senses percher a person situated on a perch precursor a person who goes before or announces the coming of another a substance from which another substance is formed (especially by a metabolic reaction) preteen a preadolescent boy or girl (usually between 9 and 12 years of age); "little league is intended for the preteens" of or relating to or designed for children between the ages of 9 and 12; "a preteen party"; "preteen clothing" prize winner the winner of a lottery recipient a person who receives something religious person a person who manifests devotion to a deity religionist a person addicted to religion or a religious zealot sensualist a person who enjoys sensuality ticket agent someone who sells tickets (e.g., theater seats or travel accommodations) ticket holder holder of a ticket (for admission or for passage) traveler a person who changes location unfortunate a person who suffers misfortune unsuitable or regrettable; "an unfortunate choice of words"; "an unfortunate speech" not favored by fortune; marked or accompanied by or resulting in ill fortune; "an unfortunate turn of events"; "an unfortunate decision"; "unfortunate investments"; "an unfortunate night for all concerned" unwelcome person a person who for some reason is not wanted or welcome unpleasant person a person who is not pleasant or agreeable unskilled person a person who lacks technical training wrongdoer a person who transgresses moral or civil law African a native or inhabitant of Africa of or relating to the nations of Africa or their peoples; "African languages" Black African an African who is Black Afrikaner a white native of Cape Province who is a descendant of Dutch settlers and who speaks Afrikaans Aryan a member of the prehistoric people who spoke Proto-Indo European (according to Nazi doctrine) a Caucasian person of Nordic descent (and not a Jew) person of color (formal) any non-European non-white person Black a person with African ancestry, "Negro" and "Negroid" are archaic and pejorative today popular child actress of the 1930's (born in 1928) British chemist who identified carbon dioxide and who formulated the concepts of specific heat and latent heat (1728-1799) soul brother a fellow Black man mulatto an offspring of a black and a white parent quadroon an offspring of a mulatto and a white parent; a person who is one-quarter black octoroon an offspring of a quadroon and a white parent; a person who is one-eighth black Semite a member of a group of Semitic-speaking peoples of the Middle East and northern Africa of or relating to or characteristic of Semites; "Semite peoples" Chaldean an inhabitant of ancient Chaldea a wise man skilled in occult learning of or relating to ancient Chaldea or its people or language or culture Assyrian an inhabitant of ancient Assyria Elamite a member of an ancient warlike people living in Elam east of Babylonia as early as 3000 BC white man a man who is White white woman a woman who is White white trash (slang) an offensive term for White people who are impoverished whitey (slang) offensive names for a White man WASP a white person of Anglo-Saxon ancestry who belongs to a Protestant denomination Asian a native or inhabitant of Asia of or relating to or characteristic of Asia or the peoples of Asia or their languages or culture; "Asian countries" Asian American an American who is of Asian descent coolie (ethnic slur) an offensive name for an unskilled Asian laborer Evenki a member of the people inhabiting an area of northern Mongolia and eastern Siberia Mongol a member of the nomadic peoples of Mongolia of or relating to the region of Mongolia or its people or their languages or cultures; "the Mongol invaders"; "a Mongolian pony"; "Mongolian syntax strongly resembles Korean syntax" Amerindian any member of the peoples living in North or South America before the Europeans arrived Anasazi a Native American who lived in what is now southern Colorado and Utah and northern Arizona and New Mexico and who built cliff dwellings Mayan a member of an American Indian people of Yucatan and Belize and Guatemala who had a culture (which reached its peak between AD 300 and 900) characterized by outstanding architecture and pottery and astronomy; "Mayans had a system of writing and an accurate calendar" Aztec a member of the Nahuatl people who established an empire in Mexico that was overthrown by Cortes in 1519 Olmec a member of an early Mesoamerican civilization centered around Veracruz that flourished between 1300 and 400 BC Toltec a member of the Nahuatl speaking people of central and southern Mexico Plains Indian a member of one of the tribes of American Indians who lived a nomadic life following the buffalo in the Great Plains of North America Brule a member of a group of Siouan people who constituted a division of the Teton Sioux Chimakum a member of the Salishan people living in northwestern Washington Chinook a member of an important North American Indian people who controlled the mouth of the Columbia river; they were organized into settlements rather than tribes Conoy a member of an Algonquian people formerly living in Maryland between Chesapeake Bay and the Potomac river; allies of the Nanticoke people Creek any member of the Creek Confederacy (especially the Muskogee) formerly living in Georgia and Alabama but now chiefly in Oklahoma Essene a member of an ascetic Jewish sect around the time of Jesus said of or relating to the Essenes Eyeish a member of the Caddo people of northeastern Texas Halchidhoma a member of a North American Indian people of the Colorado river valley near the mouth of the Gila river; allied to the Maricopa Iroquois any member of the warlike North American Indian peoples formerly living in New York State; the Iroquois League were allies of the British during the American Revolution Kalapooia a member of the North American Indian people of Oregon Kichai a member of a Caddo people formerly living in north central Texas Maidu a member of a North American Indian people living east of the Sacramento river in California Miniconju a member of a group of Siouan people who constituted a division of the Teton Sioux Miwok a member of the North American Indian people living in the central Sierra Nevada in California Passamaquody a member of the Algonquian people related to the Malecite and living in northeastern Maine and New Brunswick Redskin (slang) offensive term for Native Americans Sauk a member of the Algonquian people formerly living in Wisconsin in the Fox River valley and on the shores of Green Bay Sihasapa a member of a group of Siouan people who constituted a division of the Teton Sioux Sioux a member of a group of North American Indian peoples who spoke a Siouan language and who ranged from Lake Michigan to the Rocky Mountains Teton a member of the large western branch of Sioux people which was made up of several groups that lived on the plains Takelma a member of a North American Indian people of southwestern Oregon Taracahitian a member of a group of peoples of Mexico Tarahumara a member of the Taracahitian people of north central Mexico Two Kettle a member of the Siouan people who constituted a division of the Teton Sioux Wampanoag a member of the Algonquian people of Rhode Island and Massachusetts who greeted the Pilgrims Yokuts a member of the North American Indian people of the San Joaquin Valley Zuni a member of the Pueblo people living in western New Mexico Indian a native or inhabitant of India of or pertaining to Native Americans or their culture or languages; "Native American religions"; "Indian arrowheads" of or relating to or characteristic of India or the East Indies or their peoples or languages or cultures; "the Indian subcontinent"; "Indian saris" Gond a member of a formerly tribal people in south central India Kanarese a member of a Kannada-speaking group of people living chiefly in Kanara in southern India Kolam a member of a formerly tribal people now living in south central India Maratha a member of a people of India living in Maharashtra Aborigine a member of the people living in Australia when Europeans arrived Slavic people group of people speaking a Slavonic language Slav any member of the people of eastern Europe or Asian Russia who speak a Slavonic language speaking a Slavic language; "the Slav population of Georgia" Acadian an early French settler in the Maritimes Cajun a Louisianian descended from Acadian immigrants from Nova Scotia (`Cajun' comes from `Acadian') Anabaptist adherent of Anabaptism Mennonite a member of an Anabaptist movement in Holland noted for its simplicity of life Amish an American follower of the Mennonite religion Dunker an adherent of Baptistic doctrines (who practice baptism by immersion) Christian a religious person who believes Jesus is the Christ and who is a member of a Christian denomination relating to or characteristic of Christianity; "Christian rites" Christian Scientist a member of the Protestant church founded in the United States by Mary Baker Eddy Adventist a member of Christian denomination that expects the imminent advent of Christ gentile a Christian; "Christians refer to themselves as gentiles" a Christian as contrasted with a Jew a person who is not a member of one's own religion; used in this sense by Mormons and Hindus belonging to or characteristic of non-Jewish peoples Protestant an adherent of Protestantism of or relating to Protestants or Protestantism; "Protestant churches"; "a Protestant denomination" Friend a member of the Religious Society of Friends founded by George Fox (the Friends have never called themselves Quakers) Catholic a member of a Catholic church of or relating to or supporting Catholicism; "the Catholic Church" non-Catholic a religious person who is not a Catholic Anglican Catholic a member of the Anglican Church who emphasizes its Catholic character Greek Catholic a member of the Greek Orthodox Church papist an offensive term for Roman Catholics; originally, a Roman Catholic who was a strong advocate of the papacy Old Catholic a member of the church formed in the 19th century by German Catholics who refused to accept the infallibility of the Pope Uniat a member of the Uniat Church Copt a member of the Coptic Church an Egyptian descended from the ancient Egyptians Jew a person belonging to the worldwide group claiming descent from Jacob (or converted to it) and connected by cultural or religious ties Jewess a woman who is a Jew kike (ethnic slur) offensive term for a Jew Muslim a believer in or follower of Islam of or relating to or supporting Islamism; "Islamic art" Islamist an orthodox Muslim a scholar who knowledgeable in Islamic studies Almoravid a member of a Muslim dynasty of Berber warriors that flourished from 1049 to 1145 and that established political dominance over northwestern Africa and Spain Jihadist a Muslim who is involved in a jihad Shiite a member of the branch of Islam that regards Ali as the legitimate successor to Mohammed and rejects the first three caliphs Sunnite a member of the branch of Islam that accepts the first four caliphs as rightful successors to Muhammad Buddhist one who follows the teachings of Buddha of or relating to or supporting Buddhism; "Buddhist sculpture" Zen Buddhist an adherent of the doctrines of Zen Buddhism Mahayanist an adherent of Mahayana Buddhism Hinayanist an adherent of Hinayana Buddhism Lamaist (Buddhism) an adherent of Lamaism Tantrist an adherent of Tantrism Hindu a person who adheres to Hinduism a native or inhabitant of Hindustan or India of or relating to or supporting Hinduism; "the Hindu faith" swami a Hindu religious teacher; used as a title of respect chela a Hindu disciple of a swami Jainist a believer in Jainism Shaktist worshipper of Shakti Shivaist worshipper of Shiva Vaishnava worshipper of Vishnu Shintoist a believer in Shintoism Mithraist adherent of Mithraism Zoroastrian follower of Zoroaster and Zoroastrianism of or pertaining to Zoroaster or the religion he founded Eurafrican a person of mixed European and African descent relating to or coming from Europe and Africa Eurasian a person of mixed European and Asian descent relating to, or coming from, Europe and Asia; "His mother was Eurasian, and his father Chinese"; "the Eurasian landmass is the largest in the world" European a native or inhabitant of Europe of or relating to or characteristic of Europe or the people of Europe; "European Community" sahib formerly a term of respect for important white Europeans in colonial India; used after the name memsahib a woman sahib Celt a member of a European people who once occupied Britain and Spain and Gaul prior to Roman times Gael a Gaelic-speaking Celt in Ireland or Scotland or the Isle of Man Briton an inhabitant of southern Britain prior to the Anglo-Saxon invasions characteristic of or associated with the Britons; "the Briton inhabitants of England" Galatian a native or inhabitant of Galatia in Asia Minor (especially a member of a people believed to have been Gauls who conquered Galatia in the 3rd century BC) Frank a member of the ancient Germanic peoples who spread from the Rhine into the Roman Empire in the 4th century Salian Frank a member of the tribe of Franks who settled in the Netherlands in the 4th century AD Teuton a member of the ancient Germanic people who migrated from Jutland to southern Gaul and were annihilated by the Romans someone (especially a German) who speaks a Germanic language Afghan a native or inhabitant of Afghanistan Kafir a member of the Kafir people in northeastern Afghanistan Algerian a native or inhabitant of Algeria of or relating to or characteristic of Algeria or its inhabitants; "Algerian towns" Andorran a native or inhabitant of Andorra of or relating to or characteristic of Andorra or its people; "the Andorran hills" Angolan a native or inhabitant of Angola of or relating to or characteristic of Angola or its people; "the Angolan Civil War" Angolese a member of the Bantu tribes resident in Angola Anguillan a native or inhabitant of the island of Anguilla in the West Indies of or relating to or characteristic of Anguilla or its people; "Anguillan sea food specialties" Antiguan a native or inhabitant of Antigua of or relating to or characteristic of Antigua or its people; "Antiguan islands" Argentinian a native or inhabitant of Argentina Austrian a native or inhabitant of Austria of or relating to Austria or its people or culture; "Austrian music" Bahamian a native or inhabitant of the Bahamas of or relating to or characteristic of the Bahama Islands or their inhabitants; "Bahamian population" Bahraini a native or inhabitant of Bahrain of or relating to or characteristic of Bahrain or its people or language; "Bahraini beaches" Bangladeshi a native or inhabitant of Bangladesh of or relating to or characteristic of Bangladesh or its people or language; "Bangladeshi dialects" Basotho a member of a subgroup of people who inhabit Lesotho Hutu a member of a Bantu people living in Rwanda and Burundi Tutsi a member of a Bantu speaking people living in Rwanda and Burundi Barbadian a native or inhabitant of Barbados of or relating to or characteristic of Barbados or its inhabitants; "a Barbadian vacation" Belgian a native or inhabitant of Belgium of or relating to or characteristic of Belgium or the Belgian people; "the Belgian Queen" Beninese a native or inhabitant of Benin of or relating to or characteristic of Benin or its people; "Benin bronzes" Bermudan a native or inhabitant of Bermuda of or relating to or characteristic of Bermuda or its inhabitants; "Bermudan beaches" Bhutanese a native or inhabitant of Bhutan of or pertaining to or characteristic of Bhutan or its people or culture or language; "Bhutanese Buddhists" Bolivian a native or inhabitant of Bolivia of or relating to or characteristic of Bolivia or its people Bornean a native or inhabitant of Borneo Brazilian a native or inhabitant of Brazil of or relating to or characteristic of Brazil or the people of Brazil Carioca a native or inhabitant of Rio de Janeiro Bruneian a native or inhabitant of Brunei of or relating to or characteristic of Brunei or its people; "Bruneian oil production" Burundian a native or inhabitant of Burundi Byelorussian a native or inhabitant of Byelorussia Byzantine a native or inhabitant of Byzantium or of the Byzantine Empire highly complex or intricate and occasionally devious; "the Byzantine tax structure"; "Byzantine methods for holding on to his chairmanship"; "convoluted legal language"; "convoluted reasoning"; "the plot was too involved"; "a knotty problem"; "got his way by labyrinthine maneuvering"; "Oh, what a tangled web we weave"- Sir Walter Scott; "tortuous legal procedures"; "tortuous negotiations lasting for months" of or relating to or characteristic of the Byzantine Empire or the ancient city of Byzantium of or relating to the Eastern Orthodox Church or the rites performed in it; "Byzantine monks"; "Byzantine rites" Cambodian a native or inhabitant of Cambodia of or relating to or characteristic of Cambodia or its people or language Cameroonian a native or inhabitant of Cameroon of or relating to or characteristic of Cameroon or its people; "the Cameroonian capital" French Canadian a Canadian descended from early French settlers and whose native language is French Canuck informal term for Canadians in general and French Canadians in particular Carthaginian a native or inhabitant of ancient Carthage of or relating to or characteristic of ancient Carthage or its people or their language; "the Punic Wars"; "Carthaginian peace" Central American a native or inhabitant of Central America of or relating to or characteristic of Central America or its people or languages Chadian a native or inhabitant of Chad of or relating to or characteristic of the Republic of Chad or its people or language; "the Chadian desert"; "Chad soldiers"; "Chadian folktales" Chewa a member of the Bantu-speaking people of Malawi and eastern Zambia and northern Zimbabwe Chilean a native or inhabitant of Chile of or relating to or characteristic of Chile or its people; "Chilean volcanoes" Colombian a native or inhabitant of Colombia of or relating to or characteristic of Colombia or its people; "Colombian coffee" Congolese a native or inhabitant of the Republic of the Congo of or relating to or characteristic of the Congo region or its people; "Congolese rulers"; "the Congolese republic" Costa Rican a native or inhabitant of Costa Rica of or relating to Costa Rica or its people; "the Costa Rican rain forest"; "our Costa Rican neighbors" Cuban a native or inhabitant of Cuba of or relating to or characteristic of Cuba or the people of Cuba; "Cuban rum" Cypriot a native or inhabitant of Cyprus Czechoslovakian a native or inhabitant of the former republic of Czechoslovakia Dane a native or inhabitant of Denmark Zealander a native or inhabitant of Zealand Djiboutian a native or inhabitant of Djibouti of or relating to Djibouti or its people or culture; "Djiboutian landscape"; "Djiboutian merchants"; "a Djiboutian storyteller" East Indian a native or inhabitant of the East Indies of or relating to or located in the East Indies Ecuadorian a native or inhabitant of Ecuador of or relating to or characteristic of Ecuador or its people; "Ecuadorian folklore" Salvadoran a native or inhabitant of El Salvador of or relating to or characteristic of El Salvador or its people; "Salvadoran coffee"; "Salvadoran guerillas" Britisher a native or inhabitant of Great Britain English person a native or inhabitant of England Englishman a man who is a native or inhabitant of England Englishwoman a woman who is a native or inhabitant of England Anglo-Saxon a native or inhabitant of England prior to the Norman Conquest a person of Anglo-Saxon (especially British) descent whose native tongue is English and whose culture is strongly influenced by English culture as in WASP for `White Anglo-Saxon Protestant'; "in the ninth century the Vikings began raiding the Anglo-Saxons in Britain"; "his ancestors were not just British, they were Anglo-Saxons" of or relating to the Anglo-Saxons or their language; "Anglo-Saxon poetry"; "The Anglo-Saxon population of Scotland" Anglo-Indian a person of English citizenship born or living in India relating to British India or the English in India Angle a member of a Germanic people who conquered England and merged with the Saxons and Jutes to become Anglo-Saxons Saxon a member of a Germanic people who conquered England and merged with the Angles and Jutes to become Anglo-Saxons; dominant in England until the Norman Conquest of or relating to or characteristic of the early Saxons or Anglo-Saxons and their descendents (especially the English or Lowland Scots) and their language; "Saxon princes"; "for greater clarity choose a plain Saxon term instead of a latinate one" Jute a member of a Germanic people who conquered England and merged with the Angles and Saxons to become Anglo-Saxons Lombard a member of a Germanic people who invaded northern Italy in the 6th century limey a man of English descent pommy a disparaging term for a British person Cantabrigian a resident of Cambridge Cornishman a man who is a native or inhabitant of Cornwall Cornishwoman a woman who is a native or resident of Cornwall Lancastrian a resident of Lancaster a member (or supporter) of the house of Lancaster of or relating to the English city of Lancaster or its residents; "Lancastrian city center" of or relating to the former English royal house or their supporters; "Lancastrian royalty" Geordie a native of Newcastle-upon-Tyne Hanoverian a member (or supporter) of the house of Hanover any of the British rulers who were members of the House of Hanover of or relating to the former English royal House of Hanover or their supporters Liverpudlian a native or resident of Liverpool of or relating to Liverpool or its people; "Liverpudlian streets"; "Liverpudlian street urchins" Londoner a native or resident of London Cockney a native of the east end of London relating to or resembling a cockney; "Cockney street urchins" Mancunian a native or resident of Manchester of or relating to or characteristic of the English city of Manchester or its residents; "Mancunian merchants" Oxonian a native or resident of Oxford of or pertaining to or characteristic of the city of Oxford, England, or its inhabitants; "his Oxonian neighbors"; "Oxonian bookstores" of or pertaining to or characteristic of Oxford University; "Oxonian education" Ethiopian a native or inhabitant of Ethiopia of or relating to or characteristic of Ethiopia or its people or languages; "Ethiopian immigrants" Fulani a member of a pastoral and nomadic people of western Africa; they are traditionally cattle herders of Muslim faith Amhara a member of the Semitic speaking people of northern Ethiopia Eritrean a native or inhabitant of Eritrea of or relating to or characteristic of Eritrea or its people; "Eritrean civil war" Finn a native or inhabitant of Finland Fleming a native of Flanders or a Flemish-speaking Belgian Scottish bacteriologist who discovered penicillin (1881-1955) British writer famous for writing spy novels about secret agent James Bond (1908-1964) Ostyak a member of the nomadic Ugrian people living in northwestern Siberia (east of the Urals) Vogul a member of a nomadic people of the northern Urals Yeniseian a member of one of the groups living in the Yenisei river valley in western Siberia Frenchman a person of French nationality Parisian a native or resident of Paris of or relating to or characteristic of Paris or its inhabitants; "Parisian restaurants can be expensive" Parisienne a female native or resident of Paris Savoyard a resident of Savoy a person who performs in the operettas of Gilbert and Sullivan Angevin a resident of Anjou Balkan an inhabitant of the Balkan Peninsula Castillian a native or inhabitant of Castile Creole a person descended from French ancestors in southern United States (especially Louisiana) a person of European descent born in the West Indies or Latin America of or relating to or characteristic of native-born persons of French descent in Louisiana; "Creole cooking" of or relating to a language that arises from contact between two other languages and has features of both; "Creole grammars" Cretan a native or inhabitant of Crete Minoan a Cretan who lived in the bronze-age culture of Crete about 3000-1100 BC of or relating to or characteristic of the Bronze Age culture of Crete; "the Minoan palace at Knossos" Gabonese a native or inhabitant of Gabon of or relating to Gabon or its inhabitants; "Gabonese hills"; "Gabonese writers" Athenian a resident of Athens of or relating to or characteristic of Athens or its inhabitants Corinthian a resident of Corinth Laconian a resident of Laconia Lesbian a resident of Lesbos Spartan a resident of Sparta of or relating to or characteristic of Sparta or its people Arcadian an inhabitant of Arcadia Theban a Greek inhabitant of ancient Thebes an Egyptian inhabitant of ancient Thebes of or relating to the Greek city of Thebes or its people or culture of or relating to the Egyptian city of Thebes or its people or culture Guatemalan a native or inhabitant of Guatemala of or relating to or characteristic of Guatemala or its residents; "Guatemalan coffee" Guyanese a native or inhabitant of Guyana of or relating to or characteristic of Guyana or its inhabitants; "the Guyanese capital" Haitian a native or inhabitant of Haiti of or relating to or characteristic of the republic of Haiti or its people; "Haitian shantytowns" Honduran a native or inhabitant of Honduras of or relating to or characteristic of Honduras or its people Moro a member of the predominantly Muslim people in the southern Philippines Netherlander a native or inhabitant of Holland Norman an inhabitant of Normandy Australian golfer (born in 1955) United States operatic soprano (born in 1945) of or relating to or characteristic of the Normans; "the Norman Invasion in 1066" of or relating to or characteristic of Normandy; "Norman beaches" Palestinian a descendant of the Arabs who inhabited Palestine of or relating to the area of Palestine and its inhabitants; "Palestinian guerrillas" Icelander a native or inhabitant of Iceland Irani a native or inhabitant of Iran; "the majority of Irani are Persian Shiite Muslims" Iraqi a native or inhabitant of Iraq; "the majority of Iraqi are Arab Shiite Muslims although Sunni Muslims control the government" of or relating to Iraq or its people or culture; "Iraqi oil"; "Iraqi refugees" Irish person a native or inhabitant of Ireland Irishman a man who is a native or inhabitant of Ireland Irishwoman a woman who is a native or inhabitant of Ireland Dubliner a resident of Dublin Paddy (ethnic slur) offensive term for a person of Irish descent Israelite a native or inhabitant of the ancient kingdom of Israel Israeli a native or inhabitant of Israel of or relating to or characteristic of Israel or its people sabra a native-born Israeli wop (ethnic slur) offensive term for a person of Italian descent Etruscan a native or inhabitant of ancient Etruria; the Etruscans influenced the Romans (who had suppressed them by about 200 BC) Neopolitan a resident of Naples Roman a resident of modern Rome an inhabitant of the ancient Roman Empire of or relating to or derived from Rome (especially ancient Rome); "Roman architecture"; "the old Roman wall" relating to or characteristic of people of Rome; "Roman virtues"; "his Roman bearing in adversity"; "a Roman nose" of or relating to or supporting Romanism; "the Roman Catholic Church" characteristic of the modern type that most directly represents the type used in ancient Roman inscriptions Venetian a resident of Venice of or relating to or characteristic of Venice or its people; "Venetian glass"; "Venetian canals" Sicilian a resident of Sicily of or relating to or characteristic of Sicily or the people of Sicily; "the Sicilian Mafia" Samnite an Oscan-speaking member of an ancient people of Campania who clashed repeatedly with the early Romans Jamaican a native or inhabitant of Jamaica of or relating to Jamaica (the island or the country) or to its inhabitants; "Jamaican rum"; "the Jamaican Prime Minister" Jap (offensive slang) offensive term for a person of Japanese descent Jordanian a native or inhabitant of Jordan of or relating to or characteristic of Jordan or its people; "Jordanian archeological sites" North Korean a Korean from North Korea of or relating to or characteristic of North Korea or its people or their culture South Korean a Korean from South Korea of or relating to or characteristic of South Korea or its people Kenyan a native or inhabitant of Kenya of or relating to or characteristic of Kenya or its people; "Kenyan mountains" Kurd a member of a largely pastoral Islamic people who live in Kurdistan; the largest ethnic group without their own state Kuwaiti a native or inhabitant of Kuwait of or relating to the capital of Kuwait or its residents; "Kuwaiti streets are lined with luxury stores" of or relating to the kingdom of Kuwait or its people; "Kuwaiti ports" Latin American a native of Latin America spic (ethnic slur) offensive term for persons of Latin American descent Lebanese a native or inhabitant of Lebanon of or relating to or characteristic of Lebanon or its people; "Lebanese mountains" Levantine (formerly) a native or inhabitant of the Levant of or relating to the Levant or its inhabitants; "the Levantine coast" Liberian a native or inhabitant of Liberia of or relating to Liberia or its people; "Liberian ship owners" Libyan a native or inhabitant of Libya of or relating to Libya or its people; "the Libyan desert"; "Libyan terrorists" Liechtensteiner a native or inhabitant of Liechtenstein of or relating to Liechtenstein or its inhabitants; "Liechtensteiner castles" Luxemburger a native or inhabitant of Luxembourg of or relating to or characteristic of the grand duchy of Luxemburg or its people of or relating to the capital city of Luxemburg; "Luxemburger streets" Madagascan a native or inhabitant of Madagascar of or relating to Madagascar or its people; "Madagascan pepper" Malawian a native or inhabitant of Malawi relating to or characteristic of Malawi or its people or culture; "Malawian hills"; "Malawian soldiers" Sabahan a Malaysian from Sabah of or pertaining to Sabah or its people; "Sabahan tribesmen" Maldivian a native or inhabitant of Maldives Malian a native or inhabitant of Mali of or relating to or characteristic of Mali or its people; "Malian deserts" Mauritanian a native or inhabitant of Mauritania of or related to the island or country of Mauritius or its inhabitants; "Mauritanian tropical fish" Mauritian a native or inhabitant of Mauritius Mexican a native or inhabitant of Mexico of or relating to Mexico or its inhabitants; "Mexican food is hot" Chicano a person of Mexican descent greaser (ethnic slur) offensive term for a person of Mexican descent Mexican-American a Mexican (or person of Mexican descent) living in the United States Montserratian a native or inhabitant of Montserrat of or relating to Montserrat or the inhabitants of Montserrat; "Montserratian natives" Moor one of the Muslim people of north Africa; of mixed Arab and Berber descent; converted to Islam in the 8th century; conqueror of Spain in the 8th century Moroccan a native or inhabitant of Morocco of or relating to or characteristic of Morocco or its people; "Moroccan mosques cannot be entered by infidels" Mozambican a native or inhabitant of Mozambique of or relating to the people of Mozambique; "Mozambican troops are at the border" of or relating to or located in Mozambique; "Mozambican towns" Namibian a native or inhabitant of Namibia of or relating to Namibia or its people Nauruan a native or inhabitant of Nauru of or relating to the island republic of Nauru or its residents Nepalese a native or inhabitant of Nepal of or pertaining to or characteristic of Nepal or its people or language or culture; "Nepalese troops massed at the border"; "Nepali mountains are among the highest in the world"; "the different Nepali words for `rice'" Gurkha a member of Hindu people descended from brahmins and Rajputs who live in Nepal a member of the Nepalese force that has been part of the British army for 200 years; known for fierceness in combat New Zealander a native or inhabitant of New Zealand of or relating to or characteristic of New Zealand or its people; "New Zealander sheep farms" Nicaraguan a native or inhabitant of Nicaragua of or relating to Nicaragua or is people; "Nicaraguan earthquakes" Nigerian a native or inhabitant of Nigeria of or relating to the people of Nigeria; "a Nigerian novelist won the Nobel Prize for literature this year" of or relating to Nigeria; "the Nigerian capital used to be Lagos" Nigerien a native or inhabitant of Niger North American a native or inhabitant of North America of or pertaining to or characteristic of the continent or countries of North America or their peoples Nova Scotian a native or inhabitant of Nova Scotia Omani a native or inhabitant of Oman of or relating to Oman or its people; "Omani oil producers"; "Omani ports" Pakistani a native or inhabitant of Pakistan of or relating to Pakistan or its people or language; "Pakistani mountain passes"; "Pakistani soldiers" Panamanian a native or inhabitant of Panama of or relating to or characteristic of Panama or its people; "Panamanian economy" Paraguayan a native or inhabitant of Paraguay of or relating to or characteristic of Paraguay or its people Peruvian a native or inhabitant of Peru of or relating to or characteristic of Peru or its people; "Peruvian artifacts" South American Indian a member of a native Indian group in South America Filipino a native or inhabitant of the Philippines of or relating to or characteristic of the Philippines or its people or customs; "the Philippine President"; "our Filipino cook" Pole a native or inhabitant of Poland polack a person of Polish descent Polynesian a native or inhabitant of Polynesia of or relating to Polynesia or its people or culture Qatari a native or inhabitant of Qatar of or concerning Qatar or its inhabitants; "the Qatari ruling family"; "Qatari oil wells" Great Russian a member of the chief stock of Russian people living in European Russia; used to distinguish ethnic Russians from other peoples incorporated into Russia Muscovite a resident of Moscow of or relating to the residents of Moscow; "Muscovite street dealers" Samoan a native or inhabitant of the Samoan Islands of or relating to Samoa or its people or language or culture; "Samoan fishing industry" Saudi a native or inhabitant of Saudi Arabia Arab a member of a Semitic people originally from the Arabian peninsula and surrounding territories who speaks Arabic and who inhabits much of the Middle East and northern Africa San Marinese a native or inhabitant of San Marino of or relating to San Marino or its people; "San Marinese castles" Sarawakian a native or inhabitant of Sarawak of or relating to Sarawak or its people; "Sarawakian beaches"; "Sarawakian natives" Viking any of the Scandinavian people who raided the coasts of Europe from the 8th to the 11th centuries Scot a native or inhabitant of Scotland Scotswoman a woman who is a Scot Senegalese a native or inhabitant of Senegal of or relating to or characteristic of Senegal or its people; "Senegalese villages"; "Senegalese herdsmen" Seychellois a native or inhabitant of Seychelles of the Seychelles or their people; "Seychellois fishermen" Siberian a native or inhabitant of Siberia of or relating to or characteristic of Siberia or the Siberians; "Siberian natural resources"; "Siberian coal miners"; "the Siberian tundra" Sierra Leonean a native or inhabitant of Sierra Leone of or relating to Sierra Leone or its people; "Sierra Leonean politics" South African a native or inhabitant of South Africa of or pertaining to or characteristic of South Africa or its people South American a native or inhabitant of South America of or pertaining to or characteristic of the continent or countries of South America or their peoples Spaniard a native or inhabitant of Spain Sudanese a native or inhabitant of Sudan of or relating to or characteristic of the African Republic of the Sudan or its people; "the Sudanese desert" Swede a native or inhabitant of Sweden British the people of Great Britain of or relating to or characteristic of Great Britain or its people or culture; "his wife is British" Sherpa a member of the Himalayan people living in Nepal and Tibet who are famous for their skill as mountaineers Swiss the natives or inhabitants of Switzerland of or relating to Switzerland or its people or culture; "the Swiss army" Syrian a native or inhabitant of Syria of or relating to or characteristic of Syria or its people or culture; "the Syrian government" Damascene a native or inhabitant of Damascus Taiwanese a native or inhabitant of Taiwan of or relating to or characteristic of the island republic on Taiwan or its residents or their language; "the Taiwanese capital is Taipeh" Tanzanian a native or inhabitant of Tanzania of or relating to the republic of Tanzania or its people Togolese a native or inhabitant of Togo of or relating to the African country of Togo or its people; "the Togolese capital" Tunisian a native or inhabitant of Tunisia of or relating to Tunisia or its inhabitants; "Tunisian archeological sites" of or relating to the city of Tunis or its residents; "Tunisian markets" Turk a native or inhabitant of Turkey Tyrolean a native or inhabitant of the Tyrol of or relating to or characteristic of the Tyrol or its people; "Tyrolean yodeling" effendi a former Turkish term of respect; especially for government officials Kazakhstani a native or inhabitant of Kazakhstan of or pertaining to Kazakhstan or to the Kazakhs or their culture Turkoman a member of a Turkic people living in Turkmenistan and neighboring areas Ugandan a native or inhabitant of Uganda of or relating to or characteristic of Uganda or its people; "Ugandan game parks" Ukranian a native or inhabitant of the Ukraine Edo a member of a west African people living in the tropical forest region of southern Nigeria Igbo a member of the largest ethnic group in southeastern Nigeria; "most Igbo are farmers" American a native or inhabitant of a North American or Central American or South American country a native or inhabitant of the United States of or relating to or characteristic of the continents and islands of the Americas; "the American hemisphere"; "American flora and fauna" of or relating to the United States of America or its people or language or culture; "American citizens"; "American English"; "the American dream" American Revolutionary leader a nationalist leader in the American Revolution and in the creation of the United States Anglo-American an American who was born in Britain or one whose ancestors were British Alabaman a native or resident of Alabama Alaskan a native or resident of Alaska relating to or characteristic of the state or people of Alaska Alaska Native a member or descendant of any of the aboriginal peoples of Alaska Arizonan a native or resident of Arizona Arkansan a native or resident of Arkansas Bay Stater a native or resident of Massachusetts Bostonian a native or resident of Boston Californian a native or resident of California of or relating to or characteristic of California or its inhabitants; "Californian beaches" Carolinian a native or resident of the Carolinas Coloradan a native or resident of Colorado Connecticuter a native or resident of Connecticut Delawarean a native or resident of Delaware Floridian a native or resident of Florida Franco-American an American who was born in France or whose ancestors were French German American an American who was born in Germany or whose ancestors were German Native Hawaiian a member or descendant of the indigenous Polynesian people who lived in the Hawaiian Islands Idahoan a native or resident of Idaho Illinoisan a native or resident of Illinois Indianan a native or resident of Indiana Iowan a native or resident of Iowa Kansan a native or resident of Kansas Kentuckian a native or resident of Kentucky Louisianan a native or resident of Louisiana Mainer a native or resident of Maine Marylander a native or resident of Maryland Michigander a native or resident of Michigan Minnesotan a native or resident of Minnesota Mississippian a native or resident of Mississippi from 345 million to 310 million years ago; increase of land areas; primitive ammonites; winged insects Missourian a native or resident of Missouri Montanan a native or resident of Montana Nebraskan a native or resident of Nebraska Nevadan a native or resident of Nevada New Hampshirite a native or resident of New Hampshire New Jerseyan a native of resident of New Jersey New Mexican a native or resident of New Mexico New Yorker a native or resident of New York (especially of New York City) North Carolinian a native or resident of North Carolina North Dakotan a native or resident of North Dakota Ohioan a native or resident of Ohio Oklahoman a native or resident of Oklahoma Oregonian a native or resident of Oregon Pennsylvanian a native or resident of Pennsylvania from 310 million to 280 million years ago; warm climate; swampy land Rhode Islander a native or resident of Rhode Island South Carolinian a native or resident of South Carolina South Dakotan a native or resident of South Dakota Tennessean a native or resident of Tennessee Texan a native or resident of Texas of or relating to or characteristic of Texas or its residents Utahan a native or resident of Utah Vermonter a native or resident of Vermont Virginian a native or resident of Virginia Washingtonian a native or resident of the state of Washington a native or resident of the city of Washington of or relating to or in the state of Washington of or relating to the capital of the United States; "Washingtonian museums" of or relating to the people who run the federal government; "Washingtonian politics as usual" of or relating to or in the manner of George Washington West Virginian a native or resident of West Virginia Wisconsinite a native or resident of Wisconsin Wyomingite a native or resident of Wyoming Puerto Rican a native or resident of Puerto Rico Yankee an American (especially to non-Americans) an American who lives in the North (especially during the American Civil War) used by Southerners for an inhabitant of a northern state in the United States (especially a Union soldier) Uruguayan a native or inhabitant of Uruguay of or relating to or characteristic of Uruguay or its people Venezuelan a native or inhabitant of Venezuela of or relating to or characteristic of Venezuela or its people; "Venezuelan oil" Welshman a native or resident of Wales Gambian a native or inhabitant of Gambia of or relating to or characteristic of Gambia or its inhabitants; "Gambian game parks" East German a native or inhabitant of the former republic of East Germany relating to or characteristic of East Germany; "East German spies" Kraut offensive term for a person of German descent Berliner an inhabitant of Berlin West Berliner an inhabitant of West Berlin Prussian a German inhabitant of Prussia of or relating to or characteristic of Prussia or its inhabitants; "Prussian officers"; "Prussian aristocracy" Junker member of the Prussian aristocracy noted especially for militarism Ghanian a native or inhabitant of Ghana Gibraltarian a native or inhabitant of Gibraltar of or relating to Gibraltar or its inhabitants; "Gibraltarian customs office" Glaswegian an inhabitant of Glasgow of or relating to or characteristic of Glasgow or its inhabitants Grenadian a native or inhabitant of Grenada of or relating to or characteristic of Grenada or its inhabitants; "the Grenadian capital" Guinean a native or inhabitant of Guinea of or relating to or characteristic of Guinea or its inhabitants; "Guinean borders" Rwandan a native or inhabitant of Rwanda of or pertaining to Rwanda; "Rwandan mountains" Singaporean an inhabitant of Singapore of or relating to the city of Singapore; "the Singaporean main street" of or relating to the island nation of Singapore and its people; "Singaporean rubber" Slovenian a native or inhabitant of Slovenia of or relating to or characteristic of Slovenia or its people or language; "Slovenian independence" Somalian a member of a tall dark (mostly Muslim) people inhabiting Somalia of or relating to the African republic of Somalia or its people or their language and culture; "Somali coffee is excellent" Sri Lankan a native or inhabitant of Sri Lanka of or relating to Sri Lanka (formerly Ceylon) or its people or culture; "Sri Lankan beaches"; "Sri Lankan forces fighting the Sinhalese rebels" Sumatran a native or inhabitant of Sumatra of or relating to the island of Sumatra or its inhabitants; "Sumatran cigars" Trojan a native of ancient Troy of or relating to the ancient city of Troy or its inhabitants; "Trojan cities" Yemeni a native or inhabitant of Yemen of or relating to or characteristic of Yemen or its inhabitants; "Yemeni mountains" Yugoslav a native or inhabitant of Yugoslavia Serbian a member of a Slavic people who settled in Serbia and neighboring areas in the 6th and 7th centuries of or relating to the people or language or culture of the region of Serbia Croatian a member of the Slavic people living in Croatia of or relating to or characteristic of Croatia or its people or language; "Croatian villages" Zairese a native or inhabitant of Zaire Zambian a native or inhabitant of Zambia of or relating to or characteristic of Zambia or its people Zimbabwean a native or inhabitant of Zimbabwe of or relating to or characteristic of Zimbabwe or its people abandoned person someone for whom hope has been abandoned abator a person who abates a nuisance abbe a French abbot abbess the superior of a group of nuns abbot the superior of an abbey of monks abjurer a person who abjures abnegator one who gives up or relinquishes or renounces something abominator one who hates or loathes abridger one who shortens or abridges or condenses a written work abstractor one who makes abstracts or summarizes information absconder a fugitive who runs away and hides to avoid arrest or prosecution absolutist one who advocates absolutism pertaining to the principle of totalitarianism absolver someone who grants absolution abdicator one who formally relinquishes an office or responsibility abecedarian a novice learning the rudiments of some subject alphabetically arranged (as for beginning readers) aberrant one whose behavior departs substantially from the norm of a group markedly different from an accepted norm; "aberrant behavior"; "deviant ideas" abettor one who helps or encourages or incites another abhorrer a signer of a 1679 address to Charles II in which those who petitioned for the reconvening of parliament were condemned and abhorred abiogenist a believer in abiogenesis able seaman a seaman in the merchant marine; trained in special skills abolitionist a reformer who favors abolishing slavery autochthon the earliest known inhabitants of a region abortionist a person (who should be a doctor) who terminates pregnancies abrogator an authority or official empowered to abolish or annul or repeal abseiler a person who descends down a nearly vertical face by using a doubled rope that is wrapped around the body and attached to some high point absentee one that is absent or not in residence AWOL one who is away or absent without leave abstainer a person who refrains from drinking intoxicating beverages someone who practices self denial as a spiritual discipline abstractionist a painter of abstract pictures abuser someone who abuses abutter the owner of contiguous property academic administrator an administrator in a college or university academician an educator who works at a college or university a scholar who is skilled in academic disputation someone elected to honorary membership in an academy acceptor the person (or institution) who accepts a check or draft and becomes responsible for paying the party named in the draft when it matures (chemistry) in the formation of a coordinate bond it is the compound to which electrons are donated accessory after the fact a person who gives assistance or comfort to someone known to be a felon or known to be sought in connection with the commission of a felony accessory before the fact a person who procures or advises or commands the commission of a felony but who is not present at its perpetration accessory during the fact a person who witnesses a crime but does not try to prevent it companion one paid to accompany or assist or live with another a friend who is frequently in the company of another; "drinking companions"; "comrades in arms" a traveler who accompanies you accommodation endorser a person who endorses a promissory note without compensation or benefit but simply as a favor to the borrower accompanist a person who provides musical accompaniment (usually on a piano) accomplice a person who joins with another in carrying out some plan (especially an unethical or illegal plan) accordionist a musician who plays the accordion concertinist a person who plays the concertina accountant someone who maintains and audits business accounts account executive someone in charge of a client's account for an advertising agency or brokerage or other service business accused a defendant in a criminal proceeding defendant a person or institution against whom an action is brought in a court of law; the person being sued or accused accuser someone who imputes guilt or blame achiever a person with a record of successes; "his son would never be the achiever that his father was"; "only winners need apply"; "if you want to be a success you have to dress like a success" acid head someone who takes LSD acolyte someone who assists a priest or minister in a liturgical service; a cleric ordained in the highest of the minor orders in the Roman Catholic Church but not in the Anglican Church or the Eastern Orthodox Churches acoustician a physicist who specializes in acoustics acrobat an athlete who performs acts requiring skill and agility and coordination aerialist an acrobat who performs in the air (as on a rope or trapeze) action officer the case officer designated to perform an act during a clandestine operation (especially in a hostile area) active a person who is a participating member of an organization; "the club issues a list of members, both the actives and the retirees" characterized by energetic activity; "an active toddler"; "active as a gazelle"; "an active man is a man of action" engaged in full-time work; "active duty"; "though past retirement age he is still active in his profession" full of activity or engaged in continuous activity; "an active seaport"; "an active bond market"; "an active account" tending to become more severe or wider in scope; "active tuberculosis" disposed to take action or effectuate change; "a director who takes an active interest in corporate operations"; "an active antagonism"; "he was active in drawing attention to their grievances" (of e.g. volcanos) erupting or liable to erupt; "active volcanos" (of e.g. volcanos) capable of erupting (used of verbs (e.g. `to run') and participial adjectives (e.g. `running' in `running water')) expressing action rather than a state of being expressing that the subject of the sentence has the semantic function of actor: "Hemingway favors active constructions" exerting influence or producing a change or effect; "an active ingredient" (of the sun) characterized by an increased occurrence of sunspots and flares and radio emissions in operation; "keep hope alive"; "the tradition was still alive"; "an active tradition" taking part in an activity; "an active member of the club"; "he was politically active"; "the participating organizations" engaged in or ready for military or naval operations; "on active duty"; "the platoon is combat-ready"; "review the fighting forces" active citizen a citizen who takes an active role in the community (as in crime prevention and neighborhood watch) actor a theatrical performer a person who acts and gets things done; "he's a principal actor in this affair"; "when you want something done get a doer"; "he's a miracle worker" actor's agent a business agent for an actor actress a female actor addict someone who is physiologically dependent on a substance; abrupt deprivation of the substance produces withdrawal symptoms someone who is so ardently devoted to something that it resembles an addiction; "a golf addict"; "a car nut"; "a bodybuilding freak"; "a news junkie" to cause (someone or oneself) to become dependent (on something, especially a narcotic drug) addressee one to whom something is addressed adducer a discussant who offers an example or a reason or a proof adjudicator a person who studies and settles conflicts and disputes adjuster one who investigates insurance claims or claims for damages and recommends an effective settlement adjutant an officer who acts as military assistant to a more senior officer adjutant general a general's adjutant; chief administrative officer administrator someone who manages a government agency or department the party appointed by a probate court to distribute the estate of someone who dies without a will or without naming an executor someone who administers a business admirer someone who admires a young woman; "she had many admirers" a person who admires; someone who esteems or respects or approves admonisher someone who gives a warning so that a mistake can be avoided adolescent a juvenile between the onset of puberty and maturity in the state of development between puberty and maturity; "adolescent boys and girls" displaying or suggesting a lack of maturity; "adolescent insecurity"; "jejune responses to our problems"; "their behavior was juvenile"; "puerile jokes" being of the age 13 through 19; "teenage mothers"; "the teen years" relating to or peculiar to or suggestive of an adolescent; "adolescent problems" adoptee someone (such as a child) who has been adopted adoptive parent a person who adopts a child of other parents as his or her own child adulterator a changer who lessens the purity or effectiveness of a substance adulterer someone who commits adultery or fornication adulteress a woman adulterer advancer someone who advances adventuress a woman adventurer adversary someone who offers opposition adverse witness a witness whose relationship to the opposing party is such that his or her testimony may be prejudiced against the opposing party; "a hostile witness can be asked leading questions and cross-examined" advertiser someone whose business is advertising advisee someone who receives advice adviser an expert who gives advice; "an adviser helped students select their courses"; "the United States sent military advisors to Guatemala" advocate a person who pleads for a cause or propounds an idea a lawyer who pleads cases in court aeronautical engineer an engineer concerned with the design and construction of aircraft aerospace engineer an engineer of aircraft and space vehicles aerophile a lover of aviation affiant a person who makes an affidavit affine (anthropology) kin by marriage (mathematics) of or pertaining to the geometry of affine transformations affluent an affluent person; a person who is financially well off; "the so-called emerging affluents" having an abundant supply of money or possessions of value; "an affluent banker"; "a speculator flush with cash"; "not merely rich but loaded"; "moneyed aristocrats"; "wealthy corporations"; "a substantial family" aficionado a serious devotee of some particular music genre or musical performer a fan of bull fighting buck sergeant a sergeant of the lowest rank in the military business agent an agent who handles business affairs for another; especially one who deals with employers literary agent an agent who represents an author in dealings with publishers agent-in-place an operative serving as a penetration into an intelligence target agent provocateur a secret agent who incites suspected persons to commit illegal acts aggravator an unpleasant person who is annoying or exasperating aggressor a confident assertive person who acts as instigator agitator one who agitates; a political troublemaker agnostic a person who claims that they cannot have true knowledge about the existence of God (but does not deny that God might exist) someone who is doubtful or noncommittal about something uncertain of all claims to knowledge of or pertaining to an agnostic or agnosticism agony aunt a newspaper columnist who answers questions and offers advice on personal problems to people who write in agricultural laborer a person who tills the soil for a living agriculturist someone concerned with the science or art or business of cultivating the soil agronomist an expert in soil management and field-crop production aide someone who acts as assistant air attache a military attache who is a commissioned or warrant officer in an air force aircraftsman a noncommissioned officer in the British Royal Air Force aircrewman a member of an aircrew air force officer an officer in the airforce air marshal a person trained by the government in hijacking and terrorist tactics who (for security reasons) is a passenger aboard an airline flight air traveler someone who travels by airplane alarmist a person who alarms others needlessly albino a person with congenital albinism: white hair and milky skin; eyes are usually pink alcalde a mayor or chief magistrate of a Spanish town alchemist one who was versed in the practice of alchemy and who sought an elixir of life and a panacea and an alkahest and the philosopher's stone alcoholic a person who drinks alcohol to excess habitually addicted to alcohol; "alcoholic expatriates in Paris"- Carl Van Doren characteristic of or containing alcohol; "alcoholic drinks" alderman a member of a municipal legislative body (as a city council); "aldermen usually represent city wards" Alexandrian a resident or native of Alexandria (especially Alexandria in Egypt) of or relating to Alexander the Great or his empire alexic a person with alexia of or relating to or symptomatic of alexia Ali Baba the fictional woodcutter who discovered that `open sesame' opened a cave in the Arabian Nights' Entertainment alien absconder a fugitive remaining in the United States after an immigration judge has ordered them deported; "the government has categorized more than 320,000 foreigners as alien absconders" alienator an unpleasant person who causes friendly people to become indifferent or unfriendly or hostile alienee someone to whom the title of property is transferred alienist a psychiatrist and specialist in the legal aspects of mental illness alienor someone from whom the title of property is transferred aliterate a person who can read but is disinclined to derive information from literary sources algebraist a mathematician whose specialty is algebra allegorizer someone who communicates in allegories allergist a physician skilled in the diagnosis and treatment of allergies alleviator a therapist who makes suffering more endurable alliterator a speaker or writer who makes use of alliteration allocator a person with authority to allot or deal out or apportion all-rounder a versatile person who is expert at many things; "she's the best all-rounder they've seen in years" almoner an official in a British hospital who looks after the social and material needs of the patients alphabetizer a literate person who can arrange items in alphabetical order almsgiver a person who gives alms alpinist a mountain climber who specializes in difficult climbs Alsatian a native or inhabitant of Alsace of or relating to or characteristic of Alsace or its inhabitants altar boy a boy serving as an acolyte alter ego a very close and trusted friend who seems almost a part of yourself alto saxophonist a musician who plays the alto saxophone alumnus a person who has received a degree from a school (high school or college or university) amateur someone who pursues a study or sport as a pastime an athlete who does not play for pay engaged in as a pastime; "an amateur painter"; "gained valuable experience in amateur theatricals"; "recreational golfers"; "reading matter that is both recreational and mentally stimulating"; "unpaid extras in the documentary" amalgamator a businessman who arranges an amalgamation of two or more commercial companies maenad (Greek mythology) a woman participant in the orgiastic rites of Dionysus an unnaturally frenzied or distraught woman ambassador a diplomat of the highest rank; accredited as representative from one country to another an informal representative; "an ambassador of good will" ambassadress a woman ambassador ambulance chaser an unethical lawyer who incites accident victims to sue ambusher an attacker who waits in a concealed position to launch a surprise attack amicus curiae an adviser to the court on some matter of law who is not a party to the case; usually someone who wants to influence the outcome of a lawsuit involving matters of wide public interest amigo a friend or comrade amnesic a person suffering from amnesia suffering from a partial loss of memory amora one of a group of rabbis (active AD 250-500) who discussed the Mishnaic law in the law schools of Palestine and Mesopotamia where they explained and applied earlier teachings and whose discussions are recorded in the Talmud; they emphasized the study of Torah and the importance of personal action and the fulfillment of the commandments amoralist someone who adheres to the doctrine that ordinary moral distinctions are invalid amorist one dedicated to love and lovemaking especially one who writes about love amputator a surgeon who removes part or all of a limb amputee someone who has had a limb removed by amputation anagnost a cleric in the minor orders of the Eastern Orthodox Church who reads the lessons aloud in the liturgy (analogous to the lector in the Roman Catholic Church) analogist someone who looks for analogies or who reasons by analogy analphabet an illiterate person who does not know the alphabet analysand a person undergoing psychoanalysis analyst a licensed practitioner of psychoanalysis someone who is skilled at analyzing data an expert who studies financial data (on credit or securities or sales or financial patterns etc.) and recommends appropriate business actions credit analyst an analyst who studies the financial statements and financial history of applicants for credit in order to evaluate their creditworthiness financial analyst an analyst who studies the financial performance of corporations industry analyst an analyst of conditions affecting a particular industry oil-industry analyst an analyst of the oil industry market analyst an analyst of conditions affecting a market (especially the stock market) market strategist someone skilled in planning marketing campaigns anarchist an advocate of anarchism anatomist an expert in anatomy ancestor someone from whom you are descended (but usually more remote than a grandparent) ancestress a woman ancestor ancient a person who lived in ancient times a very old person very old; "an ancient mariner" belonging to times long past especially of the historical period before the fall of the Western Roman Empire; "ancient history"; "ancient civilizations such as those of the Etruscans and Sumerians"; "ancient Greece" anecdotist a person skilled in telling anecdotes anesthesiologist a specialist who administers an anesthetic to a patient before he is treated angiologist a physician who specializes in angiology angler a fisherman who uses a hook and line a scheming person; someone who schemes to gain an advantage anglophile an admirer of England and things English anglophobe a person who hates England and everything English animal fancier a person who breeds animals animator the technician who produces animated cartoons animist one who accepts the doctrine of animism of or pertaining to the doctrine of animism annalist a historian who writes annals annihilator a total destroyer annotator a commentator who writes notes to a text announcer reads news, commercials on radio or television someone who proclaims a message publicly annuitant the recipient of an annuity anointer one who anoints as a religious ceremony anorexic a person suffering from anorexia nervosa suffering from anorexia nervosa; pathologically thin antediluvian any of the early patriarchs who lived prior to the Noachian deluge so extremely old as seeming to belong to an earlier period; "a ramshackle antediluvian tenement"; "antediluvian ideas"; "archaic laws" of or relating to the period before the biblical flood; "antediluvian man" anthologist an editor who makes selections for an anthology anthropologist a social scientist who specializes in anthropology anti a person who is opposed (to an action or policy or practice etc.); "the antis smelled victory after a long battle" not in favor of (an action or proposal etc.) anti-American a person who is opposed to the United States and its policies opposed to the United States and its policies anticipator one who anticipates antinomian a follower of the doctrine of antinomianism relating to or influenced by antinomianism antipope someone who is elected pope in opposition to another person who is held to be canonically elected; "the antipopes resided in Avignon during the Great Schism" antiquary an expert or collector of antiquities anti-Semite someone who hates and would persecute Jews Anzac a soldier in the Australian and New Zealand army corps during World War I ape-man a person assumed to have been raised by apes aphakic someone afflicted by aphakia; someone lacking the natural lenses of the eyes of or relating to or afflicted with aphakia aphasic someone affected by aphasia or inability to use or understand language unable to speak because of a brain lesion related to or affected by aphasia; "aphasic speech" aphorist someone who formulates aphorisms or who repeats aphorisms apologist a person who argues to defend or justify some policy or institution; "an apologist for capital punishment" Apostle (New Testament) one of the original 12 disciples chosen by Christ to preach his gospel any important early teacher of Christianity or a Christian missionary to a people apostle an ardent early supporter of a cause or reform; "an apostle of revolution" apostolic delegate (Roman Catholic Church) a representative of the Holy See in a country that has no formal diplomatic relations with it Appalachian a native or inhabitant of Appalachia in or relating to Appalachia apparatchik a communist who was a member of the administrative system of a communist party a humorous but derogatory term for an official of a large organization (especially a political organization); "Democratic apparatchiks" appeaser someone who tries to bring peace by acceding to demands; "An appeaser is one who feeds a crocodile--hoping it will eat him last"--Winston Churchill appellant the party who appeals a decision of a lower court apple polisher someone who humbles himself as a sign of respect; who behaves as if he had no self-respect apprehender a person who seizes or arrests (especially a person who seizes or arrests in the name of justice) aquanaut a skilled worker who can live in underwater installations and participate in scientific research aspirant an ambitious and aspiring young person; "a lofty aspirant"; "two executive hopefuls joined the firm"; "the audience was full of Madonna wannabes" desiring or striving for recognition or advancement apprentice works for an expert to learn a trade be or work as an apprentice; "She apprenticed with the great master" appraiser one who estimates officially the worth or value or quality of things one who determines authenticity (as of works of art) or who guarantees validity appreciator a person who is fully aware of something and understands it; "he is not an appreciator of our dilemma" appropriator someone who takes for his or her own use (especially without permission) approver an authority with power to approve Arabist a scholar who specializes in Arab languages and culture Aramean a member of one of a group of Semitic peoples inhabiting Aram and parts of Mesopotamia from the 11th to the 8th century BC of or relating to Aram or to its inhabitants or their culture or their language arbiter someone chosen to judge and decide a disputed issue; "the critic was considered to be an arbiter of modern literature"; "the arbitrator's authority derived from the consent of the disputants"; "an umpire was appointed to settle the tax case" someone with the power to settle matters at will; "she was the final arbiter on all matters of fashion" arbitrageur someone who engages in arbitrage (who purchases securities in one market for immediate resale in another in the hope of profiting from the price differential) archaist a person who archaizes archdeacon (Anglican Church) an ecclesiastical dignitary usually ranking just below a bishop archduchess a wife or widow of an archduke or a princess of the former ruling house of Austria archduke a sovereign prince of the former ruling house of Austria archeologist an anthropologist who studies prehistoric people and their culture archbishop a bishop of highest rank archer a person who is expert in the use of a bow and arrow architect someone who creates plans to be used in making something (such as buildings) archivist a person in charge of collecting and cataloguing archives archpriest a senior clergyman and dignitary Areopagite a member of the council of the Areopagus Argive a native or inhabitant of the city of Argos of or relating to the ancient Greek city of Argos or its people arianist an adherent of Arianism (the belief that Jesus Christ was not truly God) aristocrat a member of the aristocracy Aristotelian a follower of Aristotle or an adherent of Aristotelianism of or relating to Aristotle or his philosophy; "Aristotelean logic" arithmetician someone who specializes in arithmetic armchair liberal a person of liberal ideals who takes no action to realize them armiger a nobleman entitled to bear heraldic arms a squire carrying the armor of a knight arms manufacturer someone who manufactures arms and munitions army attache a military attache who is a commissioned or warrant officer in an army army brat the child of a career officer of the United States Army army engineer a member of the military who is trained in engineering and construction work army officer an officer in the armed forces; "he's a retired army officer" arranger a musician who adapts a composition for particular voices or instruments or for another style of performance arrogator a person who through conceit makes pretentious claims to rights or advantages that he or she is not entitled to or to qualities that he or she does not possess arrowsmith a maker of arrows arsonist a criminal who illegally sets fire to property art critic a critic of paintings art dealer a dealer in works of art requiring esthetic evaluation art director the director in charge of the artistic features of a theatrical production (costumes and scenery and lighting) art editor an editor who is responsible for illustrations and layouts in printed matter art historian a historian of art arthritic a person afflicted with arthritis; "the hands of an elderly arthritic" of or pertaining to arthritis; "my creaky old joints"; "rheumy with age and grief" artilleryman a serviceman in the artillery illustrator an artist who makes illustrations (for books or magazines or advertisements etc.) artist a person whose creative work shows sensitivity and imagination artiste a public performer (a dancer or singer) artist's model a person who poses for a painter or sculptor art student someone studying to be an artist art teacher someone who teaches art assassin a murderer (especially one who kills a prominent political figure) who kills by a surprise attack and often is hired to do the deed; "his assassins were hunted down like animals"; "assassinators of kings and emperors" a member of a secret order of Muslims (founded in the 12th century) who terrorized and killed Christian Crusaders assayer an analyst who assays (performs chemical tests on) metals assemblyman someone who is a member of a legislative assembly assemblywoman a woman assemblyman assenter a person who assents asserter someone who claims to speak the truth; "a bold asserter"; "a declarer of his intentions"; "affirmers of traditional doctrine"; "an asseverator of strong convictions"; "an avower of his own great intelligence" assessee a person (or property) that is assessed asshole insulting terms of address for people who are stupid or irritating or ridiculous assignee (law) the party to whom something is assigned (e.g., someone to whom a right or property is legally transferred) assignor (law) the party who makes an assignment assistant a person who contributes to the fulfillment of a need or furtherance of an effort or purpose; "my invaluable assistant"; "they hired additional help to finish the work" assistant professor a teacher or lower rank than an associate professor associate professor a teacher lower in rank than a full professor but higher than an assistant professor asthmatic a person suffering from asthma; "she is a chronic asthmatic"; "the painful gasps of a dying asthmatic" relating to breathing with a whistling sound astrogator the navigator of a spacecraft astrologer someone who predicts the future by the positions of the planets and sun and Moon astronaut a person trained to travel in a spacecraft; "the Russians called their astronauts cosmonauts" astronomer a physicist who studies astronomy astrophysicist an astronomer who studies the physical properties of celestial bodies cosmographer a scientist knowledgeable about cosmography cosmologist an astronomer who studies the evolution and space-time relations of the universe atavist an organism that has the characteristics of a more primitive type of that organism atheist someone who does not believe in the existence of a god related to or characterized by or given to atheism; "atheist leanings" athlete a person trained to compete in sports attache a specialist assigned to the staff of a diplomatic mission attacker someone who attacks attester someone who affirms or vouches for the correctness or truth or genuineness of something attorney general the chief law officer of a country or state auditor a qualified accountant who inspects the accounting records and practices of a business or other organization a student who attends a course but does not take it for credit augur (ancient Rome) a religious official who interpreted omens to guide public policy predict from an omen aunt the sister of your father or mother; the wife of your uncle au pair a young foreigner who lives with a family in return for doing light housework au pair girl a foreign girl serving as an au pair auteur a filmmaker who has a personal style and keeps creative control over his or her works authoress a woman author authoritarian a person who behaves in a tyrannical manner; "my boss is a dictator who makes everyone work overtime" characteristic of an absolute ruler or absolute rule; having absolute sovereignty; "an authoritarian regime"; "autocratic government"; "despotic rulers"; "a dictatorial rule that lasted for the duration of the war"; "a tyrannical government" expecting unquestioning obedience; "the timid child of authoritarian parents"; "insufferably overbearing behavior toward the waiter" authority figure someone who is regarded as an authority by someone else authorizer an authority who authorizes (people or actions); "the agents report back to their authorizers" autobiographer someone who writes their own biography autodidact a person who has taught himself automobile mechanic someone whose occupation is repairing and maintaining automobiles automotive engineer an engineer concerned with the design and construction of automobiles avenger someone who takes vengeance aviator someone who operates an aircraft aviatrix a woman aviator avower someone who admits or acknowledges openly and boldly ayah (in India) a native nursemaid who looks after children ayatollah a high-ranking Shiite religious leader who is regarded as an authority on religious law and its interpretation and who has political power as well baas South African term for `boss' babu used as a Hindi courtesy title; equivalent to English `Mr' baby boomer a member of the baby boom generation in the 1950s; "they expanded the schools for a generation of baby boomers" baby buster a person born in the generation following the baby boom when the birth rate fell dramatically baby doctor a specialist in the care of babies baby farmer someone who runs an establishment that houses and cares for babies for a fee babyminder a person who looks after babies (usually in the person's own home) while the babys' parents are working babysitter a person engaged to care for children when the parents are not home bacchant (classical mythology) a priest or votary of Bacchus a drunken reveller; a devotee of Bacchus bacchante (classical mythology) a priestess or votary of Bacchus bachelor a man who has never been married lead a bachelor's existence bachelor girl a young unmarried woman who lives alone backbencher a member of the House of Commons who is not a party leader back judge a football official backpacker a hiker who wears a backpack backroom boy an expert adviser involved in making important decisions but usually lacking official status backseat driver a meddler who insists on giving unwanted advice backslapper someone who demonstrates enthusiastic or excessive cordiality backstroker someone who swims the backstroke bacteriologist a biologist who studies bacteria bad egg (old-fashioned slang) a bad person bad guy any person who is not on your side bad person a person who does harm to others baggageman an attendant who takes care of baggage bag lady a homeless woman who carries all her possessions with her in shopping bags bagman a racketeer assigned to collect or distribute payoff money Bahai a teacher of or believer in Bahaism of or relating to Bahaism bailee the agent to whom property involved in a bailment is delivered bailiff an officer of the court who is employed to execute writs and processes and make arrests etc. bailor the person who delivers personal property (goods or money) in trust to the bailee in a bailment bairn a child: son or daughter baker someone who bakes bread or cake someone who bakes commercially balancer an acrobat who balances himself in difficult positions baldhead a person whose head is bald or shaved balker a person who refuses to comply ball boy a boy who retrieves balls for tennis players ball carrier (football) the player who is carrying (and trying to advance) the ball on an offensive play ballerina a female ballet dancer ballet dancer a trained dancer who is a member of a ballet company ballet master a man who directs and teaches and rehearses dancers for a ballet company ballet mistress a woman who directs and teaches and rehearses dancers for a ballet company balletomane a ballet enthusiast ball hawk a team athlete who is skilled at stealing or catching the ball balloonist someone who flies a balloon ballplayer an athlete who plays baseball bulimic a person suffering from bulimia suffering from bulimia bullfighter someone who fights bulls banderillero the bullfighter who implants decorated darts (banderillas) into the neck or shoulders of the bull during a bull fight matador the principal bullfighter who is appointed to make the final passes and kill the bull novillero a bullfighter who is required to fight bulls less than four years of age picador the horseman who pricks the bull with a lance early in the bullfight to goad the bull and to make it keep its head low torero a matador or one of the supporting team during a bull fight bandit an armed thief who is (usually) a member of a band bandleader the leader of a dance band bandmaster the conductor of a band bandsman a player in a band (especially a military band) bank commissioner a commissioner appointed to supervise banks; a state superintendent of banks banker the person in charge of the bank in a gambling game a financier who owns or is an executive in a bank bank examiner an examiner appointed to audit the accounts of banks in a given jurisdiction bank guard a security guard at a bank bank manager manager of a branch office of a bank bank robber a robber of banks bankrupt someone who has insufficient assets to cover their debts reduce to bankruptcy; "My daughter's fancy wedding is going to break me!"; "The slump in the financial markets smashed him" financially ruined; "a bankrupt company"; "the company went belly-up" bantamweight an amateur boxer who weighs no more than 119 pounds weighs 115-126 pounds Baptist follower of Baptistic doctrines barber a hairdresser who cuts hair and shaves beards as a trade perform the services of a barber: cut the hair and/or beard of bar fly a drinker who frequents bars bargainer negotiator of the terms of a transaction; "he is a hard bargainer" bargain hunter a shopper who hunts for bargains barker someone who stands in front of a show (as at a carnival) and gives a loud colorful sales talk to potential customers barmaid a female bartender barnstormer a pilot who travels around the country giving exhibits of stunt flying and parachuting an actor who travels around the country presenting plays baron a very wealthy or powerful businessman; "an oil baron" a British peer of the lowest rank a nobleman (in various countries) of varying rank baronet a member of the British order of honor; ranks below a baron but above a knight; "since he was a baronet he had to be addressed as Sir Henry Jones, Bart." barrator someone guilty of barratry barrister a British or Canadian lawyer who speaks in the higher courts of law on behalf of either the defense or prosecution bartender an employee who mixes and serves alcoholic drinks at a bar barterer a trader who exchanges goods and not money baseball coach a coach of baseball players base runner a baseball player on the team at bat who is on base (or attempting to reach a base) basileus a ruler of the eastern Roman Empire basketball coach a coach of basketball players basketball player an athlete who plays basketball basketweaver someone skilled in weaving baskets Basket Maker early Amerindians related to the Pueblo; known for skill in making baskets bassist a musician who play the bass viol bassoonist a musician who plays the bassoon baroness a noblewoman who holds the rank of baron or who is the wife or widow of a baron bat boy (baseball) a boy who takes care of bats and other baseball equipment bather a person who takes a bath; "the bathers enjoyed the cool water" batman an orderly assigned to serve a British military officer baton twirler someone who twirls a baton batting coach (baseball) someone who teaches batters how to bat better Bavarian a native or an inhabitant of Bavaria of or relating to or characteristic of Bavaria or its people; "Bavarian beer" bawler a loud weeper; "their new baby is a real bawler" beachcomber a vagrant living on a beach beadle a minor parish official who serves a ceremonial function beadsman a person who is paid to pray for the soul of another bean counter an accountant or bureaucrat who is believed to place undue emphasis on the control of expenditures beast a cruelly rapacious person beatnik a member of the beat generation; a nonconformist in dress and behavior beautician someone who works in a beauty parlor beauty consultant someone who gives you advice about your personal appearance bedfellow a person with whom you share a bed a temporary associate; "politics makes strange bedfellows" Bedouin a member of a nomadic tribe of Arabs bedwetter someone suffering from enuresis; someone who urinates while asleep in bed beekeeper a farmer who keeps bees for their honey beer drinker someone whose favorite drink is beer or ale beggar a pauper who lives by begging reduce to beggary be beyond the resources of; "This beggars description!" beggarman a man who is a beggar beggarwoman a woman who is a beggar begum a Muslim woman of high rank in India or Pakistan beldam a woman of advanced age bel esprit a witty or clever person with a fine mind believer a person who has religious faith a supporter who accepts something as true theist one who believes in the existence of a god or gods of or relating to theism Taoist an adherent of any branch of Taoism of or relating to the philosophical system developed by Lao-tzu and Chuang-tzu advocating a simple honest life of or relating to the popular Chinese religious system based on the teachings of Lao-tzu but including a pantheon of gods along with divination and magic; "Taoist temples" bellboy someone employed as an errand boy and luggage carrier around hotels bell captain the supervisor of bellboys in a hotel belle a young woman who is the most charming and beautiful of several rivals; "she was the belle of the ball" bell founder a person who casts metal bells belly dancer a woman who performs a solo belly dance beloved a beloved person; used as terms of endearment dearly loved belt maker a maker of belts bench warmer (sports) a substitute who seldom plays benedick a newly married man (especially one who has long been a bachelor) beneficiary the recipient of funds or other benefits having or arising from a benefice; "a beneficiary baron" bereaved a person who has suffered the death of someone they loved; "the bereaved do not always need to be taken care of" sorrowful through loss or deprivation; "bereft of hope" berk a stupid person who is easy to take advantage of berserker one of the ancient Norse warriors legendary for working themselves into a frenzy before a battle and fighting with reckless savagery and insane fury besieger an enemy who lays siege to your position an energetic petitioner best friend the one friend who is closest to you best man the principal groomsman at a wedding betrothed the person to whom you are engaged bettor someone who bets taker one who takes a bet or wager one who accepts an offer bey the governor of a district or province in the Ottoman Empire (formerly) a title of respect for a man in Turkey or Egypt; "he introduced me to Ahmet Bey" B-girl a woman employed by a bar to act as a companion to men customers bibliographer someone trained in compiling bibliographies bibliophile someone who loves (and usually collects) books bibliopole a dealer in secondhand books (especially rare or curious books) bibliotist someone who engages in bibliotics bidder someone who makes an offer someone who makes a bid at cards bigamist someone who marries one person while already legally married to another big brother an older brother Big Brother a totalitarian leader and invader of privacy bigot a prejudiced person who is intolerant of any opinions differing from his own big shot an important influential person; "he thinks he's a big shot"; "she's a big deal in local politics"; "the Qaeda commander is a very big fish" big sister an older sister bilingual a person who speaks two languages fluently using or knowing two languages; "bilingual education" billiard player someone who plays billiards bill poster someone who pastes up bills or placards on walls or billboards bimbo a young woman indulged by rich and powerful older men bimetallist an advocate of bimetallism biochemist someone with special training in biochemistry biographer someone who writes an account of a person's life biologist (biology) a scientist who studies living organisms biophysicist a physicist who applies the methods of physics to biology bird fancier a person with a strong interest in birds bird watcher a person who identifies and studies birds in their natural habitats birth-control campaigner a social reformer who advocates birth control and family planning bisexual a person who is sexually attracted to both sexes sexually attracted to both sexes having an ambiguous sexual identity biter someone who bites Black and Tan an English recruit (who wore a uniform that was black and tan) serving in the Irish constabulary to suppress the Sinn Fein rebellion of 1919 to 1921 blackmailer a criminal who extorts money from someone by threatening to expose embarrassing information about them black marketeer someone who engages illegally in trade in scarce or controlled commodities deal on the black market Black Muslim an activist member of a largely American group of Blacks called the Nation of Islam Black Panther a member of the Black Panthers political party Blackshirt a member of the Italian fascist party before World War II blacksmith a smith who forges and shapes iron with a hammer and anvil blasphemer a person who speaks disrespectfully of sacred things blaster a workman employed to blast with explosives bleacher a worker who bleaches (cloth or flour etc.) bleeding heart someone who is excessively sympathetic toward those who claim to be exploited or underprivileged garden plant having deep-pink drooping heart-shaped flowers blind person a person with a severe visual impairment blogger a person who keeps and updates a blog blood brother a male sworn (usually by a ceremony involving the mingling of blood) to treat another as his brother blood donor someone who gives blood to be used for transfusions blubberer someone who sniffles and weeps with loud sobs bludgeoner an assailant who uses a bludgeon blue baby an infant born with a bluish color; usually has a defective heart bluecoat a person dressed all in blue (as a soldier or sailor) bluejacket a serviceman in the navy bluestocking a woman having literary or intellectual interests bluffer a person who tries to bluff other people boatbuilder a person who builds boats boatman someone who drives or rides in a boat boatswain a petty officer on a merchant ship who controls the work of other seamen boarder a pupil who lives at school during term time someone who forces their way aboard ship; "stand by to repel boarders" bobby an informal term for a British policeman bobbysoxer an adolescent girl wearing bobby socks (common in the 1940s) bodybuilder someone who does special exercises to develop a brawny musculature body servant a valet or personal maid boffin (British slang) a scientist or technician engaged in military research bohemian a nonconformist writer or artist who lives an unconventional life unconventional in especially appearance and behavior; "a bohemian life style" Bohemian a native or inhabitant of Bohemia in the Czech Republic of or relating to Bohemia or its language or people Bolshevik emotionally charged terms used to refer to extreme radicals or revolutionaries a Russian member of the left-wing majority group that followed Lenin and eventually became the Russian communist party of or relating to Bolshevism; "Bolshevik Revolution" bombardier the member of a bomber crew responsible for using the bombsight and releasing the bombs on the target a noncommissioned officer in the British artillery bondholder a holder of bonds issued by a government or corporation bondman a male slave a male bound to serve without wages bondwoman a female slave a female bound to serve without wages bondsman someone who signs a bond as surety for someone else bond servant someone bound to labor without wages bonesetter someone (not necessarily a licensed physician) who sets broken bones book agent a book salesman bookbinder a worker whose trade is binding books bookdealer a dealer in books; a merchant who sells books booker someone who engages a person or company for performances bookkeeper someone who records the transactions of a business bookmaker a gambler who accepts and pays off bets (especially on horse races) a maker of books; someone who edits or publishes or binds books bookseller the proprietor of a bookstore bookworm someone who spends a great deal of time reading bootblack a person who polishes shoes and boots bootlegger someone who makes or sells illegal liquor bootmaker a maker of boots borderer an inhabitant of a border area (especially the border between Scotland and England) border patrolman someone who patrols the borders of a country borrower someone who receives something on the promise to return it or its equivalent born-again Christian a Christian who has experienced a dramatic conversion to faith in Jesus boss a person responsible for hiring workers; "the boss hired three more men for the new job" a person who exercises control and makes decisions; "he is his own boss now" exceptionally good; "a boss hand at carpentry"; "his brag cornfield" Boswell a devoted admirer and recorder of another's words and deeds Scottish author noted for his biography of Samuel Johnson (1740-1795) botanist a biologist specializing in the study of plants bottom dog a person of low status bottom feeder an opportunist who profits from the misfortunes of others boulevardier a visitor of a city boulevard (especially in Paris) bouncer a person whose duty is to throw troublemakers out of a bar or public meeting bounder someone who bounds or leaps (as in competition) bounty hunter a hunter who kills predatory wild animals in order to collect a bounty someone who pursues fugitives or criminals for whom a reward is offered bourgeois a member of the middle class belonging to the middle class conforming to the standards and conventions of the middle class; "a bourgeois mentality" (according to Marxist thought) being of the property-owning class and exploitive of the working class bowler a player who rolls balls down an alley at pins a cricketer who delivers the ball to the batsman in cricket Boxer a member of a nationalistic Chinese secret society that led an unsuccessful rebellion in 1900 against foreign interests in China boy a friendly informal reference to a grown man; "he likes to play golf with the boys" slugger a boxer noted for an ability to deliver hard punches boyfriend a man who is the lover of a man or woman; "if I'd known he was her boyfriend I wouldn't have asked"; "When the law changed, Pet could finally married his long-time boyfriend Jim" ex-boyfriend a man who is no longer a woman's boyfriend Boy Scout a boy who is a member of the Boy Scouts boy scout a man who is considered naive boy wonder an extremely talented young male person bragger a very boastful and talkative person bracero a Mexican laborer who worked in the United States on farms and railroads in order to ease labor shortages during World War II brachycephalic an adult with a short broad head having a short broad head with a cephalic index of over 80 brainworker someone whose profession involves using his head to solve problems brakeman a railroad employee responsible for a train's brakes brass hat a high-ranking military officer brawler a fighter (especially one who participates in brawls) breadwinner one whose earnings are the primary source of support for their dependents breaker a quarry worker who splits off blocks of stone breaststroker someone who swims the breaststroke breeder a person who breeds animals brewer the owner or manager of a brewery someone who brews beer or ale from malt and hops and water briber someone who pays (or otherwise incites) you to commit a wrongful act bricklayer a craftsman skilled in building with bricks bride a woman who has recently been married a woman participant in her own marriage ceremony bridesmaid an unmarried woman who attends the bride at a wedding bridge agent an operative who acts as a courier or go-between from a case officer to a secret agent in a hostile area bridge partner one of a pair of bridge players who are on the same side of the game bridge player a card player in a game of bridge; "we need a 4th hand for bridge" brigadier a general officer ranking below a major general broad slang term for a woman; "a broad is a woman who can throw a mean punch" showing or characterized by broad-mindedness; "a broad political stance"; "generous and broad sympathies"; "a liberal newspaper"; "tolerant of his opponent's opinions" lacking subtlety; obvious; "gave us a broad hint that it was time to leave" not detailed or specific; "a broad rule"; "the broad outlines of the plan"; "felt an unspecific dread" (of speech) heavily and noticeably regional; "a broad southern accent" very large in expanse or scope; "a broad lawn"; "the wide plains"; "a spacious view"; "spacious skies" broadcast journalist a journalist who broadcasts on radio or television broker-dealer a financial specialist who trades for his own account and so acts both as a broker and principal broth of a boy an outstanding person; as if produced by boiling down a savory broth brother a male with the same parents as someone else; "my brother still lives with our parents" a male person who is a fellow member (of a fraternity or religion or other group); "none of his brothers would betray him" used as a term of address for those male persons engaged in the same movement; "Greetings, comrade!" Brother (Roman Catholic Church) a title given to a monk and used as form of address; "a Benedictine Brother" brother-in-law a brother by marriage Brownie a junior Girl Scout Brownshirt a member of the Nazi SA which wore brown uniforms Brummie a native or resident of Birmingham, England brunet a person with dark (brown) hair marked by dark or relatively dark pigmentation of hair or skin or eyes; "a brunette beauty" buddy a close friend who accompanies his buddies in their activities bugler someone who plays a bugle builder someone who contracts for and supervises construction (as of a building) a person who creates a business or who organizes and develops a country; "empire builder" a substance added to soaps or detergents to increase their cleansing action bully a cruel and brutal fellow a hired thug bullyboy a swaggering tough; usually one acting as an agent of a political faction bungler someone who makes mistakes because of incompetence bunkmate someone who occupies the same sleeping quarters as yourself bunter a batter who bunts bureaucrat an official of a bureaucracy burgess a citizen of an English borough burglar a thief who enters a building with intent to steal burgomaster a mayor of a municipality in Germany or Holland or Flanders or Austria burgrave the military governor of a German town in the 12th and 13th centuries a nobleman ruling a German castle and surrounding grounds by hereditary right bursar the treasurer at a college or university busboy a restaurant attendant who sets tables and assists waiters and clears away dirty dishes bushman a dweller in the Australian bush country Bushman nomadic hunters and gatherers who live in southern Africa bushwhacker a Confederate guerrilla during the American Civil War business editor the newspaper editor responsible for business news businessman a person engaged in commercial or industrial business (especially an owner or executive) businesswoman a female businessperson businessperson a capitalist who engages in industrial commercial enterprise business traveler a traveler whose expenses are paid by the business he works for busker a person who entertains people for money in public places (as by singing or dancing), usually while asking for money busman someone who drives a bus buster a person (or thing) that breaks up or overpowers something; "dam buster"; "sanction buster"; "crime buster" a person who breaks horses a robust child busybody a person who meddles in the affairs of others butch (slang) offensive term for a lesbian who is noticeably masculine (of male or female homosexuals) characterized by stereotypically male traits or appearance used of men; markedly masculine in appearance or manner butcher a person who slaughters or dresses meat for market a brutal indiscriminate murderer a retailer of meat kill (animals) usually for food consumption; "They slaughtered their only goat to survive the winter" butler a manservant (usually the head servant of a household) who has charge of wines and the table butterfingers someone who drops things (especially one who cannot catch a ball) buttinsky a meddler who tends to butt in buyer a person who buys bystander a nonparticipant spectator Cabalist a student of the Jewish Kabbalah cabalist an expert who is highly skilled in obscure or difficult or esoteric matters a member of a cabal cabin boy a young man acting as a servant on a ship cabinetmaker a woodworker who specializes in making furniture cad someone who is morally reprehensible; "you dirty dog" caddie an attendant who carries the golf clubs for a player act as a caddie and carry clubs for a player cadet a military trainee (as at a military academy) caffeine addict someone addicted to caffeine Cairene a native or inhabitant of Cairo caitiff a cowardly and despicable person despicably mean and cowardly caliph the civil and religious leader of a Muslim state considered to be a representative of Allah on earth; "many radical Muslims believe a Khalifah will unite all Islamic lands and people and subjugate the rest of the world" caller a social or business visitor; "the room was a mess because he hadn't expected company" the person initiating a telephone call; "there were so many callers that he finally disconnected the telephone" the person who convenes a meeting; "who is the caller of this meeting?" someone who proclaims or summons in a loud voice; "the callers were mothers summoning their children home for dinner" a person who announces the changes of steps during a dance; "you need a fiddler and a caller for country dancing" the bettor in a card game who matches the bet and calls for a show of hands an investor who buys a call option fresh; "caller fish" providing coolness; "a cooling breeze"; "`caller' is a Scottish term as in `a caller breeze'" call girl a female prostitute who can be hired by telephone calligrapher someone skilled in penmanship Calvinist an adherent of the theological doctrines of John Calvin of or relating to or characteristic of Calvinism or its adherents cameraman a photographer who operates a movie camera campaigner a politician who is running for public office Campfire Girl a girl who is a member of Campfire Girls; for girls age 7-18 camp follower a follower who is not a member of an ingroup a prostitute who provides service to military personnel campmate someone who lives in the same camp you do candidate someone who is considered for something (for an office or prize or honor etc.) candlemaker a person who makes or sells candles candy striper a volunteer worker in a hospital cannibal a person who eats human flesh cannon fodder soldiers who are regarded as expendable in the face of artillery fire canoeist someone paddling a canoe canonist a specialist in canon law pertaining to or characteristic of a body of rules and principles accepted as axiomatic; e.g. "canonist communism" cantor the official of a synagogue who conducts the liturgical part of the service and sings or chants the prayers intended to be performed as solos canvasser a person who takes or counts votes Capetian a member of the Capetian dynasty of or relating to the French dynasty founded by Hugh Capet capo the head of a branch of an organized crime syndicate captain a dining-room attendant who is in charge of the waiters and the seating of customers the pilot in charge of an airship the naval officer in command of a military ship a policeman in charge of a precinct an officer holding a rank below a major but above a lieutenant the leader of a group of people; "a captain of industry" be the captain of a sports team captive an animal that is confined a person held in the grip of a strong emotion or passion giving or marked by complete attention to; "that engrossed look or rapt delight"; "enwrapped in dreams"; "so intent on this fantastic...narrative that she hardly stirred"- Walter de la Mare; "rapt with wonder"; "wrapped in thought" being in captivity carbineer a soldier (historically a mounted soldier) who is armed with a carbine cardholder a player who holds a card or cards in a card game a person who holds a credit card or debit card cardiologist a specialist in cardiology; a specialist in the structure and function and disorders of the heart card player someone who plays (or knows how to play) card games cardsharp a professional card player who makes a living by cheating at card games career girl a woman who is a careerist careerist a professional who is intent on furthering his or her career by any possible means and often at the expense of their own integrity career man a man who is a careerist caregiver a person who is responsible for attending to the needs of a child or dependent adult caretaker a custodian who is hired to take care of something (property or a person) an official who performs the duties of an office temporarily; "he acted as a caretaker until a new president could be elected" carhop a waiter at a drive-in restaurant caricaturist someone who parodies in an exaggerated manner carillonneur a musician who plays a carillon caroler a singer of carols Carolingian a member of the Carolingian dynasty of or relating to the Frankish dynasty founded by Charlemagne's father carpenter a woodworker who makes or repairs wooden objects work as a carpenter carper someone who constantly criticizes in a petty way carpetbagger an outsider who seeks power or success presumptuously; "after the Civil War the carpetbaggers from the north tried to take over the south" carpet knight a knight who spends his time in luxury and idleness (knighted on the carpet at court rather than on the field of battle) carter someone whose work is driving carts Cartesian a follower of Cartesian thought of or relating to Rene Descartes or his works; "Cartesian linguistics" Carthusian a member of the Carthusian order of or relating to the Carthusian order cartographer a person who makes maps cartoonist a person who draws cartoons cartwright a workman who makes and repairs carts and wagons Casanova any man noted for his amorous adventures an Italian adventurer who wrote vivid accounts of his sexual encounters (1725-1798) case officer an operative who also serves as an official staffer of an intelligence service cashier a person responsible for receiving payments for goods and services (as in a shop or restaurant) discharge with dishonor, as in the army discard or do away with; "cashier the literal sense of this word" castaway a shipwrecked person castrato a male singer who was castrated before puberty and retains a soprano or alto voice casuist someone whose reasoning is subtle and often specious cataleptic a person suffering from catalepsy of or having characteristics of or affected with catalepsy; "cataleptic persons"; "cataleptic state" cataloger a librarian who classifies publications according to a categorial system catalyst something that causes an important event to happen; "the invasion acted as a catalyst to unite the country" (chemistry) a substance that initiates or accelerates a chemical reaction without itself being affected catamite a boy who submits to a sexual relationship with a man catechist one who instructs catechumens in preparation for baptism (especially one using a catechism) catechumen a new convert being taught the principles of Christianity by a catechist caterer someone who provides food and service (as for a party) Catholicos the ecclesiastical title of the leaders of the Nestorian and Armenian churches cat fancier a person who breeds and cares for cats cattleman a man who raises (or tends) cattle Cavalier a royalist supporter of Charles I during the English Civil War cavalier a gallant or courtly gentleman given to haughty disregard of others cavalryman a soldier mounted on horseback; "a cavalryman always takes good care of his mount" a soldier in a motorized army unit caveman someone who lives in a cave celebrant an officiating priest celebrating the Eucharist a person who is celebrating celebrity a widely known person; "he was a baseball celebrity" celibate an unmarried person who has taken a religious vow of chastity abstaining from sexual intercourse; "celibate priests" cellist someone who plays a violoncello censor a person who is authorized to read publications or correspondence or to watch theatrical performances and suppress in whole or in part anything considered obscene or politically unacceptable someone who censures or condemns subject to political, religious, or moral censorship; "This magazine is censored by the government" census taker someone who collects census data by visiting individual homes centenarian someone who is at least 100 years old being at least 100 years old centrist a person who takes a position in the political center supporting or pursuing a course of action that is neither liberal nor conservative centurion (ancient Rome) the leader of 100 soldiers certified public accountant an accountant who has passed certain examinations and met all other statutory and licensing requirements of a United States state to be certified by that state; "in addition to accounting and auditing, CPAs also prepare tax returns for individuals and corporations" chain-smoker a heavy smoker (usually of cigarettes) who lights one off of another chairman of the board the chairman of the board of directors of a corporation chamberlain an officer who manages the household of a king or nobleman the treasurer of a municipal corporation chambermaid a maid who is employed to clean and care for bedrooms (now primarily in hotels) champion someone who fights for a cause someone who has won first place in a competition protect or fight for as a champion holding first place in a contest; "a champion show dog"; "a prizewinning wine" chancellor the honorary or titular head of a university the person who is head of government (in several countries) Prime Minister the person who holds the position of head of the government in the United Kingdom Chancellor of the Exchequer the British cabinet minister responsible for finance chandler a maker (and seller) of candles and soap and oils and paints a retail dealer in provisions and supplies wax-chandler one who deals in wax candles changeling a child secretly exchanged for another in infancy chaperon one who accompanies and supervises a young woman or gatherings of young people chaplain a clergyman ministering to some institution chapman archaic term for an itinerant peddler prison chaplain a chaplain in a prison chauffeur a man paid to drive a privately owned car chauffeuse a woman chauffeur character actor an actor who specializes in playing supporting roles character witness a witness who testifies under oath as to the good reputation of another person in the community where that person lives charge d'affaires the official temporarily in charge of a diplomatic mission in the absence of the ambassador charge of quarters an enlisted man who handles his unit's administrative matters after hours charioteer the driver of a chariot charmer a person who charms others (usually by personal attractiveness) chartered accountant a British or Canadian accountant who is a member of a professional body that has a royal charter charter member one of the original members when an organization was founded chartist a stock market analyst who tries to predict market trends from graphs of recent prices of securities Chartist a 19th century English reformer who advocated better social and economic conditions for working people charwoman a human female employed to do housework; "the char will clean the carpet"; "I have a woman who comes in four hours a day while I write" chatterer an obnoxious and foolish and loquacious talker chauvinist an extreme bellicose nationalist a person with a prejudiced belief in the superiority of his or her own kind antifeminist someone who does not believe in the social or economic or political equality of men and women male chauvinist a man with a chauvinistic belief in the inferiority of women cheapjack a peddler of inferior goods made of inferior workmanship and materials; "cheapjack moviemaking...that feeds on the low taste of the mob"- Judith Crist cheapskate a miserly person chebab a Palestinian juvenile 10-15 years old who fights against the Israelis check girl a female checker cheerer a spectator who shouts encouragement cheerleader someone who leads the cheers by spectators at a sporting event an enthusiastic and vocal supporter; "he has become a cheerleader for therapeutic cloning" cheesemonger someone who sells cheese chemist a scientist who specializes in chemistry Cheops Egyptian Pharaoh of the 27th century BC who commissioned the Great Pyramid at Giza chess master a chess player of great skill chess player someone who plays the game of chess chewer someone who chews (especially someone who chews tobacco) chichi someone who dresses in a trendy fashionable way affectedly trendy and fashionable Chief Constable the head of the police force in a county (or similar area) chief executive officer the corporate executive responsible for the operations of the firm; reports to a board of directors; may appoint other managers (including a president) chief financial officer the corporate executive having financial authority to make appropriations and authorize expenditures for a firm chief justice the judge who presides over a supreme court chief of staff the senior officer of a service of the armed forces chief petty officer a person with the senior noncommissioned naval rank Chief Secretary a member of the British Cabinet child a young person of either sex; "she writes books for children"; "they're just kids"; "`tiddler' is a British term for youngster" a human offspring (son or daughter) of any age; "they had three children"; "they were able to send their kids to college" an immature childish person; "he remained a child in practical matters as long as he lived"; "stop being a baby!" a member of a clan or tribe; "the children of Israel" child prodigy a prodigy whose talents are recognized at an early age; "Mozart was a child prodigy" chimneysweeper someone who cleans soot from chimneys chiropractor a therapist who practices chiropractic chiropodist a specialist in care for the feet chit a dismissive term for a girl who is immature or who lacks respect; "she was incensed that this chit of a girl should dare to make a fool of her in front of the class"; "she's a saucy chit" choirboy a boy who sings in a choir choirmaster the musical director of a choir choragus (ancient Greece) leader of a group or festival; leader of a chorus choreographer someone who creates new dances chorister a singer in a choir chorus girl a woman who dances in a chorus line chronicler someone who writes chronicles chump a person who is gullible and easy to take advantage of chutzpanik (Yiddish) a person characterized by chutzpa Church Father (Christianity) any of about 70 theologians in the period from the 2nd to the 7th century whose writing established and confirmed official church doctrine; in the Roman Catholic Church some were later declared saints and became Doctor of the Church; the best known Latin Church Fathers are Ambrose, Augustine, Gregory the Great, and Jerome; those who wrote in Greek include Athanasius, Basil, Gregory Nazianzen, and John Chrysostom churchgoer a religious person who goes to church regularly churchwarden an officer in the Episcopal church who helps a parish priest with secular matters church officer a church official cicerone a guide who conducts and informs sightseers cigarette smoker a smoker of cigarettes cigar smoker a smoker of cigars circus acrobat an acrobat who performs acrobatic feats in a circus citizen a native or naturalized member of a state or other political community city editor the newspaper editor in charge of editing local news city father an important municipal official city man a financier who works in one of the banks in the City of London city slicker a city dweller with sophisticated manners and clothing civic leader a leader in municipal affairs civil engineer an engineer trained to design and construct and maintain public works (roads or bridges or harbors etc.) civilian a nonmilitary citizen associated with civil life or performed by persons who are not active members of the military; "civilian clothing"; "civilian life" civil libertarian a libertarian who is actively concerned with the protection of civil liberties civil rights leader a leader of the political movement dedicated to securing equal opportunity for members of minority groups civil servant a public official who is a member of the civil service claimant someone who claims a benefit or right or title; "claimants of unemployment compensation"; "he was a claimant to the throne" claim jumper one who illegally occupies property to which another has a legal claim clairvoyant someone who has the power of clairvoyance foreseeing the future perceiving things beyond the natural range of the senses clarinetist a musician who plays the clarinet classicist an artistic person who adheres to classicism a student of ancient Greek and Latin claustrophobe a person suffering from claustrophobia cleaner someone whose occupation is cleaning the operator of dry-cleaning establishment clergyman a member of the clergy and a spiritual leader of the Christian Church cleric a clergyman or other person in religious orders clericalist one who advocates clericalism clerk an employee who performs clerical work (e.g., keeps records or accounts) work as a clerk, as in the legal business clever Dick an intellectual who is ostentatiously and irritatingly knowledgeable cliff dweller a member of the Anasazi people living in the southwestern United States who built rock or adobe dwellings on ledges in the sides of caves climatologist someone who is expert in climatology climber someone who climbs as a sport; especially someone who climbs mountains; "the lead climber looked strong still but his partner often slumped in his ropes" a vine or climbing plant that readily grows up a support or over other plants clinician a practitioner (of medicine or psychology) who does clinical work instead of laboratory experiments clip artist a swindler who fleeces the victim cloakmaker someone whose occupation is making or repairing fur garments clock watcher a worker preoccupied with the arrival of quitting time clocksmith someone whose occupation is making or repairing clocks and watches closer (baseball) a relief pitcher who can protect a lead in the last inning or two of the game a person who closes something; "whoever is the closer has to turn out the lights and lock up" closet queen a negative term for a homosexual man who chooses not to reveal his sexual orientation clothier a merchant who sells men's clothing clown a person who amuses others by ridiculous behavior a rude or vulgar fool act as or like a clown clumsy person a person with poor motor coordination line coach an assistant football coach in charge of the linemen pitching coach an assistant baseball coach in charge of pitchers coachbuilder a craftsman who makes the bodies of motor vehicles coachman a man who drives a coach (or carriage) coalman someone who delivers coal coal miner someone who works in a coal mine coastguardsman a member of a coastguard coauthor a writer who collaborates with others in writing something cobber Australian term for a pal cocaine addict a person addicted to cocaine cocksucker a person who performs fellatio codefendant a defendant who has been joined together with one or more other defendants in a single action codetalker a secret agent who was one of the Navajos who devised and used a code based on their native language; the code was unbroken by the Japanese during World War II codger used affectionately to refer to an eccentric but amusing old man co-beneficiary one of two or more beneficiaries of the same benefit co-discoverer someone who is the first of two or more people to discover something co-ed a female student at a coeducational college or university attended by members of both sexes cognitive neuroscientist a cognitive scientist who studies the neurophysiological foundations of mental phenomena cognitive scientist a scientist who studies cognitive processes coiffeur a man hairdresser coiffeuse a woman hairdresser coiner a skilled worker who coins or stamps money someone who is a source of new words or new expressions a maker of counterfeit coins cold fish an aloof unemotional person collaborator an associate in an activity or endeavor or sphere of common interest; "the musician and the librettist were collaborators"; "sexual partners" someone who collaborates with an enemy occupying force colleague a person who is member of one's class or profession; "the surgeon consulted his colleagues"; "he sent e-mail to his fellow hackers" an associate that one works with colleen an Irish girl college student a student enrolled in a college or university collegian a student (or former student) at a college or university colonel a commissioned military officer in the United States Army or Air Force or Marines who ranks above a lieutenant colonel and below a brigadier general colonial a resident of a colony composed of many distinct individuals united to form a whole or colony; "coral is a colonial organism" of or relating to or characteristic of or inhabiting a colony of animals who live in colonies, such as ants colonialist a believer in colonialism colonizer someone who helps to found a colony color bearer the soldier who carries the standard of the unit in military parades or in battle color guard a ceremonial escort for the (regimental) colors color sergeant a sergeant in a color guard who carries one of the colors colorist a painter able to achieve special effects with color Colossian a native or inhabitant of the city of Colossae in ancient Phrygia colossus a person of exceptional importance and reputation columnist a journalist who writes editorials combatant someone who fights (or is fighting) engaging in or ready for combat combat pilot airplane pilot who fights in an action between two military forces comedian a professional performer who tells jokes and performs comical acts an actor in a comedy comedienne a female comedian a female actor in a comedy comer someone with a promising future comfort woman a woman forced into prostitution for Japanese servicemen during World War II; "she wrote a book about her harsh experiences as a comfort woman" commander someone in an official position of authority who can command or control others a commissioned naval officer who ranks above a lieutenant commander and below a captain commander in chief the officer who holds the supreme command; "in the U.S. the president is the commander in chief" commanding officer an officer in command of a military unit commentator a writer who reports and analyzes events of the day commercial artist an illustrator who is supported by advertising commissar an official of the Communist Party who was assigned to teach party principles to a military unit commissionaire a uniformed doorman commissioned officer a military officer holding a commission commissioned military officer a commissioned officer in the Army or Air Force or Marine Corps commissioned naval officer a commissioned officer in the navy commissioner a government administrator a member of a commission committee member a member of a committee committeeman a man who is a member of committee committeewoman a woman who is a member of a committee couch potato an idler who spends much time on a couch (usually watching television) councilman a man who is a council member council member a member of a council councilwoman a woman who is a council member commodore a commissioned naval officer who ranks above a captain and below a rear admiral; the lowest grade of admiral communicant a person entitled to receive Communion communist a socialist who advocates communism relating to or marked by communism; "Communist Party"; "communist governments"; "communistic propaganda" Communist a member of the communist party company man an employee whose first loyalty is to the company rather than to fellow workers company operator an operator who works for a company comparative anatomist anatomist who compares the anatomy of different animals compere British term for someone who introduces television acts or cabarets etc complexifier someone makes things complex composer someone who composes music as a profession compositor one who sets written material into type Comptroller General a United States federal official who supervises expenditures and settles claims against the government compulsive a person with a compulsive disposition; someone who feels compelled to do certain things strongly motivated to succeed caused by or suggestive of psychological compulsion; "compulsive drinking" computational linguist someone trained in computer science and linguistics who uses computers for natural language processing computer expert an authority on computers and computing computer scientist a scientist who specializes in the theory of computation and the design of computers computer user a person who uses computers for work or entertainment or communication or business Comrade a fellow member of the Communist Party concert-goer someone who attends concerts concessionaire someone who holds or operates a concession conchologist a collector and student of mollusc shells concierge a French caretaker of apartments or a hotel; lives on the premises and oversees people entering and leaving and handles mail and acts as janitor or porter conciliator someone who tries to bring peace concubine a woman who cohabits with an important man conductress a woman conductor confectioner someone who makes candies and other sweets confederate someone who assists in a plot form a confederation with; of nations Confederate a supporter of the Confederate States of America of or having to do with the southern Confederacy during the American Civil War; "Confederate soldiers" Confederate soldier a soldier in the Army of the Confederacy during the American Civil War conferee a member of a conference a person on whom something is bestowed; "six honorary were conferred; the conferees were..." conferrer someone who converses or confers (as in a conference) confessor a priest who hears confession and gives absolution someone who confesses (discloses information damaging to themselves) confidant someone to whom private matters are confided confidante a female confidant confidence man a swindler who exploits the confidence of his victim swindler a person who swindles you by means of deception or fraud Confucian a believer in the teachings of Confucius relating to or characteristic of Confucianism; "Confucian ethics" congregant a member of a congregation (especially that of a church or synagogue) Congregationalist a member of the Congregational Church congressman a member of the United States House of Representatives connoisseur an expert able to appreciate a field; especially in the fine arts conqueror someone who is victorious by force of arms conquistador an adventurer (especially one who led the Spanish conquest of Mexico and Peru in the 16th century) conscientious objector one who refuses to serve in the armed forces on grounds of conscience conservative a person who is reluctant to accept changes and new ideas resistant to change, particularly in relation to politics or religion having social or political views favoring conservatism Conservative a member of a Conservative Party conformist someone who conforms to established standards of conduct (especially in religious matters) marked by convention and conformity to customs or rules or styles; "underneath the radical image teenagers are surprisingly conformist" nonconformist someone who refuses to conform to established standards of conduct not conforming to some norm or socially approved pattern of behavior or thought; "their rabidly nonconformist deportment has made them legendary"; "the old stubborn nonconformist spirit of the early settlers" Nonconformist a Protestant in England who is not a member of the Church of England Anglican a Protestant who is a follower of Anglicanism of or pertaining to or characteristic of the Anglican church; "an Anglican bishop" consignee the person to whom merchandise is delivered over consigner the person who delivers over or commits merchandise consort the husband or wife of a reigning monarch keep company with; hang out with; "He associates with strange people"; "She affiliates with her colleagues" conspirator a member of a conspiracy constable a lawman with less authority and jurisdiction than a sheriff a police officer of the lowest rank constitutionalist an advocate of constitutional government construction worker a worker skilled in building offices or dwellings etc. constructivist an artist of the school of constructivism consul a diplomat appointed by a government to protect its commercial interests and help its citizens in a foreign country consumptive a person with pulmonary tuberculosis tending to consume or use often wastefully; "water suitable for beneficial consumptive uses"; "duties consumptive of time and energy"; "consumptive fires" afflicted with or associated with pulmonary tuberculosis; "a consumptive patient"; "a consumptive cough" contemplative a person devoted to the contemplative life contemporary a person of nearly the same age as another belonging to the present time; "contemporary leaders" characteristic of the present; "contemporary trends in design"; "the role of computers in modern-day medicine" contortionist an acrobat able to twist into unusual positions contractor someone (a person or firm) who contracts to build things (law) a party to a contract the bridge player in contract bridge who wins the bidding and can declare which suit is to be trumps contributor a writer whose work is published in a newspaper or magazine or as part of a book control freak someone with a compulsive desire to exert control over situations and people convalescent a person who is recovering from illness returning to health after illness or debility; "convalescent children are difficult to keep in bed" convener the member of a group whose duty it is to convene meetings conventioneer someone who attends a convention conversationalist someone skilled at conversation Converso (medieval Spain and Portugal) a Jew or Moor who professed to convert to Christianity in order to avoid persecution or expulsion convert a person who has been converted to another religious or political belief change in nature, purpose, or function; undergo a chemical change; "The substance converts to an acid" change the nature, purpose, or function of something; "convert lead into gold"; "convert hotels into jails"; "convert slaves to laborers" change from one system to another or to a new plan or policy; "We converted from 220 to 110 Volt" change religious beliefs, or adopt a religious belief; "She converted to Buddhism" cause to adopt a new or different faith; "The missionaries converted the Indian population" make (someone) agree, understand, or realize the truth or validity of something; "He had finally convinced several customers of the advantages of his product" score (a spare) complete successfully; "score a penalty shot or free throw" score an extra point or points after touchdown by kicking the ball through the uprights or advancing the ball into the end zone; "Smith converted and his team won" conveyancer a lawyer who specializes in the business of conveying properties conveyer a person who conveys (carries or transmits); "the conveyer of good tidings" convict a person serving a sentence in a jail or prison a person who has been convicted of a criminal offense find or declare guilty; "The man was convicted of fraud and sentenced" cook someone who cooks food transform and make suitable for consumption by heating; "These potatoes have to cook for 20 minutes" transform by heating; "The apothecary cooked the medicinal mixture in a big iron kettle" prepare for eating by applying heat; "Cook me dinner, please"; "can you make me an omelette?"; "fix breakfast for the guests, please" prepare a hot meal; "My husband doesn't cook" chef a professional cook cooper a craftsman who makes or repairs wooden barrels or tubs make barrels and casks coordinator someone whose task is to see that work goes harmoniously copartner a joint partner (as in a business enterprise) copilot a relief pilot on an airplane coppersmith someone who makes articles from copper copycat someone who copies the words or behavior of another copy editor an editor who prepares text for publication copyist someone employed to make written copies of documents and manuscripts copywriter a person employed to write advertising or publicity copy coquette a seductive woman who uses her sex appeal to exploit men cordon bleu a chef famous for his great skill coreligionist someone having the same religion as another person corespondent the codefendant charged with adultery with the estranged spouse in a divorce proceeding cornerback a defensive football player stationed outside the linebackers cornhusker a worker who husks corn coroner a public official who investigates by inquest any death not due to natural causes corporal a noncommissioned officer in the Army or Air Force or Marines corporate executive an executive in a business corporation corporatist a supporter of corporatism of or relating to corporatism correspondent someone who communicates by means of letters a journalist employed to provide news stories for newspapers or broadcast media cosmetician someone who sells or applies cosmetics cosmetologist an expert in the use of cosmetics cosmetic surgeon a surgeon who beautifies the body (especially the face) cosmopolitan a sophisticated person who has travelled in many countries of worldwide scope or applicability; "an issue of cosmopolitan import"; "the shrewdest political and ecumenical comment of our time"- Christopher Morley; "universal experience" composed of people from or at home in many parts of the world; especially not provincial in attitudes or interests; "his cosmopolitan benevolence impartially extended to all races and to all creeds"- T.B. Macaulay; "the ancient and cosmopolitan societies of Syria and Egypt"; "that queer, cosmopolitan, rather sinister crowd found around the Marseilles docks" growing or occurring in many parts of the world; "a cosmopolitan herb"; "cosmopolitan in distribution" Cossack a member of a Slavic people living in southern European Russia and Ukraine and adjacent parts of Asia and noted for their horsemanship and military skill; they formed an elite cavalry corps in czarist Russia cost accountant a specialist in the systematic recording and analysis of the costs incident to production co-star one of two actors who are given equal status as stars in a play or film be the co-star in a performance feature as the co-star in a performance costermonger a hawker of fruit and vegetables from a barrow costumier someone who designs or supplies costumes (as for a play or masquerade) cotenant one of two or more tenants holding title to the same property cottager someone who lives in a cottage counselor someone who gives advice about problems someone who has supervisory duties at a summer camp count palatine a count who exercised royal authority in his own domain counterdemonstrator someone who demonstrates in opposition to another demonstration counterperson someone who attends a counter (as in a diner) counterrevolutionist a revolutionary whose aim is to reverse the changes introduced by an earlier revolution counterterrorist someone who attempts to prevent terrorism counterspy a spy who works against enemy espionage countess female equivalent of a count or earl country doctor a doctor who practices in the country (rather than in a city) usually remote from a modern hospital; "do country doctors still make house calls?" compatriot a person from your own country compromiser a negotiator willing to compromise; "Henry Clay was known as the Great Compromiser" countryman a man from your own country a man who lives in the country and has country ways countrywoman a woman from your own country a woman who lives in the country and has country ways county agent an advisor employed by the government to assist people in rural areas with methods of farming and home economics coureur de bois a French Canadian trapper courtier an attendant at the court of a sovereign cousin the child of your aunt or uncle couturier someone who designs clothing cover girl a very pretty girl who works as a photographer's model cowboy a hired hand who tends cattle and performs other duties on horseback someone who is reckless or irresponsible (especially in driving vehicles) a performer who gives exhibitions of riding and roping and bulldogging vaquero local names for a cowboy (`vaquero' is used especially in southwestern and central Texas and `buckaroo' is used especially in California) cowgirl a woman cowboy coxcomb a conceited dandy who is overly impressed by his own accomplishments coxswain the helmsman of a ship's boat or a racing crew crack addict someone addicted to crack cocaine crackpot a whimsically eccentric person craftsman a skilled worker who practices some trade or handicraft a creator of great skill in the manual arts; "the jewelry was made by internationally famous craftsmen" a professional whose work is consistently of high quality; "as an actor he was a consummate craftsman" crapshooter a gambler who plays the game of craps crawler a person who crawls or creeps along the ground crazy someone deranged and possibly dangerous intensely enthusiastic about or preoccupied with; "crazy about cars and racing"; "they are dotty about each other"; "gaga over the rock group's new album" possessed by inordinate excitement; "the crowd went crazy"; "was crazy to try his new bicycle" bizarre or fantastic; "had a crazy dream"; "wore a crazy hat" foolish; totally unsound; "a crazy scheme"; "half-baked ideas"; "a screwball proposal without a prayer of working" creature a human being; `wight' is an archaic term a person who is controlled by others and is used to perform unpleasant or dishonest tasks for someone else creditor a person to whom money is owed by a debtor; someone to whom an obligation exists crewman a member of a work crew a member of a flight crew cricketer an athlete who plays cricket crier a peddler who shouts to advertise the goods he sells criminal someone who has committed a crime or has been legally convicted of a crime guilty of crime or serious offense; "criminal in the sight of God and man" involving or being or having the nature of a crime; "a criminal offense"; "criminal abuse"; "felonious intent" criminologist a specialist in criminology cripple someone who is unable to walk normally because of an injury or disability to the legs or back deprive of the use of a limb, especially a leg; "The accident has crippled her for life" deprive of strength or efficiency; make useless or worthless; "This measure crippled our efforts"; "Their behavior stultified the boss's hard work" critic someone who frequently finds fault or makes harsh and unfair judgments anyone who expresses a reasoned judgment of something a person who is professionally engaged in the analysis and interpretation of works of art Croesus a very wealthy man last king of Lydia (died in 546 BC) crofter an owner or tenant of a small farm in Great Britain crooner a singer of popular ballads crossbencher a member of the House of Commons who does not vote regularly with either the government or the Opposition cross-examiner someone who questions a witness carefully (especially about testimony given earlier) crossing guard someone who helps people (especially children) at a traffic crossing crossover voter a voter who is registered as a member of one political party but who votes in the primary of another party croupier someone who collects and pays bets at a gaming table crown prince a male heir apparent to a throne crown princess a female heir apparent to a throne the wife of a crown prince Crusader a warrior who engages in a holy war; "the Crusaders tried to recapture the Holy Land from the Muslims" cryptanalyst decoder skilled in the analysis of codes and cryptograms crystallographer a specialist in crystallography Cub Scout a junior Boy Scout cubist an artist who adheres to the principles of cubism relating to or characteristic of cubism; "cubist art" cuckold a man whose wife committed adultery cuirassier a cavalryman equipped with a cuirass cultist a member of a religious cult a member of an unorthodox cult who generally lives outside of conventional society under the direction of a charismatic leader cultural attache an attache who is a specialist in cultural matters cupbearer the attendant (usually an officer of a nobleman's household) whose duty is to fill and serve cups of wine curandera a Mexican woman who practices healing techniques inherited from the Mayans curandero a Mexican man who practices healing techniques inherited from the Mayans curate a person authorized to conduct religious worship; "clergymen are usually called ministers in Protestant churches" curator the custodian of a collection (as a museum or library) curmudgeon a crusty irascible cantankerous old person full of stubborn ideas currier a craftsman who curries leather for use custodian one having charge of buildings or grounds or animals customer someone who pays for goods or services customer agent a foreign purchaser who buys goods outright for resale client a person who seeks the advice of a lawyer cutler a dealer in cutlery cutthroat someone who murders by cutting the victim's throat ruthless in competition; "cutthroat competition"; "bowelless readiness to take advantage" cybernaut a computer user who uses the internet; someone who explores cyberspace cyborg a human being whose body has been taken over in whole or in part by electromechanical devices; "a cyborg is a cybernetic organism" cyclist a person who rides a bicycle cymbalist a performer on the cymbals cynic someone who is critical of the motives of others Cynic a member of a group of ancient Greek philosophers who advocated the doctrine that virtue is the only good and that the essence of virtue is self-control cytogeneticist a geneticist who specializes in the cellular components associated with heredity cytologist a biologist who studies the structure and function of cells czar a person having great power a male monarch or emperor (especially of Russia prior to 1917) czarina the wife or widow of a czar dabbler an amateur who engages in an activity without serious intentions and who pretends to have knowledge dacoit a member of an armed gang of robbers dad an informal term for a father; probably derived from baby talk dairymaid a woman who works in a dairy dairyman a man who works in a dairy the owner or manager of a dairy Dalai Lama chief lama and once ruler of Tibet dalesman a person who lives in the dales of northern England dallier someone who wastes time Dalmatian a native or inhabitant of Dalmatia of or relating to Dalmatia or its inhabitants dame informal terms for a (young) woman a woman of refinement; "a chauffeur opened the door of the limousine for the grand lady" damsel a young unmarried woman dancer a performer who dances professionally a person who participates in a social gathering arranged for dancing (as a ball) clog dancer someone who does clog dancing dancing-master a professional teacher of dancing dancing partner one of a pair of people who dance together dandy a man who is much concerned with his dress and appearance danseur a male ballet dancer who is the partner of a ballerina daredevil a reckless impetuous irresponsible person presumptuously daring; "a daredevil test pilot having the right stuff" darling a special loved one darner a person who mends by darning dart player someone who plays the game of darts Darwinian an advocate of Darwinism of or relating to Charles Darwin's theory of organic evolution; "Darwinian theories" dastard a despicable coward dauber an unskilled painter daughter a female human offspring; "her daughter cared for her in her old age" daughter-in-law the wife of your son dauphin formerly, the eldest son of the King of France and direct heir to the throne dawdler someone who takes more time than necessary; someone who lags behind day boarder a schoolchild at a boarding school who has meals at school but sleeps at home dayboy a day boarder who is a boy daydreamer someone who indulges in idle or absentminded daydreaming lotus-eater someone indifferent to the busy world; "in the Odyssey Homer tells of lotus-eaters who live in dreamy indolence" daygirl a day boarder who is a girl day laborer a laborer who works by the day; for daily wages deacon a cleric ranking just below a priest in Christian churches; one of the Holy Orders a Protestant layman who assists the minister deaconess a woman deacon dead person someone who is no longer alive; "I wonder what the dead person would have done" decipherer a reader capable of reading and interpreting illegible or obscure text decoy a beguiler who leads someone into danger (usually as part of a plot) lure or entrap with or as if with a decoy deer hunter hunter of deer deipnosophist someone skilled at informal chitchat dropout someone who quits school before graduation someone who withdraws from a social group or environment deadbeat dad a father who willfully defaults on his obligation to provide financial support for his offspring deaf person a person with a severe auditory impairment dean an administrator in charge of a division of a university or college (Roman Catholic Church) the head of the College of Cardinals a man who is the senior member of a group; "he is the dean of foreign correspondents" debaser a person who lowers the quality or character or value (as by adding cheaper metal to coins) debater someone who engages in debate debtor a person who owes a creditor; someone who has the obligation of paying a debt debutante a young woman making her debut into society decadent a person who has fallen into a decadent state (morally or artistically) luxuriously self-indulgent; "I spent a decadent day at a spa" marked by excessive self-indulgence and moral decay; "a decadent life of excessive money and no sense of responsibility"; "a group of effete self-professed intellectuals" deceiver someone who leads you to believe something that is not true deckhand a member of a ship's crew who performs manual labor decorator someone who decorates deep-sea diver a diver in the deeper parts of the sea defamer one who attacks the reputation of another by slander or libel defaulter a contestant who forfeits a match someone who fails to meet a financial obligation someone who fails to make a required appearance in court defeatist someone who is resigned to defeat without offering positive suggestions defecator a person who defecates defense attorney the lawyer representing the defendant defense contractor a contractor concerned with the development and manufacture of systems of defense deist a person who believes that God created the universe and then abandoned it of or relating to deism freethinker a person who rejects religion delayer a person who delays; to put off until later or cause to be late delegate a person appointed or elected to represent others give an assignment to (a person) to a post, or assign a task to (a person) transfer power to someone delinquent a young offender past due; not paid at the scheduled time; "an overdue installment"; "a delinquent account" guilty of a misdeed; "delinquent minors" deliverer a person who gives up or transfers money or goods deliveryman someone employed to make deliveries demagogue a political leader who seeks support by appealing to popular passions and prejudices demander a person who makes demands demigod a person with great powers and abilities demimondaine a female prostitute democrat an advocate of democratic principles populist someone who advocates the rights of the common people over those of the elite Democrat a member of the Democratic Party demographer a scientist who studies the growth and density of populations and their vital statistics demon someone extremely diligent or skillful; "he worked like a demon to finish the job on time"; "she's a demon at math" demoniac someone who acts as if possessed by a demon of, pertaining to, or like a demon or possession by a demon demonstrator someone who participates in a public display of group feeling someone who demonstrates an article to a prospective buyer a teacher or teacher's assistant who demonstrates the principles that are being taught denier one who denies any of various former European coins of different denominations a unit of measurement for the fineness of silk or nylon or rayon; "with an evening dress one wears 10 denier stockings" den mother a woman who supervises a den of Cub Scouts someone who plays the role of a den mother; "he serves as den mother to all the freshmen in this dormitory"; "she's the den mother to new secretaries" dental assistant an assistant to a dentist dental hygienist someone trained to provide preventive dental service (cleaning teeth or taking x-rays) dental technician someone who makes dental appliances (bridges and dentures) dental surgeon a dentist qualified to perform surgical procedures dentist a person qualified to practice dentistry departer someone who leaves department head the head of a department dependant a person who relies on another person for support (especially financial support) depositor a person who has deposited money in a bank or similar institution depressive someone suffering psychological depression deputy an assistant with power to act when his superior is absent someone authorized to exercise the powers of sheriff in emergencies a person appointed to represent or act on behalf of others a member of the lower chamber of a legislative assembly (such as in France) derelict a person without a home, job, or property failing in what duty requires; "derelict (or delinquent) in his duty"; "neglectful of his duties"; "remiss of you not to pay your bills" dermatologist a doctor who specializes in the physiology and pathology of the skin dervish an ascetic Muslim monk; a member of an order noted for devotional exercises involving bodily movements descendant a person considered as descended from some ancestor proceeding by descent from an ancestor; "descendent gene" going or coming down deserter a person who abandons their duty (as on a military post) a disloyal person who betrays or deserts his cause or religion or political party or friend etc. designated driver the member of a party who is designated to refrain from alcohol and so is sober when it is time to drive home designated hitter a ballplayer who is designated to bat in place of the pitcher designer a person who devises plots or intrigues; "he is believed to be the principal designer of the terrorist bombing attack" desk clerk a hotel receptionist desk officer a military officer who is not assigned to active duty desk sergeant the police sergeant on duty in a police station desperado a bold outlaw (especially on the American frontier) desperate a person who is frightened and in need of help; "they prey on the hopes of the desperate" showing extreme courage; especially of actions courageously undertaken in desperation as a last resort; "made a last desperate attempt to reach the climber"; "the desperate gallantry of our naval task forces marked the turning point in the Pacific war"- G.C.Marshall; "they took heroic measures to save his life" fraught with extreme danger; nearly hopeless; "a desperate illness"; "on all fronts the Allies were in a desperate situation due to lack of materiel"- G.C.Marshall; "a dire emergency" showing extreme urgency or intensity especially because of great need or desire; "felt a desperate urge to confess"; "a desperate need for recognition" desperately determined; "do-or-die revolutionaries"; "a do-or-die conflict" (of persons) dangerously reckless or violent as from urgency or despair; "a desperate criminal"; "taken hostage of desperate men" detainee some held in custody detective a police officer who investigates crimes an investigator engaged or employed in obtaining information not easily available to the public detractor one who disparages or belittles the worth of something deus ex machina any active agent who appears unexpectedly to solve an insoluble difficulty deviationist an ideological defector from the party line (especially from orthodox communism) devil's advocate someone who takes the worse side just for the sake of argument devil worshiper someone who worships devils devisee someone to whom property (especially realty) is devised by will devisor someone who devises real property in a will devourer someone who eats greedily or voraciously diabetic someone who has diabetes suffering from diabetes of or relating to or causing diabetes diagnostician a doctor who specializes in medical diagnosis dialectician a logician skilled in dialectic diarist someone who keeps a diary or journal dichromat a person with any of the various forms of dichromacy dick someone who is a detective dictator a ruler who is unconstrained by law a speaker who dictates to a secretary or a recording machine dieter a person who diets nutritionist a specialist in the study of nutrition dietician a specialist in the study of diet and nutrition diemaker someone who makes dies differentiator a person who (or that which) differentiates digger a laborer who digs dimwit a stupid incompetent person dingbat a silly empty-headed person; "you would be a dingbat even to try it"; "yet here he was with an upper class dingbat who just happened to be married to his sister" dining-room attendant someone employed to provide service in a dining room diocesan a bishop having jurisdiction over a diocese belonging to or governing a diocese diplomat an official engaged in international negotiations a person who deals tactfully with others diplomate medical specialist whose competence has been certified by a diploma granted by an appropriate professional group director someone who controls resources and expenditures someone who supervises the actors and directs the action in the production of a show member of a board of directors Director of Central Intelligence the head of the United States Intelligence Community and director of the Central Intelligence Agency dirty old man a middle-aged man with lecherous inclinations nonbeliever someone who refuses to believe (as in a divinity) disciple someone who believes and helps to spread the doctrine of another disentangler a person who removes tangles; someone who takes something out of a tangled state disk jockey a person who announces and plays popular recorded music dispatcher employee of a transportation company who controls the departures of vehicles according to weather conditions and in the interest of efficient service dispatch rider a messenger who carries military dispatches (usually on a motorcycle) displaced person a person forced to flee from home or country dissenter a person who dissents from some established policy disturber a troubler who interrupts or interferes with peace and quiet; someone who causes disorder and commotion political dissident a dissenter from political orthodoxy distiller someone who distills alcoholic liquors distortionist a painter who introduces distortions district attorney an official prosecutor for a judicial district district manager a manager who supervises the sales activity for a district ditch digger a laborer who digs ditches diver someone who dives (into water) someone who works underwater divergent thinker a thinker who moves away from the problem as stated and often has novel ideas and solutions diviner someone who claims to discover hidden knowledge with the aid of supernatural powers divorcee a divorced woman or a woman who is separated from her husband ex-wife a woman who was formerly a particular man's wife; "all his exes live in Texas" divorce lawyer a lawyer specializing in actions for divorce or annulment docent a teacher at some universities Doctor of the Church (Roman Catholic Church) a title conferred on 33 saints who distinguished themselves through the orthodoxy of their theological teaching; "the Doctors of the Church greatly influenced Christian thought down to the late Middle Ages" dodderer one who dodders from old age and weakness dodger a shifty deceptive person dog catcher an employee of a municipal pound who is hired to round up stray dogs and cats doge formerly the chief magistrate in the republics of Venice and Genoa dogfighter a fighter pilot who engages in an aerial dogfights dog in the manger someone who prevents you from enjoying something that they themselves have no need for dogmatist a stubborn person of arbitrary or arrogant opinions dogsbody a worker who has to do all the unpleasant or boring jobs that no one else wants to do dolichocephalic an adult with a long narrow head having a relatively long head with a cephalic index of under 75 domestic a servant who is paid to perform menial tasks around the household produced in a particular country; "domestic wine"; "domestic oil" of concern to or concerning the internal affairs of a nation; "domestic issues such as tax rate and highway construction" of or involving the home or family; "domestic worries"; "domestic happiness"; "they share the domestic chores"; "everything sounded very peaceful and domestic"; "an author of blood-and-thunder novels yet quite domestic in his taste" converted or adapted to domestic use; "domestic animals"; "domesticated plants like maize" of or relating to the home; "domestic servant"; "domestic science" domestic partner a person (not necessarily a spouse) with whom you cohabit and share a long-term sexual relationship domestic prelate (Roman Catholic Church) a priest who is an honorary member of the papal household dominatrix a dominating woman (especially one who plays that role in a sadomasochistic sexual relationship) Dominican a native or inhabitant of the Dominican Republic a Roman Catholic friar wearing the black mantle of the Dominican order of or relating to Saint Dominic or the Dominican order; "Dominican monks" of or relating to or characteristic of the Dominican Republic or its people; "the Dominican population" dominus a clergyman; especially a settled minister or parson don the head of an organized crime family Donatist an adherent of Donatism of or relating to Donatism Don Juan any successful womanizer (after the legendary profligate Spanish nobleman) a legendary Spanish nobleman and philanderer who became the hero of many poems and plays and operas donna an Italian woman of rank donor person who makes a gift of property (medicine) someone who gives blood or tissue or an organ to be used in another person (the host) don't-know a person who responds `I don't know' in a public opinion poll; "70% in favor, 13% opposed and 17% don't-knows" doorkeeper someone who guards an entrance the lowest of the minor Holy Orders in the unreformed Western Church but now suppressed by the Roman Catholic Church dosser someone who sleeps in any convenient place dotard an oldster in his dotage; someone whose age has impaired his intellect double agent a spy who works for two mutually antagonistic countries double-crosser a person who says one thing and does another double dipper someone who draws two incomes from the government (usually by combining a salary and a pension) doubting Thomas someone who demands physical evidence in order to be convinced (especially when this demand is out of place) dowager a widow holding property received from her deceased husband down-and-out a person who is destitute; "he tried to help the down-and-out" lacking resources (or any prospect of resources) doyenne a woman who is the senior member of a group draft dodger someone who is drafted and illegally refuses to serve draftee someone who is drafted into military service drafter a writer of a draft draftsman an artist skilled at drawing a skilled worker who draws plans of buildings or machines dragoman an interpreter and guide in the Near East; in the Ottoman Empire in the 18th and 19th centuries a translator of European languages for the Turkish and Arab authorities and most dragomans were Greek (many reached high positions in the government) dragoon a member of a European military unit formerly composed of heavily armed cavalrymen subjugate by imposing troops compel by coercion, threats, or crude means; "They sandbagged him to make dinner for everyone" redcoat British soldier; so-called because of his red coat (especially during the American Revolution) drama critic a critic of theatrical performances dramatist someone who writes plays draper a dealer in fabrics and sewing materials (and sometimes in clothing and drygoods) drawee the person (or bank) who is expected to pay a check or draft when it is presented for payment drawler someone who speaks with a drawl dreamer someone who is dreaming dressmaker someone who makes or mends dresses dressmaker's model someone who models dresses dribbler a person who dribbles; "that baby is a dribbler; he needs a bib" a basketball player who is dribbling the ball to advance it drill master a noncommissioned officer who instructs recruits in military marching and discipline drinker a person who drinks alcoholic beverages (especially to excess) a person who drinks liquids driveller someone whose talk is trivial drivel dropkicker a football kicker who drops the ball and kicks it just as it reaches the ground drudge a laborer who is obliged to do menial work drug addict a narcotics addict drug baron a person who controls an organization dealing in illegal drugs drug user a person who takes drugs Druid a pre-Christian priest among the Celts of ancient Gaul and Britain and Ireland drum major the leader of a marching band or drum corps drum majorette a female drum major a female baton twirler who accompanies a marching band drummer someone who plays a drum drunk someone who is intoxicated drunk-and-disorderly someone arrested on the charge of being drunk and disorderly; "they delivered the drunk-and-disorderlies to the county jail" drunkard a chronic drinker Druze an adherent of an esoteric monotheistic religious sect living in the relative security of the mountains of Syria and Lebanon who believes that Al-hakim was an incarnation of God; "a Druze is permitted to conform outwardly to the faith of the unbelievers among whom he lives" dry a reformer who opposes the use of intoxicating beverages remove the moisture from and make dry; "dry clothes"; "dry hair" become dry or drier; "The laundry dries in the sun" practicing complete abstinence from alcoholic beverages; "he's been dry for ten years"; "no thank you; I happen to be teetotal" lacking warmth or emotional involvement; "a dry greeting"; "a dry reading of the lines"; "a dry critique" having a large proportion of strong liquor; "a very dry martini is almost straight gin" without a mucous or watery discharge; "a dry cough"; "that rare thing in the wintertime; a small child with a dry nose" humorously sarcastic or mocking; "dry humor"; "an ironic remark often conveys an intended meaning obliquely"; "an ironic novel"; "an ironical smile"; "with a wry Scottish wit" (of food) eaten without a spread or sauce or other garnish; "dry toast"; "dry meat" having no adornment or coloration; "dry facts"; "rattled off the facts in a dry mechanical manner" unproductive especially of the expected results; "a dry run"; "a mind dry of new ideas" used of solid substances in contrast with liquid ones; "dry weight" lacking interest or stimulation; dull and lifeless; "a dry book"; "a dry lecture filled with trivial details"; "dull and juiceless as only book knowledge can be when it is unrelated to...life"- John Mason Brown (of liquor) having a low residual sugar content because of decomposition of sugar during fermentation; "a dry white burgundy"; "a dry Bordeaux" not shedding tears; "dry sobs"; "with dry eyes" free from liquid or moisture; lacking natural or normal moisture or depleted of water; or no longer wet; "dry land"; "dry clothes"; "a dry climate"; "dry splintery boards"; "a dry river bed"; "the paint is dry" not producing milk; "a dry cow" opposed to or prohibiting the production and sale of alcoholic beverages; "the dry vote led by preachers and bootleggers"; "a dry state" lacking moisture or volatile components; "dry paint" dry nurse a nurse who cares for but does not suckle an infant dualist an adherent of dualism duce leader; "Mussolini was called Il Duce" duchess the wife of a duke or a woman holding ducal title in her own right duck hunter hunter of ducks duke a British peer of the highest rank a nobleman (in various countries) of high rank dueler a person who fights duels duenna a woman chaperon duffer an incompetent or clumsy person; "as a golfer he was only a duffer" dunce a stupid person; these words are used to express a low opinion of someone's intelligence dunker a basketball player who is able to make dunk shots an eater who dips food into a liquid before eating it; "he was a dunker--he couldn't eat a doughnut without a cup of coffee to dunk it in" Dutch uncle a counselor who admonishes frankly and sternly dyer someone whose job is to dye cloth dyslectic a person who has dyslexia having impaired ability to comprehend written words usually associated with a neurologic disorder dyspeptic a person suffering from indigestion suffering from dyspepsia dynamiter a person who uses dynamite in a revolutionary cause eager beaver an alert and energetic person Eagle Scout a Boy Scout who has earned many merit badges ear doctor a physician who specializes in the ear and its diseases earl a British peer ranking below a marquess and above a viscount Earl Marshal an officer of the English peerage who organizes royal processions and other ceremonies early bird a person who gets up very early in the morning a person who arrives early before others do earner someone who earn wages in return for their labor easterner an inhabitant of an eastern area; especially of the U.S. East-sider a resident of the east side of Manhattan in New York City eavesdropper a secret listener to private conversations eccentric a person with an unusual or odd personality not having a common center; not concentric; "eccentric circles" eclectic someone who selects according to the eclectic method selecting what seems best of various styles or ideas ecologist a biologist who studies the relation between organisms and their environment economic libertarian a libertarian who advocates maximizing individual rights and minimizing the role of the state econometrician an economist who uses statistical and mathematical methods economist an expert in the science of economics economizer a frugal person who limits spending and avoids waste ectomorph a person with a thin body editor a person responsible for the editorial aspects of publication; the person who determines the final content of a text (especially of a newspaper or magazine) subeditor an assistant editor educationist a specialist in the theory of education educator someone who educates young people Edwardian someone belonging to (or as if belonging to) the era of Edward VII of or relating to or characteristic of the era of Edward VII in England; "Edwardian furniture" effecter one who brings about a result or event; one who accomplishes a purpose efficiency expert an expert in increasing the efficient use of machines and personnel egalitarian a person who believes in the equality of all people egghead an intellectual; a very studious and academic person; "in spite of her love of reading she denied being an egghead" egocentric a self-centered person with little regard for others egomaniac an abnormally egotistical person egotist a conceited and self-centered person Egyptologist an archeologist who specializes in Egyptology ejaculator a speaker who utters a sudden exclamation a man who ejaculates semen elder a person who is older than you are any of various church officers any of numerous shrubs or small trees of temperate and subtropical northern hemisphere having white flowers and berrylike fruit used of the older of two persons of the same name especially used to distinguish a father from his son; "Bill Adams, Sr." elder statesman an elderly statesman whose advice is sought be government leaders any influential person whose advice is highly respected eldest hand the card player on the dealer's left elected official official who won the office in a free election electrical engineer a person trained in practical applications of the theory of electricity electrician a person who installs or repairs electrical or telephone lines electrocutioner an executioner who uses electricity to kill the condemned person electrologist someone skilled in the use of electricity to remove moles or warts or hair roots electroplater a plater who uses electrolysis electrotherapist someone who specializes in the treatment of disease by electricity elegist the author of a mournful poem lamenting the dead elevator girl a girl employed to operate an elevator elevator man a man employed to operate an elevator; "in England they call an elevator man a liftman" elevator operator an operator of an elevator elitist someone who believes in rule by an elite group Elizabethan a person who lived during the reign of Elizabeth I; "William Shakespeare was an Elizabethan" of or relating to Elizabeth I of England or to the age in which she ruled as queen; "Elizabethan music" elocutionist a public speaker trained in voice production and gesture and delivery emancipator someone who frees others from bondage; "Lincoln is known as the Great Emancipator" embalmer a mortician who treats corpses with preservatives embezzler someone who violates a trust by taking (money) for his own use embroiderer someone who ornaments with needlework embroideress a woman embroiderer embryologist a physician who specializes in embryology emeritus a professor or minister who is retired from assigned duties honorably retired from assigned duties and retaining your title along with the additional title `emeritus' as in `professor emeritus' emigrant someone who leaves one country to settle in another Emile the boy whose upbringing was described by Jean-Jacques Rousseau eminence grise (French) a person who exercises power or influence in certain areas without holding an official position; "the President's wife is an eminence grise in matters of education" emir an independent ruler or chieftain (especially in Africa or Arabia) emissary someone sent on a mission to represent the interests of someone else emotional person a person subject to strong states of emotion empress a woman emperor or the wife of an emperor empiricist a philosopher who subscribes to empiricism employable a person who is qualified and ready to work physically and mentally capable of working at a regular job and available employee a worker who is hired to perform a job employer a person or firm that employs workers employment agent someone who runs an employment agency empty nester a parent whose children have grown up and left home enchanter a sorcerer or magician conjurer a witch doctor who practices conjury enchantress a female sorcerer or magician a woman who is considered to be dangerously seductive encyclopedist a person who compiles information for encyclopedias endomorph a heavy person with a soft and rounded body end man a man at one end of a row of people a man at one end of line of performers in a minstrel show; carries on humorous dialogue with the interlocutor endocrinologist physician who specializes in the diagnosis and treatment of conditions affecting the endocrine system endodontist a dentist specializing in diseases of the dental pulp and nerve endorser a person who transfers his ownership interest in something by signing a check or negotiable security end user the ultimate user for which something is intended enfant terrible a person whose unconventional behavior embarrasses others English teacher someone who teaches English engraver a printmaker who prints from an engraved printing plate a skilled worker who can inscribe designs or writing onto a surface by carving or etching enjoyer a person who delights in having or using or experiencing something enlisted man a male enlisted person in the armed forces enlisted person a serviceman who ranks below a commissioned officer enlisted woman a female enlisted person in the armed forces enophile someone who appreciates wine enrollee a person who enrolls in (or is enrolled in) a class or course of study ENT man a specialist in the disorders of the ear or nose or throat enthusiast an ardent and enthusiastic supporter of some person or activity entomologist a zoologist who studies insects entrepreneur someone who organizes a business venture and assumes the risk for it environmentalist someone who works to protect the environment from destruction or pollution enzymologist a person who is trained in or engaged in enzymology eparch the governor or prefect of an eparchy in ancient Greece a bishop or metropolitan in charge of an eparchy in the Eastern Church Ephesian a resident of the ancient Greek city of Ephesus of or relating to ancient Ephesus or its people or language or culture epicure a person devoted to refined sensuous enjoyment (especially good food and drink) epidemiologist a medical scientist who studies the transmission and control of epidemic diseases epigone an inferior imitator of some distinguished writer, artist, or musician epileptic a person who has epilepsy of or relating to or characteristic of epilepsy; "epileptic seizure" Episcopalian a member of the Episcopal church epistemologist a specialist in epistemology equerry a personal attendant of the British royal family an official charged with the care of the horses of princes or nobles erotic an erotic person giving sexual pleasure; sexually arousing escalader someone who gains access by the use of ladders escapee someone who escapes escapist a person who escapes into a world of fantasy escapologist an entertainer who is expert in the art of escaping eschatologist a theologian who specializes in eschatology espionage agent someone employed to spy on another country or business competitor Esquire a title of respect for a member of the English gentry ranking just below a knight; placed after the name esquire (Middle Ages) an attendant and shield bearer to a knight; a candidate for knighthood essayist a writer of literary works esthete one who professes great sensitivity to the beauty of art and nature esthetician a philosopher who specializes in the nature of beauty a worker skilled in giving beauty treatments (manicures and facials etc.) etcher someone who etches ethicist a philosopher who specializes in ethics ethnarch the ruler of a province (as in the Roman Empire and Byzantine Empire) or certain religious rulers with secular authority; "the election of Makarios III to archbishop gave him the status of the ethnarch of Cyprus" ethnic a person who is a member of an ethnic group ethnographer an anthropologist who does ethnography ethnologist an anthropologist who studies ethnology ethologist a zoologist who studies the behavior of animals in their natural habitats etiologist a specialist in the etiology of diseases Etonian a student enrolled in (or graduated from) Eton College etymologist a lexicographer who specializes in etymology eunuch a man who has been castrated and is incapable of reproduction; "eunuchs guarded the harem" evacuee a person who has been evacuated from a dangerous place evaluator an authority who is able to estimate worth or quality evangelist a preacher of the Christian gospel Evangelist (when capitalized) any of the spiritual leaders who are assumed to be authors of the Gospels in the New Testament: Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John event planner someone who plans social events as a profession (usually for government or corporate officials) everyman the ordinary person evolutionist a person who believes in organic evolution examiner an investigator who observes carefully; "the examiner searched for clues" someone who administers a test to determine your qualifications exarch a viceroy who governed a large province in the Roman Empire a bishop in eastern Christendom who holds a place below a patriarch but above a metropolitan a bishop in one of several Eastern Orthodox Churches in North America excogitator a thinker who considers carefully and thoroughly Excellency a title used to address dignitaries (such as ambassadors or governors); usually preceded by `Your' or `His' or `Her'; "Your Excellency" exchanger one whose business is to exchange the money of one country for that of another country executant a performer (usually of musical works) executioner an official who inflicts capital punishment in pursuit of a warrant executive officer the officer second in command executive secretary a secretary having administrative duties and responsibilities executive vice president a vice president holding executive power executor a person appointed by a testator to carry out the terms of the will executrix a woman executor exegete a person skilled in exegesis (especially of religious texts) exhibitor someone who organizes an exhibit for others to see exhibitionist someone who deliberately behaves in such a way as to attract attention someone with a compulsive desire to expose the genitals existentialist a philosopher who emphasizes freedom of choice and personal responsibility but who regards human existence in a hostile universe as unexplainable relating to or involving existentialism; "existentialist movement"; "existentialist philosophy"; "the existentialist character of his ideas" exodontist a dentist specializing in the extraction of teeth exorcist someone who practices exorcism one of the minor orders in the unreformed Western Church but now suppressed in the Roman Catholic Church expert witness a witness who has knowledge not normally possessed by the average person concerning the topic that he is to testify about exploiter a person who uses something or someone selfishly or unethically explorer someone who travels into little known regions (especially for some scientific purpose) exporter a businessperson who transports goods abroad (for sale) expositor a person who explains expressionist an artist who is an adherent of expressionism of or relating to expressionism; "expressionist art" expurgator a person who edits a text by removing obscene or offensive words or passages; "Thomas Bowdler was a famous expurgator" ex-spouse a person who was formerly a spouse exterminator someone who exterminates (especially someone whose occupation is the extermination of troublesome rodents and insects) extern a nonresident doctor or medical student; connected with a hospital but not living there extremist a person who holds extreme views (used of opinions and actions) far beyond the norm; "extremist political views"; "radical opinions on education"; "an ultra conservative" extrovert (psychology) a person concerned more with practical realities than with inner thoughts and feelings being concerned with the social and physical environment eyeglass wearer a person who wears spectacles in order to see better eyewitness a spectator who can describe what happened be present at an event and see it with one's own eyes Fabian a member of the Fabian Society in Britain of or relating to Fabianism; "the Fabian society" fabulist a person who tells or invents fables facilitator someone who makes progress easier factotum a servant employed to do a variety of jobs faddist a person who subscribes to a variety of fads fakir a Muslim or Hindu mendicant monk who is regarded as a holy man falangist a Spanish member of General Franco's political party falconer a person who breeds and trains hawks and who follows the sport of falconry faller a person who falls; "one of them was safe but they were unable to save the faller"; "a faller among thieves" falsifier someone who falsifies family doctor a general practitioner who treats all the family members family man a man whose family is of major importance in his life famulus a close attendant (as to a scholar) fanatic a person motivated by irrational enthusiasm (as for a cause); "A fanatic is one who can't change his mind and won't change the subject"--Winston Churchill marked by excessive enthusiasm for and intense devotion to a cause or idea; "rabid isolationist" fancier a person having a strong liking for something fancy man a woman's lover fantasist a creator of fantasies fantast someone who predicts the future farm boy a boy who has grown up on a farm farmer a person who operates a farm farmerette a woman working on a farm farm girl a girl who has grown up on a farm farmhand a hired hand on a farm farrier a person who shoes horses Farsi a person of Iranian descent; "many Farsi emigrated to India near Bombay" fascist an adherent of fascism or other authoritarian views relating to or characteristic of fascism; "fascist propaganda" fascista an Italian fascist under Mussolini fashion consultant someone who advises you about fashionable clothing fatalist anyone who submits to the belief that they are powerless to change their destiny of or relating to fatalism; "a fatalist person"; "fatalistic thinking" fat cat a wealthy and privileged person father a male parent (also used as a term of address to your father); "his father was born in Atlanta" a person who holds an important or distinguished position in some organization; "the tennis fathers ruled in her favor"; "the city fathers endorsed the proposal" father figure a man who takes over all the functions of the real father father-figure a man (often a powerful or influential man) who arouses emotions usually felt for your real father and with whom you identify psychologically father-in-law the father of your spouse fatso a rotund individual Fauntleroy an excessively polite and well-dressed boy Fauve a member of a group of French painters who followed fauvism favorite son a United States politician favored mainly in his or her home state featherweight a professional boxer who weighs between 123 and 126 pounds weighs 126-139 pounds an amateur boxer who weighs no more than 126 pounds federalist an advocate of federalism Federalist a member of a former political party in the United States that favored a strong centralized federal government fellah an agricultural laborer in Arab countries fellow an informal form of address for a man; "Say, fellow, what are you doing?"; "Hey buster, what's up?" a member of a learned society; "he was elected a fellow of the American Physiological Association" fellow traveler a communist sympathizer (but not a member of the Communist Party) female aristocrat a woman who is an aristocrat female offspring a child who is female female sibling a person's sister female child a youthful female person; "the baby was a girl"; "the girls were just learning to ride a tricycle" feminist a supporter of feminism of or relating to or advocating equal rights for women; "feminist critique" fencer someone skilled at fencing fence-sitter a person who won't take sides in a controversy ferryman a man who operates a ferry fetishist one who engages in fetishism (especially of a sexual nature) feudal lord a man of rank in the ancient regime fiance a man who is engaged to be married fiancee a woman who is engaged to be married fiduciary a person who holds assets in trust for a beneficiary; "it is illegal for a fiduciary to misappropriate money for personal gain" relating to or of the nature of a legal trust (i.e. the holding of something in trust for another); "a fiduciary contract"; "in a fiduciary capacity"; "fiducial power" fielder a member of the cricket team that is fielding rather than batting a member of the baseball team that is in the field instead of at bat field judge a football official field marshal an officer holding the highest rank in the army field-grade officer an officer holding the rank of major or lieutenant colonel or colonel fifth columnist a member of a clandestine subversive organization who tries to help a potential invader fighter pilot a military or naval pilot of fighter planes file clerk a clerk who is employed to maintain the files of an organization filer a party who files a notice with a law court film director the person who directs the making of a film film maker a producer of motion pictures film star a star who plays leading roles in the cinema finagler a deceiver who uses crafty misleading methods finalist a contestant who reaches the final stages of a competition finance minister the minister responsible for state finances financier a person skilled in large scale financial transactions conduct financial operations fingerprint expert a specialist in identifying fingerprints fink someone acting as an informer or decoy for the police take the place of work of someone on strike fieldworker a researcher who works in the field fire chief the head of a fire department fire-eater a performer who pretends to swallow fire a belligerent grouch fire marshall an official who is responsible for the prevention and investigation of fires fire walker someone who walks barefoot on burning coals fire warden an official who is responsible for managing and protecting an area of forest fire watcher (during World War II in Britain) someone whose duty was to watch for fires caused by bombs dropped from the air first baseman (baseball) the person who plays first base firstborn the offspring who came first in the order of birth first in order of birth; "the firstborn child" first lady the wife of a chief executive the leading woman in an art or profession first lieutenant a commissioned officer in the Army or Air Force or Marines ranking above a 2nd lieutenant and below a captain first offender someone convicted for the first time first-nighter someone habitually a spectator at the openings of theatrical productions first-rater one who is first-rate first sergeant a sergeant in the Army above the rank of staff sergeant and below master sergeant fisherman someone whose occupation is catching fish fishmonger someone who sells fish fitter someone who fits a garment to a particular person improved in health or physical condition fixer someone who intervenes with authorities for a person in trouble (usually using underhand or illegal methods for a fee) flag captain the captain of a flagship flagellant a person who whips himself as a religious penance a person who is whipped or whips himself for sexual gratification flag officer a senior naval officer above the rank of captain flak catcher a slick spokesperson who can turn any criticism to the advantage of their employer flamen a priest who served a particular deity in ancient Rome flanker a soldier who is a member of a detachment assigned to guard the flanks of a military formation flanker back a back stationed wide of the scrimmage line; used as a pass receiver flapper a young woman in the 1920s who flaunted her unconventional conduct and dress flash in the pan someone who enjoys transient success but then fails flatmate an associate who shares an apartment with you flatterer a person who uses flattery fleet admiral an admiral of the highest rank flibbertigibbet a female fool flier someone who travels by air flight engineer the flight crewman responsible for mechanical operation while in flight flight surgeon a medical officer specializing in aviation medicine flogger a torturer who flogs or scourges (especially an official whose duty is to whip offenders) floor leader the legislator who organizes his party's strategy floorwalker an employee of a retail store who supervises sales personnel and helps with customer problems; "a floorwalker is called a shopwalker in Britain" Florentine a native or resident of Florence, Italy of or relating to or characteristic of the city of Florence, Italy; "Florentine art" flower girl a young girl who carries flowers in a (wedding) procession a woman who sells flowers in the street flunky a person of unquestioning obedience flutist someone who plays the flute fly-by-night a debtor who flees to avoid paying ephemeral; "the symphony is no fly-by-night venture" (of businesses and businessmen) untrustworthy or undependable; "a fly-by-night operation" flyweight an amateur boxer who weighs no more than 112 pounds weighs no more than 115 pounds foe a personal enemy; "they had been political foes for years" folk dancer someone who does folk dances folk poet a folk writer who composes in verse folk singer a singer of folk songs folk writer a writer of folktales follower a person who accepts the leadership of another someone who travels behind or pursues another fondler a molester who touches the intimate parts of the victim; "the woman charged that her jailer was a fondler"; "not all fondlers are sexual perverts" food faddist a person who adheres briefly to different diets food manufacturer a person who manufactures food products fool a person who lacks good judgment make a fool or dupe of football coach a coach of football players football hero a football player who has achieved a reputation for success football official an official who enforces the rules at a football game football player an athlete who plays American football footman a man employed as a servant in a large establishment (as a palace) to run errands and do chores footpad a highwayman who robs on foot forager someone who hunts for food and provisions; "in Japan a fungus forager can earn a good living" forebear a person from whom you are descended forecaster someone who makes predictions of the future (usually on the basis of special knowledge) forefather the founder of a family; "keep the faith of our forefathers" person from an earlier time who contributed to the tradition shared by some group; "our forefathers brought forth a great nation" foremother a woman ancestor foreign agent a spy for a foreign country foreign correspondent a journalist who sends news reports and commentary from a foreign country for publication or broadcast foreigner a person who comes from a foreign country; someone who does not owe allegiance to your country someone who is excluded from or is not a member of a group foreign minister a government minister for foreign relations foreman a person who exercises control over workers; "if you want to leave early you have to ask the foreman" a man who is foreperson of a jury foreperson the presiding member of the jury and the one who speaks on their behalf forester someone trained in forestry forewoman a woman in charge of a group of workers a woman who is foreperson of a jury forger someone who makes copies illegally someone who operates a forge fortune hunter a person who seeks wealth through marriage fortuneteller a person who foretells your personal future forty-niner a miner who took part in the California gold rush in 1849 foster-brother your foster brother is a male who is not a son of your parents but who is raised by your parents foster-child a child who is raised by foster parents foster-daughter someone who is raised as a daughter although not related by birth foster-father a man who is a foster parent foster-mother a woman who is a foster parent and raises another's child foster-nurse a nurse who raises another woman's child as her own foster-parent a person who acts as parent and guardian for a child in place of the child's natural parents but without legally adopting the child foster-sister your foster sister is a female who is not a daughter of your parents but who is raised by your parents foster-son someone who is raised as a son although not related by birth founder a person who founds or establishes some institution; "George Washington is the father of his country" a worker who makes metal castings stumble and nearly fall; "the horses foundered" sink below the surface Founding Father a member of the Constitutional Convention that drafted the United States Constitution in 1787 foundling a child who has been abandoned and whose parents are unknown foundress a woman founder four-minute man someone who has run the mile in less that 4 minutes fowler someone who hunts wild birds for food fox hunter a mounted hunter who follows the hounds in pursuit of a fox framer someone who writes a new law or plan; "the framers of the Constitution" someone who makes frames (as for pictures) Francophile an admirer of France and everything French Francophobe a person who hates France and everything French franc-tireur a sharpshooter (in the French army) franklin a landowner (14th and 15th centuries) who was free but not of noble birth fraternal twin either of two twins who developed from two separate fertilized eggs freak a person or animal that is markedly unusual or deformed free agent someone acting freely or even irresponsibly (sports) a professional athlete who is free to sign a contract to play for any team freedman a person who has been freed from slavery freedom rider one of an interracial group of civil rights activists who rode buses through parts of the South in order to protest racial segregation freeholder the owner of a freehold freelancer a writer or artist who sells services to different employers without a long-term contract with any of them free-liver someone who gratifies physical appetites (especially for food and drink) with more than the usual freedom freeloader someone who takes advantage of the generosity of others freeman a person who is not a serf or a slave Freemason a member of a widespread secret fraternal order pledged to mutual assistance and brotherly love free trader an advocate of unrestricted international trade freight agent an employee of a freight carrier who directs the receipt and delivery of goods French teacher someone who teaches French freshman a first-year undergraduate used of a person in the first year of an experience (especially in United States high school or college); "a freshman senator"; "freshman year in high school or college" Freudian a person who follows the basic theories or practices of Sigmund Freud of or relating to Sigmund Freud or his psychoanalytic ideas; "Freudian theories" friar a male member of a religious order that originally relied solely on alms monk a male religious living in a cloister and devoting himself to contemplation and prayer and work Benedictine a monk or nun belonging to the order founded by Saint Benedict of or relating to the Benedictines of or relating to Saint Benedict or his works friend a person you know well and regard with affection and trust; "he was my best friend at the university" frontiersman a man who lives on the frontier frontierswoman a woman who lives on the frontier frontbencher a member of the House of Commons who is a minister in the government or who holds an official position in an opposition party front man a person used as a cover for some questionable activity front-runner a competitor thought likely to win frotteur someone who masturbates by rubbing against another person (as in a crowd) fruiterer a person who sells fruit fruit grower someone who grows fruit commercially frump a dull unattractive unpleasant girl or woman; "she got a reputation as a frump"; "she's a real dog" fry cook a cook who specializes in fried foods fucker a stupid despised man fuddy-duddy a conservative who is old-fashioned or dull in attitude or appearance; "you may accuse me of being and old fuddy-duddy trying to stop young people having fun" fugitive someone who is sought by law officers; someone trying to elude justice someone who flees from an uncongenial situation; "fugitives from the sweatshops" fugleman a leader and organizer and spokesman (especially a political leader); "a fugleman for the radical right" fuller a workman who fulls (cleans and thickens) freshly woven cloth for a living full professor a professor of the highest rank funambulist an acrobat who performs on a tightrope or slack rope functional illiterate a person with some ability to read and write but not enough for daily practical needs functionalist an adherent of functionalism fundamentalist a supporter of fundamentalism an adherent of fundamentalist principles of or relating to or characteristic of Protestant fundamentalism or its adherents of or relating to or tending toward ideological fundamentalism fusilier (formerly) a British infantryman armed with a light flintlock musket futurist a theologian who believes that the Scripture prophecies of the Apocalypse (the Book of Revelation) will be fulfilled in the future gadabout a restless seeker after amusement or social companionship gadgeteer a person who delights in designing or building or using gadgets gaffer an electrician responsible for lighting on a movie or tv set gagman someone who writes comic material for public performers a comedian who uses gags gal alliterative term for girl (or woman) a unit of gravitational acceleration equal to one centimeter per second per second (named after Galileo) Galilean an inhabitant of Galilee (an epithet of Jesus Christ) of or relating to Galilee or its inhabitants of or relating to Galileo or his works galley slave a slave condemned to row in a galley gallows bird a person who deserves to be hanged galoot a disreputable or clumsy man galvanizer a leader who stimulates and excites people to action a skilled worker who coats iron or steel with zinc gambist a musician who performs upon the viola da gamba gambler a person who wagers money on the outcome of games or sporting events someone who risks loss or injury in the hope of gain or excitement gamekeeper a person employed to take care of game and wildlife games-master the teacher in charge of games at a school gamine a girl of impish appeal a homeless girl who roams the streets gandy dancer a laborer in a railroad maintenance gang ganger the foreman of a work gang gangsta (Black English) a member of a youth gang gangster a criminal who is a member of gang garbage man someone employed to collect and dispose of refuse gardener someone who takes care of a garden someone employed to work in a garden garmentmaker a person who makes garments garment cutter someone who cuts cloth etc. to measure in making garments garnishee a wage earner who is served with a garnishment take a debtor's wages on legal orders, such as for child support; "His employer garnished his wages in order to pay his debt" garroter someone who kills by strangling gasbag a boring person who talks a great deal about uninteresting topics gas fitter a workman who installs and repairs gas fixtures and appliances gasman someone employed by a gas company gastroenterologist a physician who specializes in diseases of the gastrointestinal tract gatecrasher someone who gets in (to a party) without an invitation or without paying gatekeeper someone who controls access to something; "there are too many gatekeepers between the field officers and the chief" gatherer a person who gathers; "they were a society of hunters and gatherers" gaucho a cowboy of the South American pampas gawker a spectator who stares stupidly without intelligent awareness geisha a Japanese woman trained to entertain men with conversation and singing and dancing gem cutter one who cuts and shapes precious stones gendarme a French policeman genealogist an expert in genealogy Genevan a native or resident of Geneva Genoese a native or resident of Genoa of or relating to or characteristic of Genoa or its inhabitants; "the Genoese sailor we call Columbus" genre painter a painter of scenes from everyday life geek a carnival performer who does disgusting acts geezer a man who is (usually) old and/or eccentric general manager the highest ranking manager general officer officers in the Army or Air Force or Marines above the rank of colonel general practitioner a physician who is not a specialist but treats all illnesses geneticist a biologist who specializes in genetics genitor a natural father or mother progenitor an ancestor in the direct line gent informal abbreviation of `gentleman' gentleman a man of refinement gentleman-at-arms one of 40 gentlemen who attend the British sovereign on state occasions geographer an expert on geography geologist a specialist in geology geomancer one who practices geomancy geometer a mathematician specializing in geometry geometry teacher someone who teaches geometry Germanist a specialist in the study of Germanic language or culture or literature gerontologist a specialist in gerontology geophysicist a geologist who uses physical principles to study the properties of the earth ghostwriter a writer who gives the credit of authorship to someone else Gibson girl the idealized American girl of the 1890s as pictured by C. D. Gibson gigolo a man who has sex with and is supported by a woman gilder someone whose occupation is to apply an overlay of gold or gilt gillie a young male attendant on a Scottish Highlander chief girl a young female; "a young lady of 18" a friendly informal reference to a grown woman; "Mrs. Smith was just one of the girls" girl Friday a female assistant who has a range of duties girlfriend a girl or young woman with whom a man is romantically involved; "his girlfriend kicked him out" any female friend; "Mary and her girlfriend organized the party" Girl Scout a girl who is a member of the Girl Scouts girl wonder an extremely talented young female person Girondist a member of the moderate republican party that was in power during the French Revolution; the Girondists were overthrown by their more radical rivals the Jacobins gitana a Spanish female Gypsy gitano a Spanish male Gypsy giver someone who devotes himself completely; "there are no greater givers than those who give themselves" gladiator (ancient Rome) a professional combatant or a captive who entertained the public by engaging in mortal combat glassblower someone skilled in blowing bottles from molten glass glassmaker someone who makes glass gleaner someone who gathers something in small pieces (e.g. information) slowly and carefully someone who picks up grain left in the field by the harvesters globetrotter someone who travels widely and often glossarist a scholiast who writes glosses or glossaries Gnostic an advocate of Gnosticism of or relating to Gnosticism; "Gnostic writings" god a man of such superior qualities that he seems like a deity to other people; "he was a god among men" gonif (Yiddish) a thief or dishonest person or scoundrel (often used as a general term of abuse) government agent a representative or official of a government or administrative department of a government G-man a special law-enforcement agent of the Federal Bureau of Investigation goat herder a person who tends a flock of goats gobbler a hasty eater who swallows large mouthfuls godchild an infant who is sponsored by an adult (the godparent) at baptism goddaughter a female godchild godfather someone having a relation analogous to that of a male sponsor to his godchild any man who serves as a sponsor for a child at baptism godmother any woman who serves as a sponsor for a child at baptism godparent a person who sponsors someone (the godchild) at baptism godson a male godchild gofer an employee whose duties include running errands Gog and Magog biblical names of the enemies of God's people who wage war against God at the end of the world; "in the Book of Ezekiel Gog is a ruler from the land of Magog but in the Book of Revelation Gog and Magog are nations under the rule of Satan" go-getter someone whose career progresses rapidly goldbeater an artisan who beats gold into gold leaf gold digger a woman who associates with or marries a rich man in order to get valuables from him through gifts or a divorce settlement gold miner a miner who digs or pans for gold in a gold field goldsmith an artisan who makes jewelry and other objects out of gold golem (Jewish folklore) an artificially created human being that is given life by supernatural means golfer someone who plays the game of golf golf pro someone who earns a living by playing or teaching golf golf widow a wife who is left alone much of the time because her husband is playing golf goliard a wandering scholar in medieval Europe; famed for intemperance and riotous behavior and the composition of satirical and ribald Latin songs gondolier a (Venetian) boatman who propels a gondola goner a person in desperate straits; someone doomed; "I'm a goner if this plan doesn't work"; "one mistake and you're toast" Gongorist a practitioner of the affected elegant style of the Spanish poet Gongora good egg (old-fashioned slang) a good person good guy any person who is on your side good old boy a white male Southerner with an unpretentious convivial manner and conservative or intolerant attitudes and a strong sense of fellowship with and loyalty to other members of his peer group good person a person who is good to other people good Samaritan a person who voluntarily offers help or sympathy in times of trouble goody-goody a person who behaves extremely well in order to please a superior affectedly or smugly good or self-righteous gossip columnist a journalist who writes a column of gossip about celebrities Goth one of the Teutonic people who invaded the Roman Empire in the 3rd to 5th centuries Gothic romancer a writer of Gothic romances gouger an attacker who gouges out the antagonist's eye governess a woman entrusted with the care and supervision of a child (especially in a private home) governor general a governor of high rank grabber an unpleasant person who grabs inconsiderately grader a judge who assigns grades to something graduate nurse someone who has completed the course of study (including hospital practice) at a nurses training school graduate student a student who continues studies after graduation grain merchant a merchant who deals in food grains grammarian a linguist who specializes in the study of grammar and syntax grandchild a child of your son or daughter granddaughter a female grandchild grand dragon a high ranking person in the Ku Klux Klan grand duchess the wife of a grand duke or a woman holding that rank in her own right grand duke a prince who rules a territory grande dame a middle-aged or elderly woman who is stylish and highly respected grandee a nobleman of highest rank in Spain or Portugal grandfather the father of your father or mother Grand Inquisitor director of the court of Inquisition (especially in Spain and Portugal) grandma the mother of your father or mother grandmaster a player of exceptional or world class skill in chess or bridge grand mufti the chief mufti of a district grandparent a parent of your father or mother grandson a male grandchild grandstander someone who performs with an eye to the applause from spectators in the grandstand granny an old woman grantee a recipient of a grant granter a person who grants or gives something grantor a person who makes a grant in legal form; "conveyed from grantor to grantee" graphic designer someone who specializes in graphic design graphologist a specialist in inferring character from handwriting grass widower a man who is divorced from (or separated from) his wife gravedigger a person who earns a living by digging graves graverobber someone who takes bodies from graves and sells them for anatomical dissection someone who steals valuables from graves or crypts gravida a pregnant woman the number of the pregnancy that a woman is in; "in her third pregnancy a woman is said to be gravida three" grazier a rancher who grazes cattle or sheep for market great a person who has achieved distinction and honor in some field; "he is one of the greats of American music" of major significance or importance; "a great work of art"; "Einstein was one of the outstanding figures of the 20th centurey" relatively large in size or number or extent; larger than others of its kind; "a great juicy steak"; "a great multitude"; "the great auk"; "a great old oak"; "a great ocean liner"; "a great delay" remarkable or out of the ordinary in degree or magnitude or effect; "a great crisis"; "had a great stake in the outcome" great-aunt an aunt of your father or mother great grandchild a child of your grandson or granddaughter great granddaughter a daughter of your grandson or granddaughter great grandmother a mother of your grandparent great grandfather a father of your grandparent great grandparent a parent of your grandparent great grandson a son of your grandson or granddaughter great-nephew a son of your niece or nephew great-niece a daughter of your niece or nephew great-uncle an uncle of your father or mother Grecian a native or resident of Greece Green Beret a soldier who is a member of the United States Army Special Forces greengrocer a grocer who sells fresh fruits and vegetables greenskeeper someone responsible for the maintenance of a golf course greeter a person who greets; "the newcomers were met by smiling greeters" gringo a Latin American (disparaging) term for foreigners (especially Americans and Englishmen) grinner a person who grins griot a storyteller in West Africa; perpetuates the oral traditions of a family or village groaner a person who groans grocer a retail merchant who sells foodstuffs (and some household supplies) grocery boy a delivery boy for groceries groom a man who has recently been married a man participant in his own marriage ceremony care for one's external appearance; "He is always well-groomed" groomsman a male attendant of the bridegroom at a wedding grouch a bad-tempered person show one's unhappiness or critical attitude; "He scolded about anything that he thought was wrong"; "We grumbled about the increased work load" groundling in Elizabethan theater: a playgoer in the cheap standing section groundsman someone who maintains the grounds (of an estate or park or athletic field) group captain a commissioned officer (especially one in the Royal Air Force) equivalent in rank to a colonel in the army groupie an enthusiastic young fan (especially a young woman who follows rock groups around) grunter a person who grunts guarantor one who provides a warrant or guarantee to another prison guard someone who guards prisoners guardsman a soldier who is a member of a unit called `the guard' or `guards' guerrilla a member of an irregular armed force that fights a stronger force by sabotage and harassment guesser a person who guesses guest a visitor to whom hospitality is extended a customer of a hotel or restaurant etc. guest of honor the person in whose honor a gathering is held guest worker a person with temporary permission to work in another country; "a Moroccan guestworker in Canada was accused of aiding terrorists" guitarist a musician who plays the guitar gulper a drinker who swallows large amounts greedily gunman a professional killer who uses a gun a person who shoots a gun (as regards their ability) gunnery sergeant a noncommissioned officer ranking above a staff sergeant in the marines gunrunner a smuggler of guns gunsmith someone who makes or repairs guns guru a Hindu or Buddhist religious leader and spiritual teacher a recognized leader in some field or of some movement; "a guru of genomics" Guru each of the first ten leaders of the Sikh religion guvnor (British slang) boss guzzler someone who drinks heavily (especially alcoholic beverages); "he's a beer guzzler every night" gymnast an athlete who is skilled in gymnastics gymnosophist member of a Hindu sect practicing gymnosophy (especially nudism) gym rat someone who spends all leisure time playing sports or working out in a gymnasium or health spa gynecologist a specialist in gynecology Gypsy a member of a people with dark skin and hair who speak Romany and who traditionally live by seasonal work and fortunetelling; they are believed to have originated in northern India but now are living on all continents (but mostly in Europe, North Africa, and North America) hacker a programmer for whom computing is its own reward; may enjoy the challenge of breaking into other computers but does no harm; "true hackers subscribe to a code of ethics and look down upon crackers" someone who plays golf poorly cyber-terrorist a programmer who breaks into computer systems in order to steal or change or destroy information as a form of cyber-terrorism hag an ugly evil-looking old woman haggler an intense bargainer hagiographer the author of a worshipful or idealizing biography hairdresser someone who cuts or beautifies hair hairsplitter a disputant who makes unreasonably fine distinctions hajji an Arabic term of respect for someone who has made the pilgrimage to Mecca a general term used by foreign soldiers to refer to the Iraqi people; "to American soldiers, the hajji are the alien people from whom the enemy emerges" hakim a Muslim physician a Muslim ruler or governor or judge halberdier a guard who carries a halberd (as a symbol of his duty) half blood one of siblings who have only one parent in common half-caste an offensive term for the offspring of parents of different racial groups or cultures half-breed an offensive term for an offspring of parents of different racial group (especially of Caucasian and American Indian ancestry) fathead a man who is a stupid incompetent fool Ham (Old Testament) son of Noah Haman (Old Testament) the minister of the Persian emperor who hated the Jews and was hanged for plotting to massacre them handler an agent who handles something or someone; "the senator's campaign handlers" handicapped person a person who has some condition that markedly restricts their ability to function physically or mentally or socially animal trainer one who trains or exhibits animals handmaid a personal maid or female attendant in a subordinate position; "theology should be the handmaiden of ethics"; "the state cannot be a servant of the church" handyman a man skilled in various odd jobs and other small tasks hangman an executioner who hangs the condemned person haranguer a public speaker who delivers a loud or forceful or angry speech harasser a persistent attacker; "the harassers were not members of the regular army" a persistent tormentor hardliner a conservative who is uncompromising harlequin a clown or buffoon (after the Harlequin character in the commedia dell'arte) variegate with spots or marks; "His face was harlequined with patches" harmonizer a mediator who brings one thing into harmonious agreement with another a musician who sings or plays in harmony harpist someone who plays the harp harpooner someone who launches harpoons harpsichordist someone who plays the harpsichord harridan a scolding (even vicious) old woman has-been someone who is no longer popular hash head a user of hashish Hasid a member of a Jewish sect that observes a form of strict Orthodox Judaism hatchet man one whose job it is to execute unpleasant tasks for a superior a professional killer hatemonger one who arouses hatred for others hater a person who hates hatmaker someone who makes and sells hats hauler a haulage contractor headhunter a savage who cuts off and preserves the heads of enemies as trophies a recruiter of personnel (especially for corporations) headliner a performer who receives prominent billing head linesman a football official in charge of recording yardage gained or lost headman the head of a tribe or clan headmaster presiding officer of a school headmistress a woman headmaster head nurse the person in charge of nursing in a medical institution head of household the head of a household or family or tribe head of state the chief public representative of a country who may also be the head of government headsman an executioner who beheads the condemned person health professional a person who helps in identifying or preventing or treating illness or disability hearer someone who listens attentively audile one whose mental imagery is auditory rather than visual or motor motile one whose prevailing mental imagery takes the form of inner feelings of action (of spores or microorganisms) capable of movement hearing examiner an official appointed by a government agency to conduct an investigation or administrative hearing so that the agency can exercise its statutory powers heartthrob an object of infatuation heathen a person who does not acknowledge your god not acknowledging the God of Christianity and Judaism and Islam paynim a heathen; a person who is not a Christian (especially a Muslim) heavy hitter an influential person who works hard to promote the causes they are interested in heavyweight a professional boxer who weighs more than 190 pounds a wrestler who weighs more than 214 pounds an amateur boxer who weighs no more than 201 pounds Hebraist linguist specializing in the Hebrew language heckler someone who tries to embarrass you with gibes and questions and objections hedger a gardener who takes care of and trims hedges someone who counterbalances one transaction (as a bet) against another in order to protect against loss a respondent who avoids giving a clear direct answer hedonist someone motivated by desires for sensual pleasures Hegelian a follower of the thought of Hegel of or relating to Hegel or his dialectic philosophy Heidelberg man a type of primitive man who lived in Europe heir a person who is entitled by law or by the terms of a will to inherit the estate of another heir apparent an heir whose right to an inheritance cannot be defeated if that person outlives the ancestor heir-at-law the person legally entitled to inherit the property of someone who dies intestate heiress a female heir heir presumptive a person who expects to inherit but whose right can be defeated by the birth of a nearer relative hellion a rowdy or mischievous person (usually a young man); "he chased the young hellions out of his yard" hellhound a very evil man hell-kite someone who is a very fierce fighter helmsman the person who steers a ship hierarch a person who holds a high position in a hierarchy hired help employee hired for domestic or farm work (often used in the singular to refer to several employees collectively) histologist anatomist who specializes in the microscopic study of animal tissues helpmate a helpful partner Helvetian a native of Switzerland hematologist a doctor who specializes in diseases of the blood and blood-forming organs hemiplegic a person who has hemiplegia (is paralyzed on one side of the body) hemophiliac someone who has hemophilia and is subject to uncontrollable bleeding herald (formal) a person who announces important news; "the chieftain had a herald who announced his arrival with a trumpet" herbalist a therapist who heals by the use of herbs herder someone who drives a herd heretic a person who holds religious beliefs in conflict with the dogma of the Roman Catholic Church a person who holds unorthodox opinions in any field (not merely religion) hermaphrodite one having both male and female sexual characteristics and organs; at birth an unambiguous assignment of male or female cannot be made hermit one who lives in solitude herpetologist a zoologist who studies reptiles and amphibians protagonist the principal character in a work of fiction antihero a protagonist who lacks the characteristics that would make him a hero (or her a heroine) heroine the main good female character in a work of fiction a woman possessing heroic qualities or a woman who has performed heroic deeds heroin addict someone addicted to heroin hero worshiper someone who worships heroes heterosexual a person having a sexual orientation to persons of the opposite sex sexually attracted to members of the opposite sex hewer a person who hews highbinder a corrupt politician highbrow a person of intellectual or erudite tastes highly cultured or educated; "highbrow events such as the ballet or opera"; "a highbrowed literary critic" high commissioner a senior diplomat from one country to another who is assigned ambassadorial rank highflier a person of great ability and ambition Highlander a native of the Highlands of Scotland a soldier in a Scottish regiment from the Highlands high-muck-a-muck an arrogant or conceited person of importance Highness (Your Highness or His Highness or Her Highness) title used to address a royal person high priest a preeminent authority or major proponent of a movement or doctrine; "he's the high priest of contemporary jazz" high roller a gambler who wagers large sums highjacker a holdup man who stops a vehicle and steals from it someone who uses force to take over a vehicle (especially an airplane) in order to reach an alternative destination highway engineer a civil engineer who specializes in the design and construction of roads and highways hiker a foot traveler; someone who goes on an extended walk (for pleasure) hillbilly a disparaging term for an unsophisticated person hippie someone who rejects the established culture; advocates extreme liberalism in politics and lifestyle hired hand a hired laborer on a farm or ranch; "the hired hand fixed the railing"; "a ranch hand" hireling a person who works only for money hisser someone who communicates disapproval by hissing historian a person who is an authority on history and who studies it and writes about it hitchhiker a person who travels by getting free rides from passing vehicles hitter someone who hits; "a hard hitter"; "a fine striker of the ball"; "blacksmiths are good hitters" hoarder a person who accumulates things and hides them away for future use hobbledehoy an awkward bad-mannered adolescent boy hobbler someone who has a limp and walks with a hobbling gait hobbyist a person who pursues an activity in their spare time for pleasure hockey coach a coach of hockey players hockey player an athlete who plays hockey hod carrier a laborer who carries supplies to masons or bricklayers hoister an operator of a hoist holdover an official who remains in office after his term holdup man an armed thief Holy Roller a member of a religion that expresses ecstatic fervor Holy Roman Emperor sovereign of the Holy Roman Empire homeboy a male friend from your neighborhood or hometown a fellow male member of a youth gang homebuilder someone who builds houses as a business home buyer someone buying a house homegirl a fellow female member of a youth gang home help a person hired to help in another's home (especially one employed by a local authority to help the infirm with domestic work) homeopath a practitioner of homeopathy homeowner someone who owns a home Home Secretary the British cabinet minister who is head of the Home Office homophobe a person who hates or fears homosexual people homosexual someone who is sexually attracted to persons of the same sex sexually attracted to members of your own sex homunculus a tiny fully formed individual that (according to the discredited theory of preformation) is supposed to be present in the sperm cell honest woman a wife who has married a man with whom she has been living for some time (especially if she is pregnant at the time); "he made an honest woman of her" honoree a recipient of honors in recognition of noteworthy accomplishments honor guard an escort for a distinguished guest or for the casket at a military funeral hoofer a professional dancer hooker (rugby) the player in the middle of the front row of the scrum who tries to capture the ball with the foot a golfer whose shots typically curve left (for right-handed golfers) Hooray Henry a lively and ineffectual upper-class young man hoper a person who hopes; "only an avid hoper could expect the team to win now" hornist a musician who plays a horn (especially a French horn) horse doctor a veterinarian who treats horses horseman a person who breeds and cares for horses a man skilled in equitation horse trader a hard bargainer horsewoman a woman horseman horse wrangler a cowboy who takes care of the saddle horses horticulturist an expert in the science of cultivating plants (fruit or flowers or vegetables or ornamental plants) hosier a tradesman who sells hosiery and (in England) knitwear hospital chaplain a chaplain in a hospital hosteller a traveler who lodges in hostels; "a youth hosteller" hostess a woman innkeeper a woman host hostage a prisoner who is held by one party to insure that another party will meet specified terms hotel detective a private detective employed by a hotel or retail store hotelier an owner or manager of hotels hotspur a rash or impetuous person housebreaker a burglar who unlawfully breaks into and enters another person's house housefather a man in charge of children in an institution house guest a guest entertained in your house house husband a husband who keeps house while his wife earns the family income housekeeper a servant who is employed to perform domestic task in a household housemaster teacher in charge of a school boardinghouse housemate someone who resides in the same house with you housemother a woman employed as a chaperon in a residence for young people house painter a painter of houses a similar buildings house physician a physician (especially an intern) who lives in a hospital and cares for hospitalized patients under the supervision of the medical staff of the hospital; "the resident was receiving special clinical training at the hospital" house sitter a custodian who lives in and cares for a house while the regular occupant is away (usually without an exchange of money) housewife a wife who manages a household while her husband earns the family income housewrecker a wrecker of houses; "in England a housewrecker is called a housebreaker" housing commissioner a commissioner in charge of public housing Houyhnhnm one of a race of intelligent horses who ruled the Yahoos in a novel by Jonathan Swift Huayna Capac the Incan ruler under whom the Incan empire reached its widest extent (died in 1525) huckster a seller of shoddy goods a person who writes radio or tv advertisements huddler a person who crouches; "low huddlers against the wind" a member of a huddle hugger a person who hugs Huguenot a French Calvinist of the 16th or 17th centuries humanist a classical scholar or student of the liberal arts an advocate of the principles of humanism; someone concerned with the interests and welfare of humans pertaining to or concerned with the humanities; "humanistic studies"; "a humane education" of or pertaining to a philosophy asserting human dignity and man's capacity for fulfillment through reason and scientific method and often rejecting religion; "the humanist belief in continuous emergent evolution"- Wendell Thomas humanitarian someone devoted to the promotion of human welfare and to social reforms of or relating to or characteristic of humanitarianism; "humanitarian aid" hummer a singer who produces a tune without opening the lips or forming words humorist someone who acts speaks or writes in an amusing way Hun a member of a nomadic people who invaded Europe in the 4th century hunger marcher an unemployed person who participates in a hunger march hunted person a person who is hunted hunter-gatherer a member of a hunting and gathering society hunting guide guide to people hunting in unfamiliar territory huntress a woman hunter hurdler an athlete who runs the hurdles husband a married man; a woman's partner in marriage ex-husband a man who was formerly a certain woman's husband hussar a member of a European light cavalry unit; renowned for elegant dress Hussite an adherent of the religious reforms of John Huss hustler a shrewd or unscrupulous person who knows how to circumvent difficulties hydrologist a geologist skilled in hydrology hydromancer one who practices hydromancy hygienist a medical specialist in hygiene hyperope a person with hyperopia; a farsighted person hypertensive a person who has abnormally high blood pressure having abnormally high blood pressure hypnotist a person who induces hypnosis hypochondriac a patient with imaginary symptoms and ailments suffering from hypochondria hypocrite a person who professes beliefs and opinions that he or she does not hold in order to conceal his or her real feelings or motives hypotensive a person who has abnormally low blood pressure having abnormally low blood pressure hysteric a person suffering from hysteria characterized by or arising from psychoneurotic hysteria; "during hysterical conditions various functions of the human body are disordered"- Morris Fishbein; "hysterical amnesia" Iberian a native or inhabitant of the Iberian Peninsula (especially in ancient times) a native or inhabitant of Iberia in the Caucasus of or relating to the Iberian Peninsula or its inhabitants iceman someone who cuts and delivers ice ice-skater someone who engages in ice skating ichthyologist a zoologist who studies fishes iconoclast someone who attacks cherished ideas or traditional institutions a destroyer of images used in religious worship idealist someone guided more by ideals than by practical considerations identical twin either of two twins developed from the same fertilized ovum (having the same genetic material) ideologist an advocate of some ideology idiot a person of subnormal intelligence idiot savant person who is mentally retarded in general but who displays remarkable aptitude in some limited field (usually involving memory) idler person who does no work; "a lazy bum" idolater a person who worships idols idolatress a woman idolater idolizer a lover blind with admiration and devotion ignoramus an ignorant person illiterate a person unable to read lacking culture, especially in language and literature not able to read or write imam (Islam) the man who leads prayers in a mosque; for Shiites an imam is a recognized authority on Islamic theology and law and a spiritual guide immigrant a person who comes to a country where they were not born in order to settle there immortal a person (such as an author) of enduring fame; "Shakespeare is one of the immortals" not subject to death immune a person who is immune to a particular infection (usually followed by `to') not affected by a given influence; "immune to persuasion" relating to or conferring immunity (to disease or infection) secure against; "immune from taxation as long as he resided in Bermuda"; "immune from criminal prosecution" relating to the condition of immunity; "the immune system" immunologist a medical scientist who specializes in immunology imp one who is playfully mischievous imperialist a believer in imperialism impersonator someone who (fraudulently) assumes the appearance of another important person a person whose actions and opinions strongly influence the course of events importer someone whose business involves importing goods from outside (especially from a foreign country) imposter a person who makes deceitful pretenses impressionist a painter who follows the theories of Impressionism relating to or characteristic of Impressionism; "impressionist music" inamorata a woman with whom you are in love or have an intimate relationship inamorato a man with whom you are in love or have an intimate relationship incompetent someone who is not competent to take effective action not qualified or suited for a purpose; "an incompetent secret service"; "the filming was hopeless incompetent" legally not qualified or sufficient; "a wife is usually considered unqualified to testify against her husband"; "incompetent witnesses" not doing a good job; "incompetent at chess" incumbent the official who holds an office currently holding an office; "the incumbent governor" necessary (for someone) as a duty or responsibility; morally binding; "it is incumbent on them to pay their own debts" lying or leaning on something else; "an incumbent geological formation" incurable a person whose disease is incurable unalterable in disposition or habits; "an incurable optimist" incapable of being cured; "an incurable disease"; "an incurable addiction to smoking" index case the earliest documented case of a disease that is included in an epidemiological study indexer someone who provides an index Indian agent a representative of the federal government to American Indian tribes (especially on Indian reservations) Indian chief the leader of a group of Native Americans Indian giver an offensive term for someone who asks you to return a present he has given you individual a single organism being or characteristic of a single thing or person; "individual drops of rain"; "please mark the individual pages"; "they went their individual ways" separate and distinct from others of the same kind; "mark the individual pages"; "on a case-by-case basis" characteristic of or meant for a single person or thing; "an individual serving"; "single occupancy"; "a single bed" inductee a person inducted into an organization or social group; "Ty Cobb and Babe Ruth were 1936 inductees in the National Baseball Hall of Fame" industrialist someone who manages or has significant financial interest in an industrial enterprise infantryman fights on foot with small arms inferior one of lesser rank or station or quality of or characteristic of low rank or importance of low or inferior quality having an orbit between the sun and the Earth's orbit; "Mercury and Venus are inferior planets" lower than a given reference point; "inferior alveolar artery" infernal an inhabitant of Hell; "his roar made the infernals quake" being of the underworld; "infernal regions" characteristic of or resembling Hell; "infernal noise"; "infernal punishment" of or pertaining to or characteristic of a very uncontrolled and intense fire; "infernal heat" infielder (baseball) a person who plays a position in the infield infiltrator an intruder (as troops) with hostile intent someone who takes up a position surreptitiously for the purpose of espionage informant a person who supplies information informer one who reveals confidential information in return for money ingrate a person who shows no gratitude polymath a person of great and varied learning in-law a relative by marriage inmate one of several resident of a dwelling (especially someone confined to a prison or hospital) inoculator a medical practitioner who inoculates people against diseases inpatient a patient who is residing in the hospital where he is being treated inquirer someone who asks a question inquiry agent a private detective inquisitor a questioner who is excessively harsh Inquisitor an official of the ecclesiastical court of the Inquisition insider an officer of a corporation or others who have access to private information about the corporation's operations insomniac someone who cannot sleep experiencing or accompanied by sleeplessness; "insomniac old people"; "insomniac nights"; "lay sleepless all night"; "twenty watchful, weary, tedious nights"- Shakespeare inspector a high ranking police officer inspector general a military officer responsible for investigations instigator a person who initiates a course of action someone who deliberately foments trouble; "she was the instigator of their quarrel" instructress a woman instructor insurance broker an agent who sells insurance insured a person whose interests are protected by an insurance policy; a person who contracts for an insurance policy that indemnifies him against loss of property or life or health etc. covered by insurance; "an insured risk"; "all members of the film cast and crew are insured" insurgent a person who takes part in an armed rebellion against the constituted authority (especially in the hope of improving conditions) in opposition to a civil authority or government intelligence analyst a government analyst of information about an enemy or potential enemy interior designer a person who specializes in interior design interior decorator a person who specializes in interior decoration interlocutor a person who takes part in a conversation the performer in the middle of a minstrel line who engages the others in talk intern an advanced student or graduate in medicine gaining supervised practical experience (`houseman' is a British term) work as an intern; "The young doctor is interning at the Medical Center this year" deprive of freedom; "During WW II, Japanese were interned in camps in the West" internal auditor an auditor who is an employee of the company whose records are audited and who provides information to the management and board of directors International Grandmaster a chess player who has been awarded the highest title by an international chess organization internationalist a member of a socialist or communist international an advocate of internationalism influenced by or advocating internationalism internee a person who is interned; "the internees were enemy aliens and suspected terrorists" internist a specialist in internal medicine internuncio (Roman Catholic Church) a diplomatic representative of the Pope ranking below a nuncio intervenor (law) a party who interposes in a pending proceeding interviewee a person who is interviewed interviewer a person who conducts an interview introvert (psychology) a person who tends to shrink from social contacts and to become preoccupied with their own thoughts turn inside; "He introverted his feelings" intruder someone who intrudes on the privacy or property of another without permission invader someone who enters by force in order to conquer invalid someone who is incapacitated by a chronic illness or injury force to retire, remove from active duty, as of firemen no longer valid; "the license is invalid" having no cogency or legal force; "invalid reasoning"; "an invalid driver's license" invalidator an official who can invalidate or nullify; "my bank check was voided and I wanted to know who the invalidator was" inventor someone who is the first to think of or make something investigator someone who investigates investment adviser someone who advises others how to invest their money investment banker a banker who deals chiefly in underwriting new securities investor someone who commits capital in order to gain financial returns invigilator someone who watches examination candidates to prevent cheating iron man a strong man of exceptional physical endurance ironmonger someone who sells hardware; "in England they call a hardwareman an ironmonger" ironside a man of great strength or bravery ironworker a person who makes articles of iron irredentist an advocate of irredentism irreligionist someone who is indifferent or hostile to religion islander an inhabitant of an island Ismaili an adherent of Ismailism; a member of the Ismaili branch of Shiism of or relating to a branch of Shiism that is noted for its esoteric philosophy isolationist an advocate of isolationism in international affairs of or relating to isolationism itinerant a laborer who moves from place to place as demanded by employment; "itinerant traders" traveling from place to place to work; "itinerant labor"; "an itinerant judge" Ivy Leaguer a student or graduate at an Ivy League school Jack of all trades a person able to do a variety of different jobs acceptably well Jacksonian a follower of Andrew Jackson or his ideas of or pertaining to Andrew Jackson or his presidency or his concepts of popular democracy Jacob (Old Testament) son of Isaac; brother of Esau; father of the twelve patriarchs of Israel; Jacob wrestled with God and forced God to bless him, so God gave Jacob the new name of Israel (meaning `one who has been strong against God') French biochemist who (with Jacques Monod) studied regulatory processes in cells (born in 1920) Jacobean any distinguished personage during the reign of James I of or relating to James I or his reign or times; "Jacobean writers" Jacobin a member of the radical movement that instituted the Reign of Terror during the French Revolution Jacobite a supporter of James II after he was overthrown or a supporter of the Stuarts jail bird a criminal who has been jailed repeatedly Jane Doe an unknown or fictitious woman who is a party to legal proceedings Janissary a Turkish soldier janissary a loyal supporter; "every politician has a following of janissaries" janitor someone employed to clean and maintain a building Jansenist an advocate of Jansenism Japheth (Old Testament) son of Noah Jat a member of an Indo-European people widely scattered throughout the northwest of the Indian subcontinent and consisting of Muslims and Hindus and Sikhs jawan (India) a private soldier or male constable jaywalker a reckless pedestrian who crosses a street illegally jazz musician a musician who plays or composes jazz music Jeffersonian a follower of Thomas Jefferson or his ideas and principles relating to or characteristic of Thomas Jefferson or his principles or theories; "Jeffersonian democracy" Jekyll and Hyde someone with two personalities - one good and one evil jerry-builder someone who builds cheap buildings out of poor materials on speculation for a quick profit jester a professional clown employed to entertain a king or nobleman in the Middle Ages Jesuit a member of the Jesuit order jeweler someone in the business of selling jewelry jewelry maker someone who makes jewelry jezebel a shameless impudent scheming woman jilt a woman who jilts a lover cast aside capriciously or unfeelingly; "jilt a lover or a bride" jobber someone who buys large quantities of goods and resells to merchants rather than to the ultimate customers job candidate an applicant who is being considered for a job jobholder an employee who holds a regular job Job's comforter someone whose comfort is actually discouraging jockey someone employed to ride horses in horse races an operator of some vehicle or machine or apparatus; "he's a truck jockey"; "a computer jockey"; "a disc jockey" ride a racehorse as a professional jockey compete (for an advantage or a position) jogger someone who runs a steady slow pace (usually for exercise) John Doe an unknown or fictitious man who is a party to legal proceedings a hypothetical average man joiner a woodworker whose work involves making things by joining pieces of wood a person who likes to join groups jonah a person believed to bring bad luck to those around him journalist a writer for newspapers and magazines Judas someone who betrays under the guise of friendship (New Testament) the Apostle who betrayed Jesus to his enemies for 30 pieces of silver judge a public official authorized to decide questions brought before a court of justice determine the result of (a competition) put on trial or hear a case and sit as the judge at the trial of; "The football star was tried for the murder of his wife"; "The judge tried both father and son in separate trials" judge advocate a staff officer serving as legal adviser to a military commander an officer assigned to the judge advocate general judge advocate general the senior legal advisor to a branch of the military juggler a performer who juggles objects and performs tricks of manual dexterity juggernaut a massive inexorable force that seems to crush everything in its way Jungian a follower or advocate of Carl Jung's theories of or relating to Carl Jung or his psychological theories junior the younger of two persons; "she is two years my junior" a third-year undergraduate term of address for a disrespectful and annoying male; "look here, junior, it's none of your business" including or intended for youthful persons; "a junior sports league"; "junior fashions" younger; lower in rank; shorter in length of tenure or service Junior a son who has the same first name as his father junior featherweight weighs no more than 122 pounds junior lightweight weighs no more than 130 pounds junior middleweight weighs no more than 154 pounds junior welterweight weighs no more than 140 pounds jurist a legal scholar versed in civil law or the law of nations juror someone who serves (or waits to be called to serve) on a jury justice of the peace a local magistrate with limited powers justiciar formerly a high judicial officer kaffir an offensive and insulting term for any Black African Kalon Tripa the chairman of the Kashag and essentially head of the Tibetan government-in-exile Kaiser the title of the Holy Roman Emperors or the emperors of Austria or of Germany until 1918 keeper someone in charge of other people; "am I my brother's keeper?" kerb crawler someone who drives slowly along the curb seeking sex from prostitutes or other women keyboardist a musician who plays a keyboard instrument Keynesian a follower of the economic theories of John Maynard Keynes of or relating to John Maynard Keynes or to his economic theories khan a title given to rulers or other important people in Asian countries Khedive one of the Turkish viceroys who ruled Egypt between 1867 and 1914 kibbutznik a member of a kibbutz kibitzer (Yiddish) a meddler who offers unwanted advice to others kicker a player who kicks the football kiddy informal term for a young child kidnapper someone who unlawfully seizes and detains a victim (usually for ransom) killer bee an investment banker who devises strategies to make a target company less attractive for takeover kingmaker an important person who can bring leaders to power through the exercise of political influence; "the Earl of Warwick was the first kingmaker" King of England the sovereign ruler of England King of France the sovereign ruler of France King of the Germans the sovereign ruler of the Germans kingpin the most important person in a group or undertaking King's Counsel Counsel to the Crown when the British monarch is a king Counsel to the Crown a barrister selected to serve as counsel to the British ruler blood relation one related by blood or origin; especially on sharing an ancestor with another enate one related on the mother's side related on the mother's side; "my maternal grandmother" agnate one related on the father's side related on the father's side; "a paternal aunt" kinsman a male relative kinswoman a female relative kisser someone who kisses kissing cousin a more or less distant relative; familiar enough to be greeted with a kiss kitchen help help hired to work in the kitchen kitchen police an enlisted person who is assigned to assist the cooks Klansman a member of the Ku Klux Klan kleptomaniac someone with an irrational urge to steal in the absence of an economic motive klutz (Yiddish) a clumsy dolt knacker someone who buys up old horses for slaughter someone who buys old buildings or ships and breaks them up to recover the materials in them knight bachelor a knight of the lowest order; could display only a pennon knight banneret a knight honored for valor; entitled to display a square banner and to hold higher command Knight of the Round Table in the Arthurian legend, a knight of King Arthur's court knight-errant a wandering knight travelling in search of adventure Knight Templar a knight of a religious military order established in 1118 to protect pilgrims and the Holy Sepulcher a man who belongs to a Masonic order in the United States knitter someone who makes garments (or fabrics) by intertwining yarn or thread knower a person who knows or apprehends know-it-all someone who thinks he knows everything and refuses to accept advice or information from others kolkhoznik a member of a kolkhoz kook someone regarded as eccentric or crazy and standing out from a group koto player a musician who plays the koto Kshatriya a member of the royal or warrior Hindu caste labor coach an assistant (often the father of the soon-to-be-born child) who provides support for a woman in labor by encouraging her to use techniques learned in childbirth-preparation classes laborer someone who works with their hands; someone engaged in manual labor labor leader a leader of a labor movement Labourite a member of the British Labour Party lacer a workman who laces shoes or footballs or books (during binding) lackey a male servant (especially a footman) lacrosse player an athlete who plays lacrosse Lady a woman of the peerage in Britain lady a polite name for any woman; "a nice lady at the library helped me" lady-in-waiting a lady appointed to attend to a queen or princess ladylove a woman who is a man's sweetheart lady's maid a maid who is a lady's personal attendant laird a landowner lama a Tibetan or Mongolian priest of Lamaism Lamarckian a believer in Lamarckism of or relating to Lamarckism; "Lamarckian theories" lame duck an elected official still in office but not slated to continue laminator a person who makes laminates (especially plastic laminates) lamplighter (when gas was used for streetlights) a person who lights and extinguishes streetlights lampoon artist a cartoonist who draws parodies or satirical renditions of cultural or social or political situations lance corporal an enlisted man in the marine corps ranking above a private first class and below a corporal lancer (formerly) a cavalryman armed with a lance land agent a person who administers a landed estate landgrave a count who had jurisdiction over a large territory in medieval Germany landlady a landlord who is a woman landlord a landowner who leases to others landlubber an inexperienced sailor; a sailor on the first voyage a person who lives and works on land landowner a holder or proprietor of land landscape architect someone who arranges features of the landscape or garden attractively landscapist someone who paints landscapes langlaufer a cross-country skier languisher a person who languishes lapidary a skilled worker who cuts and engraves precious stones an expert on precious stones and the art of cutting and engraving them of or relating to precious stones or the art of working with them; "the ring is of no lapidary value"- Lord Byron; "lapidary art" larcenist a person who commits larceny large person a person of greater than average size lascar an East Indian sailor lasher a driver who urges the animals on with lashes of a whip lass a girl or young woman who is unmarried latchkey child a school-age child who is home without adult supervision for part of the day (especially after school until a parent returns home from work) latecomer someone who arrives late Latinist a specialist in the Latin language latitudinarian a person who is broad-minded and tolerant (especially in standards of religious belief and conduct) Jehovah's Witness believer in imminent approach of the millennium; practitioner of active evangelism Latter-Day Saint a member of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints laudator someone who communicates high praise laugher a person who is laughing or who laughs easily laureate someone honored for great achievements; figuratively someone crowned with a laurel wreath worthy of the greatest honor or distinction; "The nation's pediatrician laureate is preparing to lay down his black bag"- James Traub law agent a solicitor in Scotland lawgiver a maker of laws; someone who gives a code of laws lawman an officer of the law law student a student in law school lawyer a professional person authorized to practice law; conducts lawsuits or gives legal advice layman someone who is not a clergyman or a professional person lay reader a layman who is authorized by the bishop to read parts of the service in an Anglican or Episcopal church lay witness any witness who does not testify as an expert witness Lazarus the diseased beggar in Jesus' parable of the rich man and the beggar the person who Jesus raised from the dead after four days in the tomb; this miracle caused the enemies of Jesus to begin the plan to put him to death lazybones a lazy person leading lady actress who plays the leading female role leading man actor who plays the leading male role leaker a surreptitious informant; "the president wanted to know who the leakers were" learner someone (especially a child) who learns (as from a teacher) or takes up knowledge or beliefs leaseholder a tenant who holds a lease lector a public lecturer at certain universities someone who reads the lessons in a church service; someone ordained in a minor order of the Roman Catholic Church lecturer someone who lectures professionally left-handed pitcher a baseball pitcher who throws the ball with the left hand left-hander a person who uses the left hand with greater skill than the right; "their pitcher was a southpaw" legal representative a personal representative with legal standing (as by power of attorney or the executor of a will) legate a member of a legation legatee someone to whom a legacy is bequeathed legionnaire a soldier who is a member of a legion (especially the French Foreign Legion) Legionnaire a member of the American Legion legislator someone who makes or enacts laws lender someone who lends money or gives credit in business matters leper a pariah who is avoided by others a person afflicted with leprosy lepidopterist an entomologist who specializes in the collection and study of butterflies and moths lesbian a female homosexual of or relating to or characterized by homosexual relations between woman lessor someone who grants a lease letterer a painter of letters letterman an athlete who has earned a letter in a school sport leveler a radical who advocates the abolition of social distinctions Levite a member of the Hebrew tribe of Levi (especially the branch that provided male assistants to the temple priests) lexicographer a compiler or writer of a dictionary; a student of the lexical component of language liar a person who has lied or who lies repeatedly liberal a person who favors a political philosophy of progress and reform and the protection of civil liberties a person who favors an economic theory of laissez-faire and self-regulating markets tolerant of change; not bound by authoritarianism, orthodoxy, or tradition having political or social views favoring reform and progress liberator someone who releases people from captivity or bondage libertarian someone who believes the doctrine of free will an advocate of libertarianism libertine a dissolute person; usually a man who is morally unrestrained librarian a professional person trained in library science and engaged in library services librettist author of words to be set to music in an opera or operetta licensed practical nurse a nurse who has enough training to be licensed by a state to provide routine care for the sick licensee someone to whom a license is granted licenser an official who can issue a license or give authoritative permission (especially one who licenses publications) licentiate holds a license (degree) from a (European) university lie-abed a person who stays in bed until a relatively late hour lieder singer a singer of lieder liege a feudal lord entitled to allegiance and service owing or owed feudal allegiance and service; "one's liege lord"; "a liege subject" lieutenant an officer in a police force a commissioned military officer an officer holding a commissioned rank in the United States Navy or the United States Coast Guard; below lieutenant commander and above lieutenant junior grade lieutenant colonel a commissioned officer in the United States Army or Air Force or Marines holding a rank above major and below colonel lieutenant commander a commissioned officer in the Navy ranking above a lieutenant and below a commander lieutenant general a general officer ranking above a major general and below a full general lieutenant governor an elected official serving as deputy to the governor of a state of the United States lieutenant junior grade an officer holding a commissioned rank in the United States Navy or United States Coast Guard; below lieutenant and above ensign lifeguard an attendant employed at a beach or pool to protect swimmers from accidents life peer a British peer whose title lapses at death lifer a prisoner serving a term of life imprisonment life tenant a tenant whose legal right to retain possession of buildings or lands lasts as long as they (or some other person) live lighterman someone who operates a barge light flyweight an amateur boxer who weighs no more than 106 pounds light heavyweight a professional boxer who weighs between 169 and 175 pounds a wrestler who weighs 192-214 pounds an amateur boxer who weighs no more than 179 pounds light middleweight an amateur boxer who weighs no more than 156 pounds lighthouse keeper the keeper of a lighthouse light-o'-love a woman inconstant in love lightweight a professional boxer who weighs between 131 and 135 pounds a wrestler who weighs 139-154 pounds an amateur boxer who weighs no more than 132 pounds weighing relatively little compared with another item or object of similar use; "a lightweight fabric"; "lightweight wood" having no importance or influence; "a lightweight intellect" light welterweight an amateur boxer who weighs no more than 140 pounds lilliputian a very small person (resembling a Lilliputian) limnologist a specialist in the study of freshwater ponds and lakes line judge football official who assists the referee by keeping track of the official time during the game linendraper a retail dealer in yard goods line officer a commissioned officer with combat units (not a staff officer or a supply officer) linesman official (in tennis, soccer, football, etc.) who assists the referee in some way (especially by watching for out of bounds or offside) line worker an employee who works on an assembly line linguist a person who speaks more than one language a specialist in linguistics linkboy (formerly) an attendant hired to carry a torch for pedestrians in dark streets lion-hunter someone who hunts lions someone who tries to attract social lions as guests lip reader someone who can understand spoken words by watching the movements of a speaker's lips liquidator (law) a person (usually appointed by a court of law) who liquidates assets or preserves them for the benefit of affected parties lisper a speaker who lisps literary critic a critic of literature literate a person who can read and write knowledgeable and educated in one or several fields; "computer literate" versed in literature; dealing with literature able to read and write lithographer a printmaker who uses lithography lithomancer one who practices lithomancy litigant (law) a party to a lawsuit; someone involved in litigation; "plaintiffs and defendants are both litigants" litterer a person who litters public places with refuse little brother a younger brother; "my little brother just had his 50th birthday" Little John legendary follower of Robin Hood; noted for his size and strength little leaguer a player between 8 and 12 years of age who is a member of a little-league team Little Red Riding Hood a girl in a fairy tale who meets a wolf while going to visit her grandmother little sister a younger sister liturgist an authority on liturgies liveborn infant infant who shows signs of life after birth liveryman a worker in a livery stable loader an attendant who loads guns for someone shooting game lobbyist someone who is employed to persuade legislators to vote for legislation that favors the lobbyist's employer lobsterman a person whose occupation is catching lobsters locator a person who fixes the boundaries of land claims lockmaster a worker in charge of a lock (on a canal) locksmith someone who makes or repairs locks locum tenens someone (physician or clergyman) who substitutes temporarily for another member of the same profession lodger a tenant in someone's house logical positivist someone who maintains that any statement that cannot be verified empirically is meaningless logician a person skilled at symbolic logic logomach someone given to disputes over words loiterer someone who lingers aimlessly in or about a place Lolita a sexually precocious young girl lollipop lady a woman hired to help children cross a road safely near a school loner a person who avoids the company or assistance of others longbowman a medieval English archer who used a longbow longer a person with a strong desire for something; "a longer for money"; "a thirster after blood"; "a yearner for knowledge" for more time; "can I stay bit longer?" loose cannon a person who is expected to perform a particular task but who is out of control and dangerous Lord a titled peer of the realm Lord Chancellor the highest officer of the Crown who is head of the judiciary and who presides in the House of Lords Lord of Misrule a person appointed master of revels at a Christmas celebration Lord Privy Seal the senior cabinet minister in the British Cabinet who has no official duties Lorelei a Siren of German legend who lured boatmen in the Rhine to destruction loser a gambler who loses a bet a contestant who loses the contest underboss an assistant or second-in-command to a chief (especially in a crime syndicate) underdog one at a disadvantage and expected to lose Lot (Old Testament) nephew of Abraham; God destroyed Sodom and Gomorrah but chose to spare Lot and his family who were told to flee without looking back at the destruction Lot's wife (Old Testament) when God destroyed Sodom and Gomorrah, Lot and his family were told to flee without looking back; Lot's wife was disobedient and was immediately changed into a pillar of salt Lothario a successful womanizer; a man who behaves selfishly in his sexual relationships with women loudmouth a person who causes trouble by speaking indiscreetly lounge lizard a man who idles about in the lounges of hotels and bars in search of women who would support him lout an awkward stupid person lowerclassman an undergraduate who is not yet a senior low-birth-weight baby an infant born weighing less than 5.5 pounds (2500 grams) regardless of gestational age; "a low-birth-weight infant is at risk for developing lack of oxygen during labor" Lowlander a native of the Lowlands of Scotland loyalist a person who is loyal to their allegiance (especially in times of revolt) Lubavitcher a member of the Lubavitch movement; a follower of Chabad Hasidism Luddite one of the 19th century English workmen who destroyed laborsaving machinery that they thought would cause unemployment any opponent of technological progress luger someone who races the luge lumberman a person who fells trees luminary a celebrity who is an inspiration to others; "he was host to a large gathering of luminaries" lumper a taxonomist who classifies organisms into large groups on the basis of major characteristics lunatic an insane person insane and believed to be affected by the phases of the moon bedlamite an archaic term for a lunatic pyromaniac a person with a mania for setting things on fire luncher someone who is eating lunch lunger someone who moves forward suddenly (as in fencing) lurker someone waiting in concealment luthier a craftsman who makes stringed instruments (as lutes or guitars or violins) lutist a musician who plays the lute Lutheran follower of Lutheranism of or pertaining to or characteristic of the branch of the Protestant Church adhering to the views of Luther; "Lutheran doctrines" of or pertaining to Martin Luther or his teachings; "the Lutheran doctrine of justification by faith alone" lyricist a person who writes the words for songs ma informal terms for a mother macebearer an official who carries a mace of office Machiavellian a follower of Machiavelli's principles of or relating to Machiavelli or the principles of conduct he recommended; "Machiavellian thinking" machine politician a politician who belongs to a small clique that controls a political party for private rather than public ends machinist a craftsman skilled in operating machine tools macho a male exhibiting or characterized by machismo Mackem a native of Sunderland macroeconomist an economist who specializes in macroeconomics macushla (an Irish term of address expressing affection) darling madam a woman who runs a house of prostitution madame title used for a married Frenchwoman madrigalist a singer of madrigals madwoman a woman lunatic maestro an artist of consummate skill; "a master of the violin"; "one of the old masters" mafioso a member of the Mafia crime syndicate in the United States a member of the Sicilian Mafia magdalen a reformed prostitute magician someone who performs magic tricks to amuse an audience magistrate a lay judge or civil authority who administers the law (especially one who conducts a court dealing with minor offenses) magnifico a person of distinguished rank or appearance magus a member of the Zoroastrian priesthood of the ancient Persians a magician or sorcerer of ancient times maharaja a great raja; a Hindu prince or king in India ranking above a raja maharani a great rani; a princess in India or the wife of a maharaja mahatma (Hinduism) term of respect for a brahmin sage Mahdi (Islam) a messianic leader who (according to popular Muslim belief) will appear before the end of the world and restore justice and religion Mahdist an adherent of Mahdism mahout the driver and keeper of an elephant maid an unmarried girl (especially a virgin) a female domestic maiden aunt an unmarried aunt mailman a man who delivers the mail major-domo the chief steward or butler of a great household major-general a general officer ranking above a brigadier general and below a lieutenant general majority leader leader of the majority party in a legislature major leaguer a member of a major-league baseball team maker a person who makes things malacologist a zoologist specializing in the study of mollusks malahini a newcomer to Hawaii malcontent a person who is discontented or disgusted male aristocrat a man who is an aristocrat male child a youthful male person; "the baby was a boy"; "she made the boy brush his teeth every night"; "most soldiers are only boys in uniform" transgressor someone who transgresses; someone who violates a law or command; "the way of transgressors is hard" male offspring a child who is male male sibling a sibling who is male malfeasant one guilty of malfeasance malik the leader of a town or community in some parts of Asia Minor and the Indian subcontinent; "maliks rule the hinterland of Afghanistan under the protection of warlords" malingerer someone shirking their duty by feigning illness or incapacity Malthusian a believer in Malthusian theory of or relating to Thomas Malthus or to Malthusianism; "Malthusian theories" maltster a maker of malt mammalogist one skilled in the study of mammals mammy an offensive term for a Black nursemaid in the southern U.S. adonis any handsome young man management consultant adviser to business about efficient management practices manageress a woman manager managing editor the editor in charge of all editorial activities of a newspaper or magazine mandatary the recipient of a mandate mandator an authority who issues a mandate maneuverer a person skilled in maneuvering maniac a person who has an obsession with or excessive enthusiasm for something manic-depressive a person afflicted with manic-depressive illness suffering from a disorder characterized by alternating mania and depression Manichaean an adherent of Manichaeism of or relating to Manichaeism manicurist a beautician who cleans and trims and polishes the fingernails manipulator a person who handles things manually man-at-arms a heavily armed and mounted soldier in medieval times manikin a person who is very small but who is not otherwise deformed or abnormal man jack a single individual; "every man jack" man of action someone inclined to act first and think later man of letters a man devoted to literary or scholarly activities man of means a man who is wealthy manservant a man servant Maoist an advocate of Maoism of or relating to Maoism map-reader a person who can read maps; "he is a good map-reader" marathoner someone who participates in long-distance races (especially in marathons) marauder someone who attacks in search of booty marcher walks with regular or stately step an inhabitant of a border district marchioness a noblewoman ranking below a duchess and above a countess the wife or widow of a marquis margrave a German nobleman ranking above a count (corresponding in rank to a British marquess) the military governor of a frontier province in medieval Germany Marine a member of the United States Marine Corps marine a soldier who serves both on shipboard and on land native to or inhabiting the sea; "marine plants and animals such as seaweed and whales" relating to or characteristic of or occurring on or in the sea of or relating to the sea; "marine explorations" of or relating to military personnel who serve both on land and at sea (specifically the U.S. Marine Corps); "marine barracks" marine engineer a naval officer responsible for the operation and maintenance of the ship's engines mariner a man who serves as a sailor marksman someone skilled in shooting marquess a British peer ranking below a duke and above an earl marquis nobleman (in various countries) ranking above a count Marrano (medieval Spain and Portugal) a disparaging term for a Jew who converted to Christianity in order to avoid persecution but continued to practice their religion secretly married a person who is married; "we invited several young marrieds" joined in matrimony; "a married man"; "a married couple" marshal a law officer having duties similar to those of a sheriff in carrying out the judgments of a court of law (in some countries) a military officer of highest rank arrange in logical order; "marshal facts or arguments" place in proper rank; "marshal the troops" lead ceremoniously, as in a procession martinet someone who demands exact conformity to rules and forms martyr one who suffers for the sake of principle one who voluntarily suffers death as the penalty for refusing to renounce their religion torture and torment like a martyr kill as a martyr; "Saint Sebastian was martyred" Marxist an advocate of Marxism following the ideas of Marx and Engels mascot a character, animal or object that is adopted by a team or group as a symbolic figure masochist someone who obtains pleasure from receiving punishment mason a craftsman who works with stone or brick Masorete a scholar who is expert on the Masorah (especially one of the Jewish scribes who contributed to the Masorah) masquerader a participant in a masquerade massager someone who rubs or kneads parts of the body to stimulate circulation and promote relaxation masseur a male massager masseuse a female massager mass murderer a person who is responsible for the deaths of many victims in a single incident master-at-arms the senior petty officer; responsible for discipline aboard ship master of ceremonies a person who acts as host at formal occasions (makes an introductory speech and introduces other speakers) master sergeant a senior noncommissioned officer in the Army or Marines masturbator a person who practices masturbation matchmaker someone who arranges (or tries to arrange) marriages for others mater an informal use of the Latin word for mother; sometimes used by British schoolboys or used facetiously materialist someone who thinks that nothing exists but physical matter someone with great regard for material possessions material witness a witness whose testimony is both relevant to the matter at issue and required in order to resolve the matter mathematician a person skilled in mathematics math teacher someone who teaches mathematics matriarch a female head of a family or tribe a feisty older woman with a big bosom (as drawn in cartoons) matriculate someone who has been admitted to a college or university enroll as a student matron a married woman (usually middle-aged with children) who is staid and dignified a woman in charge of nursing in a medical institution a wardress in a prison matron of honor a married woman serving as the attendant to the bride at a wedding mauler a fighter who batters the opponent; "Jack Dempsey was called a mauler" mayor the head of a city government mayoress a woman mayor the wife of a mayor May queen the girl chosen queen of a May Day festival meanie a person of mean disposition measurer a person who makes measurements meat packer a wholesaler in the meat-packing business mechanical engineer a person trained to design and construct machines mechanist a philosopher who subscribes to the doctrine of mechanism medalist (golf) the winner at medal play of a tournament someone who has won a medal meddler an officious annoying person who interferes with others media consultant someone who advises about the use of communication media medical assistant a person trained to assist medical professionals medical officer a medical practitioner in the armed forces medical practitioner someone who practices medicine medical scientist a scientist who studies disease processes medical student a student in medical school megalomaniac a pathological egotist melancholic someone subject to melancholia Melkite an Orthodox Christian or Uniate Christian belonging to the patriarchate of Alexandria or Antioch or Jerusalem an eastern Christian in Egypt or Syria who adheres to the Orthodox faith as defined by the council of Chalcedon in 451 and as accepted by the Byzantine emperor melter a worker who melts substances (metal or wax etc.) nonmember a person who is not a member board member a member of a governing board clansman a member of a clan club member someone who is a member of a club memorizer a person who learns by rote Mendelian a follower of Mendelism of or relating to Gregor Mendel or in accord with Mendel's laws; "Mendelian inheritance" mender a skilled worker who mends or repairs things menial a domestic servant mensch a decent responsible person with admirable characteristics Menshevik a Russian member of the liberal minority group that advocated gradual reform and opposed the Bolsheviks before and during the Russian Revolution mentioner a speaker who refers to something briefly or incidentally mentor a wise and trusted guide and advisor serve as a teacher or trusted counselor; "The famous professor mentored him during his years in graduate school"; "She is a fine lecturer but she doesn't like mentoring" mercenary a person hired to fight for another country than their own mercer a dealer in textiles (especially silks) merchant a businessperson engaged in retail trade meshuggeneh (Yiddish) a crazy fool mesne lord a feudal lord who was lord to his own tenants on land held from a superior lord Mesoamerican a member of one of the various peoples inhabiting Mesoamerica of or relating to the people of Mesoamerica or their languages or cultures mesomorph a person with a well-developed muscular body messenger a person who carries a message bearer a messenger who bears or presents; "a bearer of good tidings" messenger boy a boy who earns money by running errands messmate (nautical) an associate with whom you share meals in the same mess (as on a ship) mestiza a woman of mixed racial ancestry (especially mixed European and Native American ancestry) mestizo a person of mixed racial ancestry (especially mixed European and Native American ancestry) metalhead a fan of heavy metal music metallurgist an engineer trained in the extraction and refining and alloying and fabrication of metals meteorologist a specialist who studies processes in the earth's atmosphere that cause weather conditions meter maid policewoman who is assigned to write parking tickets Methodist a follower of Wesleyanism as practiced by the Methodist Church of or pertaining to or characteristic of the branch of Protestantism adhering to the views of Wesley; "Methodist theology" Wesleyan a follower of Wesleyanism metic an alien who paid a fee to reside in an ancient Greek city Metis a person in western Canada who is of Caucasian and American Indian ancestry metropolitan a person who lives in a metropolis in the Eastern Orthodox Church this title is given to a position between bishop and patriarch; equivalent to archbishop in western Christianity relating to or characteristic of a metropolis; "metropolitan area" microbiologist a specialist in microbiology microeconomist an economist who specializes in microeconomics microscopist a scientist who specializes in research with the use of microscopes middle-aged man a man who is roughly between 45 and 65 years old middlebrow someone who is neither a highbrow nor a lowbrow middleweight a professional boxer who weighs between 155 and 160 pounds a wrestler who weighs 172-192 pounds an amateur boxer who weighs no more than 165 pounds midinette a Parisian salesgirl midshipman a temporary rank held by young naval officers in training midwife a woman skilled in aiding the delivery of babies migrant traveler who moves from one region or country to another habitually moving from place to place especially in search of seasonal work; "appalled by the social conditions of migrant life"; "migratory workers" mikado the emperor of Japan; when regarded as a religious leader the emperor is called tenno Milady an English noblewoman Milanese a native or inhabitant of Milan of or relating to or characteristic of Milan or its people miler a runner in a one-mile race (used only in combinations) the length of something in miles; "the race was a 30-miler" miles gloriosus a braggart soldier (a stock figure in comedy) militant a militant reformer disposed to warfare or hard-line policies; "militant nations"; "hawkish congressman"; "warlike policies" militarist a person who advocates war or warlike policies military adviser a military officer who serves as an adviser to the troops of an allied nation military attache an attache who is a specialist in military matters military chaplain a chaplain in one of the military services military governor the head of a government established by the military (as in a defeated country) military leader a leader of military forces military officer any person in the armed services who holds a position of authority or command; "an officer is responsible for the lives of his men" military policeman a member of the military police who polices soldiers and guards prisoners militiaman a member of the militia; serves only during emergencies milkman someone who delivers milk mill agent the responsible official at a mill that is under absentee ownership mill-girl a girl who works in a mill mill-hand a workman in a mill or factory millenarian a person who believes in the coming of the millennium (a time of great peace and prosperity) relating to or believing in the millennium of peace and happiness millionairess a woman millionaire millwright a workman who designs or erects mills and milling machinery milord a term of address for an English lord mimic someone who mimics (especially an actor or actress) imitate (a person or manner), especially for satirical effect; "The actor mimicked the President very accurately" constituting an imitation; "the mimic warfare of the opera stage"- Archibald Alison minder someone (usually in totalitarian countries) who is assigned to watch over foreign visitors; "I turned around and there, a few hundred feet away, was our government minder, Li Wong Su, huffing and puffing toward us" mind reader a magician who seems to discern the thoughts of another person (usually by clever signals from an accomplice) miner laborer who works in a mine mineralogist a scientist trained in mineralogy miniaturist someone who paints tiny pictures in great detail minimalist a practitioner or advocate of artistic minimalism a conservative who advocates only minor reforms in government or politics advocating minimal reforms (as in government or politics) of or relating to artistic minimalism mining engineer an engineer concerned with the construction and operation of mines minion a servile or fawning dependant ministrant someone who serves as a minister giving practical help to; "a ministering angel"; "the angels ministrant sang"; "the attending physician" minority leader leader of the minority party in a legislature minor leaguer a player on a minor-league baseball team minstrel a performer in a minstrel show celebrate by singing, in the style of minstrels miracle man a person who claims or is alleged to perform miracles misanthrope someone who dislikes people in general miser a stingy hoarder of money and possessions (often living miserably) misfit someone unable to adapt to their circumstances misleader someone who leads astray (often deliberately) misogamist a person who hates marriage misogynist a misanthrope who dislikes women in particular missing link hypothetical organism formerly thought to be intermediate between apes and human beings missionary someone who attempts to convert others to a particular doctrine or program someone sent on a mission--especially a religious or charitable mission to a foreign country relating to or connected to a religious mission missus informal term of address for someone's wife mistress a woman master who directs the work of others an adulterous woman; a woman who has an ongoing extramarital sexual relationship with a man mixed-blood a person whose ancestors belonged to two or more racial groups mnemonist an expert in the use of mnemonics; someone able to perform unusual feats of memory mod a British teenager or young adult in the 1960s; noted for their clothes consciousness and opposition to the rockers relating to a recently developed fashion or style; "their offices are in a modern skyscraper"; "tables in modernistic designs" class act someone who shows impressive and stylish excellence humdinger someone of remarkable excellence; "a humdinger of a secretary" modeler a person who creates models moderationist a moderate drinker (as opposed to a total abstainer) moderator someone who mediates disputes and attempts to avoid violence someone who presides over a forum or debate in the Presbyterian church, the officer who presides over a synod or general assembly any substance used to slow down neutrons in nuclear reactors modernist an artist who makes a deliberate break with previous styles Mogul a member of the Muslim dynasty that ruled India until 1857 Mohammedan a follower of Mohammed molecular biologist a biologist who studies the structure and activity of macromolecules essential to life molester someone who subjects others to unwanted or improper sexual activities moll the girlfriend of a gangster mollycoddle a pampered darling; an effeminate man monarchist an advocate of the principles of monarchy Monegasque a native or inhabitant of Monaco monetarist an advocate of the theory that economic fluctuations are caused by increases or decreases in the supply of money moneygrubber someone whose main interest in life is moneymaking mongoloid a person suffering from Down syndrome (no longer used technically in this sense, now considered offensive) (offensive) of or relating to or suffering from Down syndrome characteristic of or resembling a Mongol; "the mongoloid epicanthic fold" Mongoloid a member of the Mongoloid family of or pertaining to or characteristic of one of the traditional racial division of humankind including especially peoples of central and eastern Asia monogamist someone who practices monogamy (one spouse at a time) monolingual a person who knows only one language using or knowing only one language; "monolingual speakers"; "a monolingual dictionary" monologist an entertainer who performs alone monomaniac a person suffering from monomania Monophysite an adherent of Monophysitism of or relating to Monophysitism monopolist someone who monopolizes the means of producing or selling something monotheist a believer in one god Monsieur used as a French courtesy title; equivalent to English `Mr' Monsignor (Roman Catholic Church) an ecclesiastical title of honor bestowed on some priests moocher someone who mooches or cadges (tries to get something free) Moonie an often derogatory term for a member of the Unification Church moonlighter a person who holds a second job (usually after hours) mopper a worker who uses a mop to clean a surface moppet a little girl (usually one you are fond of) moralist a philosopher who specializes in morals and moral problems morosoph a learned fool morris dancer someone who does a morris dance mortal enemy an enemy who wants to kill you mortgagee the person who accepts a mortgage; "the bank became our mortgagee when it accepted our mortgage on our new home" mortgagor the person who gives a mortgage in return for money to be repaid; "we became mortgagors when the bank accepted our mortgage and loaned us the money to buy our new home" mortician one whose business is the management of funerals mossback an extremely old-fashioned conservative moss-trooper a marauder and plunderer (originally operating in the bogs between England and Scotland) most valuable player the player judged to be the most important to the sport mother figure a woman who evokes the feelings usually reserved for a mother mother-in-law the mother of your spouse mother's boy a boy excessively attached to his mother; lacking normal masculine interests mother's daughter a daughter who is favored by and similar to her mother mother's son a male person; "every mother's son who could walk was there" motorcycle cop a policeman who rides a motorcycle (and who checks the speeds of motorists) motorcyclist a traveler who rides a motorcycle motorist someone who drives (or travels in) an automobile motorman the operator of streetcar motormouth someone who talks incessantly; "I wish that motormouth would shut up" Mound Builder prehistoric Amerindians who built altar mounds mountaineer someone who climbs mountains climb mountains for pleasure as a sport mountebank a flamboyant deceiver; one who attracts customers with tricks or jokes mounter someone who ascends on foot; "a solitary mounter of the staircase" a skilled worker who mounts pictures or jewels etc. mourner a person who is feeling grief (as grieving over someone who has died) moviegoer someone who goes to see movies muckraker one who spreads real or alleged scandal about another (usually for political advantage) muezzin the Muslim official of a mosque who summons the faithful to prayer from a minaret five times a day muffin man formerly an itinerant peddler of muffins muggee a victim of a mugging; "the law seems to give more protection to the mugger than to the muggee" mugger a robber who takes property by threatening or performing violence on the person who is robbed (usually on the street) mugwump a neutral or uncommitted person (especially in politics) Mugwump someone who bolted from the Republican Party during the U.S. presidential election of 1884 mujahid a Muslim engaged in what he considers to be a jihad mujtihad an Islamic scholar who engages in ijtihad, the effort to derive rules of divine law from Muslim sacred texts muleteer a worker who drives mules Mullah a Muslim trained in the doctrine and law of Islam; the head of a mosque muncher a chewer who makes a munching noise muralist a painter of murals murderee a victim who is murdered murderer a criminal who commits homicide (who performs the unlawful premeditated killing of another human being) murderess a woman murderer murder suspect someone suspected of committing murder muscleman a bully employed as a thug or bodyguard; "the drug lord had his muscleman to protect him" muser a reflective thinker characterized by quiet contemplation musher a traveler who drives (or travels with) a dog team music critic a critic of musical performances musician artist who composes or conducts music as a profession someone who plays a musical instrument (as a profession) musicologist a student of musicology music teacher someone who teaches music musketeer a foot soldier armed with a musket Muslimah a Muslim woman mutilator a person who mutilates or destroys or disfigures or cripples mutineer someone who is openly rebellious and refuses to obey authorities (especially seamen or soldiers) mutterer a person who speaks softly and indistinctly muzhik a Russian peasant (especially prior to 1917) muzzler someone who muzzles animals Mycenaen a native or inhabitant of ancient Mycenae mycologist a botanist who specializes in the study of fungi mycophagist a person or animal who eats fungi (especially mushrooms) myope a person with myopia; a nearsighted person myrmidon a follower who carries out orders without question mystic someone who believes in the existence of realities beyond human comprehension relating to or characteristic of mysticism; "mystical religion" relating to or resembling mysticism; "mystical intuition"; "mystical theories about the securities market" mythologist an expert on mythology nabob a wealthy man (especially one who made his fortune in the Orient) naif a naive or inexperienced person nailer a worker who attaches something by nailing it namby-pamby an insipid weakling who is foolishly sentimental weak in willpower, courage or vitality name dropper someone who pretends that famous people are his/her friends namer a person who gives a name or names; "the owner is usually the namer of a boat" namesake a person with the same name as another narc a lawman concerned with narcotics violations narcissist someone in love with themselves nark an informer or spy working for the police inform or spy (for the police) narrator someone who tells a story nationalist an advocate of national independence of or a strong national government devotion to the interests or culture of a particular nation including promoting the interests of one country over those of others; "nationalist aspirations"; "minor nationalistic differences" nationalist leader the leader of a nationalist movement naturalist a biologist knowledgeable about natural history (especially botany and zoology) an advocate of the doctrine that the world can be understood in scientific terms naturopath a therapist who practices naturopathy nautch girl a professional dancing girl in India naval attache a military attache who is a commissioned or warrant officer in a navy naval commander naval officer in command of a fleet of warships naval officer an officer in the navy navigator in earlier times, a person who explored by ship the member of an aircrew who is responsible for the aircraft's course Navy SEAL a member of a Naval Special Warfare unit who is trained for unconventional warfare; "SEAL is an acronym for Sea Air and Land" nawab a governor in India during the Mogul empire oblate a lay person dedicated to religious work or the religious life having the equatorial diameter greater than the polar diameter; being flattened at the poles obsessive a person who has obsessions obsessive-compulsive a person with obsessive-compulsive characteristics characterized by obsessions and compulsions; "obsessive-compulsive neurosis" obstructionist someone who systematically obstructs some action that others want to take naysayer someone with an aggressively negative attitude Nazarene an inhabitant of Nazareth an early name for any Christian a member of a group of Jews who (during the early history of the Christian Church) accepted Jesus as the Messiah; they accepted the Gospel According to Matthew but rejected the Epistles of St. Paul and continued to follow Jewish law and celebrate Jewish holidays; they were later declared heretic by the Church of Rome of or relating to the town of Nazareth or its inhabitants of or relating to the Nazarenes or their religion Nazi a German member of Adolf Hitler's political party relating to or consistent with or typical of the ideology and practice of Nazism or the Nazis; "the total Nazi crime"; "the Nazi interpretation of history" nazi derogatory term for a person who is fanatically dedicated to, or seeks to control, some activity, practice, etc. Neapolitan a native or inhabitant of Naples of or relating to or characteristic of Naples or its people nebbish (Yiddish) a timid unfortunate simpleton necessitarian someone who does not believe the doctrine of free will necker a lover who necks necromancer one who practices divination by conjuring up the dead needleworker someone who does work (as sewing or embroidery) with a needle negativist someone who refuses to do what is asked or does the opposite of what is asked neglecter a person who is neglectful and gives little attention or respect to people or responsibilities; "he tried vainly to impress his neglecters" negotiator someone who negotiates (confers with others in order to reach a settlement) negotiatress a woman negotiator neoclassicist an advocate of neoclassicism relating to or advocating neoclassicism neoconservative a conservative who subscribes to neoconservatism neoliberal a liberal who subscribes to neoliberalism having or showing belief in the need for economic growth in addition to traditional liberalistic values neologist a lexicographer of new words and expressions neonate a baby from birth to four weeks Neoplatonist an adherent of Neoplatonism nephew a son of your brother or sister nepotist a powerful person who shows favoritism to relatives or close friends nerd an intelligent but single-minded expert in a particular technical field or profession Nestorian a follower of Nestorius relating to Nestorius or Nestorianism neurasthenic a person suffering a nervous breakdown of or relating to or suffering from neurasthenia; "neurasthenic tendencies" neurobiologist a specialist in neurobiology neurolinguist someone trained in neuroscience and linguistics who studies brain processes during language production and reception neurologist a medical specialist in the nervous system and the disorders affecting it neuroscientist a neurobiologist who specializes in the study of the brain neurosurgeon someone who does surgery on the nervous system (especially the brain) neurotic a person suffering from neurosis affected with emotional disorder characteristic of or affected by neurosis; "neurotic disorder"; "neurotic symptoms" neutral one who does not side with any party in a war or dispute having no net electric charge lacking distinguishing quality or characteristics; "a neutral personality that made no impression whatever" not supporting or favoring either side in a war, dispute, or contest possessing no distinctive quality or characteristics neutralist an advocate of neutrality in international affairs newcomer any new participant in some activity a recent arrival; "he's a newcomer to Boston" New Dealer a supporter of the economic policies in the United States known as the New Deal New Englander an American who lives in New England newlywed someone recently married newsagent someone who sells newspapers newscaster someone who broadcasts the news newspaper editor the editor of a newspaper newspaper columnist a columnist who writes for newspapers newspaper critic a critic who writes a column for the newspapers newsreader someone who reads out broadcast news bulletin Newtonian a follower of Isaac Newton of or relating to or inspired by Sir Isaac Newton or his science; "Newtonian physics" New Waver a film maker who follows New Wave ideas next friend (law) a person who acts on behalf of an infant or disabled person next of kin the person who is (or persons who are) most closely related to a given person nibbler a biter who takes dainty repeated bites niece a daughter of your brother or sister niggard a selfish person who is unwilling to give or spend night owl a person who likes to be active late at night night porter a porter on duty during the night night rider member of a secret mounted band in United States South after the American Civil War; committed acts of intimidation and revenge night watchman a watchman who works during the night nihilist someone who rejects all theories of morality or religious belief NIMBY someone who objects to siting something in their own neighborhood but does not object to it being sited elsewhere; an acronym for not in my backyard nincompoop a stupid foolish person niqaabi an observant Muslim woman who covers her face and hands when in public or in the presence of any man outside her immediate family Nisei a person born in the United States of parents who emigrated from Japan nitpicker someone who makes small and unjustified criticisms Nobelist winner of a Nobel prize NOC an undercover agent who is given no official cover nomad a member of a people who have no permanent home but move about according to the seasons nominalist a philosopher who has adopted the doctrine of nominalism nominator someone who proposes a candidate for appointment or election nonagenarian someone whose age is in the nineties being from 90 to 99 years old; "the nonagenarian inhabitants of the nursing home" noncandidate someone who has announced they are not a candidate; especially a politician who has announced that he or she is not a candidate for some political office noncombatant a member of the armed forces who does not participate in combat (e.g. a chaplain or surgeon) member of armed forces whose duties do not include fighting as e.g. a chaplain or surgeon used of civilians in time of war noncommissioned officer a military officer appointed from enlisted personnel nondescript a person is not easily classified and not very interesting nondriver a person who is not a driver nonparticipant a person who does not participate nonpartisan a person who is nonpartisan free from party affiliation or bias nonperson a person regarded as nonexistent and having no rights; a person whose existence is systematically ignored (especially for ideological or political reasons); "the former senator is treated as a nonperson by this administration"; "George Orwell predicted that political dissidents would be treated as unpersons" nonreader a student who is very slow in learning to read nonresident someone who does not live in a particular place; "described by an admiring nonresident as a green and pleasant land" not living in a particular place or owned by permanent residents; "nonresident students who commute to classes"; "nonresident real estate" non-resistant a reformer who believes in passive resistance normalizer a person who normalizes Northern Baptist a member of the American Baptist Convention Northerner an inhabitant of the North nosher someone who eats lightly or eats snacks between meals no-show someone who shirks duty a guest who fails to notify a hotel or restaurant when canceling a reservation notary someone legally empowered to witness signatures and certify a document's validity and to take depositions noticer someone who gives formal notice someone who takes notice; "a careful noticer of details" novelist one who writes novels novice someone new to a field or activity novitiate someone who has entered a religious order but has not taken final vows the period during which you are a novice (especially in a religious order) Nubian a native or inhabitant of Nubia; "Nubians now form an ethnic minority in Egypt" nuclear chemist a chemist who specializes in nuclear chemistry nuclear physicist a physicist who specializes in nuclear physics nudger someone who nudges; someone who gives a gentle push; "he needs a regular nudger to keep him awake" nudist a person who practices nudity for reasons of health or religion nudnik (Yiddish) someone who is a boring pest nullifier an advocate of nullification; someone who believes that a state can resist federal laws nullipara (obstetrics) a woman who has never give birth to a child number theorist a mathematician specializing in number theory numerologist a believer in numerology numen a spirit believed to inhabit an object or preside over a place (especially in ancient Roman religion) Numidian an inhabitant of ancient Numidia of or relating to ancient Numidia or its people or culture numismatist a collector and student of money (and coins in particular) nurse one skilled in caring for young children or the sick (usually under the supervision of a physician) try to cure by special care of treatment, of an illness or injury; "He nursed his cold with Chinese herbs" treat carefully; "He nursed his injured back by lying in bed several hours every afternoon"; "He nursed the flowers in his garden and fertilized them regularly" serve as a nurse; care for sick or handicapped people nurser a person who treats something carefully; "a great nurser of pennies" nursing aide someone who assists a nurse in tasks that require little formal training nurse-midwife a registered nurse who has received special training as a midwife nurse practitioner a registered nurse who has received special training and can perform many of the duties of a physician nuncio (Roman Catholic Church) a diplomatic representative of the Pope having ambassadorial status nursling an infant considered in relation to its nurse nutter a person who is regarded as eccentric or mad nymphet a sexually attractive young woman nympholept a person seized by nympholepsy nymphomaniac a woman with abnormal sexual desires oarsman someone who rows a boat oarswoman a woman oarsman obliger someone who performs a service or does a favor oboist a musician who plays the oboe obscurantist a person who is deliberately vague observer an expert who observes and comments on something obstetrician a physician specializing in obstetrics occupier a member of a military force who is residing in a conquered foreign country oceanographer a scientist who studies physical and biological aspects of the seas octogenarian someone whose age is in the eighties being from 80 to 89 years old occultist a believer in occultism; someone versed in the occult arts odalisque a woman slave in a harem odds-maker someone who sets the betting odds based on calculations of the outcome of a contest (especially a horse race) odist a poet who writes odes wine lover a connoisseur of fine wines; a grape nut offerer someone who presents something to another for acceptance or rejection office-bearer the person who holds an office office boy a young man who is employed to do odd jobs in a business office officeholder someone who is appointed or elected to an office and who holds a position of trust; "he is an officer of the court"; "the club elected its officers for the coming year" officer a person authorized to serve in a position of authority on a vessel; "he is the officer in charge of the ship's engines" direct or command as an officer official someone who administers the rules of a game or sport; "the golfer asked for an official who could give him a ruling" a worker who holds or is invested with an office having official authority or sanction; "official permission"; "an official representative" verified officially; "the election returns are now official" (of a church) given official status as a national or state institution conforming to set usage, procedure, or discipline; "in prescribed order" of or relating to an office; "official privileges" officiant a clergyman who officiates at a religious ceremony or service Federal any federal law-enforcement officer a member of the Union Army during the American Civil War ogler a viewer who gives a flirtatious or lewd look at another person oiler a worker who oils engines or machinery oilman a worker who produces or sells petroleum a person who owns or operates oil wells oil painter a painter who uses oil paints oil tycoon a powerful person in the oil business old-age pensioner an old person who receives an old-age pension old boy a vivacious elderly man a former male pupil of a school a familiar term of address for a man old lady your own wife; "meet my old lady" old man an informal term for your father a man who is very old (slang) boss old master a great European painter prior to 19th century oldster an elderly person old-timer an elderly man old woman a woman who is old oligarch one of the rulers in an oligarchy ombudsman a government appointee who investigates complaints by private persons against the government oncologist a specialist in oncology oneiromancer someone who divines through the interpretation of dreams one of the boys a man who has been socially accepted into a group of other men; "he quickly became one of the boys" onlooker someone who looks on onomancer one who practices onomancy operagoer a patron of the opera opera star singer of lead role in an opera operator an agent that operates some apparatus or machine; "the operator of the switchboard" someone who owns or operates a business; "who is the operator of this franchise?" a speculator who trades aggressively on stock or commodity markets (mathematics) a symbol or function representing a mathematical operation ophthalmologist a medical doctor specializing in the diagnosis and treatment of diseases of the eye opium addict someone addicted to opium opportunist a person who places expediency above principle taking immediate advantage, often unethically, of any circumstance of possible benefit oppressor a person of authority who subjects others to undue pressures optician a worker who makes glasses for remedying defects of vision optimist a person disposed to take a favorable view of things optometrist a person skilled in testing for defects of vision in order to prescribe corrective glasses Orangeman a member of a society founded in Ireland in 1795 to uphold Protestantism and the British sovereign orator a person who delivers a speech or oration orchestrator an arranger who writes for orchestras ordainer a cleric who ordains; a cleric who admits someone to holy orders orderer an organizer who puts things in order; "Aristotle was a great orderer of ideas" someone who places an order to buy orderly a male hospital attendant who has general duties that do not involve the medical treatment of patients a soldier who serves as an attendant to a superior officer; "the orderly laid out the general's uniform" devoid of violence or disruption; "an orderly crowd confronted the president" orderly sergeant the first sergeant of a company; duties formerly included the conveyance of orders ordinand a person being ordained organ donor someone from whom an organ is taken for transplantation organ-grinder a street musician who plays a hand organ or hurdy-gurdy organist a person who plays an organ organization man an employee who sacrifices his own individuality for the good of an organization organizer a person who brings order and organization to an enterprise; "she was the organizer of the meeting" someone who enlists workers to join a union orientalist a specialist in oriental subjects originator someone who creates new things Orleanist a supporter of the Orleans branch of the Bourbons that was descended from a younger brother of Louis XIV ornithologist a zoologist who studies birds orthodontist a dentist specializing in the prevention or correction of irregularities of the teeth Orthodox Jew Jew who practices strict observance of Mosaic law orthoepist a practitioner of orthoepy (especially one of the 17th or 18th century scholars who proposed to reform English spelling so it would reflect pronunciation more closely) orthopedist a specialist in correcting deformities of the skeletal system (especially in children) orthoptist a specialist in orthoptics osteologist an anatomist who is skilled is osteology osteopath a therapist who manipulates the skeleton and muscles Ostrogoth a member of the eastern group of Goths who created a kingdom in northern Italy around 500 AD out-and-outer someone who is excellent at something outcast a person who is rejected (from society or home) outcaste a person belonging to no caste not belonging to or having been expelled from a caste and thus having no place or status in society; "the foreigner was a casteless person" outdoorsman a person who spends time outdoors (e.g., hunting or fishing) outdoorswoman a woman who spends time outdoors (e.g., hunting and fishing) outfielder a fielder in cricket who is stationed in the outfield (baseball) a person who plays in the outfield right fielder the person who plays right field right-handed pitcher (baseball) a pitcher who throws with the right hand center fielder the person who plays center field left fielder the person who plays left field outpatient a patient who does not reside in the hospital where he is being treated outrider an escort who rides ahead (as a member of the vanguard) outsider a contestant (human or animal) not considered to have a good chance to win overachiever a student who attains higher standards than the IQ indicated overlord a person who has general authority over others overseer a person who directs and manages an organization owner (law) someone who owns (is legal possessor of) a business; "he is the owner of a chain of restaurants" a person who owns something; "they are searching for the owner of the car"; "who is the owner of that friendly smile?" owner-driver a motorist who owns the car that he/she drives owner-occupier an occupant who owns the home that he/she lives in oyabun a Japanese supervisor pachuco a Mexican-American teenager who belongs to a neighborhood gang and who dresses in showy clothes pacifist someone opposed to violence as a means of settling disputes packer a workman employed to pack things into containers padrone an employer who exploits Italian immigrants in the U.S. an owner or proprietor of an inn in Italy pagan a person who follows a polytheistic or pre-Christian religion (not a Christian or Muslim or Jew) Paleo-American a member of the Paleo-American peoples who were the earliest human inhabitants of North America and South America during the late Pleistocene epoch paleographer an archeologist skilled in paleography paleontologist a specialist in paleontology pallbearer one of the mourners carrying the coffin at a funeral palmist fortuneteller who predicts your future by the lines on your palms pamperer someone who pampers or spoils by excessive indulgence pamphleteer a writer of pamphlets (usually taking a partisan stand on public issues) Panchen Lama the lama next in rank to the Dalai Lama panderer a person who serves or caters to the vulgar passions or plans of others (especially in order to make money) panelist a member of a panel panhandler a beggar who approaches strangers asking for money pansexual a person who participates in (or is open to) sexual activities of many kinds pantheist someone who believes that God and the universe are the same of or relating to pantheism paparazzo a freelance photographer who pursues celebrities trying to take candid photographs of them to sell to newspapers or magazines paperboy a boy who sells or delivers newspapers paperhanger one whose occupation is decorating walls with wallpaper someone who passes bad checks or counterfeit paper money paper-pusher a clerk or bureaucrat who does paperwork papoose an American Indian infant parachutist a person who jumps from aircraft using a parachute paragrapher a writer of paragraphs (as for publication on the editorial page of a newspaper) paralegal a person with specialized training who assists lawyers paralytic a person suffering from paralysis affected with paralysis relating to or of the nature of paralysis; "paralytic symptoms" paramedic a person trained to assist medical professionals and to give emergency medical treatment paranoid a person afflicted with paranoia suffering from paranoia paraplegic a person who has paraplegia (is paralyzed from the waist down) suffering complete paralysis of the lower half of the body usually resulting from damage to the spinal cord paraprofessional a trained worker who is not a member of a profession but who assists a professional parapsychologist someone who studies the evidence for such psychological phenomena as psychokinesis and telepathy and clairvoyance paratrooper a soldier in the paratroops pardoner a medieval cleric who raised money for the church by selling papal indulgences a person who pardons or forgives or excuses a fault or offense paretic a person afflicted with paresis (partial paralysis) parishioner a member of a parish park commissioner a commissioner in charge of public parks parliamentarian an expert in parliamentary rules and procedures Parliamentarian an elected member of the British Parliament: a member of the House of Commons parliamentary agent a person who is employed to look after the affairs of businesses that are affected by legislation of the British Parliament parlormaid a maid in a private home whose duties are to care for the parlor and the table and to answer the door parodist mimics literary or musical style for comic effect Parsee a member of a monotheistic sect of Zoroastrian origin; descended from the Persians; now found in western India partaker someone who has or gives or receives a part or a share participant someone who takes part in an activity; "he was a major player in setting up the corporation" partitionist an advocate of partitioning a country partner a person who is a member of a partnership provide with a partner act as a partner; "Astaire partnered Rogers" part-owner a person who owns something in common with others part-timer someone who works less than the customary or standard time party boss a leader in a political party who controls votes and dictates appointments; "party bosses have a reputation for corruption" party girl an attractive young woman hired to attend parties and entertain men partygoer someone who is attending a party; "the hall was crowded with an overflow of partygoers" party man a member of a political party who follows strictly the party line pasha a civil or military authority in Turkey or Egypt passenger a traveler riding in a vehicle (a boat or bus or car or plane or train etc) who is not operating it passer (football) a ball carrier who tries to gain ground by throwing a forward pass a student who passes an examination a person who passes as a member of a different ethnic or racial group passerby a person who passes by casually or by chance passive source an informant who is not assigned to obtain specific intelligence but who routinely passes on whatever information he or she has paster a workman who pastes past master someone who has long and thorough experience in a given activity someone who was formerly a master pastry cook a chef who specializes in pastry patentee the inventor to whom a patent is issued pater an informal use of the Latin word for father; sometimes used by British schoolboys or used facetiously patient a person who requires medical care; "the number of emergency patients has grown rapidly" enduring trying circumstances with even temper or characterized by such endurance; "a patient smile"; "was patient with the children"; "an exact and patient scientist"; "please be patient" patrial a person who has the right to be considered legally a British citizen (by virtue of the birth of a parent or grandparent) patriarch a man who is older and higher in rank than yourself any of the early biblical characters regarded as fathers of the human race the male head of family or tribe title for the heads of the Eastern Orthodox Churches (in Istanbul and Alexandria and Moscow and Jerusalem) patrician a person of refined upbringing and manners befitting a person of noble origin; "a patrician nose" patriot one who loves and defends his or her country patroller someone on patrol duty; an individual or a member of a group that patrols an area patron a regular customer someone who supports or champions something the proprietor of an inn patroness a woman who is a patron or the wife of a patron patron saint a saint who is considered to be a defender of some group or nation patternmaker someone who makes patterns (as for sewing or carpentry or metalworking) patzer a poor chess player pauper a person who is very poor pavement artist someone who draws on the pavement with colored chalks (hoping that passers-by will give them money) pawer a person who handles or caresses in a clumsy or overfamiliar manner pawnbroker a person who lends money at interest in exchange for personal property that is deposited as security payee a person to whom money is paid payer a person who pays money for something paymaster a person in charge of paying wages pearl diver a diver who searches for molluscs containing pearls peasant a country person a crude uncouth ill-bred person lacking culture or refinement one of a (chiefly European) class of agricultural laborers pedaler a person who rides a pedal-driven vehicle (as a bicycle) pedant a person who pays more attention to formal rules and book learning than they merit peddler someone who travels about selling his wares (as on the streets or at carnivals) pederast a man who has sex (usually sodomy) with a boy as the passive partner pedestrian a person who travels by foot lacking wit or imagination; "a pedestrian movie plot" pedodontist a dentist who specializes in the care of children's teeth pedophile an adult who is sexually attracted to children peer of the realm a peer who is entitled to sit in the House of Lords pelter a thrower of missiles; "the police were too busy to chase the pelters" pendragon the supreme war chief of the ancient Britons penetrator an intruder who passes into or through (often by overcoming resistance) penitent (Roman Catholic Church) a person who repents for wrongdoing (a Roman Catholic may be admitted to penance under the direction of a confessor) feeling or expressing remorse for misdeeds penny pincher someone who is excessively careful with money (who pinches every penny before letting go of it) penologist a person who studies the theory and practice of prison management pen pal a person you come to know by frequent friendly correspondence penpusher a clerk who does boring paperwork pensioner the beneficiary of a pension fund pentathlete an athlete who competes in a pentathlon Pentecostal any member of a Pentecostal religious body percussionist a musician who plays percussion instruments perfectionist a person who is displeased by anything that does not meet very high standards perfecter a skilled worker who perfects something; "although not the inventor he must be recognized as the perfecter of this technique" performer an entertainer who performs a dramatic or musical work for an audience perfumer a person who makes (and sells) perfumes perinatologist an obstetrician specializing in perinatology periodontist a dentist specializing in diseases of the gums and other structure surrounding the teeth peripatetic a person who walks from place to place traveling especially on foot; "peripatetic country preachers"; "a poor wayfaring stranger" perisher bounder perjurer a person who deliberately gives false testimony peroxide blond a blond whose hair is bleached with peroxide perpetrator someone who perpetrates wrongdoing peshmerga a member of a Kurdish guerilla organization that fights for a free Kurdish state personal representative a person who manages the affairs of another personage another word for person; a person not meriting identification; "a strange personage appeared at the door" persona grata a diplomat who is acceptable to the government to which he is sent persona non grata a diplomat who is unacceptable to the government to which he is sent perspirer a person who perspires persuader someone who tries to persuade or induce or lead on pervert a person whose behavior deviates from what is acceptable especially in sexual behavior change the inherent purpose or function of something; "Don't abuse the system"; "The director of the factory misused the funds intended for the health care of his workers" pessimist a person who expects the worst petitioner one praying humbly for something; "a suppliant for her favors" petit juror a member of a petit jury petroleum geologist a specialist in petroleum geology pet sitter someone left in charge of pets while their owners are away from home petter a lover who gently fondles and caresses the loved one; "they are heavy petters" petty officer a noncommissioned officer in the Navy or Coast Guard with a rank comparable to sergeant in the Army Pharaoh the title of the ancient Egyptian kings Pharisee a member of an ancient Jewish sect noted for strict obedience to Jewish traditions pharisee a self-righteous or sanctimonious person pharmacist a health professional trained in the art of preparing and dispensing drugs pharmacologist someone trained in the science of drugs (their composition and uses and effects) philanthropist someone who makes charitable donations intended to increase human well-being philatelist a collector and student of postage stamps philhellene an admirer of Greece and everything Greek Philippian a native or inhabitant of Philippi in ancient Macedonia Philistine a member of an Aegean people who settled ancient Philistia around the 12th century BC of or relating to ancient Philistia or its culture or its people philistine a person who is uninterested in intellectual pursuits philologist a humanist specializing in classical scholarship philomath a lover of learning philosopher a specialist in philosophy a wise person who is calm and rational; someone who lives a life of reason with equanimity philosophizer someone who considers situations from a philosophical point of view phlebotomist someone who practices phlebotomy phonetician a specialist in phonetics phonologist a specialist in phonology photographer someone who takes photographs professionally photographer's model a model who poses for photographers photojournalist a journalist who presents a story primarily through the use of photographs photometrist someone who practices photometry phrenologist someone who claims to be able to read your character from the shape of your skull physical therapist therapist who treats injury or dysfunction with exercises and other physical treatments of the disorder physicist a scientist trained in physics physiologist a biologist specializing in physiology phytochemist a chemist who specializes in the chemistry of plants pianist a person who plays the piano piano maker a person who makes pianos piano teacher someone who teaches students to play the piano pickaninny (ethnic slur) offensive term for a Black child picker someone who gathers crops or fruits etc. a person who chooses or selects out pickpocket a thief who steals from the pockets or purses of others in public places picnicker a person who is picnicking pied piper a leader who entices people to follow (especially to their doom) pilgrim someone who journeys in foreign lands someone who journeys to a sacred place as an act of religious devotion Pilgrim one of the colonists from England who sailed to America on the Mayflower and founded the colony of Plymouth in New England in 1620 pill head a consumer of amphetamine pills pilot someone who is licensed to operate an aircraft in flight a person qualified to guide ships through difficult waters going into or out of a harbor Piltdown man a supposedly primitive man later proven to be a hoax pimp someone who procures customers for whores (in England they call a pimp a ponce) pinchgut a niggardly person who starves himself (and others) pinch hitter (baseball) a substitute for the regular batter pinko a person with mildly leftist political views pioneer one of the first colonists or settlers in a new territory; "they went west as pioneers with only the possessions they could carry with them" someone who helps to open up a new line of research or technology or art open up and explore a new area; "pioneer space" open up an area or prepare a way; "She pioneered a graduate program for women students" pipe major the chief piper in a band of bagpipes piper someone who plays the bagpipe pipe smoker a smoker who uses a pipe pip-squeak someone who is small and insignificant pistoleer someone armed with a pistol (especially a soldier so armed) pitchman an aggressive salesman who uses a fast line of talk to sell something pituitary dwarf a dwarf whose condition is caused by a deficiency of growth hormones, rather than by genetic factors (as in the case of the achondroplastic dwarf) place-kicker (football) a kicker who makes a place kick for a goal placeman a disparaging term for an appointee placer miner a miner who extracts minerals from a placer by washing or dredging plagiarist someone who uses another person's words or ideas as if they were his own plainclothesman a detective who wears civilian clothes on duty plainsman an inhabitant of a plains region (especially the Great Plains of North America) plaintiff a person who brings an action in a court of law plaiter someone who plaits (hair or fabric etc.) plasterer a worker skilled in applying plaster plaster saint a person (considered to be) without human failings; "he's no plaster saint" platelayer a workman who lays and repairs railroad tracks plater a skilled worker who coats articles with a film of metal (usually silver or gold) platinum blond a blond whose hair is a pale silvery (often artificially colored) blond platitudinarian a bore who makes excessive use of platitudes Platonist an advocate of Platonism playboy a man devoted to the pursuit of pleasure player a person who participates in or is skilled at some game a person who pursues a number of different social and sexual partners simultaneously playgoer someone who attends the theater playmaker a player in a team sport who leads attacks or maneuvers in such a way that a teammate can score playmate a companion at play pleaser a pleasing entertainer; "he is quite the crowd pleaser" plebeian one of the common people pledgee someone to whom a pledge is made or someone with whom something is deposited as a pledge pledger someone who makes or gives a pledge pledge taker a volunteer who records (usually by telephone) contributions pledged in a fund drive plenipotentiary a diplomat who is fully authorized to represent his or her government plier someone who plies a trade plodder someone who moves slowly; "in England they call a slowpoke a slowcoach" someone who works slowly and monotonously for long hours plowboy a boy who leads the animals that draw a plow plowman a man who plows plowwright a workman who makes and repairs plows plumber a craftsman who installs and repairs pipes and fixtures and appliances plunderer someone who takes spoils or plunder (as in war) pluralist someone who believes that distinct ethnic or cultural or religious groups can exist together in society a philosopher who believes that no single explanation can account for all the phenomena of nature a cleric who holds more than one benefice at a time plutocrat someone who exercises power by virtue of wealth poet a writer of poems (the term is usually reserved for writers of good poetry) poetess a woman poet poet laureate the poet officially appointed to the royal household in Great Britain; "the poet laureate is expected to provide poems for great national occasions" a poet who is unofficially regarded as holding an honorary position in a particular group or region; "she is the poet laureate of all lyricists"; "he is the poet laureate of Arkansas" poilu a French soldier (especially in World War I) pointillist a painter who uses the technique of pointillism of or relating to pointillism point man a soldier who goes ahead of a patrol someone who is the forefront of an important enterprise; "he is the president's point man on economic issues" pointsman a policeman stationed at an intersection to direct traffic point woman a woman who is the forefront of an important enterprise poisoner someone who kills with poison polemicist a writer who argues in opposition to others (especially in theology) police commissioner a civil commissioner appointed to supervise the duties and discipline of the police policeman a member of a police force; "it was an accident, officer" police matron a woman policeman police sergeant a lawman with the rank of sergeant policyholder a person who holds an insurance policy; usually, the client in whose name an insurance policy is written policy maker someone who sets the plan pursued by a government or business etc.; "policy makers often make the right decision for the wrong reason" political prisoner someone who is imprisoned because of their political views political scientist a social scientist specializing in the study of government politician a person active in party politics a leader engaged in civil administration a schemer who tries to gain advantage in an organization in sly or underhanded ways pollster someone who conducts surveys of public opinion; "a pollster conducts public opinion polls"; "a headcounter counts heads" polluter a person or organization that causes pollution of the environment poltroon an abject coward characterized by complete cowardliness polyandrist a woman with two or more husbands polygamist someone who is married to two or more people at the same time polygynist a man with two or more wives polytheist one who believes in a plurality of gods pomologist someone versed in pomology or someone who cultivates fruit trees ponce a man who is effeminate in his manner and fussy in the way he dresses pontifex a member of the highest council of priests in ancient Rome pooler someone who shares in and contributes to a general fund for use by all pool player someone who shoots pool poor devil someone you feel sorry for poor person a person with few or no possessions pope the head of the Roman Catholic Church popularizer someone who makes something attractive to the general public pork butcher a vendor of pork and products made from pork pornographer someone who presents shows or sells writing or pictures that are sexually explicit in violation of the community mores portraitist a painter or drawer of portraits portwatcher a watchman on a wharf poseur a person who habitually pretends to be something he is not poseuse a woman poseur positivist someone who emphasizes observable facts and excludes metaphysical speculation about origins or ultimate causes of or relating to positivism; "positivist thinkers"; "positivist doctrine"; "positive philosophy" posseman an able-bodied man serving as a member of a posse postdiluvian anything living after Noah's flood existing or occurring after Noah's flood postdoc a scholar or researcher who is involved in academic study beyond the level of a doctoral degree poster boy a male poster child poster child a child afflicted by some disease or deformity whose picture is used on posters to raise money for charitable purposes; "she was the poster child for muscular dystrophy" poster girl a female poster child postmature infant infant born after 42 weeks of gestation; usually shows signs of placental insufficiency postulator someone who assumes or takes something for granted as the basis of an argument (Roman Catholic Church) someone who proposes or pleads for a candidate for beatification or canonization posturer someone who behaves in a manner calculated to impress or mislead others private citizen a citizen who does not hold any official or public position probable an applicant likely to be chosen apparently destined; "the probable consequences of going ahead with the scheme" likely but not certain to be or become true or real; "a likely result"; "he foresaw a probable loss" problem solver a thinker who focuses on the problem as stated and tries to synthesize information and knowledge to achieve a solution pro-lifer an advocate of full legal protection for embryos and fetuses; someone opposed to legalized induced abortion proprietress a woman proprietor prosthetist an expert in prosthetics prosthodontist a dentist who is expert in prosthodontics provincial (Roman Catholic Church) an official in charge of an ecclesiastical province acting under the superior general of a religious order; "the general of the Jesuits receives monthly reports from the provincials" characteristic of the provinces or their people; "deeply provincial and conformist"; "in that well-educated company I felt uncomfortably provincial"; "narrow provincial attitudes" of or associated with a province; "provincial government" postal clerk a clerk in a post office postilion someone who rides the near horse of a pair in order to guide the horses pulling a carriage (especially a carriage without a coachman) Postimpressionist an artist of the Postimpressionist school who revolted against Impressionism postmaster the person in charge of a post office postmistress a woman postmaster postmaster general the official in charge of the national postal service postulant one submitting a request or application especially one seeking admission into a religious order potboy a worker in an inn or public house who serves customers and does various chores pothead someone who smokes marijuana habitually potholer a person who explores caves pothunter someone who hunts for food (not for sport) someone who participates in contests in order to collect trophies a nonprofessional archeologist potter a craftsman who shapes pottery on a potter's wheel and bakes them it a kiln work lightly; "The old lady is pottering around in the garden" poultryman a dealer in poultry and poultry products powderer someone who applies or scatters powder powder monkey someone who carries explosives (as from the magazine to the guns on board a warship) power broker a person who is important by virtue of the people or votes they control; "a power broker who does you a favor will expect you to return it" power user (computing) a computer user who needs the fastest and most powerful computers available power worker a worker at a power station practitioner someone who practices a learned profession praetor an annually elected magistrate of the ancient Roman Republic pragmatist a person who takes a practical approach to problems and is concerned primarily with the success or failure of her actions an adherent of philosophical pragmatism prankster someone who plays practical jokes on others prattler someone who speaks in a childish way preacher someone whose occupation is preaching the gospel prebendary a canon who receives a prebend for serving the church preceptor teacher at a university or college (especially at Cambridge or Oxford) predecessor one who precedes you in time (as in holding a position or office) preemptor a bidder in bridge who makes a preemptive bid someone who acquires land by preemption prefect a chief officer or chief magistrate; "the prefect of Paris police" Pre-Raphaelite a painter or writer dedicated to restoring early Renaissance ideals of or relating to or characteristic of the Pre-Raphaelites; "the Pre-Raphaelite painters" premature baby an infant that is born prior to 37 weeks of gestation presbyope a person with presbyopia; someone who is farsighted resulting from the progressive loss with aging of the elasticity of the crystalline lens presbyter an elder in the Presbyterian Church Presbyterian a follower of Calvinism as taught in the Presbyterian Church preschooler a child who attends a preschool or kindergarten presenter an advocate who presents a person (as for an award or a degree or an introduction etc.) someone who presents a message of some sort (as a petition or an address or a check or a memorial etc.) presentist a theologian who believes that the Scripture prophecies of the Apocalypse (the Book of Revelation) are being fulfilled at the present time preservationist someone who advocates the preservation of historical sites or endangered species or natural areas preserver someone who keeps safe from harm or danger a cook who preserves fruits or meat president the chief executive of a republic an executive officer of a firm or corporation the head administrative officer of a college or university the officer who presides at the meetings of an organization; "address your remarks to the chairperson" presiding officer the leader of a group meeting pre-Socratic any philosopher who lived before Socrates press agent someone employed to arrange publicity (for a firm or a public figure) press lord a powerful newspaper proprietor press photographer a photographer who works for a newspaper Pretender a claimant to the throne or to the office of ruler (usually without just title) preterist a theologian who believes that the Scripture prophecies of the Apocalypse (the Book of Revelation) have already been fulfilled prevailing party the party in a lawsuit who obtains a judgment in their own favor priest a clergyman in Christian churches who has the authority to perform or administer various religious rites; one of the Holy Orders a person who performs religious duties and ceremonies in a non-Christian religion priestess a woman priest prima ballerina a leading female ballet dancer prima donna a distinguished female operatic singer; a female operatic star a vain and temperamental person primary care physician the physician who provides primary care; "the primary care physician acts as a gatekeeper to the medical system" primigravida (obstetrics) a woman who is pregnant for the first time primipara (obstetrics) woman who has been delivered of a child for the first time primordial dwarf an achondroplastic dwarf whose small size is the result of a genetic defect; body parts and mental and sexual development are normal primus the presiding bishop of the Episcopal Church of Scotland prince a male member of a royal family other than the sovereign (especially the son of a sovereign) Elector any of the German princes who were entitled to vote in the election of new emperor of the Holy Roman Empire prince charming a suitor who fulfills the dreams of his beloved prince consort a prince who is the husband of a reigning female sovereign princeling a young prince a petty or insignificant prince who rules some unimportant principality Prince of Wales the male heir apparent of the British sovereign princess a female member of a royal family other than the queen (especially the daughter of a sovereign) princess royal the eldest daughter of a British sovereign principal the major party to a financial transaction at a stock exchange; buys and sells for his own account the educator who has executive authority for a school; "she sent unruly pupils to see the principal" (criminal law) any person involved in a criminal offense, regardless of whether the person profits from such involvement capital as contrasted with the income derived from it the original amount of a debt on which interest is calculated principal investigator the scientist in charge of an experiment or research project printer's devil an apprentice in a printing establishment printmaker an artist who designs and makes prints print seller someone who sells etchings and engravings etc. prior the head of a religious order; in an abbey the prior is next below the abbot prisoner a person who is confined; especially a prisoner of war prisoner of war a person who surrenders to (or is taken by) the enemy in time of war private an enlisted man of the lowest rank in the Army or Marines; "our prisoner was just a private and knew nothing of value" concerning things deeply private and personal; "intimate correspondence"; "private family matters" confined to particular persons or groups or providing privacy; "a private place"; "private discussions"; "private lessons"; "a private club"; "a private secretary"; "private property"; "the former President is now a private citizen"; "public figures struggle to maintain a private life" private detective someone who can be employed as a detective to collect information prizefighter a professional boxer probability theorist a mathematician who specializes in probability theory probationer someone released on probation or on parole a nurse in training who is undergoing a trial period probation officer the officer of the court who supervises probationers process-server someone who personally delivers a process (a writ compelling attendance in court) or court papers to the defendant procrastinator someone who postpones work (especially out of laziness or habitual carelessness) proctologist a doctor specializing in diseases of the rectum and anus proctor someone who supervises (an examination) procurator (ancient Rome) someone employed by the Roman Emperor to manage finance and taxes procurer someone who obtains or acquires; "the procurer of opera tickets" procuress a woman pimp prodigal a recklessly extravagant consumer professional a person engaged in one of the learned professions an athlete who plays for pay engaged in a profession or engaging in as a profession or means of livelihood; "the professional man or woman possesses distinctive qualifications"; "began her professional career after the Olympics"; "professional theater"; "professional football"; "a professional cook"; "professional actors and athletes" characteristic of or befitting a profession or one engaged in a profession; "professional conduct"; "professional ethics"; "a thoroughly professional performance" engaged in by members of a profession; "professional occupations include medicine and the law and teaching" of or relating to a profession; "we need professional advice"; "professional training"; "professional equipment for his new office" of or relating to or suitable as a profession; "professional organizations"; "a professional field such as law" professor someone who is a member of the faculty at a college or university profiteer someone who makes excessive profit (especially on goods in short supply) make an unreasonable profit, as on the sale of difficult to obtain goods profit taker someone who sells stock shares at a profit programmer a person who designs and writes and tests computer programs projectionist the person who operates the projector in a movie house proletarian a member of the working class (not necessarily employed); "workers of the world--unite!" belonging to or characteristic of the proletariat promisee a person to whom a promise is made promiser a person who makes a promise promoter someone who is an active supporter and advocate promulgator (law) one who promulgates laws (announces a law as a way of putting it into execution) proofreader someone who reads proof in order to find errors and mark corrections propagandist a person who disseminates messages calculated to assist some cause or some government of or relating to or characterized by propaganda propagator someone who spreads the news someone who propagates plants (as under glass) property man member of the stage crew in charge of properties prophet an authoritative person who divines the future someone who speaks by divine inspiration; someone who is an interpreter of the will of God prophetess a woman prophet proposer (parliamentary procedure) someone who makes a formal motion propositus the person immediately affected by or concerned with an action prosecutor a government official who conducts criminal prosecutions on behalf of the state proselyte a new convert; especially a gentile converted to Judaism prospector someone who explores an area for mineral deposits prostitute a woman who engages in sexual intercourse for money sell one's body; exchange sex for money protectionist an advocate of protectionism protege a person who receives support and protection from an influential patron who furthers the protege's career protegee a woman protege protozoologist a zoologist who studies protozoans provider someone who provides the means for subsistence provost a high-ranking university administrator provost marshal the supervisor of the military police prowler someone who prowls or sneaks about; usually with unlawful intentions prude a person excessively concerned about propriety and decorum psalmist a composer of sacred songs; "David is called The Psalmist because he is believed to be the author of the Book of Psalms" psephologist a sociologist who studies election trends pseudohermaphrodite someone having external genitalia of one sex and internal sex organs of the other sex; not a true hermaphrodite because there is no ambiguity in the sex of the external genitalia and hence no question about gender at birth psychiatrist a physician who specializes in psychiatry psychic a person apparently sensitive to things beyond the natural range of perception outside the sphere of physical science; "psychic phenomena" affecting or influenced by the human mind; "psychic energy"; "psychic trauma" spirit rapper someone who claims to receive messages from the dead in the form of raps on a table psycholinguist a person (usually a psychologist but sometimes a linguist) who studies the psychological basis of human language psychologist a scientist trained in psychology psychophysicist a psychologist trained in psychophysics sociopath someone with a sociopathic personality; a person with an antisocial personality disorder (`psychopath' was once widely used but has now been superseded by `sociopath') psychopomp a conductor of souls to the afterworld; "Hermes was their psychopomp" psychotherapist a therapist who deals with mental and emotional disorders psychotic a person afflicted with psychosis characteristic of or suffering from psychosis pteridologist an expert in the study of ferns publican the keeper of a public house public defender a lawyer who represents indigent defendants at public expense publicist someone who publicizes public relations person a person employed to establish and promote a favorable relationship with the public public servant someone who holds a government position (either by election or appointment) puddler a worker who turns pig iron into wrought iron by puddling pudge a short fat person puerpera a woman in childbirth or shortly thereafter puller someone who pulls or tugs or drags in an effort to move something someone who applies force so as to cause motion toward herself or himself puncher someone who delivers punches punk rocker a teenager or young adult who is a performer (or enthusiast) of punk rock and a member of the punk youth subculture punster someone overly fond of making puns punter (football) a person who kicks the football by dropping it from the hands and contacting it with the foot before it hits the ground someone who propels a boat with a pole puppet ruler a leader or ruler who is chosen by a despot to head a government puppeteer one who operates puppets or marionettes purchasing agent an agent who purchases goods or services for another purist someone who insists on great precision and correctness (especially in the use of words) puritan someone who adheres to strict religious principles; someone opposed to sensual pleasures Puritan a member of a group of English Protestants who in the 16th and 17th centuries thought that the Protestant Reformation under Elizabeth was incomplete and advocated the simplification and regulation of forms of worship purser an officer aboard a ship who keeps accounts and attends to the passengers' welfare pursued a person who is being chased; "the film jumped back and forth from the pursuer to the pursued" followed with enmity as if to harm; "running and leaping like a herd of pursued antelopes" pursuer a person who is pursuing and trying to overtake or capture; "always before he had been able to outwit his pursuers" a person who pursues some plan or goal; "a pursuer of truth" purveyor someone who supplies provisions (especially food) pushover someone who is easily taken advantage of pussycat a person who is regarded as easygoing and agreeable putterer a person who putters about putz (Yiddish) a fool; an idiot Pygmy any member of various peoples having an average height of less than five feet pygmy an unusually small individual pyrographer an artist who practices pyrography pyromancer one who practices pyromancy pythoness a witch with powers of divination qadi an Islamic judge quadripara (obstetrics) woman who has given birth to a viable infant in each of four pregnancies quadriplegic a person who is paralyzed in both arms and both legs quadruplet one of four children born at the same time from the same pregnancy quaestor any of several public officials of ancient Rome (usually in charge of finance and administration) quaffer a person who drinks heartily quaker one who quakes and trembles with (or as with) fear qualifier a contestant who meets certain requirements and so qualifies to take part in the next stage of competition; "the tournament was won by a late qualifier" quarreler a disputant who quarrels quarryman a man who works in a quarry quartermaster an army officer who provides clothing and subsistence for troops quartermaster general a staff officer in charge of supplies for a whole army Quebecois a native or inhabitant of Quebec (especially one who speaks French) of or relating to Quebec (especially to the French speaking inhabitants or their culture) Queen of England the sovereign ruler of England queen consort the wife of a reigning king queen dowager the widow of a king queen mother a queen dowager who is mother of the reigning sovereign queen regent a queen who serves as ruler when the king cannot Queen's Counsel Counsel to the Crown when the British monarch is a queen question master the host or chairman of a radio or tv quiz show or panel game Quetzalcoatl an Aztec deity represented as a plumed serpent quibbler a disputant who quibbles; someone who raises annoying petty objections quick study someone able to acquire new knowledge and skills rapidly and easily; "she soaks up foreign languages like a sponge" quietist a religious mystic who follows quietism quintipara (obstetrics) woman who has given birth to a viable infant in each of five pregnancies quintuplet one of five children born at the same time from the same pregnancy quitter a person who gives up too easily quoter a communicator (speaker or writer) who uses quotations rabbi spiritual leader of a Jewish congregation; qualified to expound and apply Jewish law racetrack tout someone who offers advice about betting on horses (either to influence the odds or in the hope of sharing some of the winnings) racist a person with a prejudiced belief that one racial group is superior to others discriminatory especially on the basis of race or religion based on racial intolerance; "racist remarks" racker an attendant who puts pool or billiard balls into a rack racketeer someone who commits crimes for profit (especially one who obtains money by fraud or extortion) carry on illegal business activities involving crime radio announcer an announcer whose voice is broadcast on radio radiobiologist a biologist who studies the effects of radiation on living organisms radiographer a person who makes radiographs radiologic technologist a scientist trained in radiological technology radiologist a medical specialist who uses radioactive substances and X-rays in the treatment of disease radio operator someone who operates a radio transmitter raftsman someone who travels by raft ragamuffin a dirty shabbily clothed urchin ragpicker an unskilled person who picks up rags from trash cans and public dumps as a means of livelihood ragsorter a worker who sorts rags and old clothing for new uses (as in papermaking) railbird a fan of racing who watches races from the outer rail of the track rail-splitter a laborer who splits logs to build split-rail fences rainmaker American Indian medicine man who attempt to make it rain executive who is very successful in bringing in business to his company or firm raiser a bridge partner who increases the partner's bid raja a prince or king in India Rajput a member of the dominant Hindu military caste in northern India rambler a person whose speech or writing is not well organized a person who takes long walks in the country rancher a person who owns or operates a ranch ranch hand a hired hand on a ranch rani (the feminine of raja) a Hindu princess or the wife of a raja ranker an enlisted soldier who serves in the ranks of the armed forces a commissioned officer who has been promoted from enlisted status ranter someone who rants and raves; speaks in a violent or loud manner raper someone who forces another to have sexual intercourse rape suspect someone who is suspected of committing rape rapper someone who performs rap music rapporteur a recorder appointed by a committee to prepare reports of the meetings rare bird a rare or unique person Raskolnikov a fictional character in Dostoevsky's novel `Crime and Punishment'; he kills old women because he believes he is beyond the bounds of good or evil rat-catcher a workman employed to destroy or drive away vermin ratepayer a person who pays local rates (especially a householder) raver a participant in a rave dancing party raw recruit an inexperienced and untrained recruit reactionary an extreme conservative; an opponent of progress or liberalism opposed to political or social liberalism or reform reading teacher someone who teaches students to read realist a philosopher who believes that universals are real and exist independently of anyone thinking of them a painter who represents the world realistically and not in an idealized or romantic style a person who accepts the world as it literally is and deals with it accordingly real estate broker a person who is authorized to act as an agent for the sale of land; "in England they call a real estate agent a land agent" Realtor a real estate agent who is a member of the National Association of Realtors rear admiral an admiral junior to a vice admiral reasoner someone who reasons logically receptionist a secretary whose main duty is to answer the telephone and receive visitors recidivist someone who lapses into previous undesirable patterns of behavior someone who is repeatedly arrested for criminal behavior (especially for the same criminal behavior) recitalist a musician who gives recitals reciter someone who recites from memory record-breaker someone who breaks a record recorder player someone who plays the recorder recruit any new member or supporter (as in the armed forces) a recently enlisted soldier cause to assemble or enlist in the military; "raise an army"; "recruit new soldiers" seek to employ; "The lab director recruited an able crew of assistants" recruiter an official who enlists personnel for military service someone who supplies members or employees recruiting-sergeant a sergeant deputized to enlist recruits redact someone who puts text into appropriate form for publication redcap a porter who helps passengers with their baggage at a railroad station a member of the military police in Britain redeemer someone who redeems or buys back (promissory notes or merchandise or commercial paper etc.) redneck a poor White person in the southern United States reeler a dancer of reels reenactor a person who enacts a role in an event that occurred earlier referee (sports) the chief official (as in boxing or American football) who is expected to ensure fair play an attorney appointed by a court to investigate and report on a case evaluate professionally a colleague's work be a referee or umpire in a sports competition refiner one whose work is to refine a specific thing; "he was a sugar refiner" refinisher a skilled worker who is employed to restore or refinish buildings or antique furniture Reform Jew liberal Jew who tries to adapt all aspects of Judaism to modern circumstances refugee an exile who flees for safety regent someone who rules during the absence or incapacity or minority of the country's monarch members of a governing board registered nurse a graduate nurse who has passed examinations for registration registrant a person who is formally entered (along with others) in a register (and who obtains certain rights thereby) registrar someone responsible for keeping records the administrator responsible for student records a person employed to keep a record of the owners of stocks and bonds issued by the company Regius professor holder of a British professorship created by a royal patron reliever a pitcher who does not start the game a person who reduces the intensity (e.g., of fears) and calms and pacifies; "a reliever of anxiety"; "an allayer of fears" religious a member of a religious order who is bound by vows of poverty and chastity and obedience of or relating to clergy bound by monastic vows; "the religious or regular clergy conducts the service" having or showing belief in and reverence for a deity; "a religious man"; "religious attitude" concerned with sacred matters or religion or the church; "religious texts"; "a member of a religious order"; "lords temporal and spiritual"; "spiritual leaders"; "spiritual songs" extremely scrupulous and conscientious; "religious in observing the rules of health" eremite a Christian recluse anchorite one retired from society for religious reasons cenobite a member of a religious order living in common religious leader leader of a religious order remittance man an exile living on money sent from home remover someone who works for a company that moves furniture a solvent that removes a substance (usually from a surface); "paint remover"; "rust remover"; "hair remover" Renaissance man a scholar during the Renaissance who (because knowledge was limited) could know almost everything about many topics a modern scholar who is in a position to acquire more than superficial knowledge about many different interests; "a statistician has to be something of a generalist" renegade someone who rebels and becomes an outlaw rent collector a person who goes from house to house collecting rents for the owner renter an owner of property who receives payment for its use by another person rentier someone whose income is from property rents or bond interest and other investments repairman a skilled worker whose job is to repair things repatriate a person who has returned to the country of origin or whose citizenship has been restored admit back into the country send someone back to his homeland against his will, as of refugees reporter a person who investigates and reports or edits news stories newswoman a female newsperson representative a person who represents others being or characteristic of government by representation in which citizens exercise power through elected officers and representatives; "representative government as defined by Abraham Lincoln is government of the people, by the people, for the people" standing for something else; "the bald eagle is representative of the United States" serving to represent or typify; "representative moviegoers"; "a representative modern play" reprobate a person without moral scruples reject (documents) as invalid abandon to eternal damnation; "God reprobated the unrepenting sinner" republican an advocate of a republic (usually in opposition to a monarchy) having the supreme power lying in the body of citizens entitled to vote for officers and representatives responsible to them or characteristic of such government; "the United States shall guarantee to every state in this union a republican form of government"- United States Constitution; "a very republican notion"; "so little republican and so much aristocratic sentiment"- Philip Marsh; "our republican and artistic simplicity"-Nathaniel Hawthorne relating to or belonging to the Republican Party; "a Republican senator"; "Republican party politics" rescuer someone who saves something from danger or violence research director a supervisor in a research center research worker a scientist who devotes himself to doing research reservist a member of a military reserve resident someone who lives at a particular place for a prolonged period or who was born there living in a particular place; "resident aliens" resident commissioner the representative of Puerto Rico in the United States House of Representatives respecter a person who respects someone or something; usually used in the negative; "X is no respecter of Y" respondent someone who responds the codefendant (especially in a divorce proceeding) who is accused of adultery with the corespondent restaurateur the proprietor of a restaurant rester a person who rests restrainer a person who directs and restrains a chemical that is added to a photographic developer in order to retard development and reduce the amount of fog on a film retailer a merchant who sells goods at retail retiree someone who has retired from active working retreatant a participant in a religious retreat returning officer the official in each electorate who holds the election and returns the results reveler a celebrant who shares in a noisy party; "the clubs attract revelers as young as thirteen" drunken reveler someone who engages in drinking bouts revenant someone who has returned from the dead a person who returns after a lengthy absence of or relating to or typical of a revenant; "revenant shrieks and groans" revenuer a government agent responsible for collecting revenue (especially one responsible for stopping bootlegging) reversioner (law) a party who is entitled to an estate in reversion reviewer someone who reads manuscripts and judges their suitability for publication revisionist a Communist who tries to rewrite Marxism to justify a retreat from the revolutionary position revolutionist a radical supporter of political or social revolution rheumatic a person suffering with rheumatism rheumatologist a physician specializing in rheumatic diseases Rhodesian man a primitive hominid resembling Neanderthal man but living in Africa Rhodes scholar a student who holds one of the scholarships endowed by the will of Cecil J. Rhodes that enables the student to study at Oxford University rhymer a writer who composes rhymes; a maker of poor verses (usually used as terms of contempt for minor or inferior poets) rhythm and blues musician a performer (and sometimes composer) of rhythm and blues music ribald a ribald person; someone who uses vulgar and offensive language Richard Roe an unknown or fictitious party to legal proceedings rich person a person who possesses great material wealth millionaire a person whose material wealth is valued at more than a million dollars billionaire a very rich person whose material wealth is valued at more than a billion dollars multi-billionaire a very rich person whose material wealth is valued at many billions of dollars disreputable person someone lacking public esteem riding master someone who teaches horsemanship Riff a Berber living in northern Morocco rifleman a soldier whose weapon is a rifle someone skilled in the use of a rifle right-hander a person who uses the right hand more skillfully than the left right-hand man the most helpful assistant rightist a member of a right wing political party believing in or supporting tenets of the political right ring girl a young woman who holds up cards indicating the number of the next round at prize fights ringleader a person who leads (especially in illicit activities) ringmaster the person in charge of performances in a circus ring rioter troublemaker who participates in a violent disturbance of the peace; someone who rises up against the constituted authority ripper a murderer who slashes the victims with a knife; "Jack the Ripper was probably a madman" ritualist a social anthropologist who is expert on rites and ceremonies an advocate of strict observance of ritualistic forms rival the contestant you hope to defeat; "he had respect for his rivals"; "he wanted to know what the competition was doing" be the rival of, be in competition with; "we are rivaling for first place in the race" riveter a worker who inserts and hammers rivets road builder someone whose business is to build roads road hog a driver who obstructs others roadman a workman who is employed to repair roads roarer someone who communicates vocally in a very loud voice robber a thief who steals from someone by threatening violence robbery suspect someone suspected of committing robbery Robert's Rules of Order a book of rules for presiding over a meeting; written by Henry M. Martin in 1876 and subsequently updated through many editions Robin Hood legendary English outlaw of the 12th century; said to have robbed the rich to help the poor Robinson Crusoe the hero of Daniel Defoe's novel about a shipwrecked English sailor who survives on a small tropical island rock climber a climber of vertical rock faces rocket engineer an engineer who builds and tests rockets rocket scientist a clever thinker; "you do not have to be a rocket scientist to figure that out" rock star a famous singer of rock music rogue a deceitful and unreliable scoundrel roisterer an especially noisy and unrestrained merrymaker rollerblader a skater who uses Rollerblades roller-skater someone who engages in roller skating Roman Emperor sovereign of the Roman Empire romantic a soulful or amorous idealist belonging to or characteristic of Romanticism or the Romantic Movement in the arts; "romantic poetry" romanticist an artist of the Romantic Movement or someone influenced by Romanticism Romeo an ardent male lover roofer a craftsman who lays or repairs roofs room clerk a hotel clerk who is responsible for room assignments to guests roommate an associate who shares a room with you ropemaker a craftsman who makes ropes roper a cowboy who uses a lasso to rope cattle or horses a decoy who lures customers into a gambling establishment (especially one with a fixed game) ropewalker an acrobat who performs on a rope stretched at some height above the ground rosebud (a literary reference to) a pretty young girl the bud of a rose Rosicrucian a member of a secret 17th-century society of philosophers and scholars versed in mystical and metaphysical and alchemical lore a member of any of various organizations that subsequently derived from the 17th-century society of or relating to the Rosicrucians Rotarian a member of a Rotary Club rotter a person who is deemed to be despicable or contemptible; "only a rotter would do that"; "kill the rat"; "throw the bum out"; "you cowardly little pukes!"; "the British call a contemptible person a `git'" Mountie colloquial term for a member of the Royal Canadian Mounted Police Rough Rider a member of the volunteer cavalry regiment led by Theodore Roosevelt in the Spanish-American War (1898) roughrider a horseman skilled at breaking wild horses to the saddle Roundhead a supporter of parliament and Oliver Cromwell during the English Civil War roundhead a brachycephalic person roundsman a workman employed to make rounds (to deliver goods or make inspections or so on) rover an adult member of the Boy Scouts movement rubberneck a person who stares inquisitively strain to watch; stare curiously; "The cars slowed down and the drivers rubbernecked after the accident" ruler a person who rules or commands; "swayer of the universe" civil authority a person who exercises authority over civilian affairs dynast a hereditary ruler rug merchant a merchant who sells rugs Rumpelstiltskin a dwarf in one of the fairy stories of the brothers Grimm; tells a woman he will not hold her to a promise if she can guess his name and when she discovers it he is so furious that he destroys himself Shylock a merciless usurer in a play by Shakespeare rumrunner someone who illegally smuggles liquor across a border runner-up the competitor who finishes second running back (football) a back on the offensive team (a fullback or halfback) who tries to advance the ball by carrying it on plays from the line of scrimmage running mate a nominee for the lesser of two closely related political offices runt disparaging terms for small people ruralist an advocate of rural living rusher a person who rushes; someone in a hurry; someone who acts precipitously someone who migrates as part of a rush to a new gold field or a new territory (football) a ball carrier who tries to gain ground by running with the ball rustic an unsophisticated country person rustler someone who steals livestock (especially cattle) Sabbatarian one who observes Saturday as the Sabbath (as in Judaism) pertaining to the Sabbath and its observance saboteur someone who commits sabotage or deliberately causes wrecks sachem a chief of a North American tribe or confederation (especially an Algonquian chief) a political leader (especially of Tammany Hall) sacred cow a person unreasonably held to be immune to criticism sacrificer a religious person who offers up a sacrifice saddler a maker and repairer and seller of equipment for horses Sadducee a member of an ancient Jewish sect around the time of Jesus; opposed to the Pharisees sadhu (Hinduism) an ascetic holy man sadist someone who obtains pleasure from inflicting pain on others sadomasochist someone who enjoys both sadism and masochism safebreaker a thief who breaks open safes to steal valuable contents sailing master the ship's officer in charge of navigation sailmaker a maker of sails sailor any member of a ship's crew saint person of exceptional holiness a person who has died and has been declared a saint by canonization salesclerk a salesperson in a store salesgirl a woman salesperson salesman a man salesperson salesperson a person employed to represent a business and to sell its merchandise (as to customers in a store or to customers who are visited) saloon keeper the proprietor of a saloon salter someone who makes or deals in salt someone who uses salt to preserve meat or fish or other foods salutatorian a graduating student with the second highest academic rank; may deliver the opening address at graduation exercises salvager someone who salvages Samaritan a member of the people inhabiting Samaria in biblical times sandbagger someone who deceives you about his true nature or intent in order to take advantage of you sandboy a young peddler of sand; used now only to express great happiness in `happy as a sandboy' sandwichman a person with advertising boards hanging from the shoulders sangoma a traditional Zulu healer and respected elder sannup a married male American Indian sannyasi a Hindu religious mendicant Santa Claus the legendary patron saint of children; an imaginary being who is thought to bring presents to children at Christmas Tristan (Middle Ages) the nephew of the king of Cornwall who (according to legend) fell in love with his uncle's bride (Iseult) after they mistakenly drank a love potion that left them eternally in love with each other Iseult (Middle Ages) the bride of the king of Cornwall who (according to legend) fell in love with the king's nephew (Tristan) after they mistakenly drank a love potion that left them eternally in love with each other sapper a military engineer who does sapping (digging trenches or undermining fortifications) Saracen (historically) a Muslim who opposed the Crusades (historically) a member of the nomadic people of the Syrian and Arabian deserts at the time of the Roman Empire (when used broadly) any Arab Sassenach the Scots' term for an English person Satanist an adherent of Satan or Satanism satirist a humorist who uses ridicule and irony and sarcasm satrap a governor of a province in ancient Persia saunterer someone who walks at a leisurely pace savage a member of an uncivilized people criticize harshly or violently; "The press savaged the new President"; "The critics crucified the author for plagiarizing a famous passage" attack brutally and fiercely saver someone who saves (especially money) savior a person who rescues you from harm or danger saxophonist a musician who plays the saxophone scalawag a white Southerner who supported Reconstruction policies after the American Civil War (usually for self-interest) scalper someone who buys something and resells it at a price far above the initial cost; "he got theater tickets through a scalper" scandalmonger a person who spreads malicious gossip scapegoat someone who is punished for the errors of others scapegrace a reckless and unprincipled reprobate Scaramouch a stock character in commedia dell'arte depicted as a boastful coward scaremonger a person who spreads frightening rumors and stirs up trouble scatterbrain a flighty and disorganized person scenarist a writer of screenplays scene painter a painter of theatrical scenery sceneshifter a stagehand responsible for moving scenery scene-stealer an actor who draws more attention than other actors in the same scene; "babies are natural scene-stealers" scenic artist an artist specializing in scenic subjects schemer a planner who draws up a personal scheme of action schizophrenic someone who is afflicted with schizophrenia suffering from some form of schizophrenia; "schizophrenic patients" schlemiel (Yiddish) a dolt who is a habitual bungler schlepper (Yiddish) an awkward and stupid person schlimazel (Yiddish) a very unlucky or inept person who fails at everything schlockmeister (slang) a merchant who deals in shoddy or inferior merchandise schmuck (Yiddish) a jerk schnook (Yiddish) a gullible simpleton more to be pitied than despised; "don't be such an apologetic shnook" schnorrer (Yiddish) a scrounger who takes advantage of the generosity of others scholar a learned person (especially in the humanities); someone who by long study has gained mastery in one or more disciplines a student who holds a scholarship Scholastic a Scholastic philosopher or theologian scholiast a scholar who writes explanatory notes on an author (especially an ancient commentator on a classical author) schoolboy a boy attending school schoolchild a young person attending school (up through senior high school) schoolfriend a friend who attends the same school schoolgirl a girl attending school Schoolman a scholar in one of the universities of the Middle Ages; versed in scholasticism schoolmarm a woman schoolteacher (especially one regarded as strict) schoolmate an acquaintance that you go to school with school superintendent the superintendent of a school system schoolteacher a teacher in a school below the college level science teacher someone who teaches science scientist a person with advanced knowledge of one or more sciences scion a descendent or heir; "a scion of royal stock" scoffer someone who jeers or mocks or treats something with contempt or calls out in derision someone who eats food rapidly and greedily scofflaw one who habitually ignores the law and does not answer court summonses scold someone (especially a woman) who annoys people by constantly finding fault scorekeeper an official who records the score during the progress of a game scorer a logger who marks trees to be felled a player who makes a score in a game or contest scourer someone who travels widely and energetically; "he was a scourer of the seven seas" someone who cleanses by scouring scout someone who can find paths through unexplored territory someone employed to discover and recruit talented persons (especially in the worlds of entertainment or sports) explore, often with the goal of finding something or somebody Scout a Boy Scout or Girl Scout scoutmaster the leader of a troop of Scouts scrawler a writer whose handwriting is careless and hard to read screen actor an actor who plays a role in a film screener a guard at an airport who checks passengers or their luggage at a security checkpoint screenwriter someone who writes screenplays screwballer (baseball) a pitcher who throws screwballs scribe informal terms for journalists score a line on with a pointed instrument, as in metalworking scrimshanker a shirker scriptwriter someone who writes scripts for plays or movies or broadcast dramas scrub nurse a nurse who helps a surgeon prepare for surgery scrutinizer a careful examiner; someone who inspects with great care scrutineer someone who examines votes at an election scuba diver an underwater diver who uses scuba gear sculler someone who sculls (moves a long oar pivoted on the back of the boat to propel the boat forward) scullion a kitchen servant employed to do menial tasks (especially washing) sculptor an artist who creates sculptures sculptress a woman sculptor sea king a Viking pirate chief sea lawyer an argumentative and contentious seaman sealer an official who affixes a seal to a document Sea Scout a Boy Scout enrolled in programs for water activities seasonal worker a worker who finds employment only in certain seasons seasoner a cook who uses seasonings; "the cook is a light seasoner" secessionist an advocate of secessionism second baseman (baseball) the person who plays second base second cousin a child of a first cousin of one's parent seconder someone who endorses a motion or petition as a necessary preliminary to a discussion or vote second-in-command someone who relieves a commander second lieutenant a commissioned officer in the Army or Air Force or Marine Corps holding the lowest rank second-rater a person of second-rate ability or value; "a team of aging second-raters"; "shone among the mediocrities who surrounded him" secret agent a person secretly employed in espionage for a government Secretary General a person who is a chief administrator (as of the United Nations) sectarian a member of a sect; "most sectarians are intolerant of the views of any other sect" belonging to or characteristic of a sect; "a sectarian mind"; "the negations of sectarian ideology"- Sidney Hook; "sectarian squabbles in psychology" of or relating to or characteristic of a sect or sects; "sectarian differences" section hand a laborer assigned to a section gang section man someone who teaches a section of a large college course secularist an advocate of secularism; someone who believes that religion should be excluded from government and education secundigravida a woman who is pregnant for the second time security consultant an adviser about alarm systems to prevent burglaries security director head of a private security force working for a business or industry seducer a man who takes advantage of women a bad person who entices others into error or wrongdoing seductress a woman who seduces seeded player one of the outstanding players in a tournament seedsman a dealer in seeds seer an observer who perceives visually; "an incurable seer of movies" segregate someone who is or has been segregated separate or isolate (one thing) from another and place in a group apart from others; "the sun segregates the carbon"; "large mining claims are segregated into smaller claims" divide from the main body or mass and collect; "Many towns segregated into new counties"; "Experiments show clearly that genes segregate" separate by race or religion; practice a policy of racial segregation; "This neighborhood is segregated"; "We don't segregate in this county" segregator someone who believes the racial groups should be kept apart seismologist a geophysicist who studies earthquakes and the mechanical characteristics of the Earth selectman an elected member of a board of officials who run New England towns selectwoman an elected member of a board of officials who run New England towns selfish person a person who is unusually selfish seller someone who promotes or exchanges goods or services for money selling agent someone who sells goods (on commission) for others semanticist a specialist in the study of meaning semifinalist one of four competitors remaining in a tournament by elimination seminarian a student at a seminary (especially a Roman Catholic seminary) semiprofessional an athlete who plays for pay on a part-time basis senator a member of a senate sendee the intended recipient of a message sender someone who transmits a message; "return to sender" Senhor a Portuguese title of respect; equivalent to English `Mr' senior an undergraduate student during the year preceding graduation older; higher in rank; longer in length of tenure or service; "senior officer" senior chief petty officer a senior noncommissioned officer in the Navy or Coast Guard with a rank comparable to master sergeant in the Army senior master sergeant a senior noncommissioned officer in the Air Force with a rank comparable to master sergeant in the Army senior vice president the ranking vice president in a firm that has more than one sentimentalist someone who indulges in excessive sentimentality sensationalist someone who uses exaggerated or lurid material in order to gain public attention separatist an advocate of secession or separation from a larger group (such as an established church or a national union) Sephardi a Jew who is of Spanish or Portuguese or North African descent septuagenarian someone whose age is in the seventies serf (Middle Ages) a person who is bound to the land and owned by the feudal lord sergeant any of several noncommissioned officer ranks in the Army or Air Force or Marines ranking above a corporal sergeant at arms an officer (as of a legislature or court) who maintains order and executes commands serial killer someone who murders more than three victims one at a time in a relatively short interval spree killer a serial killer whose murders occur within a brief period of time sericulturist a producer of raw silk serjeant-at-law an English barrister of the highest rank serologist a medical scientist who specializes in serology servant a person working in the service of another (especially in the household) servant girl a girl who is a servant serviceman someone who serves in the armed forces; a member of a military force; "two men stood sentry duty" servitor someone who performs the duties of an attendant for someone else settler a person who settles in a new colony or moves into new country a clerk in a betting shop who calculates the winnings a negotiator who settles disputes settlor (law) a person who creates a trust by giving real or personal property in trust to a trustee for the benefit of a beneficiary; a person who gives such property is said to settle it on the trustee sewing-machine operator someone who sews by operating a sewing machine sexagenarian someone whose age is in the sixties being from 60 to 69 years old; "the sexagenarian population is growing" sex kitten a young woman who is thought to have sex appeal sex object any person regarded simply as an object of sexual gratification sex offender someone who has been convicted of a sex crime sex symbol a person (especially a celebrity) who is well-known for their sexual attractiveness sexton an officer of the church who is in charge of sacred objects Shah title for the former hereditary monarch of Iran shaheed Arabic term for holy martyrs Shaker a member of Christian group practicing celibacy and communal living and common possession of property and separation from the world Shakespearian a Shakespearean scholar of or relating to William Shakespeare or his works; "Shakespearean plays" shanghaier a kidnapper who drugs men and takes them for compulsory service aboard a ship sharecropper small farmers and tenants Shavian an admirer of G. B. Shaw or his works of or relating to George Bernard Shaw or his works shearer a skilled worker who shears the wool off of sheep or other animals a workman who uses shears to cut leather or metal or textiles shedder an attacker who sheds or spills blood; "a great hunter and spiller of blood" she-devil a cruel woman sheepherder a herder of sheep (on an open range); someone who keeps the sheep together in a flock sheepman a man who raises (or tends) sheep shegetz an offensive term for non-Jewish young man; "why does she like all those shkotzim?" sheik the leader of an Arab village or family sheika the wife of a sheik sheller a worker who removes shells (as of peas or oysters) shelver a worker who puts things (as books) on shelves Shem (Old Testament) eldest son of Noah shepherd a clergyman who watches over a group of people tend as a shepherd, as of sheep or goats watch over like a shepherd, as a teacher of her pupils shepherdess a woman shepherd sheriff the principal law-enforcement officer in a county shiksa a derogatory term used by Jews to refer to non-Jewish women shill a decoy who acts as an enthusiastic customer in order to stimulate the participation of others act as a shill; "This man shilled and bid for an expensive carpet during the auction in order to drive the price up" shingler a worker who shingles roofs ship-breaker a contractor who buys old ships and breaks them up for scrap ship broker an agent for the ship owner; obtains cargo and may arrange for its loading or discharge ship chandler a dealer in equipment and supplies for ships shipmate an associate on the same ship with you shipowner someone who owns a ship or a share in a ship shipping agent the agent of a shipowner shipping clerk an employee who ships and receives goods ship's chandler a dealer in sails and ropes and other supplies for sailing ships shipwright a carpenter who helps build and launch wooden vessels shirtmaker a maker of shirts shogun a hereditary military dictator of Japan; the shoguns ruled Japan until the revolution of 1867-68 shooter (sports) a player who drives or kicks a ball at the goal (or a basketball player who shoots at the basket) a gambler who throws dice in the game of craps shopaholic a compulsive shopper; "shopaholics can never resist a bargain" shop boy a young male shop assistant shop girl a young female shop assistant shopkeeper a merchant who owns or manages a shop shopper someone who visits stores in search of articles to buy a commercial agent who shops at the competitor's store in order to compare their prices and merchandise with those of the store that employs her shop steward a union member who is elected to represent fellow workers in negotiating with management shot putter an athlete who competes in the shot put showman a sponsor who books and stages public entertainments a person skilled at making effective presentations Shudra a member of the lowest or worker Hindu caste shuffler someone who walks without raising the feet the card player who shuffles the cards shutterbug a photography enthusiast shy person someone who shrinks from familiarity with others shyster a person (especially a lawyer or politician) who uses unscrupulous or unethical methods Siamese twin one of a pair of identical twins born with their bodies joined at some point sibling a person's brother or sister sibyl (ancient Rome) a woman who was regarded as an oracle or prophet a woman who tells fortunes sick person a person suffering from an illness side judge a football official sidesman (Church of England) an assistant to the churchwarden; collects offerings of money in the church sightreader a performer who reads without preparation or prior acquaintance (as in music) sightseer a tourist who is visiting sights of interest signaler someone who communicates by signals signalman a railroad employee in charge of signals and point in a railroad yard signer someone who signs and is bound by a document someone who can use sign language to communicate sign painter someone who paints signs and billboards etc. signor used as an Italian courtesy title; can be prefixed to the name or used separately signora an Italian title of address equivalent to Mrs. when used before a name signore an Italian title of respect for a man; equivalent to the English `sir'; used separately (not prefixed to his name) signorina an Italian courtesy title for an unmarried woman; equivalent to `Miss', it is either used alone or before a name Sikh an adherent of Sikhism of or relating to the Sikhs or their religious beliefs and customs silent partner a partner (who usually provides capital) whose association with the enterprise is not public knowledge silly a word used for misbehaving children; "don't be a silly" silversmith someone who makes or repairs articles of silver addle-head a person with confused ideas; incapable of serious thought Simeon (Old Testament) the 2nd son of Jacob and one of the 12 patriarchs of Israel simperer a smiler whose smile is silly and self-conscious and sometimes coy simpleton a person lacking intelligence or common sense singer a person who sings sinner a person who sins (without repenting) Sinologist a student of Chinese history and language and culture sipper a drinker who sips sir term of address for a man Sir a title used before the name of knight or baronet sirdar an important person in India Siren a sea nymph (part woman and part bird) supposed to lure sailors to destruction on the rocks where the nymphs lived; "Odysseus ordered his crew to plug their ears so they would not hear the Siren's fatal song" sirrah formerly a contemptuous term of address to an inferior man or boy; often used in anger sister a female person who is a fellow member of a sorority or labor union or other group; "none of her sisters would betray her" a female person who has the same parents as another person; "my sister married a musician" Sister (Roman Catholic Church) a title given to a nun (and used as a form of address); "the Sisters taught her to love God" Beguine (Roman Catholic Church) a member of a lay sisterhood (one of several founded in the Netherlands in the 12th and 13th centuries); though not taking religious vows the sisters followed an austere life half sister a sister who has only one parent in common with you sissy a timid man or boy considered childish or unassertive waverer one who hesitates (usually out of fear) sister-in-law the sister of your spouse sitar player a musician who plays the sitar sitter an organism (person or animal) that sits sitting duck a defenseless victim six-footer a person who is at least six feet tall sixth-former a student in the sixth form skateboarder someone who skates on a skateboard skater someone who skates skeptic someone who habitually doubts accepted beliefs skier someone who skis ski jumper a skier who leaps through the air (especially on a ski jump) Skinnerian a follower of the theories or methods of B. F. Skinner of or relating to B. F. Skinner or his behaviorist psychology skinny-dipper a naked swimmer skirmisher someone who skirmishes (e.g., as a member of a scouting party) skilled worker a worker who has acquired special skills skin-diver an underwater swimmer equipped with a face mask and foot fins and either a snorkel or an air cylinder skinhead a member of any of several British or American groups consisting predominantly of young people who shave their heads; some engage in white supremacist and anti-immigrant activities and this leads to the perception that all skinheads are racist and violent skinner a person who prepares or deals in animal skins skipper a student who fails to attend classes work as the skipper on a vessel skivvy a female domestic servant who does all kinds of menial work skycap a porter who helps passengers with their baggage at an airport skydiver a person who jumps from a plane and performs various gymnastic maneuvers before pulling the parachute cord slacker a person who shirks his work or duty (especially one who tries to evade military service in wartime) slammer a person who closes things violently; "she's a dramatic slammer of doors" slapper a hitter who slaps (usually another person) with an open hand; "someone slapped me on the back and I turned to see who the slapper was"; "my father was the designated spanker in our family" slattern a dirty untidy woman slave a person who is owned by someone someone who works as hard as a slave someone entirely dominated by some influence or person; "a slave to fashion"; "a slave to cocaine"; "his mother was his abject slave" work very hard, like a slave slave driver a supervisor of slaves at work a cruel employer who demands excessive work from the employees slaveholder someone who holds slaves slaver a person engaged in slave trade sledder someone who rides a sled Sleeping Beauty fairy story: princess under an evil spell who could be awakened only by a prince's kiss sleepwalker someone who walks about in their sleep sleepyhead a sleepy person sleuth a detective who follows a trail slicker a person with good manners and stylish clothing slinger a person who uses a sling to throw something slob a coarse obnoxious person sloganeer someone who coins and uses slogans to promote a cause coin new slogans slopseller a dealer in cheap ready-made clothing sloucher a person who slouches; someone with a drooping carriage sluggard an idle slothful person small businessman a businessman who runs a business employing less than 100 people small-for-gestational-age infant an infant whose size and weight are considerably less than the average for babies of the same age smallholder a person owning or renting a smallholding small person a person of below average size small farmer a farmer on a small farm smarta one of a group of brahmans who uphold nonsectarian orthodoxy according to the Vedanta school of Hinduism smasher a very attractive or seductive looking woman a person who smashes something smiler a person who smiles smirker a smiler whose smile is offensively self-satisfied smith someone who works metal (especially by hammering it when it is hot and malleable) someone who works at something specified smuggler someone who imports or exports without paying duties snake charmer a performer who uses movements and music to control snakes snarer someone who sets snares for birds or small animals snatcher a thief who grabs and runs; "a purse snatcher" sneak a person who is regarded as underhanded and furtive and contemptible to go stealthily or furtively; "..stead of sneaking around spying on the neighbor's house" put, bring, or take in a secretive or furtive manner; "sneak a look"; "sneak a cigarette" sneak thief a thief who steals without using violence sneerer a person who expresses contempt by remarks or facial expression sneezer a person who sneezes sniffer a person who sniffs sniffler a person who breathes audibly through a congested nose sniper a marksman who shoots at people from a concealed place snob a person regarded as arrogant and annoying snoop a spy who makes uninvited inquiries into the private affairs of others snorer someone who snores while sleeping snowboarder someone who slides down snow-covered slopes while standing on a snowboard snuffler a person who breathes noisily (as through a nose blocked by mucus) sobersides a serious and sedate individual sob sister a journalist who specializes in sentimental stories soccer player an athlete who plays soccer social anthropologist an anthropologist who studies such cultural phenomena as kinship systems social climber someone seeking social prominence by obsequious behavior socialist a political advocate of socialism collectivist a person who belongs to the political left subscribing to the socialistic doctrine of ownership by the people collectively socialite a socially prominent person socializer a person who takes part in social activities social scientist someone expert in the study of human society and its personal relationships social secretary a personal secretary who handles your social correspondence and appointments social worker someone employed to provide social services (especially to the disadvantaged) Socinian an adherent of the teachings of Socinus; a Christian who rejects the divinity of Christ and the Trinity and original sin; influenced the development of Unitarian theology sociobiologist a biologist who studies the biological determinants of social behavior sociolinguist a linguist who studies the social and cultural factors that influence linguistic communication sociologist a social scientist who studies the institutions and development of human society soda jerk someone who works at a soda fountain sodalist a member of a sodality sodomite someone who engages in anal copulation (especially a male who engages in anal copulation with another male) softy a person who is weak and excessively sentimental sojourner a temporary resident solderer a worker who joins or mends with solder solicitor a British lawyer who gives legal advice and prepares legal documents a petitioner who solicits contributions or trade or votes solicitor general a law officer appointed to assist an attorney general soloist a musician who performs a solo sommelier a waiter who manages wine service in a hotel or restaurant somniloquist someone who talks while asleep son a male human offspring; "their son became a famous judge"; "his boy is taller than he is" songster a person who sings songstress a woman songster (especially of popular songs) songwriter a composer of words or music for popular songs son-in-law the husband of your daughter sonneteer a poet who writes sonnets Sophist any of a group of Greek philosophers and teachers in the 5th century BC who speculated on a wide range of subjects sophisticate a worldly-wise person make more complex or refined; "a sophisticated design" alter and make impure, as with the intention to deceive; "Sophisticate rose water with geraniol" make less natural or innocent; "Their manners had sophisticated the young girls" sophomore a second-year undergraduate sorcerer one who practices magic or sorcery shaman in societies practicing shamanism: one acting as a medium between the visible and spirit worlds; practices sorcery for healing or divination medicine man a Native American shaman sorceress a woman sorcerer sorehead someone who is peevish or disgruntled soul mate someone for whom you have a deep affinity soundman a technician in charge of amplifying sound or producing sound effects (as for a TV or radio broadcast) sourdough a settler or prospector (especially in western United States or northwest Canada and Alaska) a leaven of dough in which fermentation is active; used by pioneers for making bread sourpuss someone with a habitually sullen or gloomy expression Southern Baptist a member of the Southern Baptist Convention Southerner an American who lives in the South Rebel `Johnny' was applied as a nickname for Confederate soldiers by the Federal soldiers in the American Civil War; `greyback' derived from their grey Confederate uniforms sovereign a nation's ruler or head of state usually by hereditary right greatest in status or authority or power; "a supreme tribunal" sower someone who sows space cadet someone who seems unable to respond appropriately to reality (as if under the influence of some narcotic drug) spacewalker an astronaut who is active outside a spacecraft in outer space space writer a writer paid by the area of the copy spammer someone who sends unwanted email (often in bulk) Spanish American an American whose first language is Spanish sparer someone who refrains from injuring or destroying sparring partner a boxer who spars with another boxer who is training for an important fight spastic a person suffering from spastic paralysis suffering from spastic paralysis; "a spastic child" relating to or characterized by spasm; "a spastic colon"; "spastic paralysis is a spastic form of cerebral palsy" speaker someone who expresses in language; someone who talks (especially someone who delivers a public speech or someone especially garrulous); "the speaker at commencement"; "an utterer of useful maxims" native speaker a speaker of a particular language who has spoken that language since earliest childhood; "native speakers of French" Speaker the presiding officer of a deliberative assembly; "the leader of the majority party is the Speaker of the House of Representatives" speechwriter a writer who composes speeches for others to deliver special agent someone whose authority is limited to the special undertaking they have been instructed to perform specialist an expert who is devoted to one occupation or branch of learning practices one branch of medicine specifier someone who draws up specifications giving details (as for obtaining a patent) spectator a close observer; someone who looks at something (such as an exhibition of some kind); "the spectators applauded the performance"; "television viewers"; "sky watchers discovered a new star" speculator someone who risks losses for the possibility of considerable gains someone who makes conjectures without knowing the facts speech therapist a therapist who treats speech defects and disorders speeder a driver who exceeds the safe speed limit speed freak addict who habitually uses stimulant drugs (especially amphetamines) speedskater an ice-skater who races competitively; usually around an oval course spellbinder an orator who can hold his listeners spellbound spender someone who spends money to purchase goods or services spendthrift someone who spends money prodigally big spender one who spends lavishly and ostentatiously on entertainment; "the last of the big spenders" spin doctor a public relations person who tries to forestall negative publicity by publicizing a favorable interpretation of the words or actions of a company or political party or famous person; "his title is Director of Communications but he is just a spin doctor" spinster an elderly unmarried woman spitfire a highly emotional and quick-tempered person (especially a girl or woman) spitter a person who spits (ejects saliva or phlegm from the mouth) spiv a person without employment who makes money by various dubious schemes; goes about smartly dressed and having a good time split end (football) an offensive end who lines up at a distance from the other linemen splitter a taxonomist who classifies organisms into many groups on the basis of relatively minor characteristics a worker who splits fish and removes the backbone spoilsport someone who spoils the pleasure of others spokesman a male spokesperson spokesperson an advocate who represents someone else's policy or purpose; "the meeting was attended by spokespersons for all the major organs of government" spokeswoman a female spokesperson sponger a workman employed to collect sponges sporting man someone who enjoys outdoor activities someone who leads a merry existence; especially a gambler on the outcome of sporting events sports announcer an announcer who reads sports news or describes sporting events sports editor the newspaper editor responsible for sports news sports fan an enthusiastic devotee of sports sports writer a journalist who writes about sports spotter a worker employed to apply spots (as markers or identifiers) a worker employed at a dry-cleaning establishment to remove spots spot-welder a welder who does spot welding spouse a person's partner in marriage sprawler a person who sprawls; "he is such a sprawler he needs a bed to himself" sprayer a worker who applies spray to a surface sprog a child a new military recruit sprinter someone who runs a short distance at top speed spurner a person who rejects (someone or something) with contempt; "she was known as a spurner of all suitors"; "he was no spurner of rules" spy (military) a secret agent hired by a state to obtain information about its enemies or by a business to obtain industrial secrets from competitors a secret watcher; someone who secretly watches other people; "my spies tell me that you had a good time last night" secretly collect sensitive or classified information; engage in espionage; "spy for the Russians" watch, observe, or inquire secretly catch sight of; to perceive with the eyes; "he caught sight of the king's men coming over the ridge" spymaster someone who directs clandestine intelligence activities squabbler someone who quarrels about a small matter square dancer someone who does square dancing square shooter a frank and honest person squatter someone who settles on land without right or title someone who settles lawfully on government land with the intent to acquire title to it squaw derogatory terms for an American Indian woman squaw man derogatory term for a white man married to a North American Indian woman squinter a person with strabismus squire an English country landowner young nobleman attendant on a knight a man who attends or escorts a woman attend upon as a squire; serve as a squire stabber someone who stabs another person stableman someone employed in a stable to take care of the horses stacker a laborer who builds up a stack or pile staff member an employee who is a member of a staff of workers (especially a member of the staff that works for the President of the United States) staff officer a commissioned officer assigned to a military commander's staff staff sergeant a noncommissioned officer ranking above corporal and below sergeant first class in the Army or Marines or above airman 1st class in the Air Force stage director someone who supervises the actors and directs the action in the production of a stage show stagehand an employee of a theater who performs work involved in putting on a theatrical production stage manager someone who supervises the physical aspects in the production of a show and who is in charge of the stage when the show is being performed staggerer someone who walks unsteadily as if about to fall stainer a worker who stains (wood or fabric) stakeholder someone entrusted to hold the stakes for two or more persons betting against one another; must deliver the stakes to the winner Stalinist a follower of Stalin and Stalinism of or relating to Joseph Stalin or his times stalker someone who stalks game someone who walks with long stiff strides stammerer someone who speaks with involuntary pauses and repetitions stamper someone who walks with a heavy noisy gait or who stamps on the ground a workman whose job is to form or cut out by applying a mold or die (either by hand or by operating a stamping machine) stamp dealer a dealer in stamps (whose customers are stamp collectors) standard-bearer an outstanding leader of a political movement standardizer a person who sets a standard for things to conform to stander an organism (person or animal) that stands; "a crowd of sitters and standers" stand-in someone who takes the place of another (as when things get dangerous or difficult); "the star had a stand-in for dangerous scenes"; "we need extra employees for summer fill-ins" starer a viewer who gazes fixedly (often with hostility) starets a religious adviser (not necessarily a priest) in the Eastern Orthodox Church starting pitcher (baseball) a pitcher who starts in a baseball game starveling someone who is starving (or being starved) stater a resident of a particular state or group of states; "Keystone stater"; "farm staters" any of the various silver or gold coins of ancient Greece state's attorney a prosecuting attorney for a state state senator a member of a state senate statesman a man who is a respected leader in national or international affairs stateswoman a woman statesman state treasurer the treasurer for a state government stationer a merchant who sells writing materials and office supplies stationmaster the person in charge of a railway station statistician someone versed in the collection and interpretation of numerical data (especially someone who uses statistics to calculate insurance premiums) a mathematician who specializes in statistics stay-at-home a person who seldom goes anywhere; one not given to wandering or travel steamfitter a craftsman who installs and maintains equipment for ventilating or heating or refrigerating steelmaker a worker engaged in making steel steeplejack someone who builds or maintains very tall structures stenographer someone skilled in the transcription of speech (especially dictation) stepbrother a brother who has only one parent in common with you stepchild a child of your spouse by a former marriage stepdaughter a daughter of your spouse by a former marriage stepfather the husband of your mother by a subsequent marriage stepmother the wife of your father by a subsequent marriage stepparent the spouse of your parent by a subsequent marriage stepson the son your spouse by a former marriage stevedore a laborer who loads and unloads vessels in a port steward someone who manages property or other affairs for someone else an attendant on an airplane the ship's officer who is in charge of provisions and dining arrangements stewardess a woman steward on an airplane stickler someone who insists on something; "a stickler for promptness" stiff an ordinary man; "a lucky stiff"; "a working stiff" not moving or operating freely; "a stiff hinge" powerful; "a stiff current"; "a stiff breeze" extremely; "bored stiff"; "frightened stiff" stifler a person who stifles or smothers or suppresses; "he is a real conversation stifler"; "I see from all the yawn smotherers that it is time to stop" stigmatic a person whose body is marked by religious stigmata (such as marks resembling the wounds of the crucified Christ) pertaining to or resembling or having stigmata stillborn infant infant who shows no signs of life after birth stinter an economizer who stints someone with something stipendiary (United Kingdom) a paid magistrate (appointed by the Home Secretary) dealing with police cases pertaining to or of the nature of a stipend or allowance; "stipendiary funds" stippler a painter who stipples (creates a stippled effect) stitcher a garmentmaker who performs the finishing steps stockbroker an agent in the buying and selling of stocks and bonds stockjobber one who deals only with brokers or other jobbers stocktaker an employee whose job is to take inventory; "an outside stocktaker had to be hired" stock trader someone who buys and sells stock shares stockholder someone who holds shares of stock in a corporation stockholder of record the stockholder whose name is registered on the books of the corporation as owning the shares at a particular time stockist one (as a retailer or distributor) that stocks goods stockman farmer who breed or raises livestock Stoic a member of the ancient Greek school of philosophy founded by Zeno; "a Stoic achieves happiness by submission to destiny" pertaining to Stoicism or its followers stoic someone who is seemingly indifferent to emotions seeming unaffected by pleasure or pain; impassive; "stoic courage"; "stoic patience"; "a stoical sufferer" stone breaker someone who breaks up stone stonecutter someone who cuts or carves stone stoner an attacker who pelts the victim with stones (especially with intent to kill) stonewaller one who stonewalls or refuses to answer or cooperate; someone who delays by lengthy speeches etc. stooper a person who carries himself or herself with the head and shoulders habitually bent forward a person at a racetrack who searches for winning parimutuel tickets that have been carelessly discarded by others store detective a private detective employed by a merchant to stop pilferage storm trooper a member of the Nazi SA storyteller someone who tells lies stowaway a person who hides aboard a ship or plane in the hope of getting free passage strafer a combat pilot who strafes the enemy straggler someone who strays or falls behind straight man a performer who acts as stooge to a comedian stranger anyone who does not belong in the environment in which they are found an individual that one is not acquainted with straphanger a standing subway or bus passenger who grips a hanging strap for support a commuter who uses public transportation strategist an expert in strategy (especially in warfare) straw boss a member of a work gang who supervises the other workers strider a person who walks rapidly with long steps; "he was such a strider that she couldn't keep up without running" streaker someone who takes off all their clothes and runs naked through a public place street cleaner a worker employed to clean streets (especially one employed by a municipal sanitation department) street fighter someone who learned to fight in the streets rather than being formally trained in the sport of boxing a contestant who is very aggressive and willing to use underhand methods street urchin a child who spends most of his time in the streets especially in slum areas street arab (sometimes offensive) a homeless boy who has been abandoned and roams the streets streetwalker a prostitute who attracts customers by walking the streets stretcher-bearer one who helps carry a stretcher strike leader someone who leads a strike striper a serviceman who wears stripes on the uniform to indicate rank or years of service; "he's a four-striper" strip miner a miner who does strip mining stripper a performer who provides erotic entertainment by undressing to music a worker who strips the stems from moistened tobacco leaves and binds the leaves together into books a chemical compound used to remove paint or varnish strongman a powerful political figure who rules by the exercise of force or violence; "he is determined to bring down the Iraqi strongman" a man who performs feats of strength at a fair or circus struggler a person who struggles with difficulties or with great effort student a learner who is enrolled in an educational institution student teacher a college student who is teaching under the supervision of a certified teacher in order to qualify for a degree in education stuffed shirt a bore who is extremely formal, pompous, and old-fashioned stumblebum a second-rate prize fighter stumbler a walker or runner who trips and almost falls stupid a person who is not very bright; "The economy, stupid!" lacking or marked by lack of intellectual acuity stylist an artist who is a master of a particular style stylite an early Christian ascetic who lived on top of high pillars subaltern a British commissioned army officer below the rank of captain subcontractor someone who enters into a subcontract with the primary contractor subdeacon a clergyman an order below deacon; one of the Holy Orders in the unreformed western Christian church and the eastern Catholic Churches but now suppressed in the Roman Catholic Church subdivider someone who divides parts into smaller parts (especially a divider of land into building sites) subduer someone who overcomes and establishes ascendancy and control by force or persuasion subjectivist a person who subscribes to subjectivism subjugator a conqueror who defeats and enslaves sublieutenant an officer ranking next below a lieutenant submariner a member of the crew of a submarine submitter someone who submits something (as an application for a job or a manuscript for publication etc.) for the judgment of others; "he was a prolific submitter of proposals" someone who yields to the will of another person or force subnormal a person of less than normal intelligence below normal or average; "after the floods the harvests were subnormal"; "subnormal intelligence" subordinate an assistant subject to the authority or control of another make subordinate, dependent, or subservient; "Our wishes have to be subordinated to that of our ruler" rank or order as less important or consider of less value; "Art is sometimes subordinated to Science in these schools" lower in rank or importance subject or submissive to authority or the control of another; "a subordinate kingdom" subscriber someone who contributes (or promises to contribute) a sum of money someone who contracts to receive and pay for a service or a certain number of issues of a publication someone who expresses strong approval subsidizer someone who assists or supports by giving a subsidy suburbanite a resident of a suburb subvocalizer someone who articulates speech without uttering sounds succorer someone who gives help in times of need or distress or difficulty suer someone who petitions a court for redress of a grievance or recovery of a right Sufi a Muslim who represents the mystical dimension of Islam; a Muslim who seeks direct experience of Allah; mainly in Iran of or relating to the Sufis or to Sufism suffragan an assistant or subordinate bishop of a diocese suffragette a woman advocate of women's right to vote (especially a militant advocate in the United Kingdom at the beginning of the 20th century) suffragist an advocate of the extension of voting rights (especially to women) sugar daddy a wealthy older man who gives a young person expensive gifts in return for friendship or intimacy suggester someone who advances a suggestion or proposal; "the suggester of this absurd strategy was a fool" suicide bomber a terrorist who blows himself up in order to kill or injure other people suitor a man who courts a woman; "a suer for the hand of the princess" sultan the ruler of a Muslim country (especially of the former Ottoman Empire) Sumerian a member of a people who inhabited ancient Sumer of or relating to ancient Sumer or its inhabitants summercaters (Maine colloquial) temporary summer residents of coastal Maine sumo wrestler a wrestler who participates in sumo (a Japanese form of wrestling); "sumo wrestlers are large heavy men" sunbather someone who basks in the sunshine in order to get a suntan sun worshiper someone who worships the sun supercargo an officer on a merchant ship in charge of the cargo and its sale and purchase supergrass a police informer who implicates many people super heavyweight an amateur boxer who weighs more than 201 pounds superintendent a caretaker for an apartment house; represents the owner as janitor and rent collector superior the head of a religious community one of greater rank or station or quality (sometimes followed by `to') not subject to or influenced by; "overcome by a superior opponent"; "trust magnates who felt themselves superior to law" of or characteristic of high rank or importance; "a superior ruler" of high or superior quality or performance; "superior wisdom derived from experience"; "superior math students" having an orbit farther from the sun than the Earth's orbit; "Mars and Jupiter are the closest in of the superior planets" supermarketer an operator of a supermarket supermodel a fashion model who has attained the status of a celebrity supermom an informal term for a mother who can combine childcare and full-time employment supernumerary a minor actor in crowd scenes a person serving no apparent function; "reducing staff is difficult because our employees include no supernumeraries" supervisor one who supervises or has charge and direction of supplier someone whose business is to supply a particular service or commodity supply officer a commissioned officer responsible for logistics supporter a person who backs a politician or a team etc.; "all their supporters came out for the game"; "they are friends of the library" supremacist a person who advocates the supremacy of some particular group or racial group over all others suprematist an artist of the school of suprematism supremo the most important person in an organization surfer someone who engages in surfboarding surgeon a physician who specializes in surgery Surgeon General the senior medical officer in an Army or Navy the head of the United States Public Health Service surpriser a captor who uses surprise to capture the victim surrealist an artist who is a member of the movement called surrealism surrenderer a person who yields or surrenders surrogate someone who takes the place of another person surrogate mother a woman who bears a child for a couple where the wife is unable to do so; "a surrogate mother is artificially inseminated with the father's semen and carries the fetus to term" surveyor an engineer who determines the boundaries and elevations of land or structures someone who conducts a statistical survey survivalist someone who tries to insure their personal survival or the survival of their group or nation suspect someone who is under suspicion imagine to be the case or true or probable; "I suspect he is a fugitive"; "I surmised that the butler did it" hold in suspicion; believe to be guilty; "The U.S. suspected Bin Laden as the mastermind behind the terrorist attacks" sutler a supplier of victuals or supplies to an army Svengali the musician in a novel by George du Maurier who controls Trilby's singing hypnotically someone (usually maleficent) who tries to persuade or force another person to do his bidding swaggerer someone who walks in an arrogant manner swagman an itinerant Australian laborer who carries his personal belongings in a bundle as he travels around in search of work swearer someone who takes a solemn oath someone who uses profanity sweater girl a girl with an attractive bust who wears tight sweaters sweetheart any well-liked individual; "he's a sweetheart" a person loved by another person privileged treatment of a favored person or corporation (sometimes unethically); "another sweetheart deal based on political influence" swimmer a person who travels through the water by swimming; "he is not a good swimmer" a trained athlete who participates in swimming meets; "he was an Olympic swimmer" swineherd a herder or swine swinger a person who engages freely in promiscuous sex someone who swings sports implements swing voter a voter who has no allegiance to any political party and whose unpredictable decisions can swing the outcome of an election one way or the other switcher a person who administers punishment by wielding a switch or whip switch-hitter a baseball player who can bat either right or left handed slang term for a bisexual person switchman a man who operates railroad switches swot an insignificant student who is ridiculed as being affected or boringly studious sycophant a person who tries to please someone in order to gain a personal advantage syllogist logician skilled in syllogistic reasoning sylph an elemental being believed to inhabit the air a slender graceful young woman sylvan a spirit that lives in or frequents the woods relating to or characteristic of wooded regions; "a shady sylvan glade" symbolic logician a person skilled at symbolic logic symbolist a member of an artistic movement that expressed ideas indirectly via symbols someone skilled in the interpretation or representation of symbols sympathizer someone who shares your feelings or opinions and hopes that you will be successful a person who commiserates with someone who has had misfortune symphonist a composer of symphonies symposiast someone who participates in a symposium syncopator a musician who plays syncopated jazz music (usually in a dance band); "they called themselves the Dixie Syncopators" syndic one appointed to represent a city or university or corporation in business transactions syndicator a businessman who forms a syndicate synonymist a student of synonyms synthesist an intellectual who synthesizes or uses synthetic methods syphilitic a person suffering from syphilis of or relating to or infected with syphilis; "syphilitic symptoms" system administrator a person in charge of managing and maintaining a computer system of telecommunication system (as for a business or institution) systems analyst a person skilled at systems analysis tablemate someone you dine with tacker a worker who fastens things by tacking them (as with tacks or by spotwelding) tackler a football player who tackles the ball carrier tactician a person who is skilled at planning tactics tagalong someone who persistently (and annoyingly) follows along tailgater a driver who follows too closely behind another motor vehicle tailor a person whose occupation is making and altering garments adjust to a specific need or market; "a magazine oriented towards young people"; "tailor your needs to your surroundings" talent a person who possesses unusual innate ability in some field or activity talent agent an agent who represents performers talking head a talker on television who talks directly into the cameras and whose upper body is all that is shown on the screen tallyman one who keeps a tally of quantity or weight of goods produced or shipped or received one who sells goods on the installment plan tamer an animal trainer who tames wild animals tanker a soldier who drives a tank tanner a craftsman who tans skins and hides tantalizer someone who tantalizes; a tormentor who offers something desirable but keeps it just out of reach taoiseach the prime minister of the Irish Republic tap dancer a dancer who sounds out rhythms by using metal taps on the toes and heels of the shoes tapper someone who wiretaps a telephone or telegraph wire a worker who uses a tap to cut screw threads a person who strikes a surface lightly and usually repeatedly; "finger tappers irritated her" tapster a tavern keeper who taps kegs or casks Tartuffe a hypocrite who pretends to religious piety (after the protagonist in a play by Moliere) taskmaster someone who imposes hard or continuous work taskmistress a woman taskmaster taster someone who samples food or drink for its quality tattletale someone who gossips indiscreetly tax assessor an official who evaluates property for the purpose of taxing it tax collector someone who collects taxes for the government taxer a bureaucrat who levies taxes taxi dancer a woman employed to dance with patrons who pay a fee for each dance taxidermist a craftsman who stuffs and mounts the skins of animals for display taxidriver someone who drives a taxi for a living taxonomist a biologist who specializes in the classification of organisms into groups on the basis of their structure and origin and behavior taxpayer someone who pays taxes teacher's pet the teacher's favorite student teaching fellow a graduate student with teaching responsibilities teammate a fellow member of a team; "it was his first start against his former teammates" teamster someone who drives a truck as an occupation the driver of a team of horses doing hauling tearaway a reckless and impetuous person techie a technician who is highly proficient and enthusiastic about some technical field (especially computing) technical sergeant a noncommissioned officer ranking below a master sergeant in the air force or marines technician someone whose occupation involves training in a specific technical process someone known for high skill in some intellectual or artistic technique technocrat an advocate of technocracy an expert who is a member of a highly skilled elite group technophile a person who is enthusiastic about new technology technophobe a person who dislikes or avoids new technology Ted a tough youth of 1950's and 1960's wearing Edwardian style clothes teetotaler a total abstainer telecaster a television broadcaster telegrapher someone who transmits messages by telegraph teleologist advocate of teleology telepathist someone with the power of communicating thoughts directly telephone operator someone who helps callers get the person they are calling televangelist an evangelist who conducts services on television television reporter someone who reports news stories via television television star a star in a television show Tell a Swiss patriot who lived in the early 14th century and who was renowned for his skill as an archer; according to legend an Austrian governor compelled him to shoot an apple from his son's head with his crossbow (which he did successfully without mishap) teller an employee of a bank who receives and pays out money an official appointed to count the votes (especially in legislative assembly) tellurian an inhabitant of the earth of or relating to or inhabiting the land as opposed to the sea or air temp a worker (especially in an office) hired on a temporary basis hobo a worker who moves around and works temporarily in different places temporizer someone who temporizes; someone who tries to gain time or who waits for a favorable time tempter a person who tempts others; "Satan is the great tempter of mankind" term infant infant born at a gestational age between 37 and 42 completed weeks toiler one who works strenuously tenant someone who pays rent to use land or a building or a car that is owned by someone else; "the landlord can evict a tenant who doesn't pay the rent" any occupant who dwells in a place a holder of buildings or lands by any kind of title (as ownership or lease) occupy as a tenant tenant farmer a farmer who works land owned by someone else tenderfoot an inexperienced person (especially someone inexperienced in outdoor living) tennis coach a coach of tennis players tennis player an athlete who plays tennis tennis pro someone who earns a living playing or teaching tennis tenor saxophonist a musician who plays the tenor saxophone tentmaker someone who makes or repairs tents termer a person who serves a specified term; "there are not many fourth termers in the Senate" terrorist a radical who employs terror as a political weapon; usually organizes with other terrorists in small cells; often uses religion as a cover for terrorist activities tertigravida a woman who is pregnant for the third time testator a person who makes a will testatrix a female testator test driver a driver who drives a motor vehicle to evaluate its performance testee someone who is tested (as by an intelligence test or an academic examination) testifier a person who testifies or gives a deposition test pilot a pilot hired to fly experimental airplanes through maneuvers designed to test them test-tube baby a baby conceived by fertilization that occurs outside the mother's body; the woman's ova are removed and mixed with sperm in a culture medium - if fertilization occurs the blastocyte is implanted in the woman's uterus Teutonist a specialist in the history of the Teutonic people or language (especially with respect to the Teutonic influence on the history of England) Texas Ranger a member of the Texas state highway patrol; formerly a mounted lawman who maintained order on the frontier thane a man ranking above an ordinary freeman and below a noble in Anglo-Saxon England (especially one who gave military service in exchange for land) a feudal lord or baron thatcher someone skilled in making a roof from plant stalks or foliage Thatcherite an advocate of Thatcherism theatrical producer someone who produces theatrical performances theologian someone who is learned in theology or who speculates about theology theorist someone who theorizes (especially in science or art) theosophist a believer in theosophy therapist a person skilled in a particular type of therapy Thessalian a native or inhabitant of Thessaly Thessalonian a native or inhabitant of Thessalonica thief a criminal who takes property belonging to someone else with the intention of keeping it or selling it thinker an important intellectual; "the great minds of the 17th century" someone who exercises the mind (usually in an effort to reach a decision) thin person a person who is unusually thin and scrawny third baseman (baseball) the person who plays third base third-rater one who is third-rate or distinctly inferior thrall someone held in bondage thrower someone who projects something (especially by a rapid motion of the arm) throwster a person who twists silk or rayon filaments into a thread or yarn thunderbird (mythology) the spirit of thunder and lightning believed by some Native Americans to take the shape of a great bird thurifer an acolyte who carries a thurible ticket collector someone who is paid to admit only those who have purchased tickets tight end (football) an offensive end who lines up close to the tackle tiler a worker who lays tile timberman an owner or manager of a company that is engaged in lumbering timekeeper a clerk who keeps track of the hours worked by employees (sports) an official who keeps track of the time elapsed timeserver one who conforms to current ways and opinions for personal advantage Timorese a native or inhabitant of Timor of or relating to or characteristic of Timor or its inhabitants tinker formerly a person (traditionally a Gypsy) who traveled from place to place mending pots and kettles and other metal utensils as a way to earn a living a person who enjoys fixing and experimenting with machines and their parts try to fix or mend; "Can you tinker with the T.V. set--it's not working right"; "She always fiddles with her van on the weekend" work as a tinker or tinkerer tinkerer an unskilled person who tries to fix or mend tinsmith someone who makes or repairs tinware tinter a hairdresser who tints hair tipper a person who leaves a tip; "a generous tipper" tippler someone who drinks liquor repeatedly in small quantities tipster one who sells advice about gambling or speculation (especially at the racetrack) tither someone who pays tithes titterer a person who laughs nervously T-man a special law-enforcement agent of the United States Treasury toastmaster the person who proposes toasts and introduces speakers at a banquet toast mistress a woman toastmaster tobacconist a retail dealer in tobacco and tobacco-related articles Tobagonian a native or inhabitant of the island of Tobago in the West Indies of or relating to Tobago or its people; "Tobagonian beaches" tobogganist someone who rides a toboggan Todd fictional character in a play by George Pitt; a barber who murdered his customers Scottish chemist noted for his research into the structure of nucleic acids (born in 1907) toddler a young child toff informal term for an upper-class or wealthy person tollkeeper someone employed to collect tolls toller a person who rings church bells (as for summoning the congregation) tomboy a girl who behaves in a boyish manner Tom Thumb a very small person an imaginary hero of English folklore who was no taller than his father's thumb toolmaker someone skilled in making or repairing tools top banana the leading comedian in a burlesque show torchbearer a leader in a campaign or movement torch singer a singer (usually a woman) who specializes in singing torch songs tormentor someone who torments tort-feasor a party who has committed a tort torturer someone who inflicts severe physical pain (usually for punishment or coercion) Tory an American who favored the British side during the American Revolution a supporter of traditional political and social institutions against the forces of reform; a political conservative a member of political party in Great Britain that has been known as the Conservative Party since 1832; was the opposition party to the Whigs tosser someone who throws lightly (as with the palm upward) terms of abuse for a masturbator totalitarian an adherent of totalitarian principles or totalitarian government characterized by a government in which the political authority exercises absolute and centralized control; "a totalitarian regime crushes all autonomous institutions in its drive to seize the human soul"- Arthur M.Schlesinger, Jr. of or relating to the principles of totalitarianism according to which the state regulates every realm of life; "totalitarian theory and practice"; "operating in a totalistic fashion" totemist a person who belongs to a clan or tribe having a totem toucher a person who causes or allows a part of the body to come in contact with someone or something touch-typist a skilled typist who can type a document without looking at the keyboard tough guy someone who bullies weaker people tour guide a guide who leads others on a tour tourist someone who travels for pleasure tout someone who advertises for customers in an especially brazen way someone who buys tickets to an event in order to resell them at a profit advertize in strongly positive terms; "This product was touted as a revolutionary invention" tovarich a comrade (especially in Russian communism) tower of strength a person who can be relied on to give a great deal of support and comfort towhead a person with light blond hair town clerk the official who keeps a town's records town crier (formerly) an official who made public announcements townsman a resident of a town or city a person from the same town as yourself; "a fellow townsman" townee townsman unacquainted with country life especially a slick and flashy male city dweller townie resident of a college town not affiliated with the college toxicologist one who studies the nature and effects of poisons and their treatment tracker someone who tracks down game track star a star runner Tractarian a follower of Tractarianism and supporter of the Oxford movement (which was expounded in pamphlets called `Tracts for the Times') trader someone who purchases and maintains an inventory of goods to be sold trade unionist a worker who belongs to a trade union traditionalist one who adheres to traditional views traffic cop a policeman who controls the flow of automobile traffic tragedian an actor who specializes in tragic roles a writer (especially a playwright) who writes tragedies tragedienne an actress who specializes in tragic roles trailblazer someone who marks a trail by leaving blazes on trees trail boss the person responsible for driving a herd of cattle trainbandsman a member of a trainband trainbearer one who holds up the train of a gown or robe on a ceremonial occasion trainee someone who is being trained trainer one who trains other persons or animals trainman an employee of a railroad traitor someone who betrays his country by committing treason traitress female traitor trampler someone who injures by trampling transactor someone who conducts or carries on business or negotiations transalpine one living on or coming from the other side of the Alps from Italy on or relating to or characteristic of the region or peoples beyond the Alps from Italy (or north of the Alps); "ancient transalpine Gaul was an area northwest of the Alps and included modern France and Belgium"; "Cracow was a transalpine university" transcendentalist advocate of transcendentalism transcriber someone who makes a written version of spoken material someone who represents the sounds of speech in phonetic notation someone who rewrites in a different script transferee (law) someone to whom a title or property is conveyed transferer someone who transfers something transferor (law) someone who conveys a title or property to another transmigrante a Latin American who buys used goods in the United States and takes them to Latin America to sell transplanter a gardener who moves plants to new locations transsexual a person whose sexual identification is entirely with the opposite sex a person who has undergone a sex change operation transvestite someone who adopts the dress or manner or sexual role of the opposite sex trapper someone who sets traps for animals (usually to obtain their furs) Trappist member of an order of monks noted for austerity and a vow of silence trapshooter a person who engages in shooting at clay pigeons that are hurled into the air by a trap travel agent someone who sells or arranges trips or tours for customers traveling salesman a salesman who travels to call on customers traverser someone who moves or passes across; "the traversers slowly ascended the mountain" treasurer an officer charged with receiving and disbursing funds Treasury the British cabinet minister responsible for economic strategy negotiable debt obligations of the United States government which guarantees that interest and principal payments will be paid on time tree hugger derogatory term for environmentalists who support restrictions on the logging industry and the preservation of forests tree surgeon a specialist in treating damaged trees trekker a traveler who makes a long arduous journey (as hiking through mountainous country) trend-setter someone who popularizes a new fashion trial attorney a lawyer who specializes in defending clients before a court of law trial judge a judge in a trial court tribesman someone who lives in a tribe tribologist a specialist in tribology trier one who tries one (as a judge) who examines and settles a case trifler one who behaves lightly or not seriously trigonometrician a mathematician specializing in trigonometry Trilby singer in a novel by George du Maurier who was under the control of the hypnotist Svengali Trinidadian inhabitant or native of Trinidad of or relating to the island of Trinidad; "Trinidadian rum" triplet one of three offspring born at the same time from the same pregnancy tritheist someone (not an orthodox Christian) who believes that the Father and Son and Holy Ghost are three separate gods triumvir one of a group of three sharing public administration or civil authority especially in ancient Rome trombonist a musician who plays the trombone trooper a mounted police officer a state police officer trouper a person who is reliable and uncomplaining and hard working trophy wife a wife who is an attractive young woman; seldom the first wife of an affluent older man; "his trophy wife was an asset to his business" Trotskyite radicals who support Trotsky's theory that socialism must be established throughout the world by continuing revolution troublemaker someone who deliberately stirs up trouble troubleshooter a worker whose job is to locate and fix sources of trouble (especially in mechanical devices) truant one who is absent from school without permission absent without permission; "truant schoolboys"; "the soldier was AWOL for almost a week" trudger someone who walks in a laborious heavy-footed manner trustbuster a federal agent who engages in trust busting trustee a person (or institution) to whom legal title to property is entrusted to use for another's benefit trusty a convict who is considered trustworthy and granted special privileges tub-thumper a noisy and vigorous or ranting public speaker tuner someone who tunes pianos turncock one employed to control water supply by turning water mains on and off turtler someone whose occupation is hunting turtles tutee learns from a tutor tv announcer an announcer on television twaddler someone who twaddles; someone who writes or talks twaddle twerp someone who is regarded as contemptible twiddler someone who manipulates in a nervous or unconscious manner twin either of two offspring born at the same time from the same pregnancy give birth to twins grow as twins; "twin crystals" duplicate or match; "The polished surface twinned his face and chest in reverse" twiner someone who intertwines (e.g. threads) or forms something by twisting or interlacing two-timer someone who deceives a lover or spouse by carrying on a sexual relationship with somebody else Tyke a native of Yorkshire tympanist a person who plays the kettledrums typist someone paid to operate a typewriter tyrant a cruel and oppressive dictator any person who exercises power in a cruel way; "his father was a tyrant" in ancient Greece, a ruler who had seized power without legal right to it ugly duckling an ugly or unpromising child who grows into a beautiful or worthy person umpire an official at a baseball game uncle the brother of your father or mother; the husband of your aunt a source of help and advice and encouragement; "he played uncle to lonely students" underachiever a student who does not perform as well as expected or as well as the IQ indicates undergraduate a university student who has not yet received a first degree undersecretary a secretary immediately subordinate to the head of a department of government underseller a seller that sells at a lower price than others do; "he went all over town looking for undersellers" understudy an actor able to replace a regular performer when required be an understudy or alternate for a role undesirable one whose presence is undesirable; "rounding up vagrants and drunks and other undesirables" not wanted; "undesirable impurities in steel"; "legislation excluding undesirable aliens"; "removed the unwanted vegetation" not worthy of being chosen (especially as a spouse) undoer a person who unfastens or unwraps or opens; "children are talented undoers of their shoelaces" a seducer who ruins a woman; "she awoke in the arms of her cruel undoer" unemployed person someone who is jobless unicorn an imaginary creature represented as a white horse with a long horn growing from its forehead unicyclist a person who rides a unicycle unilateralist an advocate of unilateralism uniocular dichromat a person who has normal vision in one eye and dichromacy in the other; very rare but very useful for experiments on color vision union representative a representative for a labor union Unitarian adherent of Unitarianism of or relating to or characterizing Unitarianism Trinitarian adherent of Trinitarianism Arminian adherent of Arminianism of or relating to Arminianism universal agent someone authorized to transact every kind of business for the principal universal donor a person whose type O Rh-negative blood may be safely transfused into persons with other blood types UNIX guru an expert on the UNIX operating system Unknown Soldier an unidentified soldier whose body is honored as a memorial unmarried woman a woman who is not married unpleasant woman a woman who is an unpleasant person untouchable belongs to lowest social and ritual class in India (especially used in traditional Hindu belief of the lowest caste or castes) defiling forbidden to the touch; "in most museums such articles are untouchable" beyond the reach of criticism or attack or impeachment; "for the first time criticism was directed at a hitherto untouchable target"- Newsweek upbraider someone who finds fault or imputes blame upholder someone who upholds or maintains; "firm upholders of tradition"; "they are sustainers of the idea of democracy" upholsterer a craftsman who upholsters furniture upsetter an unexpected winner; someone who defeats the favorite competitor upstager a selfish actor who upstages the other actors upstart a person who has suddenly risen to a higher economic status but has not gained social acceptance of others in that class an arrogant or presumptuous person urban guerrilla a guerrilla who fights only in cities and towns urchin poor and often mischievous city child urologist a specialist in urology user a person who makes use of a thing; someone who uses or employs something usher someone employed to conduct others an official stationed at the entrance of a courtroom or legislative chamber take (someone) to their seats, as in theaters or auditoriums; "The usher showed us to our seats" usherette a female usher usufructuary someone who holds property by usufruct of or relating to the nature of a usufruct usurer someone who lends money at excessive rates of interest usurper one who wrongfully or illegally seizes and holds the place of another utilitarian someone who believes that the value of a thing depends on its utility having a useful function; "utilitarian steel tables" having utility often to the exclusion of values; "plain utilitarian kitchenware" utility man a workman expected to serve in any capacity when called on a baseball player valued for the ability to play at several positions utilizer someone who puts to good use; "not all organisms are utilizers of oxygen"; "the social agencies and their utilizers both objected to the budget cut" Utopian an idealistic (but usually impractical) social reformer; "a Utopian believes in the ultimate perfectibility of man" utterer someone who circulates forged banknotes or counterfeit coins an organism that can utter vocal sounds; "an utterer of foul oaths"; "is the giraffe a vocalizer?" uxor (legal terminology) the Latin word for wife vacationer someone on vacation; someone who is devoting time to pleasure or relaxation rather than to work vaccinee a patient who has been vaccinated vagrant a wanderer who has no established residence or visible means of support Vaisya a member of the mercantile and professional Hindu caste; the third of the four main castes valedictorian the student with the best grades who usually delivers the valedictory address at commencement valentine a sweetheart chosen to receive a greeting on Saint Valentine's Day; "will you be my valentine?" valet a manservant who acts as a personal attendant to his employer; "Jeeves was Bertie Wooster's man" serve as a personal attendant to valetudinarian weak or sickly person especially one morbidly concerned with his or her health of or relating to or characteristic of a person who is a valetudinarian valley girl a girl who grew up in the tract housing in the San Fernando Valley valuer someone who assesses the monetary worth of possessions vandal someone who willfully destroys or defaces property Vandal a member of the Germanic people who overran Gaul and Spain and North Africa and sacked Rome in 455 vanisher a person who disappears varnisher someone who applies a finishing coat of varnish vassal a person holding a fief; a person who owes allegiance and service to a feudal lord vaudevillian a performer who works in vaudeville vaulter an athlete who jumps over a high crossbar with the aid of a long pole vegetarian eater of fruits and grains and nuts; someone who eats no meat or fish or (often) any animal products Vedist a scholar of or an authority on the Vedas vegan a strict vegetarian; someone who eats no animal or dairy products at all venerator someone who regards with deep respect or reverence ventriloquist a performer who projects the voice into a wooden dummy venture capitalist a speculator who makes money available for innovative projects (especially in high technology) venturer a merchant who undertakes a trading venture (especially a venture that sends goods overseas) verger a church officer who takes care of the interior of the building and acts as an attendant (carries the verge) during ceremonies very important person an important or influential (and often overbearing) person vestal a chaste woman of or relating to Vesta; "vestal virgin" vestryman a man who is a member of a church vestry vestrywoman a woman who is a member of a church vestry veteran an experienced person who has been through many battles; someone who has given long service a person who has served in the armed forces a serviceman who has seen considerable active service; "the veterans laughed at the new recruits" veterinarian a doctor who practices veterinary medicine vibist a musician who plays the vibraphone vicar a Roman Catholic priest who acts for another higher-ranking clergyman (Church of England) a clergyman appointed to act as priest of a parish (Episcopal Church) a clergyman in charge of a chapel vicar apostolic a titular Roman Catholic bishop in a non-Catholic area vicar-general (Roman Catholic Church) an administrative deputy who assists a bishop vice admiral an admiral ranking below a full admiral and above a rear admiral vice chairman one ranking below or serving in the place of a chairman vice chancellor a deputy or assistant to someone bearing the title of chancellor vicegerent someone appointed by a ruler as an administrative deputy vice president an executive officer ranking immediately below a president; may serve in the president's place under certain circumstances Vice President of the United States the vice president of the United States who presides over the United States Senate vice-regent a regent's deputy vicereine wife of a viceroy victim an unfortunate person who suffers from some adverse circumstance a person who is tricked or swindled victimizer a person who victimizes others; "I thought we were partners, not victim and victimizer" victor a combatant who is able to defeat rivals Victorian a person who lived during the reign of Victoria typical of the moral standards or conduct of the age of Queen Victoria of or relating to Queen Victoria of Great Britain or to the age in which she ruled; "Victorian morals" victualer an innkeeper (especially British) vigilante member of a vigilance committee villager one who has lived in a village most of their life villain a wicked or evil person; someone who does evil deliberately the principal bad character in a film or work of fiction villainess a woman villain vintager a person who harvests grapes for making wine vintner someone who makes wine someone who sells wine violator someone who assaults others sexually someone who violates the law violinist a musician who plays the violin violin maker someone who makes violins violist a musician who plays the viola virago a noisy or scolding or domineering woman virgin a person who has never had sex being used or worked for the first time; "virgin wool" virologist a specialist in virology virtuoso a musician who is a consummate master of technique and artistry Visayan a member of the most numerous indigenous people of the Philippines viscount a British peer who ranks below an earl and above a baron (in various countries) a son or younger brother or a count viscountess a noblewoman holding the rank of viscount in her own right a wife or widow of a viscount Visigoth a member of the western group of Goths who sacked Rome and created a kingdom in present-day Spain and southern France visionary a person with unusual powers of foresight a person given to fanciful speculations and enthusiasms with little regard for what is actually possible visiting fireman an important or distinguished visitor visiting nurse a nurse who is paid to visit the sick in their homes visiting professor a professor visiting another college or university to teach for a limited time visitor someone who visits visualizer one whose prevailing mental imagery is visual visually impaired person someone who has inferior vision vitalist one who believes in vitalism vital principle a hypothetical force to which the functions and qualities peculiar to living things are sometimes ascribed viticulturist a cultivator of grape vine vivisectionist a biologist who cuts open live animals for research vizier a high official in a Muslim government (especially in the Ottoman Empire) vociferator a loud and vehement speaker (usually in protest) voicer a speaker who voices an opinion someone who regulates the tone of organ pipes volleyball player someone who plays the game of volleyball volunteer a person who performs voluntary work (military) a person who freely enlists for service tell voluntarily; "He volunteered the information" do volunteer work agree freely; "She volunteered to drive the old lady home"; "I offered to help with the dishes but the hostess would not hear of it" voluptuary a person addicted to luxury and pleasures of the senses vomiter a person who vomits votary a devoted (almost religiously so) adherent of a cause or person or activity; "the cultured votary of science" a priest or priestess (or consecrated worshipper) in a non-Christian religion or cult; "a votary of Aphrodite" one bound by vows to a religion or life of worship or service; "monasteries of votaries" voter a citizen who has a legal right to vote vouchee (law) a person called into court to defend a title vower someone who makes a solemn promise to do something or behave in a certain way; "young vowers of eternal love"; "there are many vowers of chastity but few who observe it" voyager a traveler to a distant land (especially one who travels by sea) voyeur a viewer who enjoys seeing the sex acts or sex organs of others vulcanizer someone who vulcanizes rubber to improve its strength and resiliency vulgarian a vulgar person (especially someone who makes a vulgar display of wealth) vulgarizer someone who makes something vulgar Wac a member of the Women's Army Corps waddler someone who walks with a waddling gait; "fat waddlers who walk like pigeons" waffler someone who speaks or writes in a vague and evasive manner Wagnerian a follower of the theories or an admirer of the music of Richard Wagner of or relating to Richard Wagner or his music wagoner the driver of a wagon wagonwright a wagon maker Wahhabi a member of a strictly orthodox Sunni Muslim sect from Saudi Arabia; strives to purify Islamic beliefs and rejects any innovation occurring after the 3rd century of Islam; "Osama bin Laden is said to be a Wahhabi Muslim" waif a homeless child especially one forsaken or orphaned; "street children beg or steal in order to survive" wailer a mourner who utters long loud high-pitched cries waiter a person whose occupation is to serve at table (as in a restaurant) a person who waits or awaits waitress a woman waiter waker a person who awakes; "an early waker" someone who rouses others from sleep walking delegate a union representative who visits workers at their jobs to see whether agreements are observed walk-on plays a small part in a dramatic production wallah usually in combination: person in charge of or employed at a particular thing; "a kitchen wallah"; "the book wallah" wallflower remains on sidelines at social event perennial of southern Europe having clusters of fragrant flowers of all colors especially yellow and orange; often naturalized on old walls or cliffs; sometimes placed in genus Erysimum any of numerous plants of the genus Erysimum having fragrant yellow or orange or brownish flowers walloper a winner by a wide margin a very hard hitter wallpaperer a worker who papers walls wally a silly and inept person; someone who is regarded as stupid Walter Mitty fictional character created by James Thurber who daydreams about his adventures and triumphs waltzer a dancer who waltzes wanderer someone who leads a wandering unsettled life Wandering Jew a legendary Jew condemned to roam the world for mocking Jesus at the Crucifixion wanter a person who wants or needs something; "an owner of many things and needer of none" wanton lewd or lascivious woman behave extremely cruelly and brutally engage in amorous play spend wastefully; "wanton one's money away" indulge in a carefree or voluptuous way of life war baby conceived or born during war war bride bride of a serviceman during wartime war correspondent a journalist who sends news reports and commentary from a combat zone or place of battle for publication or broadcast war criminal an offender who violates international law during times of war warden the chief official in charge of a prison warder a person who works in a prison and is in charge of prisoners wardress a woman warder warehouser a workman who manages or works in a warehouse war god a god worshipped as giving victory in war warlock a male witch or demon warlord supreme military leader exercising civil power in a region especially one accountable to nobody when the central government is weak warner someone who gives a warning to others warrantee a customer to whom a warrant or guarantee is given a recipient of a warrant issued by a court in the United States warrant officer holds rank by virtue of a warrant warrener maintains a rabbit warren warrior someone engaged in or experienced in warfare war widow a woman whose husband has died in war washerman operates industrial washing machine washwoman a working woman who takes in washing wassailer someone who enjoys riotous drinking wastrel someone who dissipates resources self-indulgently watcher a person who keeps a devotional vigil by a sick bed or by a dead body watchmaker someone who makes or repairs watches watchman a guard who keeps watch water boy an assistant who supplies drinking water watercolorist a painter who paints with watercolors waterer someone who waters plants or crops water witch someone who uses a divining rod to find underground water Wave a member of the women's reserve of the United States Navy; originally organized during World War II but now no longer a separate branch wayfarer a traveler going on a trip a pedestrian who walks from place to place weakling a person who is physically weak and ineffectual wearer a person who wears or carries or displays something as a body covering or accessory; "the wearer of the crown" weatherman predicts the weather webmaster a technician who designs or maintains a website wedding guest a guest at a wedding weekend warrior a reservist who fulfills the military obligation on weekends a homeowner who acts as a contractor and tries to do major improvement projects on weekends (often without understanding the scope of the work to be done) weeper a hired mourner a person who weeps weigher an official who weighs and records the weight weightlifter an athlete who lifts barbells welcher someone who swindles you by not repaying a debt or wager welder joins pieces of metal by welding them together welfare case a case for a welfare worker welterweight a professional boxer who weighs between 141 and 147 pounds a wrestler who weighs 154-172 pounds an amateur boxer who weighs no more than 148 pounds a weight of 28 pounds; sometimes imposed as a handicap in a horse race (such as a steeplechase) wencher someone who patronizes prostitutes westerner an inhabitant of a western area; especially of the U.S. West Indian a native or inhabitant of the West Indies West-sider a resident of the west side of Manhattan in New York City wet nurse a woman hired to suckle a child of someone else wetter a workman who wets the work in a manufacturing process wheedler someone who tries to persuade by blandishment and coaxing wheeler the man at the outermost end of the rank in wheeling wheelwright someone who makes and repairs wooden wheels whiffer a batter who strikes out by swinging at and missing the third strike Whig a member of the Whig Party that existed in the United States before the American Civil War a supporter of the American Revolution a member of the political party that urged social reform in 18th and 19th century England; was the opposition party to the Tories whiner a person given to excessive complaints and crying and whining whipper-in huntsman's assistant in managing the hounds whippersnapper someone who is unimportant but cheeky and presumptuous whirling dervish a dervish whose actions include ecstatic dancing and whirling whisperer one who speaks in a whisper whistle blower an informant who exposes wrongdoing within an organization in the hope of stopping it; "the law gives little protection to whistleblowers who feel the public has a right to know what is going on"; "the whistleblower was fired for exposing the conditions in mental hospitals" whistler someone who makes a loud high sound whited sepulcher a person who is inwardly evil but outwardly professes to be virtuous whiteface a clown whose face is covered with white make-up Carmelite a Roman Catholic friar wearing the white cloak of the Carmelite order; mendicant preachers of or relating to the Carmelite friars; "Carmelite monasteries" Franciscan a Roman Catholic friar wearing the grey habit of the Franciscan order of or relating to Saint Francis of Assisi or to the order founded by him; "Franciscan monks" Augustinian a Roman Catholic friar or monk belonging to one of the Augustinian monastic orders Austin Friar one of the Roman Catholic hermits of Saint Augustine white hope someone (or something) expected to achieve great success in a given field; "this company is the great white hope of the nuclear industry's waste management policy" white separatist someone who advocates a society in which white people live separately from members of other racial groups white slave a woman sold into prostitution white slaver a person who forces women to become prostitutes white supremacist a person who believes that the white race is or should be supreme whittler someone who whittles (usually as an idle pastime) whoremaster a pimp who procures whores a prostitute's customer Wiccan a believer in Wicca of or relating to Wicca wicket-keeper stands behind the wicket to catch balls widow a woman whose husband is dead especially one who has not remarried cause to be without a spouse; "The war widowed many women in the former Yugoslavia" widower a man whose wife is dead especially one who has not remarried wife a married woman; a man's partner in marriage wigmaker someone who makes and sells wigs wildcatter an oilman who drills exploratory wells in territory not known to be an oil field wild man a person who is not socialized wimp a person who lacks confidence, is irresolute and wishy-washy wing commander (RAF rank) one who is next below a group captain winger (sports) player in wing position wingman the pilot who positions his aircraft outside and behind (on the wing of) the leader of a flying formation winner a gambler who wins a bet the contestant who wins the contest window cleaner someone who cleans windows for pay window dresser someone who decorates shop windows window washer someone who washes windows wine taster a taster who evaluates the quality of wines wireman a worker who installs and repairs electric wiring wire-puller one who uses secret influence (i.e. pulls wires or strings) for his own ends wirer someone who sends a telegram wise guy an upstart who makes conceited, sardonic, insolent comments witch doctor someone who is believed to heal through magical powers witch-hunter someone who identifies and punishes people for their opinions withdrawer a depositor who withdraws funds previously deposited a student who withdraws from the educational institution in which he or she was enrolled a contestant who withdraws from competition a drug addict who is discontinuing the use of narcotics an individualist who withdraws from social interaction an authority who withdraws permission withholder a person who restrains or checks or holds back a person who refrains from granting; "a withholder of payments" withstander an opponent who resists with force or resolution; "obstinate withstanders of innovation" wittol an archaic term for a cuckold who knows about his wife's infidelity but tolerates it Wobbly a member of the Industrial Workers of the World wog (offensive British slang) term used by the British to refer to people of color from Africa or Asia wolf boy a male person assumed to have been raised by wolves woman an adult female person (as opposed to a man); "the woman kept house while the man hunted" a female person who plays a significant role (wife or mistress or girlfriend) in the life of a particular man; "he was faithful to his woman" womanizer a man who likes many women and has short sexual relationships with them wonder boy a man who is unusually successful at an early age wonderer someone filled with admiration and awe; someone who wonders at something someone who is curious about something wonder woman a woman who can be a successful wife and have a professional career at the same time woodcarver makes decorative wooden panels woodcutter cuts down trees and chops wood as a job woodworker makes things out of wood woodsman someone who lives in the woods wool stapler a person who sorts wool into different grades a dealer in wool wordmonger a writer who uses language carelessly or pretentiously with little regard for meaning word-painter a writer of vivid or graphic descriptive power wordsmith a fluent and prolific writer workaholic person with a compulsive need to work working girl a young woman who is employed workman an employee who performs manual or industrial labor workmate a fellow worker worldling a person absorbed by the concerns and interests and pleasures of the present world worrier thinks about unfortunate things that might happen worshiper someone who admires too much to recognize faults worthy an important, honorable person (word is often used humorously); "he told his story to some conservative worthies"; "local worthies rarely challenged the chief constable" having qualities or abilities that merit recognition in some way; "behavior worthy of reprobation"; "a fact worthy of attention" having worth or merit or value; being honorable or admirable; "a worthy fellow"; "a worthy cause" wrangler someone who argues noisily or angrily wrecker someone who demolishes or dismantles buildings as a job wrester someone who obtains something by pulling it violently with twisting movements wrestler combatant who tries to throw opponent to the ground wretch performs some wicked deed wright someone who makes or repairs something (usually used in combination) write-in candidate a candidate for public office whose name does not appear on the ballot and so must be written on the ballot by the voters writer writes (books or stories or articles or the like) professionally (for pay) a person who is able to write and has written something Wykehamist a student enrolled in (or graduated from) Winchester College xylophonist someone who plays a xylophone yachtsman a person who owns or sails a yacht yanker someone who gives a strong sudden pull yard bird a military recruit who is assigned menial tasks yardie member of an international gang of Jamaican criminals who sell drugs and violence; "A much publicized raid on a yardie stronghold had first been simulated at Riot City" yardman a laborer hired to do outdoor work (such as mowing lawns) worker in a railway yard yardmaster a railroad employer who is in charge of a railway yard yawner a person who yawns yenta (Yiddish) a woman who talks too much; a gossip unable to keep a secret; a woman who spreads rumors and scandal (Yiddish) a vulgar shrew; a shallow coarse termagant yeoman in former times was free and cultivated his own land officer in the (ceremonial) bodyguard of the British monarch yodeller a singer who changes register rapidly (popular is Swiss folk songs) yogi one who practices yoga and has achieved a high level of spiritual insight yokel a person who is not very intelligent or interested in culture young buck a teenager or a young adult male young person a young person (especially a young man or boy) young Turk a young radical who agitates for reform Young Turk a member of one or more of the insurgent groups in Turkey in the late 19th century who rebelled against the absolutism of Ottoman rule yuppie a young upwardly mobile professional individual; a well-paid middle-class professional who works in a city and has a luxurious life style zany a buffoon in one of the old comedies; imitates others for ludicrous effect Zealot a member of an ancient Jewish sect in Judea in the first century who fought to the death against the Romans and who killed or persecuted Jews who collaborated with the Romans Zionist a Jewish supporter of Zionism relating to or characteristic of a supporter of Zionism; "the Zionist leader Theodor Herzl" relating to or characteristic of Zionism; "the Zionist movement" zombi a dead body that has been brought back to life by a supernatural force a god of voodoo cults of African origin worshipped especially in West Indies (voodooism) a spirit or supernatural force that reanimates a dead body zoo keeper the chief person responsible for a zoological garden zoologist a specialist in the branch of biology dealing with animals Zurvan the Zoroastrian god of time Aalto Finnish architect and designer of furniture (1898-1976) Aaron (Old Testament) elder brother of Moses and first high priest of the Israelites; created the golden calf United States professional baseball player who hit more home runs than Babe Ruth (born in 1934) Abelard French philosopher and theologian; lover of Heloise (1079-1142) Abraham the first of the Old Testament patriarchs and the father of Isaac; according to Genesis, God promised to give Abraham's family (the Hebrews) the land of Canaan (the Promised Land); God tested Abraham by asking him to sacrifice his son; "Judaism, Christianity, and Islam each has a special claim on Abraham" Acheson United States statesman who promoted the Marshall Plan and helped establish NATO (1893-1971) Adenauer German statesman; chancellor of West Germany (1876-1967) Adrian English physiologist who conducted research into the function of neurons; 1st baron of Cambridge (1889-1997) Aeschylus Greek tragedian; the father of Greek tragic drama (525-456 BC) Aesop Greek author of fables (circa 620-560 BC) Agassiz United States naturalist (born in Switzerland) who studied fossil fish; recognized geological evidence that ice ages had occurred in North America (1807-1873) Agee United States novelist (1909-1955) Agricola Roman general who was governor of Britain and extended Roman rule north to the Firth of Forth (37-93) Agrippa Roman general who commanded the fleet that defeated the forces of Antony and Cleopatra at Actium (63-12 BC) Agrippina granddaughter of Augustus and mother of Caligula and Agrippina the Younger (14 BC - AD 33) wife who poisoned Claudius after her son Nero was declared heir and who was then put to death by Nero Ahab according to the Old Testament he was a pagan king of Israel and husband of Jezebel (9th century BC) Aiken United States writer (1889-1973) Ailey United States choreographer noted for his use of African elements (born in 1931) a Kempis German ecclesiastic (1380-1471) Akhenaton early ruler of Egypt who rejected the old gods and replaced them with sun worship (died in 1358 BC) Alaric king of the Visigoths who captured Rome in 410 (370-410) Albee United States dramatist (1928-) Albers United States painter born in Germany; works characterized by simple geometrical patterns in various colors (1888-1976) Albert prince consort of Queen Victoria of England (1819-1861) Alberti Italian architect and painter; pioneering theoretician of Renaissance architecture (1404-1472) Alcaeus Greek lyric poet of Lesbos; reputed inventor of Alcaic verse (611-580 BC) Alcibiades ancient Athenian statesman and general in the Peloponnesian War (circa 450-404 BC) Alcott United States novelist noted for children's books (1832-1888) Alexander king of Macedon; conqueror of Greece and Egypt and Persia; founder of Alexandria (356-323 BC) European herb somewhat resembling celery widely naturalized in Britain coastal regions and often cultivated as a potherb Alexander I the czar of Russia whose plans to liberalize the government of Russia were unrealized because of the wars with Napoleon (1777-1825) Alexander II the son of Nicholas I who, as czar of Russia, introduced reforms that included limited emancipation of the serfs (1818-1881) Alexander III son of Alexander II who was czar of Russia (1845-1894) Alexander VI Pope and father of Cesare Borgia and Lucrezia Borgia (1431-1503) Alfred king of Wessex; defeated the Vikings and encouraged writing in English (849-899) Alger United States author of inspirational adventure stories for boys; virtue and hard work overcome poverty (1832-1899) Algren United States writer (1909-1981) Al-hakim an Ismaili caliph of Egypt who declared himself an incarnation of God and founded the Druze religious sect (985-1021) Alhazen an Egyptian polymath (born in Iraq) whose research in geometry and optics was influential into the 17th century; established experiments as the norm of proof in physics (died in 1040) Ali the fourth caliph of Islam who is considered to be the first caliph by Shiites; he was a cousin and son-in-law of Muhammad; after his assassination Islam was divided into Shiite and Sunnite sects United States prizefighter who won the world heavyweight championship three times (born in 1942) Allen a soldier of the American Revolution whose troops helped capture Fort Ticonderoga from the British (1738-1789) United States filmmaker and comic actor (1935-) United States comedienne remembered as the confused but imperturbable partner of her husband, George Burns (1906-1964) Alonso Cuban dancer and choreographer (born in 1921) Ambrose (Roman Catholic Church) Roman priest who became bishop of Milan; the first Church Father born and raised in the Christian faith; composer of hymns; imposed orthodoxy on the early Christian church and built up its secular power; a saint and Doctor of the Church (340?-397) Amundsen Norwegian explorer who was the first to traverse the Northwest Passage and in 1911 the first to reach the South Pole (1872-1928) Anaxagoras a presocratic Athenian philosopher who maintained that everything is composed of very small particles that were arranged by some eternal intelligence (500-428 BC) Anaximander a presocratic Greek philosopher and student of Thales who believed the universal substance to be infinity rather than something resembling ordinary objects (611-547 BC) Anaximenes a presocratic Greek philosopher and associate of Anaximander who believed that all things are made of air in different degrees of density (6th century BC) Andersen a Danish author remembered for his fairy stories (1805-1875) Anderson United States physicist who discovered antimatter in the form of an antielectron that is called the positron (1905-1991) United States contralto noted for her performance of spirituals (1902-1993) United States dramatist (1888-1959) United States physicist who studied the electronic structure of magnetic and disordered systems (1923-) United States author whose works were frequently autobiographical (1876-1941) Andrew (New Testament) disciple of Jesus; brother of Peter; patron saint of Scotland Andrews United States naturalist who contributed to paleontology and geology (1884-1960) Anne Queen of England and Scotland and Ireland; daughter if James II and the last of the Stuart monarchs; in 1707 she was the last English ruler to exercise the royal veto over parliament (1665-1714) Anouilh French dramatist noted for his reinterpretations of Greek myths (1910-1987) Anselm an Italian who was a Benedictine monk; was archbishop of Canterbury from 1093 to 1109; one of the founders of scholasticism; best known for his proof of the existence of God Anthony United States suffragist (1820-1906) Antichrist (Christianity) the adversary of Christ (or Christianity) mentioned in the New Testament; the Antichrist will rule the world until overthrown by the Second Coming of Christ Antigonus a general of Alexander the Great and king of Macedonia; lost one eye; killed in a battle at Ipsus (382-301 BC) Antoninus Emperor of Rome; nephew and son-in-law and adoptive son of Antonius Pius; Stoic philosopher; the decline of the Roman Empire began under Marcus Aurelius (121-180) Antonius Pius Emperor of Rome; adoptive son of Hadrian (86-161) Antony Roman general under Julius Caesar in the Gallic wars; repudiated his wife for the Egyptian queen Cleopatra; they were defeated by Octavian at Actium (83-30 BC) Apollinaire French poet; precursor of surrealism (1880-1918) Aquinas (Roman Catholic Church) Italian theologian and Doctor of the Church who is remembered for his attempt to reconcile faith and reason in a comprehensive theology; presented philosophical proofs of the existence of God (1225-1274) Arafat Palestinian statesman who was chairman of the Palestine Liberation Organization (1929-2004) Archimedes Greek mathematician and physicist noted for his work in hydrostatics and mechanics and geometry (287-212 BC) Arendt United States historian and political philosopher (born in Germany) (1906-1975) Aristarchus of Samos an ancient Greek astronomer who was one of the first to propose a heliocentric theory of the universe (circa 270 BC) Aristophanes an ancient Greek dramatist remembered for his comedies (448-380 BC) Aristotle one of the greatest of the ancient Athenian philosophers; pupil of Plato; teacher of Alexander the Great (384-322 BC) Arminius German hero; leader at the battle of Teutoburger Wald in AD 9 (circa 18 BC - AD 19) Dutch Protestant theologian who founded Arminianism which opposed the absolute predestinarianism of John Calvin (1559-1609) Armstrong United States pioneering jazz trumpeter and bandleader (1900-1971) United States astronaut; the first man to set foot on the Moon (July 20, 1969) (1930-) Arnold United States general and traitor in the American Revolution; in 1780 his plan to surrender West Point to the British was foiled (1741-1801) English poet and literary critic (1822-1888) Arnold of Brescia Italian theologian who censured the worldly possessions of monks and the temporal power of bishops and was condemned for dogmatic errors by the Second Lateran Council (early 12th century) Arp Alsatian artist and poet who was cofounder of dadaism in Zurich; noted for abstract organic sculptures (1887-1966) Arrhenius Swedish chemist and physicist noted for his theory of chemical dissociation (1859-1927) Artaxerxes I king of Persia who sanctioned the practice of Judaism in Jerusalem (?-424 BC) Artaxerxes II king of Persia who subdued numerous revolutions and made peace with Sparta (?-359 BC) Arthur a legendary king of the Britons (possibly based on a historical figure in the 6th century but the story has been retold too many times to be sure); said to have led the Knights of the Round Table at Camelot elected vice president and became 21st President of the United States when Garfield was assassinated (1830-1886) Asanga Indian religious leader and founder of the Yogacara school of Buddhism in India (4th century) Asch United States writer (born in Poland) who wrote in Yiddish (1880-1957) Ashe United States tennis player who was the first Black to win United States and English singles championships (1943-1993) Ashton British choreographer (1906-1988) Ashurbanipal king of Assyria who built a magnificent palace and library at Nineveh (668-627 BC) Asimov United States writer (born in Russia) noted for his science fiction (1920-1992) Astaire United States dancer and cinema actor noted for his original and graceful tap dancing (1899-1987) Astor United States capitalist (born in Germany) who made a fortune in fur trading (1763-1848) British politician (born in the United States) who was the first woman to sit in the British House of Commons (1879-1964) Ataturk Turkish statesman who abolished the caliphate and founded Turkey as a modern secular state (1881-1938) Athanasius (Roman Catholic Church) Greek patriarch of Alexandria who championed Christian orthodoxy against Arianism; a church father, saint, and Doctor of the Church (293-373) Athelstan the first Saxon ruler who extended his kingdom to include nearly all of England (895-939) Attila king of the Huns; the most successful barbarian invader of the Roman Empire (406-453) Attlee British statesman and leader of the Labour Party who instituted the welfare state in Britain (1883-1967) Auchincloss United States writer (born in 1917) Auden United States poet (born in England) (1907-1973) Audubon United States ornithologist and artist (born in Haiti) noted for his paintings of birds of America (1785-1851) Augustine (Roman Catholic Church) one of the great Fathers of the early Christian church; after a dramatic conversion to Christianity he became bishop of Hippo Regius in North Africa; St. Augustine emphasized man's need for grace (354-430) Augustus Roman statesman who established the Roman Empire and became emperor in 27 BC; defeated Mark Antony and Cleopatra in 31 BC at Actium (63 BC - AD 14) Austen English novelist noted for her insightful portrayals of middle-class families (1775-1817) Averroes Arabian philosopher born in Spain; wrote detailed commentaries on Aristotle that were admired by the Schoolmen (1126-1198) Avicenna Persian physician and influential philosopher; his interpretation of Aristotle influenced St. Thomas Aquinas; writings on medicine were important for almost 500 years (980-1037) Avogadro Italian physicist noted for his work on gases; proposed what has come to be called Avogadro's law (1776-1856) Bacon English statesman and philosopher; precursor of British empiricism; advocated inductive reasoning (1561-1626) English scientist and Franciscan monk who stressed the importance of experimentation; first showed that air is required for combustion and first used lenses to correct vision (1220-1292) Baedeker German publisher of a series of travel guidebooks (1801-1859) Bailey English lexicographer who was the first to treat etymology consistently; his work was used as a reference by Samuel Johnson (died in 1742) United States singer (1918-1990) Bakunin Russian anarchist; ally and later opponent of Karl Marx (1814-1876) Balanchine United States dancer and choreographer (born in Russia) noted for his abstract and formal works (1904-1983) Balboa Spanish explorer who in 1513 crossed the Isthmus of Darien and became the first European to see the eastern shores of the Pacific Ocean (1475-1519) Balenciaga Spanish fashion designer known for his stark elegant designs (1895-1972) Balfour English statesman; member of the Conservative Party (1848-1930) Ball United States comedienne best known as the star of a popular television program (1911-1989) Balthazar (New Testament) one of the three sages from the east who came bearing gifts for the infant Jesus Balzac French novelist; he portrays the complexity of 19th century French society (1799-1850) Bankhead uninhibited United States actress (1903-1968) Banks English botanist who accompanied Captain Cook on his first voyage to the Pacific Ocean (1743-1820) Bannister English runner who in 1954 became the first person to run a mile in less than four minutes (born in 1929) Banting Canadian physiologist who discovered insulin with C. H. Best and who used it to treat diabetes(1891-1941) Baraka United States writer of poems and plays about racial conflict (born in 1934) Barany Austrian physician who developed a rotational method for testing the middle ear (1876-1936) Barbarossa Barbary pirate (died in 1546) Barber United States composer (1910-1981) Bardeen United States physicist who won the Nobel prize for physics twice (1908-1991) Barkley United States politician and lawyer; vice president of the United States (1877-1956) Barnum United States showman who popularized the circus (1810-1891) Barrie Scottish dramatist and novelist; created Peter Pan (1860-1937) Barrymore United States actor; husband of Georgiana Emma Barrymore and father of Ethel Barrymore and John Barrymore and Lionel Barrymore (1847-1905) United States actress; daughter of John Drew and wife of Maurice Barrymore; mother of Ethel Barrymore and John Barrymore and Lionel Barrymore (1854-1893) United States actor; son of Maurice Barrymore and Georgiana Barrymore (1878-1954) United States actress; daughter of Maurice Barrymore and Georgiana Barrymore (1879-1959) United States actor; son of Maurice Barrymore and Georgiana Barrymore (1882-1942) Barth United States novelist (born in 1930) Swiss Protestant theologian (1886-1968) Barthelme United States author of sometimes surrealistic stories (1931-1989) Bartholdi French sculptor best known for creating the Statue of Liberty now in New York harbor Bartholin Danish physician who discovered Bartholin's gland (1585-1629) Bartlett United States publisher and editor who compiled a book of familiar quotations (1820-1905) United States explorer who accompanied Peary's expedition to the North Pole and who led many other Arctic trips (1875-1946) Bartok Hungarian composer and pianist who collected Hungarian folk music; in 1940 he moved to the United States (1881-1945) Baryshnikov Russian dancer and choreographer who migrated to the United States (born in 1948) Basil (Roman Catholic Church) the bishop of Caesarea who defended the Roman Catholic Church against the heresies of the 4th century; a saint and Doctor of the Church (329-379) Bathsheba (Old Testament) the wife of Uriah and later the wife of king David; Solomon was her son by David (circa 10th century BC) Baudelaire a French poet noted for macabre imagery and evocative language (1821-1867) Baum United States writer of children's books (1856-1919) Bayard French soldier said to be fearless and chivalrous (1473-1524) Bayes English mathematician for whom Bayes' theorem is named (1702-1761) Beadle United States biologist who discovered how hereditary characteristics are transmitted by genes (1903-1989) Beauvoir French feminist and existentialist and novelist (1908-1986) Beaverbrook British newspaper publisher and politician (born in Canada); confidant of Winston Churchill (1879-1964) Becket (Roman Catholic Church) archbishop of Canterbury from 1162 to 1170; murdered following his opposition to Henry II's attempts to control the clergy (1118-1170) Beckett a playwright and novelist (born in Ireland) who lived in France; wrote plays for the theater of the absurd (1906-1989) Becquerel French physicist who discovered that rays emitted by uranium salts affect photographic plates (1852-1908) Bede (Roman Catholic Church) English monk and scholar (672-735) Beecher United States clergyman who was a leader for the abolition of slavery (1813-1887) Beerbohm English writer and caricaturist (1872-1956) Begin Israeli statesman (born in Russia) who (as prime minister of Israel) negotiated a peace treaty with Anwar Sadat (then the president of Egypt) (1913-1992) Behrens German architect known for his simple utilitarian factory buildings (1868-1940) Belisarius Byzantine general under Justinian I; he recovered former Roman territories in northern Africa and fought against the Persians Bell United States inventor (born in Scotland) of the telephone (1847-1922) English painter; sister of Virginia Woolf; prominent member of the Bloomsbury Group (1879-1961) a phonetician and father of Alexander Graham Bell (1819-1905) Bellarmine Italian cardinal and theologian (1542-1621) Bellini Italian composer of operas (1801-1835) Belloc English author (born in France) remembered especially for his verse for children (1870-1953) Bellow United States author (born in Canada) whose novels influenced American literature after World War II (1915-2005) Belshazzar (Old Testament) Babylonian general and son of Nebuchadnezzar II; according to the Old Testament he was warned of his doom by divine handwriting on the wall that was interpreted by Daniel (6th century BC) Benchley United States humorist (1889-1945) Benedict Italian monk who founded the Benedictine order about 540 (480-547) United States anthropologist (1887-1948) Benedict XIV pope who was a patron of the arts and who denounced the cruelty to the indigenous peoples of South America (1675-1758) Benedict XV pope who founded the Vatican service for prisoners of war during World War I (1854-1922) Benet United States writer; brother of Stephen Vincent Benet (1886-1950) United States poet; brother of William Rose Benet (1898-1943) Ben Gurion Israeli statesman (born in Poland) and active Zionist who organized resistance against the British after World War II; prime minister of Israel (1886-1973) Benjamin (Old Testament) the youngest and best-loved son of Jacob and Rachel and one of the twelve forebears of the tribes of Israel Bennett United States aviator who (with Richard E. Byrd) piloted the first flight over the North Pole (1890-1928) Benny United States comedian known for his timeing and delivery and self-effacing humor (1894-1974) Bentham English philosopher and jurist; founder of utilitarianism (1748-1831) Benton United States legislator who opposed the use of paper currency (1782-1858) United States artist whose paintings portrayed life in the Midwest and South (1889-1975) Berg Austrian composer in Schoenberg's twelve-tone music system (1885-1935) Bergman Swedish film director who used heavy symbolism and explored the psychology of the characters (born 1918) Swedish film actress (1915-1982) Bergson French philosopher who proposed elan vital as the cause of evolution and development (1859-1941) Beria Soviet chief of secret police under Joseph Stalin; was executed by his associates in the power struggle following Stalin's death (1899-1953) Bering Danish explorer who explored the northern Pacific Ocean for the Russians and discovered the Bering Strait (1681-1741) Berlage Dutch architect and town planner (1856-1934) Berlioz French composer of romantic works (1803-1869) Bernard French physiologist noted for research on secretions of the alimentary canal and the glycogenic function of the liver (1813-1878) Bernhardt French actress (1844-1923) Bernini Italian sculptor and architect of the baroque period in Italy; designed many churches and chapels and tombs and fountains (1598-1680) Bernoulli Swiss mathematician (1654-1705) Swiss mathematician (1667-1748) Swiss physicist who contributed to hydrodynamics and mathematical physics (1700-1782) Bernstein United States conductor and composer (1918-1990) Berra United States baseball player (born 1925) Berry United States rock singer (born in 1931) Bertillon French criminologist (1853-1914) Bertolucci Italian filmmaker (born in 1940) Berzelius Swedish chemist who discovered three new elements and determined the atomic weights of many others (1779-1848) Bessel German mathematician and astronomer who made accurate measurements of stellar distances and who predicted the existence on an 8th planet (1784-1846) Bessemer British inventor and metallurgist who developed the Bessemer process (1813-1898) Best Canadian physiologist (born in the United States) who assisted F. G. Banting in research leading to the discovery of insulin (1899-1978) Bethe United States physicist (born in Germany) noted for research in astrophysics and nuclear physics (1906-2005) Bethune United States educator who worked to improve race relations and educational opportunities for Black Americans (1875-1955) Beveridge British economist (born in India) whose report on social insurance provided the basis for most of the social legislation on which the welfare state in the United Kingdom is based (1879-1963) Bevin British labor leader and statesman who played an important role in diplomacy after World War II (1884-1951) Bierce United States writer of caustic wit (1842-1914) Binet French psychologist remembered for his studies of the intellectual development of children (1857-1911) bin Laden Arab terrorist who established al-Qaeda (born in 1957) Bizet French composer best known for his operas (1838-1875) Black Hawk Sauk leader who in 1832 led Fox and Sauk warriors against the United States (1767-1838) Blair British statesman who became prime minister in 1997 (born in 1953) Blake visionary British poet and painter (1757-1827) Bleriot French aviator who in 1909 made the first flight across the English Channel (1872-1936) Bligh British admiral; was captain of the H.M.S. Bounty in 1789 when part of the crew mutinied and set him afloat in an open boat; a few weeks later he arrived safely in Timor 4,000 miles away (1754-1817) Blitzstein United States pianist and composer of operas and musical plays (1905-1964) Bloch United States composer (born in Switzerland) who composed symphonies and chamber music and choral music and a piano sonata and an opera (1880-1959) Blok Russian poet (1880-1921) Bloomfield United States linguist who adopted a behavioristic approach to linguistics (1887-1949) Blucher Prussian general who is remembered for his leadership in the wars against Napoleon (1742-1819) Boccaccio Italian poet (born in France) (1313-1375) Bodoni Italian printer who designed the Bodoni font (1740-1813) Boehme German mystic and theosophist who founded modern theosophy; influenced George Fox (1575-1624) Boell German novelist and writer of short stories (1917-1985) Boethius a Roman who was an early Christian philosopher and statesman who was executed for treason; Boethius had a decisive influence on medieval logic (circa 480-524) Bogart United States film actor (1899-1957) Bohr Danish physicist who studied atomic structure and radiations; the Bohr theory of the atom accounted for the spectrum of hydrogen (1885-1962) Boleyn the second wife of Henry VIII and mother of Elizabeth I; was executed on a charge of adultery (1507-1536) Bolivar Venezuelan statesman who led the revolt of South American colonies against Spanish rule; founded Bolivia in 1825 (1783-1830) Boltzmann Austrian physicist who contributed to the kinetic theory of gases (1844-1906) Bonhoeffer German Lutheran theologian and pastor whose works concern Christianity in the modern world; an active opponent of Nazism, he was arrested and sent to Buchenwald and later executed (1906-1945) Boniface (Roman Catholic Church) Anglo-Saxon missionary who was sent to Frisia and Germany to spread the Christian faith; was martyred in Frisia (680-754) Boniface VIII pope who declared that Catholic princes are subject to the pope in temporal as well as in theological matters (1235-1303) Bonney United States outlaw who was said to have killed 21 men (1859-1881) Bontemps United States writer (1902-1973) Boole English mathematician; creator of Boolean algebra (1815-1864) Boone an American pioneer and guide and explorer (1734-1820) Booth United States actor and assassin of President Lincoln (1838-1865) Borges Argentinian writer remembered for his short stories (1899-1986) Borgia Italian cardinal and military leader; model for Machiavelli's prince (1475-1507) Italian noblewoman and patron of the arts (1480-1519) Born British nuclear physicist (born in Germany) honored for his contributions to quantum mechanics (1882-1970) Borodin Russian composer (1833-1887) Bosch Dutch painter (1450-1516) Bose Indian physicist who with Albert Einstein proposed statistical laws based on the indistinguishability of particles; led to the description of fundamental particles that later came to be known as bosons Botticelli Italian painter of mythological and religious paintings (1444-1510) Boulez French composer of serial music (born in 1925) Bowditch United States mathematician and astronomer noted for his works on navigation (1773-1838) Bowdler English editor who in 1818 published an expurgated edition of the works of Shakespeare (1754-1825) Bowie United States pioneer and hero of the Texas revolt against Mexico; he shared command of the garrison that resisted the Mexican attack on the Alamo where he died (1796-1836) Boyle Irish chemist who established that air has weight and whose definitions of chemical elements and chemical reactions helped to dissociate chemistry from alchemy (1627-1691) United States writer (1902-1992) Bradbury United States writer of science fiction (born 1920) Bradford United States printer (born in England) whose press produced the first American prayer book and the New York City's first newspaper (1663-1752) Bradley United States general who played an important role in the Allied victory in World War II (1893-1981) United States politician who was elected the first black mayor of Los Angeles (1917-1998) Bradstreet poet in colonial America (born in England) (1612-1672) Brady United States financier noted for his love of diamonds and his extravagant lifestyle (1856-1917) United States pioneer photographer famous for his portraits; was the official Union photographer for the American Civil War (1823-1896) Bragg Confederate general during the American Civil War who was defeated by Grant in the battle of Chattanooga (1817-1876) Brahe Danish astronomer whose observations of the planets provided the basis for Kepler's laws of planetary motion (1546-1601) Braille French educator who lost his sight at the age of three and who invented a system of writing and printing for sightless people (1809-1852) Bramante great Italian architect of the High Renaissance in Italy (1444-1514) Brancusi Romanian sculptor noted for abstractions of animal forms (1876-1957) Brandt German statesman who as chancellor of West Germany worked to reduce tensions with eastern Europe (1913-1992) Braque French painter who led the cubist movement (1882-1963) Braun United States rocket engineer (born in Germany where he designed a missile used against England); he led the United States Army team that put the first American satellite into space (1912-1977) the German mistress of Adolf Hitler (1910-1945) Brecht German dramatist and poet who developed a style of epic theater (1898-1956) Breuer United States architect (born in Hungary) who was associated with the Bauhaus in the 1920's (1902-1981) Brezhnev Soviet statesman who became president of the Soviet Union (1906-1982) Bridges United States labor leader who organized the longshoremen (1901-1990) Bridget Irish abbess; a patron saint of Ireland (453-523) Brinton United States anthropologist who was the first to attempt a systematic classification of Native American languages (1837-1899) Britten major English composer of the 20th century; noted for his operas (1913-1976) Broca French anthropologist who studied the craniums and brains of different people; remembered for his discovery that articulate speech depends on an area of the brain now known as Broca's area (1824-1880) Brockhouse Canadian physicist who bounced neutron beams off of atomic nuclei to study the structure of matter (1918-2003) Broglie French nuclear physicist who generalized the wave-particle duality by proposing that particles of matter exhibit wavelike properties (1892-1987) Bronte English novelist; oldest of three Bronte sisters (1816-1855) English novelist; one of three Bronte sisters (1818-1848) English novelist; youngest of three Bronte sisters (1820-1849) Brooke English lyric poet (1887-1915) Brooks United States literary critic and historian (1886-1963) Brown abolitionist who was hanged after leading an unsuccessful raid at Harper's Ferry, Virginia (1800-1859) Scottish botanist who first observed the movement of small particles in fluids now known a Brownian motion (1773-1858) Browne United States writer of humorous tales of an itinerant showman (1834-1867) English illustrator of several of Dickens' novels (1815-1882) Browning English poet best remembered for love sonnets written to her husband Robert Browning (1806-1861) English poet and husband of Elizabeth Barrett Browning noted for his dramatic monologues (1812-1889) United States inventor of firearms (especially automatic pistols and repeating rifles and a machine gun called the Peacemaker) (1855-1926) Bruce king of Scotland from 1306 to 1329; defeated the English army under Edward II at Bannockburn and gained recognition of Scottish independence (1274-1329) Australian physician and bacteriologist who described the bacterium that causes undulant fever or brucellosis (1855-1931) Bruch German composer (1838-1920) Bruckner Austrian organist and composer of romantic music (1824-1896) Brueghel Flemish painter of landscapes (1525-1569) Brummell English dandy who was a fashion leader during the Regency (1778-1840) Brunelleschi Florentine architect who was the first great architect of the Italian Renaissance (1377-1446) Bruno Italian philosopher who used Copernican principles to develop a pantheistic monistic philosophy; condemned for heresy by the Inquisition and burned at the stake (1548-1600) (Roman Catholic Church) a French cleric (born in Germany) who founded the Carthusian order in 1084 (1032-1101) Brutus statesman of ancient Rome who (with Cassius) led a conspiracy to assassinate Julius Caesar (85-42 BC) Buber Israeli religious philosopher (born in Austria); as a Zionist he promoted understanding between Jews and Arabs; his writings affected Christian thinkers as well as Jews (1878-1965) Buchanan 15th President of the United States (1791-1868) Buchner German organic chemist who studied alcoholic fermentation and discovered zymase (1860-1917) Buck United States author whose novels drew on her experiences as a missionary in China (1892-1973) Budge United States tennis player who in 1938 was the first to win the Australian and French and English and United States singles championship in the same year (1915-2000) Bukharin Bolshevik leader in Russia who advocated gradual collectivism of the farms; was executed in a purge by Stalin (1888-1938) Bullfinch United States architect who designed the Capitol Building in Washington which served as a model for state capitols throughout the United States (1763-1844) Bultmann a Lutheran theologian in Germany (1884-1976) Bunche United States diplomat and United Nations official (1904-1971) Bunsen German chemist who with Kirchhoff pioneered spectrum analysis but is remembered mainly for his invention of the Bunsen burner (1811-1899) Bunuel Spanish film director (1900-1983) Burbage English actor who was the first to play the leading role in several of Shakespeare's tragedies (1567-1619) Burbank United States horticulturist who developed many new varieties of fruits and vegetables and flowers (1849-1926) Burger United States jurist appointed chief justice of the United States Supreme Court by Richard Nixon (1907-1995) Burgess English writer of satirical novels (1917-1993) Burgoyne British general in the American Revolution who captured Fort Ticonderoga but lost the battle of Saratoga in 1777 (1722-1792) Burk United States frontierswoman and legendary figure of the Wild West noted for her marksmanship (1852-1903) Burke British statesman famous for his oratory; pleaded the cause of the American colonists in British Parliament and defended the parliamentary system (1729-1797) Burnett United States writer (born in England) remembered for her novels for children (1849-1924) Burnham United States architect who designed the first important skyscraper with a skeleton (1846-1912) Burns celebrated Scottish poet (1759-1796) United States comedian and film actor (1896-1996) Burnside United States general in the American Civil War who was defeated by Robert E. Lee at the Battle of Fredericksburg (1824-1881) Burr United States politician who served as vice president under Jefferson; he mortally wounded his political rival Alexander Hamilton in a duel and fled south (1756-1836) Burroughs United States novelist and author of the Tarzan stories (1875-1950) United States inventor who patented the first practical adding machine (1855-1898) United States writer noted for his works portraying the life of drug addicts (1914-1997) Burt English psychologist whose studies of twins were later said to have used fabricated data (1883-1971) Bush vice president under Reagan and 41st President of the United States (born in 1924) United States electrical engineer who designed an early analogue computer and who led the scientific program of the United States during World War II (1890-1974) 43rd President of the United States; son of George Herbert Walker Bush (born in 1946) Obama 44th President of the United States; first African-American President Bushnell American inventor who in 1775 designed a man-propelled submarine that was ineffectual but subsequently earned him recognition as a submarine pioneer (1742-1824) Butler English poet (1612-1680) English novelist who described a fictitious land he called Erewhon (1835-1902) Butterfield English architect who designed many churches (1814-1900) Byrd explorer and United States naval officer; led expeditions to explore Antarctica (1888-1957) English organist and composer of church music; master of 16th century polyphony; was granted a monopoly in music printing with Thomas Tallis (1543-1623) Byron English romantic poet notorious for his rebellious and unconventional lifestyle (1788-1824) Cabell United States writer of satirical novels (1879-1958) Cabot Italian explorer who led the English expedition in 1497 that discovered the mainland of North America and explored the coast from Nova Scotia to Newfoundland (ca. 1450-1498) son of John Cabot who was born in Italy and who led an English expedition in search of the Northwest Passage and a Spanish expedition that explored the La Plata region of Brazil; in 1544 he published a map of the world (1476-1557) Caesar conqueror of Gaul and master of Italy (100-44 BC) United States comedian who pioneered comedy television shows (born 1922) Cage United States composer of avant-garde music (1912-1992) Cagliostro Italian who was famous as a magician and alchemist (1743-1795) Cagney United States film actor known for his portrayals of tough characters (1899-1986) Calder United States sculptor who first created mobiles and stabiles (1898-1976) Calderon Spanish poet and dramatist considered one of the great Spanish writers (1600-1681) Caldwell United States author remembered for novels about poverty and degeneration (1903-1987) Caligula Roman Emperor who succeeded Tiberius and whose uncontrolled passions resulted in manifest insanity; noted for his cruelty and tyranny; was assassinated (12-41) Calixtus II pope who in 1122 forced the Holy Roman Emperor Henry V to sign a concordat that recognized the right of the church to choose its own leadership (died in 1124) Calixtus III Italian pope whose nepotism put the Borgia family in power in Italy (1378-1458) Callas Greek coloratura soprano (born in the United States) known for her dramatic intensity in operatic roles (1923-1977) Calvin Swiss theologian (born in France) whose tenets (predestination and the irresistibility of grace and justification by faith) defined Presbyterianism (1509-1564) United States chemist noted for discovering the series of chemical reactions in photosynthesis (1911-) Calvino Italian writer of novels and short stories (born in Cuba) (1923-1987) Campbell United States mythologist (1904-1987) Camus French writer who portrayed the human condition as isolated in an absurd world (1913-1960) Canetti English writer born in Germany (1905-1994) Canute king of Denmark and Norway who forced Edmund II to divide England with him; on the death of Edmund II, Canute became king of all England (994-1035) Capek Czech writer who introduced the word `robot' into the English language (1890-1938) Capone United States gangster who terrorized Chicago during prohibition until arrested for tax evasion (1899-1947) Caravaggio Italian painter noted for his realistic depiction of religious subjects and his novel use of light (1573-1610) Carducci Italian poet considered the national poet of modern Italy (1835-1907) Carew Englishman and Cavalier poet whose lyric poetry was favored by Charles I (1595-1639) Carl XVI Gustav king of Sweden since 1973 (born 1946) Carlyle Scottish historian who wrote about the French Revolution (1795-1881) Carmichael United States songwriter (1899-1981) Carnegie United States industrialist and philanthropist who endowed education and public libraries and research trusts (1835-1919) United States educator famous for writing a book about how to win friends and influence people (1888-1955) Carnot French physicist who founded thermodynamics (1796-1832) Carothers United States chemist who developed nylon (1896-1937) Carrel French surgeon and biologist who developed a way to suture and graft blood vessels (1873-1944) Carrere United States architect who with his partner Thomas Hastings designed many important public buildings (1858-1911) Carroll English author; Charles Dodgson was an Oxford don of mathematics who is remembered for the children's stories he wrote under the pen name Lewis Carroll (1832-1898) Carson United States frontiersman who guided Fremont's expeditions in the 1840s and served as a Union general in the American Civil War (1809-1868) United States biologist remembered for her opposition to the use of pesticides that were hazardous to wildlife (1907-1964) Carter 39th President of the United States (1924-) Englishman and Egyptologist who in 1922 discovered and excavated the tomb of Tutankhamen (1873-1939) Cartier French explorer who explored the St. Lawrence river and laid claim to the region for France (1491-1557) Cartwright English clergyman who invented the power loom (1743-1823) Caruso outstanding Italian operatic tenor (1873-1921) Carver United States botanist and agricultural chemist who developed many uses for peanuts and soy beans and sweet potatoes (1864-1943) Casals an outstanding Spanish cellist noted for his interpretation of Bach's cello suites (1876-1973) Cash United States country music singer and songwriter (1932-2003) Caspar (New Testament) one of the three sages from the east who came bearing gifts for the infant Jesus Cassirer German philosopher concerned with concept formation in the human mind and with symbolic forms in human culture generally (1874-1945) Cassius prime mover in the conspiracy against Julius Caesar (died in 42 BC) Castro Cuban socialist leader who overthrew a dictator in 1959 and established a Marxist socialist state in Cuba (born in 1927) Cather United States writer who wrote about frontier life (1873-1947) Catherine I empress of Russia who succeeded her husband Peter the Great (1684-1727) Catherine II empress of Russia who greatly increased the territory of the empire (1729-1796) Catherine of Aragon first wife of Henry VIII; Henry VIII's divorce from her was the initial step of the Reformation in England (1485-1536) Catherine de Medicis queen of France as the wife of Henry II and regent during the minority of her son Charles IX (1519-1589) Catullus Roman lyric poet remembered for his love poems to an aristocratic Roman woman (84-54 BC) Cavell English nurse who remained in Brussels after the German occupation in order to help Allied prisoners escape; was caught and executed by the Germans (1865-1915) Cavendish British chemist and physicist who established that water is a compound of hydrogen and oxygen and who calculated the density of the earth (1731-1810) Caxton English printer who in 1474 printed the first book in English (1422-1491) Cellini Italian sculptor (1500-1571) Celsius Swedish astronomer who devised the centigrade thermometer (1701-1744) Cervantes Spanish writer best remembered for `Don Quixote' which satirizes chivalry and influenced the development of the novel form (1547-1616) Cezanne French Post-impressionist painter who influenced modern art (especially cubism) by stressing the structural components latent in nature (1839-1906) Chagall French painter (born in Russia) noted for his imagery and brilliant colors (1887-1985) Chamberlain British statesman who as Prime Minister pursued a policy of appeasement toward fascist Germany (1869-1940) Chambers English architect (1723-1796) Champlain French explorer in Nova Scotia who established a settlement on the site of modern Quebec (1567-1635) Champollion Frenchman and Egyptologist who studied the Rosetta Stone and in 1821 became the first person to decipher Egyptian hieroglyphics (1790-1832) Chandler United States writer of detective thrillers featuring the character of Philip Marlowe (1888-1959) Chaplin English comedian and film maker; portrayed a downtrodden little man in baggy pants and bowler hat (1889-1977) Chapman United States pioneer who planted apple trees as he traveled (1774-1845) Chain British biochemist (born in Germany) who isolated and purified penicillin, which had been discovered in 1928 by Sir Alexander Fleming (1906-1979) Capet King of France elected in 987 and founding the Capetian dynasty (940-996) Cattell American psychologist and editor (1860-1944) American psychologist (born in England) who developed a broad theory of human behavior based on multivariate research (1905-1998) Charcot French neurologist who tried to use hypnotism to cure hysteria (1825-1893) Charlemagne king of the Franks and Holy Roman Emperor; conqueror of the Lombards and Saxons (742-814) Chase United States politician and jurist who served as chief justice of the United States Supreme Court (1808-1873) Chaucer English poet remembered as author of the Canterbury Tales (1340-1400) Chavez United States labor leader who organized farm workers (born 1927) Mexican composer of nationalistic works using themes from Indian folk music (1899-1978) Cheever United States writer of novels and short stories (1912-1982) Chekhov Russian dramatist whose plays are concerned with the difficulty of communication between people (1860-1904) Cherubini Italian composer of church music and operas (1760-1842) Chesterfield suave and witty English statesman remembered mostly for letters to his son (1694-1773) Chesterton conservative English writer of the Roman Catholic persuasion; in addition to volumes of criticism and polemics he wrote detective novels featuring Father Brown (1874-1936) Chevalier French actor and cabaret singer (1888-1972) Chiang Kai-shek Chinese military and political figure; in the Chinese civil war that followed World War II he was defeated by the Chinese communists and in 1949 was forced to withdraw to Taiwan where he served as president of Nationalist China until his death (1897-1975) Chippendale a British cabinetmaker remembered for his graceful designs (especially of chairs) which influenced his contemporaries (1718-1779) of or relating to an 18th-century style of furniture made by Thomas Chippendale; graceful outlines and Greek motifs and massive rococo carvings Chirico Italian painter (born in Greece) whose deep shadows and barren landscapes strongly influenced the surrealists (1888-1978) Chomsky United States linguist whose theory of generative grammar redefined the field of linguistics (born 1928) Christie prolific English writer of detective stories (1890-1976) Christopher Christian martyr and patron saint of travellers (3rd century) Ciardi United States poet and critic (1916-1986) Cicero a Roman statesman and orator remembered for his mastery of Latin prose (106-43 BC) Cimabue painter of the Florentine school; anticipated the move from Byzantine to naturalistic art (1240-1302) Cincinnatus Roman statesman regarded as a model of simple virtue; he twice was called to assume dictatorship of Rome and each time retired to his farm (519-438 BC) Clark Canadian politician who served as prime minister (1939-) United States psychologist (born in Panama) whose research persuaded the Supreme Court that segregated schools were discriminatory (1914-2005) United States general who was Allied commander in Africa and Italy in World War II and was commander of the United Nations forces in Korea (1896-1984) United States explorer who (with Meriwether Lewis) led an expedition from St. Louis to the mouth of the Columbia River; Clark was responsible for making maps of the area (1770-1838) Claudius Roman Emperor after his nephew Caligula was murdered; consolidated the Roman Empire and conquered southern Britain; was poisoned by his fourth wife Agrippina after her son Nero was named as Claudius' heir (10 BC to AD 54) Clausewitz Prussian general and military theorist who proposed a doctrine of total war and war as an extension of diplomacy (1780-1831) Clay United States politician responsible for the Missouri Compromise between free and slave states (1777-1852) United States general who commanded United States forces in Europe from 1945 to 1949 and who oversaw the Berlin airlift (1897-1978) Cleanthes ancient Greek philosopher who succeeded Zeno of Citium as the leader of the Stoic school (300-232 BC) Clemenceau French statesman who played a key role in negotiating the Treaty of Versailles (1841-1929) Clemens United States writer and humorist best known for his novels about Tom Sawyer and Huckleberry Finn (1835-1910) Clement III Italian antipope from 1080 to 1100 who was installed as pope by the Holy Roman Emperor Henry IV who consistently opposed efforts at papal reform (died in 1100) Clement VII Italian pope from 1523 to 1534 who broke with Henry VIII of England after Henry VIII divorced Catherine of Aragon and married Anne Boleyn (1478-1534) Clement XI Italian pope from 1700 to 1721 who condemned Jansenist ideas on papal infallibility Clement XIV Italian pope from 1769 to 1774 who lost whatever support remained of Catholic Europe, causing the church to fall into the hands of secular princes (1705-1774) Cleopatra beautiful and charismatic queen of Egypt; mistress of Julius Caesar and later of Mark Antony; killed herself to avoid capture by Octavian (69-30 BC) Cline American geneticist who succeeded in transferring a functioning gene from one mouse to another (born in 1934) Clive British general and statesman whose victory at Plassey in 1757 strengthened British control of India (1725-1774) Clovis king of the Franks who unified Gaul and established his capital at Paris and founded the Frankish monarchy; his name was rendered as Gallic `Louis' (466-511) Coca United States comedienne who starred in early television shows with Sid Caesar (1908-2001) Cochise Apache leader of the resistance to United States troops in Arizona (1812-1874) Cochran United States aviator who held several speed records and headed the women's Air Force pilots in World War II (1910-1980) Cockcroft British physicist who (with Ernest Walton in 1931) first split an atom (1897-1967) Cocteau French writer and film maker who worked in many artistic media (1889-1963) Cody United States showman famous for his Wild West Show (1846-1917) Cohan United States songwriter and playwright famous for his patriotic songs (1878-1942) Cohn German botanist who is generally recognized as founding bacteriology when he recognized bacteria as plants Coleridge English romantic poet (1772-1834) Colette French writer of novels about women (1873-1954) Collins English writer noted for early detective novels (1824-1889) Comenius Czech educational reformer (1592-1670) Compton United States physicist noted for research on x-rays and gamma rays and nuclear energy; his observation that X-rays behave like miniature bowling balls in their interactions with electrons provided evidence for the quantal nature of light (1892-1962) Comstock United States reformer who led moral crusades against art and literature that he considered obscene (1844-1915) Comte French philosopher remembered as the founder of positivism; he also established sociology as a systematic field of study Conan Doyle British author who created Sherlock Holmes (1859-1930) Condorcet French mathematician and philosopher (1743-1794) Confucius Chinese philosopher whose ideas and sayings were collected after his death and became the basis of a philosophical doctrine known a Confucianism (circa 551-478 BC) Congreve English playwright remembered for his comedies (1670-1729) Connolly United States tennis player who was the first woman to win the United States, British, French, and Australian championships in the same year (1953) (1934-1969) Connors outstanding United States tennis player (born in 1952) Conrad English novelist (born in Poland) noted for sea stories and for his narrative technique (1857-1924) Constable English landscape painter (1776-1837) Cook English navigator who claimed the east coast of Australia for Britain and discovered several Pacific islands (1728-1779) Cooke United States financier who marketed Union bonds to finance the American Civil War; the failure of his bank resulted in a financial panic in 1873 (1821-1905) United States journalist (born in England in 1908) Coolidge elected vice president and succeeded as 30th President of the United States when Harding died in 1923 (1872-1933) Cooper United States novelist noted for his stories of American Indians and the frontier life (1789-1851) United States film actor noted for his portrayals of strong silent heroes (1901-1961) United States industrialist who built the first American locomotive; founded Cooper Union in New York City to offer free courses in the arts and sciences (1791-1883) Copland United States composer who developed a distinctly American music (1900-1990) Copley American painter who did portraits of Paul Revere and John Hancock before fleeing to England to avoid the American Revolution (1738-1815) Coppola United States filmmaker (born in 1939) Corbett United States heavyweight boxing champion (1866-1933) Corday French revolutionary heroine (a Girondist) who assassinated Marat (1768-1793) Corelli Italian violinist and composer of violin concertos (1653-1713) Corneille French tragic dramatist whose plays treat grand moral themes in elegant verse (1606-1684) Cornell United States businessman who unified the telegraph system in the United States and who in 1865 (with Andrew D. White) founded Cornell University (1807-1874) United States actress noted for her performances in Broadway plays (1893-1974) Cornwallis commander of the British forces in the American War of Independence; was defeated by American and French troops at Yorktown (1738-1805) Corot French painter of Italian landscapes (1796-1875) Correggio Italian painter noted for his use of chiaroscuro and perspective (1494-1534) Cortes Spanish conquistador who defeated the Aztecs and conquered Mexico (1485-1547) Cosimo de Medici Italian financier and statesman and friend of the papal court (1389-1464) Coue French psychotherapist who claimed that if one imagined one was getting better, one would get better (1857-1926) Coulomb French physicist famous for his discoveries in the field of electricity and magnetism; formulated Coulomb's Law (1736-1806) Couperin French composer of music for organ and a member of a family of distinguished organists (1668-1733) Courbet French painter noted for his realistic depiction of everyday scenes (1819-1877) Court Australian woman tennis player who won many major championships (born in 1947) Cousteau French underwater explorer (born in 1910) Coward English dramatist and actor and composer noted for his witty and sophisticated comedies (1899-1973) Cowper English poet who wrote hymns and poetry about nature (1731-1800) English surgeon who discovered Cowper's gland (1666-1709) Craigie English lexicographer who was a joint editor of the Oxford English Dictionary (1872-1966) Crane United States poet (1899-1932) United States writer (1871-1900) Crawford United States film actress (1908-1977) United States neoclassical sculptor (1814-1857) Crazy Horse a chief of the Sioux who resisted the invasion of the Black Hills and joined Sitting Bull in the defeat of General Custer at Little Bighorn (1849-1877) Crichton Scottish man of letters and adventurer (1560-1582) Crick English biochemist who (with Watson in 1953) helped discover the helical structure of DNA (1916-2004) Crispin patron saint of shoemakers; he and his brother were martyred for trying to spread Christianity (3rd century) Crockett United States frontiersman and Tennessee politician who died at the siege of the Alamo (1786-1836) Crohn United States physician who specialized in diseases of the intestines; he was the first to describe regional ileitis which is now known as Crohn's disease (1884-1983) Cromwell English general and statesman who led the parliamentary army in the English Civil War (1599-1658) Cronyn Canadian actor who frequently played character parts with his wife Jessica Tandy (1911-2003) Crookes English chemist and physicist; discovered thallium; invented the radiometer and studied cathode rays (1832-1919) Crosby United States singer and film actor (1903-1977) Crouse United States playwright (1893-1966) Culbertson United States authority on contract bridge whose books helped to popularize the game (1891-1955) cummings United States writer noted for his typographically eccentric poetry (1894-1962) Cunningham United States dancer and choreographer (born in 1922) Curie French chemist (born in Poland) who won two Nobel prizes; one (with her husband and Henri Becquerel) for research on radioactivity and another for her discovery of radium and polonium (1867-1934) French physicist; husband of Marie Curie (1859-1906) Curl American chemist who with Richard Smalley and Harold Kroto discovered fullerenes and opened a new branch of chemistry (born in 1933) Currier United States lithographer who (with his partner James Ives) produced thousands of prints signed `Currier & Ives' (1813-1888) Curtis English botanical writer and publisher (1746-1799) Curtiss United States industrialist and aviation pioneer (1878-1930) Cushing United States neurologist noted for his study of the brain and pituitary gland and who identified Cushing's syndrome (1869-1939) Custer United States general who was killed along with all his command by the Sioux at the Battle of Little Bighorn (1839-1876) Cuvier French naturalist known as the father of comparative anatomy (1769-1832) Cynewulf Anglo-Saxon poet (circa 9th century) Cyrano de Bergerac a French soldier and dramatist remembered chiefly for fighting many duels (often over the size of his nose); was immortalized in 1897 in a play by Edmond Rostand (1619-1655) Cyril Greek missionary; the invention of the Cyrillic alphabet is attributed to him (826-869) Cyrus Persian prince who was defeated in battle by his brother Artaxerxes II (424-401 BC) Cyrus II king of Persia and founder of the Persian Empire (circa 600-529 BC) Czerny Austrian virtuoso pianist and composer of many works for the piano; studied with Beethoven and was a teacher of Liszt (1791-1857) da Gamma Portuguese navigator who led an expedition around the Cape of Good Hope in 1497; he sighted and named Natal on Christmas Day before crossing the Indian Ocean (1469-1524) Daguerre French inventor of the first practical photographic process, the daguerreotype (1789-1851) Daimler German engineer and automobile manufacturer who produced the first high-speed internal combustion engine (1834-1900) Dali surrealist Spanish painter (1904-1989) Dalton English chemist and physicist who formulated atomic theory and the law of partial pressures; gave the first description of red-green color blindness (1766-1844) Damocles the Greek courtier to Dionysius the Elder who (according to legend) was condemned to sit under a naked sword that was suspended by a hair in order to demonstrate to him that being a king was not the happy state Damocles had said it was (4th century BC) Damon the friend of Phintias who pledged his life that Phintias would return (4th century BC) Dante an Italian poet famous for writing the Divine Comedy that describes a journey through Hell and purgatory and paradise guided by Virgil and his idealized Beatrice (1265-1321) Danton French revolutionary leader who stormed the Paris bastille and who supported the execution of Louis XVI but was guillotined by Robespierre for his opposition to the Reign of Terror (1759-1794) Darius I king of Persia who expanded the Persian Empire and invaded Greece but was defeated at the battle of Marathon (550-486 BC) Darius III king of Persia who was defeated by Alexander the Great; his murder effectively ended the Persian Empire (died in 330 BC) Darrow United States lawyer famous for his defense of lost causes (1857-1938) Daumier French painter best known for his satirical lithographs of bourgeois society (1808-1879) David (Old Testament) the 2nd king of the Israelites; as a young shepherd he fought Goliath (a giant Philistine warrior) and killed him by hitting him in the head with a stone flung from a sling; he united Israel with Jerusalem as its capital; many of the Psalms are attributed to David (circa 1000-962 BC) French neoclassical painter who actively supported the French Revolution (1748-1825) patron saint of Wales (circa 520-600) Davis United States film actress (1908-1989) United States tennis player who donated the Davis Cup for international team tennis competition (1879-1945) American statesman; president of the Confederate States of America during the American Civil War (1808-1889) United States jazz musician; noted for his trumpet style (1926-1991) United States painter who developed an American version of cubism (1894-1964) Davy English chemist who was a pioneer in electrochemistry and who used it to isolate elements sodium and potassium and barium and boron and calcium and magnesium and chlorine (1778-1829) Davys English navigator who explored the Arctic while searching for the Northwest Passage (1550-1605) Dawes American patriot who rode with Paul Revere to warn that the British were advancing on Lexington and Concord (1745-1799) Day United States writer best known for his autobiographical works (1874-1935) Dayan Israeli general and statesman (1915-1981) Dean United States film actor whose moody rebellious roles made him a cult figure (1931-1955) De Bakey United States heart surgeon who in 1966 implanted the first artificial heart in a human patient (born in 1908) Debs United States labor organizer who ran for President as a socialist (1855-1926) Debussy French composer who is said to have created Impressionism in music (1862-1918) Decius Emperor of Rome who was proclaimed emperor against his will; his reign was notable for his severe persecution of Christians (201-251) Deere United States industrialist who manufactured plows suitable for working the prairie soil (1804-1886) Defoe English writer remembered particularly for his novel about Robinson Crusoe (1660-1731) De Forest United States electrical engineer who in 1907 patented the first triode vacuum tube, which made it possible to detect and amplify radio waves (1873-1961) Degas French impressionist painter (1834-1917) de Gaulle French general and statesman who became very popular during World War II as the leader of the Free French forces in exile (1890-1970) Dekker English dramatist and pamphleteer (1572-1632) de Kooning United States painter (born in the Netherlands) who was a leading American exponent of abstract expressionism (1904-1997) Delacroix French romantic painter (1798-1863) de la Mare English poet remembered for his verse for children (1873-1956) Delbruck United States biologist (born in Germany) who studied how viruses infect living cells (1906-1981) Delibes French composer of operas (1836-1891) Delilah (Old Testament) the Philistine mistress of Samson who betrayed him by cutting off his hair and so deprived him of his strength Delius English composer of orchestral works (1862-1934) Delorme French royal architect who built the Tuileries Palace and Gardens in Paris for Catherine de Medicis (1515-1570) Demetrius son of Antigonus Cyclops and king of Macedonia; he and his father were defeated at the battle of Ipsus (337-283 BC) de Mille United States dancer and choreographer who introduced formal dance to a wide audience (1905-1993) DeMille United States film maker remembered for his extravagant and spectacular epic productions (1881-1959) Democritus Greek philosopher who developed an atomistic theory of matter (460-370 BC) Demosthenes Athenian statesman and orator (circa 385-322 BC) Dempsey United States prizefighter who was world heavyweight champion (1895-1983) Deng Xiaoping Chinese communist statesman (1904-1997) De Niro United States film actor who frequently plays tough characters (born 1943) Depardieu French film actor (born in 1948) De Quincey English writer who described the psychological effects of addiction to opium (1785-1859) Derain French painter and exponent of fauvism (1880-1954) Derrida French philosopher and critic (born in Algeria); exponent of deconstructionism (1930-2004) de Saussure Swiss linguist and expert in historical linguistics whose lectures laid the foundations for synchronic linguistics (1857-1913) Descartes French philosopher and mathematician; developed dualistic theory of mind and matter; introduced the use of coordinates to locate a point in two or three dimensions (1596-1650) De Sica Italian film maker (1901-1974) de Valera Irish statesman (born in the United States); as president of the Irish Free State he was responsible for the new constitution of 1937 that created the state of Eire (1882-1975) deVries Dutch botanist who rediscovered Mendel's laws and developed the mutation theory of evolution (1848-1935) Dewar Scottish chemist and physicist noted for his work in cryogenics and his invention of the Dewar flask (1842-1923) Dewey United States pragmatic philosopher who advocated progressive education (1859-1952) a United States naval officer remembered for his victory at Manila Bay in the Spanish-American War United States librarian who founded the decimal system of classification (1851-1931) Diaghilev Russian ballet impresario who founded the Russian ballet and later introduced it to the West (1872-1929) Diane de Poitiers French noblewoman who was the mistress of Henry II; she had more influence over him than did his wife Catherine de Medicis (1499-1566) Dias Portuguese explorer who in 1488 was the first European to get round the Cape of Good Hope (thus establishing a sea route from the Atlantic to Asia) (1450-1500) Dickens English writer whose novels depicted and criticized social injustice (1812-1870) Dickinson United States poet noted for her mystical and unrhymed poems (1830-1886) Diderot French philosopher who was a leading figure of the Enlightenment in France; principal editor of an encyclopedia that disseminated the scientific and philosophical knowledge of the time (1713-1784) Didion United States writer (born in 1934) Diesel German engineer (born in France) who invented the diesel engine (1858-1913) Dietrich United States film actress (born in Germany) who made many films with Josef von Sternberg and later was a successful cabaret star (1901-1992) French philosopher (born in Germany) famous as being one of the first self-described atheists in Europe DiMaggio United States professional baseball player noted for his batting ability (1914-1999) Dinesen Danish writer who lived in Kenya for 19 years and is remembered for her writings about Africa (1885-1962) Diocletian Roman Emperor who when faced with military problems decided in 286 to divide the Roman Empire between himself in the east and Maximian in the west; he initiated the last persecution of the Christians in 303 (245-313) Diogenes an ancient Greek philosopher and Cynic who rejected social conventions (circa 400-325 BC) Dionysius the tyrant of Syracuse who fought the Carthaginians (430-367 BC) Diophantus Greek mathematician who was the first to try to develop an algebraic notation (3rd century) Dior French couturier whose first collection in 1947 created a style that became known as the New Look (1905-1957) Dirac English theoretical physicist who applied relativity theory to quantum mechanics and predicted the existence of antimatter and the positron (1902-1984) Disney United States film maker who pioneered animated cartoons and created such characters as Mickey Mouse and Donald Duck; founded Disneyland (1901-1966) Disraeli British statesman who as Prime Minister bought controlling interest in the Suez Canal and made Queen Victoria the empress of India (1804-1881) Dix United States social reformer who pioneered in the reform of prisons and in the treatment of the mentally ill; superintended women army nurses during the American Civil War (1802-1887) Doctorow United States novelist (born in 1931) Dolby United States electrical engineer who devised the Dolby system used to reduce background noise in tape recording Domingo Spanish operatic tenor noted for performances in operas by Verdi and Puccini (born in 1941) Dominic (Roman Catholic Church) Spanish priest who founded an order whose members became known as Dominicans or Black Friars (circa 1170-1221) Domino United States rhythm and blues pianist and singer and composer (born in 1928) Domitian Emperor of Rome; son of Vespasian who succeeded his brother Titus; instigated a reign of terror and was assassinated as a tyrant (51-96) Donatello Florentine sculptor famous for his lifelike sculptures (1386-1466) Donatus Roman grammarian whose textbook on Latin grammar was used throughout the Middle Ages (fourth century) Donizetti Italian composer of operas (1797-1848) Donkin English engineer who developed a method of preserving food by sterilizing it with heat and sealing it inside a steel container--the first tin can (1768-1855) Donne English clergyman and metaphysical poet celebrated as a preacher (1572-1631) Doolittle United States Air Force officer who electrified the world in 1942 by leading a squadron of 16 bombers on a daylight raid over Tokyo (1896-1993) Doppler Austrian physicist famous for his discovery of the Doppler effect (1803-1853) Dos Passos United States novelist remembered for his portrayal of life in the United States (1896-1970) Dostoyevsky Russian novelist who wrote of human suffering with humor and psychological insight (1821-1881) Douglas United States politician who proposed that individual territories be allowed to decide whether they would have slavery; he engaged in a famous series of debates with Abraham Lincoln (1813-1861) Douglass United States abolitionist who escaped from slavery and became an influential writer and lecturer in the North (1817-1895) Dowding British marshal of the RAF who commanded the British air defense forces that defeated the Luftwaffe during the Battle of Britain (1882-1970) Dowland English lutenist and composer of songs for the lute (1563-1626) Down English physician who first described Down's syndrome (1828-1896) Downing United States landscape architect who designed the grounds of the White House and the Capitol Building (1815-1852) D'Oyly Carte English impresario who brought Gilbert and Sullivan together and produced many of their operettas in London (1844-1901) Drake English explorer and admiral who was the first Englishman to circumnavigate the globe and who helped to defeat the Spanish Armada (1540-1596) Dreiser United States novelist (1871-1945) Drew United States actor (born in Ireland); father of Georgiana Emma Barrymore (1827-1862) Dreyfus French army officer of Jewish descent whose false imprisonment for treason in 1894 raised issues of anti-Semitism that dominated French politics until his release in 1906 (1859-1935) Dryden the outstanding poet and dramatist of the Restoration (1631-1700) Du Barry courtier and influential mistress of Louis XV who was guillotined during the French Revolution (1743-1793) Du Bois United States civil rights leader and political activist who campaigned for equality for Black Americans (1868-1963) Duchamp French artist who immigrated to the United States; a leader in the dada movement in New York City; was first to exhibit commonplace objects as art (1887-1968) Dufy French painter noted for brightly colored scenes (1877-1953) Dukas French composer (1865-1935) Dulles United States diplomat who (as Secretary of State) pursued a policy of opposition to the USSR by providing aid to American allies (1888-1959) Dumas French writer remembered for his swashbuckling historical tales (1802-1870) du Maurier English writer and illustrator; grandfather of Daphne du Maurier (1834-1896) English writer of melodramatic novels (1907-1989) Duncan United States dancer and pioneer of modern dance (1878-1927) Duns Scotus Scottish theologian who was very influential in the Middle Ages (1265-1308) Durant United States historian (1885-1981) Durante United States comedian remembered for his large nose and hoarse voice (1893-1980) Durer a leading German painter and engraver of the Renaissance (1471-1528) Durkheim French sociologist and first professor of sociology at the Sorbonne (1858-1917) Durrell English writer of Irish descent who spent much of his life in Mediterranean regions (1912-1990) Duse Italian actress best known for her performances in tragic roles (1858-1924) Duvalier oppressive Haitian dictator (1907-1971) son and successor of Francois Duvalier as president of Haiti; he was overthrown by a mass uprising in 1986 (born in 1951) Dvorak Czech composer who combined folk elements with traditional forms (1841-1904) Eames United States designer noted for an innovative series of chairs (1907-1978) Earhart first woman aviator to fly solo nonstop across the Atlantic (1928); while attempting to fly around the world she disappeared over the Pacific (1898-1937) Eastman United States inventor of a dry-plate process of developing photographic film and of flexible film (his firm introduced roll film) and of the box camera and of a process for color photography (1854-1932) Eccles Australian physiologist noted for his research on the conduction of impulses by nerve cells (1903-1997) Eck a German Roman Catholic theologian who was an indefatigable opponent of Martin Luther (1486-1543) Eckhart German Roman Catholic theologian and mystic (1260-1327) Eddington English astronomer remembered for his popular elucidation of relativity theory (1882-1944) Eddy founder of Christian Science in 1866 (1821-1910) Ederle United States swimmer who in 1926 became the first woman to swim the English Channel (1906-2003) Edgar the younger brother of Edwy who became king of Northumbria when it renounced Edwy; on Edwy's death he succeeded to the throne of England (944-975) Edison United States inventor; inventions included the phonograph and incandescent electric light and the microphone and the Kinetoscope (1847-1931) Edmund I king of the English who succeeded Athelstan; he drove out the Danes and made peace with Scotland (921-946) Edmund II king of the English who led resistance to Canute but was defeated and forced to divide the kingdom with Canute (980-1016) Edward son of Edward III who defeated the French at Crecy and Poitiers in the Hundred Years' War (1330-1376) third son of Elizabeth II (born in 1964) King of England from 1272 to 1307; conquered Wales (1239-1307) King of England from 1307 to 1327 and son of Edward I; was defeated at Bannockburn by the Scots led by Robert the Bruce; was deposed and died in prison (1284-1327) son of Edward II and King of England from 1327-1377; his claim to the French throne provoked the Hundred Years' War; his reign was marked by an epidemic of the Black Plague and by the emergence of the House of Commons as the powerful arm of British Parliament (1312-1377) King of England from 1461 to 1470 and from 1471 to 1483; was dethroned in 1470 but regained the throne in 1471 by his victory at the battle of Tewkesbury (1442-1483) King of England who was crowned at the age of 13 on the death of his father Edward IV but was immediately confined to the Tower of London where he and his younger brother were murdered (1470-1483) King of England and Ireland from 1547 to 1553; son of Henry VIII and Jane Seymour; died of tuberculosis (1537-1553) King of England from 1901 to 1910; son of Victoria and Prince Albert; famous for his elegant sporting ways (1841-1910) King of England and Ireland in 1936; his marriage to Wallis Warfield Simpson created a constitutional crisis leading to his abdication (1894-1972) Edwards American theologian whose sermons and writings stimulated a period of renewed interest in religion in America (1703-1758) Edward the Confessor son of Ethelred the Unready; King of England from 1042 to 1066; he founded Westminster Abbey where he was eventually buried (1003-1066) Edward the Elder king of Wessex whose military success against the Danes made it possible for his son Athelstan to become the first king of all England (870-924) Edward the Martyr King of England who was a son of Edgar; he was challenged for the throne by supporters of his half-brother Ethelred II who eventually murdered him (963-978) Edwin king of Northumbria who was converted to Christianity (585-633) Edwy King of England who was renounced by Northumbria in favor of his brother Edgar (died in 959) Egbert king of Wessex whose military victories made Wessex the most powerful kingdom in England (died in 839) Eglevsky United States ballet dancer (born in Russia) (1917-1977) Ehrenberg Russian novelist (1891-1967) Ehrlich German bacteriologist who found a `magic bullet' to cure syphilis and was a pioneer in the study of immunology (1854-1915) Eichmann Austrian who became the Nazi official who administered the concentration camps where millions of Jews were murdered during World War II (1906-1962) Eiffel French engineer who constructed the Eiffel Tower (1832-1923) Eigen German chemist who did research on high-speed chemical reactions (born in 1927) Eijkman Dutch physician who discovered that beriberi is caused by a nutritional deficiency (1858-1930) Einstein physicist born in Germany who formulated the special theory of relativity and the general theory of relativity; Einstein also proposed that light consists of discrete quantized bundles of energy (later called photons) (1879-1955) Einthoven Dutch physiologist who devised the first electrocardiograph (1860-1927) Eisenhower United States general who supervised the invasion of Normandy and the defeat of Nazi Germany; 34th President of the United States (1890-1961) Eisenstaedt United States photographer (born in Germany) whose unposed documentary photographs created photojournalism (born in 1898) Eisenstein Russian film maker who pioneered the use of montage and is considered among the most influential film makers in the history of motion pictures (1898-1948) Ekman Swedish oceanographer who recognized the role of the Coriolis effect on ocean currents (1874-1954) Eleanor of Aquitaine queen of France as the wife of Louis VII; that marriage was annulled in 1152 and she then married Henry II and became Queen of England (1122-1204) Elgar British composer of choral and orchestral works including two symphonies as well as songs and chamber music and music for brass band (1857-1934) El Greco Spanish painter (born in Greece) remembered for his religious works characterized by elongated human forms and dramatic use of color (1541-1614) Elijah a Hebrew prophet in the Old Testament who opposed the worship of idols; he was persecuted for rebuking Ahab and Jezebel (king and queen of Israel); he was taken up to heaven in a chariot of fire (circa 9th century BC) Eliot British writer of novels characterized by realistic analysis of provincial Victorian society (1819-1880) British poet (born in the United States) who won the Nobel prize for literature; his plays are outstanding examples of modern verse drama (1888-1965) Elizabeth Queen of England from 1558 to 1603; daughter of Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn; she succeeded Mary I (who was a Catholic) and restored Protestantism to England; during her reign Mary Queen of Scots was executed and the Spanish Armada was defeated; her reign was marked by prosperity and literary genius (1533-1603) daughter of George VI who became the Queen of England and Northern Ireland in 1952 on the death of her father (1926-); "Elizabeth II is the head of state in Great Britain" Ellington United States jazz composer and piano player and bandleader (1899-1974) Ellison United States novelist who wrote about a young Black man and his struggles in American society (1914-1994) Ellsworth United States jurist and the third chief justice of the United States Supreme Court (1745-1807) Emerson United States writer and leading exponent of transcendentalism (1803-1882) Empedocles Greek philosopher who taught that all matter is composed of particles of fire and water and air and earth (fifth century BC) Endecott born in England; in 1629 he became the founder of the Massachusetts Bay Colony (1588-1665) Enesco Romanian violinist and composer (1881-1955) Engels socialist who wrote the Communist Manifesto with Karl Marx in 1848 (1820-1895) Epictetus Greek philosopher who was a Stoic (circa 50-130) Epicurus Greek philosopher who believed that the world is a random combination of atoms and that pleasure is the highest good (341-270 BC) Epstein British sculptor (born in the United States) noted for busts and large controversial works (1880-1959) Erasmus Dutch humanist and theologian who was the leading Renaissance scholar of northern Europe; although his criticisms of the Roman Catholic Church led to the Reformation, he opposed violence and condemned Martin Luther (1466-1536) Eratosthenes Greek mathematician and astronomer who estimated the circumference of the earth and the distances to the Moon and sun (276-194 BC) Erlenmeyer German chemist (1825-1909) Ernst painter (born in Germany, resident of France and the United States) who was a cofounder of dadaism; developed the technique of collage (1891-1976) Erving United States basketball forward (born in 1950) Esaki physicist honored for advances in solid state electronics (born in Japan in 1925) Esau (Old Testament) the eldest son of Isaac who would have inherited the covenant that God made with Abraham and that Abraham passed on to Isaac; he traded his birthright to his twin brother Jacob for a mess of pottage Ethelbert Anglo-Saxon king of Kent who was converted to Christianity by Saint Augustine; codified English law (552-616) Ethelred king of Wessex and Kent and elder brother of Alfred; Alfred joined Ethelred's battle against the invading Danes and succeeded him on his death (died in 871) king of the English who succeeded to the throne after his half-brother Edward the Martyr was murdered; he struggled unsuccessfully against the invading Danes (969-1016) Euclid Greek geometer (3rd century BC) Euler Swiss mathematician (1707-1783) Euripides one of the greatest tragic dramatists of ancient Greece (480-406 BC) Eusebius Christian bishop of Caesarea in Palestine; a church historian and a leading early Christian exegete (circa 270-340) Eustachio Italian anatomist who was one of the fathers of modern anatomy; noted for descriptions of the ear and the heart (1520-1574) Evans British archaeologist who excavated the palace of Knossos in Crete to find what he called Minoan civilization (1851-1941) United States anatomist who identified four pituitary hormones and discovered vitamin E (1882-1971) Evers United States civil rights worker in Mississippi; was killed by a sniper (1925-1963) Evert United States tennis player who won women's singles titles in the United States and at Wimbledon (born in 1954) Eyck Flemish painter who was a founder of the Flemish school of painting and who pioneered modern techniques of oil painting (1390-1441) Eysenck a British psychologist (born in Germany) noted for his theories of intelligence and personality and for his strong criticism of Freudian psychoanalysis Faberge Russian goldsmith noted for creating a series of jeweled and enameled Easter eggs for European royalty (1846-1920) Fahd king of Saudi Arabia from 1982 to 2005 (1923-2005) Fahrenheit German physicist who invented the mercury thermometer and developed the scale of temperature that bears his name (1686-1736) Fairbanks United States film actor noted for his swashbuckling roles (1883-1939) United States film actor; son of Douglas Elton Fairbanks, (1909-2000) Faisal king of Saudi Arabia from 1964 to 1975 (1906-1975) Falla Spanish composer and pianist (1876-1946) Fallopius Italian anatomist who first described the Fallopian tubes (1523-1562) Fallot French physician who described cardiac anomalies including Fallot's tetralogy (1850-1911) Faraday the English physicist and chemist who discovered electromagnetic induction (1791-1867) Farmer an expert on cooking whose cookbook has undergone many editions (1857-1915) United States civil rights leader who in 1942 founded the Congress of Racial Equality (born in 1920) Farouk I king of Egypt who in 1952 was ousted by a military coup d'etat (1920-1965) Farragut United States admiral who commanded Union ships during the American Civil War (1801-1870) Farrell United States operatic soprano noted for the clarity and power of her voice (1920-2002) United States writer remembered for his novels (1904-1979) Fatima youngest daughter of the prophet Mohammed and wife of the fourth calif Ali; revered especially by Shiite Muslims (606-632) Faulkner United States novelist (originally Falkner) who wrote about people in the southern United States (1897-1962) Fawkes English conspirator who was executed for his role in a plot to blow up James I and the Houses of Parliament (1570-1606) Fechner German physicist who founded psychophysics; derived Fechner's law on the basis of early work by E. H. Weber (1801-1887) Feifer United States cartoonist who created a sarcastic comic strip (born in 1929) Fellini Italian filmmaker (1920-1993) Ferber United States novelist; author of several popular novels (1887-1968) Ferdinand I king of Castile and Leon who achieved control of the Moorish kings of Saragossa and Seville and Toledo (1016-1065) Holy Roman Emperor and king of Hungary and Bohemia (1503-1564) Ferdinand II Holy Roman Emperor and king of Bohemia and Hungary who waged war against Protestant forces (1578-1637) Ferdinand III Holy Roman Emperor and king of Hungary and Bohemia who signed the Peace of Westphalia ending the Thirty Years' War (1608-1657) Ferdinand the king of Castile and Aragon who ruled jointly with his wife Isabella; his marriage to Isabella I in 1469 marked the beginning of the modern state of Spain and their capture of Granada from the Moors in 1492 united Spain as one country; they instituted the Spanish Inquisition in 1478 and supported the expedition of Christopher Columbus in 1492 (1452-1516) Fermat French mathematician who founded number theory; contributed (with Pascal) to the theory of probability (1601-1665) Fermi Italian nuclear physicist (in the United States after 1939) who worked on artificial radioactivity caused by neutron bombardment and who headed the group that in 1942 produced the first controlled nuclear reaction (1901-1954) Feynman United States physicist who contributed to the theory of the interaction of photons and electrons (1918-1988) Fiedler popular United States conductor (1894-1979) Fielding English novelist and dramatist (1707-1754) Fields United States comedian and film actor (1880-1946) Fillmore elected vice president and became the 13th President of the United States when Zachary Taylor died in office (1800-1874) Finnbogadottir former president of Iceland; first woman to be democratically elected head of state (born in 1930) Firth English linguist who contributed to linguistic semantics and to prosodic phonology and who was noted for his insistence on studying both sound and meaning in context (1890-1960) Fischer United States chess master; world champion from 1972 to 1975 (born in 1943) German chemist noted for work on synthetic sugars and the purines (1852-1919) German chemist noted for his synthesis of hemin (1881-1945) Fitzgerald United States scat singer (1917-1996) United States author whose novels characterized the Jazz Age in the United States (1896-1940) English poet remembered primarily for his free translation of the poetry of Omar Khayyam (1809-1883) Flaminius Roman statesman and general who built the Flaminian Way; died when he was defeated by Hannibal (died 217 BC) Flaubert French writer of novels and short stories (1821-1880) Fletcher prolific English dramatist who collaborated with Francis Beaumont and many other dramatists (1579-1625) Flinders British explorer who mapped the Australian coast (1774-1814) Florey British pathologist who isolated and purified penicillin, which had been discovered in 1928 by Sir Alexander Fleming (1898-1968) Florio English lexicographer remembered for his Italian and English dictionary (1553-1625) Flory United States chemist who developed methods for studying long-chain molecules (1910-1985) Fonda United States film actor (1905-1982) United States film actress and daughter of Henry Fonda (born in 1937) Fontanne United States actress (born in England) who married Alfred Lunt and performed with him in many plays (1887-1983) Fonteyn English dancer who danced with Rudolf Nureyev (born in 1919) Ford United States manufacturer of automobiles who pioneered mass production (1863-1947) 38th President of the United States; appointed vice president and succeeded Nixon when Nixon resigned (1913-2006) English writer and editor (1873-1939) son of Henry Ford (1893-1943) grandson of Henry Ford (1917-1987) United States film maker (1896-1973) Forester English writer of adventure novels featuring Captain Horatio Hornblower (1899-1966) Fosbury United States athlete who revolutionized the high jump by introducing the Fosbury flop in the 1968 Olympics (born in 1947) Foster United States songwriter whose songs embody the sentiment of the South before the American Civil War (1826-1864) Foucault French physicist who determined the speed of light and showed that it travels slower in water than in air; invented the Foucault pendulum and the gyroscope (1819-1868) Fourier French sociologist and reformer who hoped to achieve universal harmony by reorganizing society (1772-1837) French mathematician who developed Fourier analysis and studied the conduction of heat (1768-1830) Fowler English lexicographer who wrote a well-known book on English usage (1858-1933) Fragonard French artist whose rococo paintings typified the frivolity of life in the royal court of France in the 18th century (1732-1806) Francis II the last Holy Roman Emperor (1768-1835) Francis Ferdinand archduke of Austria and heir apparent to Francis Joseph I; his assassination at Sarajevo triggered the outbreak of World War I (1863-1914) Francis Joseph emperor of Austria and king of Hungary; was defeated by Napoleon III at the battle of Magenta (1830-1916) Francis of Assisi (Roman Catholic Church) an Italian and the Roman Catholic monk who founded the Franciscan order of friars (1181-1226) Franck United States physicist (born in Germany) who with Gustav Hertz performed an electron scattering experiment that proved the existence of the stationary energy states postulated by Niels Bohr (1882-1964) French composer and teacher who influenced a generation of composers (1822-1890) Franco Spanish general whose armies took control of Spain in 1939 and who ruled as a dictator until his death (1892-1975) Franklin printer whose success as an author led him to take up politics; he helped draw up the Declaration of Independence and the Constitution; he played a major role in the American Revolution and negotiated French support for the colonists; as a scientist he is remembered particularly for his research in electricity (1706-1790) United States historian noted for studies of Black American history (born in 1915) Frazer English social anthropologist noted for studies of primitive religion and magic (1854-1941) Frederick I Holy Roman Emperor from 1152 to 1190; conceded supremacy to the pope; drowned leading the Third Crusade (1123-1190) son of Frederick William who in 1701 became the first king of Prussia (1657-1713) Frederick II the Holy Roman Emperor who led the Sixth Crusade and crowned himself king of Jerusalem (1194-1250) king of Prussia from 1740 to 1786; brought Prussia military prestige by winning the War of the Austrian Succession and the Seven Years' War (1712-1786) Frederick William the Elector of Brandenburg who rebuilt his domain after its destruction during the Thirty Years' War (1620-1688) Frederick William I son of Frederick I who became king of Prussia in 1713; reformed and strengthened the Prussian army (1688-1740) Frederick William II king of Prussia who became involved in a costly war with France (1744-1797) Frederick William III king of Prussia who became involved in the Napoleonic Wars (1770-1840) Frederick William IV king of Prussia who violently suppressed democratic movements (1795-1865) Fremont United States explorer who mapped much of the American west and Northwest (1813-1890) Fresnel French physicist who invented polarized light and invented the Fresnel lens (1788-1827) Freud Austrian neurologist who originated psychoanalysis (1856-1939) Frick United States industrialist who amassed a fortune in the steel industry (1849-1919) Friedan United States feminist who founded a national organization for women (born in 1921) Friedman United States economist noted as a proponent of monetarism and for his opposition to government intervention in the economy (born in 1912) Frisch Austrian zoologist noted for his studies of honeybees (1886-1982) Norwegian economist noted for his work in econometrics (1895-1973) British physicist (born in Austria) who with Lise Meitner recognized that Otto Hahn had produced a new kind of nuclear reaction which they named nuclear fission; Frisch described the explosive potential of a chain nuclear reaction (1904-1979) Frobisher English explorer who led an expedition in search of the Northwest Passage to the orient; served under Drake and helped defeat the Spanish Armada (1535-1594) Froebel German educator who founded the kindergarten system (1782-1852) Frost United States poet famous for his lyrical poems on country life in New England (1874-1963) Fry English dramatist noted for his comic verse dramas (born 1907) English painter and art critic (1866-1934) Frye Canadian literary critic interested in the use of myth and symbolism (1912-1991) Fuchs British physicist who was born in Germany and fled Nazi persecution; in the 1940s he passed secret information to the USSR about the development of the atom bomb in the United States (1911-1988) Fuentes Mexican novelist (born in 1928) Fugard South African playwright whose plays feature the racial tensions in South Africa during apartheid (born in 1932) Fulbright United States senator who is remembered for his creation of grants that fund exchange programs of teachers and students between the United States and other countries (1905-1995) Fuller United States architect who invented the geodesic dome (1895-1983) United States jurist and chief justice of the United States Supreme Court (1833-1910) Fulton American inventor who designed the first commercially successful steamboat and the first steam warship (1765-1815) Funk United States biochemist (born in Poland) who showed that several diseases were caused by dietary deficiencies and who coined the term `vitamin' for the chemicals involved (1884-1967) Furnivall English philologist who first proposed the Oxford English Dictionary (1825-1910) Gable United States film actor (1901-1960) Gabor British physicist (born in Hungary) noted for his work on holography (1900-1979) Gaboriau French writer considered by some to be a founder of the detective novel (1832-1873) Gagarin Soviet cosmonaut who in 1961 was the first person to travel in space (1934-1968) Gainsborough English portrait and landscape painter (1727-1788) Galahad (Arthurian legend) the most virtuous knight of the Round Table; was able to see the Holy Grail Galbraith United States economist (born in Canada) who served as ambassador to India (born in 1908) Galen Greek anatomist whose theories formed the basis of European medicine until the Renaissance (circa 130-200) Galileo Italian astronomer and mathematician who was the first to use a telescope to study the stars; demonstrated that different weights descend at the same rate; perfected the refracting telescope that enabled him to make many discoveries (1564-1642) Gallaudet United States educator who established the first free school in the United States for the hearing impaired (1787-1851) Galois French mathematician who described the conditions for solving polynomial equations; was killed in a duel at the age of 21 (1811-1832) Galsworthy English novelist (1867-1933) Galton English scientist (cousin of Charles Darwin) who explored many fields including heredity, meteorology, statistics, psychology, and anthropology; founder of eugenics and first to use fingerprints for identification (1822-1911) Galvani Italian physiologist noted for his discovery that frogs' muscles contracted in an electric field (which led to the galvanic cell) (1737-1798) Gamow United States physicist (born in Russia) who was a proponent of the big-bang theory and who did research in radioactivity and suggested the triplet code for DNA (1904-1968) Gandhi political and spiritual leader during India's struggle with Great Britain for home rule; an advocate of passive resistance (1869-1948) daughter of Nehru who served as prime minister of India from 1966 to 1977 (1917-1984) Garbo United States film actress (born in Sweden) known for her reclusiveness (1905-1990) Garcia Lorca Spanish poet and dramatist who was shot dead by Franco's soldiers soon after the start of the Spanish Civil War (1898-1936) Gardiner British historian remembered for his ten-volume history of England (1829-1902) Gardner writer of detective novels featuring Perry Mason (1889-1970) United States collector and patron of art who built a museum in Boston to house her collection and opened it to the public in 1903 (1840-1924) Garfield 20th President of the United States; assassinated by a frustrated office-seeker (1831-1881) Garibaldi Italian patriot whose conquest of Sicily and Naples led to the formation of the Italian state (1807-1882) Garnier French architect (1825-1898) Garrick English actor and theater manager who was the foremost Shakespearean actor of his day (1717-1779) Garrison United States abolitionist who published an anti-slavery journal (1805-1879) Gaskell English writer who is remembered for her biography of Charlotte Bronte (1810-1865) Gates United States computer entrepreneur whose software company made him the youngest multi-billionaire in the history of the United States (born in 1955) Gatling United States inventor of the first rapid firing gun (1818-1903) Gaudi Spanish architect who was a leading exponent of art nouveau in Europe (1852-1926) Gauguin French Post-impressionist painter who worked in the South Pacific (1848-1903) Gauss German mathematician who developed the theory of numbers and who applied mathematics to electricity and magnetism and astronomy and geodesy (1777-1855) Gawain (Arthurian legend) a nephew of Arthur and one of the knights of the Round Table Gay-Lussac French chemist and physicist who first isolated boron and who formulated the law describing the behavior of gases under constant pressure (1778-1850) Gehrig baseball player who died of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (1903-1941) Geiger German physicist who developed the Geiger counter (1882-1945) Geisel United States writer of children's books (1904-1991) Gell-Mann United States physicist noted for his studies of subatomic particles (born in 1929) Genet French writer of novels and dramas for the theater of the absurd (1910-1986) French diplomat who in 1793 tried to draw the United States into the war between France and England (1763-1834) Genghis Khan Mongolian emperor whose empire stretched from the Black Sea to the Pacific Ocean (1162-1227) Genseric king of the Vandals who seized Roman lands and invaded North Africa and sacked Rome (428-477) Geoffrey of Monmouth Welsh chronicler who wrote an account of the kings of Britain which is now believed to contain little historical fact but it is a source of the Arthurian legend (circa 1100-1154) George Elector of Hanover and the first Hanoverian King of Great Britain and Ireland from 1714 to 1727 (1660-1727) King of Great Britain and Elector of Hanover from 1727 to 1760 (1683-1760) King of Great Britain and Ireland from 1760 to 1820; the American colonies were lost during his reign; he became insane in 1811 and his son (later George IV) acted as regent until 1820 (1738-1820) King of Great Britain and Ireland and Hanover from 1820 to 1830; his attempt to divorce his estranged wife undermined the prestige of the Crown (1762-1830) King of Great Britain and Ireland and emperor of India from 1910 to 1936; gave up his German title in 1917 during World War I (1865-1936) King of Great Britain and Ireland and emperor of India from 1936 to 1947; he succeeded Edward VIII (1895-1952) Christian martyr; patron saint of England; hero of the legend of Saint George and the Dragon in which he slew a dragon and saved a princess (?-303) Geraint (Arthurian legend) one of the knights of the Round Table Geronimo Apache chieftain who raided the white settlers in the Southwest as resistance to being confined to a reservation (1829-1909) Gershwin United States composer who incorporated jazz into classical forms and composed scores for musical comedies (1898-1937) United States lyricist who frequently collaborated with his brother George Gershwin (1896-1983) Gesell United States psychologist noted for his work in child development (1880-1961) Gesner Swiss naturalist who was one of the founders of modern zoology (1516-1565) Giacometti Swiss sculptor and painter known for his bronze sculptures of elongated figures (1901-1966) Gibbon English historian best known for his history of the Roman Empire (1737-1794) Gibbs United States chemist (1839-1903) Gibran United States writer (born in Lebanon) (1883-1931) Gibson United States tennis player who was the first Black woman player to win all the major world singles titles (1927-2003) Australian actor (born in the United States in 1956) United States illustrator remembered for his creation of the `Gibson girl' (1867-1944) Gide French author and dramatist who is regarded as the father of modern French literature (1869-1951) Gielgud English actor of Shakespearean roles who was also noted for appearances in films (1904-2000) Gilbert United States architect who influenced the development of the skyscraper (1859-1934) English navigator who in 1583 established in Newfoundland the first English colony in North America (1539-1583) English court physician noted for his studies of terrestrial magnetism (1540-1603) a librettist who was a collaborator with Sir Arthur Sullivan in a famous series of comic operettas (1836-1911) Gilgamesh a legendary Sumerian king who was the hero of an epic collection of mythic stories Gillespie United States jazz trumpeter and exponent of bebop (1917-1993) Gillette United States inventor and manufacturer who developed the safety razor (1855-1932) Gilman United States feminist (1860-1935) Gilmer United States journalist who wrote a syndicated column of advice to the lovelorn (1870-1951) Ginsberg United States poet of the beat generation (1926-1997) Giotto Florentine painter who gave up the stiff Byzantine style and developed a more naturalistic style; considered the greatest Italian painter prior to the Renaissance (1267-1337) Girard United States financier (born in France) who helped finance the War of 1812 (1750-1831) Giraudoux French novelist and dramatist whose plays were reinterpretations of Greek myths (1882-1944) Gish United States film actress who appeared in films by D. W. Griffith (1896-1993) Gjellerup Danish novelist (1857-1919) Gladstone liberal British statesman who served as prime minister four times (1809-1898) Glaser United States physicist who invented the bubble chamber to study subatomic particles (born in 1926) Glendower Welsh chieftain who led a revolt against Henry IV's rule in Wales (1359-1416) Glenn made the first orbital rocket-powered flight by a United States astronaut in 1962; later in United States Senate (1921-) Glinka Russian composer (1804-1857) Gluck German composer of more than 100 operas (1714-1787) Godard French film maker influenced by surrealism; early work explored the documentary use of film; noted for innovative techniques (born in 1930) Goddard United States physicist who developed the first successful liquid-fueled rocket (1882-1945) Godel United States mathematician (born in Austria) who is remembered principally for demonstrating the limitations of axiomatic systems (1906-1978) Godiva according to legend she rode naked through Coventry in order to persuade her husband not to tax the townspeople so heavily; the only person to look at her as she rode by was a man named Tom and Peeping Tom has become a synonym for voyeur (circa 1040-1080) Godunov czar of Russia (1551-1605) Goebbels German propaganda minister in Nazi Germany who persecuted the Jews (1897-1945) Goethals United States army officer and engineer who supervised the construction of the Panama Canal (1858-1928) Goethe German poet and novelist and dramatist who lived in Weimar (1749-1832) Gogol Russian writer who introduced realism to Russian literature (1809-1852) Goldberg United States cartoonist who drew intricate diagrams of very complicated and impractical contraptions that accomplished little or nothing (1883-1970) Golding English novelist (1911-1993) Goldman United States anarchist (born in Russia) who opposed conscription; was deported to the Soviet Union in 1919 (1869-1940) Goldmark United States inventor (born in Hungary) who made the first TV broadcast in 1940 and invented the long-playing record in 1948 and pioneered videocassette recording (1906-1977) Goldoni prolific Italian dramatist (1707-1793) Goldsmith Irish writer of novels and poetry and plays and essays (1728-1774) Goldwyn United States film maker (born in Poland) who founded his own film company and later merged with Louis B. Mayer (1882-1974) Golgi Italian histologist noted for work on the structure of the nervous system and for his discovery of Golgi bodies (1844-1926) Goliath (Old Testament) a giant Philistine warrior who was slain by David with a slingshot Gombrowicz Polish author (1904-1969) Gompers United States labor leader (born in England) who was president of the American Federation of Labor from 1886 to 1924 (1850-1924) Goncourt French writer who collaborated with his brother Jules de Goncourt on many books and who in his will established the Prix Goncourt (1822-1896) French writer who collaborated with his brother Edmond de Goncourt on many books (1830-1870) Gongora a Spanish poet whose work was characterized by an affected elegance of style (1561-1627) Gonne Irish patriot and a founder of the Sinn Fein (1865-1953) Goodall English zoologist noted for her studies of chimpanzees in the wild (born in 1934) Goodman United States clarinetist who in 1934 formed a big band (including black as well as white musicians) and introduced a kind of jazz known as swing (1909-1986) Goodyear United States inventor of vulcanized rubber (1800-1860) Gorbachev Soviet statesman whose foreign policy brought an end to the Cold War and whose domestic policy introduced major reforms (born in 1931) Gordimer South African novelist and short-story writer whose work describes the effects of apartheid (born in 1923) Gordius legendary king of ancient Phrygia who was said to be responsible for the Gordian knot Gore Vice President of the United States under Bill Clinton (born in 1948) Gorgas United States Army surgeon who suppressed yellow fever in Havana and in the Panama Canal Zone (1854-1920) Goring German politician in Nazi Germany who founded the Gestapo and mobilized Germany for war (1893-1946) Gorky Russian writer of plays and novels and short stories; noted for his depiction of social outcasts Goudy United States printer noted for designing typefaces (1865-1947) Gould United States financier who gained control of the Erie Canal and who caused a financial panic in 1869 when he attempted to corner the gold market (1836-1892) United States paleontologist and popularizer of science (1941-2002) Gounod French composer best remembered for his operas (1818-1893) Goya Spanish painter well known for his portraits and for his satires (1746-1828) Graf German tennis player who won seven women's singles titles at Wimbledon (born in 1969) Graham United States dancer and choreographer whose work was noted for its austerity and technical rigor (1893-1991) United States evangelical preacher famous as a mass evangelist (born in 1918) Grahame English writer (born in Scotland) of children's stories (1859-1932) Grainger United States composer (born in Australia) who lived in London and collected English folk songs (1882-1961) Gram Danish physician and bacteriologist who developed a method of staining bacteria to distinguish among them (1853-1938) Grant 18th President of the United States; commander of the Union armies in the American Civil War (1822-1885) United States actor (born in England) who was the elegant leading man in many films (1904-1986) Scottish painter; cousin of Lytton Strachey and member of the Bloomsbury Group (1885-1978) Granville-Barker English actor and dramatist and critic and director noted for his productions of Shakespearean plays (1877-1946) Grappelli French jazz violinist (1908-1997) Grass German writer of novels and poetry and plays (born 1927) Graves English writer known for his interest in mythology and in the classics (1895-1985) Gray United States botanist who specialized in North American flora and who was an early supporter of Darwin's theories of evolution (1810-1888) American navigator who twice circumnavigated the globe and who discovered the Columbia River (1755-1806) English poet best known for his elegy written in a country churchyard (1716-1771) English radiobiologist in whose honor the gray (the SI unit of energy for the absorbed dose of radiation) was named (1905-1965) Greeley United States journalist with political ambitions (1811-1872) Greenberg United States linguist who studied the historical relations among 5,000 languages (1916-2001) Greene English novelist and Catholic (1904-1991) Gregory (Roman Catholic Church) an Italian pope distinguished for his spiritual and temporal leadership; a saint and Doctor of the Church (540?-604) the Italian pope who fought to establish the supremacy of the pope over the Roman Catholic Church and the supremacy of the church over the state (1020-1085) the Italian pope from 1406 to 1415 who worked to end the Great Schism and who retired to make it possible (1327-1417) the pope who sponsored the introduction of the modern calendar (1572-1585) Italian pope from 1831 to 1846; conservative in politics and theology; worked to propagate Catholicism in England and the United States (1765-1846) (Roman Catholic Church) a church father known for his constant fight against perceived heresies; a saint and Doctor of the Church (329-391) Gresham English financier (1519-1579) Gretzky high-scoring Canadian ice-hockey player (born in 1961) Grey Englishman who as Prime Minister implemented social reforms including the abolition of slavery throughout the British Empire (1764-1845) Queen of England for nine days in 1553; she was quickly replaced by Mary Tudor and beheaded for treason (1537-1554) United States writer of western adventure novels (1875-1939) Grieg Norwegian composer whose work was often inspired by Norwegian folk music (1843-1907) Griffith United States film maker who was the first to use flashbacks and fade-outs (1875-1948) Grimm the older of the two Grimm brothers remembered best for their fairy stories; also author of Grimm's law describing consonant changes in Germanic languages (1785-1863) the younger of the two Grimm brothers remembered best for their fairy stories (1786-1859) Gris Spanish cubist painter (1887-1927) Gromyko Soviet ambassador to the United States and to the United Nations (1909-1989) Gropius United States architect (born in Germany) and founder of the Bauhaus school (1883-1969) Grotius Dutch jurist and diplomat whose writings established the basis of modern international law (1583-1645) Groves United States general who served as military director of the atomic bomb project (1896-1970) Guarneri founder of a family of Italian violin makers (1626?-1698) Italian violin maker and grandson of Andrea Guarneri (1687?-1745) Guevara an Argentine revolutionary leader who was Fidel Castro's chief lieutenant in the Cuban revolution; active in other Latin American countries; was captured and executed by the Bolivian army (1928-1967) Guinevere (Arthurian legend) wife of King Arthur; in some versions of the legend she became Lancelot's lover and that led to the end of the Knights of the Round Table Guest United States journalist (born in England) noted for his syndicated homey verse (1881-1959) Guggenheim United States industrialist (born in Switzerland) who with his sons established vast mining and metal processing companies (1828-1905) United States philanthropist; son of Meyer Guggenheim who created several foundations to support the arts (1861-1949) Gustavus king of Sweden who established Lutheranism as the state religion (1496-1560) king of Sweden whose victories in battle made Sweden a European power; his domestic reforms made Sweden a modern state; in 1630 he intervened on the Protestant side of the Thirty Years' War and was killed in the battle of Lutzen (1594-1632) king of Sweden who increased the royal power and waged an unpopular war against Russia (1746-1792) king of Sweden whose losses to Napoleon I led to his being deposed in 1809 (1778-1837) king of Sweden who kept Sweden neutral during both World War I and II (1858-1950) the last king of Sweden to have any real political power (1882-1973) Gutenberg German printer who was the first in Europe to print using movable type and the first to use a press (1400-1468) Guthrie United States folk singer and songwriter (1912-1967) Gwynn English comedienne and mistress of Charles II (1650-1687) Haber German chemist noted for the synthetic production of ammonia from the nitrogen in air (1868-1934) Hadrian Roman Emperor who was the adoptive son of Trajan; travelled throughout his empire to strengthen its frontiers and encourage learning and architecture; on a visit to Britain in 122 he ordered the construction of Hadrian's Wall (76-138) Haeckel German biologist and philosopher; advocated Darwinism and formulated the theory of recapitulation; was an exponent of materialistic monism (1834-1919) Haggard British writer noted for romantic adventure novels (1856-1925) Hahn German chemist who was co-discoverer with Lise Meitner of nuclear fission (1879-1968) Haile Selassie emperor of Ethiopia; worshipped by Rastafarians (1892-1975) Haldane Scottish statesman and brother of Elizabeth and John Haldane (1856-1928) Scottish writer and sister of Richard Haldane and John Haldane (1862-1937) Scottish physiologist and brother of Richard Haldane and Elizabeth Haldane; noted for research into industrial diseases (1860-1936) Scottish geneticist (son of John Haldane) who contributed to the development of population genetics; a popularizer of science and a Marxist (1892-1964) Hale prolific United States writer (1822-1909) United States astronomer who discovered that sunspots are associated with strong magnetic fields (1868-1938) a soldier of the American Revolution who was hanged as a spy by the British; his last words were supposed to have been `I only regret that I have but one life to give for my country' (1755-1776) Halevy French operatic composer (1799-1862) Haley United States writer and Afro-American who wrote a fictionalized account of tracing his family roots back to Africa (1921-1992) United States rock singer who was one of the first to popularize rock'n'roll music (1925-1981) Hall United States astronomer who discovered Phobos and Deimos (the two satellites of Mars) (1829-1907) United States explorer who led three expeditions to the Arctic (1821-1871) United States chemist who developed an economical method of producing aluminum from bauxite (1863-1914) United States child psychologist whose theories of child psychology strongly influenced educational psychology (1844-1924) English writer whose novel about a lesbian relationship was banned in Britain for many years (1883-1943) Halley English astronomer who used Newton's laws of motion to predict the period of a comet (1656-1742) Hals Dutch portrait and genre painter who endowed his portraits with vitality and humor (1580?-1666) Hammarskjold Swedish diplomat who greatly extended the influence of the United Nations in peacekeeping matters (1905-1961) Hammerstein United States lyricist who collaborated on many musical comedies (most successfully with Richard Rodgers) (1895-1960) Hammett United States writer of hard-boiled detective fiction (1894-1961) Hammurabi Babylonian king who codified the laws of Sumer and Mesopotamia (died 1750 BC) Hampton United States musician who was the first to use the vibraphone as a jazz instrument (1913-2002) Hamsun Norwegian writer of novels (1859-1952) Hancock American revolutionary patriot who was president of the Continental Congress; was the first signer of the Declaration of Independence (1737-1793) Handy United States blues musician who transcribed and published traditional blues music (1873-1958) Hanks United States film actor (born in 1956) Harding 29th President of the United States; two of his appointees were involved in the Teapot Dome scandal (1865-1823) Hardy English novelist and poet (1840-1928) United States slapstick comedian who played the pompous and overbearing member of the Laurel and Hardy duo who made many films (1892-1957) Hargreaves English inventor of the spinning jenny (1720-1778) Harlow United States film actress who made several films with Clark Gable (1911-1937) Harmsworth British newspaper publisher (1865-1922) Harold I illegitimate son of Canute who seized the throne of England in 1037 (died in 1040) Harold II King of England who succeeded Edward the Confessor in 1066 and was the last of the Anglo-Saxon monarchs; he was killed fighting the invasion by William the Conqueror (1045-1066) Harriman United States railway tycoon (1848-1909) United States financier who negotiated a treaty with the Soviet Union banning tests of nuclear weapons (1891-1986) Harris publisher of the first newspaper printed in America (1673-1713) British marshal of the Royal Air Force; during World War II he directed mass bombing raids against German cities that resulted in heavy civilian casualties (1892-1984) Irish writer noted for his sexually explicit but unreliable autobiography (1856-1931) United States diplomat who was instrumental in opening Japan to foreign trade (1804-1878) United States linguist (born in Ukraine) who developed mathematical linguistics and interpreted speech and writing in a social context (1909-1992) United States author who wrote the stories about Uncle Remus (1848-1908) Harrison 9th President of the United States; caught pneumonia during his inauguration and died shortly after (1773-1841) 23rd President of the United States (1833-1901) English rock star; lead guitarist of the Beatles (1943-2001) English actor on stage and in films (1908-1990) Harrod English merchant who took over a shop in London that was expanded by his son into a prestigious department store (1800-1885) English merchant who expanded his father's shop in London into a prestigious department store (1841-1905) Hart United States lyricist who collaborated with Richard Rodgers (1895-1943) United States playwright who collaborated with George S. Kaufman (1904-1961) Harte United States writer noted for his stories about life during the California gold rush (1836-1902) Hartley English philosopher who introduced the theory of the association of ideas (1705-1757) Harvard American philanthropist who left his library and half his estate to the Massachusetts college that now bears his name (1607-1638) Harvey English physician and scientist who described the circulation of the blood; he later proposed that all animals originate from an ovum produced by the female of the species (1578-1657) Hasdrubal general who commanded a Carthaginian army in Spain; joined his brother Hannibal in Italy and was killed by the Romans at the battle of Metaurus River (died 207 BC) Hasek Czech author of novels and short stories (1883-1923) Hassam United States painter noted for brilliant colors and bold brushwork (1859-1935) Hassel Norwegian chemist noted for his research on organic molecules (1897-1981) Hathaway wife of William Shakespeare (1556-1623) Havel Czech dramatist and statesman whose plays opposed totalitarianism and who served as president of Czechoslovakia from 1989 to 1992 and president of the Czech Republic since 1993 (born in 1936) Hawking English theoretical physicist (born in 1942) Hawkins United States jazz saxophonist (1904-1969) English privateer involved in the slave trade; later helped build the fleet that in 1588 defeated the Spanish Armada (1532-1595) Haworth English biochemist who was a pioneer in research on carbohydrates; when he synthesized vitamin C he became the first person to synthesize a vitamin artificially (1883-1950) Hawthorne United States writer of novels and short stories mostly on moral themes (1804-1864) Hayek English economist (born in Austria) noted for work on the optimum allocation of resources (1899-1992) Hayes 19th President of the United States; his administration removed federal troops from the South and so ended the Reconstruction Period (1822-1893) acclaimed actress of stage and screen (1900-1993) Haywood United States labor leader and militant socialist who was one of the founders of the Industrial Workers of the World (1869-1928) Hazlitt English essayist and literary critic (1778-1830) Hearst United States newspaper publisher whose introduction of large headlines and sensational reporting changed American journalism (1863-1951) Heaviside English physicist and electrical engineer who helped develop telegraphic and telephonic communications; in 1902 (independent of A. E. Kennelly) he suggested the existence of an atmospheric layer that reflects radio waves back to earth (1850-1925) Hebbel German dramatist (1813-1863) Hecht United States writer of stories and plays (1894-1946) Hegel German philosopher whose three stage process of dialectical reasoning was adopted by Karl Marx (1770-1831) Heidegger German philosopher whose views on human existence in a world of objects and on Angst influenced the existential philosophers (1889-1976) Heinlein United States writer of science fiction (1907-1988) Heinz United States industrialist who manufactured and sold processed foods (1844-1919) Heisenberg German mathematical physicist noted for stating the uncertainty principle (1901-1976) Heller United States novelist whose best known work was a black comedy inspired by his experiences in the Air Force during World War II (1923-1999) Hellman United States playwright; her plays were often indictments of injustice (1905-1984) Helmholtz German physiologist and physicist (1821-1894) Heloise student and mistress and wife of Abelard (circa 1098-1164) Heming English actor who edited the first folio of Shakespeare's plays (1556-1630) Hemingway an American writer of fiction who won the Nobel prize for literature in 1954 (1899-1961) Hendrix United States guitarist whose innovative style with electric guitars influenced the development of rock music (1942-1970) Henry United States physicist who studied electromagnetic phenomena (1791-1878) a leader of the American Revolution and a famous orator who spoke out against British rule of the American colonies (1736-1799) English chemist who studied the quantities of gas absorbed by water at different temperatures and under different pressures (1775-1836) Henry I King of England from 1100 to 1135; youngest son of William the Conqueror; conquered Normandy in 1106 (1068-1135) Henry II first Plantagenet King of England; instituted judicial and financial reforms; quarreled with archbishop Becket concerning the authority of the Crown over the church (1133-1189) king of France from 1547 to 1559; regained Calais from the English; husband of Catherine de Medicis and father of Charles IX (1519-1559) Henry III son of King John and king of England from 1216 to 1272; his incompetence aroused baronial opposition led by Simon de Montfort (1207-1272) son of Henry II of France and the last Valois to be king of France (1551-1589) Henry IV the first Lancastrian king of England from 1399 to 1413; deposed Richard II and suppressed rebellions (1367-1413) King of the Germans and Holy Roman Emperor (1050-1106) king of France from 1589 to 1610; although he was leader of the Huguenot armies, when he succeeded the Catholic Henry III and founded the Bourbon dynasty in 1589 he established religious freedom in France Henry V son of Henry IV and King of England from 1413 to 1422; reopened the Hundred Years' War and defeated the French at Agincourt (1387-1422) Henry VI son of Henry V who as an infant succeeded his father and was King of England from 1422 to 1461; he was taken prisoner in 1460 and Edward IV was proclaimed king; he was rescued and regained the throne in 1470 but was recaptured and murdered in the Tower of London (1421-1471) Henry VII first Tudor king of England from 1485 to 1509; head of the house of Lancaster in the War of the Roses; defeated Richard III at Bosworth Field and was proclaimed king; married the daughter of Edward IV and so united the houses of York and Lancaster (1457-1509) King of the Germans and Holy Roman Emperor (1275-1313) Henry VIII son of Henry VII and King of England from 1509 to 1547; his divorce from Catherine of Aragon resulted in his break with the Catholic Church in 1534 and his excommunication 1538, leading to the start of the Reformation in England (1491-1547) Henson United States puppeteer who created a troupe of puppet characters (1936-1990) Hepburn United States film actress who appeared in many films with Spencer Tracy (1907-2003) Hepworth British sculptor (1902-1975) Heraclitus a presocratic Greek philosopher who said that fire is the origin of all things and that permanence is an illusion as all things are in perpetual flux (circa 500 BC) Herbart German philosopher (1776-1841) Herbert United States musician and composer and conductor noted for his comic operas (1859-1924) Herder German philosopher who advocated intuition over reason (1744-1803) Herman United States jazz musician and bandleader (1913-1987) Herod king of Judea who (according to the New Testament) tried to kill Jesus by ordering the death of all children under age two in Bethlehem (73-4 BC) Herodotus the ancient Greek known as the father of history; his accounts of the wars between the Greeks and Persians are the first known examples of historical writing (485-425 BC) Herrick English lyric poet (1591-1674) Herschel English astronomer (born in Germany) who discovered infrared light and who catalogued the stars and discovered the planet Uranus (1738-1822) English astronomer (son of William Herschel) who extended the catalogue of stars to the southern hemisphere and did pioneering work in photography (1792-1871) Hertz German physicist who with James Franck proved the existence of the stationary energy states postulated by Bohr (1887-1975) German physicist who was the first to produce electromagnetic waves artificially (1857-1894) Herzberg Canadian physicist (born in Germany) noted for contributions to understanding the structure of molecules (born in 1904) Hesiod Greek poet whose existing works describe rural life and the genealogies of the gods and the beginning of the world (eighth century BC) Hess United States physicist (born in Austria) who was a discoverer of cosmic radiation (1883-1964) Nazi leader who in 1941 flew a solo flight to Scotland in an apparent attempt to negotiate a peace treaty with Great Britain but was imprisoned for life (1894-1987) Swiss physiologist noted for studies of the brain (1881-1973) English pianist (1890-1965) Hesse Swiss writer (born in Germany) whose novels and poems express his interests in eastern spiritual values (1877-1962) Hevesy Hungarian chemist who studied radioisotopes and was one of the discoverers of the element hafnium (1885-1966) Heyerdahl Norwegian anthropologist noted for his studies of cultural diffusion (1914-2002) Heyrovsky Czechoslovakian chemist who developed polarography (1890-1967) Heyse German writer (1830-1914) Heyward United States writer (1885-1940) Hezekiah (Old Testament) king of Judah who abolished idolatry (715-687 BC) Hiawatha a Native American chieftain who argued for peace with the European settlers (16th century) Hickock frontier marshal whose adventures have become legendary (1837-1876) Higginson United States writer and soldier who led the first Black regiment in the Union Army (1823-1911) Hilbert German mathematician (1862-1943) Hill risque English comedian (1925-1992) United States railroad tycoon (1838-1916) Hillary New Zealand mountaineer who in 1953 first attained the summit of Mount Everest with his Sherpa guide Tenzing Norgay (born in 1919) Hillel Palestinian rabbi and interpreter of Judaic law Himmler German Nazi who was chief of the SS and the Gestapo and who oversaw the genocide of six million Jews (1900-1945) Hinault French racing cyclist who won the Tour de France five times (born in 1954) Hindemith German neoclassical composer and conductor who believed that music should have a social purpose (1895-1963) Hindenburg German field marshal and statesman; as president of the Weimar Republic he reluctantly appointed Hitler as chancellor in 1933 (1847-1934) Hipparchus Greek astronomer and mathematician who discovered the precession of the equinoxes and made the first known star chart and is said to have invented trigonometry (second century BC) Hippocrates medical practitioner who is regarded as the father of medicine; author of the Hippocratic oath (circa 460-377 BC) Hirohito emperor of Japan who renounced his divinity and became a constitutional monarch after Japan surrendered at the end of World War II (1901-1989) Hirschfeld United States artist noted for his line-drawn caricatures (1904-2003) Hirschsprung Danish pediatrician (1830-1916) Hitchcock English film director noted for his skill in creating suspense (1899-1980) Hitchings United States biochemist noted for developing drugs to treat leukemia and gout (1905-1998) Hitler German Nazi dictator during World War II (1889-1945) Hoagland United States physiologist (1899-1982) Hobbes English materialist and political philosopher who advocated absolute sovereignty as the only kind of government that could resolve problems caused by the selfishness of human beings (1588-1679) Hobbs notable English cricketer (1882-1963) Ho Chi Minh Vietnamese communist statesman who fought the Japanese in World War II and the French until 1954 and South Vietnam until 1975 (1890-1969) Hodgkin English physiologist who, with Andrew Huxley, discovered the role of potassium and sodium atoms in the transmission of the nerve impulse (1914-1998) English chemist (born in Egypt) who used crystallography to study the structure of organic compounds (1910-1994) English physician who first described Hodgkin's disease (1798-1866) Hoffa United States labor leader who was president of the Teamsters Union; he was jailed for trying to bribe a judge and later disappeared and is assumed to have been murdered (1913-1975) Hoffman versatile United States film actor (born in 1937) United States sculptor (1887-1966) Hoffmann German writer of fantastic tales (1776-1822) United States chemist (born in Poland) who used quantum mechanics to understand chemical reactions (born in 1937) German chemist (1818-1892) Austrian architect known for his use of rectilinear units (1870-1956) Hoffmannsthal German poet who wrote libretti for operas by Richard Strauss (1874-1929) Hogan United States golfer who won many major golf tournaments (1912-1997) Hogarth English artist noted for a series of engravings that satirized the affectations of his time (1697-1764) Hogg Scottish writer of rustic verse (1770-1835) Hokusai Japanese painter whose work influenced the impressionists (1760-1849) Holbein German painter of religious works (1465-1524) German painter and engraver noted for his portraits; he was commissioned by Henry VIII to provide portraits of the English king's prospective brides (1497-1543) Hollerith United States inventor who invented a system for recording alphanumeric information on punched cards (1860-1929) Holly United States rock star (1936-1959) Holmes English geologist and supporter of the theory of continental drift (1890-1965) United States writer of humorous essays (1809-1894) United States jurist noted for his liberal opinions (1841-1935) Holofernes (Apocrypha) the Assyrian general who was decapitated by the biblical heroine Judith Homer ancient Greek epic poet who is believed to have written the Iliad and the Odyssey (circa 850 BC) United States painter best known for his seascapes (1836-1910) Honegger Swiss composer (born in France) who was the founding member of a group in Paris that included Erik Satie and Darius Milhaud and Francis Poulenc and Jean Cocteau (1892-1955) Hooke English scientist who formulated the law of elasticity and proposed a wave theory of light and formulated a theory of planetary motion and proposed the inverse square law of gravitational attraction and discovered the cellular structure of cork and introduced the term `cell' into biology and invented a balance spring for watches (1635-1703) Hooker English theologian (1554-1600) United States general in the Union Army who was defeated at Chancellorsville by Robert E. Lee (1814-1879) Hope United States comedian (born in England) who appeared in films with Bing Crosby (1903-2003) Hopkins Welsh film actor (born in 1937) English biochemist who did pioneering work that led to the discovery of vitamins (1861-1947) English poet (1844-1889) United States financier and philanthropist who left money to found the university and hospital that bear his name in Baltimore (1795-1873) United States educator and theologian (1802-1887) Hopkinson American Revolutionary leader and patriot; a signer of the Declaration of Independence (1737-1791) Horace Roman lyric poet said to have influenced English poetry (65-8 BC) Horne United States singer and actress (born in 1917) United States operatic mezzo-soprano (born 1934) Horney United States psychiatrist (1885-1952) Horowitz Russian concert pianist who was a leading international virtuoso (1904-1989) Horta Belgian architect and leader in art nouveau architecture (1861-1947) Houdini United States magician (born in Hungary) famous for his ability to escape from chains or handcuffs or straitjackets or padlocked containers (1874-1926) Housman English poet (1859-1936) Howard Queen of England as the fifth wife of Henry VIII who was accused of adultery and executed (1520-1542) English actor of stage and screen (1893-1943) Howe United States inventor who built early sewing machines and won suits for patent infringement against other manufacturers (including Isaac M. Singer) (1819-1867) United States feminist who was active in the women's suffrage movement (1819-1910) Canadian hockey player who holds the record for playing the most games (born 1928) United States editor (1920-1993) Howells United States writer and editor (1837-1920) Hoyle English writer on card games (1672-1769) an English astrophysicist and advocate of the steady state theory of cosmology; described processes of nucleosynthesis inside stars (1915-2001) Hubble United States astronomer who discovered that (as the universe expands) the speed with which nebulae recede increases with their distance from the observer (1889-1953) Hubel United States neuroscientist noted for his studies of the neural basis of vision (born in 1926) Huggins English astronomer who pioneered spectroscopic analysis in astronomy and who discovered the red shift (1824-1910) Hughes United States jurist who served as chief justice of the United States Supreme Court (1862-1948) United States industrialist who was an aviator and a film producer; during the last years of his life he was a total recluse (1905-1976) United States writer (1902-1967) English poet (born in 1930) Hugo French poet and novelist and dramatist; leader of the romantic movement in France (1802-1885) Humboldt German naturalist who explored Central and South America and provided a comprehensive description of the physical universe (1769-1859) German philologist noted for his studies of the relation between language and culture (1767-1835) Hume Scottish philosopher skeptical philosophy restricted human knowledge to that which can be perceived by the senses (1711-1776) Humperdinck German composer of six operas and other incidental music (1854-1921) Hunt British writer who defended the Romanticism of Keats and Shelley (1784-1859) United States architect (1827-1895) Englishman and Pre-Raphaelite painter (1827-1910) Hurok United States impresario who was born in Russia (1888-1974) Huss Czechoslovakian religious reformer who anticipated the Reformation; he questioned the infallibility of the Catholic Church was excommunicated (1409) for attacking the corruption of the clergy; he was burned at the stake (1372-1415) Hussein king of Jordan credited with creating stability at home and seeking peace with Israel (1935-1999) Iraqi leader who waged war against Iran; his invasion of Kuwait led to the Gulf War (born in 1937) Husserl German philosopher who developed phenomenology (1859-1938) Huston United States film maker born in the United States but an Irish citizen after 1964 (1906-1987) Hutchins United States educator who was president of the University of Chicago (1899-1977) Hutchinson American colonist (born in England) who was banished from Boston for her religious views (1591-1643) Hutton Scottish geologist who described the processes that have shaped the surface of the earth (1726-1797) English cricketer (1916-1990) Huxley English biologist and a leading exponent of Darwin's theory of evolution (1825-1895) English writer; grandson of Thomas Huxley who is remembered mainly for his depiction of a scientifically controlled utopia (1894-1963) English physiologist who, with Alan Hodgkin, discovered the role of potassium and sodium ions in the transmission of the nerve impulse (born in 1917) Huygens Dutch physicist who first formulated the wave theory of light (1629-1695) Hypatia Greek philosopher and astronomer; she invented the astrolabe (370-415) Ibert French composer (1890-1962) Ibsen realistic Norwegian author who wrote plays on social and political themes (1828-1906) Iglesias Spanish singer noted for his ballads and love songs (born in 1943) Ignatius bishop of Antioch who was martyred under the Roman Emperor Trajan (died 110) Ignatius of Loyola Spaniard and Roman Catholic theologian and founder of the Society of Jesus; a leading opponent of the Reformation (1491-1556) Inge United States playwright (1913-1973) English prelate noted for his pessimistic sermons and articles (1860-1954) Ingres French classical painter (1780-1867) Innocent III Italian pope from 1198 to 1216 who instituted the Fourth Crusade and under whom papal intervention in European politics reached its height (1161-1216) Innocent VIII Italian pope from 1484 to 1492 who was known as a nepotist and was attacked by Savonarola for his worldliness (1432-1492) Innocent XI Italian pope from 1676 to 1689 whose papacy was marked by the struggle with Louis XIV of France over papal authority over French Catholics; known for saintliness and canonized in 1956 (1611-1689) Innocent XII Italian pope from 1691 to 1700 who abolished nepotism within the church hierarchy and was universally loved for his charity and piety Ionesco French dramatist (born in Romania) who was a leading exponent of the theater of the absurd (1912-1994) Irenaeus Greek theologian who was bishop of Lyons and an antiheretical writer; a saint and Doctor of the Church (circa 130-200) Irving United States writer of darkly humorous novels (born in 1942) United States writer remembered for his stories (1783-1859) Isaac (Old Testament) the second patriarch; son of Abraham and Sarah who was offered by Abraham as a sacrifice to God; father of Jacob and Esau Isabella the queen of Castile whose marriage to Ferdinand of Aragon in 1469 marked the beginning of the modern state of Spain; they instituted the Spanish Inquisition in 1478 and sponsored the voyages of Christopher Columbus in 1492 (1451-1504) Isherwood United States writer (born in England) whose best known novels portray Berlin in the 1930's and who collaborated with W. H. Auden in writing plays in verse (1904-1986) Ishmael (Old Testament) the son of Abraham who was cast out after the birth of Isaac; considered the forebear of 12 Arabian tribes Isocrates Athenian rhetorician and orator (436-338 BC) Issachar (Old Testament) a son of Jacob and a forebear of one of the tribes of Israel Ivan III grand duke of Muscovy whose victories against the Tartars laid the basis for Russian unity (1440-1505) Ivan IV the first czar of Russia (1530-1584) Ivanov Russian choreographer (1834-1905) Ives United States lithographer who (with his partner Nathaniel Currier) produced thousands of prints signed `Currier & Ives' (1824-1895) United States composer noted for his innovative use of polytonality (1874-1954) Jack the Ripper an unidentified English murderer in the 19th century Jacobi German mathematician (1804-1851) Jacobs Dutch physician who opened the first birth control clinic in the world in Amsterdam (1854-1929) United States writer and critic of urban planning (born in 1916) English writer of macabre short stories (1863-1943) Jacquard French inventor of the Jacquard loom that could automatically weave complicated patterns (1752-1834) Jaffar Indonesian terrorist and Islamic militant who commands the Laskar Jihad; uses violence to achieve political ends (1965-2000) Jagger English rock star (born in 1943) Jakobson United States linguist (born in Russia) noted for his description of the universals of phonology (1896-1982) Jamison United States dancer and choreographer (born in 1944) Jansen a Dutch Roman Catholic theologian (1585-1638) Jarrell United States poet (1914-1965) Jaspers German psychiatrist (1883-1969) Jay United States diplomat and jurist who negotiated peace treaties with Britain and served as the first chief justice of the United States Supreme Court (1745-1829) Jeanne d'Arc French heroine and military leader inspired by religious visions to organize French resistance to the English and to have Charles VII crowned king; she was later tried for heresy and burned at the stake (1412-1431) Jeffers United States poet who wrote about California (1887-1962) Jefferson 3rd President of the United States; chief drafter of the Declaration of Independence; made the Louisiana Purchase in 1803 and sent out the Lewis and Clark Expedition to explore it (1743-1826) Jenner English physician who pioneered vaccination; Jenner inoculated people with small amounts of cowpox to prevent them from getting smallpox (1749-1823) Jenny United States architect who designed the first skyscraper in which a metal skeleton was used (1832-1907) Jensen modernistic Danish writer (1873-1950) Jeroboam (Old Testament) first king of the northern kingdom of Israel who led Israel into sin (10th century BC) Jerome (Roman Catholic Church) one of the great Fathers of the early Christian Church whose major work was his translation of the Scriptures from Hebrew and Greek into Latin (which became the Vulgate); a saint and Doctor of the Church (347-420) Jespersen Danish linguist (1860-1943) Jesus a teacher and prophet born in Bethlehem and active in Nazareth; his life and sermons form the basis for Christianity (circa 4 BC - AD 29) El Nino the Christ child (oceanography) a warm ocean current that flows along the equator from the date line and south off the coast of Ecuador at Christmas time Jevons English economist and logician who contributed to the development of the theory of marginal utility (1835-1882) Jewison Canadian filmmaker (born in 1926) Jezebel wife of Ahab who was king of Israel; according to the Old Testament she was a cruel immoral queen who fostered the worship of Baal and tried to kill Elijah and other prophets of Israel (9th century BC) Jimenez Spanish lyric poet (1881-1958) Jimenez de Cisneros prelate who was the confessor of Isabella I and who was later appointed Grand Inquisitor (1436-1517) Jinnah Indian statesman who was the founder of Pakistan as a Muslim state (1876-1948) Joachim Hungarian violinist and composer (1831-1907) Joffre French field marshal who commanded the Allied armies in France during World War II (1852-1931) Joffrey United States choreographer (1930-1988) John XXIII Italian pope from 1958 to 1963 who convoked the Second Vatican Council (1881-1963) John Chrysostom (Roman Catholic Church) a Church Father who was a great preacher and bishop of Constantinople; a saint and Doctor of the Church (347-407) John of Gaunt the fourth son of Edward III who was the effective ruler of England during the close of his father's reign and during the minority of Richard II; his son was Henry Bolingbroke (1340-1399) John the Baptist (New Testament) a preacher and hermit and forerunner of Jesus (whom he baptized); was beheaded by Herod at the request of Salome John Paul I the first Pope to assume a double name; he reigned for only 34 days (1912-1978) John Paul II the first Pope born in Poland; the first Pope not born in Italy in 450 years (1920-2005) Johns United States artist and proponent of pop art (born in 1930) Johnson 17th President of the United States; was elected vice president and succeeded Lincoln when Lincoln was assassinated; was impeached but acquitted by one vote (1808-1875) 36th President of the United States; was elected vice president and succeeded Kennedy when Kennedy was assassinated (1908-1973) English writer and lexicographer (1709-1784) Johnston Confederate general in the American Civil War; led the Confederate troops in the West (1807-1891) Joliot French nuclear physicist who was Marie Curie's assistant and who worked with Marie Curie's daughter who he married (taking the name Joliot-Curie); he and his wife discovered how to synthesize new radioactive elements (1900-1958) Joliot-Curie French physicist who (with her husband) synthesized new chemical elements (1897-1956) Jolliet French explorer (with Jacques Marquette) of the upper Mississippi River valley (1645-1700) Jolson United States singer (born in Russia) who appeared in the first full-length talking film (1886-1950) Jones English phonetician (1881-1967) one of the first great English architects and a theater designer (1573-1652) American naval commander in the American Revolution (1747-1792) United States golfer (1902-1971) United States railroad engineer who died trying to stop his train from crashing into another train; a friend wrote a famous ballad describing the incident (1864-1900) United States labor leader (born in Ireland) who helped to found the Industrial Workers of the World (1830-1930) Jong United States writer (born in 1942) Jonson English dramatist and poet who was the first real poet laureate of England (1572-1637) Joplin United States composer who was the first creator of ragtime to write down his compositions (1868-1917) United States singer who died of a drug overdose at the height of her popularity (1943-1970) Joseph (New Testament) husband of Mary and (in Christian belief) the foster father of Jesus (Old Testament) the 11th son of Jacob and one of the 12 patriarchs of Israel; Jacob gave Joseph a coat of many colors, which made his brothers jealous and they sold him into slavery in Egypt leader of the Nez Perce in their retreat from United States troops (1840-1904) Josephus Jewish general who led the revolt of the Jews against the Romans and then wrote a history of those events (37-100) Joule English physicist who established the mechanical theory of heat and discovered the first law of thermodynamics (1818-1889) Jowett English classical scholar noted for his translations of Plato and Aristotle (1817-1893) Joyce influential Irish writer noted for his many innovations (such as stream of consciousness writing) (1882-1941) Juan Carlos king of Spain since 1975 (born in 1938) Judas Maccabaeus Jewish leader of a revolt in Judea that recovered Jerusalem around 166 BC; hero of the Apocryphal books I Maccabees and II Maccabees (?-161 BC) Jude (New Testament) supposed brother of St. James; one of the Apostles who is invoked in prayer when a situation seems hopeless Julian Roman Emperor and nephew of Constantine; he restored paganism as the official religion of the Roman Empire and destroyed Christian temples but his decision was reversed after his death (331?-363) of or relating to or characteristic of Julius Caesar; "the Julian calendar" Jung Swiss psychologist (1875-1961) Junkers German aircraft engineer who designed the first all-metal airplane (1859-1935) Jussieu French botanist who categorized plants into families and developed a system of plant classification (1748-1836) Justinian Byzantine emperor who held the eastern frontier of his empire against the Persians; codified Roman law in 529; his general Belisarius regained North Africa and Spain (483-565) Juvenal Roman satirist who denounced the vice and folly of Roman society during the reign of the emperor Domitian (60-140) Kachaturian Armenian composer who incorporated oriental folk music (1903-1978) Kafka Czech novelist who wrote in German about a nightmarish world of isolated and troubled individuals (1883-1924) Kahn United States architect (born in Estonia) (1901-1974) Kalinin soviet statesman and head of state of the USSR (1875-1946) Kamehameha I Hawaiian king who united the islands under his rule (1758-1819) Kandinsky Russian painter who was a pioneer of abstract art (1866-1944) Kant influential German idealist philosopher (1724-1804) Karlfeldt Swedish poet whose works incorporate Swedish customs and folklore (1864-1931) Karloff United States film actor (born in England) noted for his performances in horror films (1887-1969) Karpov Russian chess master who was world champion from 1975 until 1985 when he was defeated by Gary Kasparov (born in 1951) Karsavina Russian dancer who danced with Nijinsky (1885-1978) Kasparov Azerbaijani chess master who became world champion in 1985 by defeating Anatoli Karpov (born in 1963) Kastler French physicist (1902-1984) Kaufman United States playwright who collaborated with many other writers including Moss Hart (1889-1961) Kaunda statesman who led Northern Rhodesia to full independence as Zambia in 1964 and served as Zambia's first president (1924-1999) Kean English actor noted for his portrayals of Shakespeare's great tragic characters (1789-1833) Keaton United States comedian and actor in silent films noted for his acrobatic skills and deadpan face (1895-1966) Keats Englishman and romantic poet (1795-1821) Keble English clergyman who (with John Henry Newman and Edward Pusey) founded the Oxford movement (1792-1866) Kekule German chemist remembered for his discovery of the ring structure of benzene (1829-1896) Keller United States lecturer and writer who was blind and deaf from the age of 19 months; Anne Sullivan taught her to read and write and speak; Helen Keller graduated from college and went on to champion the cause of blind and deaf people (1880-1968) Kellogg United States food manufacturer who (with his brother) developed a breakfast cereal of crisp flakes of rolled and toasted wheat and corn; he established a company to manufacture the cereal (1860-1951) Kelly United States dancer who performed in many musical films (1912-1996) United States film actress who retired when she married into the royal family of Monaco (1928-1982) United States circus clown (1898-1979) Kelvin British physicist who invented the Kelvin scale of temperature and pioneered undersea telegraphy (1824-1907) Kendall United States biochemist who discovered cortisone (1886-1972) Kendrew English biologist noted for studies of the molecular structure of blood components (born in 1917) Kennan United States diplomat who recommended a policy of containment in dealing with Soviet aggression (1904-2005) Kennelly United States electrical engineer noted for his work on the theory of alternating currents; independently of Oliver Heaviside he discovered the existence of an atmospheric layer that reflects radio waves back to earth (1861-1939) Kenyata Kenyan statesman and the first president of independent Kenya (1893-1978) Keokuk Sauk leader who aided the United States against Black Hawk (1790-1848) Kepler German astronomer who first stated laws of planetary motion (1571-1630) Kerensky Russian revolutionary who was head of state after Nicholas II abdicated but was overthrown by the Bolsheviks (1881-1970) Kern United States composer of musical comedies (1885-1945) Kerouac United States writer who was a leading figure of the beat generation (1922-1969) Kesey United States writer whose best-known novel was based on his experiences as an attendant in a mental hospital (1935-2001) Kettering United States electrical engineer who made numerous automotive improvements (including the electric starter) (1876-1958) Key United States lawyer and poet who wrote a poem after witnessing the British attack on Baltimore during the War of 1812; the poem was later set to music and entitled `The Star-Spangled Banner' (1779-1843) Keynes English economist who advocated the use of government monetary and fiscal policy to maintain full employment without inflation (1883-1946) Khachaturian Russian composer (born in Armenia) whose works are romantic and reflect his interest in folk music (1903-1978) Khama Botswanan statesman who was the first president of Botswana (1921-1980) Khomeini Iranian religious leader of the Shiites; when Shah Pahlavi's regime fell Khomeini established a new constitution giving himself supreme powers (1900-1989) Khrushchev Soviet statesman and premier who denounced Stalin (1894-1971) Kidd Scottish sea captain who was hired to protect British shipping in the Indian Ocean and then was accused of piracy and hanged (1645-1701) Kierkegaard Danish philosopher who is generally considered. along with Nietzsche, to be a founder of existentialism (1813-1855) Kieslowski Polish filmmaker who made ten films based on the Ten Commandments (1941-1996) King United States charismatic civil rights leader and Baptist minister who campaigned against the segregation of Blacks (1929-1968) United States guitar player and singer of the blues (born in 1925) United States woman tennis player (born in 1943) Kinsey United States zoologist best known for his interview studies of sexual behavior (1894-1956) Kipling English author of novels and poetry who was born in India (1865-1936) Kirchhoff German physicist who with Bunsen pioneered spectrum analysis and formulated two laws governing electric networks (1824-1887) Kirchner German expressionist painter (1880-1938) Kissinger United States diplomat who served under President Nixon and President Ford (born in 1923) Kitchener British field marshal (1850-1916) Klaproth German chemist who pioneered analytical chemistry and discovered three new elements (1743-1817) Klee Swiss painter influenced by Kandinsky (1879-1940) Klein United States fashion designer noted for understated fashions (born in 1942) United States psychoanalyst (born in Austria) who was the first to specialize in the psychoanalysis of small children (1882-1960) German mathematician who created the Klein bottle (1849-1925) Kleist German dramatist whose works concern people torn between reason and emotion (1777-1811) Klimt Austrian painter influenced by art nouveau (1862-1918) Kline United States abstract expressionist painter (1910-1962) Klinefelter United States physician who first described the XXY-syndrome (born in 1912) Klopstock German poet (1724-1803) Knox Scottish theologian who founded Presbyterianism in Scotland and wrote a history of the Reformation in Scotland (1514-1572) Koch German bacteriologist who isolated the anthrax bacillus and the tubercle bacillus and the cholera bacillus (1843-1910) Koestler British writer (born in Hungary) who wrote a novel exposing the Stalinist purges during the 1930s (1905-1983) Konoe Japanese statesman who set Japan's expansionist policies and formed an alliance with Germany and Italy (1891-1945) Koopmans United States economist (born in the Netherlands) (1910-1985) Korbut Soviet gymnast (born in 1955) Korchnoi Russian chess master (born in 1931) Korda British filmmaker (born in Hungary) (1893-1956) Korzybski United States semanticist (born in Poland) (1879-1950) Kosciusko Polish patriot and soldier who fought with Americans in the American Revolution (1746-1817) Koussevitzky United States conductor (born in Russia) who was noted for performing the works of contemporary composers (1874-1951) Krafft-Ebing German neurologist noted for his studies of sexual deviance (1840-1902) Krasner United States artist remembered for her spontaneous approach to painting; she was a founder of the New York school of abstract expressionism (1908-1984) Krebs English biochemist (born in Germany) who discovered the Krebs cycle (1900-1981) Kreisler United States violinist (born in Austria) (1875-1962) Kroeber United States anthropologist noted for his studies of culture (1876-1960) Kronecker German mathematician (1823-1891) Kropotkin Russian anarchist (1842-1921) Kroto British chemist who with Robert Curl and Richard Smalley discovered fullerenes and opened a new branch of chemistry (born in 1939) Kruger Boer statesman (1825-1904) Krupp German industrialist who manufactured steel in Essen (1787-1826) German arms manufacturer and son of Friedrich Krupp; his firm provided ordnance for German armies from the 1840s through World War II (1812-1887) Kublai Khan Mongolian emperor of China and grandson of Genghis Khan who completed his grandfather's conquest of China; he establish the Yuan dynasty and built a great capital on the site of modern Beijing where he received Marco Polo (1216-1294) Kubrick United States filmmaker (born in 1928) Kuhn Austrian chemist who did research on carotenoids and vitamins (1900-1967) Kuiper United States astronomer (born in the Netherlands) who studied the solar system and suggested in 1951 that there is a belt of comet-like debris at the edge of the solar system (1905-1973) Kurosawa Japanese filmmaker noted for blending Japanese folklore with western styles of acting (1910-1998) Kutuzov Russian field marshal who commanded the Russian opposition to Napoleon (1745-1813) Kuznets United States economist (born in Russia) who developed a method for using a country's gross national product to estimate its economic growth (1901-1985) Kyd English dramatist (1558-1594) Laban Hungarian choreographer who developed Labanotation (1879-1958) Labrouste French architect who was among the first to use metal construction successfully (1801-1875) Lachaise United States sculptor (born in France) noted for his large nude figures (1882-1935) Laffer United States economist who proposed the Laffer curve (born in 1940) Laffite French pirate who aided the United States in the War of 1812 and received an official pardon for his crimes (1780-1826) La Fontaine French writer who collected Aesop's fables and published them (1621-1695) Lamarck French naturalist who proposed that evolution resulted from the inheritance of acquired characteristics (1744-1829) Lamb English essayist (1775-1834) Lambert English composer and conductor (1905-1951) Lancelot (Arthurian legend) one of the knights of the Round Table; friend of King Arthur until (according to some versions of the legend) he became the lover of Arthur's wife Guinevere Land United States inventor who incorporated Polaroid film into lenses and invented the one step photographic process (1909-1991) Landau Soviet physicist who worked on low temperature physics (1908-1968) Landowska United States harpsichordist (born in Poland) who helped to revive modern interest in the harpsichord (1879-1959) Landsteiner United States pathologist (born in Austria) who discovered human blood groups (1868-1943) Laney United States educator who founded the first private school for Black students in Augusta, Georgia (1854-1933) Lange United States photographer remembered for her portraits of rural workers during the Depression (1895-1965) Langley United States astronomer and aviation pioneer who invented the bolometer and contributed to the design of early aircraft (1834-1906) Langmuir United States chemist who studied surface chemistry and developed the gas-filled tungsten lamp and worked on high temperature electrical discharges (1881-1957) Langtry British actress and mistress of the prince who later became Edward VII (1853-1929) Lao-tzu Chinese philosopher regarded as the founder of Taoism (6th century BC) Laplace French mathematician and astronomer who formulated the nebular hypothesis concerning the origins of the solar system and who developed the theory of probability (1749-1827) Lardner United States humorist and writer of satirical short stories (1885-1933) La Rochefoucauld French writer of moralistic maxims (1613-1680) Larousse French lexicographer (1817-1875) LaSalle French explorer who claimed Louisiana for France (1643-1687) Lasso Belgian composer (1532-1594) La Tour French painter of religious works (1593-1652) Latrobe United States architect (born in England) whose works include the chambers of the United States Congress and the Supreme Court; considered the first professional architect in the United States (1764-1820) Lauder Scottish ballad singer and music hall comedian (1870-1950) Laughton United States film actor (born in England) (1899-1962) Laurel United States slapstick comedian (born in England) who played the scatterbrained and often tearful member of the Laurel and Hardy duo who made many films (1890-1965) Laurens leader of the American Revolution and president of the Continental Congress (1724-1792) Laver Australian tennis player who in 1962 was the second man to win the Australian and French and English and United States singles titles in the same year; in 1969 he repeated this feat (born in 1938) Lavoisier French chemist known as the father of modern chemistry; discovered oxygen and disproved the theory of phlogiston (1743-1794) Leacock Canadian economist best remembered for his humorous writings (1869-1944) Leakey English paleontologist whose account of fossil discoveries in Tanzania changed theories of human evolution (1903-1972) English paleontologist (the wife of Louis Leakey) who discovered the Zinjanthropus skull that was 1,750,000 years old (1913-1996) English paleontologist (son of Louis Leakey and Mary Leakey) who continued the work of his parents; he was appointed director of a wildlife preserve in Kenya but resigned under political pressure (born in 1944) Leary United States psychologist who experimented with psychoactive drugs (including LSD) and became a well-known advocate of their use (1920-1996) le Carre English writer of novels of espionage (born in 1931) le Chatelier French chemist who formulated Le Chatelier's principle (1850-1936) Le Corbusier French architect (born in Switzerland) (1887-1965) Ledbetter United States folk singer and composer (1885-1949) Le Duc Tho Vietnamese diplomat who negotiated with Henry Kissinger to end the war in Vietnam (1911-1990) Lee American general who led the Confederate Armies in the American Civil War (1807-1870) soldier of the American Revolution (1756-1818) leader of the American Revolution who proposed the resolution calling for independence of the American Colonies (1732-1794) United States physicist (born in China) who collaborated with Yang Chen Ning in disproving the principle of conservation of parity (born in 1926) United States actor who was an expert in kung fu and starred in martial arts films (1941-1973) United States striptease artist who became famous on Broadway in the 1930s (1914-1970) United States filmmaker whose works explore the richness of black culture in America (born in 1957) Le Gallienne United States actress (born in England) (1899-1991) Leger French painter who was an early cubist (1881-1955) Lehar Hungarian composer of light operas (1870-1948) Leibniz German philosopher and mathematician who thought of the universe as consisting of independent monads and who devised a system of the calculus independent of Newton (1646-1716) Leigh English film actress (1913-1967) Lemaitre Belgian cosmologist who proposed the big-bang theory of the origin of the universe (1894-1966) Lemmon United States film actor (1925-2001) Lenard German physicist who studied cathode rays (1862-1947) Lendl United States tennis player (born in Czechoslovakia) who won several singles championships; in 1992 he became a United States citizen (born in 1960) L'Enfant United States architect (born in France) who laid out the city plan for Washington (1754-1825) Lenin Russian founder of the Bolsheviks and leader of the Russian Revolution and first head of the USSR (1870-1924) Lennon English rock star and guitarist and songwriter who with Paul McCartney wrote most of the music for the Beatles (1940-1980) Le Notre French landscape gardener who designed many formal gardens including the parks of Versailles (1613-1700) Leo I Italian pope from 440 to 461 who extended the authority of the papacy to the west and persuaded Attila not to attack Rome (440-461) Leo III Italian pope from 795 to 816 who in 800 crowned Charlemagne emperor of the Romans (750-816) Leo IX German pope from 1049 to 1054 whose papacy was the beginning of papal reforms in the 11th century (1002-1054) Leo X son of Lorenzo de'Medici and pope from 1513 to 1521 who excommunicated Martin Luther and who in 1521 bestowed on Henry VIII the title of Defender of the Faith (1475-1521) Leo XIII Italian pope from 1878 to 1903 who was interested in the advancement of learning and who opened the Vatican secret archives to all scholars Leonard United States writer of thrillers (born in 1925) Leonardo Italian painter and sculptor and engineer and scientist and architect; the most versatile genius of the Italian Renaissance (1452-1519) Leonidas king of Sparta and hero of the battle of Thermopylae where he was killed by the Persians (died in 480 BC) Leontief United States economist (born in Russia) who devised an input-output method of economic analysis (1906-1999) Lermontov Russian writer (1814-1841) Lerner United States lyricist who collaborated on musicals with Frederick Loewe (1918-1986) Lesseps French diplomat who supervised the construction of the Suez Canal (1805-1894) Lessing English author of novels and short stories who grew up in Rhodesia (now Zimbabwe) (born in 1919) German playwright and leader of the Enlightenment (1729-1781) Leuwenhoek Dutch pioneer microscopist who was among the first to recognize cells in animals and who gave the first accurate descriptions of microbes and spermatozoa and blood corpuscles (1632-1723) Levi-Strauss French cultural anthropologist who promoted structural analysis of social systems (born in 1908) Lewis English critic and novelist; author of theological works and of books for children (1898-1963) United States novelist who satirized middle-class America in his novel Main Street (1885-1951) United States labor leader who was president of the United Mine Workers of America from 1920 to 1960 and president of the Congress of Industrial Organizations from 1935 to 1940 (1880-1969) United States explorer and soldier who lead led an expedition from St. Louis to the mouth of the Columbia River (1774-1809) United States athlete who won gold medals at the Olympics for his skill in sprinting and jumping (born in 1961) United States rock star singer and pianist (born in 1935) Libby United States chemist who developed a method of radiocarbon dating (1908-1980) Lichtenstein United States painter who was a leading exponent of pop art (1923-1997) Lie Norwegian diplomat who was the first Secretary General of the United Nations (1896-1968) Liliuokalani queen of the Hawaiian islands (1838-1917) Lillie British actress (born in Canada) (1898-1989) Lin United States sculptor and architect whose public works include the memorial to veterans of the Vietnam War in Washington (born in 1959) Lind Swedish soprano who toured the United States under the management of P. T. Barnum (1820-1887) Lindbergh United States aviator who in 1927 made the first solo nonstop flight across the Atlantic Ocean (1902-1974) Lindsay United States poet who traveled the country trading his poems for room and board (1879-1931) United States playwright who collaborated with Russel Crouse on several musicals (1889-1931) Linnaeus Swedish botanist who proposed the modern system of biological nomenclature (1707-1778) Lipchitz United States sculptor (born in Lithuania) who pioneered cubist sculpture (1891-1973) Lipmann United States biochemist (born in Germany) noted for his studies of metabolic processes (1899-1986) Li Po Chinese lyric poet (700-762) Lippi Italian painter whose works show a three-dimensional style (1406-1469) Italian painter and son of Fra Filippo Lippi (1457-1504) Lippmann French physicist who developed the first color photographic process (1845-1921) United States journalist (1889-1974) Lipscomb United States chemist noted for his theories of molecular structure (born in 1919) Lister English surgeon who was the first to use antiseptics (1827-1912) Liston United States prizefighter who lost his world heavyweight championship to Cassius Clay in 1964 (1932-1970) Liszt Hungarian composer and piano virtuoso (1811-1886) Littre French lexicographer (1801-1881) Livermore United States suffragist (1820-1905) Livingston American Revolutionary leader who served in the Continental Congress and as minister to France (1746-1813) Livingstone Scottish missionary and explorer who discovered the Zambezi River and Victoria Falls (1813-1873) Livy Roman historian whose history of Rome filled 142 volumes (of which only 35 survive) including the earliest history of the war with Hannibal (59 BC to AD 17) Lloyd United States comic actor in silent films; he used physical danger as a source of comedy (1893-1971) Lloyd Webber English composer of many successful musicals (some in collaboration with Sir Tim Rice) (born in 1948) Lobachevsky Russian mathematician who independently discovered non-Euclidean geometry (1792-1856) Locke English empiricist philosopher who believed that all knowledge is derived from sensory experience (1632-1704) Lodge English physicist who studied electromagnetic radiation and was a pioneer of radiotelegraphy (1851-1940) Loeb United States physiologist (born in Germany) who did research on parthenogenesis (1859-1924) Loewe United States composer (born in Austria) who collaborated with Lerner on several musicals (1901-1987) Loewi United States pharmacologist (born in Germany) who was the first to show that acetylcholine is produced at the junction between a parasympathetic nerve and a muscle (1873-1961) Longfellow United States poet remembered for his long narrative poems (1807-1882) Loos Austrian architect (1870-1933) Loren Italian film actress (born in 1934) Lorentz Dutch physicist noted for work on electromagnetic theory (1853-1928) Lorenz Austrian zoologist who studied the behavior of birds and emphasized the importance of innate as opposed to learned behaviors (1903-1989) Lorenzo de'Medici Italian statesman and scholar who supported many artists and humanists including Michelangelo and Leonardo and Botticelli (1449-1492) Lorre United States actor (born in Hungary) noted for playing sinister roles (1904-1964) Louis I third son of Charlemagne and king of France and Germany and Holy Roman Emperor (778-840) Louis II king of France and Germany (846-879) Louis III son of Louis II and king of the France and Germany (863-882) Louis IV king of France (921-954) Louis V the last Carolingian king of France (967-987) Louis VI king of France whose military victories consolidated his reign (1081-1137) Louis VII king of France who led the unsuccessful Second Crusade and fought frequent wars with Henry II of England (1120-1180) Louis VIII king of France who increased the power of the Crown over the feudal lords (1187-1226) Louis IX king of France and son of Louis VIII; he led two unsuccessful Crusades; considered an ideal medieval king (1214-1270) Louis X king of France (1289-1316) Louis XI king of France who put down an alliance of unruly nobles and unified France except for Brittany (1423-1483) Louis XII king of France who was popular with his subjects (1462-1515) Louis XIII king of France from 1610 to 1643 who relied heavily on the advice of Cardinal Richelieu (1601-1643) Louis XIV king of France from 1643 to 1715; his long reign was marked by the expansion of French influence in Europe and by the magnificence of his court and the Palace of Versailles (1638-1715) Louis XV grandson of Louis XIV and king of France from 1715 to 1774 who led France into the War of the Austrian Succession and the Seven Years' War (1710-1774) Louis XVI king of France from 1774 to 1792; his failure to grant reforms led to the French Revolution; he and his queen (Marie Antoinette) were guillotined (1754-1793) Louis United States prizefighter who was world heavyweight champion for 12 years (1914-1981) Lovelace English poet (1618-1857) Lovell English astronomer who pioneered radio astronomy (born in 1913) Low British political cartoonist (born in New Zealand) who created the character Colonel Blimp (1891-1963) Lowell United States educator and president of Harvard University (1856-1943) United States poet (1874-1925) United States astronomer whose studies of Mars led him to conclude that Mars was inhabited (1855-1916) United States poet (1917-1977) Lowry English novelist (1909-1957) English painter (1887-1976) Lozier United States physician who in 1863 founded a medical school for women (1813-1888) Lubitsch German filmmaker of sophisticated comedies (1892-1947) Lucas United States screenwriter and filmmaker (born in 1944) Lucullus Roman general famous for self-indulgence and giving lavish banquets (circa 110-57 BC) Luce United States playwright and public official (1902-1987) United States publisher of magazines (1898-1967) Lucretius Roman philosopher and poet; in a long didactic poem he tried to provide a scientific explanation of the universe (96-55 BC) Luculus Roman general famous for giving lavish banquets (110-57 BC) Lugosi United States film actor (born in Hungary) noted for portraying monsters (1884-1956) Lully French composer (born in Italy) who was the court composer to Louis XIV and founded the national French opera (1632-1687) Spanish philosopher (1235-1315) Lunt United States actor who performed with his wife Lynn Fontanne in many stage productions (1893-1977) Luther German theologian who led the Reformation; believed that salvation is granted on the basis of faith rather than deeds (1483-1546) Lutyens English architect who planned the city of New Delhi (1869-1944) Lyly English writer noted for his elaborate style (1554-1606) Lysander Spartan general who defeated the Athenians in the final battle of the Peloponnesian War (died in 395 BC) Lysenko Soviet geneticist whose adherence to Lamarck's theory of evolution was favored by Stalin (1898-1976) Lysimachus Macedonian general under Alexander the Great; with Seleucus he defeated Antigonus and Demetrius at the battle of Ipsus (circa 355-281 BC) Lysippus Greek sculptor (4th century BC) Lytton English writer of historical romances (1803-1873) MacArthur United States general who served as chief of staff and commanded Allied forces in the South Pacific during World War II; he accepted the surrender of Japan (1880-1964) Macaulay English historian noted for his history of England (1800-1859) Macbeth king of Scotland (died in 1057) MacDowell United States composer best remembered as a composer of works for the piano (1860-1908) MacGregor Scottish clan leader and outlaw who was the subject of a 1817 novel by Sir Walter Scott (1671-1734) Mach Austrian physicist and philosopher who introduced the Mach number and who founded logical positivism (1838-1916) Machiavelli a statesman of Florence who advocated a strong central government (1469-1527) MacLeish United States poet (1892-1982) Macleod Scottish physiologist who directed the research by F. G. Banting and C. H. Best that led to the discovery of insulin (1876-1935) Madonna United States pop singer and sex symbol during the 1980s (born in 1958) Maeterlinck Belgian playwright (1862-1949) Magellan Portuguese navigator in the service of Spain; he commanded an expedition that was the first to circumnavigate the world (1480-1521) Maginot French politician who proposed the Maginot Line (1877-1932) Magritte Belgian surrealist painter (1898-1967) Mahan United States naval officer and historian (1840-1914) Mahler Austrian composer and conductor (1860-1911) Mailer United States writer (born in 1923) Maillol French sculptor of monumental female nudes (1861-1944) Maimonides Spanish philosopher considered the greatest Jewish scholar of the Middle Ages who codified Jewish law in the Talmud (1135-1204) Maintenon French consort of Louis XIV who secretly married the king after the death of his first wife (1635-1719) Maitland English historian noted for his works on the history of English law (1850-1906) Major British statesman who was prime minister from 1990 until 1997 (born in 1943) Makarios III Greek Orthodox bishop and archbishop of Cyprus and the first president of independent Cyprus (1913-1977) Malamud United States writer (1914-1986) Malcolm X militant civil rights leader (1925-1965) Malebranche French philosopher (1638-1715) Malevich Russian abstract painter (1878-1935) Malinowski British anthropologist (born in Poland) who introduced the technique of the participant observer (1884-1942) Mallarme French symbolist poet noted for his free verse (1842-1898) Mallon United States cook who was an immune carrier of typhoid fever and who infected dozens of people (1870-1938) Malone English scholar remembered for his chronology of Shakespeare's plays and his editions of Shakespeare and Dryden (1741-1812) Malory English writer who published a translation of romances about King Arthur taken from French and other sources (died in 1471) Malpighi Italian anatomist who was the first to use a microscope to study anatomy and was among the first to recognize cells in animals (1628-1694) Malraux French novelist (1901-1976) Malthus an English economist who argued that increases in population would outgrow increases in the means of subsistence (1766-1834) Mamet United States playwright (born in 1947) Mandela South African statesman who was released from prison to become the nation's first democratically elected president in 1994 (born in 1918) Mandelbrot French mathematician (born in Poland) noted for inventing fractals (born in 1924) Mandelstam Russian poet who died in a prison camp (1891-1938) Manes a Persian prophet who founded Manichaeism (216-276) Manet French painter whose work influenced the impressionists (1832-1883) Mann German writer concerned about the role of the artist in bourgeois society (1875-1955) United States educator who introduced reforms that significantly altered the system of public education (1796-1859) Mansart French architect who introduced the mansard roof (1598-1666) Manson Scottish physician who discovered that elephantiasis is spread by mosquitos and suggested that mosquitos also spread malaria (1844-1922) Mantegna Italian painter and engraver noted for his frescoes (1431-1506) Mantell English geologist remembered as the first person to recognize that dinosaurs were reptiles (1790-1852) Mantle United States baseball player (1931-1997) Manzoni Italian novelist and poet (1785-1873) Mao Chinese communist leader (1893-1976) Marat French revolutionary leader (born in Switzerland) who was a leader in overthrowing the Girondists and was stabbed to death in his bath by Charlotte Corday (1743-1793) Marceau French mime famous for his sad-faced clown (born in 1923) Marciano United States prizefighter who won the world heavyweight championship in 1952 (1924-1969) Marconi Italian electrical engineer who invented wireless telegraphy and in 1901 transmitted radio signals across the Atlantic Ocean (1874-1937) Marcuse United States political philosopher (born in Germany) concerned about the dehumanizing effects of capitalism and modern technology (1898-1979) Marie Antoinette queen of France (as wife of Louis XVI) who was unpopular; her extravagance and opposition to reform contributed to the overthrow of the monarchy; she was guillotined along with her husband (1755-1793) Marini Italian poet (1569-1625) Markova English ballet dancer (born in 1910) Markov Russian mathematician (1856-1922) Marks English businessman who created a retail chain (1888-1964) Marley Jamaican singer who popularized reggae (1945-1981) Marquand United States writer who created the Japanese detective Mr. Moto and wrote other novels as well (1893-1960) Marquis humorist who wrote about the imaginary life of cockroaches (1878-1937) Marsh New Zealand writer of detective stories (1899-1982) United States painter (1898-1954) Marshall United States jurist; as chief justice of the Supreme Court he established the principles of United States constitutional law (1755-1835) United States general and statesman who as Secretary of State organized the European Recovery Program (1880-1959) United States actor (1914-1998) Marstan English playwright (1575-1634) Marti Cuban poet and revolutionary who fought for Cuban independence from Spain (1853-1895) Martial Roman poet noted for epigrams (first century BC) Martin United States singer (1917-1995) United States actress (1913-1990) United States actor and comedian (born in 1945) French bishop who is a patron saint of France (died in 397) Martin V Italian pope from 1417 to 1431 whose election as pope ended the Great Schism (1368-1431) Marvell English poet (1621-1678) Marx founder of modern communism; wrote the Communist Manifesto with Engels in 1848; wrote Das Kapital in 1867 (1818-1883) United States comedian; one of four brothers who made motion pictures together (1890-1977) United States comedian; one of four brothers who made motion pictures together (1891-1961) United States comedian; one of four brothers who made motion pictures together (1893-1964) United States comedian; one of four brothers who made motion pictures together (1901-1979) Mary the mother of Jesus; Christians refer to her as the Virgin Mary; she is especially honored by Roman Catholics Mary I daughter of Henry VIII and Catherine of Aragon who was Queen of England from 1553 to 1558; she was the wife of Philip II of Spain and when she restored Roman Catholicism to England many Protestants were burned at the stake as heretics (1516-1558) Mary II Queen of England and Scotland and Ireland; she was the eldest daughter of James II and ruled jointly with her husband William III (1662-1694) Mary Queen of Scots queen of Scotland from 1542 to 1567; as a Catholic she was forced to abdicate in favor of her son and fled to England where she was imprisoned by Elizabeth I; when Catholic supporters plotted to put her on the English throne she was tried and executed for sedition (1542-1587) Mary Magdalene sinful woman Jesus healed of evil spirits; she became a follower of Jesus Masefield English poet (1878-1967) Mason English writer (1865-1948) English film actor (1909-1984) American Revolutionary leader from Virginia whose objections led to the drafting of the Bill of Rights (1725-1792) Masoud Afghan leader of forces opposed to the Taliban; won fame by successfully resisting the Soviets in the 1980s; was assassinated by men posing as journalists (1953-2001) Massasoit Wampanoag leader who aided the Pilgrims (1580-1661) Massenet French composer best remembered for his pop operas (1842-1912) Massine French choreographer and ballet dancer (born in Russia) (1895-1979) Masters United States poet (1869-1950) Mata Hari Dutch dancer who was executed by the French as a German spy in World War I (1876-1917) Mathias United States athlete who won Olympic gold medals in the decathlon (born in 1930) Matisse French painter and sculptor; leading figure of fauvism (1869-1954) Maugham English writer (born in France) of novels and short stories (1874-1965) Mauldin United States cartoonist noted for his drawings of soldiers in battle (1921-2003) Maupassant French writer noted especially for his short stories (1850-1893) Mauriac French novelist who wrote about the conflict between desire and religious belief (1885-1970) Maurois French writer best known for his biographies (1885-1967) Maxim English inventor (born in the United States) who invented the Maxim gun that was used in World War I (1840-1916) Maximian Roman Emperor from 286 until he abdicated in 305; when Diocletian divided the Roman Empire in 286 Maximian became emperor in the west (died in 311) Maxwell Scottish physicist whose equations unified electricity and magnetism and who recognized the electromagnetic nature of light (1831-1879) Mayakovski Soviet poet; leader of Russian futurism (1893-1930) Mayer United States filmmaker (born in Russia) who founded his own film company and later merged with Samuel Goldwyn (1885-1957) United States physicist (born in Germany) noted for her research on the structure of the atom (1906-1972) Mays United States baseball player (born in 1931) Mazzini Italian nationalist whose writings spurred the movement for a unified and independent Italy (1805-1872) McCarthy United States politician who unscrupulously accused many citizens of being Communists (1908-1957) United States satirical novelist and literary critic (1912-1989) McCartney English rock star and bass guitarist and songwriter who with John Lennon wrote most of the music for the Beatles (born in 1942) McCauley heroine of the American Revolution who carried water to soldiers during the Battle of Monmouth Court House and took over her husband's gun when he was overcome by heat (1754-1832) McCormick United States operatic tenor (born in Ireland) (1884-1945) United States inventor and manufacturer of a mechanical harvester (1809-1884) McCullers United States novelist (1917-1967) McGraw United States baseball player and manager (1873-1934) McGuffey United States educator who compiled the McGuffey Eclectic Readers (1800-1873) McKim United States neoclassical architect (1847-1909) McLuhan Canadian writer noted for his analyses of the mass media (1911-1980) McMaster United States historian who wrote a nine volume history of the people of the United States (1852-1932) McPherson United States evangelist (born in Canada) noted for her extravagant religious services (1890-1944) Mead United States philosopher of pragmatism (1863-1931) United States anthropologist noted for her claims about adolescence and sexual behavior in Polynesian cultures (1901-1978) Meade United States general in charge of the Union troops at the Battle of Gettysburg (1815-1872) English economist noted for his studies of international trade and finance (1907-1995) Meany United States labor leader who was the first president of the AFL-CIO (1894-1980) Medawar British immunologist (born in Brazil) who studied tissue transplants and discovered that the rejection of grafts was an immune response (1915-1987) Meiji Tenno emperor of Japan who encouraged the modernization of Japan (1852-1912) Meir Israeli statesman (born in Russia) (1898-1978) Meissner German physicist (1882-1974) German anatomist (1829-1905) Meitner Swedish physicist (born in Austria) who worked in the field of radiochemistry with Otto Hahn and formulated the concept of nuclear fission with Otto Frisch (1878-1968) Melanchthon German theologian and Luther's successor as leader of the Reformation in Germany (1497-1560) Melba Australian operatic soprano (1861-1931) Melchior (New Testament) one of the three sages from the east who came bearing gifts for the infant Jesus; usually represented as a king of Nubia United States operatic tenor (born in Denmark) noted for his Wagnerian roles (1890-1973) Mellon United States financier and philanthropist (1855-1937) Melville United States writer of novels and short stories (1819-1891) Menander comic dramatist of ancient Greece (342-292 BC) Mencken United States journalist and literary critic (1880-1956) Mendel Augustinian monk and botanist whose experiments in breeding garden peas led to his eventual recognition as founder of the science of genetics (1822-1884) Mendeleyev Russian chemist who developed a periodic table of the chemical elements and predicted the discovery of several new elements (1834-1907) Mendelsohn German architect who migrated to Palestine in 1937 (1887-1953) Mendelssohn German musician and romantic composer of orchestral and choral works (1809-1847) Meniere French otologist who first described a form of vertigo now known as Meniere's disease and identified the semicircular canals as the site of the lesion (1799-1862) Menninger United States psychiatrist who with his sons founded a famous psychiatric clinic in Topeka (1862-1953) United States psychiatrist and son of Charles Menninger (1893-1990) United States psychiatrist and son of Charles Menninger (1899-1966) Menotti United States composer (born in Italy) of operas (born in 1911) Menuhin British violinist (born in the United States) who began his career as a child prodigy in the 1920s (1916-1999) Mercator Flemish geographer who lived in Germany; he invented the Mercator projection of maps of the globe (1512-1594) Mercer British maker of printed calico cloth who invented mercerizing (1791-1866) Merckx Belgian racing cyclist who won the Tour de France five times (born in 1945) Mercouri Greek film actress (1925-1994) Meredith English novelist and poet (1828-1909) United States civil rights leader whose college registration caused riots in traditionally segregated Mississippi (born in 1933) Mergenthaler United States inventor (born in Germany) of the Linotype machine (1854-1899) Merlin (Arthurian legend) the magician who acted as King Arthur's advisor Merman United States singer who appeared in several musical comedies (1909-1984) Merton United States sociologist (1910-2003) United States religious and writer (1915-1968) Mesmer Austrian physician who tried to treat diseases with a form of hypnotism (1734-1815) Metchnikoff Russian bacteriologist in France who formulated the theory of phagocytosis (1845-1916) Methuselah (Old Testament) a patriarch (grandfather of Noah) who is said to have lived 969 years Metternich Austrian statesman (1773-1859) Meyerbeer German composer of operas in a style that influenced Richard Wagner (1791-1864) Meyerhof United States biochemist (born in Germany) who studied the metabolism of muscles (1884-1951) Michelangelo Florentine sculptor and painter and architect; one of the outstanding figures of the Renaissance (1475-1564) Michelson United States physicist (born in Germany) who collaborated with Morley in the Michelson-Morley experiment (1852-1931) Michener United States writer of historical novels (1907-1997) Middleton English playwright and pamphleteer (1570-1627) Mies Van Der Rohe United States architect (born in Germany) who built unornamented steel frame and glass skyscrapers (1886-1969) Milhaud French composer of works that combine jazz and polytonality and Brazilian music (1892-1974) Mill English philosopher and economist remembered for his interpretations of empiricism and utilitarianism (1806-1873) Scottish philosopher who expounded Bentham's utilitarianism; father of John Stuart Mill (1773-1836) Millais Englishman and Pre-Raphaelite painter (1829-1896) Millay United States poet (1892-1950) Miller United States playwright (1915-2005) United States novelist whose novels were originally banned as pornographic (1891-1980) United States bandleader of a popular big band (1909-1944) Millet French painter of rural scenes (1814-1875) Millikan United States physicist who isolated the electron and measured its charge (1868-1953) Mills United States architect who was the presidentially appointed architect of Washington D.C. (1781-1855) Milne English writer of stories for children (1882-1956) Miltiades Athenian general who defeated the Persians at Marathon (540-489) Milton English poet; remembered primarily as the author of an epic poem describing humanity's fall from grace (1608-1674) Minkowski German mathematician (born in Russia) who suggested the concept of four-dimensional space-time (1864-1909) Minuit Dutch colonist who bought Manhattan from the Native Americans for the equivalent of $24 (1580-1638) Mirabeau French revolutionary who was prominent in the early days of the French Revolution (1749-1791) Miro Spanish surrealist painter (1893-1983) Mitchell United States dancer who formed the first Black classical ballet company (born in 1934) United States labor leader; president of the United Mine Workers of America from 1898 to 1908 (1870-1919) United States writer noted for her novel about the South during the American Civil War (1900-1949) United States astronomer who studied sunspots and nebulae (1818-1889) United States aviator and general who was an early advocate of military air power (1879-1936) English aeronautical engineer (1895-1937) Mitchum United States film actor (1917-1997) Mitford English writer of comic novels (1904-1973) United States writer (born in England) who wrote on American culture (1917-1996) Mithridates ancient king of Pontus who expanded his kingdom by defeating the Romans but was later driven out by Pompey (132-63 BC) Mitterrand French statesman and president of France from 1981 to 1985 (1916-1996) Mobius German mathematician responsible for the Mobius strip (1790-1868) Modigliani Italian painter and sculptor (1884-1920) Mohammed the Arab prophet who, according to Islam, was the last messenger of Allah (570-632) Mohammed Ali Albanian soldier in the service of Turkey who was made viceroy of Egypt and took control away from the Ottoman Empire and established Egypt as a modern state (1769-1849) Mohorovicic Yugoslav geophysicist for whom the Mohorovicic discontinuity was named (1857-1936) Moliere French author of sophisticated comedies (1622-1673) Molnar Hungarian playwright (1878-1952) Molotov Soviet statesman (1890-1986) Mommsen German historian noted for his history of Rome (1817-1903) Mondrian Dutch painter whose work (intersecting lines at right angles and planes in primary colors) influenced the development of abstract art (1872-1944) Monet French impressionist painter (1840-1926) Monk United States jazz pianist who was one of the founders of the bebop style (1917-1982) Monnet French economist who advocated a Common Market in Europe (1888-1979) Monod French biochemist who (with Francois Jacob) explained how genes are activated and suggested the existence of messenger RNA (1910-1976) Montagu United States anthropologist (born in England) who popularized anthropology (1905-) Montaigne French writer regarded as the originator of the modern essay (1533-1592) Montespan French noblewoman who was mistress to Louis XIV until he became attracted to Madame de Maintenon (1641-1707) Montesquieu French political philosopher who advocated the separation of executive and legislative and judicial powers (1689-1755) Montessori Italian educator who developed a method of teaching mentally handicapped children and advocated a child-centered approach (1870-1952) Monteverdi Italian composer (1567-1643) Montez Irish dancer (1818-1861) Montezuma II the last Aztec emperor in Mexico who was overthrown and killed by Hernando Cortes (1466-1520) Montfort an English nobleman who led the baronial rebellion against Henry III (1208-1265) Montgolfier French inventor who (with his brother Jacques Etienne Montgolfier) pioneered hot-air ballooning (1740-1810) French inventor who (with his brother Josef Michel Montgolfier) pioneered hot-air ballooning (1745-1799) Moody United States evangelist (1837-1899) United States tennis player who dominated women's tennis in the 1920s and 1930s (1905-1998) Moore British sculptor whose works are monumental organic forms (1898-1986) United States poet noted for irony and wit (1887-1872) Irish poet who wrote nostalgic and patriotic verse (1779-1852) English philosopher (1873-1958) English actor and comedian who appeared on television and in films (born in 1935) United States composer of works noted for their use of the American vernacular (1893-1969) More English statesman who opposed Henry VIII's divorce from Catherine of Aragon and was imprisoned and beheaded; recalled for his concept of Utopia, the ideal state Morley United States chemist and physicist who collaborated with Michelson in the Michelson-Morley experiment (1838-1923) Mormon the ancient prophet whose writings were revealed to Joseph Smith who founded the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints of or pertaining to or characteristic of the Mormon Church; "Mormon leaders"; "the former Mormon practice of polygamy" Morris United States statesman who led the committee that produced the final draft of the United States Constitution (1752-1816) leader of the American Revolution who signed the Declaration of Independence and raised money for the Continental Army (1734-1806) English poet and craftsman (1834-1896) United States suffragist in Wyoming (1814-1902) Morrison United States writer whose novels describe the lives of African-Americans (born in 1931) United States rock singer (1943-1971) Mortimer English nobleman who deposed Edward II and was executed by Edward III (1287-1330) Morton United States jazz musician who moved from ragtime to New Orleans jazz (1885-1941) Mosander Swedish chemist who discovered rare earth elements (1797-1858) Moses (Old Testament) the Hebrew prophet who led the Israelites from Egypt across the Red sea on a journey known as the Exodus; Moses received the Ten Commandments from God on Mount Sinai United States painter of colorful and primitive rural scenes (1860-1961) Mossbauer German physicist (born in 1929) Motherwell United States abstract expressionist painter (1915-1991) Mott United States feminist and suffragist (1793-1880) Moynihan United States politician and educator (1927-2003) Mubarak Egyptian statesman who became president in 1981 after Sadat was assassinated (born in 1929) Muhammad leader of Black Muslims who campaigned for independence for Black Americans (1897-1975) Muir United States naturalist (born in England) who advocated the creation of national parks (1838-1914) Mullah Omar reclusive Afghanistani politician and leader of the Taliban who imposed a strict interpretation of shariah law on Afghanistan (born in 1960) Muller United States geneticist who studied the effects of X-rays on genes (1890-1967) British philologist (born in Germany) who specialized in Sanskrit (1823-1900) German mathematician and astronomer (1436-1476) German physiologist and anatomist (1801-1858) Swiss physicist who studied superconductivity (born in 1927) Swiss chemist who synthesized DDT and discovered its use as an insecticide (1899-1965) Munch Norwegian painter (1863-1944) Munchhausen German raconteur who told preposterous stories about his adventures as a soldier and hunter; his name is now associated with any telling of exaggerated stories or winning lies (1720-1797) Munro British writer of short stories (1870-1916) Murdoch British writer (born in Ireland) known primarily for her novels (1919-1999) United States publisher (born in Australia in 1931) Murillo Spanish painter (1617-1682) Murrow United States broadcast journalist remembered for his reports from London during World War II (1908-1965) Musial United States baseball player (born in 1920) Musset French poet and writer (1810-1857) Mussolini Italian fascist dictator (1883-1945) Mussorgsky Russian composer of operas and orchestral works (1839-1881) Muybridge United States motion-picture pioneer remembered for his pictures of running horses taken with a series of still cameras (born in England) (1830-1904) Myrdal Swedish economist (1898-1987) Nabokov United States writer (born in Russia) (1899-1977) Naismith United States educator (born in Canada) who invented the game of basketball (1861-1939) Nanak Indian religious leader who founded Sikhism in dissent from the caste system of Hinduism; he taught that all men had a right to search for knowledge of God and that spiritual liberation could be attained by meditating on the name of God (1469-1538) Nansen Norwegian explorer of the Arctic and director of the League of Nations relief program for refugees of World War I (1861-1930) Naomi the mother-in-law of Ruth whose story is told in the Book of Ruth in the Old Testament Napier Scottish mathematician who invented logarithms; introduced the use of the decimal point in writing numbers (1550-1617) Napoleon III nephew of Napoleon I and emperor of the French from 1852 to 1871 (1808-1873) Nash United States writer noted for his droll epigrams (1902-1971) Nasser Egyptian statesman who nationalized the Suez Canal (1918-1970) Nast United States political cartoonist (1840-1902) Nation United States prohibitionist who raided saloons and destroyed bottles of liquor with a hatchet (1846-1911) Natta Italian chemist noted for work on polymers (1903-1979) Sanchez Venezuelan master terrorist raised by a Marxist-Leninist father; trained and worked with many terrorist groups (born in 1949) Navratilova United States tennis player (born in Czechoslovakia) who won nine Wimbledon women's singles championships (born in 1956) Nazimova United States actress (born in Russia) (1879-1945) Nebuchadnezzar (Old Testament) king of Chaldea who captured and destroyed Jerusalem and exiled the Israelites to Babylonia (630?-562 BC) Nicholas V Italian pope from 1447 to 1455 who founded the Vatican library (1397-1455) Nimrod (Old Testament) a famous hunter Neel French physicist noted for research on magnetism (born in 1904) Nefertiti queen of Egypt and wife of Akhenaton (14th century BC) Nehru Indian statesman and leader with Gandhi in the struggle for home rule; was the first prime minister of the Republic of India from 1947 to 1964 (1889-1964) Nelson English admiral who defeated the French fleets of Napoleon but was mortally wounded at Trafalgar (1758-1805) Nernst German physicist and chemist who formulated the third law of thermodynamics (1864-1941) Nero Roman Emperor notorious for his monstrous vice and fantastic luxury (was said to have started a fire that destroyed much of Rome in 64) but the Roman Empire remained prosperous during his rule (37-68) Neruda Chilean poet (1904-1973) Nervi Italian architect who pioneered in the use of reinforced concrete (1891-1979) Nerva Emperor of Rome who introduced a degree of freedom after the repressive reign of Domitian; adopted Trajan as his successor (30-98) Nestorius Syrian who was a Christian bishop and Patriarch of Constantinople in the early fifth century; one of the major heresies concerning the doctrine of the hypostasis of Christ was named after him (died in 451) Nevelson United States sculptor (born in Russia) known for massive shapes of painted wood (1899-1988) Newcomb United States astronomer (1835-1909) Newman English prelate and theologian who (with John Keble and Edward Pusey) founded the Oxford movement; Newman later turned to Roman Catholicism and became a cardinal (1801-1890) United States film actor (born in 1925) Newton English mathematician and physicist; remembered for developing the calculus and for his law of gravitation and his three laws of motion (1642-1727) Ney French marshal in the Napoleonic Wars (1769-1815) Nicholas a bishop in Asia Minor who is associated with Santa Claus (4th century) Nicholas I czar of Russia from 1825 to 1855 who led Russia into the Crimean War (1796-1855) Nicholas II the last czar of Russia who was forced to abdicate in 1917 by the Russian Revolution; he and his family were executed by the Bolsheviks (1868-1918) Nicklaus United States golfer considered by many to be the greatest golfer of all time (born in 1940) Nicolson English diplomat and author (1886-1968) Niebuhr German historian noted for his critical approach to sources and for his history of Rome (1776-1831) United States Protestant theologian (1892-1971) Nielsen Danish composer (1865-1931) Nietzsche influential German philosopher remembered for his concept of the superman and for his rejection of Christian values; considered, along with Kierkegaard, to be a founder of existentialism (1844-1900) Nightingale English nurse remembered for her work during the Crimean War (1820-1910) Nijinsky Russian dancer considered by many to be the greatest dancer of the 20th century (1890-1950) Nilsson Swedish operatic soprano who played Wagnerian roles (born in 1918) Nimitz United States admiral of the Pacific fleet during World War II who used aircraft carriers to destroy the Japanese navy (1885-1966) Nixon vice president under Eisenhower and 37th President of the United States; resigned after the Watergate scandal in 1974 (1913-1994) Noah the Hebrew patriarch who saved himself and his family and the animals by building an ark in which they survived 40 days and 40 nights of rain; the story of Noah and the flood is told in the Book of Genesis Nobel Swedish chemist remembered for his invention of dynamite and for the bequest that created the Nobel prizes (1833-1896) Noether German mathematician (1882-1935) Noguchi United States bacteriologist (born in Japan) who discovered the cause of yellow fever and syphilis (1876-1928) United States sculptor (1904-1988) Norris United States writer (1870-1902) Norrish English chemist (1897-1978) Northrop United States biochemist (1891-1987) Nostradamus French astrologer who wrote cryptic predictions whose interpretations are still being debated (1503-1566) Noyes English poet (1880-1958) Nuffield British industrialist who manufactured automobiles and created a philanthropic foundation (1877-1963) Nureyev Russian dancer who was often the partner of Dame Margot Fonteyn and who defected to the United States in 1961 (born in 1938) Oakley United States sharpshooter who was featured in Buffalo Bill's Wild West Show (1860-1926) Oates United States writer (born in 1938) English conspirator who claimed that there was a Jesuit plot to assassinate Charles II (1649-1705) O'Brien Irish writer (born in 1932) O'Casey Irish playwright (1880-1964) Occam English scholastic philosopher and assumed author of Occam's Razor (1285-1349) Ochoa United States biochemist (born in Spain) who studied the biological synthesis of nucleic acids (1905-1993) Ochs United States newspaper publisher (1858-1935) O'Connor United States writer (1925-1964) Odets United States playwright (1906-1963) Odoacer Germanic barbarian leader who ended the Western Roman Empire in 476 and became the first barbarian ruler of Italy (434-493) Oersted Danish physicist (1777-1851) Offenbach French composer of many operettas and an opera (1819-1880) O'Flaherty Irish writer of short stories (1896-1984) O'Hara United States writer (1905-1970) Ohm German physicist who formulated Ohm's law (1787-1854) O'Keeffe United States painter (1887-1986) Oken German naturalist whose speculations that plants and animals are made up of tiny living `infusoria' led to the cell theory (1779-1851) Olaf II King and patron saint of Norway (995-1030) Oldenburg United States sculptor (born in Sweden); a leader of the pop art movement who was noted for giant sculptures of common objects (born in 1929) Oldfield United States race driver who was the first to drive faster than a mile a minute (1878-1946) Oliver United States jazz musician who influenced the style of Louis Armstrong (1885-1938) Olivier English actor best know for his Shakespearean roles (1907-1989) Olmsted United States landscape architect primarily responsible for the design of Central Park in New York City (1822-1903) Omar Khayyam Persian poet and mathematician and astronomer whose poetry was popularized by Edward Fitzgerald's translation (1050-1123) Ondaatje Canadian writer (born in Sri Lanka in 1943) O'Neill United States playwright (1888-1953) Ono United States musician (born in Japan) who married John Lennon and collaborated with him on recordings (born in 1933) Onsager United States chemist (born in Norway) noted for his work in thermodynamics (1903-1976) Oort Dutch astronomer who proved that the galaxy is rotating and proposed the existence of the Oort cloud (1900-1992) Opel German industrialist who was the first in Germany to use an assembly line in manufacturing automobiles (1871-1948) Oppenheimer United States physicist who directed the project at Los Alamos that developed the first atomic bomb (1904-1967) Orbison United States composer and rockabilly tenor popular in the 1950s (1936-1988) Orczy British writer (born in Hungary) (1865-1947) Orff German musician who developed a widely used system for teaching music to children (1895-1982) Origen Greek philosopher and theologian who reinterpreted Christian doctrine through the philosophy of Neoplatonism; his work was later condemned as unorthodox (185-254) Ormandy United States conductor (born in Hungary) (1899-1985) Orozco Mexican painter noted for his monumental murals (1883-1949) Orr Canadian hockey player (born 1948) Ortega Nicaraguan statesman (born in 1945) Ortega y Gasset Spanish philosopher who advocated leadership by an intellectual elite (1883-1955) Orwell imaginative British writer concerned with social justice (1903-1950) Osborne English playwright (1929-1994) Osman I the conqueror of Turkey who founded the Ottoman Empire and the Ottoman dynasty that ruled Turkey after the 13th century; conquered most of Asia Minor and assumed the title of emir in 1299 (1259-1326) Ostwald German chemist (1853-1932) Oswald United States assassin of President John F. Kennedy (1939-1963) O'Toole British actor (born in Ireland in 1932) Otto I King of the Germans and Holy Roman Emperor (912-973) Ovid Roman poet remembered for his elegiac verses on love (43 BC - AD 17) Owen English comparative anatomist and paleontologist who was an opponent of Darwinism (1804-1892) Welsh industrialist and social reformer who founded cooperative communities (1771-1858) Owens United States athlete and Black American whose success in the 1936 Olympic Games in Berlin outraged Hitler (1913-1980) Ozawa United States conductor (born in Japan in 1935) Paderewski Polish pianist who in 1919 served as the first Prime Minister of independent Poland (1860-1941) Paganini Italian violinist and composer of music for the violin (1782-1840) Page United States diplomat and writer about the Old South (1853-1922) English industrialist who pioneered in the design and manufacture of aircraft (1885-1962) Paget English pathologist who discovered the cause of trichinosis (1814-1899) Paige United States baseball player; a black pitcher noted for his longevity (1906-1982) Paine American Revolutionary leader and pamphleteer (born in England) who supported the American colonist's fight for independence and supported the French Revolution (1737-1809) American Revolutionary leader and signer of the Declaration of Independence (1731-1814) Palestrina Italian composer (1526-1594) Palgrave English poet (1824-1897) Palladio highly original and much imitated Italian architect (1508-1580) Palmer United States golfer (born in 1929) Panini Indian grammarian whose grammatical rules for Sanskrit are the first known example of descriptive linguistics (circa 400 BC) Panofsky art historian (1892-1968) Paracelsus Swiss physician who introduced treatments of particular illnesses based on his observation and experience; he saw illness as having an external cause (rather than an imbalance of humors) and replaced traditional remedies with chemical remedies (1493-1541) Pareto Italian sociologist and economist whose theories influenced the development of fascism in Italy (1848-1923) Park Scottish explorer in Africa (1771-1806) Parker United States writer noted for her sharp wit (1893-1967) United States saxophonist and leader of the bop style of jazz (1920-1955) Parkinson British historian noted for ridicule of bureaucracies (1909-1993) English surgeon (1755-1824) Parks United States civil rights leader who refused to give up her seat on a bus to a white man in Montgomery (Alabama) and so triggered the national Civil Rights movement (born in 1913) Parmenides a presocratic Greek philosopher born in Italy; held the metaphysical view that being is the basic substance and ultimate reality of which all things are composed; said that motion and change are sensory illusions (5th century BC) Parnell Irish nationalist leader (1846-1891) Parr Queen of England as the 6th wife of Henry VIII (1512-1548) Parrish United States painter (1870-1966) Parsons United States sociologist (1902-1979) Pasternak Russian writer whose best known novel was banned by Soviet authorities but translated and published abroad (1890-1960) Pasteur French chemist and biologist whose discovery that fermentation is caused by microorganisms resulted in the process of pasteurization (1822-1895) Paton South African writer (1903-1988) Patrick Apostle and patron saint of Ireland; an English missionary to Ireland in the 5th century Paul (New Testament) a Christian missionary to the Gentiles; author of several Epistles in the New Testament; even though Paul was not present at the Last Supper he is considered an Apostle; "Paul's name was Saul prior to his conversion to Christianity" United States feminist (1885-1977) Paul III Italian pope from 1534 to 1549 who excommunicated Henry VIII of England in 1538 and initiated the Council of Trent in 1545; was active in the Counter Reformation and promoted the Society of Jesus for this purpose (1468-1549) Paul VI Italian pope from 1963 to 1978 who eased restrictions on fasting and on interfaith marriages (1897-1978) Pauli United States physicist (born in Austria) who proposed the exclusion principle (thus providing a theoretical basis for the periodic table) (1900-1958) Pauling United States chemist who studied the nature of chemical bonding (1901-1994) Pavarotti Italian tenor (born in 1935) Pavlov Russian physiologist who observed conditioned salivary responses in dogs (1849-1936) Pavlova Russian ballerina (1882-1931) Paxton English architect (1801-1865) Peabody educator who founded the first kindergarten in the United States (1804-1894) Peary United States Arctic explorer and United States naval officer who has been regarded as the first man to reach the North Pole (1856-1920) Peel British politician (1788-1850) Pei United States architect (born in China in 1917) Peirce United States philosopher and logician; pioneer of pragmatism (1839-1914) United States mathematician and astronomer remembered for his studies of Uranus and Saturn and Neptune (1809-1880) Pelagius a British or Irish monk who denied the doctrines of original sin and predestination and defended human goodness and free will; his views were declared heretical by the Council of Ephesus in 431 (circa 360-418) Penn Englishman and Quaker who founded the colony of Pennsylvania (1644-1718) Pepin king of the Franks and father of Charlemagne who defended papal interests and founded the Carolingian dynasty in 751 (714-768) Pepys English diarist whose diary contained detailed descriptions of 17th century disasters in England (1633-1703) Percy English soldier killed in a rebellion against Henry IV (1364-1403) United States writer whose novels explored human alienation (1916-1990) Pericles Athenian statesman whose leadership contributed to Athens' political and cultural supremacy in Greece; he ordered the construction of the Parthenon (died in 429 BC) Peron Argentine soldier who became president of Argentina (1895-1974) Perry United States commodore who led the fleet that defeated the British on Lake Erie during the War of 1812; brother of Matthew Calbraith Perry (1785-1819) United States admiral who led a naval expedition to Japan and signed a treaty in 1854 opening up trade relations between United States and Japan; brother of Oliver Hazard Perry (1794-1858) United States philosopher (1876-1957) Pershing United States general who commanded the American forces in Europe during World War I (1860-1948) Perutz English biochemist (born in Austria); studied the molecular structure of blood (1914-2002) Peter disciple of Jesus and leader of the Apostles; regarded by Catholics as the vicar of Christ on earth and first Pope Peter I czar of Russia who introduced ideas from western Europe to reform the government; he extended his territories in the Baltic and founded St. Petersburg (1682-1725) Petrarch an Italian poet famous for love lyrics (1304-1374) Petronius Roman satirist (died in 66) Phidias ancient Greek sculptor (circa 500-432 BC) Philemon (New Testament) a Christian (probably living in Colossae) whose slave escaped and went to see Saint Paul (Greek mythology) a simple countryman who offered hospitality to Zeus and Hermes when they came to earth without revealing their identities in order to test people's piety Philip Englishman and husband of Elizabeth II (born 1921) Philip II king of Spain and Portugal and husband of Mary I; he supported the Counter Reformation and sent the Spanish Armada to invade England (1527-1598) king of ancient Macedonia and father of Alexander the Great (382-336 BC) son of Louis VII whose reign as king of France saw wars with the English that regained control of Normandy and Anjou and most of Poitou (1165-1223) Philip V king of ancient Macedonia whose confrontations with the Romans led to his defeat and his loss of control over Greece Philip VI king of France who founded the Valois dynasty; his dispute with Edward III over his succession led to the Hundred Years' War (1293-1350) Phintias friend of Damon; Phintias (according to legend) was condemned to death by Dionysius the Elder and asked a respite to put his affairs in order; Damon pledged his life for the return of his friend; when Phintias returned in time the tyrant released them both (4th century BC) Photius Patriarch of Constantinople and saint of the Greek Orthodox Church; was condemned by the Fourth Council of Constantinople in 869 but was reinstated by a later pope Piaf French cabaret singer (1915-1963) Piaget Swiss psychologist remembered for his studies of cognitive development in children (1896-1980) Pickett American Confederate general known for leading a disastrous charge at Gettysburg (1825-1875) Pickford United States film actress (born in Canada) who starred in silent films (1893-1979) Pierce 14th President of the United States (1804-1869) Picasso prolific and influential Spanish artist who lived in France (1881-1973) Pilate the Roman procurator of Judea who ordered that Jesus be crucified (died in AD 36) Pincus United States sexual physiologist whose hunch that progesterone could block ovulation led to the development of the oral contraceptive pill (1903-1967) Pindar Greek lyric poet remembered for his odes (518?-438? BC) Pinter English dramatist whose plays are characterized by silences and the use of inaction (born in 1930) Pirandello Italian novelist and playwright (1867-1936) Piston United States neoclassical composer (1894-1976) Pitman English educator who invented a system of phonetic shorthand (1813-1897) Pitot French physicist for whom the Pitot tube was named (1695-1771) Pitt English statesman who brought the Seven Years' War to an end (1708-1778) English statesman and son of Pitt the Elder (1759-1806) a British playwright who created the fictional character Sweeney Todd (1799-1855) Pius II Italian pope from 1458 to 1464 who is remembered for his unsuccessful attempt to lead a crusade against the Turks (1405-1464) Pius V Italian pope from 1566 to 1572 who led the reformation of the Roman Catholic Church; he excommunicated Elizabeth I (1504-1572) Pius VI Italian pope from 1775 to 1799 who served during the French Revolution; Napoleon attacked the Papal States and in 1797 Pius VI was taken to France where he died (1717-1799) Pius VII Italian pope from 1800 to 1823 who was humiliated by Napoleon and taken prisoner in 1809; he concluded a concordat with Napoleon and crowned him emperor of France; he returned to Rome in 1814 (1740-1823) Pius IX Italian pope from 1846 to 1878 who in 1854 declared the dogma of the Immaculate Conception of the Virgin Mary Pius X pope who condemned religious modernism; he was canonized in 1954 because of his interest in the poor (1835-1914) Pius XI pope who signed a treaty with Mussolini recognizing the Vatican City as an independent state (1857-1939) Pius XII pope who maintained neutrality during World War II and was later criticized for not aiding the Jews who were persecuted by Hitler (1876-1958) Pizarro Spanish conquistador who conquered the Incas in what is now Peru and founded the city of Lima (1475-1541) Planck German physicist whose explanation of blackbody radiation in the context of quantized energy emissions initiated quantum theory (1858-1947) Plath United States writer and poet (1932-1963) Plato ancient Athenian philosopher; pupil of Socrates; teacher of Aristotle (428-347 BC) Pliny Roman author of an encyclopedic natural history; died while observing the eruption of Vesuvius (23-79) Roman writer and nephew of Pliny the Elder; author of books of letters that commented on affairs of the day (62-113) Plotinus Roman philosopher (born in Egypt) who was the leading representative of Neoplatonism (205-270) Plutarch Greek biographer who wrote Parallel Lives (46?-120 AD) Pocahontas a Powhatan woman (the daughter of Powhatan) who befriended the English at Jamestown and is said to have saved Captain John Smith's life (1595-1617) Poe United States writer and poet (1809-1849) Poitier United States film actor and director (born in 1927) Polk 11th President of the United States; his expansionism led to the Mexican War and the annexation of California and much of the southwest (1795-1849) Pollack United States filmmaker (born in 1934) Pollock United States artist famous for painting with a drip technique; a leader of abstract expressionism in America (1912-1956) Polo Venetian traveler who explored Asia in the 13th century and served Kublai Khan (1254-1324) Polycarp Greek bishop of Smyrna who refused to recant his Christian faith and was burned to death by pagans (circa 69-155) Pompadour French noblewoman who was the lover of Louis XV, whose policies she influenced (1721-1764) Pompey Roman general and statesman who quarrelled with Caesar and fled to Egypt where he was murdered (106-48 BC) Ponce de Leon Spanish explorer who accompanied Columbus on his second trip in 1493; in 1513 he discovered Florida while searching for the legendary Fountain of Youth (1460-1521) Pons United States coloratura soprano (born in France) (1904-1976) Ponselle United States soprano (1897-1981) Pontiac famous chief of the Ottawa who led an unsuccessful rebellion against the British (1715-1769) Pope English poet and satirist (1688-1744) Popper British philosopher (born in Austria) who argued that scientific theories can never be proved to be true, but are tested by attempts to falsify them (1902-1994) Porter United States writer of short stories whose pen name was O. Henry (1862-1910) United States composer and lyricist of musical comedies (1891-1946) United States writer of novels and short stories (1890-1980) Post United States manufacturer of breakfast cereals and Postum (1854-1914) United States female author who wrote a book and a syndicated newspaper column on etiquette (1872-1960) United States aviator who in 1933 made the first solo flight around the world (1899-1935) Potemkin a Russian officer and politician who was a favorite of Catherine II and in 1762 helped her to seize power; when she visited the Crimea in 1787 he gave the order for sham villages to be built (1739-1791) Poulenc French pianist and composer (1899-1963) Pound United States writer who lived in Europe; strongly influenced the development of modern literature (1885-1972) Poussin French painter in the classical style (1594-1665) Powell English physicist who discovered the pion (the first known meson) which is a subatomic particle involved in holding the nucleus together (1903-1969) United States general who was the first African American to serve as chief of staff; later served as Secretary of State under President George W. Bush (born 1937) Powys British writer of novels about nature; one of three literary brothers (1872-1963) British writer of allegorical novels; one of three literary brothers (1875-1953) British writer of essays; one of three literary brothers (1884-1939) Presley United States rock singer whose many hit records and flamboyant style greatly influenced American popular music (1935-1977) Priam (Greek mythology) the last king of Troy; father of Hector and Paris and Cassandra Price United States operatic soprano (born 1927) Priestley English chemist who isolated many gases and discovered oxygen (independently of Scheele) (1733-1804) Prokhorov Russian physicist whose research into ways of moving electrons around atoms led to the development of masers and lasers for producing high-intensity radiation (1916-2002) Prokofiev Russian composer of ballets and symphonies and operas (1891-1953) Proudhon French socialist who argued that property is theft (1809-1865) Proust French novelist (1871-1922) Ptolemy I the king of Egypt who founded the Macedonian dynasty in Egypt; a close friend and general of Alexander the Great who took charge of Egypt after Alexander died (circa 367-285 BC) Ptolemy II son of Ptolemy I and king of Egypt who was said to be responsible for the Septuagint (circa 309-247 BC) Puccini Italian operatic composer noted for the dramatic realism of his operas (1858-1924) Pugin English architect who played a prominent role in the 19th century revival of Gothic architecture (1812-1852) Pulitzer United States newspaper publisher (born in Hungary) who established the Pulitzer prizes (1847-1911) Purcell English organist at Westminster Abbey and composer of many theatrical pieces (1659-1695) Purkinje Bohemian physiologist remembered for his discovery of Purkinje cells and the Purkinje network (1787-1869) Pusey English theologian who (with John Henry Newman and John Keble) founded the Oxford movement (1800-1882) Pushkin Russian poet (1799-1837) Putin Russian statesman chosen as president of the Russian Federation in 2000; formerly director of the Federal Security Bureau (born in 1952) Pyle United States writer and illustrator of children's books (1853-1911) Pynchon United States writer of pessimistic novels about life in a technologically advanced society (born in 1937) Pyrrhus king of Epirus; defeated the Romans in two battles in spite of staggering losses (319-272 BC) Pythagoras Greek philosopher and mathematician who proved the Pythagorean theorem; considered to be the first true mathematician (circa 580-500 BC) Qaddafi Libyan leader who seized power in a military coup d'etat in 1969; deposed the Libyan monarchy and imposed socialism and Islamic orthodoxy on the country (born in 1942) Qin Shi Huang Ti the first Qin emperor who unified China, built much of the Great Wall, standardized weights and measures, and created a common currency and legal system (died 210 BC) Quincy American patriot who presented the colonists' grievances to the English king (1744-1775) Quine United States philosopher and logician who championed an empirical view of knowledge that depended on language (1908-2001) Rabelais author of satirical attacks on medieval scholasticism (1494-1553) Rachel (Old Testament) the second wife of Jacob and mother of Joseph and Benjamin Rachmaninoff composer and piano virtuoso born in Russia (1873-1943) Radhakrishnan Indian philosopher and statesman who introduced Indian philosophy to the West (1888-1975) Raffles British colonial administrator who founded Singapore (1781-1826) Rain-in-the-Face a chief of the Sioux; he was with Sitting Bull and others at the Battle of Little Bighorn (1876) when General Custer's troops were massacred (1835-1905) Rameau French composer of operas whose writings laid the foundation for the modern theory of harmony (1683-1764) Rameses any of 12 kings of ancient Egypt between 1315 and 1090 BC Rameses II king of Egypt between 1304 and 1237 BC who built many monuments Ramon y Cajal Spanish histologist noted for his work on the structure of the nervous system (1852-1934) Rand United States writer (born in Russia) noted for her polemical novels and political conservativism (1905-1982) Rankin leader in the women's suffrage movement in Montana; the first woman to serve in the United States House of Representatives (1880-1973) Rask Danish philologist whose work on Old Norse pioneered in the field of comparative linguistics (1787-1832) Rasmussen Danish ethnologist and Arctic explorer; led expeditions into the Arctic to find support for his theory that Eskimos and North American Indians originally migrated from Asia (1879-1933) Rasputin Siberian peasant monk who was religious advisor in the court of Nicholas II; was assassinated by Russian noblemen who feared that his debauchery would weaken the monarchy (1872-1916) Rattigan British playwright (1911-1977) Ravel French composer and exponent of Impressionism (1875-1937) Rayleigh English physicist who studied the density of gases and discovered argon; made important contributions to acoustic theory (1842-1919) Reagan 40th President of the United States (1911-2004) Reaumur French physicist who invented the alcohol thermometer (1683-1757) Rebecca (Old Testament) wife of Isaac and mother of Jacob and Esau Red Cloud leader of the Oglala who resisted the development of a trail through Wyoming and Montana by the United States government (1822-1909) Redford United States actor and filmmaker who starred with Paul Newman in several films (born in 1936) Reed United States physician who proved that yellow fever is transmitted by mosquitoes (1851-1902) United States journalist who reported on the October Revolution from Petrograd in 1917; founded the Communist Labor Party in America in 1919; is buried in the Kremlin in Moscow (1887-1920) Rehnquist United States jurist who served as an associate justice on the United States Supreme Court from 1972 until 1986, when he was appointed chief justice (born in 1924) Reichstein a Swiss chemist born in Poland; studied the hormones of the adrenal cortex Reid Scottish philosopher of common sense who opposed the ideas of David Hume (1710-1796) Reiter German bacteriologist who described a disease now known as Reiter's syndrome and who identified the spirochete that causes syphilis in humans (1881-1969) Rembrandt influential Dutch artist (1606-1669) Renoir French impressionist painter (1841-1919) Respighi Italian composer remembered for his symphonic poems (1879-1936) Revere American silversmith remembered for his midnight ride (celebrated in a poem by Longfellow) to warn the colonists in Lexington and Concord that British troops were coming (1735-1818) Reynolds English portrait painter and first president of the Royal Academy (1723-1792) Ricardo English economist who argued that the laws of supply and demand should operate in a free market (1772-1823) Rice United States playwright (1892-1967) English lyricist who frequently worked with Andrew Lloyd Webber (born in 1944) Richard I son of Henry II and King of England from 1189 to 1199; a leader of the Third Crusade; on his way home from the crusade he was captured and held prisoner in the Holy Roman Empire until England ransomed him in 1194 (1157-1199) Richard II King of England from 1377 to 1399; he suppressed the Peasant's Revolt in 1381 but his reign was marked by popular discontent and baronial opposition in British Parliament and he was forced to abdicate in 1399 (1367-1400) Richard III King of England from 1483 to 1485; seized the throne from his nephew Edward V who was confined to the Tower of London and murdered; his reign ended when he was defeated by Henry Tudor (later Henry VII) at the battle of Bosworth Field (1452-1485) Richards English literary critic who collaborated with C. K. Ogden and contributed to the development of Basic English (1893-1979) Richardson British stage and screen actor noted for playing classic roles (1902-1983) United States architect (1838-1886) Richelieu French prelate and statesman; principal minister to Louis XIII (1585-1642) Richler Canadian novelist (born in 1931) Rickenbacker the most decorated United States combat pilot in World War I (1890-1973) Rickover United States admiral who advocated the development of nuclear submarines (1900-1986) Riemann pioneer of non-Euclidean geometry (1826-1866) Riesman United States sociologist (1909-2002) Riley United States poet (1849-1916) Rilke German poet (born in Austria) whose imagery and mystic lyricism influenced 20th-century German literature (1875-1926) Rimbaud French poet whose work influenced the surrealists (1854-1891) Rimsky-Korsakov Russian composer of operas and orchestral works; often used themes from folk music (1844-1908) Ringling United States showman whose song-and-dance troop evolved into a circus (1863-1926) Rittenhouse United States astronomer said to have built the first telescope made in America; also the first director of the United States Mint (1732-1796) Rivera socialist Mexican painter of murals (1886-1957) Robbins United States choreographer who brought human emotion to classical ballet and spirited reality to Broadway musicals (1918-1998) Robert United States parliamentary authority and author (in 1876) of Robert's Rules of Order (1837-1923) Roberts a Welsh pirate credited with having taken more than 400 ships (1682-1722) United States writer remembered for his historical novels about colonial America (1885-1957) United States evangelist (born 1918) United States biochemist (born in England) honored for his discovery that some genes contain introns (born in 1943) Robertson United States basketball guard (born in 1938) Robeson United States bass singer and an outspoken critic of racism and proponent of socialism (1898-1976) Robespierre French revolutionary; leader of the Jacobins and architect of the Reign of Terror; was himself executed in a coup d'etat (1758-1794) Robinson United States film actor noted for playing gangster roles (1893-1973) United States poet; author of narrative verse (1869-1935) United States baseball player; first Black to play in the major leagues (1919-1972) United States historian who stressed the importance of intellectual and social events for the course of history (1863-1936) Irish playwright and theater manager in Dublin (1886-1958) United States prizefighter who won the world middleweight championship five times and the world welterweight championship once (1921-1989) English chemist noted for his studies of molecular structures in plants (1886-1975) Rochambeau French general who commanded French troops in the American Revolution, notably at Yorktown (1725-1807) Rock United States gynecologist and devout Catholic who conducted the first clinical trials of the oral contraceptive pill (1890-1984) Rockefeller United States industrialist who made a fortune in the oil business and gave half of it away (1839-1937) Rockingham English statesman who served as prime minister and who opposed the war with the American colonies (1730-1782) Rockwell United States illustrator whose works present a sentimental idealized view of everyday life (1894-1978) Rodgers United States composer of musical comedies (especially in collaboration with Oscar Hammerstein II and with Lorenz Hart) (1902-1979) Rodin French sculptor noted for his renderings of the human form (1840-1917) Roebling United States engineer (born in Germany) who designed and began construction of the Brooklyn bridge (1806-1869) Roentgen German physicist who discovered x-rays and developed roentgenography (1845-1923) Rogers United States psychologist who developed client-centered therapy (1902-1987) United States dancer and film actress who partnered with Fred Astaire (1911-1995) United States humorist remembered for his homespun commentary on politics and American society (1879-1935) Roget English physician who in retirement compiled a well-known thesaurus (1779-1869) Rollo Norse chieftain who became the first duke of Normandy (860-931) Romberg United States composer (born in Hungary) who composed operettas (1887-1951) Rommel German field marshal noted for brilliant generalship in North Africa during World War II (1891-1944) Roosevelt 26th President of the United States; hero of the Spanish-American War; Panama Canal was built during his administration; "Theodore Roosevelt said `Speak softly but carry a big stick'" (1858-1919) 32nd President of the United States; elected four times; instituted New Deal to counter the Great Depression and led country during World War II (1882-1945) wife of Franklin Roosevelt and a strong advocate of human rights (1884-1962) Ross American seamstress said to have made the first American flag at the request of George Washington (1752-1836) a politician in Wyoming who was the first woman governor in the United States (1876-1977) British physician who discovered that mosquitos transmit malaria (1857-1932) British explorer of the Arctic and Antarctic; located the north magnetic pole in 1831; discovered the Ross Sea in Antarctica; nephew of Sir John Ross (1800-1862) Scottish explorer who led Arctic expeditions that yielded geographic discoveries while searching for the Northwest Passage (1777-1856) Rossetti English poet and painter who was a leader of the Pre-Raphaelites (1828-1882) Rossini Italian composer remembered for his operas (1792-1868) Rostand French dramatist and poet whose play immortalized Cyrano de Bergerac (1868-1918) Roth United States writer whose novels portray middle-class Jewish life (born in 1933) Rothko United States abstract painter (born in Russia) whose paintings are characterized by horizontal bands of color with indistinct boundaries (1903-1970) Rothschild any of family of powerful Jewish bankers in Europe Rous United States pathologist who discovered viruses that cause tumors (1879-1970) Rousseau French philosopher and writer born in Switzerland; believed that the natural goodness of man was warped by society; ideas influenced the French Revolution (1712-1778) French primitive painter (1844-1910) Rubens prolific Flemish baroque painter; knighted by the English king Charles I (1577-1640) Rubinstein Russian composer and pianist (1829-1894) United States pianist (born in Poland) known for his interpretations of the music of Chopin (1886-1982) Rundstedt German field marshal in World War II who directed the conquest of Poland and led the Ardennes counteroffensive (1875-1953) Runyon United States writer of humorous stylized stories about Broadway and the New York underground (1884-1946) Rupert English leader (born in Germany) of the Royalist forces during the English Civil War (1619-1682) Rush physician and American Revolutionary leader; signer of the Declaration of Independence (1745-1813) Rushdie British writer of novels who was born in India; one of his novels is regarded as blasphemous by Muslims and a fatwa was issued condemning him to death (born in 1947) Ruskin British art critic (1819-1900) Russell English philosopher and mathematician who collaborated with Whitehead (1872-1970) Irish writer whose pen name was A.E. (1867-1935) United States astronomer who developed a theory of stellar evolution (1877-1957) United States entertainer remembered for her roles in comic operas (1861-1922) United States basketball center (born in 1934) English film director (born in 1927) United States religious leader who founded the sect that is now called Jehovah's Witnesses (1852-1916) Rutherford British physicist (born in New Zealand) who discovered the atomic nucleus and proposed a nuclear model of the atom (1871-1937) British chemist who isolated nitrogen (1749-1819) Rutledge United States jurist and second chief justice of the United States Supreme Court; he was appointed by George Washington and briefly served as chief justice but was ultimately rejected by the United States Senate (1739-1800) Saarinen United States architect (born in Finland) (1910-1961) Finnish architect and city planner who moved to the United States in 1923; father of Eero Saarinen (1873-1950) Sabin United States microbiologist (born in Poland) who developed the Sabin vaccine that is taken orally against poliomyelitis (born 1906) Sacagawea the Shoshone guide and interpreter who guided the Lewis and Clark expedition part of the way Sacco United States anarchist (born in Italy) who with Bartolomeo Vanzetti was convicted of murder and in spite of world-wide protest was executed (1891-1927) Sadat Egyptian statesman who (as president of Egypt) negotiated a peace treaty with Menachem Begin (then prime minister of Israel) (1918-1981) Sade French soldier and writer whose descriptions of sexual perversion gave rise to the term `sadism' (1740-1814) Saint-Saens French pianist and composer (1835-1921) Sakharov Soviet physicist and dissident; helped develop the first Russian hydrogen bomb; advocated nuclear disarmament and campaigned for human rights (1921-1989) Saladin sultan of Syria and Egypt; reconquered Jerusalem from the Christians in 1187 but was defeated by Richard Coeur de Lion in 1191 (1137-1193) Salinger United States writer (born 1919) Salk United States virologist who developed the Salk vaccine that is injected against poliomyelitis (born 1914) Salome woman whose dancing beguiled Herod into giving her the head of John the Baptist Salomon American financier and American Revolutionary War patriot who helped fund the army during the American Revolution (1740?-1785) Samson (Old Testament) a judge of Israel who performed herculean feats of strength against the Philistines until he was betrayed to them by his mistress Delilah Samuel (Old Testament) Hebrew prophet and judge who anointed Saul as king Sand French writer known for works concerning women's rights and independence (1804-1876) Sandburg United States writer remembered for his poetry in free verse and his six volume biography of Abraham Lincoln (1878-1967) Sanger United States nurse who campaigned for birth control and planned parenthood; she challenged Gregory Pincus to develop a birth control pill (1883-1966) English biochemist who determined the sequence of amino acids in insulin and who invented a technique to determine the genetic sequence of an organism (born in 1918) Santa Anna Mexican general who tried to crush the Texas revolt and who lost battles to Winfield Scott and Zachary Taylor in the Mexican War (1795-1876) Sapir anthropologist and linguist; studied languages of North American Indians (1884-1939) Sappho the Greek lyric poet of Lesbos; much admired although only fragments of her poetry have been preserved (6th century BC) Sarah (Old Testament) the wife of Abraham and mother of Isaac Sarazen United States golfer who was first to win all four major golf tournaments (1902-1999) Sargent United States painter (born in Italy) known for his society portraits (1856-1925) Sarnoff United States businessman who pioneered in radio and television broadcasting (1891-1971) Saroyan United States writer of plays and short stories (1908-1981) Sartre French writer and existentialist philosopher (1905-1980) Satie French composer noted for his experimentalism and rejection of Romanticism (1866-1925) Saul (Old Testament) the first king of the Israelites who defended Israel against many enemies (especially the Philistines) Savonarola Italian religious and political reformer; a Dominican friar in Florence who preached against sin and corruption and gained a large following; he expelled the Medici from Florence but was later excommunicated and executed for criticizing the Pope (1452-1498) Sax a Belgian maker of musical instruments who invented the saxophone (1814-1894) Saxe a French marshal who distinguished himself in the War of the Austrian Succession (1696-1750) Saxo Grammaticus Danish historian who chronicled the history of Denmark (including the legend of Hamlet) (1150?-1220?) Sayers English writer of detective fiction (1893-1957) Scheele Swedish chemist (born in Germany) who discovered oxygen before Priestley did (1742-1786) Schiaparelli fashion designer born in Italy who was noted for her use of synthetic materials and brilliant colors (1896-1973) Italian astronomer who first noted lines (which he called canals) on the surface of Mars (1835-1910) Schiller German romantic writer (1759-1805) Schleiden German physiologist and histologist who in 1838 formulated the cell theory (1804-1881) Schlesinger United States historian (1888-1965) United States historian and advisor to President Kennedy (born in 1917) Schliemann German archaeologist who discovered nine superimposed city sites of Troy; he also excavated Mycenae (1822-1890) Schmidt German statesman who served as chancellor of Germany (born in 1918) Schnabel United States composer (born in Austria) and pianist noted for his interpretations of the works of Mozart and Beethoven and Schubert (1882-1951) Schonbein German chemist who discovered ozone and developed guncotton as a propellant in firearms (1799-1868) Schonberg United States composer and musical theorist (born in Austria) who developed atonal composition (1874-1951) Schoolcraft United States geologist and ethnologist and explorer who discovered the source of the Mississippi River (1793-1864) Schopenhauer German pessimist philosopher (1788-1860) Schrodinger Austrian physicist who discovered the wave equation (1887-1961) Schubert Austrian composer known for his compositions for voice and piano (1797-1828) Schulz United States cartoonist whose comic strip included the beagle Snoopy (1922-2000) Schumann German romantic composer known for piano music and songs (1810-1856) German pianist and composer of piano music; renowned for her interpretation of music, especially the music of her husband Robert Schumann (1819-1896) Schumann-Heink United States operatic contralto (1861-1936) Schumpeter United States economist (born in Czechoslovakia) (1883-1950) Schwann German physiologist and histologist who in 1838 and 1839 identified the cell as the basic structure of plant and animal tissue (1810-1882) Schweitzer French philosopher and physician and organist who spent most of his life as a medical missionary in Gabon (1875-1965) Scipio Roman general who commanded the invasion of Carthage in the second Punic War and defeated Hannibal at Zama (circa 237-183 BC) Scopes Tennessee highschool teacher who violated a state law by teaching evolution; in a highly publicized trial in 1925 he was prosecuted by William Jennings Bryan and defended by Clarence Darrow (1900-1970) Scorsese United States filmmaker (born in 1942) Scott United States slave who sued for liberty after living in a non-slave state; caused the Supreme Court to declare the Missouri Compromise unconstitutional (1795?-1858) British author of historical novels and ballads (1771-1832) United States general who was a hero of the War of 1812 and who defeated Santa Anna in the Mexican War (1786-1866) English explorer who reached the South Pole just a month after Amundsen; he and his party died on the return journey (1868-1912) award-winning United States film actor (1928-1999) Scriabin Russian composer of orchestral and piano music (1872-1915) Scribe French playwright (1791-1861) Scripps United States newspaper publisher and half-brother of Edward Wyllis Scripps (1835-1908) United States newspaper publisher who founded an important press association; half-brother of James Edmund Scripps (1854-1926) Seaborg United States chemist who was one of the discoverers of plutonium (1912-1999) Seaman muckraking United States journalist who exposed bad conditions in mental institutions (1867-1922) Seeger United States poet killed in World War I (1888-1916) United States folk singer who was largely responsible for the interest in folk music in the 1960s (born in 1919) Segal United States sculptor (born in 1924) Segovia Spanish guitarist who made classical guitar a concert instrument (1893-1987) Seles United States tennis player (born in Yugoslavia in 1973) Seleucus Macedonian general who accompanied Alexander the Great into Asia; founded a line of kings who reigned in Asia Minor until 65 BC (358-281 BC) Selkirk Scottish sailor who was put ashore on a deserted island off the coast of Chile for five years (providing the basis for Daniel Defoe's novel about Robinson Crusoe) (1676-1721) Sellers English comic actor (1925-1980) Selznick United States filmmaker noted for his film adaptations of popular novels (1902-1965) Senefelder German printer who invented lithography (1771-1834) Sennacherib king of Assyria who invaded Judea twice and defeated Babylon and rebuilt Nineveh after it had been destroyed by Babylonians (died in 681 BC) Sennett United States filmmaker (born in Canada) noted for slapstick movies (1880-1960) Sequoya Cherokee who created a notation for writing the Cherokee language (1770-1843) Serkin United States concert pianist (born in Czechoslovakia) (1903-1991) Serra Spanish missionary who founded Franciscan missions in California (1713-1784) Service Canadian writer (born in England) who wrote about life in the Yukon Territory (1874-1958) Sessions United States composer who promoted 20th century music (1896-1985) Seton United States religious leader who was the first person born in the United States to be canonized (1774-1821) Seurat French painter who developed pointillism (1859-1891) Seward United States politician who as Secretary of State in 1867 arranged for the purchase of Alaska from Russia (known at the time as Seward's Folly) (1801-1872) Sexton United States poet (1928-1974) Seymour Queen of England as the third wife of Henry VIII and mother of Edward VI (1509-1537) Shah Jahan Mogul emperor of India during whose reign the finest monuments of Mogul architecture were built (including the Taj Mahal at Agra) (1592-1666) Shahn United States artist whose work reflected social and political themes (1898-1969) Shakespeare English poet and dramatist considered one of the greatest English writers (1564-1616) Shankar Indian sitar player who popularized classical Indian music in the West (born in 1920) Shannon United States electrical engineer who pioneered mathematical communication theory (1916-2001) Shapley United States astronomer (1885-1972) Shaw British playwright (born in Ireland); founder of the Fabian Society (1856-1950) United States physician and suffragist (1847-1919) United States humorist who wrote about rural life (1818-1885) United States clarinetist and leader of a swing band (1910-2004) Shawn United States dancer and choreographer who collaborated with Ruth Saint Denis (1891-1972) Shearer Scottish ballet dancer and actress (born in 1926) Shelley Englishman and romantic poet (1792-1822) English writer who created Frankenstein's monster and married Percy Bysshe Shelley (1797-1851) Shepard astronaut who made the first United States' suborbital rocket-powered flight in 1961 (1923-1998) United States author of surrealistic allegorical plays (born in 1943) Sheridan Irish playwright remembered for his satirical comedies of manners (1751-1816) Sherrington English physiologist who conducted research on reflex action (1857-1952) Sherwood United States playwright (1896-1955) Shevchenko Ukranian poet (1814-1861) Shirer United States broadcast journalist who was in Berlin at the outbreak of World War II (1904-1993) Shockley United States physicist (born in England) who contributed to the development of the electronic transistor (1910-1989) Shostakovich Russian composer best known for his fifteen symphonies (1906-1975) Shute English novelist who settled in Australia after World War II (1899-1960) Sibelius Finnish composer (1865-1957) Siddons English actress noted for her performances in Shakespearean roles (1755-1831) Sidney English poet (1554-1586) Siemens German electrical engineer (1816-1892) engineer who was a brother of Ernst Werner von Siemens and who moved to England (1823-1883) Sikorsky United States industrialist (born in Russia) who designed the first four-engine airplane and the first mass-produced helicopter (1889-1972) Sills United States operatic soprano (born in 1929) Silverstein United States poet and cartoonist remembered for his stories and poems for children (1932-1999) Simenon French writer (born in Belgium) best known for his detective novels featuring Inspector Maigret (1903-1989) Simon United States economist and psychologist who pioneered in the development of cognitive science (1916-2001) United States playwright noted for light comedies (born in 1927) United States singer and songwriter (born in 1942) one of the twelve Apostles (first century) Simpson Scottish obstetrician and surgeon who pioneered in the use of ether and discovered the anesthetic effects of chloroform (1811-1870) United States divorcee whose marriage to Edward VIII created a constitutional crisis leading to his abdication Sinatra United States singer and film actor (1915-1998) Sinclair English electrical engineer who founded a company that introduced many innovative products (born in 1940) United States writer whose novels argued for social reform (1878-1968) Singer United States writer (born in Poland) of Yiddish stories and novels (1904-1991) United States inventor of an improved chain-stitch sewing machine (1811-1875) Siqueiros Mexican painter of murals depicting protest and revolution (1896-1974) Siraj-ud-daula Indian general and nawab of Bengal who opposed the colonization of India by England; he captured Calcutta in 1756 and many of his prisoners suffocated in a crowded room that became known as the Black Hole of Calcutta; he was defeated at the battle of Plassey by a group of Indian nobles in alliance with Robert Clive (1728-1757) Sitter Dutch astronomer who calculated the size of the universe and suggested that it is expanding (1872-1934) Sitting Bull a chief of the Sioux; took up arms against settlers in the northern Great Plains and against United States Army troops; he was present at the Battle of Little Bighorn (1876) when the Sioux massacred General Custer's troops (1831-1890) Sitwell English poet (1887-1964) Sixtus IV Italian pope from 1471 to 1484 who consented to the establishment of the Spanish Inquisition and built the Sistine Chapel (1414-1484) Skeat English philologist (1835-1912) Skinner United States psychologist and a leading proponent of behaviorism (1904-1990) United States actress noted for her one-woman shows (1901-1979) United States actor (1858-1942) Smalley American chemist who with Robert Curl and Harold Kroto discovered fullerenes and opened a new branch of chemistry (born in 1943) Smetana Czech composer (1824-1884) Smith Scottish economist who advocated private enterprise and free trade (1723-1790) English explorer who helped found the colony at Jamestown, Virginia; was said to have been saved by Pocahontas (1580-1631) religious leader who founded the Mormon Church in 1830 (1805-1844) United States blues singer (1894-1937) United States suffragist who refused to pay taxes until she could vote (1792-1886) United States singer noted for her rendition of patriotic songs (1909-1986) United States sculptor (1906-1965) Rhodesian statesman who declared independence of Zimbabwe from Great Britain (born in 1919) Smollett Scottish writer of adventure novels (1721-1771) Smuts South African statesman and soldier (1870-1950) Snead United States golfer known for the graceful arc of his swing (1912-2002) Snellen Dutch ophthalmologist who introduced the Snellen chart to study visual acuity (1834-1908) Snow English writer of novels about moral dilemmas in academe (1905-1980) Socinus Italian theologian who argued against Trinitarianism (1539-1604) Socrates ancient Athenian philosopher; teacher of Plato and Xenophon (470-399 BC) Soddy English chemist whose work on radioactive disintegration led to the discovery of isotopes (1877-1956) Solomon (Old Testament) son of David and king of Israel noted for his wisdom (10th century BC) Solvay Belgian chemist who developed the Solvay process and built factories exploiting it (1838-1922) Solzhenitsyn Soviet writer and political dissident whose novels exposed the brutality of Soviet labor camps (born in 1918) Sondheim United States composer of musicals (born in 1930) Sontag United States writer (born in 1933) Sophocles one of the great tragedians of ancient Greece (496-406 BC) Sorensen Danish chemist who devised the pH scale (1868-1939) Soufflot French architect (1713-1780) Sousa a United States bandmaster and composer of military marches (1854-1932) Southey English poet and friend of Wordsworth and Coleridge (1774-1843) Soutine French expressionist painter (born in Lithuania) (1893-1943) Spallanzani Italian physiologist who disproved the theory of spontaneous generation (1729-1799) Spark Scottish writer of satirical novels (born in 1918) Spassky Russian chess master who moved to Paris; world champion from 1969 to 1972 (born in 1937) Speer German Nazi architect who worked for Hitler (1905-1981) Speke English explorer who with Sir Richard Burton was the first European to explore Lake Tanganyika; he also discovered Lake Victoria and named it (1827-1864) Spencer English philosopher and sociologist who applied the theory of natural selection to human societies (1820-1903) Spender English poet and critic (1909-1995) Spengler German philosopher who argued that cultures grow and decay in cycles (1880-1936) Spenser English poet who wrote an allegorical romance celebrating Elizabeth I in the Spenserian stanza (1552-1599) Sperry United States engineer and inventor of the gyrocompass (1860-1930) Spielberg United States filmmaker (born in 1947) Spillane United States writer of popular detective novels (born in 1918) Spinoza Dutch philosopher who espoused a pantheistic system (1632-1677) Spock United States pediatrician whose many books on child care influenced the upbringing of children around the world (1903-1998) Stael French romantic writer (1766-1817) Stalin Russian leader who succeeded Lenin as head of the Communist Party and created a totalitarian state by purging all opposition (1879-1953) Standish English colonist in America; leader of the Pilgrims in the early days of the Plymouth Colony (1584-1656) Stanford United States railroad executive and founder of Stanford University (1824-1893) Stanislavsky Russian actor and theater director who trained his actors to emphasize the psychological motivation of their roles (1863-1938) Stanley Welsh journalist and explorer who led an expedition to Africa in search of David Livingstone and found him in Tanzania in 1871; he and Livingstone together tried to find the source of the Nile River (1841-1904) United States inventor who built a steam-powered automobile (1849-1918) Stanton United States suffragist and feminist; called for reform of the practices that perpetuated sexual inequality (1815-1902) Starr rock star and drummer for the Beatles (born in 1940) St. Denis United States dancer and choreographer who collaborated with Ted Shawn (1877-1968) Steele English writer (1672-1729) Steen Dutch genre painter (1626-1679) Steffens United States journalist whose exposes in 1906 started an era of muckraking journalism (1866-1936) Steichen United States photographer who pioneered artistic photography (1879-1973) Stein experimental expatriate United States writer (1874-1946) Steinbeck United States writer noted for his novels about agricultural workers (1902-1968) Steinberg United States cartoonist (born in Romania) noted for his caricatures of famous people (1914-1999) Steinem United States feminist (born in 1934) Steiner Austrian philosopher who founded anthroposophy (1861-1925) Steinman United States civil engineer noted for designing suspension bridges (including the George Washington Bridge) (1886-1960) Steinmetz United States electrical engineer and inventor (born in Germany) (1865-1923) Steinway United States piano maker (born in Germany) who founded a famous piano manufacturing firm in New York (1797-1871) Stella United States minimalist painter (born in 1936) Steller German naturalist (1709-1746) Stendhal French writer whose novels were the first to feature psychological analysis of the character (1783-1842) Stengel United States baseball manager (1890-1975) Stephen English writer (1832-1904) Stephenson English railway pioneer who built the first passenger railway in 1825 (1781-1848) Stern United States concert violinist (born in Russia in 1920) Sterne English writer (born in Ireland) (1713-1766) Steuben American Revolutionary leader (born in Prussia) who trained the troops under George Washington (1730-1794) Stevens United States filmmaker (1905-1975) United States poet (1879-1955) United States psychologist and psychophysicist who proposed Stevens' power law to replace Fechner's law (1906-1973) Stevenson United States politician and diplomat (1900-1968) Scottish author (1850-1894) Stewart Scottish philosopher and follower of Thomas Reid (1753-1828) United States film actor who portrayed incorruptible but modest heros (1908-1997) Stieglitz United States photographer (1864-1946) Stilwell United States general who commanded the Allied forces in China and Burma and India during World War II (1883-1946) Stockton United States writer (1834-1902) Stoker Irish writer of the horror novel about Dracula (1847-1912) Stokowski United States conductor (born in Britain) (1882-1977) Stone United States architect (1902-1978) United States jurist who served on the United States Supreme Court as chief justice (1872-1946) United States journalist who advocated liberal causes (1907-1989) United States feminist and suffragist (1818-1893) United States filmmaker (born in 1946) United States jurist who was named chief justice of the United States Supreme Court in 1941 by Franklin D. Roosevelt (1872-1946) Stopes birth-control campaigner who in 1921 opened the first birth control clinic in London (1880-1958) Stoppard British dramatist (born in Czechoslovakia in 1937) Stowe United States writer of a novel about slavery that advanced the abolitionists' cause (1811-1896) Strachey English biographer and leading member of the Bloomsbury Group (1880-1932) Stradivari Italian violin maker who developed the modern violin and created violins of unequaled tonal quality (1644?-1737) Strasberg United States actor and film director (born in Austria) who was a leader in developing method acting in the United States (1901-1982) Strauss Austrian composer of waltzes (1804-1849) Austrian composer and son of Strauss the Elder; composed many famous waltzes and became known as the `waltz king' (1825-1899) German composer of many operas; collaborated with librettist Hugo von Hoffmannsthal to produce several operas (1864-1949) Streep United States film actress (born in 1949) Streisand United States singer and actress (born in 1942) Strickland United States architect and student of Latrobe (1787-1854) Strindberg Swedish dramatist and novelist (1849-1912) Stroheim United States film actor (born in Austria) (1885-1957) Stubbs English historian noted for his constitutional history of medieval England (1825-1901) Stuyvesant the last Dutch colonial administrator of New Netherland; in 1664 he was forced to surrender the colony to England (1592-1672) Styron United States writer best known for his novels (born in 1925) Suckling English poet and courtier (1609-1642) Sue French writer whose novels described the sordid side of city life (1804-1857) Suharto Indonesian statesman who seized power from Sukarno in 1967 (born in 1921) Sukarno Indonesian statesman who obtained the independence of Indonesia from the Netherlands in 1949 and served as president until ousted by Suharto in a coup d'etat (1901-1970) Sulla Roman general and dictator (138-78 BC) Sullivan English composer of operettas who collaborated with the librettist William Gilbert (1842-1900) United States educator who was the teacher and lifelong companion of Helen Keller (1866-1936) United States host on a well known television variety show (1902-1974) United States psychiatrist (1892-1949) United States architect known for his steel framed skyscrapers and for coining the phrase `form follows function' (1856-1924) Sully French statesman (1560-1641) United States painter (born in England) of portraits and historical scenes (1783-1872) Sumner United States sociologist (1840-1910) Sunday United States evangelist (1862-1935) first day of the week; observed as a day of rest and worship by most Christians Sun Yat-sen Chinese statesman who organized the Kuomintang and led the revolution that overthrew the Manchu dynasty in 1911 and 1912 (1866-1925) Sutherland Australian operatic soprano (born in 1926) Sverdrup Norwegian explorer who led expeditions into the Arctic (1855-1930) Swammerdam Dutch naturalist and microscopist who proposed a classification of insects and who was among the first to recognize cells in animals and was the first to see red blood cells (1637-1680) Swanson United States actress in many silent films (1899-1983) Swedenborg Swedish theologian (1688-1772) Sweet English phonetician; one of the founders of modern phonetics (1845-1912) Swift an English satirist born in Ireland (1667-1745) United States meat-packer who began the use of refrigerated railroad cars (1839-1903) Swinburne English poet (1837-1909) Sydenham English physician (1624-1689) Sylvester II French pope from 999 to 1003 who was noted for his great learning (945-1003) Symonds English writer (1840-1893) Symons English poet (1865-1945) Synge Irish poet and playwright whose plays are based on rural Irish life (1871-1909) Szell United States conductor (born in Hungary) (1897-1970) Szent-Gyorgyi United States biochemist (born in Hungary) who was the first to isolate vitamin C (1893-1986) Szilard United States physicist and molecular biologist who helped develop the first atom bomb and later opposed the use of all nuclear weapons (1898-1964) Tacitus Roman historian who wrote major works on the history of the Roman Empire (56-120) Taft 27th President of the United States and later chief justice of the United States Supreme Court (1857-1930) United States sculptor (1860-1936) Tagore Indian writer and philosopher whose poetry (based on traditional Hindu themes) pioneered the use of colloquial Bengali (1861-1941) Talbot English inventor and pioneer in photography who published the first book illustrated with photographs (1800-1877) Tallchief United States ballerina who promoted American ballet through tours and television appearances (born in 1925) Talleyrand French statesman (1754-1838) Tallis English organist and composer of church and secular music; was granted a monopoly in music printing with William Byrd (1505-1585) Tamerlane Mongolian ruler of Samarkand who led his nomadic hordes to conquer an area from Turkey to Mongolia (1336-1405) Tamm Russian physicist (1895-1971) Tancred Norman leader in the First Crusade who played an important role in the capture of Jerusalem (1078-1112) Tandy United States actress (born in England) who made many stage appearances, often with her husband Hume Cronyn (1909-1994) Taney United States jurist who served as chief justice of the United States Supreme Court; remembered for his ruling that slaves and their descendants have no rights as citizens (1777-1864) Tange Japanese architect (born in 1913) Tanguy United States surrealist painter (born in France) (1900-1955) Tappan United States abolitionist (1786-1865) Tarantino United States filmmaker (born in 1963) Tarbell United States writer remembered for her muckraking investigations into industries in the early 20th century (1857-1944) Tarkovsky Russian filmmaker (1932-1986) Tarquin according to legend, the seventh and last Etruscan king of Rome who was expelled for his cruelty (reigned from 534 to 510 BC) Tasman Dutch navigator who was the first European to discover Tasmania and New Zealand (1603-1659) Tasso Italian poet who wrote an epic poem about the capture of Jerusalem during the First Crusade (1544-1595) Tate United States poet and critic (1899-1979) Tati French filmmaker (1908-1982) Tatum United States jazz pianist who was almost completely blind; his innovations influenced many other jazz musicians (1910-1956) United States biochemist who discovered how genes act by regulating definite chemical events (1909-1975) Tawney English economist remembered for his studies of the development of capitalism (1880-1962) Taylor 12th President of the United States; died in office (1784-1850) United States film actress (born in England) who was a childhood star; as an adult she often co-starred with Richard Burton (born in 1932) United States composer and music critic (1885-1966) Tchaikovsky important Russian composer whose works are noted for their expressive melodies (1840-1893) Teach an English pirate who operated in the Caribbean and off the Atlantic coast of North America (died in 1718) Teasdale United States poet (1884-1933) Tebaldi Italian operatic soprano (born in 1922) Tecumseh a famous chief of the Shawnee who tried to unite Indian tribes against the increasing white settlement (1768-1813) Teilhard de Chardin French paleontologist and philosopher (1881-1955) Te Kanawa New Zealand operatic soprano (born in 1944) Telemann German baroque composer (1681-1767) Teller United States physicist (born in Hungary) who worked on the first atom bomb and the first hydrogen bomb (1908-2003) Tenniel English cartoonist (1820-1914) Tennyson Englishman and Victorian poet (1809-1892) Tenzing Norgay Sherpa mountaineer guide who with Sir Edmund Hillary was one of the first to attain the summit of Mount Everest (1914-1986) Terence dramatist of ancient Rome (born in Greece) whose comedies were based on works by Menander (190?-159 BC) Teresa Indian nun and missionary in the Roman Catholic Church (born of Albanian parents in what is now Macedonia); dedicated to helping the poor in India (1910-1997) Teresa of Avila Spanish mystic and religious reformer; author of religious classics and a Christian saint (1515-1582) Tereshkova Soviet cosmonaut who was the first woman in space (born in 1937) Terry English actress (1847-1928) Tertullian Carthaginian theologian whose writing influenced early Christian theology (160-230) Tesla United States electrical engineer and inventor (born in Croatia but of Serbian descent) who discovered the principles of alternating currents and developed the first alternating-current induction motor and the Tesla coil and several forms of oscillators (1856-1943) Thackeray English writer (born in India) (1811-1863) Thales a presocratic Greek philosopher and astronomer (who predicted an eclipse in 585 BC) who was said by Aristotle to be the founder of physical science; he held that all things originated in water (624-546 BC) Tharp innovative United States dancer and choreographer (born in 1941) Thatcher British stateswoman; first woman to serve as Prime Minister (born in 1925) Themistocles Athenian statesman who persuaded Athens to build a navy and then led it to victory over the Persians (527-460 BC) Theodosius the last emperor of a united Roman Empire, he took control of the eastern empire and ended the war with the Visigoths; he became a Christian and in 391 banned all forms of pagan worship (346-395) Theophrastus Greek philosopher who was a student of Aristotle and who succeeded Aristotle as the leader of the Peripatetics (371-287 BC) Thespis Greek poet who is said to have originated Greek tragedy (sixth century BC) Thomas the Apostle who would not believe the resurrection of Jesus until he saw Jesus with his own eyes Welsh poet (1914-1953) a radio broadcast journalist during World War I and World War II noted for his nightly new broadcast (1892-1981) United States socialist who was a candidate for president six times (1884-1968) United States clockmaker who introduced mass production (1785-1859) Thompson English physicist (born in America) who studied heat and friction; experiments convinced him that heat is caused by moving particles (1753-1814) United States classical archaeologist (born in Canada) noted for leading the excavation of the Athenian agora (1906-2000) Thomson English physicist who experimented with the conduction of electricity through gases and who discovered the electron and determined its charge and mass (1856-1940) English physicist (son of Joseph John Thomson) who was a co-discoverer of the diffraction of electrons by crystals (1892-1975) United States electrical engineer (born in England) who in 1892 formed a company with Thomas Edison (1853-1937) United States composer who collaborated with Gertrude Stein (1896-1989) Thoreau United States writer and social critic (1817-1862) Thorndike United States educational psychologist (1874-1949) English actress (1882-1976) Thornton American architect (1759-1828) Thorpe outstanding United States athlete (1888-1953) Thucydides ancient Greek historian remembered for his history of the Peloponnesian War (460-395 BC) Thurber United States humorist and cartoonist who published collections of essays and stories (1894-1961) Tiberius son-in-law of Augustus who became a suspicious tyrannical Emperor of Rome after a brilliant military career (42 BC to AD 37) Tiepolo Italian painter (1696-1770) Tiffany United States artist who developed Tiffany glass (1848-1933) Tilden United States tennis player who dominated men's tennis in the 1920s (1893-1953) Tillich United States theologian (born in Germany) (1886-1965) Timothy a disciple of Saint Paul who became the leader of the Christian community at Ephesus Tinbergen Dutch economist noted for his work in econometrics (1903-1994) Dutch zoologist who showed that much animal behavior is innate and stereotyped (1907-1988) Tintoretto Italian painter of the Venetian school (1518-1594) Tirso de Molina Spanish dramatist who wrote the first dramatic treatment of the legend of Don Juan (1571-1648) Titian old master of the Venetian school (1490-1576) Tito Yugoslav statesman who led the resistance to German occupation during World War II and established a communist state after the war (1892-1980) Titus Emperor of Rome; son of Vespasian (39-81) a Greek disciple and helper of Saint Paul Tobey United States abstract painter influenced by oriental calligraphy (1890-1976) Tobin United States economist (1918-2002) Tocqueville French political writer noted for his analysis of American institutions (1805-1859) Tojo Japanese army officer who initiated the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor and who assumed dictatorial control of Japan during World War II; he was subsequently tried and executed as a war criminal (1884-1948) Toklas United States writer remembered as the secretary and companion of Gertrude Stein (1877-1967) Tolkien British philologist and writer of fantasies (born in South Africa) (1892-1973) Tolstoy Russian author remembered for two great novels (1828-1910) Tombaugh United States astronomer who discovered the planet Pluto (1906-1997) Tonegawa Susumu Japanese molecular biologist noted for his studies of how the immune system produces antibodies (born in 1939) Torquemada the Spaniard who as Grand Inquisitor was responsible for the death of thousands of Jews and suspected witches during the Spanish Inquisition (1420-1498) Torricelli Italian physicist who invented the mercury barometer (1608-1647) Toscanini Italian conductor of many orchestras worldwide (1867-1957) Toulouse-Lautrec French painter who portrayed life in the cafes and music halls of Montmartre (1864-1901) Tourette French neurologist (1857-1904) Town United States architect who was noted for his design and construction of truss bridges (1784-1844) Townes United States physicist who developed the laser and maser principles for producing high-intensity radiation (1915-) Townsend United States social reformer who proposed an old-age pension sponsored by the federal government; his plan was a precursor to Social Security (1867-1960) Toynbee English historian who studied the rise and fall of civilizations looking for cyclical patterns (1889-1975) Tracy United States film actor who appeared in many films with Katharine Hepburn (1900-1967) Tradescant English botanist who was one of the first to collect specimens of plants (1570-1638) Trajan Roman Emperor and adoptive son of Nerva; extended the Roman Empire to the east and conducted an extensive program of building (53-117) Traubel United States operatic soprano (1903-1972) Tree English actor and theatrical producer noted for his lavish productions of Shakespeare (1853-1917) Trevelyan English historian who wrote a history of the American revolution and a biography of his uncle Lord Macaulay (1838-1928) English historian and son of Sir George Otto Trevelyan whose works include a social history of England and a biography of Garibaldi (1876-1962) Trevino United States golfer (born in 1939) Trevithick English engineer who built the first railway locomotive (1771-1833) Trilling United States literary critic (1905-1975) Trollope English writer of novels (1815-1882) Trotsky Russian revolutionary and Communist theorist who helped Lenin and built up the army; he was ousted from the Communist Party by Stalin and eventually assassinated in Mexico (1879-1940) Truffaut French filmmaker (1932-1984) Truman elected vice president in Roosevelt's 4th term; became 33rd President of the United States on Roosevelt's death in 1945 and was elected President in 1948; authorized the use of atomic bombs against Japan (1884-1972) Trumbo United States screenwriter who was blacklisted and imprisoned for refusing to cooperate with congressional investigations of communism in America (1905-1976) Trumbull American satirical poet (1750-1831) American painter of historical scenes (1756-1843) American Revolutionary leader who as governor of Connecticut provided supplies for the Continental Army (1710-1785) Truth United States abolitionist and feminist who was freed from slavery and became a leading advocate of the abolition of slavery and for the rights of women (1797-1883) Tubman United States abolitionist born a slave on a plantation in Maryland and became a famous conductor on the Underground Railroad leading other slaves to freedom in the North (1820-1913) Tuchman United States historian (1912-1989) Tucker United States vaudevillian (born in Russia) noted for her flamboyant performances (1884-1966) United States anarchist influential before World War I (1854-1939) Tunney United States prizefighter who won the world heavyweight championship by defeating Jack Dempsey twice (1898-1978) Turgenev Russian writer of stories and novels and plays (1818-1883) Turgot French economist who in 1774 was put in control of finances by Louis XVI; his proposals for reforms that involved abolishing feudal privileges made him unpopular with the aristocracy and in 1776 he was dismissed (1727-1781) Turing English mathematician who conceived of the Turing machine and broke German codes during World War II (1912-1954) Turner United States historian who stressed the role of the western frontier in American history (1861-1951) English landscape painter whose treatment of light and color influenced the French impressionists (1775-1851) United States endocrinologist (1892-1970) United States slave and insurrectionist who in 1831 led a rebellion of slaves in Virginia; he was captured and executed (1800-1831) Turpin English highwayman (1706-1739) Tussaud French modeler (resident in England after 1802) who made wax death masks of prominent victims of the French Revolution and toured Britain with her wax models; in 1835 she opened a permanent waxworks exhibition in London (1761-1850) Tutankhamen Pharaoh of Egypt around 1358 BC; his tomb was discovered almost intact by Howard Carter in 1922 Tutu South African prelate and leader of the antiapartheid struggle (born in 1931) Tyndale English translator and Protestant martyr; his translation of the Bible into English (which later formed the basis for the King James Version) aroused ecclesiastical opposition; he left England in 1524 and was burned at the stake in Antwerp as a heretic (1494-1536) Tyndall British physicist (born in Ireland) remembered for his experiments on the transparency of gases and the absorption of radiant heat by gases and the transmission of sound through the atmosphere; he was the first person to explain why the daylight sky is blue (1820-1893) Tyson United States prizefighter who was world heavyweight champion (born in 1966) Tzara French poet (born in Romania) who was one of the cofounders of the dada movement (1896-1963) Uhland German romantic poet (1787-1862) Ulanova Russian ballet dancer (1910-1998) Ulfilas a Christian believed to be of Cappadocian descent who became bishop of the Visigoths in 341 and translated the Bible from Greek into Gothic; traditionally held to have invented the Gothic alphabet (311-382) ultramontane a Roman Catholic who advocates ultramontanism (supreme papal authority in matters of faith and discipline) of or relating to ultramontanism Undset Norwegian novelist (1882-1949) Untermeyer United States writer (1885-1977) Updike United States author (born 1932) Upjohn United States architect (born in England) (1802-1878) Urban II French pope from 1088 to 1099 whose sermons called for the First Crusade (1042-1099) Urban V French pope from 1362 to 1370 who tried to reestablish the papacy in Rome but in 1367 returned to Avignon hoping to end the war between France and England; canonized in 1870 (1310-1370) Urban VI Italian pope from 1378 to 1389 whose contested election began the Great Schism; he alienated his political allies by his ruthless treatment of his opponents (1318-1389) Urban VIII Italian pope from 1623 to 1644 who sanctioned the condemnation of Galileo but later freed him (1568-1644) Urey United States chemist who discovered deuterium (1893-1981) Uriah (Old Testament) the husband of Bathsheba and a soldier who was sent to die in battle so that king David could marry his wife (circa 10th century BC) Ussher Irish prelate who deduced from the Bible that Creation occurred in the year 4004 BC (1581-1656) Ustinov British actor and playwright (1921-2004) Utrillo French painter noted for his paintings of Parisian street scenes (1883-1955) Van Allen United States physicist who discovered two belts of charged particles from the solar wind trapped by the Earth's magnetic field (born in 1914) Vanbrugh English architect (1664-1726) Van Buren 8th President of the United States (1782-1862) Van de Graaff United States physicist (1901-1967) Vanderbilt United States financier who accumulated great wealth from railroad and shipping businesses (1794-1877) van der Waals Dutch physicist (1837-1923) van de Velde Belgian architect (1863-1957) Van Doren United States writer and literary critic (1885-1950) Vandyke Flemish painter of numerous portraits (1599-1641) van Gogh Dutch Post-impressionist painter noted for his use of color (1853-1890) Van Vleck United States physicist (1899-1980) Vanzetti United States anarchist (born in Italy) who with Nicola Sacco was convicted of murder and in spite of world-wide protest was executed (1888-1927) Varese United States composer (born in France) whose music combines dissonance with complex rhythms and the use of electronic techniques (1883-1965) Vargas Brazilian statesman who ruled Brazil as a virtual dictator (1883-1954) Vargas Llosa Peruvian writer (born in 1936) Varro Roman scholar (116-27 BC) Vasarely French painter (born in Hungary) who was a pioneer of op art (1908-1997) Vasari Italian painter and art historian (1511-1574) Vaughan United States jazz singer noted for her complex bebop phrasing and scat singing (1924-1990) Vaughan Williams English composer influenced by folk tunes and music of the Tudor period (1872-1958) Vaux United States landscape architect (born in England) who designed Central Park (1824-1895) Veblen United States mathematician (1880-1960) United States economist who wrote about conspicuous consumption (1857-1929) Velazquez Spanish painter (1599-1660) Venn English logician who introduced Venn diagrams (1834-1923) Ventner United States geneticist who published the complete base sequences for all the genes of a free-living organism, the influenza bacterium; later led team that developed a first draft of the entire human genome (born in 1946) Venturi United States architect (born in 1925) Verdi Italian operatic composer (1813-1901) Verlaine French symbolist poet (1844-1896) Vermeer Dutch painter renowned for his use of light (1632-1675) Verne French writer who is considered the father of science fiction (1828-1905) Verner Danish philologist (1846-1896) Vernier French mathematician who described the vernier scale (1580-1637) Veronese Italian painter of the Venetian school (1528-1588) Verrazano Florentine navigator who explored the eastern coast of North America (circa 1485-1528) Versace Italian fashion designer (1946-1997) Verwoerd South African statesman who instituted the policy of apartheid (1901-1966) Vesalius a Flemish surgeon who is considered the father of modern anatomy (1514-1564) Vesey United States freed slave and insurrectionist in South Carolina who was involved in planning an uprising of slaves and was hanged (1767-1822) Vespasian Emperor of Rome and founder of the Flavian dynasty who consolidated Roman rule in Germany and Britain and reformed the army and brought prosperity to the empire; began the construction of the Colosseum (9-79) Vespucci Florentine navigator who explored the coast of South America; America was named in his honor (1454-1512) Vestris Italian dancing-master for Louis XVI who was considered the greatest dancer of his day; he was the first to discard the mask in mime (1729-1808) Victor Emanuel II king of Italy who completed the unification of Italy by acquiring Venice and Rome (1820-1878) Victor Emanuel III king of Italy who appointed Mussolini prime minister; he abdicated in 1946 and the monarchy was abolished (1869-1947) Vidal United States writer (born in 1925) Vigee-Lebrun French painter noted for her portraits (1755-1842) Villa Mexican revolutionary leader (1877-1923) Villa-Lobos Brazilian composer (1887-1959) Villard United States railroad magnate and businessman (1835-1900) Villon French poet (flourished around 1460) Vinogradoff British historian (born in Russia) (1854-1925) Vinson United States jurist who served as chief justice of the Supreme Court (1890-1953) Virchow German pathologist who recognized that all cells come from cells by binary fission and who emphasized cellular abnormalities in disease (1821-1902) Virgil a Roman poet; author of the epic poem `Aeneid' (70-19 BC) Visconti Italian filmmaker (1906-1976) Vitus Christian martyr and patron of those who suffer from epilepsy and Sydenham's chorea (died around 300) Vivaldi Italian baroque composer and violinist (1675-1741) Vizcaino Spanish explorer who was the first European to explore the California coast (1550-1615) Vlaminck French painter and exponent of fauvism (1876-1958) Voltaire French writer who was the embodiment of 18th century Enlightenment (1694-1778) Vonnegut United States writer whose novels and short stories are a mixture of realism and satire and science fiction (born in 1922) von Neumann United States mathematician who contributed to the development of atom bombs and of stored-program digital computers (1903-1957) von Sternberg United States film maker (born in Austria) whose films made Marlene Dietrich an international star (1894-1969) Voznesenski Russian poet (born in 1933) Vuillard French painter (1868-1940) Wade English tennis player who won many women's singles titles (born in 1945) Wain English writer (1925-1994) Waite United States jurist who was appointed chief justice of the United States Supreme Court in 1874 by President Grant (1816-1888) Wajda Polish filmmaker (born in 1929) Waldheim Austrian diplomat who was Secretary General of the United Nations from 1972 to 1981; in 1986 he was elected president of Austria in spite of worldwide allegations that he had direct knowledge of Nazi atrocities during World War II (born in 1918) Walesa Polish labor leader and statesman (born in 1943) Walker United States writer (born in 1944) New Zealand runner who in 1975 became the first person to run a mile in less that 3 minutes and 50 seconds (born in 1952) Wallace English naturalist who formulated a concept of evolution that resembled Charles Darwin's (1823-1913) English writer noted for his crime novels (1875-1932) Scottish insurgent who led the resistance to Edward I; in 1297 he gained control of Scotland briefly until Edward invaded Scotland again and defeated Wallace and subsequently executed him (1270-1305) Wallenstein Austrian general who fought for the Hapsburgs during the Thirty Years' War (1583-1634) Waller United States jazz musician (1904-1943) Walpole Englishman and Whig statesman who (under George I) was effectively the first British prime minister (1676-1745) English writer and historian; son of Sir Robert Walpole (1717-1797) Walter German conductor (1876-1962) Walton Irish physicist who (with Sir John Cockcroft in 1931) first split an atom (1903-1995) English writer remember for his treatise on fishing (1593-1683) English composer (1902-1983) Wanamaker United States businessman whose business grew into one of the first department stores (1838-1922) Warburg German art historian (1866-1929) German biochemist who pioneered the use of chemical techniques in biological investigations; noted for studies of cellular respiration (1883-1970) Ward United States businessman who in 1872 established a successful mail-order business (1843-1913) English writer of novels who was an active opponent of the women's suffrage movement (1851-1920) English economist and conservationist (1914-1981) Warhol United States artist who was a leader of the Pop Art movement (1930-1987) Warner United States filmmaker who with his brothers founded the movie studio that produced the first talking picture (1881-1958) Warren United States jurist who served as chief justice of the United States Supreme Court (1891-1974) United States writer and poet (1905-1989) Warwick English statesman; during the War of the Roses he fought first for the house of York and secured the throne for Edward IV and then changed sides to fight for the house of Lancaster and secured the throne for Henry VI (1428-1471) Wassermann German bacteriologist who developed a diagnostic test for syphilis (1866-1925) Waters United States actress and singer (1896-1977) Watson United States geneticist who (with Crick in 1953) helped discover the helical structure of DNA (born in 1928) United States psychologist considered the founder of behavioristic psychology (1878-1958) United States telephone engineer who assisted Alexander Graham Bell in his experiments (1854-1934) Watt Scottish engineer and inventor whose improvements in the steam engine led to its wide use in industry (1736-1819) Watteau French painter (1684-1721) Watts English poet and theologian (1674-1748) Waugh English author of satirical novels (1903-1966) Wavell British field marshal in North Africa in World War II; he defeated the Italians before being defeated by the Germans (1883-1950) Wayne American general during the American Revolution (1745-1796) United States film actor who played tough heroes (1907-1979) Webb English sociologist and economist and a central member of the Fabian Society (1859-1947) English writer and a central member of the Fabian Society (1858-1943) Weber German physiologist who studied sensory responses to stimuli and is considered the father of psychophysics (1795-1878) German conductor and composer of romantic operas (1786-1826) German sociologist and pioneer of the analytic method in sociology (1864-1920) United States abstract painter (born in Russia) (1881-1961) German physicist and brother of E. H. Weber; noted for his studies of terrestrial magnetism (1804-1891) Webster United States lexicographer (1758-1843) United States politician and orator (1782-1817) English playwright (1580-1625) Wegener German geophysicist who proposed the theory of continental drift (1880-1930) Weil United States mathematician (born in France) (1906-1998) French philosopher (1909-1943) Weill German composer; collaborated with Bertolt Brecht (1900-1950) Weinberg United States theoretical physicist (born in 1933) Weismann German biologist who was one of the founders of modern genetics; his theory of genetic transmission ruled out the possibility of transmitting acquired characteristics (1834-1914) Weizmann Israeli statesman who persuaded the United States to recognize the new state of Israel and became its first president (1874-1952) Weld United States abolitionist (1803-1895) Welles United States actor and filmmaker (1915-1985) Wells prolific English writer best known for his science-fiction novels; he also wrote on contemporary social problems and wrote popular accounts of history and science (1866-1946) Welty United States writer about rural southern life (1909-2001) Werfel United States writer (1890-1945) Wernicke German neurologist best known for his studies of aphasia (1848-1905) Wesley English clergyman and founder of Methodism (1703-1791) English clergyman and brother of John Wesley who wrote many hymns (1707-1788) Westinghouse United States inventor and manufacturer (1846-1914) Weston United States photographer(1886-1958) Wharton United States novelist (1862-1937) Wheatley American poet (born in Africa) who was the first recognized Black writer in America (1753-1784) Wheatstone English physicist and inventor who devised the Wheatstone bridge (1802-1875) Wheeler Scottish archaeologist (1890-1976) Whistler United States painter (1834-1903) Whitehead English philosopher and mathematician who collaborated with Bertrand Russell (1861-1947) Whitman United States frontier missionary who established a post in Oregon where Christianity and schooling and medicine were available to Native Americans (1802-1847) United States poet who celebrated the greatness of America (1819-1892) Whittier United States poet best known for his nostalgic poems about New England (1807-1892) Whittle English aeronautical engineer who invented the jet aircraft engine (1907-1996) Wiener United States mathematician and founder of cybernetics (1894-1964) Wiesel United States writer (born in Romania) who survived Nazi concentration camps and is dedicated to keeping alive the memory of the Holocaust (born in 1928) Wiesenthal Austrian investigator of Nazi war crimes (born in 1908) Wigner United States physicist (born in Hungary) noted for his work on the structure of the atom and its nucleus (1902-1995) Wilde Irish writer and wit (1854-1900) Wilder United States filmmaker (born in Austria) whose dark humor infused many of the films he made (1906-2002) United States writer and dramatist (1897-1975) Wilhelm II grandson of Queen Victoria and Kaiser of Germany from 1888 to 1918; he was vilified as causing World War I (1859-1941) Wilkes United States explorer of Antarctica (1798-1877) English reformer who published attacks on George III and supported the rights of the American colonists (1727-1797) Wilkins English biochemist who helped discover the structure of DNA (1916-2004) Australian who was the first to explore the Arctic by airplane (1888-1958) United States civil rights leader (1901-1981) Wilkinson English chemist honored for his research on pollutants in car exhausts (born in 1921) Willard United States educator who was an early campaigner for higher education for women (1787-1870) United States advocate of temperance and women's suffrage (1839-1898) Willebrand Finnish physician who first described vascular hemophilia (1870-1949) William I duke of Normandy who led the Norman invasion of England and became the first Norman to be King of England; he defeated Harold II at the battle of Hastings in 1066 and introduced many Norman customs into England (1027-1087) William II the second son of William the Conqueror who succeeded him as King of England (1056-1100) William III King of England and Scotland and Ireland; he married the daughter of James II and was invited by opponents of James II to invade England; when James fled, William III and Mary II were declared joint monarchs (1650-1702) William IV King of England and Ireland; son of George III who ascended the throne after a long naval career (1765-1837) Williams United States playwright (1911-1983) English clergyman and colonist who was expelled from Massachusetts for criticizing Puritanism; he founded Providence in 1636 and obtained a royal charter for Rhode Island in 1663 (1603-1683) United States baseball player noted as a hitter (1918-2002) United States poet (1883-1963) English philosopher credited with reviving the field of moral philosophy (1929-2003) United States country singer and songwriter (1923-1953) Willis English physician who was a pioneer in the study of the brain (1621-1675) Wilmut English geneticist who succeeded in cloning a sheep from a cell from an adult ewe (born in 1944) Winckelmann German archaeologist and art historian said to be the father of archaeology (1717-1768) Windaus German chemist who studied steroids and cholesterol and discovered histamine (1876-1959) Winslow English colonial administrator who traveled to America on the Mayflower and served as the first governor of the Plymouth Colony (1595-1655) Wise United States religious leader (born in Bohemia) who united reform Jewish organizations in the United States (1819-1900) United States Jewish leader (born in Hungary) (1874-1949) Wister United States writer (1860-1938) Witherspoon American Revolutionary leader and educator (born in Scotland) who signed of the Declaration of Independence and was president of the college that became Princeton University (1723-1794) Wittgenstein British philosopher born in Austria; a major influence on logic and logical positivism (1889-1951) Wodehouse English writer known for his humorous novels and stories (1881-1975) Wolf German classical scholar who claimed that the Iliad and Odyssey were composed by several authors (1759-1824) Austrian composer (1860-1903) Wolfe United States writer best known for his autobiographical novels (1900-1938) United States writer who has written extensively on American culture (born in 1931) Wolff German anatomist (1733-1794) Wollaston English chemist and physicist who discovered palladium and rhodium and demonstrated that static and current electricity are the same (1766-1828) Wollstonecraft English writer and early feminist who denied male supremacy and advocated equal education for women; mother of Mary Shelley (1759-1797) Wood United States painter noted for works based on life in the Midwest (1892-1942) English writer of novels about murders and thefts and forgeries (1814-1887) English conductor (1869-1944) United States film actress (1938-1981) Woodbury United States social economist (1876-1933) Woodhull United States advocate of women's suffrage; in 1872 she was the first woman to run for the United States presidency (1838-1927) Woodward United States chemist honored for synthesizing complex organic compounds (1917-1979) United States historian (1908-1999) Woolf English author whose work used such techniques as stream of consciousness and the interior monologue; prominent member of the Bloomsbury Group (1882-1941) Woollcott United States drama critic and journalist (1887-1943) Woolley English archaeologist who supervised the excavations at Ur (1880-1960) Woolworth United States businessman who opened a shop in 1879 selling low-priced goods and built it into a national chain of stores (1852-1919) Wordsworth a romantic English poet whose work was inspired by the Lake District where he spent most of his life (1770-1850) Worth French couturier (born in England) regarded as the founder of Parisian haute couture; noted for introducing the bustle (1825-1895) Wouk United States writer (born in 1915) Wren English architect who designed more than fifty London churches (1632-1723) Wright United States early feminist (born in Scotland) (1795-1852) influential United States architect (1869-1959) United States aviation pioneer who (with his brother Wilbur Wright) invented the airplane (1871-1948) United States aviation pioneer who (with his brother Orville Wright) invented the airplane (1867-1912) United States writer whose work is concerned with the oppression of African Americans (1908-1960) United States writer of detective novels (1888-1939) Wurlitzer United States businessman (born in Germany) who founded a company to make pipe organs (1831-1914) Wyatt English poet who introduced the sonnet form to English literature (1503-1542) English architect (1746-1813) Wycherley English playwright noted for his humorous and satirical plays (1640-1716) Wycliffe English theologian whose objections to Roman Catholic doctrine anticipated the Protestant Reformation (1328-1384) Wyeth United States painter (born in 1917) Wykeham English prelate and statesman; founded a college at Oxford and Winchester College in Winchester; served as chancellor of England and bishop of Winchester (1324-1404) Wyler United States filmmaker (1902-1981) Wylie United States poet (1885-1928) Wynette United States country singer (1942-1998) Wyszynski Polish prelate who persuaded the Soviet to allow greater religious freedom in Poland (1901-1981) Xavier Spanish missionary and Jesuit who establish missionaries in Japan and Ceylon and the East Indies (1506-1552) Xenophanes Greek philosopher (560-478 BC) Xenophon Greek general and historian; student of Socrates (430-355 BC) Xerxes I king of Persia who led a vast army against Greece and won the battle of Thermopylae but was eventually defeated (519-465 BC) Yale English philanthropist who made contributions to a college in Connecticut that was renamed in his honor (1649-1721) Yamamoto Japanese admiral who planned the attack on Pearl Harbor in 1941 (1884-1943) Yamani Saudi Arabian minister of petroleum who was a central figure in the creation of OPEC (born in 1930) Yang Chen Ning United States physicist (born in China) who collaborated with Tsung Dao Lee in disproving the principle of conservation of parity (born in 1922) Yastrzemski United States baseball player (born in 1939) Yeats Irish poet and dramatist (1865-1939) Yerkes United States psychologist who studied the intelligence of primates (1876-1956) Yersin French bacteriologist born in Switzerland; was a student of Pasteur; discovered the plague bacillus (1863-1943) Yevtushenko Russian poet who expressed the feelings of the post-Stalinist generation (born in 1933) Young United States religious leader of the Mormon Church after the assassination of Joseph Smith; he led the Mormon exodus from Illinois to Salt Lake City, Utah (1801-1877) United States baseball player and famous pitcher (1867-1955) English poet (1683-1765) United States jazz tenor saxophonist (1909-1959) British physicist and Egyptologist; he revived the wave theory of light and proposed a three-component theory of color vision; he also played an important role in deciphering the hieroglyphics on the Rosetta Stone (1773-1829) United States civil rights leader (1921-1971) United States film and television actress (1913-2000) Yukawa Japanese mathematical physicist who proposed that nuclear forces are mediated by massive particles called mesons which are analogous to the photon in mediating electromagnetic forces (1907-1981) Zaharias outstanding United States athlete (1914-1956) Zangwill English writer (1864-1926) Zanuck United States filmmaker whose works include the first full-length feature film with sound sequences (1902-1979) Zapata Mexican revolutionary who led a revolt for agrarian reforms (1879-1919) Zeeman Dutch physicist honored for his research on the influence of magnetism on radiation which showed that light is radiated by the motion of charged particles in an atom (1865-1943) Zeno ancient Greek philosopher who founded the Stoic school (circa 335-263 BC) ancient Greek philosopher who formulated paradoxes that defended the belief that motion and change are illusory (circa 495-430 BC) Zeppelin German inventor who designed and built the first rigid motorized dirigible (1838-1917) Zhou En-lai Chinese revolutionary and communist leader (1898-1976) Zhukov Soviet general who during World War II directed the counteroffensive at Stalingrad and relieved Leningrad and captured Berlin (1896-1974) Ziegfeld United States theatrical producer noted for a series of extravagant revues known as the Ziegfeld Follies (1869-1932) Ziegler German chemist honored for his research on polymers (1898-1973) Zimbalist United States violinist (born in Russia) (1889-1985) Zinnemann United States filmmaker (born in Austria) (1907-1997) Zinsser United States bacteriologist who helped develop immunization against typhus fever (1878-1940) Zinzendorf German theologian (1700-1760) Zola French novelist and critic; defender of Dreyfus (1840-1902) Zoroaster Persian prophet who founded Zoroastrianism (circa 628-551 BC) Zsigmondy German chemist (born in Austria) honored for his research on colloidal solutions (1865-1929) Zukerman Israeli violinist (born in 1948) Zweig Austrian writer (1881-1942) Zwingli Swiss theologian whose sermons began the Reformation in Switzerland (1484-1531) Zworykin United States physicist who invented the iconoscope (1889-1982) natural phenomenon all phenomena that are not artificial metempsychosis after death the soul begins a new cycle of existence in another human body chemical phenomenon any natural phenomenon involving chemistry (as changes to atoms or molecules) allotropy the phenomenon of an element existing in two or more physical forms photoconductivity change in the electrical conductivity of a substance as a result of absorbing electromagnetic radiation superconductivity the disappearance of electrical resistance at very low temperatures photochemical exchange an exchange produced by the chemical action of radiant energy (especially light) photoemission an emission of photoelectrons (especially from a metallic surface) efflorescence a powdery deposit on a surface aftereffect any result that follows its cause after an interval a delayed effect of a drug or therapy; "the drug had unexpected aftereffects" aftermath the consequences of an event (especially a catastrophic event); "the aftermath of war"; "in the wake of the accident no one knew how many had been injured" bandwagon effect the phenomenon of a popular trend attracting even greater popularity; "in periods of high merger activity there is a bandwagon effect with more and more firms seeking to engage in takeover activity"; "polls are accused of creating a bandwagon effect to benefit their candidate" brisance the shattering or crushing effect of a sudden release of energy as in an explosion butterfly effect the phenomenon whereby a small change at one place in a complex system can have large effects elsewhere, e.g., a butterfly flapping its wings in Rio de Janeiro might change the weather in Chicago coattails effect (politics) the consequence of one popular candidate in an election drawing votes for other members of the same political party; "he counted on the coattails effect to win him the election" Coriolis effect (physics) an effect whereby a body moving in a rotating frame of reference experiences the Coriolis force acting perpendicular to the direction of motion and to the axis of rotation; on Earth the Coriolis effect deflects moving bodies to the right in the northern hemisphere and to the left in the southern hemisphere dominance the organic phenomenon in which one of a pair of alleles present in a genotype is expressed in the phenotype and the other allele of the pair is not the state that exists when one person or group has power over another; "her apparent dominance of her husband was really her attempt to make him pay attention to her" domino effect the consequence of one event setting off a chain of similar events (like a falling domino causing a whole row of upended dominos to fall) knock-on effect a secondary or incidental effect outgrowth a natural consequence of development placebo effect any effect that seems to be a consequence of administering a placebo; the change is usually beneficial and is assumed result from the person's faith in the treatment or preconceptions about what the experimental drug was supposed to do; pharmacologists were the first to talk about placebo effects but now the idea has been generalized to many situations having nothing to do with drugs position effect (genetics) the effect on the expression of a gene that is produced by changing its location in a chromosome repercussion a remote or indirect consequence of some action; "his declaration had unforeseen repercussions"; "reverberations of the market crash were felt years later" side effect any adverse and unwanted secondary effect; "a strategy to contain the fallout from the accounting scandal" a secondary and usually adverse effect of a drug or therapy; "severe headaches are one of the side effects of the drug" geological phenomenon a natural phenomenon involving the structure or composition of the earth endogeny a geological phenomenon below the surface of the earth luck an unknown and unpredictable phenomenon that causes an event to result one way rather than another; "bad luck caused his downfall"; "we ran into each other by pure chance" an unknown and unpredictable phenomenon that leads to a favorable outcome; "it was my good luck to be there"; "they say luck is a lady"; "it was as if fortune guided his hand" organic phenomenon (biology) a natural phenomenon involving living plants and animals physical phenomenon a natural phenomenon involving the physical properties of matter and energy aberration an optical phenomenon resulting from the failure of a lens or mirror to produce a good image a disorder in one's mental state abiogenesis a hypothetical organic phenomenon by which living organisms are created from nonliving matter absorption band a dark band in the spectrum of white light that has been transmitted through a substance that exhibits absorption at selective wavelengths absorption spectrum the spectrum of electromagnetic radiation that has passed through a medium that absorbed radiation of certain wavelengths actinic radiation electromagnetic radiation that can produce photochemical reactions action spectrum the efficiency with which electromagnetic radiation produces a photochemical reaction plotted as a function of the wavelength of the radiation activation energy the energy that an atomic system must acquire before a process (such as an emission or reaction) can occur; "catalysts are said to reduce the energy of activation during the transition phase of a reaction" aerodynamic force forces acting on airfoils in motion relative to the air (or other gaseous fluids) aerodynamic lift the component of the aerodynamic forces acting on an airfoil that opposes gravity ground effect apparent increase in aerodynamic lift experienced by an aircraft flying close to the ground air pocket a local region of low pressure or descending air that causes a plane to lose height suddenly slipstream the flow of air that is driven backwards by an aircraft propeller airstream a relatively well-defined prevailing wind alluvial fan a fan-shaped deposit where a fast flowing stream flattens out alpha radiation the radiation of alpha particles during radioactive decay alpha rhythm the normal brainwave in the electroencephalogram of a person who is awake but relaxed; occurs with a frequency of 8-12 hertz alternating current an electric current that reverses direction sinusoidally; "In the US most household current is AC at 60 cycles per second" alternation of generations the alternation of two or more different forms in the life cycle of a plant or animal alternative energy energy derived from sources that do not use up natural resources or harm the environment metagenesis alternation of sexual and asexual generations amperage the strength of an electrical current measured in amperes annual ring an annual formation of wood in plants as they grow antitrades wind in the upper atmosphere blowing above but in the opposite direction from the trade winds apparent motion an optical illusion of motion produced by viewing a rapid succession of still pictures of a moving object; "the cinema relies on apparent motion"; "the succession of flashing lights gave an illusion of movement" acoustic phenomenon a physical phenomenon associated with the production or transmission of sound atmospheric phenomenon a physical phenomenon associated with the atmosphere atomic energy the energy released by a nuclear reaction atomic power nuclear energy regarded as a source of electricity for the power grid (for civilian use) atomic spectrum (physics) a spectrum of radiation caused by electron transitions within an atom; the series of spectrum lines is characteristic of the element aureole the outermost region of the sun's atmosphere; visible as a white halo during a solar eclipse aurora an atmospheric phenomenon consisting of bands of light caused by charged solar particles following the earth's magnetic lines of force aurora australis the aurora of the southern hemisphere aurora borealis the aurora of the northern hemisphere autofluorescence self-induced fluorescence bad luck an unpredictable outcome that is unfortunate; "if I didn't have bad luck I wouldn't have any luck at all" cathode ray a beam of electrons emitted by the cathode of an electrical discharge tube beta radiation radiation of beta particles during radioactive decay beta rhythm the normal brainwave in the encephalogram of a person who is awake and alert; occurs with a frequency between 12 and 30 hertz binding energy the energy required to separate particles from a molecule or atom or nucleus; equals the mass defect bioelectricity electric phenomena in animals or plants bise a dry cold north wind in southeastern France atmospheric pressure the pressure exerted by the atmosphere black-body radiation the electromagnetic radiation that would be radiated from an ideal black body; the distribution of energy in the radiated spectrum of a black body depends only on temperature and is determined by Planck's radiation law blood pressure the pressure of the circulating blood against the walls of the blood vessels; results from the systole of the left ventricle of the heart; sometimes measured for a quick evaluation of a person's health; "adult blood pressure is considered normal at 120/80 where the first number is the systolic pressure and the second is the diastolic pressure" systolic pressure the blood pressure (as measured by a sphygmomanometer) during the contraction of the left ventricle of the heart diastolic pressure the blood pressure (as measured by a sphygmomanometer) after the contraction of the heart while the chambers of the heart refill with blood arterial pressure the pressure of the circulating blood on the arteries; "arterial pressure is the product of cardiac output and vascular resistance" venous pressure the pressure exerted on the walls of the veins by the circulating blood boundary layer the layer of slower flow of a fluid past a surface brainwave (neurophysiology) rapid fluctuations of voltage between parts of the cerebral cortex that are detectable with an electroencephalograph calm air wind moving at less than 1 knot; 0 on the Beaufort scale breeze a slight wind (usually refreshing); "the breeze was cooled by the lake"; "as he waited he could feel the air on his neck" to proceed quickly and easily blow gently and lightly; "It breezes most evenings at the shore" sea breeze a cooling breeze from the sea (during the daytime) light air wind moving 1-3 knots; 1 on the Beaufort scale light breeze wind moving 4-7 knots; 2 on the Beaufort scale gentle breeze wind moving 8-12 knots; 3 on the Beaufort scale moderate breeze wind moving 13-18 knots; 4 on the Beaufort scale fresh breeze wind moving 19-24 knots; 5 on the Beaufort scale strong breeze wind moving 25-31 knots; 6 on the Beaufort scale Brownian movement the random motion of small particles suspended in a gas or liquid brush discharge discharge between electrodes creating visible streamers of ionized particles candlelight the light provided by a burning candle capacitance an electrical phenomenon whereby an electric charge is stored elastance the reciprocal of capacitance capillarity a phenomenon associated with surface tension and resulting in the elevation or depression of liquids in capillaries catastrophe a sudden violent change in the earth's surface a state of extreme (usually irremediable) ruin and misfortune; "lack of funds has resulted in a catastrophe for our school system"; "his policies were a disaster" nuclear winter a long period of darkness and extreme cold that scientists predict would follow a full-scale nuclear war; a layer of dust and smoke in the atmosphere would cover the earth and block the rays of the sun; most living organisms would perish continental drift the gradual movement and formation of continents (as described by plate tectonics) centrifugal force the outward force on a body moving in a curved path around another body centripetal force the inward force on a body moving in a curved path around another body electrostatic charge the electric charge at rest on the surface of an insulated body (which establishes and adjacent electrostatic field) electrostatic field electric field associated with static electric charges pyroelectricity generation of an electric charge on certain crystals (such as tourmaline) as a result of a change in temperature positive charge having a deficiency of electrons; having a higher electric potential negative charge having a surplus of electrons; having a lower electric potential chemical bond an electrical force linking atoms valency the phenomenon of forming chemical bonds cohesion (physics) the intermolecular force that holds together the molecules in a solid or liquid (botany) the process in some plants of parts growing together that are usually separate (such as petals) covalent bond a chemical bond that involves sharing a pair of electrons between atoms in a molecule cross-link a side bond that links two adjacent chains of atoms in a complex molecule join by creating covalent bonds (of adjacent chains of a polymer or protein) hydrogen bond a chemical bond consisting of a hydrogen atom between two electronegative atoms (e.g., oxygen or nitrogen) with one side be a covalent bond and the other being an ionic bond ionic bond a chemical bond in which one atom loses an electron to form a positive ion and the other atom gains an electron to form a negative ion ionizing radiation high-energy radiation capable of producing ionization in substances through which it passes double bond a covalent bond in which two pairs of electrons are shared between two atoms coordinate bond a covalent bond in which both electrons are provided by one of the atoms metallic bond a chemical bond in which electrons are shared over many nuclei and electronic conduction occurs peptide bond the primary linkage of all protein structures; the chemical bond between the carboxyl groups and amino groups that unites a peptide chemical energy that part of the energy in a substance that can be released by a chemical reaction harmattan a dusty wind from the Sahara that blows toward the western coast of Africa during the winter chromatic aberration an optical aberration in which the image has colored fringes systemic circulation circulation that supplies blood to all the body except to the lungs pulmonary circulation circulation of blood between the heart and the lungs vitelline circulation circulation of blood between the embryo and the yolk sac cold wave a wave of unusually cold weather cold weather a period of unusually cold weather Coriolis force (physics) a force due to the earth's rotation; acts on a body in motion (airplane or projectile) in a rotating reference frame; in a rotating frame of reference Newton's second law of motion can be made to apply if in addition to the real forces acting on a body a Coriolis force and a centrifugal force are introduced corona discharge an electrical discharge accompanied by ionization of surrounding atmosphere cosmic background radiation (cosmology) the cooled remnant of the hot big bang that fills the entire universe and can be observed today with an average temperature of about 2.725 kelvin cosmic dust clouds of particles or gases occurring throughout interstellar space cosmic radiation radiation coming from outside the solar system cosmic ray highly penetrating ionizing radiation of extraterrestrial origin; consisting chiefly of protons and alpha particles; collision with atmospheric particles results in rays and particles of many kinds dust cloud a cloud of dust suspended in the air counterglow a faint spot of light in the night sky that appears directly opposite the position of the sun; a reflection of sunlight by micrometeoric material in space crosswind wind blowing across the path of a ship or aircraft fohn a warm dry wind that blows down the northern slopes of the Alps khamsin an oppressively hot southerly wind from the Sahara that blows across Egypt in the spring high wind a very strong wind; "rain and high winds covered the region" headwind wind blowing opposite to the path of a ship or aircraft katabatic wind a wind caused by the downward motion of cold air tailwind wind blowing in the same direction as the path of a ship or aircraft cyclone a violent rotating windstorm (meteorology) rapid inward circulation of air masses about a low pressure center; circling counterclockwise in the northern hemisphere and clockwise in the southern cyclosis the circulation of cytoplasm within a cell daylight light during the daytime decalescence phenomenon that occurs when a metal is being heated and there is a sudden slowing in the rate of temperature increase; slowing is caused by a change in the internal crystal structure of the metal decay the organic phenomenon of rotting a gradual decrease; as of stored charge or current the process of gradually becoming inferior the spontaneous disintegration of a radioactive substance along with the emission of ionizing radiation an inferior state resulting from the process of decaying; "the corpse was in an advanced state of decay"; "the house had fallen into a serious state of decay and disrepair" fall into decay or ruin; "The unoccupied house started to decay" undergo decay or decomposition; "The body started to decay and needed to be cremated" dehiscence (biology) release of material by splitting open of an organ or tissue; the natural bursting open at maturity of a fruit or other reproductive body to release seeds or spores or the bursting open of a surgically closed wound delta rhythm the normal brainwave in the encephalogram of a person in deep dreamless sleep; occurs with high voltage and low frequency (1 to 4 hertz) desquamation loss of bits of outer skin by peeling or shedding or coming off in scales exfoliation the peeling off in flakes or scales of bark or dead skin; "exfoliation is increased by sunburn" mother lode the main vein of ore in a deposit lode a deposit of valuable ore occurring within definite boundaries separating it from surrounding rocks sweat condensation of moisture on a cold surface; "the cold glasses were streaked with sweat" excrete perspiration through the pores in the skin; "Exercise makes one sweat" diapedesis passage of blood cells (especially white blood cells) through intact capillary walls and into the surrounding tissue dichroism pleochroism of a crystal so that it exhibits two different colors when viewed from two different directions diffraction when light passes sharp edges or goes through narrow slits the rays are deflected and produce fringes of light and dark bands direct current an electric current that flows in one direction steadily interrupt a signal that temporarily stops the execution of a program so that another procedure can be carried out terminate; "She interrupted her pregnancy"; "break a lucky streak"; "break the cycle of poverty" destroy the peace or tranquility of; "Don't interrupt me when I'm reading" interfere in someone else's activity; "Please don't interrupt me while I'm on the phone" make a break in; "We interrupt the program for the following messages" doldrums a belt of calms and light winds between the northern and southern trade winds of the Atlantic and Pacific dust devil a miniature whirlwind strong enough to whip dust and leaves and litter into the air dust storm a windstorm that lifts up clouds of dust or sand; "it was the kind of duster not experienced in years" east wind a wind from the east northwest wind a wind from the northwest southwester a strong wind from the southwest southeaster a strong wind from the southeast elastic energy potential energy that is stored when a body is deformed (as in a coiled spring) electrical phenomenon a physical phenomenon involving electricity electrical power the product of voltage and current electric field a field of force surrounding a charged particle dielectric heating heating of an insulator by a high-frequency electric field galvanism electricity produced by chemical action electromagnetic radiation radiation consisting of waves of energy associated with electric and magnetic fields resulting from the acceleration of an electric charge Hertzian wave a former name for a radio wave; an electromagnetic wave of radio frequency generated by oscillations in an electric circuit electromagnetic spectrum the entire frequency range of electromagnetic waves emission spectrum spectrum of electromagnetic radiation emitted by a self-luminous source energy level a definite stable energy that a physical system can have; used especially of the state of electrons in atoms or molecules; "according to quantum theory only certain energy levels are possible" rest energy the energy equivalent to the mass of a particle at rest in an inertial frame of reference; equal to the rest mass times the square of the speed of light epiphenomenon a secondary phenomenon that is a by-product of another phenomenon flashover an unintended electric discharge (as over or around an insulator) flash flood a sudden local flood of great volume and short duration floodhead a wall of water rushing ahead of the flood; "we were lucky to be safe when the floodheads hit" Noah's flood (Biblical) the great deluge that is said in the Book of Genesis to have occurred in the time of Noah; it was brought by God upon the earth because of the wickedness of human beings food chain (ecology) a community of organisms where each member is eaten in turn by another member food pyramid (ecology) a hierarchy of food chains with the principal predator at the top; each level preys on the level below food web (ecology) a community of organisms where there are several interrelated food chains fair weather moderate weather; suitable for outdoor activities fata morgana a mirage in the Strait of Messina (attributed to the Arthurian sorcerer Morgan le Fay) line of force an imaginary line in a field of force; direction of the line at any point is the direction of the force at that point electrical line of force a line of force in an electrical field magnetic line of force a line of force in a magnetic field fine spray precipitation in very small drops fine structure the presence of groups of closely spaced spectrum lines observed in the atomic spectrum of certain elements; "the fine structure results from slightly different energy levels" firelight the light of a fire (especially in a fireplace) fluorescence light emitted during absorption of radiation of some other (invisible) wavelength fog droplets of water vapor suspended in the air near the ground an atmosphere in which visibility is reduced because of a cloud of some substance fogbank a large mass of fog on the sea (as seen from a distance) forked lightning a form of lightning that moves rapidly in a zigzag path with one end divided (fork-like) friar's lantern a pale light sometimes seen at night over marshy ground gene expression conversion of the information encoded in a gene first into messenger RNA and then to a protein warm front the front of an advancing mass of warmer air cold front the front of an advancing mass of colder air squall line a cold front along which squalls or thunderstorms are likely occluded front (meteorology) a composite front when colder air surrounds a mass of warm air and forces it aloft greenhouse effect warming that results when solar radiation is trapped by the atmosphere; caused by atmospheric gases that allow sunshine to pass through but absorb heat that is radiated back from the warmed surface of the earth frost heave upthrust of ground or pavement caused by the freezing of moist soil gale a strong wind moving 45-90 knots; force 7 to 10 on Beaufort scale moderate gale wind moving 32-38 knots; 7 on the Beaufort scale fresh gale wind moving 39-46 knots; 8 on the Beaufort scale strong gale wind moving 47-54 knots; 9 on the Beaufort scale whole gale wind moving 55-63 knots; 10 on the Beaufort scale northeaster a storm blowing from the northeast gamma radiation electromagnetic radiation emitted during radioactive decay and having an extremely short wavelength gaslight light yielded by the combustion of illuminating gas sky glow illumination of the night sky in urban areas good luck a stroke of luck serendipity good luck in making unexpected and fortunate discoveries gravitational field a field of force surrounding a body of finite mass solar gravity the gravity of the sun; "solar gravity creates extreme pressures and temperatures" gun smoke smoke created by the firing of guns gust a strong current of air; "the tree was bent almost double by the gust" bluster a violent gusty wind noisy confusion and turbulence; "he was awakened by the bluster of their preparations" blow hard; be gusty, as of wind; "A southeaster blustered onshore"; "The flames blustered" sandblast a blast of wind laden with sand grind with a sandblast; "sandblast the facade of the building" hailstorm a storm during which hail falls half-light a greyish light (as at dawn or dusk or in dim interiors) haze atmospheric moisture or dust or smoke that causes reduced visibility harass by imposing humiliating or painful tasks, as in military institutions become hazy, dull, or cloudy geothermal energy energy derived from the heat in the interior of the earth histocompatibility condition in which the cells of one tissue can survive in the presence of cells of another tissue; "a successful graft or transplant requires a high degree of histocompatibility" hot weather a period of unusually high temperatures hurricane a severe tropical cyclone usually with heavy rains and winds moving at 63-136 knots (12 on the Beaufort scale) hydroelectricity electricity produced by water power hysteresis the lagging of an effect behind its cause; especially the phenomenon in which the magnetic induction of a ferromagnetic material lags behind the changing magnetic field ice fog a dense winter fog containing ice particles ice storm a storm with freezing rain that leaves everything glazed with ice incidence the striking of a light beam on a surface; "he measured the angle of incidence of the reflected light" the relative frequency of occurrence of something mutual induction generation of electromotive forces in each other by two adjacent circuits self-induction generation of an electromotive force (EMF) in a circuit by changing the current in that circuit; usually measured in henries inertia (physics) the tendency of a body to maintain its state of rest or uniform motion unless acted upon by an external force moment of inertia the tendency of a body to resist angular acceleration angular acceleration (physics) the rate of change of the angular velocity of a rotating body angular velocity (physics) the rate of change of the angular position of a rotating body; usually expressed in radians per second or radians per minute infrared spectrum the spectrum of infrared radiation interreflection reciprocal reflection between two reflecting surfaces; "there was interreflection between the two surfaces of the lens" jet propulsion propulsion by means of the discharge of a jet of fluid toward the rear jet stream a high-speed high-altitude airstream blowing from west to east near the top of the troposphere; has important effects of the formation of weather fronts kinetic energy the mechanical energy that a body has by virtue of its motion heat of dissociation the heat required for a fluid substance to break up into simpler constituents heat of formation the heat evolved or absorbed during the formation of one mole of a substance from its component elements heat of solution the heat evolved or absorbed when one mole of a substance is dissolved in a large volume of a solvent latent heat heat absorbed or radiated during a change of phase at a constant temperature and pressure heat of condensation heat liberated by a unit mass of gas at its boiling point as it condenses into a liquid; "the heat of condensation is equal to the heat of vaporization" heat of fusion heat absorbed by a unit mass of a solid at its melting point in order to convert the solid into a liquid at the same temperature; "the heat of fusion is equal to the heat of solidification" heat of solidification heat liberated by a unit mass of liquid at its freezing point when it solidifies heat of sublimation heat absorbed by a unit mass of material when it changes from a solid to a gaseous state heat of vaporization heat absorbed by a unit mass of a material at its boiling point in order to convert the material into a gas at the same temperature specific heat the heat required to raise the temperature of one gram of a substance one degree centigrade heat ray a ray that produces a thermal effect heat wave a wave of unusually hot weather high beam the beam of a car's headlights that provides distant illumination infrared ray a ray of infrared radiation; produces a thermal effect (as from an infrared lamp) lamplight light from a lamp levanter an easterly wind in the western Mediterranean area aerobiosis life sustained in the presence of air or oxygen life cycle a series of stages through which an organism passes between recurrences of a primary stage the course of developmental changes in an organism from fertilized zygote to maturity when another zygote can be produced elves an acronym for emissions of light and very low frequency perturbations due to electromagnetic pulse sources; extremely bright extremely short (less than a msec) electrical flashes forming a huge ring (up to 400 km diameter) in the ionosphere line spectrum a spectrum in which energy is concentrated at particular wavelengths; produced by excited atoms and ions as they fall back to a lower energy level Lorentz force the force experienced by a point charge moving along a wire that is in a magnetic field; the force is at right angles to both the current and the magnetic field; "the Lorentz force can be used to suspend a current-carrying object between two magnets" sprites atmospheric electricity (lasting 10 msec) appearing as globular flashes of red (pink to blood-red) light rising to heights of 60 miles (sometimes seen together with elves) atmospheric electricity electrical discharges in the atmosphere bioluminescence luminescence produced by physiological processes (as in the firefly) chemiluminescence luminescence resulting from a chemical reaction as the oxidation of luciferin in fireflies luminous energy the energy associated with visible light magnetosphere the magnetic field of a planet; the volume around the planet in which charged particles are subject more to the planet's magnetic field than to the solar magnetic field solar magnetic field the magnetic field of the sun magnetic field the lines of force surrounding a permanent magnet or a moving charged particle radiation field a field that represents the energy lost from the radiator to space sympathetic vibration (physics) vibration produced by resonance nuclear resonance the resonance absorption of a gamma ray by a nucleus identical to the nucleus that emitted the gamma ray magnetic resonance resonance of electrons or atoms or molecules or nuclei to radiation frequencies as a result of space quantization in a magnetic field nuclear magnetic resonance resonance of protons to radiation in a magnetic field antiferromagnetism magnetic field creates parallel but opposing spins; varies with temperature diamagnetism phenomenon exhibited by materials like copper or bismuth that become magnetized in a magnetic field with a polarity opposite to the magnetic force; unlike iron they are slightly repelled by a magnet ferrimagnetism a phenomenon in ferrites where there can be incomplete cancellation of antiferromagnetic arranged spins giving a net magnetic moment ferromagnetism phenomenon exhibited by materials like iron (nickel or cobalt) that become magnetized in a magnetic field and retain their magnetism when the field is removed paramagnetism materials like aluminum or platinum become magnetized in a magnetic field but it disappears when the field is removed mechanical phenomenon a physical phenomenon associated with the equilibrium or motion of objects ultrasound very high frequency sound; used in ultrasonography trajectory the path followed by an object moving through space gravity-assist (spaceflight) a trajectory that passes close to a planetary body in order to gain energy from its gravitational field mass defect the amount by which the mass of an atomic nucleus is less than the sum of the masses of its constituent particles mechanical energy energy in a mechanical form midnight sun the sun visible at midnight (inside the Arctic or Antarctic Circles) mist a thin fog with condensation near the ground become covered with mist; "The windshield misted over" spray finely or cover with mist mistral a strong north wind that blows in France during the winter moment of a couple given two equal and opposite forces, the product of the force and the distance between them dipole moment the moment of a dipole electric dipole moment the dipole moment in an electric dipole magnetic dipole moment (physics) a current loop gives rise to a magnetic field characteristic of a magnetic dipole; "An orbiting electron in an atom will have a magnetic dipole moment" magnetic moment the torque exerted on a magnet or dipole when it is placed in a magnetic field meteor a streak of light in the sky at night that results when a meteoroid hits the earth's atmosphere and air friction causes the meteoroid to melt or vaporize or explode bolide an especially luminous meteor (sometimes exploding) monsoon a seasonal wind in southern Asia; blows from the southwest (bringing rain) in summer and from the northeast in winter any wind that changes direction with the seasons rainy season in southern Asia when the southwestern monsoon blows, bringing heavy rains moonbeam a ray of moonlight moonlight the light of the Moon; "moonlight is the smuggler's enemy"; "the Moon was bright enough to read by" work a second job, usually after hours; "The law student is moonlighting as a taxi driver" starlight the light of the stars sunlight the rays of the sun; "the shingles were weathered by the sun and wind" sunbeam a ray of sunlight laser beam a beam of light generated by a laser low beam the beam of a car's headlights that provides illumination for a short distance particle beam a collimated flow of particles (atoms or electrons or molecules) ion beam a beam of ions moving in the same direction at the same speed necrobiosis (physiology) the normal degeneration and death of living cells (as in various epithelial cells) apoptosis a type of cell death in which the cell uses specialized cellular machinery to kill itself; a cell suicide mechanism that enables metazoans to control cell number and eliminate cells that threaten the animal's survival necrosis the localized death of living cells (as from infection or the interruption of blood supply) myonecrosis localized death of muscle cell fibers brain death death when respiration and other reflexes are absent; consciousness is gone; organs can be removed for transplantation before the heartbeat stops neutron radiation radiation of neutrons (as by a neutron bomb) halo a circle of light around the sun or moon solar halo a luminous halo parallel to the horizon at the altitude of the sun; caused by ice crystals in the atmosphere parhelion a bright spot on the parhelic circle; caused by diffraction by ice crystals; "two or more parhelia are usually seen at once" north wind a wind that blows from the north nuclear propulsion the use of a nuclear reactor either to produce electricity to power an engine (as in a nuclear submarine) or to directly heat a propellant (as in nuclear rockets) ocean current the steady flow of surface ocean water in a prevailing direction El Nino southern oscillation a more intense El Nino that occurs every few years when the welling up of cold nutrient-rich water does not occur; kills plankton and fish and affects weather patterns equatorial current any of the ocean currents that flow westward at the equator North Equatorial Current an equatorial current that flows west across the Pacific just north of the equator South Equatorial Current an equatorial current that flows west across the Pacific just south of the equator Gulf stream a warm ocean current that flows from the Gulf of Mexico northward through the Atlantic Ocean Japan current a warm ocean current that flows northeastwardly off the coast of Japan into the northern Pacific ocean Peruvian current a cold ocean current that flows north along the Pacific Coast of South America before turning west optical opacity opacity to light radiopacity opacity to X-rays or other radiation optical illusion an optical phenomenon that results in a false or deceptive visual impression optical phenomenon a physical phenomenon related to or involving light phosphorescence a fluorescence that persists after the bombarding radiation has ceased photoelectricity electricity generated by light or affected by light piezoelectricity electricity produced by mechanical pressure on certain crystals (notably quartz or Rochelle salt); alternatively, electrostatic stress produces a change in the linear dimensions of the crystal pleochroism the phenomenon of different colors appearing when certain crystals are viewed from different directions pleomorphism (biology) the appearance of two or more distinctly different forms in the life cycle of some organisms polarization the phenomenon in which waves of light or other radiation are restricted in direction of vibration the condition of having or giving polarity depolarization a loss of polarity or polarization polymorphism (biology) the existence of two or more forms of individuals within the same animal species (independent of sex differences) (chemistry) the existence of different kinds of crystal of the same chemical compound (genetics) the genetic variation within a population that natural selection can operate on dimorphism (biology) the existence of two forms of individual within the same animal species (independent of sex differences) (chemistry) the property of certain substances that enables them to exist in two distinct crystalline forms single nucleotide polymorphism (genetics) genetic variation in a DNA sequence that occurs when a single nucleotide in a genome is altered; SNPs are usually considered to be point mutations that have been evolutionarily successful enough to recur in a significant proportion of the population of a species electric potential the difference in electrical charge between two points in a circuit expressed in volts evoked potential the electrical response of the central nervous system produced by an external stimulus; "he measured evoked potentials with an electroencephalogram" resting potential the potential difference between the two sides of the membrane of a nerve cell when the cell is not conducting an impulse potential energy the mechanical energy that a body has by virtue of its position; stored energy gas pressure the pressure exerted by a gas barometric pressure atmospheric pressure as indicated by a barometer compartment pressure the air pressure maintained in an air-tight compartment (as in an aircraft) overpressure a transient air pressure greater than the surrounding atmospheric pressure; "the overpressure of the blast kills by lethal concussion" sea-level pressure the atmospheric pressure reduced by a formula to the pressure at sea level hydrostatic head the pressure at a given point in a liquid measured in terms of the vertical height of a column of the liquid needed to produce the same pressure intraocular pressure pressure exerted by the fluids inside the eyeball; regulated by resistance to the outward flow of aqueous humor; "glaucoma can result from increased intraocular pressure" oil pressure pressure that keeps oil on the moving parts of an internal-combustion engine osmotic pressure (physical chemistry) the pressure exerted by a solution necessary to prevent osmosis into that solution when it is separated from the pure solvent by a semipermeable membrane radiation pressure the minute pressure exerted on a surface normal to the direction of propagation of a wave sound pressure the difference between the instantaneous pressure at a point in a sound field and the average pressure at that point prevailing wind the predominant wind direction; "the prevailing wind is from the southwest" rocket propulsion reaction propulsion using stored oxygen for combustion; used where there is insufficient atmospheric oxygen reaction propulsion propulsion that results from the ejection at high velocity of a mass of gas to which the vehicle reacts with an equal and opposite momentum radiant energy energy that is transmitted in the form of (electromagnetic) radiation; energy that exists in the absence of matter corpuscular radiation a stream of atomic or subatomic particles that may be charged positively (e.g. alpha particles) or negatively (e.g. beta particles) or not at all (e.g. neutrons) radio wave an electromagnetic wave with a wavelength between 0.5 cm to 30,000 m sky wave a radio wave that is reflected back to earth by the ionosphere or a communications satellite; permits transmission around the curve of the earth's surface ionospheric wave a sky wave that is reflected by the ionosphere ground wave a radio wave propagated on or near the earth's surface radio signal a radio wave used to transmit and receive messages mass spectrum a distribution of ions as shown by a mass spectrograph or a mass spectrometer microwave spectrum the part of the electromagnetic spectrum corresponding to microwaves radio spectrum the entire spectrum of electromagnetic frequencies used for communications; includes frequencies used for radio and radar and television carrier wave a radio wave that can be modulated in order to transmit a signal raindrop a drop of rain rainstorm a storm with rain line storm a violent rainstorm near the time of an equinox thundershower a short rainstorm accompanied by thunder and lightning downpour a heavy rain drizzle very light rain; stronger than mist but less than a shower moisten with fine drops; "drizzle the meat with melted butter" rain lightly; "When it drizzles in summer, hiking can be pleasant" refraction the change in direction of a propagating wave (light or sound) when passing from one medium to another double refraction splitting a ray into two parallel rays polarized perpendicularly conductance a material's capacity to conduct electricity; measured as the reciprocal of electrical resistance electric resistance a material's opposition to the flow of electric current; measured in ohms ohmage the ohmic resistance of a conductor reactance opposition to the flow of electric current resulting from inductance and capacitance (rather than resistance) acoustic resistance opposition to the flow of sound through a surface; acoustic resistance is the real component of acoustic impedance and acoustic reactance is the imaginary component sonic barrier the increase in aerodynamic drag as an airplane approaches the speed of sound resolving power the ability of a microscope or telescope to measure the angular separation of images that are close together scattering a light shower that falls in some locations and not others nearby the physical process in which particles are deflected haphazardly as a result of collisions a small number (of something) dispersed haphazardly; "the first scatterings of green"; "a sprinkling of grey at his temples" sex linkage an association between genes in sex chromosomes that makes some characteristics appear more frequently in one sex than in the other meteor shower a transient shower of meteors when a meteor swarm enters the earth's atmosphere short wave a radio wave with a wavelength less than 100 meters (a frequency greater than 3 megahertz) medium wave a radio wave with a wavelength between 100 and 1000 meters (a frequency between 300 kilohertz and 3000 kilohertz) long wave a radio wave with a wavelength longer than a kilometer (a frequency below 300 kilohertz) simoom a violent hot sand-laden wind on the deserts of Arabia and North Africa skin effect the tendency of high-frequency alternating current to distribute near the surface of a conductor sleet partially melted snow (or a mixture of rain and snow) precipitate as a mixture of rain and snow; "If the temperature rises above freezing, it will probably sleet" smother a stifling cloud of smoke suppress in order to conceal or hide; "smother a yawn"; "muffle one's anger"; "strangle a laugh"; "repress a cry of fear" envelop completely; "smother the meat in gravy" deprive of the oxygen necessary for combustion; "smother fires" deprive of oxygen and prevent from breathing; "Othello smothered Desdemona with a pillow"; "The child suffocated herself with a plastic bag that the parents had left on the floor" form an impenetrable cover over; "the butter cream smothered the cake" snow precipitation falling from clouds in the form of ice crystals a layer of snowflakes (white crystals of frozen water) covering the ground fall as snow; "It was snowing all night" flurry a light brief snowfall and gust of wind (or something resembling that); "he had to close the window against the flurries"; "there was a flurry of chicken feathers" move in an agitated or confused manner whiteout an arctic atmospheric condition with clouds over snow produce a uniform whiteness and objects are difficult to see; occurs when the light reflected off the snow equals the light coming through the clouds cover up with a liquid correction fluid; "white-out the typo" snowflake a crystal of snow virga light wispy precipitation that evaporates before it reaches the ground (especially when the lower air is low in humidity) ice crystal small crystals of ice blizzard a storm with widespread snowfall accompanied by strong winds solar energy energy from the sun that is converted into thermal or electrical energy; "the amount of energy falling on the earth is given by the solar constant, but very little use has been made of solar energy" insolation incident solar radiation solar radiation radiation from the sun solar flare a sudden eruption of intense high-energy radiation from the sun's surface; associated with sunspots and radio interference solar prominence large eruptions of luminous hydrogen gas that rise thousands of kilometers above the chromosphere solar wind a stream of protons moving radially from the sun sound spectrum the distribution of energy as a function of frequency for a particular sound source speech spectrum the average sound spectrum for the human voice sunspot a cooler darker spot appearing periodically on the sun's photosphere; associated with a strong magnetic field facula a large bright spot on the sun's photosphere occurring most frequently in the vicinity of sunspots a bright spot on a planet south wind a wind from the south nonlinear distortion distortion that occurs when the output signal does not have a linear relation to the input signal electrical conduction the passage of electricity through a conductor conduction the transmission of heat or electricity or sound Doppler effect change in the apparent frequency of a wave as observer and source move toward or away from each other red shift (astronomy) a shift in the spectra of very distant galaxies toward longer wavelengths (toward the red end of the spectrum); generally interpreted as evidence that the universe is expanding spherical aberration an optical aberration resulting in a distorted image spillover (economics) any indirect effect of public expenditure squall sudden violent winds; often accompanied by precipitation make high-pitched, whiney noises blow in a squall; "When it squalls, a prudent sailor reefs his sails" line squall a squall advancing along a front that forms a definite line electrical disturbance electrical signals produced by unwanted sources (atmospherics or receiver noise or unwanted transmitters) static electricity electricity produced by friction dynamic electricity a flow of electric charge thermoelectricity electricity produced by heat (as in a thermocouple) breaking point the degree of tension or stress at which something breaks (psychology) stress at which a person breaks down or a situation becomes crucial overstrain too much strain strain excessively; "He overextended himself when he accepted the additional assignment" torchlight light from a torch or torches twilight the diffused light from the sky when the sun is below the horizon but its rays are refracted by the atmosphere of the earth a condition of decline following successes; "in the twilight of the empire" the time of day immediately following sunset; "he loved the twilight"; "they finished before the fall of night" electromagnetic interaction an interaction between charged elementary particles that is intermediate in strength between the strong and weak interactions; mediated by photons gravitational interaction a weak interaction between particles that results from their mass; mediated by gravitons strong interaction (physics) the interaction that binds protons and neutrons together in the nuclei of atoms; mediated by gluons supertwister the most powerful tornado which can create enormously devastating damage; "supertwisters are fortunately rare" weak interaction (physics) an interaction between elementary particles involving neutrinos or antineutrinos that is responsible for certain kinds of radioactive decay; mediated by intermediate vector bosons suction a force over an area produced by a pressure difference empty or clean (a body cavity) by the force of suction; "suction the uterus in an abortion" remove or draw away by the force of suction; "the doctors had to suction the water from the patient's lungs" surface tension a phenomenon at the surface of a liquid caused by intermolecular forces interfacial tension surface tension at the surface separating two non-miscible liquids syzygy the straight line configuration of 3 celestial bodies (as the sun and earth and moon) in a gravitational system tempest (literary) a violent wind; "a tempest swept over the island" thermal rising current of warm air caused by or designed to retain heat; "a thermal burn"; "thermal underwear" of or relating to a hot spring; "thermal water" relating to or associated with heat; "thermal movements of molecules"; "thermal capacity"; "thermic energy"; "the caloric effect of sunlight" thermionic current an electric current produced between two electrodes as a result of electrons emitted by thermionic emission theta rhythm the normal brainwave in the encephalogram of a person who is awake but relaxed and drowsy; occurs with low frequency and low amplitude thunderbolt a discharge of lightning accompanied by thunder thunderstorm a storm resulting from strong rising air currents; heavy rain or hail along with thunder and lightning tornado a localized and violently destructive windstorm occurring over land characterized by a funnel-shaped cloud extending toward the ground torsion a twisting force tossup an unpredictable phenomenon; "it's a toss-up whether he will win or lose" trade wind steady winds blowing from east to west above and below the equator; "they rode the trade winds going west" antitrade wind winds blowing from west to east and lying above the trade winds in the tropics tramontane a cold dry wind that blows south out of the mountains into Italy and the western Mediterranean on or coming from the other side of the mountains (from the speaker); "the transmontane section of the state"; "tramontane winds" being or coming from another country; "tramontane influences" trichroism pleochroism of a crystal so that it exhibits three different colors when viewed from three different directions turbulence unstable flow of a liquid or gas a state of violent disturbance and disorder (as in politics or social conditions generally); "the industrial revolution was a period of great turbulence" instability in the atmosphere typhoon a tropical cyclone occurring in the western Pacific or Indian oceans turbulent flow flow in which the velocity at any point varies erratically head sea a sea in which the waves are running directly against the course of the ship streamline flow flow of a gas or liquid in which the velocity at any point is relatively steady laminar flow nonturbulent streamline flow in parallel layers (laminae) ultraviolet radiation lying in the ultraviolet range; wave lengths shorter than light but longer than X rays having or employing wavelengths shorter than light but longer than X-rays; lying outside the visible spectrum at its violet end; "ultraviolet radiation"; "an ultraviolet lamp" sunray a ray of artificial ultraviolet light from a sunray lamp herb having a basal cluster of grey-green leaves and leafless stalks each with a solitary broad yellow flower head; desert areas Idaho to Arizona ultraviolet spectrum the spectrum of ultraviolet radiation updraft a strong upward air current downdraft a strong downward air current van der Waal's forces relatively weak attraction between neutral atoms and molecules arising from polarization induced in each particle by the presence of other particles vapor pressure the pressure exerted by a vapor; often understood to mean saturated vapor pressure (the vapor pressure of a vapor in contact with its liquid form) virtual image a reflected optical image (as seen in a plane mirror) visible spectrum the distribution of colors produced when light is dispersed by a prism voltage the rate at which energy is drawn from a source that produces a flow of electricity in a circuit; expressed in volts magnetomotive force the force that produces magnetic flux life force (biology) a hypothetical force (not physical or chemical) once thought by Henri Bergson to cause the evolution and development of organisms volcanism the phenomena associated with volcanic activity waterpower the power to do work that is latent in a head of water weather the atmospheric conditions that comprise the state of the atmosphere in terms of temperature and wind and clouds and precipitation; "they were hoping for good weather"; "every day we have weather conditions and yesterday was no exception"; "the conditions were too rainy for playing in the snow" change under the action or influence of the weather; "A weathered old hut" sail to the windward of cause to slope face and withstand with courage; "She braved the elements" elements violent or severe weather (viewed as caused by the action of the four elements); "they felt the full fury of the elements" west wind wind that blows from west to east prevailing westerly the winds from the west that occur in the temperate zones of the Earth whirlwind a more or less vertical column of air whirling around itself as it moves over the surface of the Earth wind generation power derived from the wind (as by windmills) windstorm a storm consisting of violent winds X ray electromagnetic radiation of short wavelength produced when high-speed electrons strike a solid target X-ray diffraction the scattering of X rays by the atoms of a crystal; the diffraction pattern shows structure of the crystal zodiacal light a luminous tract in the sky; a reflection of sunlight from cosmic dust in the plane of the ecliptic; visible just before sunrise and just after sunset parallax the apparent displacement of an object as seen from two different points that are not on a line with the object Tyndall effect the phenomenon in which light is scattered by very small particles in its path; it makes a beam of light visible; the scattered light is mainly blue heliocentric parallax the parallax of a celestial body using two points in the earth's orbit around the sun as the baseline stellar parallax the heliocentric parallax of a star geocentric parallax the parallax of a celestial body using two points on the surface of the earth as the earth rotates horizontal parallax the maximum parallax observed when the celestial body is at the horizon solar parallax the angle subtended by the mean equatorial radius of the Earth at a distance of one astronomical unit Plantae (botany) the taxonomic kingdom comprising all living or extinct plants microflora microscopic plants; bacteria are often considered to be microflora plant cell a cell that is a structural and functional unit of a plant cell wall a rigid layer of polysaccharides enclosing the membrane of plant and prokaryotic cells; maintains the shape of the cell and serves as a protective barrier endemic a plant that is native to a certain limited area; "it is an endemic found only this island" a disease that is constantly present to a greater or lesser degree in people of a certain class or in people living in a particular location native to or confined to a certain region; "the islands have a number of interesting endemic species" of or relating to a disease (or anything resembling a disease) constantly present to greater or lesser extent in a particular locality; "diseases endemic to the tropics"; "endemic malaria"; "food shortages and starvation are endemic in certain parts of the world" holophyte an organism that produces its own food by photosynthesis non-flowering plant a plant that does not bear flowers plantlet a young plant or a small plant semi-climber a plant that tends to climb and on occasion can grow like a vine Thallophyta used only in former classifications: comprising what is now considered a heterogeneous assemblage of flowerless and seedless organisms: algae; bacteria; fungi; lichens thallophyte any of a group of cryptogamic organisms consisting principally of a thallus and thus showing no differentiation into stem and root and leaf thallus a plant body without true stems or roots or leaves or vascular system; characteristic of the thallophytes crustose thallus thin crusty lichen thallus; adheres closely to or is embedded in the surface on which it grows calyptra the hood or cap covering the calyx of certain plants: e.g., the California poppy volva cuplike structure around the base of the stalk of certain fungi ascocarp mature fruiting body of an ascomycetous fungus acervulus small asexual fruiting body resembling a cushion or blister consisting of a mat of hyphae that is produced on a host by some fungi basidiocarp the fruiting body of a basidiomycete which bears its spores on special cells peridium outer layer of the spore-bearing organ in many fungi ascoma an ascocarp having the spore-bearing layer of cells (the hymenium) on a broad disklike receptacle apothecium a cuplike ascocarp in many lichens and ascomycetous fungi cleistothecium closed spore-bearing structure of some fungi (especially Aspergillaceae and Erysiphaceae) from which spores are released only by decay or disintegration domatium a part of a plant (e.g., a leaf) that has been modified to provide protection for insects or mites or fungi podetium an organ or body resembling a stalk; especially the outgrowth of the thallus of certain lichens on which the ascocarp is borne Tracheophyta in former classifications: comprising plants with a vascular system including ferns and fern allies as well as seed plants plant order the order of plants ornamental any plant grown for its beauty or ornamental value pot plant a plant suitable for growing in a flowerpot (especially indoors) acrogen any flowerless plant such as a fern (pteridophyte) or moss (bryophyte) in which growth occurs only at the tip of the main stem apomict a plant that reproduces or is reproduced by apomixis aquatic a plant that lives in or on water operating or living or growing in water; "boats are aquatic vehicles"; "water lilies are aquatic plants"; "fish are aquatic animals" relating to or consisting of or being in water; "an aquatic environment" Bryophyta a division of nonflowering plants characterized by rhizoids rather than true roots and having little or no organized vascular tissue and showing alternation of generations between gamete-bearing forms and spore-bearing forms; comprises true mosses (Bryopsida) and liverworts (Hepaticopsida) and hornworts (Anthoceropsida) bryophyte any of numerous plants of the division Bryophyta moss tiny leafy-stemmed flowerless plants moss family a family of mosses moss genus a genus of mosses Anthoceropsida hornworts: in some classification systems included in the class Hepaticopsida Anthocerotales hornworts; liverworts having a thalloid gametophyte; in some classification systems included in the class Hepaticopsida Anthocerotaceae hornworts Anthoceros hornworts hornwort liverworts with slender hornlike capsules any aquatic plant of the genus Ceratophyllum; forms submerged masses in ponds and slow-flowing streams Bryopsida true mosses: bryophytes having leafy rather than thalloid gametophytes: comprises orders Andreaeales; Bryales; Dicranales; Eubryales; Sphagnales acrocarp a moss in which the main axis is terminated by the archegonium (and hence the capsule) pleurocarp a moss having the archegonium or antheridium on a short side branch rather than the main stalk Andreaeales comprises a single genus: Andreaea Andreaea brown or blackish Alpine mosses having a dehiscent capsule with 4 longitudinal slits Bryales category used in some classification systems for mosses having the spore case separated from the capsule wall by a hollow intercellular space Dicranales widely distributed order of mosses with erect gametophores and sporophytes at the tips of stems Dicranaceae mosses having costate leaves and long-stalked capsules with cleft peristome Dicranum type genus of Dicranaceae Eubryales mosses with perennial erect gametophores and stems with rows of leaves and drooping capsules Bryaceae a family of acrocarpous mosses Bryum type genus of the Bryaceae: mosses distinguished by mostly erect and tufted gametophytes and symmetrical short-necked capsules Mniaceae family of erect mosses with club-shaped paraphyses and the hexagonal cells of the upper leaf surface; sometimes treated as a subfamily of Bryaceae Mnium mosses similar to those of genus Bryum but larger Sphagnales coextensive with the genus Sphagnum; in some classifications isolated in a separate subclass genus Sphagnum a large genus constituting the order Sphagnales: atypical mosses of temperate bogs with leaves that can hold much water sphagnum any of various pale or ashy mosses of the genus Sphagnum whose decomposed remains form peat Hepaticopsida liverworts: comprises orders Anthocerotales; Jungermanniales; Marchantiales; Sphaerocarpales liverwort any of numerous small green nonvascular plants of the class Hepaticopsida growing in wet places and resembling green seaweeds or leafy mosses Jungermanniales large order of chiefly tropical liverworts leafy liverwort moss-like liverwort with tiny scalelike leaves; usually epiphytic Jungermanniaceae comprising the leafy members of the order Jungermanniales Marchantiales liverworts with gametophyte differentiated internally Marchantiaceae liverworts with prostrate and usually dichotomously branched thalli Marchantia type genus of Marchantiaceae; liverworts that reproduce asexually by gemmae and have stalked antheridiophores hepatica a common liverwort any of several plants of the genus Hepatica having three-lobed leaves and white or pinkish flowers in early spring; of moist and mossy subalpine woodland areas of north temperate regions Sphaerocarpales small order sometimes included in the order Jungermanniales Sphaerocarpaceae liverworts with bilaterally symmetrical gametophytes; sometimes placed in the order Jungermanniales Sphaerocarpus type genus of Sphaerocarpaceae; liverworts with small many-lobed usually orbicular thallus Pteridophyta containing all the vascular plants that do not bear seeds: ferns, horsetails, club mosses, and whisk ferns; in some classifications considered a subdivision of Tracheophyta genus Pecopteris genus of Carboniferous fossil ferns pecopteris Carboniferous fossil fern characterized by a regular arrangement of the leaflets resembling a comb pteridophyte plants having vascular tissue and reproducing by spores fern any of numerous flowerless and seedless vascular plants having true roots from a rhizome and fronds that uncurl upward; reproduce by spores fern ally pteridophytes of other classes than Filicopsida agamete an asexual reproductive cell spore a small usually single-celled asexual reproductive body produced by many nonflowering plants and fungi and some bacteria and protozoans and that are capable of developing into a new individual without sexual fusion; "a sexual spore is formed after the fusion of gametes" basidiospore a sexually produced fungal spore borne on a basidium endospore a small asexual spore that develops inside the cell of some bacteria and algae carpospore a nonmotile spore of red algae chlamydospore thick-walled asexual resting spore of certain fungi and algae conidium an asexually produced fungal spore formed on a conidiophore conidiophore a specialized fungal hypha that produces conidia oospore a thick-walled sexual spore that develops from a fertilized oosphere in some algae and fungi oosphere a gamete; used especially of lower plants resting spore a spore of certain algae or fungi that lies dormant; may germinate after a prolonged period teliospore a chlamydospore that develops in the last stage of the life cycle of the rust fungus tetraspore one of the four asexual spores produced within a sporangium zoospore an asexual spore of some algae and fungi that moves by means of flagella fern seed the asexual spore of ferns that resembles dust; once thought to be seeds and to make the possessor invisible fructification organs of fruiting (especially the reproductive parts of ferns and mosses) the bearing of fruit gleba fleshy spore-bearing inner mass of e.g. a puffball or stinkhorn hymenium spore-bearing layer of cells in certain fungi containing asci or basidia pycnidium flask-shaped asexual structure containing conidia sporocarp specialized leaf branch in certain aquatic ferns that encloses the sori or clusters of sporangia stipule a small leafy outgrowth at the base of a leaf or its stalk; usually occurring in pairs and soon shed tepal an undifferentiated part of a perianth that cannot be distinguished as a sepal or a petal (as in lilies and tulips) Spermatophyta seed plants; comprises the Angiospermae (or Magnoliophyta) and Gymnospermae (or Gymnospermophyta); in some classification systems Spermatophyta is coordinate with Pteridophyta (spore producing plants having vascular tissue and roots) and Bryophyta (spore producing plants lacking vascular tissue and roots) Phanerogamae in former classification systems: one of two major plant divisions, including all seed-bearing plants; superseded by the division Spermatophyta Cryptogamia in former classification systems: one of two major plant divisions, including all plants that do not bear seeds: ferns, mosses, algae, fungi cryptogam formerly recognized taxonomic group including all flowerless and seedless plants that reproduce by means of spores: ferns, mosses, algae, fungi spermatophyte plant that reproduces by means of seeds not spores seedling young plant or tree grown from a seed biennial (botany) a plant having a life cycle that normally takes two seasons from germination to death to complete; flowering biennials usually bloom and fruit in the second season having a life cycle lasting two seasons; "a biennial life cycle"; "parsnips and carrots are biennial plants often grown as annuals" occurring every second year; "they met at biennial conventions" perennial (botany) a plant lasting for three seasons or more recurring again and again; "perennial efforts to stipulate the requirements" lasting three seasons or more; "the common buttercup is a popular perennial plant" lasting an indefinitely long time; suggesting self-renewal; "perennial happiness" hygrophyte a plant that grows in a moist habitat neophyte a plant that is found in an area where it had not been recorded previously gymnosperm family a family of gymnosperms gymnosperm genus a genus of gymnosperms monocot family family of flowering plants having a single cotyledon (embryonic leaf) in the seed liliid monocot family family of monocotyledonous plants of the subclass Liliidae; mostly herbs usually with petaloid sepals and petals and compound pistils monocot genus genus of flowering plants having a single cotyledon (embryonic leaf) in the seed liliid monocot genus genus of monocotyledonous plants comprising mostly herbs having usually petaloid sepals and petals and compound pistils dicot family family of flowering plants having two cotyledons (embryonic leaves) in the seed which usually appear at germination magnoliid dicot family family of dicotyledonous flowering plants regarded as among the most primitive of extant angiosperms hamamelid dicot family family of mostly woody dicotyledonous flowering plants with flowers often unisexual and often borne in catkins caryophylloid dicot family family of relatively early dicotyledonous plants including mostly flowers dilleniid dicot family family of more or less advanced dicotyledonous trees and shrubs and herbs asterid dicot family family of more or less advanced dicotyledonous herbs and some trees and shrubs rosid dicot family a family of dicotyledonous plants dicot genus genus of flowering plants having two cotyledons (embryonic leaves) in the seed which usually appear at germination magnoliid dicot genus genus of dicotyledonous flowering plants regarded as among the most primitive of extant angiosperms hamamelid dicot genus genus of mostly woody relatively primitive dicotyledonous flowering plants with flowers often unisexual and often borne in catkins caryophylloid dicot genus genus of relatively early dicotyledonous plants including mostly flowers dilleniid dicot genus genus of more or less advanced dicotyledonous trees and shrubs and herbs asterid dicot genus genus of more or less advanced dicotyledonous herbs and some trees and shrubs rosid dicot genus a genus of dicotyledonous plants fungus family includes lichen families fungus genus includes lichen genera fungus order the order of fungi Gymnospermae plants having naked seeds not enclosed in an ovary; in some systems considered a class (Gymnospermae) and in others a division (Gymnospermophyta); comprises three subdivisions (or classes): Cycadophytina (class Cycadopsida) and Gnetophytina (class Gnetopsida) and Coniferophytina (class Coniferopsida); in some classifications the Coniferophytina are divided into three groups: Pinophytina (class Pinopsida) and Ginkgophytina (class Ginkgopsida) and Taxophytina (class Taxopsida) gymnosperm plants of the class Gymnospermae having seeds not enclosed in an ovary progymnosperm an ancestral fossil type from which modern gymnosperms are thought to have derived Gnetopsida gymnospermous flowering plants; supposed link between conifers and angiosperms; in some systems classified as a class (Gnetopsida) and in others as a subdivision (Gnetophytina or Gnetophyta) Gnetales chiefly tropical or xerophytic woody plants; practically unknown as fossils but considered close to the ancestral line of angiosperms Gnetaceae plants having small unisexual flowers and fleshy or winged fruit: in some classifications includes the genera Ephedra and Welwitschia as well as genus Gnetum genus Gnetum type genus of the Gnetaceae; small trees or shrubs usually with climbing jointed stems and terminal spikes of flowers with orange-red seeds clustered in rough cones gnetum small tropical tree with tiered branches and divaricate branchlets having broad glossy dark green leaves; exploited for its edible young leaves and seeds that provide a fine flour Ephedraceae ephedras: in some classifications included in the Gnetaceae Catha a genus of African evergreen shrubs characterized by thick leaves and white flowers Catha edulis a shrub that is cultivated by Arabs for its leaves which are chewed or used to make tea genus Ephedra type and sole genus of Ephedraceae: tropical and subtropical evergreen shrubby or creeping plants native to dry and inhospitable regions ephedra jointed and nearly leafless desert shrub having reduced scalelike leaves and reddish fleshy seeds mahuang Chinese ephedra yielding ephedrine Welwitschiaceae in some classifications included in the Gnetaceae genus Welwitschia type and sole genus of Welwitschiaceae welwitschia curious plant of arid regions of southwestern Africa having a yard-high and yard-wide trunk like a turnip with a deep taproot and two large persistent woody straplike leaves growing from the base; living relic of a flora long disappeared; some may be 700-5000 years old Cycadopsida palmlike gymnosperms: includes the surviving order Cycadales and several extinct orders; possibly not a natural group; in some systems considered a class (Cycadopsida) and in others a subdivision (Cycadophytina or Cycadophyta) Cycadales primitive tropical gymnosperms abundant in the Mesozoic, now reduced to a few scattered tropical forms cycad any tropical gymnosperm of the order Cycadales; having unbranched stems with a crown of fernlike leaves Cycadaceae ancient palmlike plants closely related to ferns in that fertilization is by means of spermatozoids Cycas type genus of Cycadaceae: genus of widely distributed Old World evergreen tropical trees having pinnate leaves and columnar stems covered with persistent bases of old leaves sago palm dwarf palmlike cycad of Japan that yields sago any of various tropical Asian palm trees the trunks of which yield sago false sago southeastern Indian cycad with palmlike foliage Zamiaceae a family of cycads often included in the family Cycadaceae: zamias genus Zamia genus of small evergreen tropical and subtropical American cycads zamia any of various cycads of the genus Zamia; among the smallest and most verdant cycads coontie small tough woody zamia of Florida and West Indies and Cuba; roots and half-buried stems yield an arrowroot genus Ceratozamia small genus of Mexican cycads; sometimes classified in family Cycadaceae ceratozamia a small cycad of the genus Ceratozamia having a short scaly woody trunk and fernlike foliage and woody cones; Mexico genus Dioon small genus of arborescent cycads of Mexico and Central America; sometimes classified in family Cycadaceae dioon any cycad of the genus Dioon; handsome palmlike cycads with robust crowns of leaves and rugged trunks genus Encephalartos genus of arborescent African cycads; sometimes classified in family Cycadaceae encephalartos any of numerous cycads of the genus Encephalartos having stout cylindrical trunks and a terminal crown of long often spiny pinnate leaves kaffir bread South African cycad; the farinaceous pith of the fruit used as food genus Macrozamia genus of large evergreen Australian cycads; sometimes classified in family Cycadaceae macrozamia any treelike cycad of the genus Macrozamia having erect trunks and pinnate leaves and large cones with sometimes edible nuts; Australia burrawong large attractive palmlike evergreen cycad of New South Wales Bennettitales fossil gymnospermous plants of the Carboniferous Bennettitaceae a family of fossil gymnospermous plants of the Carboniferous Bennettitis type of the Bennettitales Pteridospermopsida extinct gymnosperms most of Carboniferous to Jurassic: seed ferns and allies Cycadofilicales fossil gymnospermous trees or climbing plants from the Devonian: seed ferns Pteridospermae used in some classification systems: a group of extinct fossil gymnosperms coextensive with the order Cycadofilicales Lyginopteris genus of fossil seed ferns of the Carboniferous seed fern an extinct seed-producing fernlike plant of the order Cycadofilicales (or group Pteridospermae) Coniferopsida cone-bearing gymnosperms dating from the Carboniferous period; most are substantial trees; includes the classes Pinopsida (subdivision Pinophytina) and Ginkgopsida (subdivision Ginkgophytina) and Taxopsida (subdivision Taxophytina) which in turn include the surviving orders Coniferales and Taxales (yews) and sometimes Ginkgoales as well as extinct orders such as Cordaitales (of the Carboniferous and Permian) Cordaitales extinct plants having tall arborescent trunks comparable to or more advanced than cycads; known from the Pennsylvanian period; probably extinct since the Mesozoic era Cordaitaceae chiefly Paleozoic plants; Cordaites is the chief and typical genus Cordaites tall Paleozoic trees superficially resembling modern screw pines; structurally intermediate in some ways between cycads and conifers Pinopsida most conifers: in some systems classified as a class (Pinopsida) and in others as a subdivision (Pinophytina); used in some classifications for one of five subdivisions of Gymnospermophyta Coniferales profusely branching and chiefly evergreen trees and some shrubs having narrow or needlelike leaves Pinaceae a family of Pinaceae Pinus type genus of the Pinaceae: large genus of true pines pine a coniferous tree straight-grained durable and often resinous white to yellowish timber of any of numerous trees of the genus Pinus knotty pine pine lumber with many knots; used especially for paneling and furniture white pine soft white wood of white pine trees any of several five-needled pines with white wood and smooth usually light grey bark when young; especially the eastern white pine yellow pine hard yellowish wood of a yellow pine any of various pines having yellow wood pinon any of several low-growing pines of western North America nut pine any of several pinons bearing edible nutlike seeds pinon pine a small two-needled or three-needled pinon of Mexico and southern Texas Rocky mountain pinon small compact two-needled pinon of southwestern United States; important as a nut pine single-leaf pinon of southwestern United States having solitary needles and often many stems; important as a nut pine bishop pine two-needled or three-needled pinon mostly of northwestern California coast California single-leaf pinyon very small tree similar to Rocky mountain pinon but having a single needle per fascicle; similar to Parry's pinyon in range Parry's pinyon five-needled pinon of southern California and northern Baja California having (sometimes three-needled or four-needled showing hybridization from Pinus californiarum) spruce pine large two-needled pine of southeastern United States with light soft wood black pine large two-needled timber pine of southeastern Europe pitch pine large three-needled pine of the eastern United States and southeastern Canada; closely related to the pond pine pond pine large three-needled pine of sandy swamps of southeastern United States; needles longer than those of the northern pitch pine stone pine medium-sized two-needled pine of southern Europe having a spreading crown; widely cultivated for its sweet seeds that resemble almonds Swiss pine large five-needled European pine; yields cembra nuts and a resinous exudate cembra nut the seed of the Swiss pine Swiss mountain pine low shrubby pine of central Europe with short bright green needles in bunches of two ancient pine small slow-growing pine of western United States similar to the bristlecone pine; chocolate brown bark in plates and short needles in bunches of 5; crown conic but becoming rough and twisted; oldest plant in the world growing to 5000 years in cold semidesert mountain tops American white pine tall-growing pine of eastern North America; bark is brown with longitudinal fissures when mature; valued as a timber tree western white pine tall pine of western North America with stout blue-green needles; bark is grey-brown with rectangular plates when mature southwestern white pine medium-size pine of northwestern Mexico; bark is dark brown and furrowed when mature limber pine western North American pine with long needles and very flexible limbs and dark-grey furrowed bark whitebark pine small pine of western North America; having smooth grey-white bark and soft brittle wood; similar to limber pine ponderosa common and widely distributed tall timber pine of western North America having dark green needles in bunches of 2 to 5 and thick bark with dark brown plates when mature Jeffrey pine tall symmetrical pine of western North America having long blue-green needles in bunches of 3 and elongated cones on spreading somewhat pendulous branches; sometimes classified as a variety of ponderosa pine shore pine shrubby two-needled pine of coastal northwestern United States; red to yellow-brown bark fissured into small squares Sierra lodgepole pine tall subspecies of lodgepole pine loblolly pine tall spreading three-needled pine of southeastern United States having reddish-brown fissured bark and a full bushy upper head jack pine slender medium-sized two-needled pine of eastern North America; with yellow-green needles and scaly grey to red-brown fissured bark swamp pine any of several pines that prefer or endure moist situations such as loblolly pine or longleaf pine longleaf pine large three-needled pine of southeastern United States having very long needles and gnarled twisted limbs; bark is red-brown deeply ridged; an important timber tree shortleaf pine large pine of southern United States having short needles in bunches of 2-3 and red-brown bark when mature red pine pine of eastern North America having long needles in bunches of two and reddish bark Scotch pine medium large two-needled pine of northern Europe and Asia having flaking red-brown bark scrub pine common small shrubby pine of the eastern United States having straggling often twisted or branches and short needles in bunches of 2 Monterey pine tall California pine with long needles in bunches of 3, a dense crown, and dark brown deeply fissured bark bristlecone pine small slow-growing upland pine of western United States (Rocky Mountains) having dense branches with fissured rust-brown bark and short needles in bunches of 5 and thorn-tipped cone scales; among the oldest living things some over 4500 years old table-mountain pine a small two-needled upland pine of the eastern United States (Appalachians) having dark brown flaking bark and thorn-tipped cone scales knobcone pine medium-sized three-needled pine of the Pacific coast of the United States having a prominent knob on each scale of the cone Japanese red pine pine native to Japan and Korea having a wide-spreading irregular crown when mature; grown as an ornamental Japanese black pine large Japanese ornamental having long needles in bunches of 2; widely planted in United States because of its resistance to salt and smog Torrey pine medium-sized five-needled pine of southwestern California having long cylindrical cones Larix larches larch any of numerous conifers of the genus Larix all having deciduous needlelike leaves wood of a larch tree American larch medium-sized larch of Canada and northern United States including Alaska having a broad conic crown and rust-brown scaly bark western larch tall larch of western North America have pale green sharply pointed leaves and oblong cones; an important timber tree subalpine larch medium-sized larch of the Rocky Mountains; closely related to Larix occidentalis European larch tall European tree having a slender conic crown, flat needlelike leaves, and hairy cone scales Siberian larch medium-sized larch of northeastern Russia and Siberia having narrowly conic crown and soft narrow bright-green leaves; used in cultivation Pseudolarix one species: golden larch golden larch Chinese deciduous conifer resembling a larch with golden yellow leaves Abies true firs fir any of various evergreen trees of the genus Abies; chiefly of upland areas nonresinous wood of a fir tree silver fir any of various true firs having leaves white or silvery white beneath amabilis fir medium to tall fir of western North America having a conic crown and branches in tiers; leaves smell of orange when crushed European silver fir tall timber tree of central and southern Europe having a regular crown and grey bark white fir medium to tall fir of central to western United States having a narrow erect crown and soft wood balsam fir medium-sized fir of northeastern North America; leaves smell of balsam when crushed; much used for pulpwood and Christmas trees Fraser fir small fast-growing but short-lived fir of southern Alleghenies similar to balsam fir but with very short leaves lowland fir lofty fir of the Pacific coast of northwestern America having long curving branches and deep green leaves Alpine fir medium-tall timber tree of the Rocky Mountains having a narrowly conic to columnar crown Santa Lucia fir a pyramidal fir of southwestern California having spiny pointed leaves and cone scales with long spines Cedrus true cedars cedar any cedar of the genus Cedrus durable aromatic wood of any of numerous cedar trees; especially wood of the red cedar often used for cedar chests any of numerous trees of the family Cupressaceae that resemble cedars red cedar fragrant reddish wood of any of various red cedar trees pencil cedar wood of a pencil cedar tree; used for making pencils any of several junipers with wood suitable for making pencils cedar of Lebanon cedar of Lebanon and northwestern Syria that attains great age and height deodar tall East Indian cedar having spreading branches with nodding tips; highly valued for its appearance as well as its timber Atlas cedar tall Algerian evergreen of Atlas mountains with blue-green leaves; widely planted as an ornamental Picea a genus of temperate and Arctic evergreen trees (see spruce) spruce any coniferous tree of the genus Picea light soft moderately strong wood of spruce trees; used especially for timbers and millwork Norway spruce tall pyramidal spruce native to northern Europe having dark green foliage on spreading branches with pendulous branchlets and long pendulous cones weeping spruce medium-sized spruce of California and Oregon having pendulous branches Engelmann spruce tall spruce of Rocky Mountains and British Columbia with blue-green needles and acutely conic crown; wood used for rough lumber and boxes white spruce medium-sized spruce of northeastern North America having short blue-green leaves and slender cones black spruce small spruce of boggy areas of northeastern North America having spreading branches with dense foliage; inferior wood Siberian spruce tall spruce of northern Europe and Asia; resembles Norway spruce Sitka spruce a large spruce that grows only along the northwestern coast of the United States and Canada; has sharp stiff needles and thin bark; the wood has a high ratio of strength to weight oriental spruce evergreen tree of the Caucasus and Asia Minor used as an ornamental having pendulous branchlets Colorado spruce tall spruce with blue-green needles and dense conic crown; older trees become columnar with lower branches sweeping downward red spruce medium-sized spruce of eastern North America; chief lumber spruce of the area; source of pulpwood Tsuga hemlock; hemlock fir; hemlock spruce hemlock an evergreen tree soft coarse splintery wood of a hemlock tree especially the western hemlock large branching biennial herb native to Eurasia and Africa and adventive in North America having large fernlike leaves and white flowers; usually found in damp habitats; all parts extremely poisonous poisonous drug derived from an Eurasian plant of the genus Conium; "Socrates refused to flee and died by drinking hemlock" eastern hemlock common forest tree of the eastern United States and Canada; used especially for pulpwood Carolina hemlock medium-sized evergreen of southeastern United States having spreading branches and widely diverging cone scales mountain hemlock large evergreen of western United States; wood much harder than Canadian hemlock western hemlock tall evergreen of western North America; commercially important timber tree Pseudotsuga douglas fir; closely related to genera Larix and Cathaya douglas fir tall evergreen timber tree of western North America having resinous wood and short needles strong durable timber of a douglas fir green douglas fir lofty douglas fir of northwestern North America having short needles and egg-shaped cones big-cone spruce douglas fir of California having cones 4-8 inches long genus Cathaya one species; related to Pseudotsuga and Larix Cathaya Chinese evergreen conifer discovered in 1955; not yet cultivated elsewhere Cupressaceae cypresses and junipers and many cedars Cupressus type genus of Cupressaceae cypress any of numerous evergreen conifers of the genus Cupressus of north temperate regions having dark scalelike leaves and rounded cones wood of any of various cypress trees especially of the genus Cupressus gowen cypress small sometimes shrubby tree native to California; often used as an ornamental; in some classification systems includes the pygmy cypress and the Santa Cruz cypress pygmy cypress rare small cypress native to northern California; sometimes considered the same species as gowen cypress Santa Cruz cypress rare California cypress taller than but closely related to gowen cypress and sometimes considered the same species Arizona cypress Arizona timber tree with bluish silvery foliage Guadalupe cypress relatively low wide-spreading endemic on Guadalupe Island; cultivated for its bluish foliage Monterey cypress tall California cypress endemic on Monterey Bay; widely used for ornament as well as reforestation and shelterbelt planting Mexican cypress tall spreading evergreen found in Mexico having drooping branches; believed to have been introduced into Portugal from Goa Italian cypress tall Eurasian cypress with thin grey bark and ascending branches Athrotaxis a genus of gymnosperm King William pine evergreen of Tasmanian mountains having sharp-pointed leaves that curve inward Austrocedrus one species; formerly included in genus Libocedrus Chilean cedar a small South American evergreen having coppery bark and pretty foliage Callitris evergreen monoecious coniferous trees or shrubs: cypress pines cypress pine any of several evergreen trees or shrubs of Australia and northern New Caledonia Port Jackson pine Australian cypress pine having globular cones black cypress pine Australian tree with small flattened scales as leaves and numerous dark brown seed; valued for its timber and resin white cypress pine small tree or shrub of southern Australia stringybark pine Australian cypress pine with fibrous inner bark Calocedrus tall evergreens of western North America and eastern Asia; formerly included in genus Libocedrus incense cedar tall tree of the Pacific coast of North America having foliage like cypress and cinnamon-red bark any of several attractive trees of southwestern South America and New Zealand and New Caledonia having glossy evergreen leaves and scented wood Chamaecyparis a genus of Chamaecyparis southern white cedar slow-growing medium-sized cedar of east coast of the United States; resembles American arborvitae Oregon cedar large timber tree of western North America with trunk diameter to 12 feet and height to 200 feet Port Orford cedar the wood of the Port Orford cedar tree yellow cypress tall evergreen of the Pacific coast of North America often cultivated for ornament Cryptomeria Japanese cedar; sugi Japanese cedar tall evergreen of Japan and China yielding valuable soft wood Juniperus junipers juniper coniferous shrub or small tree with berrylike cones juniper berry berrylike fruit of a plant of the genus Juniperus especially the berrylike cone of the common juniper eastern red cedar small juniper found east of Rocky Mountains having a conic crown, brown bark that peels in shreds, and small sharp needles Bermuda cedar ornamental densely pyramidal juniper of Bermuda; fairly large for a juniper east African cedar tropical African timber tree with fragrant wood southern red cedar juniper of swampy coastal regions of southeastern United States; similar to eastern red cedar dwarf juniper procumbent or spreading juniper common juniper densely branching shrub or small tree having pungent blue berries used to flavor gin; widespread in northern hemisphere; only conifer on coasts of Iceland and Greenland ground cedar a procumbent variety of the common juniper a variety of club moss creeping juniper low to prostrate shrub of Canada and northern United States; bronzed purple in winter Mexican juniper small tree of western Texas and mountains of Mexico having spreading branches with drooping branchlets Libocedrus cypresses that resemble cedars kawaka New Zealand timber tree resembling the cypress pahautea evergreen tree of New Zealand resembling the kawaka Taxodiaceae coniferous trees; traditionally considered an independent family though recently included in Cupressaceae in some classification systems genus Metasequoia genus of deciduous conifers comprising both living and fossil forms; 1 extant species: dawn redwood of China; variously classified as member of Pinaceae or Taxodiaceae metasequoia large fast-growing Chinese monoecious tree having flat bright-green deciduous leaves and small globular cones; commonly cultivated in United States as an ornamental; known as a fossil before being discovered in China genus Sequoia redwoods; until recently considered a genus of a separate family Taxodiaceae sequoia either of two huge coniferous California trees that reach a height of 300 feet; sometimes placed in the Taxodiaceae redwood the soft reddish wood of either of two species of sequoia trees California redwood lofty evergreen of United States coastal foothills from Oregon to Big Sur; it flourishes in wet, rainy, foggy habitats Sequoiadendron giant sequoias; sometimes included in the genus Sequoia; until recently placed in the Taxodiaceae giant sequoia extremely lofty evergreen of southern end of western foothills of Sierra Nevada in California; largest living organism Taxodium bald cypress; swamp cypress bald cypress common cypress of southeastern United States having trunk expanded at base; found in coastal swamps and flooding river bottoms pond cypress smaller than and often included in the closely related Taxodium distichum Montezuma cypress cypress of river valleys of Mexican highlands Ahuehuete Mexico's most famous tree; a giant specimen of Montezuma cypress more than 2,000 years old with a girth of 165 feet at Santa Maria del Tule; "some say the Tule tree is the world's largest single biomass" Tetraclinis sandarac tree sandarac large coniferous evergreen tree of North Africa and Spain having flattened branches and scalelike leaves yielding a hard fragrant wood; bark yields a resin used in varnishes a brittle and faintly aromatic translucent resin used in varnishes durable fragrant wood; used in building (as in the roof of the cathedral at Cordova, Spain) Thuja red cedar arborvitae any of several Asian and North American conifers of the genera Thuja and Thujopsis western red cedar large valuable arborvitae of northwestern United States American arborvitae small evergreen of eastern North America having tiny scalelike leaves on flattened branchlets Oriental arborvitae Asiatic shrub or small tree widely planted in United States and Europe; in some classifications assigned to its own genus Thujopsis one species; has close similarity to genus Thuja hiba arborvitae slow-growing medium-large Japanese evergreen used as an ornamental genus Keteleeria a genus of keteleeria keteleeria Asiatic conifers resembling firs Araucariaceae tall evergreen cone-bearing trees of South America and Australia with broad leathery leaves; in some classifications included in the Pinaceae Wollemi pine newly discovered (1994) pine thought to have been long extinct; Australia; genus and species names not yet assigned genus Araucaria a genus of the araucaria family araucaria any of several tall South American or Australian trees with large cones and edible seeds monkey puzzle large Chilean evergreen conifer having intertwined branches and bearing edible nuts norfolk island pine evergreen of Australia and Norfolk Island in the South Pacific new caledonian pine very tall evergreen of New Caledonia and the New Hebrides similar to norfolk island pine hoop pine pine of Australia and New Guinea; yields a valuable light even-textured wood Agathis kauri pine kauri pine any of various trees of the genus Agathis; yield dammar resin kauri white close-grained wood of a tree of the genus Agathis especially Agathis australis tall timber tree of New Zealand having white straight-grained wood resin of the kauri trees of New Zealand; found usually as a fossil; also collected for making varnishes and linoleum amboina pine native to the Moluccas and Philippines; a source of dammar resin dundathu pine Australian timber tree resembling the kauri but having wood much lighter in weight and softer red kauri New Zealand tree with glossy leaves and scaly reddish-brown bark Cephalotaxaceae a family of Cephalotaxaceae Cephalotaxus the genus of Cephalotaxus (see plum-yews) plum-yew any of several evergreen trees and shrubs of eastern Asia resembling yew and having large seeds enclosed in a fleshy envelope; sometimes cultivated as ornamentals Torreya nutmeg-yews California nutmeg California evergreen having a fruit resembling a nutmeg but with a strong turpentine flavor stinking cedar rare small evergreen of northern Florida; its glossy green leaves have an unpleasant fetid smell when crushed Phyllocladaceae a family of Phyllocladaceae Phyllocladus celery pine celery pine Australasian evergreen conifer having a graceful head of foliage resembling celery that is composed of phyllodes borne in the axils of scalelike leaves celery top pine medium tall celery pine of Tasmania tanekaha medium tall celery pine of New Zealand Alpine celery pine small shrubby celery pine of New Zealand yellowwood any of various trees having yellowish wood or yielding a yellow extract the yellow wood of any of various yellowwood trees gymnospermous yellowwood any of various gymnospermous trees having yellow wood angiospermous yellowwood any of various angiospermous trees having yellow wood Podocarpaceae gymnosperms with simple persistent needlelike or scalelike leaves Podocarpus evergreen trees or shrubs; sometimes classified as member of the family Taxaceae podocarp any evergreen in the southern hemisphere of the genus Podocarpus having a pulpy fruit with one hard seed yacca West Indian evergreen with medium to long leaves brown pine large Australian tree with straight-grained yellow wood that turns brown on exposure cape yellowwood South African tree or shrub having a rounded crown South-African yellowwood erect or shrubby tree of Africa having ridged dark grey bark and rigid glossy medium to long leaves alpine totara low wide-spreading coniferous shrub of New Zealand mountains totara valuable timber tree of New Zealand yielding hard reddish wood used for furniture and bridges and wharves Afrocarpus dioecious evergreen trees or shrubs; equatorial to southern and southeastern Africa: yellowwood; similar to trees or genus Podocarpus common yellowwood medium-sized tree of South Africa Dacrycarpus evergreen coniferous shrubs or trees of New Zealand to Malaysia and Philippines kahikatea New Zealand evergreen valued for its light easily worked wood Dacrydium Australasian evergreen trees or shrubs rimu tall New Zealand timber tree tarwood New Zealand silver pine of conical habit with long slender flexuous branches; adapted to cold wet summers and high altitudes New Zealand shrub Falcatifolium sickle pines: dioecious evergreen tropical trees and shrubs having sickle-shaped leaves; similar to Dacrycarpus in habit; Malaysia and Philippines to New Guinea and New Caledonia common sickle pine small tropical rain forest tree of Indonesia and Malaysia yellow-leaf sickle pine a rain forest tree or shrub of New Caledonia having a conic crown and pale green sickle-shaped leaves; host species for the rare parasite yew Halocarpus dioecious trees or shrubs of New Zealand; similar in habit to Dacrydium Lagarostrobus genus of dioecious evergreen trees of New Zealand and Tasmania; similar to genus Dacrydium westland pine timber tree of New Zealand having shiny white wood huon pine Tasmanian timber tree with yellow aromatic wavy-grained wood used for carving and ship building; sometimes placed in genus Dacrydium Lepidothamnus small usually shrubby conifers Chilean rimu about the hardiest Podocarpaceae species; prostrate spreading shrub similar to mountain rimu; mountains of southern Chile mountain rimu low-growing to prostrate shrub with slender trailing branches; New Zealand Microstrobos 2 species of small evergreen shrubs of Australia and Tasmania Tasman dwarf pine small shrub or Tasmania having short stiff branches Nageia small genus of Asian evergreen trees having columnar crowns and distinguished by leaves lacking a midrib; eastern Asia including India and Philippines and New Guinea nagi medium-sized tree having glossy lanceolate leaves; southern China to Taiwan and southern Japan Parasitaxus one species: parasite yew parasite yew rare and endangered monoecious parasitic conifer of New Caledonia; parasitic on Falcatifolium taxoides Prumnopitys mostly dioecious evergreen conifers; leaves are softer than in Podocarpus miro New Zealand conifer used for lumber; the dark wood is used for interior carpentry matai conifer of Australia and New Zealand plum-fruited yew South American evergreen tree or shrub Retrophyllum small genus of tropical evergreen dioecious shrubs or trees of Oceania and tropical South America Saxe-gothea one species: Prince Albert's yew Prince Albert yew small yew having attractive foliage and partially weeping branches cultivated as an ornamental; mountains of southern Chile Sundacarpus one species Sundacarpus amara a large fast-growing monoecious tropical evergreen tree having large glossy lanceolate leaves; of rain forests of Sumatra and Philippines to northern Queensland Sciadopityaceae family comprising a single genus that until recently was considered part of Taxodiaceae Sciadopitys type and sole genus of Sciadopityaceae; Japanese umbrella pines Japanese umbrella pine tall evergreen having a symmetrical spreading crown and needles growing in whorls that resemble umbrellas at ends of twigs Taxopsida yews: in some systems classified as a class (Taxopsida) and in others as a subdivision (Taxophytina) used in some classifications for one of five subdivisions of Gymnospermophyta Taxales coextensive with the family Taxaceae: yews Taxaceae sometimes classified as member of order Taxales Taxus yews yew any of numerous evergreen trees or shrubs having red cup-shaped berries and flattened needlelike leaves wood of a yew; especially the durable fine-grained light brown or red wood of the English yew valued for cabinetwork and archery bows Old World yew predominant yew in Europe; extraordinarily long-lived and slow growing; one of the oldest species in the world Pacific yew small or medium irregularly branched tree of the Pacific coast of North America; yields fine hard close-grained wood Japanese yew shrubby hardy evergreen of China and Japan having lustrous dark green foliage; cultivated in the eastern United States Florida yew small bushy yew of northern Florida having spreading branches and very narrow leaves Austrotaxus a gymnosperm genus having one species: New Caledonian yew New Caledonian yew large yew native to New Caledonia; cultivated in eastern Australia and New Zealand and Hawaii Pseudotaxus one species white-berry yew yew of southeastern China, differing from the Old World yew in having white berries Ginkgopsida ginkgos: in some systems classified as a class and in others as a subdivision; used in some classifications for one of five subdivisions of Gymnospermophyta Ginkgoales coextensive with the family Ginkgoaceae: plants that first appeared in the Permian and now represented by a single surviving species; often included in Coniferales Ginkgoaceae constituting the order Ginkgoales; includes the genus Ginkgo and extinct forms genus Ginkgo sole surviving genus of the Ginkgoaceae ginkgo deciduous dioecious Chinese tree having fan-shaped leaves and fleshy yellow seeds; exists almost exclusively in cultivation especially as an ornamental street tree Pteropsida used in former classifications to include all ferns and flowering plants and divided into the three classes Filicinae and Gymnospermae and Angiospermae Angiospermae comprising flowering plants that produce seeds enclosed in an ovary; in some systems considered a class (Angiospermae) and in others a division (Magnoliophyta or Anthophyta) angiosperm plants having seeds in a closed ovary angiocarp tree bearing fruit enclosed in a shell or involucre or husk Dicotyledones comprising seed plants that produce an embryo with paired cotyledons and net-veined leaves; divided into six (not always well distinguished) subclasses (or superorders): Magnoliidae and Hamamelidae (considered primitive); Caryophyllidae (an early and distinctive offshoot); and three more or less advanced groups: Dilleniidae; Rosidae; Asteridae dicot flowering plant with two cotyledons; the stem grows by deposit on its outside Magnoliidae a group of families of trees and shrubs and herbs having well-developed perianths and apocarpous ovaries and generally regarded as the most primitive extant flowering plants; contains 36 families including Magnoliaceae and Ranunculaceae; sometimes classified as a superorder Monocotyledones comprising seed plants that produce an embryo with a single cotyledon and parallel-veined leaves: includes grasses and lilies and palms and orchids; divided into four subclasses or superorders: Alismatidae; Arecidae; Commelinidae; and Liliidae monocot a monocotyledonous flowering plant; the stem grows by deposits on its inside Alismatidae one of four subclasses or superorders of Monocotyledones; comprises about 500 species in 14 families of aquatic and semiaquatic herbs Arecidae one of four subclasses or superorder of Monocotyledones; comprises about 6400 species in 5 families of trees and shrubs and terrestrial herbs and a few free-floating aquatics including: Palmae; Araceae; Pandanaceae and Lemnaceae Commelinidae one of four subclasses or superorders of Monocotyledones; comprises about 19,000 species in 25 families of mostly terrestrial herbs especially of moist places including: Cyperaceae; Gramineae; Bromeliaceae; and Zingiberaceae flower reproductive organ of angiosperm plants especially one having showy or colorful parts a plant cultivated for its blooms or blossoms the period of greatest prosperity or productivity floret a diminutive flower (especially one that is part of a composite flower) bloomer a flower that blooms in a particular way; "a night bloomer" wildflower wild or uncultivated flowering plant apetalous flower flower having no petals flower head a shortened compact cluster of flowers so arranged that the whole gives the effect of a single flower as in clover or members of the family Compositae inflorescence the flowering part of a plant or arrangement of flowers on a stalk ray flower small flower with a flat strap-shaped corolla usually occupying the peripheral rings of a composite flower catkin a cylindrical spikelike inflorescence bud a partially opened flower a swelling on a plant stem consisting of overlapping immature leaves or petals start to grow or develop; "a budding friendship" develop buds; "The hibiscus is budding!" stamen the male reproductive organ of a flower anther the part of the stamen that contains pollen; usually borne on a stalk gynostegium the crown of the stamen in plants of the genus Asclepias pollen the fine spores that contain male gametes and that are borne by an anther in a flowering plant pollinium a coherent mass of pollen grains (as in orchids) reproductive structure the parts of a plant involved in its reproduction pistil the female ovule-bearing part of a flower composed of ovary and style and stigma gynobase the enlarged receptacle in which the pistil is borne gynophore the stalk of a pistil that raises it above the receptacle simple pistil consists of one carpel compound pistil consists of two or more fused carpels pistillode a sterile vestigial pistil remaining in a staminate flower stylopodium an enlargement at the base of the style in some Umbelliferae carpel a simple pistil or one element of a compound pistil carpophore a slender stalk that furnishes an axis for a carpel cornstalk the stalk of a corn plant funicle the stalk of a plant ovule or seed petiolule the stalk of a leaflet mericarp a carpel with one seed; one of a pair split apart at maturity hilum the scar on certain seeds marking its point of attachment to the funicle nucellus central part of a plant ovule; contains the embryo sac micropyle minute opening in the wall of an ovule through which the pollen tube enters amphitropous ovule a partly inverted ovule turned back 90 degrees on its stalk anatropous ovule a completely inverted ovule turned back 180 degrees on its stalk campylotropous ovule a curved ovule with the micropyle almost touching the funiculus orthotropous ovule a completely straight ovule with the micropyle at the apex germ pore a pore in the outer wall of a spore or pollen grain through which the germ tube or pollen tube makes its exit on germination germ tube (botany) a slender tubular outgrowth from a spore in germination pollen tube (botany) a slender tubular outgrowth from a pollen grain when deposited on the stigma for a flower; it penetrates the style and conveys the male gametes to the ovule placentation arrangement of the ovules in the placenta and of the placentas in the ovary the formation of the placenta in the uterus apical placentation where one or few ovules develop at the top of a simple or compound ovary axile placentation ovules are borne at or around the center of a compound ovary on an axis formed from joined septa basal placentation where one or few ovules develop at the base of a simple or compound ovary free central placentation where ovules develop on a central column in a compound ovary lacking septa or with septa at base only lamellate placentation with ovules on thin extensions of the placentae into a compound ovary marginal placentation with ovules borne on the wall along the ventral suture of a simple ovary parietal placentation where ovules develop on the wall or slight outgrowths of the wall forming broken partitions within a compound ovary testa protective outer layer of seeds of flowering plants endosperm nutritive tissue surrounding the embryo within seeds of flowering plants gemma small asexual reproductive structure in e.g. liverworts and mosses that detaches from the parent and develops into a new individual fir cone the seed-producing cone of a fir tree galbulus the seed-producing cone of a cypress tree pinecone the seed-producing cone of a pine tree nutshell the shell around the kernel of a nut nectary a gland (often a protuberance or depression) that secretes nectar seed a mature fertilized plant ovule consisting of an embryo and its food source and having a protective coat or testa a small hard fruit remove the seeds from; "seed grapes" inoculate with microorganisms sprinkle with silver iodide particles to disperse and cause rain; "seed clouds" distribute (players or teams) so that outstanding teams or players will not meet in the early rounds go to seed; shed seeds; "The dandelions went to seed" bear seeds help (an enterprise) in its early stages of development by providing seed money pericarp the ripened and variously modified walls of a plant ovary epicarp outermost layer of the pericarp of fruits as the skin of a peach or grape mesocarp the middle layer of a pericarp pip a small hard seed found in some fruits a minor nonspecific ailment a disease of poultry bilocular capsule a capsule divided into two cells or compartments boll the rounded seed-bearing capsule of a cotton or flax plant silique narrow elongated seed capsule peculiar to the family Cruciferae silicle short broad silique occurring in some cruciferous plants haustorium a root-like attachment in parasitic plants that penetrates and obtains food from the host cataphyll a reduced or scarcely developed leaf at the start of a plant's life (i.e., cotyledons) or in the early stages of leaf development cotyledon embryonic leaf in seed-bearing plants perisperm the nutritive tissue outside the sac containing the embryo in some seeds monocarp a plant that bears fruit once and dies sporophyte the spore-producing individual or phase in the life cycle of a plant having alternation of generations gametophyte the gamete-bearing individual or phase in the life cycle of a plant having alternation of generations megagametophyte the female gametophyte produced by the megaspore of a plant that produces both microspore and megaspores megasporangium a plant structure that produces megaspores megasporophyll in non-flowering plants, a sporophyll that bears only megasporangia microgametophyte the male gametophyte produced by a microspore microspore smaller of the two types of spore produced in heterosporous plants; develops in the pollen sac into a male gametophyte microsporangium a plant structure that produces microspores microsporophyll in non-flowering plants, a sporophyll that bears only microsporangia megaspore larger of the two types of spore produced in heterosporous plants; develops in ovule into a female gametophyte archespore primitive cell or group of cells from which a mother cell develops daughter cell a cell formed by the division or budding of another cell; "anthrax grows by dividing into two daughter cells that are generally identical" mother cell cell from which another cell of an organism (usually of a different sort) develops; "a sperm cell develops from a sperm mother cell" spore mother cell cell from which a spore develops archegonium a female sex organ occurring in mosses, ferns, and most gymnosperms bonduc nut hard shiny grey seed of a bonduc tree; used for making e.g. jewelry Job's tears hard pearly seeds of an Asiatic grass; often used as beads oilseed any of several seeds that yield oil castor bean the toxic seed of the castor-oil plant; source of castor oil cottonseed seed of cotton plants; source of cottonseed oil candlenut seed of candlenut tree; source of soil used in varnishes large tree native to southeastern Asia; the nuts yield oil used in varnishes; nut kernels strung together are used locally as candles peach pit the stone seed of a peach cherry stone the stone seed of a cherry hypanthium the cuplike or ringlike or tubular structure of a flower which bears the sepals and stamens and calyx (as in Rosaceae) petal part of the perianth that is usually brightly colored sepal one of the green parts that form the calyx of a flower floral leaf a modified leaf that is part of a flower corolla (botany) the whorl of petals of a flower that collectively form an inner floral envelope or layer of the perianth; "we cultivate the flower for its corolla" calyx (botany) the whorl of sepals of a flower collectively forming the outer floral envelope or layer of the perianth enclosing and supporting the developing bud; usually green epicalyx a group of bracts simulating a calyx as in a carnation or hibiscus perianth collective term for the outer parts of a flower consisting of the calyx and corolla and enclosing the stamens and pistils pappus calyx composed of scales or bristles or featherlike hairs in plants of the Compositae such as thistles and dandelions thistledown pappus of a thistle consisting of silky featherlike hairs attached to the seed-like fruit of a thistle Ranales herbs, shrubs and trees: includes families Ranunculaceae; Annonaceae; Berberidaceae; Magnoliaceae; Menispermaceae; Myristicaceae; Nymphaeaceae; Lardizabalaceae; Lauraceae; Calycanthaceae; Ceratophyllaceae; Cercidiphyllaceae Annonaceae chiefly tropical trees or shrubs Annona type genus of the Annonaceae; tropical American trees or shrubs Asimina pawpaw pawpaw small tree native to the eastern United States having oblong leaves and fleshy fruit Cananga a genus of Malayan tree ilang-ilang evergreen Asian tree with aromatic greenish-yellow flowers yielding a volatile oil; widely grown in the tropics as an ornamental oil distilled from flowers of the ilang-ilang tree; used in perfumery Oxandra genus of tropical trees lancewood source of most of the lancewood of commerce durable straight-grained wood of the lacewood tree; used for building and cabinetwork and tools Xylopia tropical evergreen trees or shrubs; chiefly African Guinea pepper tropical west African evergreen tree bearing pungent aromatic seeds used as a condiment and in folk medicine Berberidaceae shrubs or herbs Berberis large genus of shrubs of temperate zones of New and Old Worlds barberry any of numerous plants of the genus Berberis having prickly stems and yellow flowers followed by small red berries American barberry deciduous shrub of eastern North America whose leaves turn scarlet in autumn and having racemes of yellow flowers followed by ellipsoid glossy red berries common barberry upright deciduous European shrub widely naturalized in United States having clusters of juicy berries Japanese barberry compact deciduous shrub having persistent red berries; widespread in cultivation especially for hedges Caulophyllum blue cohosh blue cohosh tall herb of eastern North America and Asia having blue berrylike fruit and a thick knotty rootstock formerly used medicinally Epimedium herbaceous perennials of Mediterranean to India and eastern Asia barrenwort slow-growing creeping plant with semi-evergreen leaves on erect wiry stems; used as ground cover Mahonia evergreen shrubs and small trees of North and Central America and Asia Oregon grape ornamental evergreen shrub of Pacific coast of North America having dark green pinnate leaves and racemes of yellow flowers followed by blue-black berries small shrub with grey-green leaves and yellow flowers followed by glaucous blue berries Podophyllum perennial rhizomatous herbs mayapple North American herb with poisonous root stock and edible though insipid fruit May apple edible but insipid fruit of the May apple plant Calycanthaceae shrubs or small trees having aromatic bark; the eastern United States and eastern Asia Calycanthus a magnoliid dicot genus of the family Calycanthaceae including: allspice Carolina allspice hardy shrub of southeastern United States having clove-scented wood and fragrant red-brown flowers spicebush straggling aromatic shrub of southwestern United States having fragrant brown flowers deciduous shrub of the eastern United States having highly aromatic leaves and bark and yellow flowers followed by scarlet or yellow berries Chimonanthus small genus of Asian deciduous or evergreen shrubs having fragrant flowers: winter sweet Japan allspice deciduous Japanese shrub cultivated for its fragrant yellow flowers Ceratophyllaceae coextensive with the genus Ceratophyllum: hornworts Ceratophyllum constituting the family Ceratophyllaceae: hornworts Cercidiphyllaceae one genus Cercidiphyllum one species: katsura tree katsura tree rapidly growing deciduous tree of low mountainsides of China and Japan; grown as an ornamental for its dark blue-green candy-scented foliage that becomes yellow to scarlet in autumn Lardizabalaceae thick-stemmed lianas and some shrubs; some have edible fruit Lardizabala evergreen monoecious climbers of South America having dark mauve-blue edible berries Lauraceae a family of Lauraceae Laurus small evergreen trees or shrubs with aromatic leaves true laurel small Mediterranean evergreen tree with small blackish berries and glossy aromatic leaves used for flavoring in cooking; also used by ancient Greeks to crown victors Cinnamomum Asiatic and Australian aromatic trees and shrubs camphor tree large evergreen tree of warm regions whose aromatic wood yields camphor cassia Chinese tree with aromatic bark; yields a less desirable cinnamon than Ceylon cinnamon any of various trees or shrubs of the genus Cassia having pinnately compound leaves and usually yellow flowers followed by long seedpods cassia bark aromatic bark of the cassia-bark tree; less desirable as a spice than Ceylon cinnamon bark Saigon cinnamon tropical southeast Asian tree with aromatic bark; yields a bark used medicinally cinnamon bark aromatic bark of Saigon cinnamon used medicinally as a carminative Lindera aromatic evergreen or deciduous dioecious shrubs or trees of eastern Asia and North America Benzoin used in some classifications for the American spicebush and certain other plants often included in the genus Lindera Persea avocado laurel-tree small tree of southern United States having dark red heartwood genus Sassafras a genus of sassafras sassafras oil oil from root bark of sassafras trees; used in perfumery and as a disinfectant Umbellularia aromatic evergreen trees of Pacific coast California laurel Pacific coast tree having aromatic foliage and small umbellate flowers followed by olivelike fruit; yields a hard tough wood Magnoliaceae subclass Magnoliidae: genera Liriodendron, Magnolia, and Manglietia Illicium anise trees: evergreen trees with aromatic leaves anise tree any of several evergreen shrubs and small trees of the genus Illicium purple anise small shrubby tree with purple flowers; found in wet soils of southeastern United States star anise small shrubby tree of Japan and Taiwan; flowers are not fragrant small tree of China and Vietnam bearing anise-scented star-shaped fruit used in food and medicinally as a carminative genus Magnolia shrubs or trees of North America or Asia having entire evergreen or deciduous leaves; among most ancient of angiosperm genera magnolia any shrub or tree of the genus Magnolia; valued for their longevity and exquisite fragrant blooms dried bark of various magnolias; used in folk medicine southern magnolia evergreen tree of southern United States having large stiff glossy leaves and huge white sweet-smelling flowers umbrella tree small deciduous tree of eastern North America having creamy white flowers and large leaves in formations like umbrellas at the ends of branches erect evergreen shrub or small tree of Australia and northern New Guinea having palmately compound leaves earleaved umbrella tree small erect deciduous tree with large leaves in coiled formations at branch tips cucumber tree American deciduous magnolia having large leaves and fruit like a small cucumber large-leaved magnolia large deciduous shrub or tree of southeastern United States having huge leaves in dense false whorls and large creamy flowers tinged purple toward the base saucer magnolia large deciduous shrub or small tree having large open rosy to purplish flowers; native to Asia; prized as an ornamental in eastern North America star magnolia deciduous shrubby magnolia from Japan having fragrant white starlike flowers blooming before leaves unfold; grown as an ornamental in United States sweet bay shrub or small tree having rather small fragrant white flowers; abundant in southeastern United States manglietia a genus of flowering tree of the family Magnoliaceae found from Malay to southern China Liriodendron tulip trees tulip tree tall North American deciduous timber tree having large tulip-shaped greenish yellow flowers and conelike fruit; yields soft white woods used especially for cabinet work tulipwood light easily worked wood of a tulip tree; used for furniture and veneer the variegated or showily striped ornamental wood of various tulipwood trees Menispermaceae herbaceous or woody climbers Menispermum climbing herbs moonseed plant of the family Menispermaceae having red or black fruit with crescent- or ring-shaped seeds common moonseed a woody vine of eastern North America having large oval leaves and small white flowers and purple to blue-black fruits Cocculus climbing plants or shrubs Carolina moonseed woody vine of southeastern United States resembling the common moonseed but having red fruits Myristicaceae family of aromatic tropical trees with arillate seeds Myristica type genus of Myristicaceae; tropical Asian evergreen trees with small white or yellow flowers followed by fleshy fruits Nymphaeaceae dicot aquatic plants water lily an aquatic plant of the family Nymphaeaceae Nymphaea the type genus of the family Nymphaeaceae; any of a variety of water lilies European white lily a water lily with white flowers lotus white Egyptian lotus: water lily of Egypt to southeastern Africa; held sacred by the Egyptians native to eastern Asia; widely cultivated for its large pink or white flowers blue lotus blue Egyptian lotus: held sacred by the Egyptians blue lotus of India and southeastern Asia Nuphar spatterdocks spatterdock common water lily of eastern and central North America, having broad leaves and globe-shaped yellow flowers; in sluggish fresh or slightly brackish water southern spatterdock of flowing waters of the southeastern United States; may form obstructive mats in streams yellow water lily a water lily with yellow flowers Nelumbonaceae in some classifications considered an independent family of water lilies; comprises the single genus Nelumbo Nelumbo sometimes placed in the family Nymphaeaceae: lotuses Cabombaceae in some classifications considered an independent family of water lilies; comprises the genera Cabomba and Brasenia Cabomba alternatively, a member of the family Nymphaeaceae; a small genus of American aquatic plants water-shield common aquatic plant of eastern North America having floating and submerged leaves and white yellow-spotted flowers aquatic plant with floating oval leaves and purple flowers; in lakes and slow-moving streams; suitable for aquariums Brasenia alternatively, a member of the family Nymphaeaceae Paeoniaceae perennial rhizomatous herbs and shrubs; of temperate Europe and North America Paeonia peonies: herbaceous or shrubby plants having showy flowers peony any of numerous plants widely cultivated for their showy single or double red or pink or white flowers Ranunculaceae a family of Ranunculaceae Ranunculus annual, biennial or perennial herbs: buttercup; crowfoot buttercup any of various plants of the genus Ranunculus meadow buttercup perennial European buttercup with yellow spring flowers widely naturalized especially in eastern North America water crowfoot plant of ponds and slow streams having submerged and floating leaves and white flowers; Europe and North America common buttercup perennial Old World buttercup with golden to sulphur yellow flowers in late spring to early summer; naturalized in North America lesser celandine perennial herb native to Europe but naturalized elsewhere having heart-shaped leaves and yellow flowers resembling buttercups; its tuberous roots have been used as a poultice to relieve piles lesser spearwort semiaquatic Eurasian perennial crowfoot with leaves shaped like spears; naturalized in New Zealand sagebrush buttercup small early-flowering buttercup with shiny yellow flowers of western North America greater spearwort semiaquatic European crowfoot with leaves shaped like spears mountain lily showy white-flowered perennial of New Zealand Japanese lily with golden rays western buttercup perennial of western North America creeping buttercup perennial European herb with long creeping stolons cursed crowfoot annual herb growing in marshy places Aconitum genus of poisonous plants of temperate regions of northern hemisphere with a vaulted and enlarged petal aconite any of various usually poisonous plants of the genus Aconitum having tuberous roots and palmately lobed leaves and blue or white flowers monkshood a poisonous herb native to northern Europe having hooded blue-purple flowers; the dried leaves and roots yield aconite wolfsbane poisonous Eurasian perennial herb with broad rounded leaves and yellow flowers and fibrous rootstock Actaea baneberry baneberry a plant of the genus Actaea having acrid poisonous berries a poisonous berry of a plant of the genus Actaea red baneberry North American perennial herb with alternately compound leaves and racemes of small white flowers followed by bright red oval poisonous berries white baneberry North American herb with white poisonous berries pheasant's-eye Eurasian herb cultivated for its deep red flowers with dark centers genus Anemone perennial herbs with tuberous roots and beautiful flowers; of north and south temperate regions anemone any woodland plant of the genus Anemone grown for its beautiful flowers and whorls of dissected leaves Alpine anemone silky-foliaged herb of the Rocky Mountains with bluish-white flowers Canada anemone common summer-flowering woodland herb of Labrador to Colorado thimbleweed a common North American anemone with cylindrical fruit clusters resembling thimbles wood anemone European anemone with solitary white flowers common in deciduous woodlands common anemone of eastern North America with solitary pink-tinged white flowers longheaded thimbleweed thimbleweed of northern North America snowdrop anemone Eurasian herb with solitary nodding fragrant white flowers Virginia thimbleweed thimbleweed of central and eastern North America Anemonella one species: rue anemone rue anemone woodland flower native to eastern North America having cup-shaped flowers reminiscent of anemone but more delicate genus Aquilegia columbine columbine a plant of the genus Aquilegia having irregular showy spurred flowers; north temperate regions especially mountains meeting house columbine of eastern North America having long-spurred red flowers blue columbine columbine of the Rocky Mountains having long-spurred blue flowers granny's bonnets common European columbine having variously colored (white or blue to purple or red) short-spurred flowers; naturalized in United States Caltha a genus of Caltha marsh marigold swamp plant of Europe and North America having bright yellow flowers resembling buttercups Cimicifuga small genus of perennial herbs of north temperate regions: bugbane bugbane a plant of the genus Cimicifuga having flowers in long racemes or panicles reported to be distasteful to insects American bugbane bugbane of the eastern United States having erect racemes of white flowers black cohosh North American bugbane found from Maine and Ontario to Wisconsin and south to Georgia fetid bugbane bugbane of Siberia and eastern Asia having ill-smelling green-white flowers genus Clematis large genus of deciduous or evergreen woody vines or erect herbs clematis any of various ornamental climbing plants of the genus Clematis usually having showy flowers pine hyacinth erect clematis of Florida having pink to purple flowers blue jasmine climber of southern United States having bluish-purple flowers pipestem clematis clematis of California curly-heads shrubby clematis of the eastern United States having curly foliage golden clematis Chinese clematis with serrate leaves and large yellow flowers scarlet clematis woody vine of Texas having showy solitary nodding scarlet flowers leather flower woody vine of the southern United States having purple or blue flowers with leathery recurved sepals scandent subshrub of southeastern United States having large red-purple bell-shaped flowers with leathery recurved sepals virgin's bower common climber of eastern North America that sprawls over other plants and bears numerous panicles of small creamy white flowers traveler's joy vigorous deciduous climber of Europe to Afghanistan and Lebanon having panicles of fragrant green-white flowers in summer and autumn purple clematis climber of northeastern North America having waxy purplish-blue flowers Coptis small genus of low perennial herbs having yellow rhizomes and white or yellow flowers goldthread low-growing perennial of North America woodlands having trifoliate leaves and yellow rootstock and white flowers Consolida plants having flowers resembling the larkspur's but differing from larkspur's in the arrangement of petals; sometimes included in genus Delphinium rocket larkspur commonly cultivated larkspur of southern Europe having unbranched spikelike racemes of blue or sometimes purplish or pinkish flowers; sometime placed in genus Delphinium genus Delphinium large genus of chiefly perennial erect branching herbs of north temperate regions some poisonous delphinium any plant of the genus Delphinium having palmately divided leaves and showy spikes of variously colored spurred flowers; some contain extremely poisonous substances larkspur any of numerous cultivated plants of the genus Delphinium Eranthis winter aconite winter aconite small Old World perennial herb grown for its bright yellow flowers which appear in early spring often before snow is gone Helleborus a genus of Helleborus hellebore any plant of the Eurasian genus Helleborus perennial herbs of the lily family having thick toxic rhizomes stinking hellebore digitate-leaved hellebore with an offensive odor and irritant qualities when taken internally Christmas rose European evergreen plant with white or purplish rose-like winter-blooming flowers lenten rose slightly hairy perennial having deep green leathery leaves and flowers that are ultimately purplish-green green hellebore deciduous plant with large deep green pedate leaves and nodding saucer-shaped green flowers genus Hepatica small genus of perennial herbs of north temperate regions; allied to genus Anemone Hydrastis small genus of perennial herbs having rhizomes and palmate leaves and small solitary flowers; of northeastern United States and Japan goldenseal perennial herb of northeastern United States having a thick knotted yellow rootstock and large rounded leaves Isopyrum tufted perennial herbs of northern hemisphere false rue anemone slender erect perennial of eastern North America having tuberous roots and pink-tinged white flowers; resembles meadow rue Laccopetalum one species: giant buttercup giant buttercup spectacular perennial native of wet montane grasslands of Peru; formerly included in genus Ranunculus genus Nigella erect annual Eurasian herbs nigella any plant of the genus Nigella love-in-a-mist European garden plant having finely cut leaves and white or pale blue flowers tropical American passion flower with finely dissected bracts; stems malodorous when crushed fennel flower nigella of Spain and southern France black caraway herb of the Mediterranean region having pungent seeds used like those of caraway Pulsatilla includes a group of plants that in some classifications are included in the genus Anemone: pasqueflowers pasqueflower any plant of the genus Pulsatilla; sometimes included in genus Anemone American pasqueflower short hairy perennial with early spring blue-violet or lilac flowers; North America and Siberia Western pasqueflower of western North America European pasqueflower European perennial having usually violet or white spring flowers Thalictrum widely distributed genus of perennial herbs: meadow rue meadow rue any of various herbs of the genus Thalictrum; sometimes rhizomatous or tuberous perennials found in damp shady places and meadows or stream banks; have lacy foliage and clouds of small purple or yellow flowers Trautvetteria small genus of perennial herbs: false bugbane false bugbane tall perennial of the eastern United States having large basal leaves and white summer flowers Trollius perennial herbs of north temperate regions: globeflowers globeflower any of several plants of the genus Trollius having globose yellow flowers Winteraceae small family of chiefly tropical shrubs and trees of genera Drimys and Pseudowintera; sometimes included in Magnoliaceae Drimys shrubs and trees of southern hemisphere having aromatic foliage winter's bark South American evergreen tree yielding winter's bark and a light soft wood similar to basswood aromatic bark having tonic and stimulant properties Pseudowintera evergreen shrubs or small trees of Australia and New Zealand pepper shrub evergreen shrub or small tree whose foliage is conspicuously blotched with red and yellow and having small black fruits Myricales coextensive with the family Myricaceae Myricaceae constituting the order Myricales Myrica deciduous aromatic shrubs or small trees sweet gale bog shrub of north temperate zone having bitter-tasting fragrant leaves wax myrtle any shrub or small tree of the genus Myrica with aromatic foliage and small wax-coated berries bay myrtle evergreen aromatic shrubby tree of southeastern United States having small hard berries thickly coated with white wax used for candles bayberry deciduous aromatic shrub of eastern North America with grey-green wax-coated berries West Indian tree; source of bay rum bayberry wax a fragrant green wax obtained from the wax myrtle and used in making candles Comptonia one species: sweet fern sweet fern deciduous shrub of eastern North America with sweet scented fernlike leaves and tiny white flowers Leitneriaceae coextensive with the genus Leitneria; commonly isolated in a distinct order Leitneria one species: corkwood corkwood very small deciduous dioecious tree or shrub of damp habitats in southeastern United States having extremely light wood Juncaceae tufted herbs resembling grasses: rushes Juncus type genus of the Juncaceae; perennial tufted glabrous marsh plants of temperate regions: rushes bulrush tall rush with soft erect or arching stems found in Eurasia, Australia, New Zealand, and common in North America jointed rush rush of Australia toad rush low-growing annual rush of damp low-lying ground; nearly cosmopolitan hard rush tall rush of temperate regions salt rush rush of the Pacific coast of North America slender rush tufted wiry rush of wide distribution plant family a family of plants plant genus a genus of plants zebrawood any of various trees or shrubs having mottled or striped wood handsomely striped or mottled wood of the zebrawood tree; used especially for cabinetwork Connaraceae mostly tropical climbing shrubs or small trees; closely related to Leguminosae Connarus large genus of tropical trees and shrubs; type genus of the Connaraceae Connarus guianensis tropical American and east African tree with strikingly marked hardwood used in cabinetwork Leguminosae a large family of trees, shrubs, vines, and herbs bearing bean pods; divided for convenience into the subfamilies Caesalpiniaceae; Mimosaceae; Papilionaceae Arachis a genus of plants with pods that ripen underground (see peanut) Brya genus of prickly shrubs and small trees of the Caribbean region; source of a durable hardwood granadilla tree West Indian tree yielding a fine grade of green ebony cocuswood wood of the granadilla tree used for making musical instruments especially clarinets Centrolobium a genus of Centrolobium arariba Brazilian tree with handsomely marked wood Coumarouna tropical American trees: tonka beans tonka bean tall tropical South American tree having pulpy egg-shaped pods of fragrant black almond-shaped seeds used for flavoring fragrant black nutlike seeds of the tonka bean tree; used in perfumes and medicines and as a substitute for vanilla Hymenaea genus of tropical American timber trees courbaril West Indian locust tree having pinnate leaves and panicles of large white or purplish flowers; yields very hard tough wood courbaril copal resin from the courbaril tree genus Melilotus Old World herbs: the sweet clovers melilotus erect annual or biennial plant grown extensively especially for hay and soil improvement white sweet clover biennial plant; valuable honey plant yellow sweet clover biennial yellow-flowered Eurasian plant having aromatic leaves used as carminative or flavoring agent; widely cultivated especially as green manure or cover crop Swainsona a genus of Australian herbs and subshrubs: darling peas darling pea either of two Australian plants of the genus Swainsona that are poisonous to sheep smooth darling pea erect or trailing perennial of eastern Australia having axillary racemes of blue to purple or red flowers hairy darling pea shrubby perennial of southern Australia having downy or woolly stems and undersides of leaves and racemes of red to pink flowers Trifolium any leguminous plant having leaves divided into three leaflets clover a plant of the genus Trifolium alpine clover European mountain clover with fragrant usually pink flowers hop clover clover native to Ireland with yellowish flowers; often considered the true or original shamrock crimson clover southern European annual with spiky heads of crimson flower; extensively cultivated in United States for forage red clover erect to decumbent short-lived perennial having red-purple to pink flowers; the most commonly grown forage clover buffalo clover clover of western United States white clover creeping European clover having white to pink flowers and bright green leaves; naturalized in United States; widely grown for forage Mimosaceae family of spiny woody plants (usually shrubs or small trees) whose leaves mimic animals in sensitivity to touch; commonly included in the family Leguminosae Mimosoideae alternative name used in some classification systems for the family Mimosaceae genus Mimosa genus of spiny woody shrubs or trees; named for their apparent imitation of animal sensitivity to light and heat and movement sensitive plant semi-climbing prickly evergreen shrub of tropical America having compound leaves sensitive to light and touch prostrate or semi-erect subshrub of tropical America, and Australia; heavily armed with recurved thorns and having sensitive soft grey-green leaflets that fold and droop at night or when touched or cooled genus Acacia large genus of shrubs and trees and some woody vines of Central and South America, Africa, Australia and Polynesia: wattle; mimosa acacia any of various spiny trees or shrubs of the genus Acacia shittah source of a wood mentioned frequently in the Bible; probably a species of genus Acacia shittimwood wood of the shittah tree used to make the ark of the Hebrew Tabernacle black wattle Australian tree that yields tanning materials gidgee scrubby Australian acacia having extremely foul-smelling blossoms catechu East Indian spiny tree having twice-pinnate leaves and yellow flowers followed by flat pods; source of black catechu black catechu extract of the heartwood of Acacia catechu used for dyeing and tanning and preserving fishnets and sails; formerly used medicinally silver wattle evergreen Australasian tree having white or silvery bark and young leaves and yellow flowers huisache tropical American thorny shrub or small tree; fragrant yellow flowers used in making perfumery lightwood tall Australian acacia yielding highly valued black timber golden wattle shrubby Australian tree having clusters of fragrant golden yellow flowers; widely cultivated as an ornamental fever tree African tree supposed to mark healthful regions ornamental shrub or small tree of swampy areas in southwestern United States having large pink or white sepals and yielding Georgia bark for treating fever any of several trees having leaves or bark used to allay fever or thought to indicate regions free of fever Adenanthera small genus of trees of tropical Asia and Pacific areas coralwood East Indian tree with racemes of yellow-white flowers; cultivated as an ornamental genus Albizia large genus of unarmed trees and shrubs of Old World tropics albizzia any of numerous trees of the genus Albizia silk tree attractive domed or flat-topped Asiatic tree having bipinnate leaves and flowers with long silky stamens siris large spreading Old World tree having large leaves and globose clusters of greenish-yellow flowers and long seed pods that clatter in the wind rain tree large ornamental tropical American tree with bipinnate leaves and globose clusters of flowers with crimson stamens and seed pods that are eaten by cattle Anadenanthera 2 species of tropical American shrubs or trees Anadenanthera colubrina Brazilian shrub having twice-pinnate leaves and small spicate flowers followed by flat or irregularly torulose pods; sometimes placed in genus Piptadenia genus Calliandra genus of pinnate-leaved shrubs and small trees of tropical and subtropical North and South America and India and West Africa calliandra any of various shrubs and small trees valued for their fine foliage and attractive spreading habit and clustered white to deep pink or red flowers Enterolobium small genus of tropical American timber trees closely allied to genus Albizia conacaste tropical South American tree having a wide-spreading crown of bipinnate leaves and coiled ear-shaped fruits; grown for shade and ornament as well as valuable timber genus Inga genus of tropical trees or shrubs inga any tree or shrub of the genus Inga having pinnate leaves and showy usually white flowers; cultivated as ornamentals ice-cream bean ornamental evergreen tree with masses of white flowers; tropical and subtropical America guama tropical tree of Central America and West Indies and Puerto Rico having spikes of white flowers; used as shade for coffee plantations Leucaena small genus of tropical evergreen trees or shrubs having pods like those of the acacia lead tree low scrubby tree of tropical and subtropical North America having white flowers tinged with yellow resembling mimosa and long flattened pods Lysiloma small genus of tropical American trees and shrubs with pinnate leaves and flat straight pods wild tamarind a tree of the West Indies and Florida and Mexico; resembles tamarind and has long flat pods sabicu West Indian tree yielding a hard dark brown wood resembling mahogany in texture and value the wood of the sabicu which resembles mahogany Parkia genus of tropical Old World trees: nitta trees nitta tree any of several Old World tropical trees of the genus Parkia having heads of red or yellow flowers followed by pods usually containing edible seeds and pulp Parkia javanica tall evergreen rain forest tree with wide-spreading crown having yellow-white flowers; grown as an ornamental in parks and large gardens Piptadenia tropical American trees and shrubs; often placed in other genera Pithecellobium thorny shrubs and trees of tropical and subtropical America and Asia manila tamarind common thorny tropical American tree having terminal racemes of yellow flowers followed by sickle-shaped or circinate edible pods and yielding good timber and a yellow dye and mucilaginous gum cat's-claw erect shrub with small if any spines having racemes of white to yellow flowers followed by curved pointed pods and black shiny seeds; West Indies and Florida Prosopis genus of tropical or subtropical branching shrubs or trees: mesquite mesquite any of several small spiny trees or shrubs of the genus Prosopis having small flowers in axillary cylindrical spikes followed by large pods rich in sugar honey mesquite thorny deep-rooted drought-resistant shrub native to southwestern United States and Mexico bearing pods rich in sugar and important as livestock feed; tends to form extensive thickets algarroba mesquite of Gulf Coast and Caribbean Islands from Mexico to Venezuela mesquite pod used in tanning and dyeing screw bean shrub or small tree of southwestern United States and northwestern Mexico having spirally twisted pods spirally twisted sweet pod of screwbean mesquite that is used for fodder or ground into meal for feed Apocynaceae chiefly tropical trees or shrubs or herbs having milky juice and often showy flowers; many are sources of drugs Apocynum perennial herbs with small pink or white flowers dogbane any of several poisonous perennial plants of the genus Apocynum having acrid milky juice and bell-shaped white or pink flowers and a very bitter root common dogbane North American perennial having pinkish flowers in loose cymes; used in folk medicine for pain or inflammation in joints Indian hemp Canadian dogbane yielding a tough fiber used as cordage by Native Americans; used in folk medicine for pain or inflammation in joints source of e.g. bhang and hashish as well as fiber Rocky Mountain dogbane North American plant similar to common dogbane Acocanthera small genus of trees and shrubs containing strongly toxic cardiac glycosides; Arabia to Africa winter sweet medium-sized shrubby tree of South Africa having thick leathery evergreen leaves and white or pink flowers and globose usually two-seeded purplish black fruits bushman's poison evergreen shrub or tree of South Africa Adenium one species: succulent shrub or tree of tropical Africa and Arabia impala lily South African shrub having a swollen succulent stem and bearing showy pink and white flowers after the leaves fall; popular as an ornamental in tropics genus Allamanda genus of tropical American woody vines allamanda a plant of the genus Allamanda having large showy funnel-shaped flowers in terminal cymes common allamanda vigorous evergreen climbing plant of South America having glossy leathery foliage and golden yellow flowers Alstonia genus of evergreen trees or shrubs with white funnel-shaped flowers and milky sap; tropical Africa to southeastern Asia and Polynesia dita evergreen tree of eastern Asia and Philippines having large leathery leaves and small green-white flowers in compact cymes; bark formerly used medicinally Amsonia genus of herbs and subshrubs with milky juice and showy bluish flowers; Europe to Asia Minor to Japan and North America blue star subshrubs of southeastern United States forming slow-growing clumps and having blue flowers in short terminal cymes Beaumontia small genus of evergreen woody vines in the East Indies and Asia Nepal trumpet flower evergreen woody twiner with large glossy leaves and showy corymbs of fragrant white trumpet-shaped flowers genus Carissa Old World genus of tropical evergreen usually spiny shrubs carissa a shrub of the genus Carissa having fragrant white flowers and plumlike red to purple-black fruits hedge thorn South African shrub having forked spines and plumlike fruit; frequently used as hedging natal plum very large closely branched South African shrub having forked bright green spines and shiny leaves Catharanthus small genus of erect annual or perennial herbs native to Madagascar; widely naturalized in the tropics; formerly included in genus Vinca Holarrhena genus of deciduous trees and shrubs of tropical Africa and Asia ivory tree tropical Asian tree with hard white wood and bark formerly used as a remedy for dysentery and diarrhea Mandevilla genus of tropical South American tuberous perennial woody vines with large racemose flowers and milky sap white dipladenia shrubby climber having glossy leaves and white funnel-shaped flowers with yellow throats Chilean jasmine woody vine of Argentina grown as an ornamental for its glossy leaves and racemes of large fragrant funnel-shaped creamy-white flowers Nerium one species: oleander oleander an ornamental but poisonous flowering shrub having narrow evergreen leaves and clusters of fragrant white to pink or red flowers: native to East Indies but widely cultivated in warm regions Plumeria deciduous shrubs and trees of tropical America having branches like candelabra and fragrant white or pink flowers frangipani any of various tropical American deciduous shrubs or trees of the genus Plumeria having milky sap and showy fragrant funnel-shaped variously colored flowers pagoda tree frangipani of India having an erect habit and conical form; grown in temple gardens West Indian jasmine tall sparingly branched conical tree having large fragrant yellow flowers with white centers genus Rauwolfia pantropical genus of somewhat poisonous shrubs and small trees rauwolfia any shrub or small tree of the genus Rauwolfia having leaves in whorls and cymose flowers; yield substances used medicinally especially as emetics or purgatives or antihypertensives any of several alkaloids extracted from the shrub Rauwolfia serpentina snakewood East Indian climbing shrub with twisted limbs and roots resembling serpents genus Strophanthus genus of tropical Asiatic and African shrubs and woody vines and small trees strophanthus any of various shrubs or small trees of the genus Strophanthus having whorled leaves and showy flowers of various colors in dense and corymbose clusters; some have poisonous seeds Strophanthus kombe plant that is a source of strophanthin Tabernaemontana evergreen tropical trees and shrubs with milky sap crape jasmine tropical shrub having glossy foliage and fragrant nocturnal flowers with crimped or wavy corollas; northern India to Thailand Thevetia genus of poisonous tropical American evergreen shrubs and trees having entire leaves and large cymose flowers yellow oleander tropical American shrub or small tree having glossy dark green leaves and fragrant saffron yellow to orange or peach- colored flowers; all parts highly poisonous Trachelospermum genus of Asiatic woody vines with milky sap in leaves and stems star jasmine evergreen Chinese woody climber with shiny dark green leaves and intensely fragrant white flowers Vinca periwinkles: low creeping evergreen perennials myrtle widely cultivated as a groundcover for its dark green shiny leaves and usually blue-violet flowers any evergreen shrub or tree of the genus Myrtus large periwinkle plant having variegated foliage and used for window boxes Arales Araceae; Lemnaceae Araceae anthurium; calla lily; jack-in-the-pulpit; philodendron arum any plant of the family Araceae; have small flowers massed on a spadix surrounded by a large spathe starch resembling sago that is obtained from cuckoopint root genus Arum type genus of the Araceae: tuberous perennial herbs of Europe and Asia with usually heart-shaped leaves cuckoopint common European arum with lanceolate spathe and short purple spadix; emerges in early spring; source of a starch called arum black calla ornamental plant of Middle East cultivated for its dark purple spathe Acorus sweet flags; sometimes placed in subfamily Acoraceae Acoraceae used in some classifications for the genus Acorus which is usually assigned to Araceae sweet flag perennial marsh plant having swordlike leaves and aromatic roots calamus the aromatic root of the sweet flag used medicinally any tropical Asian palm of the genus Calamus; light tough stems are a source of rattan canes calamus oil carcinogenic oil from calamus root used as a perfume Aglaonema climbing herbs of southeastern Asia having thick fleshy oblong leaves and naked unisexual flowers: Chinese evergreen Chinese evergreen erect or partially climbing herb having large green or variegated leaves genus Alocasia tropical Asiatic herbs similar to Colocasia but distinguished by a large sterile spadix alocasia any plant of the genus Alocasia having large showy basal leaves and boat-shaped spathe and reddish berries giant taro large evergreen with extremely large erect or spreading leaves; cultivated widely in tropics for its edible rhizome and shoots; used in wet warm regions as a stately ornamental genus Amorphophallus genus of large tropical east Asian cormous aroids: devil's tongue; snake palm amorphophallus any plant of the genus Amorphophallus pungapung putrid-smelling aroid of southeastern Asia (especially the Philippines) grown for its edible tuber devil's tongue foul-smelling somewhat fleshy tropical plant of southeastern Asia cultivated for its edible corms or in the greenhouse for its large leaves and showy dark red spathe surrounding a large spadix krubi malodorous tropical plant having a spathe that resembles the corolla of a morning glory and attains a diameter of several feet genus Anthurium large genus of often epiphytic evergreen tropical American plants often cultivated as houseplants anthurium any of various tropical American plants cultivated for their showy foliage and flowers flamingo flower commonly cultivated anthurium having bright scarlet spathe and spadix Arisaema tuberous or rhizomatous herbaceous perennials jack-in-the-pulpit common American spring-flowering woodland herb having sheathing leaves and an upright club-shaped spadix with overarching green and purple spathe producing scarlet berries green dragon early spring-flowering plant of eastern North America resembling the related jack-in-the-pulpit but having digitate leaves, slender greenish yellow spathe and elongated spadix Arisarum tuberous or rhizomatous perennial herbs; mainly Mediterranean area friar's-cowl tuberous perennial having a cowl-shaped maroon or violet-black spathe; Mediterranean; Canaries; Azores genus Caladium small genus of tropical South American tuberous perennials with large variously colored leaves caladium any plant of the genus Caladium cultivated for their ornamental foliage variously patterned in white or pink or red Caladium bicolor most popular caladium; cultivated in many varieties since the late 19th century Calla water arum wild calla plant of wetlands and bogs of temperate regions having small greenish flowers partly enclosed in a white spathe and red berries Colocasia small genus of perennial tuberous herbs of tropical Asia: taro genus Cryptocoryne water trumpet; aquatic herbs having broad leaves and long slender spathes; often used as aquarium plants cryptocoryne any plant of the genus Cryptocoryne; evergreen perennials growing in fresh or brackish water; tropical Asia Dieffenbachia evergreen perennial herbs of tropical America with lush foliage and poisonous sap; often cultivated as houseplants dumb cane an evergreen plant with large showy dark green leaves; contains a poison that swells the tongue and throat hence the name genus Dracontium small genus of tropical American cormous herbs dracontium any plant of the genus Dracontium; strongly malodorous tropical American plants usually with gigantic leaves dragon arum European arum resembling the cuckoopint Epipremnum small genus of evergreen lianas of southeastern Asia to western Pacific areas golden pothos evergreen liana widely cultivated for its variegated foliage Lysichiton skunk cabbage skunk cabbage clump-forming deciduous perennial swamp plant of western North America similar to Symplocarpus foetidus but having a yellow spathe deciduous perennial low-growing fetid swamp plant of eastern North America having minute flowers enclosed in a mottled greenish or purple cowl-shaped spathe genus Monstera tropical American climbing plant with deeply incised leaves monstera any plant of the genus Monstera; often grown as houseplants genus Nephthytis small genus of tropical western African creeping or twining herbs nephthytis any plant of the genus Nephthytis Nephthytis afzelii tropical rhizomatous plant cultivated as an ornamental for its large sagittate leaves Orontium one species of aquatic plant: golden club golden club aquatic plant of the southeastern United States having blue-green leaves and a spadix resembling a club covered with tiny yellow flowers Peltandra small genus of North American marsh or aquatic herbs arrow arum an aquatic plant of the genus Peltandra; North America green arrow arum perennial herb of the eastern United States having arrowhead-shaped leaves and an elongate pointed spathe and green berries genus Philodendron any of several tropical American climbing plants with smooth shiny evergreen leaves philodendron often grown as a houseplant genus Pistia one species: water lettuce pistia pantropical floating plant forming a rosette of wedge-shaped leaves; a widespread weed in rivers and lakes Scindapsus evergreen climbers with adhesive adventitious roots; southeastern Asia and Brazil pothos any of various tropical lianas of the genus Scindapsus genus Spathiphyllum evergreen rhizomatous perennials of tropical America and Philippines and Indonesia spathiphyllum any of various plants of the genus Spathiphyllum having a white or green spathe and a spike of fragrant flowers and often cultivated as an ornamental Symplocarpus one species: skunk cabbage Syngonium epiphytic or terrestrial climbing shrubs of Central and South America; used as ornamental houseplants for their velvety foliage Xanthosoma tropical American tuberous perennials yautia tropical American aroid having edible tubers that are cooked and eaten like yams or potatoes Zantedeschia calla lily calla lily South African plant widely cultivated for its showy pure white spathe and yellow spadix pink calla calla having a rose-colored spathe golden calla any of several callas of the genus Zantedeschia having yellow spathes Lemnaceae family of small free-floating thalloid plants duckweed any small or minute aquatic plant of the family Lemnaceae that float on or near the surface of shallow ponds Lemna minute aquatic herbs floating on or below the water surface of still water consisting of a leaflike frond or plant body and single root common duckweed of temperate regions except eastern Asia and Australia star-duckweed cosmopolitan in temperate regions except North America Spirodela minute aquatic herbs floating on the water surface consisting of a shiny leaflike frond and 2-21 roots great duckweed cosmopolitan except South America and New Zealand and some oceanic islands Wolffia minute rootless aquatic herbs having globular fronds floating on or near the water surface and bearing one flower per frond watermeal any of various aquatic plants of the genus Wolffia; throughout warmer regions of the world common wolffia smallest flowering plants known; of the Americas Wolffiella minute rootless aquatic herbs having flat fronds floating on or below the water surface and bearing 1-2 flowers per frond; America and Africa mud midget having narrow flat sickle-shaped submerged fronds; North America Araliaceae mostly tropical trees and shrubs and lianas: genera Panax and Hedera genus Aralia type genus of Araliaceae; large widely distributed genus of shrubs and trees and vines: spikenard; Hercules'-club aralia any of various plants of the genus Aralia; often aromatic plants having compound leaves and small umbellate flowers American angelica tree small deciduous clump-forming tree or shrub of eastern United States wild sarsaparilla common perennial herb having aromatic roots used as a substitute for sarsaparilla; central and eastern North America American spikenard unarmed woody rhizomatous perennial plant distinguished from wild sarsaparilla by more aromatic roots and panicled umbels; southeastern North America to Mexico bristly sarsaparilla bristly herb of eastern and central North America having black fruit and medicinal bark Japanese angelica tree deciduous clump-forming Asian shrub or small tree; adventive in the eastern United States Chinese angelica similar to American angelica tree but less prickly; China Hedera Old World woody vines ivy Old World vine with lobed evergreen leaves and black berrylike fruits Meryta small to medium evergreen dioecious trees of oceanic climates: puka puka small roundheaded New Zealand tree having large resinous leaves and panicles of green-white flowers South American shrub or small tree having long shining evergreen leaves and panicles of green or yellow flowers Panax perennial herbs of eastern North America and Asia having aromatic tuberous roots: ginseng ginseng Chinese herb with palmately compound leaves and small greenish flowers and forked aromatic roots believed to have medicinal powers aromatic root of ginseng plants American ginseng North American woodland herb similar to and used as substitute for the Chinese ginseng Schefflera large genus of shrubby and climbing tropical plants having showy digitately compound foliage Aristolochiales order of plants distinguished by tubular petaloid perianth and inferior ovary Aristolochiaceae family of birthworts (including wild ginger) Aristolochia birthworts; Dutchman's-pipe birthwort creeping plant having curving flowers thought to resemble fetuses; native to Europe; naturalized Great Britain and eastern North America Dutchman's-pipe hardy deciduous vine having large leaves and flowers with the calyx tube curved like the bowl of a pipe Virginia snakeroot birthwort of the eastern United States woodlands Asarum wild ginger wild ginger low-growing perennial herb with pungent gingery leaves and rhizomes Canada ginger deciduous low-growing perennial of Canada and eastern and central United States heartleaf evergreen low-growing perennial having mottled green and silvery-grey heart-shaped pungent leaves; Virginia to South Carolina wild ginger having persistent heart-shaped pungent leaves; West Virginia to Alabama asarabacca thick creeping evergreen herb of western Europe Rafflesiaceae a family of parasitic plants of the order Aristolochiales Hydnoraceae a family of flowering plants in Africa and Argentina that are parasitic on the roots of other plants Caryophyllidae a group of families of mostly flowers having basal or central placentation and trinucleate pollen (binucleate pollen is commoner in flowering plants); contains 14 families including: Caryophyllaceae (carnations and pinks); Aizoaceae; Amaranthaceae; Batidaceae; Chenopodiaceae; Cactaceae (order Opuntiales); Nyctaginaceae; Phytolaccaceae; corresponds approximately to order Caryophyllales; sometimes classified as a superorder Caryophyllales corresponds approximately to the older group Centrospermae Centrospermae used in former classification systems; approximately synonymous with order Caryophyllales Caryophyllaceae large family of herbs or subshrubs (usually with stems swollen at the nodes) caryophyllaceous plant a plant of the family Caryophyllaceae Agrostemma a caryophylloid dicot genus including corn cockles corn cockle European annual having large trumpet-shaped reddish-purple flowers and poisonous seed; a common weed in grainfields and beside roadways; naturalized in America sandwort low-growing chiefly perennial plant usually with small white flowers suitable for e.g. rock gardens low-growing herb having clusters of small white four-petaled flowers loosely matted plant with moss-like foliage studded with tiny starry four-petaled white blossoms; mountains of central and southern Europe mountain sandwort boreal or alpine sandwort pine-barren sandwort deep-rooted perennial of southeastern United States seabeach sandwort perennial succulent herb with small solitary axillary or terminal flowers rock sandwort low perennial tufted plant of southeastern North America thyme-leaved sandwort Eurasian annual sprawling plant naturalized throughout North America Cerastium mouse-eared chickweed mouse-ear chickweed any of various plants related to the common chickweed field chickweed densely tufted perennial chickweed of north temperate zone snow-in-summer chickweed with hairy silver-grey leaves and rather large white flowers Alpine mouse-ear widespread in the Arctic and on mountains in Europe Dianthus carnations and pinks sweet William Eurasian pink widely cultivated for its flat-topped dense clusters of varicolored flowers china pink Chinese pink with deeply toothed rose-lilac flowers with a purplish eye; usually raised as an annual Japanese pink a flowering variety of China pink distinguished by jagged-edged petals maiden pink low-growing loosely mat-forming Eurasian pink with a single pale pink flower with a crimson center cheddar pink mat-forming perennial of central Europe with large fragrant pink or red flowers button pink much-branched pink with flowers in clusters; closely related to sweet William cottage pink European pink cultivated for its very fragrant pink or rosy flowers fringed pink Eurasian perennial pink having fragrant lilac or rose flowers with deeply fringed margins genus Drypis one species drypis spiny-leaved perennial herb of southern Europe having terminal clusters of small flowers Gypsophila Mediterranean herbs having small white or pink flowers baby's breath tall plant with small lance-shaped leaves and numerous tiny white or pink flowers Hernaria low-growing Old World herbs with minute bright green leaves rupturewort common prostrate Old World herb often used as a ground cover; formerly reputed to cure ruptures Illecebrum one species: coral necklace coral necklace glabrous annual with slender taproot and clusters of white flowers; western Europe especially western Mediterranean and Atlantic coastal areas genus Lychnis genus of plants strongly resembling those of genus Silene: catchfly lychnis mostly perennial herbs with sticky stems that catch insects; widespread in north temperate zone ragged robin common perennial native to Europe and western Asia having usually pink flowers with ragged petals scarlet lychnis Eurasian garden perennial having scarlet flowers in dense terminal heads mullein pink an old cottage garden plant of southeastern Europe widely cultivated for its attractive white woolly foliage and showy crimson flowers Minuartia mostly perennial herbs of northern hemisphere often with mat-forming habit; most often placed in genus Arenaria: sandworts Moehringia low-growing herbs widely distributed in temperate and Arctic northern hemisphere: sandworts; distinguished from members of the genus Arenaria mainly by having four-petaled rather than five-petaled flowers Paronychia low-growing annual or perennial herbs or woody plants; whitlowworts whitlowwort any of various low-growing tufted plants of the genus Paronychia having tiny greenish flowers and usually whorled leaves; widespread throughout warm regions of both Old and New Worlds; formerly thought to cure whitlows (suppurative infections around a fingernail) Petrocoptis perennial tussock-forming rock plants; of Pyrenees and mountains of northern Spain; similar to and sometimes placed in genus Lychnis Sagina small low-growing annual or perennial herbs of temperate and cool regions pearlwort any of various low-growing plants of the genus Sagina having small spherical flowers resembling pearls Saponaria mostly perennial Old World herbs soapwort plant of European origin having pink or white flowers and leaves yielding a detergent when bruised Scleranthus small genus of Old World weedy prostrate annuals: knawel knawel widely distributed low-growing Eurasian herb having narrow leaves and inconspicuous green flowers genus Silene large widely distributed genus of plants having mostly showy flowers of various colors: campion; catchfly silene any plant of the genus Silene moss campion tuft- or mat-forming dwarf perennial of Arctic regions of western and central Europe and North America wild pink perennial of eastern and central North America having short-stalked pink or white flowers in hairy clusters red campion biennial European catchfly having red or pink flowers; sometimes placed in genus Lychnis white campion bluish-green herb having sticky stems and clusters of large evening-opening white flowers with much-inflated calyx; sometimes placed in genus Lychnis fire pink perennial herb of eastern North America, having red flowers with narrow notched petals bladder campion perennial of Arctic Europe having large white flowers with inflated calyx Spergula small genus of Old World annual herbs: corn spurry corn spurry small European weed with whorled leaves and white flowers Spergularia chiefly maritime Eurasian herbs: sand spurry; sea spurry sand spurry prostrate weedy herb with tiny pink flowers; widespread throughout Europe and Asia on sand dunes and heath and coastal cliffs; naturalized in eastern North America Stellaria common chickweed; stitchwort chickweed any of various plants of the genus Stellaria common chickweed a common low-growing annual garden weed with small white flowers; cosmopolitan; so-called because it is eaten by chickens stitchwort low-growing north temperate herb having small white star-shaped flowers; named for its alleged ability to ease sharp pains in the side Vaccaria cow-cockles cowherb European annual with pale rose-colored flowers; cultivated flower or self-sown grainfield weed; introduced in North America; sometimes classified as a soapwort Aizoaceae succulent herbs or small shrubs mostly of South Africa but also New Zealand and North America: carpetweeds; fig marigolds Carpobrotus a caryophyllaceous genus of Carpobrotus Hottentot fig low-growing South African succulent plant having a capsular fruit containing edible pulp Dorotheanthus a caryophyllaceous genus of Dorotheanthus livingstone daisy low-growing showy succulent annual of South Africa having white or pink or red or orange flowers and spatulate leaves covered in papillae that resemble small crystals genus Lithops genus of stemless South African succulents lithops any plant of the genus Lithops native to Africa having solitary yellow or white flowers and thick leaves that resemble stones Mesembryanthemum South African annual or biennial plants having flowers that open only in bright sunlight fig marigold any of several South African plants of the genus Mesembryanthemum cultivated for showy pink or white flowers ice plant Old World annual widely naturalized in warm regions having white flowers and fleshy foliage covered with hairs that resemble ice Molluga carpetweeds carpetweed annual prostrate mat-forming weed having whorled leaves and small greenish-white flowers; widespread throughout North America Pleiospilos perennial succulents of South Africa living granite highly succulent stemless clump-forming plants with grey-green leaves similar in texture to lumps of granite; South Africa Tetragonia New Zealand spinach New Zealand spinach coarse sprawling Australasian plant with red or yellow flowers; cultivated for its edible young shoots and succulent leaves Amaranthaceae cosmopolitan family of herbs and shrubs Amaranthus large widely distributed genus of chiefly coarse annual herbs amaranth any of various plants of the genus Amaranthus having dense plumes of green or red flowers; often cultivated for food seed of amaranth plants used as a native cereal in Central and South America tumbleweed bushy plant of western United States any plant that breaks away from its roots in autumn and is driven by the wind as a light rolling mass love-lies-bleeding young leaves widely used as leaf vegetables; seeds used as cereal prince's-feather tall showy tropical American annual having hairy stems and long spikes of usually red flowers above leaves deeply flushed with purple; seeds often used as cereal annual with broadly ovate leaves and slender drooping spikes of crimson flowers; southeastern Asia and Australia; naturalized in North America pigweed leaves sometimes used as potherbs; seeds used as cereal; southern United States to Central America; India and China thorny amaranth erect annual of tropical central Asia and Africa having a pair of divergent spines at most leaf nodes Alternanthera genus of low herbs of tropical America and Australia; includes genus Telanthera alligator weed prolific South American aquatic weed having grasslike leaves and short spikes of white flowers; clogs waterways with dense floating masses Celosia annual or perennial herbs or vines of tropical and subtropical America and Asia and Africa Froelichia genus of erect or procumbent herbs of the Americas having spikes of woolly white flowers: cottonweed cottonweed any of various plants of the genus Froelichia found in sandy soils and on rocky slopes in warmer regions of America; grown for their spikes of woolly white flowers Gomphrena genus of tropical herbs or subshrubs having flowers in close heads; tropical America and Australia globe amaranth tropical American herb having rose to red or purple flowers that can be dried without losing color Iresine genus of tropical American herbs or subshrubs bloodleaf any plant of the genus Iresine having colored foliage beefsteak plant South American plant having green to purple or red branches with green to purple ornamental foliage and spikes of insignificant woolly flowers with dry membranous bracts plant grown for its ornamental red or purple foliage Telanthera used in former classifications systems; now included in genus Alternanthera Batidaceae family coextensive with genus Batis: saltworts Batis small genus of plants constituting the family Batidaceae: low straggling dioecious shrubs saltwort low-growing strong-smelling coastal shrub of warm parts of the New World having unisexual flowers in conelike spikes and thick succulent leaves bushy plant of Old World salt marshes and sea beaches having prickly leaves; burned to produce a crude soda ash Chenopodiaceae includes spinach and beets Chenopodium goosefoot; pigweed goosefoot any of various weeds of the genus Chenopodium having small greenish flowers lamb's-quarters common weedy European plant introduced into North America; often used as a potherb American wormseed rank-smelling tropical American pigweed good-king-henry European plant naturalized in North America; often collected from the wild as a potherb Jerusalem oak Eurasian aromatic oak-leaved goosefoot with many yellow-green flowers; naturalized North America strawberry blite European annual with clusters of greenish flowers followed by red pulpy berrylike fruit; naturalized North America oak-leaved goosefoot annual European plant with spikes of greenish flowers and leaves that are white and hairy on the underside; common as a weed in North America sowbane herb considered fatal to swine nettle-leaved goosefoot European annual with coarsely dentate leaves; widespread in United States and southern Canada red goosefoot common Eurasian weed; naturalized in United States stinking goosefoot European goosefoot with strong-scented foliage; adventive in eastern North America Atriplex orach; saltbush orach any of various herbaceous plants of the genus Atriplex that thrive in deserts and salt marshes saltbush any of various shrubby plants of the genus Atriplex that thrive in dry alkaline soil garden orache Asiatic plant resembling spinach often used as a potherb; naturalized in Europe and North America desert holly handsome low saltbush of arid southwestern United States and Mexico having blue-green prickly-edged leaves often used for Christmas decoration quail bush spiny shrub with silvery-scurfy foliage of alkaline plains of southwestern United States and Mexico Bassia summer cypress summer cypress densely branched Eurasian plant; foliage turns purple-red in autumn Beta beets beetroot beet having a massively swollen red root; widely grown for human consumption Cycloloma a caryophyllaceous genus of the family Chenopodiaceae winged pigweed bushy annual weed of central North America having greenish flowers and winged seeds genus Halogeton a caryophyllaceous genus of the family Chenopodiaceae halogeton a coarse annual herb introduced into North America from Siberia; dangerous to sheep and cattle on western rangelands because of its high oxalate content barilla Algerian plant formerly burned to obtain calcium carbonate Salicornia glassworts glasswort fleshy maritime plant having fleshy stems with rudimentary scalelike leaves and small spikes of minute flowers; formerly used in making glass Salsola chiefly Old World herbs or shrubs: saltworts Russian thistle prickly bushy Eurasian plant; a troublesome weed in central and western United States Sarcobatus one species: greasewood greasewood low hardy much-branched spiny shrub common in alkaline soils of western America Spinacia spinach Nyctaginaceae a family of flowering plants of the order Caryophyllales Nyctaginia a caryophyllaceous genus of the family Nyctaginaceae having only one species scarlet musk flower viscid branched perennial of the southwestern United States and northern Mexico having tuberous roots and deep red flowers Abronia genus of western North American herbs having showy flowers sand verbena any of various plants of the genus Abronia of western North America and Mexico having flowers resembling verbena sweet sand verbena taller than Abronia elliptica and having night-blooming flowers yellow sand verbena plant having hemispherical heads of yellow trumpet-shaped flowers; found in coastal dunes from California to British Columbia beach pancake plant having hemispherical heads of wine-red flowers; found in coastal dunes from California to Mexico beach sand verbena prostrate herb having heads of deep pink to white flowers; found in coastal dunes from British Columbia to Baja California desert sand verbena soft-haired sticky plant with heads of bright pink trumpet-shaped flowers; found in sandy desert soil; after ample rains may carpet miles of desert with pink from the southwestern United States to northern Mexico Allionia small genus of chiefly American herbs trailing four o'clock trailing plant having crowded clusters of 3 brilliant deep pink flowers resembling a single flower blooming near the ground; found in dry gravelly or sandy soil; southwestern United States and Mexico genus Bougainvillea ornamental tropical woody vines bougainvillea any of several South American ornamental woody vines of the genus Bougainvillea having brilliant red or purple flower bracts; widely grown in warm regions paper flower Brazilian vine that tends to flower continuously Mirabilis four o'clocks umbrellawort a plant of the genus Mirabilis four o'clock any of several plants of the genus Mirabilis having flowers that open in late afternoon common four-o'clock common garden plant of North America having fragrant red or purple or yellow or white flowers that open in late afternoon California four o'clock California four o'clock with purple-red flowers sweet four o'clock leafy wildflower having fragrant slender white or pale pink trumpet-shaped flowers; southwestern United States and northern Mexico desert four o'clock wildflower having vibrant deep pink tubular evening-blooming flowers; found in sandy and desert areas from southern California to southern Colorado and into Mexico mountain four o'clock leafy wildflower with lavender-pink flowers that open in the evening and remain through cool part of the next day; found in open woods or brush in mountains of southern Colorado to Arizona and into Mexico Pisonia genus of often thorny tropical trees and shrubs and some vines; mainly America cockspur small spiny West Indian tree Opuntiales coextensive with the family Cactaceae: cactuses Cactaceae constituting the order Opuntiales cactus any succulent plant of the family Cactaceae native chiefly to arid regions of the New World and usually having spines Acanthocereus mostly trailing cacti having nocturnal white flowers; tropical America and Caribbean region pitahaya cactus cactus of the southwestern United States and northern Mexico having edible juicy fruit Aporocactus small genus of epiphytic cacti of Mexico rattail cactus commonly cultivated tropical American cactus having slender creeping stems and very large showy crimson flowers that bloom for several days Ariocarpus slow-growing geophytic cacti; northern and eastern Mexico; southern Texas living rock usually unbranched usually spineless cactus covered with warty tubercles and having magenta flowers and white or green fruit; resembles the related mescal; northeastern Mexico and southwestern United States Carnegiea caryophylloid dicot genus with only one species: saguaro saguaro extremely large treelike cactus of desert regions of southwestern United States having a thick columnar sparsely branched trunk bearing white flowers and edible red pulpy fruit Cereus genus of much-branched treelike or shrubby cacti with pronounced ribs and rounded needlelike spines and nocturnal flowers usually white night-blooming cereus any of several cacti of the genus Cereus any of several cacti of the genus Hylocereus any of several night-blooming cacti of the genus Selenicereus genus Coryphantha mainly globose cacti of southwestern United States and Mexico covered with many nodules; superficially resembling and formerly included in genus Mammillaria coryphantha a cactus of the genus Coryphantha genus Echinocactus globular or cylindrical cacti; southwestern United States to Brazil echinocactus any cactus of the genus Echinocactus; strongly ribbed and very spiny; southwestern United States to Brazil hedgehog cactus cactus of the genus Echinocactus having stout sharp spines golden barrel cactus large cactus of east central Mexico having golden to pale yellow flowers and spines Echinocereus large genus of low-growing shrubby ribbed cacti of Mexico and southwestern United States hedgehog cereus cactus of the genus Echinocereus rainbow cactus a stout cylindrical cactus of the southwest United States and adjacent Mexico genus Epiphyllum small genus of tropical American (mainly Central America) cacti epiphyllum any cactus of the genus Epiphyllum having flattened jointed irregularly branching stems and showy tubular flowers Ferocactus genus of nearly globular cacti of Mexico and southwestern United States: barrel cacti barrel cactus a cactus of the genus Ferocactus: unbranched barrel-shaped cactus having deep ribs with numerous spines and usually large funnel-shaped flowers followed by dry fruits Gymnocalycium large genus of low-growing globular South American cacti with spiny ribs covered with many tubercles Harrisia genus of slender often treelike spiny cacti with solitary showy nocturnal white or pink flowers; Florida and Caribbean to South America Hatiora small genus of South American epiphytic or lithophytic cacti Easter cactus spring-blooming South American cactus with oblong joints and coral-red flowers; sometimes placed in genus Schlumbergera Hylocereus genus of climbing or epiphytic tropical American cacti with angular stems and mostly white very fragrant flowers Lemaireocereus tropical American cacti usually tall and branching with stout spines and funnel-shaped flowers and globular or ovoid often edible fruit chichipe tall treelike Mexican cactus with edible red fruit Lophophora two species of small cacti of northeastern Mexico and southwestern United States having rounded stems covered with jointed tubercles: mescal mescal button the button-shaped top of the mescal cactus; a source of psilocybin genus Mammillaria large genus of cacti characterized chiefly by nipple-shaped protuberances or tubercles on their surface mammillaria any cactus of the genus Mammillaria feather ball a low tuberculate cactus with white feathery spines; northeastern Mexico Melocactus genus of strongly ribbed globose or spheroid cacti of tropical South and Central America and the Caribbean Myrtillocactus small genus of arborescent cacti of Mexico and Central America Pediocactus low-growing cacti of the Great Plains of North America Knowlton's cactus small clustering cactus of southwestern United States; a threatened species Nopalea a genus of the cactus family with scarlet flowers nopal any of several cacti of the genus Nopalea resembling prickly pears cactus having yellow flowers and purple fruits Opuntia large genus of cactuses native to America: prickly pears cholla arborescent cacti having very spiny cylindrical stem segments; southwestern United States and Mexico Pereskia genus of tropical American shrubby trees and woody climbers having slender branches with broad flat leaves and large panicles of flowers Rhipsalis large genus of epiphytic or lithophytic unarmed cacti with usually segmented stems and pendulous branches; flowers are small followed by berrylike fruits mistletoe cactus a plant of the genus Rhipsalis Schlumbergera South American epiphytic or lithophytic cacti Christmas cactus epiphytic cactus of Brazilian ancestry widely cultivated as a houseplant having jointed flat segments and usually rose-purple flowers that bloom in winter Selenicereus mostly epiphytic climbing cacti that bloom at night queen of the night tropical American climbing cactus having triangular branches; often cultivated for its large showy night-blooming flowers followed by yellow red-streaked fruits Zygocactus small genus of Brazilian cacti having flat fleshy usually branched joints and showy red or pink flowers followed by red fleshy fruits crab cactus South American jointed cactus with usually red flowers; often cultivated as a houseplant; sometimes classified as genus Schlumbergera Phytolaccaceae chiefly tropical herbaceous plants (including shrubs and trees) with racemose flowers: genera Phytolacca, Agdestis, Ercilla, Rivina, Trichostigma Phytolacca type genus of Phytolaccaceae: pokeweed pokeweed perennial of the genus Phytolacca Indian poke pokeweed of southeastern Asia and China poke tall coarse perennial American herb having small white flowers followed by blackish-red berries on long drooping racemes; young fleshy stems are edible; berries and root are poisonous make a hole by poking stir by poking; "poke the embers in the fireplace" ombu fast-growing herbaceous evergreen tree of South America having a broad trunk with high water content and dark green oval leaves Agdestis a genus with one species that is a rapidly growing climbing vine with tuberous roots; grown in hot climates Ercilla a genus of evergreen climbers Rivina small genus of erect perennial shrubby herbs; tropical and subtropical America bloodberry bushy houseplant having white to pale pink flowers followed by racemes of scarlet berries; tropical Americas Trichostigma a genus of erect or climbing shrubs found in tropical South America Portulacaceae family of usually succulent herbs; cosmopolitan in distribution especially in Americas purslane a plant of the family Portulacaceae having fleshy succulent obovate leaves often grown as a potherb or salad herb; a weed in some areas genus Portulaca genus of mainly tropical fleshy or trailing herbs portulaca a plant of the genus Portulaca having pink or red or purple or white ephemeral flowers rose moss widely cultivated in many varieties for its fleshy moss-like foliage and profusion of brightly colored flowers common purslane weedy trailing mat-forming herb with bright yellow flowers cultivated for its edible mildly acid leaves eaten raw or cooked especially in Indian and Greek and Middle Eastern cuisine; cosmopolitan Calandrinia large genus of low-growing herbs; widespread throughout tropical and warm temperate regions having usually basal leaves and panicles of purplish ephemeral flowers rock purslane a plant of the genus Calandrinia red maids succulent carpet-forming plant having small brilliant reddish-pink flowers; southwestern United States Claytonia genus of mainly North American succulent herbs with white or pink flowers usually in terminal racemes Carolina spring beauty similar to Claytonia virginica but having usually pink flowers; eastern North America spring beauty small slender plant having one pair of succulent leaves at the middle of the stem and a loose raceme of white or pink or rose bowl-shaped flowers and an edible corm Virginia spring beauty small cormous perennial grown for its low rosette of succulent foliage and racemes of pink-tinged white flowers; eastern North America Lewisia genus of western North American low-growing herbs having linear woolly leaves and large pink flowers siskiyou lewisia evergreen perennial having a dense basal rosette of long spatula-shaped leaves and panicles of pink or white-and-red-striped or pink-purple flowers; found on cliffs and in rock crevices in mountains of southwestern Oregon and northern California bitterroot showy succulent ground-hugging plant of Rocky Mountains regions having deep to pale pink flowers and fleshy farinaceous roots; the Montana state flower Montia small genus of densely tufted annual herbs; north temperate regions and South America and tropical Africa and Asia Indian lettuce a plant of the genus Montia having edible pleasant-tasting leaves broad-leaved montia succulent plant with mostly basal leaves; stem bears 1 pair of broadly ovate or heart-shaped leaves and a loose raceme of 3-10 white flowers; western North America blinks small Indian lettuce of northern regions toad lily a floating or creeping Indian lettuce having terminal racemes of pale rose flowers; wet areas at high elevations of western North America winter purslane succulent herb sometimes grown as a salad or pot herb; grows on dunes and waste ground of Pacific coast of North America Spraguea small genus of usually perennial herbs having deep woody taproots and flower heads of umbels or cymes pussy-paw pink clusters of densely packed flowers on prostrate stems resemble upturned pads of cats' feet; grow in coniferous forests of western North America Talinum genus of mainly American more-or-less succulent herbs flame flower plant with fleshy roots and erect stems with narrow succulent leaves and one reddish-orange flower in each upper leaf axil; southwestern United States; Indians once cooked the fleshy roots narrow-leaved flame flower similar to Talinum aurantiacum but with narrower leaves and yellow-orange flowers; southwestern United States pigmy talinum low plant with crowded narrow succulent leaves and fairly large deep pink axillary flowers that seem to sit on the ground; southwestern United States rock pink pink-flowered perennial of rocky regions of western United States jewels-of-opar erect plant with tuberous roots and terminal panicles of red to yellow flowers; southwestern North America to Central America; widely introduced elsewhere spiny talinum low cushion-forming plant with rose to crimson-magenta flowers and leaf midribs that persist as spines when the leaves die; southwestern United States Rhoeadales an order of dicotyledonous plants Capparidaceae a dilleniid dicot family of the order Rhoeadales that includes: genera Capparis, Cleome, Crateva, and Polanisia Capparis tropical or subtropical evergreen shrubs or small trees native pomegranate small Australian tree bearing edible fruit resembling the pomegranate caper tree shrub of southern Florida to West Indies shrub or small tree of southern Florida to Central and South America native orange small Australian tree bearing edible dark purple fruit common caper prostrate spiny shrub of the Mediterranean region cultivated for its greenish flower buds which are pickled genus Cleome tropical and subtropical annual or perennial herbs or low shrubs spiderflower any of various often strong-smelling plants of the genus Cleome having showy spider-shaped flowers spider flower native to South America but naturalized in warm parts of United States; grown for its long-lasting spider-shaped white to pink-purple flowers Rocky Mountain bee plant plant of western North America having trifoliate leaves and white or pink spider-shaped flowers; sometimes used as an ornamental Crateva tropical genus of small trees or shrubs Polanisia widely distributed herbs having palmate leaves and creamy white to or pink to magenta flowers with many stamens of unequal length clammyweed strong-scented herb common in southern United States covered with intermixed gland and hairs Cruciferae a large family of plants with four-petaled flowers; includes mustards, cabbages, broccoli, turnips, cresses, and their many relatives crucifer any of various plants of the family Cruciferae Aethionema Old World genus of the family Cruciferae stonecress any Old World herb of the genus Aethionema; native of sunny limestone habitats Alliaria a genus of herbs of the family Cruciferae; have broad leaves and white flowers and long siliques garlic mustard European herb that smells like garlic Alyssum a genus of the family Cruciferae alyssum any garden plant of the genus Alyssum having clusters of small yellow or white flowers Anastatica one species: rose of Jericho; resurrection plant rose of Jericho small grey Asiatic desert plant bearing minute white flowers that rolls up when dry and expands when moist Arabidopsis a genus of the mustard family having white or yellow or purplish flowers; closely related to genus Arabis Arabidopsis thaliana a small invasive self-pollinating weed with small white flowers; much studied by plant geneticists; the first higher plant whose complete genome sequence was described Arabidopsis lyrata a small noninvasive cross-pollinating plant with white flowers; closely related to Arabidopsis thaliana Arabis annual to perennial woody herbs of temperate North America, Europe and Asia: rockcress rock cress any of several rock-loving cresses of the genus Arabis sicklepod North American rock cress having very long curved pods cosmopolitan tropical herb or subshrub with yellow flowers and slender curved pods; a weed; sometimes placed in genus Cassia tower cress European cress having stiff erect stems; sometimes placed in genus Turritis tower mustard or genus Arabis: erect cress widely distributed throughout Europe Armoracia horseradish Barbarea biennial or perennial herbs of north temperate regions: winter cress Belle Isle cress of southwestern Europe; cultivated in Florida yellow rocket noxious cress with yellow flowers; sometimes placed in genus Sisymbrium Berteroa hoary alyssum hoary alison tall European annual with downy grey-green foliage and dense heads of small white flowers followed by hairy pods; naturalized in North America; sometimes a troublesome weed Biscutella genus of Eurasian herbs and small shrubs: buckler mustard buckler mustard plant of southeastern Europe having yellow flowers like those of mustard and pods with open valves resembling bucklers Brassica mustards: cabbages; cauliflowers; turnips; etc. wild cabbage wild original of cultivated cabbages; common in western coastal Europe brussels sprout plant grown for its stout stalks of edible small green heads resembling diminutive cabbages collard variety of kale having smooth leaves turnip plant any of several widely cultivated plants having edible roots broccoli raab plant grown for its pungent edible leafy shoots mustard oil oil obtained from mustard seeds and used in making soap chinese mustard Asiatic mustard used as a potherb tendergreen Asiatic plant cultivated for its swollen root crown and edible foliage black mustard widespread Eurasian annual plant cultivated for its pungent seeds; a principal source of table mustard rapeseed seed of rape plants; source of an edible oil rape oil edible light yellow to brown oil from rapeseed used also as a lubricant or illuminant Cakile small genus of succulent annual herbs found on sandy shores of North America and Europe sea-rocket salt-tolerant seashore annual grown for its fragrant rose or violet flowers and fleshy grey-green foliage Camelina annual and biennial herbs of Mediterranean to central Asia gold of pleasure annual European false flax having small white flowers; cultivated since Neolithic times as a source of fiber and for its oil-rich seeds; widely naturalized in North America Capsella shepherd's purse shepherd's purse white-flowered annual European herb bearing triangular notched pods; nearly cosmopolitan as an introduced weed Cardamine bittercress, bitter cress Dentaria usually included in genus Cardamine; in some classifications considered a separate genus bittercress any of various herbs of the genus Cardamine, having usually pinnate leaves and racemes of white, pink or purple flowers; cosmopolitan except Antarctic lady's smock a bitter cress of Europe and America coral-root bittercress European bittercress having a knotted white rootstock crinkleroot North American herb with pungent scaly or toothed roots American watercress mat-forming perennial found in cold springs of the eastern United States spring cress small white-flowered cress common in wet places in eastern North America purple cress small perennial herb of cooler regions of North America with racemose purple flowers Cheiranthus Old World perennial plants grown for their showy flowers prairie rocket any of several western American plants of the genus Cheiranthus having large yellow flowers any of several North American plants of the genus Erysimum having large yellow flowers Cochlearia a genus of the family Cruciferae scurvy grass a widely distributed Arctic cress reputed to have value in treatment or prevention of scurvy; a concentrated source of vitamin C Crambe annual or perennial herbs with large leaves that resemble the leaves of cabbages sea kale perennial of coastal sands and shingles of northern Europe and Baltic and Black Seas having racemes of small white flowers and large fleshy blue-green leaves often used as potherbs Descurainia includes annual or biennial herbs of America and Europe very similar to and often included among those of genera Sisymbrium or Hugueninia; not recognized in some classification systems tansy mustard North American herb with bitter-tasting pinnate leaves resembling those of tansy Diplotaxis wall rocket wall rocket yellow-flowered European plant that grows on old walls and in waste places; an adventive weed in North America white rocket from Mediterranean region; a naturalized weed throughout southern Europe genus Draba large genus of low tufted herbs of temperate and Arctic regions draba any of numerous low-growing cushion-forming plants of the genus Draba having rosette-forming leaves and terminal racemes of small flowers with scapose or leafy stems; fruit is a dehiscent oblong or linear silique whitlow grass annual weed of Europe and North America having a rosette of basal leaves and tiny flowers followed by oblong seed capsules Eruca annual to perennial herbs of the Mediterranean region Erysimum large genus of annual or perennial herbs some grown for their flowers and some for their attractive evergreen leaves; Old World and North America Siberian wall flower showy erect biennial or short-lived perennial cultivated for its terminal racemes of orange-yellow flowers; sometimes placed in genus Cheiranthus western wall flower biennial or short-lived perennial prairie rocket having orange-yellow flowers; western North America to Minnesota and Kansas; sometimes placed in genus Cheiranthus wormseed mustard slender yellow-flowered European mustard often troublesome as a weed; formerly used as an anthelmintic genus Heliophila genus of South African flowering herbs and subshrubs heliophila any of various South African herbs and subshrubs cultivated for long showy racemes of bright blue flowers with white eyes Hesperis biennial or perennial erect herbs having nocturnally fragrant flowers damask violet long cultivated herb having flowers whose scent is more pronounced in the evening; naturalized throughout Europe to Siberia and into North America Hugueninia one species: tansy-leaved rocket tansy-leaved rocket perennial stellate and hairy herb with small yellow flowers of mountains of southern Europe; sometimes placed in genus Sisymbrium Iberis Old World herbs and subshrubs: candytuft candytuft any of various flowering plants of the genus Iberis cultivated for their showy clusters of white to red or purple flowers; native to Mediterranean region Isatis Old World genus of annual to perennial herbs: woad woad any of several herbs of the genus Isatis a blue dyestuff obtained from the woad plant dyer's woad European biennial formerly grown for the blue coloring matter yielded by its leaves Lepidium cosmopolitan genus of annual and biennial and perennial herbs: cress common garden cress annual herb used as salad green and garnish Lesquerella genus of low-growing hairy herbs: bladderpods bladderpod any of several hairy North American herbs having yellow racemose flowers and inflated pods any of several plants of the genus Physaria having racemose yellow flowers and inflated pods annual or perennial herbs with inflated seed pods; some placed in genus Lesquerella Lobularia sweet alyssum sweet alyssum perennial European plant having clusters of small fragrant usually white flowers; widely grown in gardens Lunaria small genus of European herbs: honesty Malcolmia genus of plants usually found in coastal habitats; Mediterranean to Afghanistan Malcolm stock any of various ornamental flowering plants of the genus Malcolmia Virginian stock erect branching herb cultivated for its loose racemes of fragrant white or pink or red or lilac flowers; native to sands and sea cliffs of southwestern Greece and southern Albania Matthiola genus of Old World plants grown as ornamentals brompton stock European plant with racemes of sweet-scented flowers; widely cultivated as an ornamental Nasturtium aquatic herbs common watercress perennial Eurasian cress growing chiefly in springs or running water having fleshy pungent leaves used in salads or as a potherb or garnish; introduced in North America and elsewhere Physaria small genus of western North American herbs similar to Lesquerella: bladderpods Pritzelago chamois cress chamois cress small tufted perennial herb of mountains of central and southern Europe having very small flowers of usually leafless stems; sometimes placed in genus Lepidium Raphanus radish radish plant a cruciferous plant of the genus Raphanus having a pungent edible root jointed charlock Eurasian weed having yellow or mauve or white flowers and podlike fruits Rorippa annual and perennial herbs of damp habitats; cosmopolitan except Antarctica marsh cress annual or biennial cress growing in damp places sometimes used in salads or as a potherb; troublesome weed in some localities great yellowcress perennial herb found on streams and riversides throughout Europe except extreme north and Mediterranean; sometimes placed in genus Nasturtium genus Schizopetalon small genus of South American herbs grown for its flowers schizopetalon a dainty South American annual having deeply pinnatifid leaves and racemes of fringed almond-scented purple-white flowers Sinapis small genus of Old World herbs usually included in genus Brassica white mustard Eurasian mustard cultivated for its pungent seeds; a source of table mustard and mustard oil field mustard weedy Eurasian plant often a pest in grain fields genus Sisymbrium genus of Old World annual or biennial or perennial herbs with racemose flowers; many are considered to be weeds hedge mustard stiffly branching Old World annual with pale yellow flowers; widely naturalized in North America; formerly used medicinally Stanleya prince's plume desert plume perennial of southwestern United States having leathery blue-green pinnatifid leaves and thick plumelike spikes of yellow flowers; sometimes placed in genus Cleome Stephanomeria malheur wire lettuce malheur wire lettuce a small plant of Oregon resembling mustard; a threatened species Subularia small genus of herbs of north temperate regions and mountains of tropical Africa awlwort small aquatic plant having tufted awl-shaped leaves in a basal rosette and minute white flowers; circumboreal Thlaspi herbs of temperate regions: pennycress pennycress any of several plants of the genus Thlaspi field pennycress foetid Eurasian weed having round flat pods; naturalized throughout North America Thysanocarpus small genus of herbs of upland regions of the Pacific coast of North America fringepod annual herb having pinnatifid basal leaves and slender racemes of small white flowers followed by one-seeded winged silicles Turritis closely related to and often included in genus Arabis Vesicaria small genus of chiefly Mediterranean herbs: bladderpods Papaveraceae herbs or shrubs having milky and often colored juices and capsular fruits poppy annual or biennial or perennial herbs having showy flowers Papaver type genus of the Papaveraceae; chiefly bristly hairy herbs with usually showy flowers Iceland poppy Old World alpine poppy with white or yellow to orange flowers subarctic perennial poppy of both hemispheres having fragrant white or yellow to orange or peach flowers western poppy showy annual of California with red flowers prickly poppy annual Old World poppy with orange-red flowers and bristly fruit any plant of the genus Argemone having large white or yellow flowers and prickly leaves and stems and pods; chiefly of tropical America oriental poppy commonly cultivated Asiatic perennial poppy having stiff heavily haired leaves and bright scarlet or pink to orange flowers corn poppy annual European poppy common in grain fields and often cultivated opium poppy southwestern Asian herb with greyish leaves and white or reddish flowers; source of opium genus Argemone prickly poppies Mexican poppy annual herb with prickly stems and large yellow flowers; southern United States to West Indies and Mexico genus Bocconia tropical American trees or shrubs closely related to genus Macleaya bocconia small Central American tree having loose racemes of purple-tinted green flowers Chelidonium one species: greater celandine celandine perennial herb with branched woody stock and bright yellow flowers Corydalis annual or perennial herbs of Himalayan China and South Africa corydalis a plant of the genus Corydalis with beautiful compound foliage and spurred tubular flowers climbing corydalis annual vine with decompound leaves and racemes of yellow and pink flowers Roman wormwood glaucous herb of northeastern United States and Canada having loose racemes of yellow-tipped pink flowers; sometimes placed in genus Fumaria European wormwood; minor source of absinthe fumewort herb of northern Europe and Asia having erect racemes of red flowers Dendromecon one species: bush poppy bush poppy evergreen shrub of southwestern United States and Mexico often cultivated for its fragrant golden yellow flowers Eschscholtzia showy herbs of western North America California poppy of Pacific coast of North America; widely cultivated for its yellow to red flowers Glaucium herbs of Europe and North Africa and Asia: horned poppy horn poppy yellow-flowered Eurasian glaucous herb naturalized in along sandy shores in eastern North America Hunnemannia one species: golden cup golden cup native of Mexican highlands grown for its glossy clear yellow flowers and blue-grey finely dissected foliage Macleaya a perennial herb of eastern Asia: plume poppy plume poppy herb of China and Japan widely cultivated for its plumelike panicles of creamy white flowers Meconopsis herbs almost entirely of mountains of China and Tibet; often monocarpic blue poppy Chinese perennial having mauve-pink to bright sky blue flowers in drooping cymes Welsh poppy widely cultivated west European plant with showy pale yellow flowers Platystemon one species: creamcups creamcups California plant with small pale yellow flowers Romneya one species: matilija poppy matilija poppy tall branching subshrub of California and Mexico often cultivated for its silvery-blue foliage and large fragrant white flowers Sanguinaria one species: bloodroot bloodroot perennial woodland native of North America having a red root and red sap and bearing a solitary lobed leaf and white flower in early spring and having acrid emetic properties; rootstock used as a stimulant and expectorant Stylomecon one species: wind poppy wind poppy California wild poppy with bright red flowers Stylophorum wood poppies celandine poppy perennial herb native to woodland of the eastern United States having yellow flowers Fumariaceae erect or climbing herbs of the northern hemisphere and southern Africa: bleeding heart; Dutchman's breeches; fumitory; squirrel corn Fumaria annual herbs whose flowers have only one petal spurred at the base fumitory delicate European herb with greyish leaves and spikes of purplish flowers; formerly used medicinally Adlumia one species: climbing fumitory climbing fumitory vine with feathery leaves and white or pinkish flowers; sometimes placed in genus Fumaria Dicentra North American and Asian herbs with divided leaves and irregular flowers Dutchman's breeches delicate spring-flowering plant of the eastern United States having white flowers with double spurs squirrel corn American plant with cream-colored flowers and tuberous roots resembling kernels of corn Asteridae a group of mostly sympetalous herbs and some trees and shrubs mostly with 2 fused carpels; contains 43 families including Campanulales; Solanaceae; Scrophulariaceae; Labiatae; Verbenaceae; Rubiaceae; Compositae; sometimes classified as a superorder Campanulales an order of plants of the subclass Asteridae including: Campanulaceae; Lobeliaceae; Cucurbitaceae; Goodeniaceae; Compositae Compositae plants with heads composed of many florets: aster; daisy; dandelion; goldenrod; marigold; lettuces; ragweed; sunflower; thistle; zinnia composite considered the most highly evolved dicotyledonous plants, characterized by florets arranged in dense heads that resemble single flowers consisting of separate interconnected parts of or relating to or belonging to the plant family Compositae compass plant any of several plants having leaves so arranged on the axis as to indicate the cardinal points of the compass everlasting any of various plants of various genera of the family Compositae having flowers that can be dried without loss of form or color genus Achillea perennial often aromatic and sometimes mat-forming herbs of north temperate regions: yarrow; milfoil achillea any of several plants of the genus Achillea native to Europe and having small white flowers in flat-topped flower heads yarrow ubiquitous strong-scented mat-forming Eurasian herb of wasteland, hedgerow or pasture having narrow serrate leaves and small usually white florets; widely naturalized in North America sneezeweed yarrow Eurasian herb having loose heads of button-shaped white flowers and long grey-green leaves that cause sneezing when powdered Acroclinium genus of herbs and shrubs of Australia and South Africa: everlasting flower; most species usually placed in genus Helipterum pink-and-white everlasting flower of southwestern Australia having bright pink daisylike papery flowers; grown for drying Ageratina annual to perennial herbs or shrubs of eastern United States and Central and South America white snakeroot American herb having flat-topped clusters of small white flower heads; reputedly a cause of trembles and milk sickness; sometimes placed in genus Eupatorium genus Ageratum genus of tropical American herbs grown for their flowers ageratum any plant of the genus Ageratum having opposite leaves and small heads of blue or white flowers common ageratum small tender herb grown for its fluffy brushlike blue to lavender blooms Amberboa herbs of Mediterranean to central Asia cultivated for their flowers sweet sultan Asian plant widely grown for its sweetly fragrant pink flowers; sometimes placed in genus Centaurea perennial of mountains of Iran and Iraq; cultivated for its fragrant rose-pink flowers genus Ambrosia comprising the ragweeds; in some classification considered the type genus of a separate family Ambrosiaceae Ambrosiaceae in some classifications considered a separate family comprising a subgroup of the Compositae including the ragweeds ragweed any of numerous chiefly North American weedy plants constituting the genus Ambrosia that produce highly allergenic pollen responsible for much hay fever and asthma common ragweed annual weed with finely divided foliage and spikes of green flowers; common in North America; introduced elsewhere accidentally great ragweed a coarse annual with some leaves deeply and palmately three-cleft or five-cleft western ragweed coarse perennial ragweed with creeping roots of dry barren lands of southwestern United States and Mexico genus Ammobium small genus of Australian herbs grown for their flowers ammobium any plant of the genus Ammobium having yellow flowers and silvery foliage winged everlasting Australian plant widely cultivated for its beautiful silvery-white blooms with bright yellow centers on long winged stems Anacyclus a Spanish pellitory pellitory a small Mediterranean plant containing a volatile oil once used to relieve toothache Anaphalis a genus of herbs of north temperate regions having hoary leaves: pearly everlasting pearly everlasting an American everlasting having foliage with soft wooly hairs and corymbose heads with pearly white bracts genus Andryala a genus of hardy hairy latex-producing perennials of Mediterranean area andryala any plant of the genus Andryala having milky sap and heads of bright yellow flowers Antennaria small woolly perennial herbs having small whitish discoid flowers surrounded by a ring of club-shaped bristles ladies' tobacco North American perennial propagated by means of runners cat's foot low-growing perennial herb having leaves with whitish down and clusters of small white flowers plantain-leaved pussytoes a variety of pussytoes field pussytoes a variety of pussytoes solitary pussytoes a variety of pussytoes mountain everlasting a variety of cat's foot Anthemis dog fennel mayweed widespread rank-smelling weed having white-rayed flower heads with yellow discs yellow chamomile Eurasian perennial herb with hairy divided leaves and yellow flowers; naturalized in North America corn chamomile European white-flowered weed naturalized in North America Antheropeas small genus of North American herbs often included in genus Eriophyllum woolly daisy tiny grey woolly tufted annual with small golden-yellow flower heads; southeastern California to northwestern Arizona and southwestern Utah; sometimes placed in genus Eriophyllum Arctium burdock burdock any of several erect biennial herbs of temperate Eurasia having stout taproots and producing burs common burdock a plant that is ubiquitous in all but very acid soil; found in most of Europe and North Africa great burdock burdock having heart-shaped leaves found in open woodland, hedgerows and rough grassland of Europe (except extreme N) and Asia Minor; sometimes cultivated for medicinal and culinary use Arctotis herbs and subshrubs: African daisy African daisy any of several plants of the genus Arctotis having daisylike flowers African or Asiatic herbs with daisylike flowers shrub of southwestern Mediterranean region having yellow daisylike flowers blue-eyed African daisy bushy perennial of South Africa with white or violet flowers; in its native region often clothes entire valley sides in a sheet of color Argyranthemum comprises plants often included in the genus Chrysanthemum marguerite perennial subshrub of the Canary Islands having usually pale yellow daisylike flowers; often included in genus Chrysanthemum Argyroxiphium small genus of Hawaiian spreading and rosette-forming shrubs silversword low-growing plant found only in volcanic craters on Hawaii having rosettes of narrow pointed silver-green leaves and clusters of profuse red-purple flowers on a tall stem genus Arnica large genus of herbs of north temperate and Arctic regions heartleaf arnica wildflower with heart-shaped leaves and broad yellow flower heads; of alpine areas west of the Rockies from Alaska to southern California Arnica montana herb of pasture and open woodland throughout most of Europe and western Asia having orange-yellow daisylike flower heads that when dried are used as a stimulant and to treat bruises and swellings Arnoseris lamb succory lamb succory small European herb with small yellow flowers genus Artemisia usually aromatic shrubs or herbs of north temperate regions and South Africa and western South America: wormwood; sagebrush; mugwort; tarragon artemisia any of various composite shrubs or herbs of the genus Artemisia having aromatic green or greyish foliage wormwood any of several low composite herbs of the genera Artemisia or Seriphidium mugwort any of several weedy composite plants of the genus Artemisia sagebrush any of several North American composite subshrubs of the genera Artemis or Seriphidium southernwood shrubby European wormwood naturalized in North America; sometimes used in brewing beer common wormwood aromatic herb of temperate Eurasia and North Africa having a bitter taste used in making the liqueur absinthe sweet wormwood wormwood of southeastern Europe to Iran California sagebrush low ashy-grey California shrub field wormwood European wormwood similar to common wormwood in its properties sand sage silver-haired shrub of central and southern United States and Mexico; a troublesome weed on rangelands wormwood sage silky-leaved aromatic perennial of dry northern parts of the northern hemisphere; has tawny florets western mugwort perennial cottony-white herb of southwestern United States bud brush a perennial that is valuable as sheep forage in the United States dusty miller herb with greyish leaves found along the east coast of North America; used as an ornamental plant a plant having leaves and stems covered with down that resembles dust stiff much-branched perennial of the Mediterranean region having very white woolly stems and leaves shrubby perennial of the Canary Islands having white flowers and leaves and hairy stems covered with dustlike down; sometimes placed in genus Chrysanthemum common mugwort European tufted aromatic perennial herb having hairy red or purple stems and dark green leaves downy white below and red-brown florets genus Aster large genus of herbs widely cultivated for their daisylike flowers wood aster any of several asters of eastern North America usually growing in woods whorled aster North American perennial with apparently whorled leaves and showy white purple-tinged flowers heath aster common North American perennial with heathlike foliage and small white flower heads common much-branched North American perennial with heathlike foliage and small starry white flowers heart-leaved aster perennial wood aster of eastern North America white wood aster rhizomatous perennial wood aster of eastern North America with white flowers bushy aster stiff perennial of the eastern United States having small linear leaves and numerous tiny white flower heads white prairie aster perennial of western North America having white flowers stiff aster wiry tufted perennial of the eastern United States with stiff erect rough stems, linear leaves and large violet flowers goldilocks early-flowering perennial of southern and southeastern Europe with flower heads resembling those of goldenrod large-leaved aster tufted perennial wood aster of North America; naturalized in Europe New England aster common perennial of eastern North America having showy purplish flowers; a parent of the Michaelmas daisy Michaelmas daisy North American perennial herb having small autumn-blooming purple or pink or white flowers; widely naturalized in Europe upland white aster tufted rigid North American perennial with loose clusters of white flowers Short's aster perennial of southeastern United States having usually blue flowers sea aster a common European aster that grows in salt marshes prairie aster violet-flowered perennial aster of central United States having solitary heads annual salt-marsh aster a variety of aster aromatic aster a variety of aster arrow leaved aster a variety of aster azure aster a variety of aster bog aster a variety of aster crooked-stemmed aster a variety of aster Eastern silvery aster a variety of aster flat-topped white aster a variety of aster late purple aster a variety of aster panicled aster a variety of aster perennial salt marsh aster a variety of aster purple-stemmed aster a variety of aster rough-leaved aster a variety of aster rush aster a variety of aster Schreiber's aster a variety of aster small white aster a variety of aster smooth aster a variety of aster southern aster a variety of aster starved aster a variety of aster tradescant's aster a variety of aster wavy-leaved aster a variety of aster Western silvery aster a variety of aster willow aster a variety of aster genus Ayapana genus of tropical American herbs sometimes included in genus Eupatorium ayapana low spreading tropical American shrub with long slender leaves used to make a mildly stimulating drink resembling tea; sometimes placed in genus Eupatorium Baccharis shrubs of western hemisphere often having honey-scented flowers followed by silky thistlelike heads of tiny fruits; often used for erosion control groundsel tree a shrub of salt marshes of eastern and south central North America and West Indies; fruit is surrounded with white plumelike hairy tufts mule fat California shrub with slender leafy shoots that are important browse for mule deer coyote brush widely spreading evergreen shrub of southwestern United States with flower heads in a leafy panicle Balsamorhiza genus of coarse western American herbs with large roots containing an aromatic balsam balsamroot a plant of the genus Balsamorhiza having downy leaves in a basal rosette and yellow flowers and long balsam-scented taproots Bellis daisy daisy any of numerous composite plants having flower heads with well-developed ray flowers usually arranged in a single whorl common daisy low-growing Eurasian plant with yellow central disc flowers and pinkish-white outer ray flowers Bidens bur marigolds bur marigold any of several plants of the genus Bidens having yellow flowers and prickly fruits that cling to fur and clothing Spanish needles common bur marigold of the eastern United States the seed of bur marigolds tickseed sunflower North American bur marigold with large flowers European beggar-ticks bur marigold of temperate Eurasia swampy beggar-ticks bur marigold of eastern and northern United States and Canada common in wet pastures and meadows slender knapweed a variety of knapweed Jersey knapweed a variety of knapweed Boltonia genus of tall leafy perennial herbs of eastern America and eastern Asia having flowers that resemble asters false chamomile any of various autumn-flowering perennials having white or pink to purple flowers that resemble asters; wild in moist soils from New Jersey to Florida and Texas Brachycome mostly Australian herbs having basal or alternate leaves and loosely corymbose flower heads Swan River daisy western Australian annual much cultivated for its flower heads with white or bluish to violet or variegated rays Brickellia genus of herbs of southwestern America having usually creamy florets followed by one-seeded fruits in a prominent bristly sheath Buphthalmum oxeye woodland oxeye hairy Eurasian perennial having deep yellow daisies on lax willowy stems; found in the wild in open woodland and on rocky slopes Cacalia genus of tall smooth herbs of forested mountains of Europe and Asia minor; in some classifications includes many plants usually placed in genus Emilia Indian plantain any of various plants of the genus Cacalia having leaves resembling those of plantain genus Calendula marigold calendula any of numerous chiefly annual herbs of the genus Calendula widely cultivated for their yellow or orange flowers; often used for medicinal and culinary purposes common marigold the common European annual marigold Callistephus one species: erect Asiatic herb with large flowers China aster valued for their beautiful flowers in a wide range of clear bright colors; grown primarily for cutting thistle any of numerous plants of the family Compositae and especially of the genera Carduus and Cirsium and Onopordum having prickly-edged leaves Carduus genus of annual or perennial Old World prickly thistles welted thistle European biennial introduced in North America having flower heads in crowded clusters at ends of branches musk thistle Eurasian perennial naturalized in eastern North America having very spiny white cottony foliage and nodding musky crimson flower heads; valuable source of nectar Carlina genus of Mediterranean thistles carline thistle a thistle of the genus Carlina stemless carline thistle stemless perennial having large flowers with white or purple-brown florets nestled in a rosette of long spiny leaves hairy beneath; of alpine regions of southern and eastern Europe common carline thistle Eurasian thistle growing in sand dunes and dry chalky soils Carthamus safflower safflower thistlelike Eurasian plant widely grown for its red or orange flower heads and seeds that yield a valuable oil safflower seed seed of the safflower genus Catananche genus of Mediterranean herbs: cupid's dart catananche any of several plants of the genus Catananche having long-stalked heads of blue or yellow flowers blue succory south European plant having dark-eyed flowers with flat blue rays Centaurea knapweed; star thistle centaury any plant of the genus Centaurea any of various plants of the genus Centaurium basket flower annual of southwestern United States cultivated for its purple flower heads and its bracts that resemble small baskets cornflower an annual Eurasian plant cultivated in North America having showy heads of blue or purple or pink or white flowers star-thistle Mediterranean annual or biennial herb having pinkish to purple flowers surrounded by spine-tipped scales; naturalized in America knapweed any of various plants of the genus Centaurea having purple thistlelike flowers lesser knapweed a weedy perennial with tough wiry stems and purple flowers; native to Europe but widely naturalized great knapweed tall European perennial having purple flower heads Barnaby's thistle European weed having a winged stem and hairy leaves; adventive in the eastern United States Chamaemelum small genus of plants sometimes included in genus Anthemis: chamomile chamomile Eurasian plant with apple-scented foliage and white-rayed flowers and feathery leaves used medicinally; in some classification systems placed in genus Anthemis genus Chaenactis genus of flowering herbs of western United States chaenactis any of several United States plants having long stalks of funnel-shaped white or yellow flowers genus Chrysanthemum in some classifications many plants usually assigned to the genus Chrysanthemum have been divided among other genera: e.g. Argyranthemum; Dendranthema; Leucanthemum; Tanacetum chrysanthemum any of numerous perennial Old World herbs having showy brightly colored flower heads of the genera Chrysanthemum, Argyranthemum, Dendranthema, Tanacetum; widely cultivated the flower of a chrysanthemum plant corn marigold European herb with bright yellow flowers; a common weed in grain fields crown daisy shrubby annual of the Mediterranean region with yellowish-white flowers Chrysopsis golden aster golden aster any of several shrubby herbs or subshrubs of the genus Chrysopsis having bright golden-yellow flower heads that resemble asters; throughout much of United States and into Canada Maryland golden aster perennial golden aster of southeastern United States grass-leaved golden aster a variety of golden aster sickleweed golden aster a variety of golden aster Chrysothamnus genus of low branching shrubs of western North America goldenbush any of various much-branched yellow-flowered shrubs of the genus Chrysothamnus; western North America a plant of the genus Haplopappus rabbit brush pleasantly aromatic shrub having erect slender flexible hairy branches and dense clusters of small yellow flowers covering vast areas of western alkali plains and affording a retreat for jackrabbits; source of a yellow dye used by the Navajo Cichorium chicory endive widely cultivated herb with leaves valued as salad green; either curly serrated leaves or broad flat ones that are usually blanched Cirsium plume thistles plume thistle any of numerous biennial to perennial herbs with handsome purple or yellow or occasionally white flower heads Canada thistle European thistle naturalized in United States and Canada where it is a pernicious weed field thistle stout North American thistle with purplish-pink flower heads woolly thistle thistle of western North America having white woolly leaves European woolly thistle woolly thistle of western and central Europe and Balkan Peninsula melancholy thistle perennial stoloniferous thistle of northern Europe with lanceolate basal leaves and usually solitary heads of reddish-purple flowers brook thistle of central and southwestern Europe bull thistle European thistle with rather large heads and prickly leaves; extensively naturalized as a weed in the United States Cnicus one species: blessed thistle blessed thistle annual of Mediterranean to Portugal having hairy stems and minutely spiny-toothed leaves and large heads of yellow flowers Conoclinium mistflower mistflower rhizomatous plant of central and southeastern United States and West Indies having large showy heads of clear blue flowers; sometimes placed in genus Eupatorium Conyza common American weed or wildflower horseweed common North American weed with linear leaves and small discoid heads of yellowish flowers; widely naturalized throughout temperate regions; sometimes placed in genus Erigeron genus Coreopsis genus of American plants widely cultivated for their flowers coreopsis any of numerous plants of the genus Coreopsis having a profusion of showy usually yellow daisylike flowers over long periods; North and South America subgenus Calliopsis used in some classification systems for some plants of genus Coreopsis giant coreopsis large treelike shrub having feathery leaves and clusters of large yellow flower heads; coastal southern California sea dahlia stout herb with flowers one to a stalk; ornamental developed from a Mexican wildflower calliopsis North American annual widely cultivated for its yellow flowers with purple-red to brownish centers; in some classifications placed in a subgenus Calliopsis genus Cosmos genus of tropical American plants cultivated for their colorful flowers cosmos any of various mostly Mexican herbs of the genus Cosmos having radiate heads of variously colored flowers and pinnate leaves; popular fall-blooming annuals Cotula cosmopolitan herbs especially southern hemisphere; many used as ground covers brass buttons South African herb with golden-yellow globose flower heads; naturalized in moist areas along coast of California; cultivated as an ornamental Craspedia herbs of Australia and New Zealand billy buttons any of various plants of the genus Craspedia grown for their downy foliage and globose heads of golden flowers; Australia and New Zealand Crepis hawk's-beard; cosmopolitan in northern hemisphere hawk's-beard any of various plants of the genus Crepis having loose heads of yellow flowers on top of a long branched leafy stem; northern hemisphere Cynara artichoke; cardoon genus Dahlia genus of perennial tuberous plants of Mexico and Central America dahlia any of several plants of or developed from the species Dahlia pinnata having tuberous roots and showy rayed variously colored flower heads; native to the mountains of Mexico and Central America and Colombia Delairea one species: German ivy German ivy South African succulent evergreen twining climber with yellow flowers grown primarily as a houseplant for its foliage; sometimes placed in genus Senecio Dendranthema comprises plants often included in the genus Chrysanthemum florist's chrysanthemum of China Dimorphotheca South African herbs or subshrubs with usually yellow flowers cape marigold any of several South African plants grown for the profusion of usually yellow daisylike flowers and mounds of aromatic foliage Doronicum genus of Eurasian perennial tuberous or rhizomatous herbs: leopard's bane leopard's-bane any of several herbs of the genus Doronicum having alternate often clasping stem leaves cultivated for their long stalks of yellow flower heads Echinacea small genus of North American coarse perennial herbs coneflower any of various perennials of the eastern United States having thick rough leaves and long-stalked showy flowers with drooping rays and a conelike center a wildflower of the genus Ratibida any of various plants of the genus Rudbeckia cultivated for their large usually yellow daisies with prominent central cones Echinops genus of Mediterranean and Eurasian herbs: globe thistles globe thistle any of various plants of the genus Echinops having prickly leaves and dense globose heads of bluish flowers Elephantopus perennial American herb elephant's-foot any plant of the genus Elephantopus having heads of blue or purple flowers; America South African vine having a massive rootstock covered with deeply fissured bark Emilia tropical African herbs tassel flower tropical African annual having scarlet tassel-shaped flower heads; sometimes placed in genus Cacalia tropical Asiatic annual cultivated for its small tassel-shaped heads of scarlet flowers Encelia genus of shrubs of southwestern United States and Mexico: brittlebush brittlebush fragrant rounded shrub of southwestern United States and adjacent Mexico having brittle stems and small crowded blue-green leaves and yellow flowers; produces a resin used in incense and varnish and in folk medicine Enceliopsis small genus of xerophytic herbs of southwestern United States genus Engelmannia one species: North American herbs that resemble sunflowers engelmannia common erect hairy perennial of plains and prairies of southern and central United States having flowers that resemble sunflowers genus Erechtites coarse herbs with whitish discoid flower heads and silky pappus fireweed an American weedy plant with small white or greenish flowers tall North American perennial with creeping rootstocks and narrow leaves and spikes of pinkish-purple flowers occurring in great abundance in burned-over areas or recent clearings; an important honey plant Erigeron cosmopolitan genus of usually perennial herbs with flowers that resemble asters; leaves occasionally (especially formerly) used medicinally fleabane any of several North American plants of the genus Erigeron having daisylike flowers; formerly believed to repel fleas hairy perennial Eurasian herb with yellow daisylike flowers reputed to destroy or drive away fleas blue fleabane widespread weed with pale purple-blue flowers daisy fleabane widely naturalized white-flowered North American herb orange daisy mat-forming herb of Turkestan with nearly double orange-yellow flowers spreading fleabane well-branched plant with hairy leaves and stems each with a solitary flower head with narrow white or pink or lavender rays; western North America seaside daisy slightly succulent perennial with basal leaves and hairy sticky stems each bearing a solitary flower head with narrow pink or lavender rays; coastal bluffs Oregon to southern California Philadelphia fleabane especially pretty plant having a delicate fringe of threadlike rays around flower heads having very slender white or pink rays; United States and Canada robin's plantain common perennial of eastern North America having flowers with usually violet-purple rays showy daisy plant having branching leafy stems each branch with an especially showy solitary flower head with many narrow pink or lavender or white rays; northwestern United States mountains Eriophyllum genus of hairy herbs and shrubs of western North America woolly sunflower any plant of the genus Eriophyllum golden yarrow greyish woolly leafy perennial with branched stems ending in leafless stalks bearing golden-yellow flower heads; dry areas western North America Eupatorium large genus of chiefly tropical herbs having heads of white or purplish flowers hemp agrimony coarse European herb with palmately divided leaves and clusters of small reddish-purple flower heads dog fennel weedy plant of southeastern United States having divided leaves and long clusters of greenish flowers Joe-Pye weed North American herb having whorled leaves and terminal clusters of small pinkish or purple flower heads North American herb having whorled leaves and terminal clusters of flowers spotted with purple boneset perennial herb of southeastern United States having white-rayed flower heads; formerly used as in folk medicine Felicia genus of tropical African herbs or subshrubs with usually blue flowers blue daisy hairy South African or Australian subshrub that has daisylike flowers with blue rays kingfisher daisy softly hairy South African herb having flowers with bright blue rays genus Filago genus of small woolly herbs cotton rose any plant of the genus Filago having capitate clusters of small woolly flower heads Chinese shrub or small tree having white or pink flowers becoming deep red at night; widely cultivated; naturalized in southeastern United States herba impia (literally an undutiful herb) a variety of cotton rose genus Gaillardia genus of western American hairy herbs with showy flowers gaillardia any plant of western America of the genus Gaillardia having hairy leaves and long-stalked flowers in hot vibrant colors from golden yellow and copper to rich burgundy blanket flower annual of central United States having showy long-stalked yellow flower heads marked with scarlet or purple in the center genus Gazania genus of tomentose tropical African herbs with milky sap gazania any plant of the genus Gazania valued for their showy daisy flowers treasure flower decumbent South African perennial with short densely leafy stems and orange flower rays with black eyespots at base Gerbera genus of South African or Asiatic herbs: African daisies Barberton daisy widely cultivated South African perennial having flower heads with orange to flame-colored rays Gerea small genus of hairy herbs with yellow flowers desert sunflower slender hairy plant with few leaves and golden-yellow flower heads; sandy desert areas of southeastern California to southwestern Utah and western Arizona and northwestern Mexico Gnaphalium large widely distributed genus of coarse hairy herbs with whitish involucres cudweed any of numerous plants of the genus Gnaphalium having flowers that can be dried without loss of form or color chafeweed weedy perennial of north temperate regions having woolly foliage and dirty white flowers in a leafy spike Grindelia large genus of coarse gummy herbs of western North and Central America gumweed any of various western American plants of the genus Grindelia having resinous leaves and stems formerly used medicinally; often poisonous to livestock Grindelia robusta perennial gumweed of California and Baja California curlycup gumweed perennial gumweed of western and central North America Gutierrezia sticky perennial herbs and subshrubs of western North America and warm South America matchweed any of several plants of the genus Gutierrezia having tiny flower heads that resemble the heads of matches little-head snakeweed similar to Gutierrezia sarothrae but with flower heads having fewer rays and disk flowers rabbitweed low-growing sticky subshrub of southwestern United States having narrow linear leaves on many slender branches and hundreds of tiny yellow flower heads broomweed annual of southwestern United States having rigid woody branches with sticky foliage and yellow flowers Gynura genus of Old World tropical herbs: velvet plants velvet plant Javanese foliage plant grown for their handsome velvety leaves with violet-purple hairs Haastia genus of New Zealand mat-forming herbs or subshrubs: vegetable sheep vegetable sheep cushion-forming New Zealand herb having leaves densely covered with tawny hairs Haplopappus genus of North and South American perennial herbs or shrubs with yellow flowers; in some classifications include species placed in other genera especially Hazardia camphor daisy annual of southern United States and Mexico having bristly leaves and pale yellow flowers yellow spiny daisy slender perennial of western North America having weakly bristly leaves and yellow flower heads Hazardia small genus of shrubs and subshrubs of western United States having flowers that change color as they mature hoary golden bush western American shrubs having white felted foliage and yellow flowers that become red-purple Helenium genus of American herbs with flowers having yellow rays: sneezeweeds sneezeweed any of various plants of the genus Helenium characteristically causing sneezing autumn sneezeweed North American perennial with bright yellow late summer flowers orange sneezeweed stout perennial herb of western United States having flower heads with drooping orange-yellow rays; causes spewing sickness in sheep rosilla a sneezeweed of southwestern United States especially southern California genus Helianthus genus of tall erect or branched American annual or perennial herbs with showy flowers: sunflowers sunflower any plant of the genus Helianthus having large flower heads with dark disk florets and showy yellow rays swamp sunflower sunflower of eastern North America having narrow leaves and found in bogs common sunflower annual sunflower grown for silage and for its seeds which are a source of oil; common throughout United States and much of North America giant sunflower very tall American perennial of central and the eastern United States to Canada having edible tuberous roots showy sunflower tall rough-leaved perennial with a few large flower heads; central United States Maximilian's sunflower tall perennial of central United States to Canada having golden-yellow flowers prairie sunflower similar to the common sunflower with slender usually branching stems common in central United States Helichrysum large genus of mostly African and Australian herbs and shrubs: everlasting flowers; in some classifications includes genus Ozothamnus strawflower Australian plant naturalized in Spain having flowers of lemon yellow to deep gold; the frequent choice of those who love dried flowers any of various plants of the genus Helipterum plant of southern and southeastern United States grown for its yellow flowers that can be dried genus Heliopsis oxeye heliopsis any North American shrubby perennial herb of the genus Heliopsis having large yellow daisylike flowers Helipterum genus of South African and Australian herbs or shrubs grown as everlastings; the various Helipterum species are currently in process of being assigned to other genera especially genera Pteropogon and Hyalosperma Heterotheca genus of yellow-flowered North American herbs hairy golden aster hairy perennial with yellow flower heads in branched clusters; found almost everywhere in dry places from Canada to west central and western United States; sometimes placed in genus Chrysopsis Hieracium large genus of perennial hairy herbs of Europe to western Asia to northwestern Africa and North America; few are ornamental; often considered congeneric with Pilosella hawkweed any of numerous often hairy plants of the genus Hieracium having yellow or orange flowers that resemble the dandelion any of various plants of the genus Pilosella king devil European hawkweed introduced into northeastern United States; locally troublesome weeds rattlesnake weed a hawkweed with a rosette of purple-veined basal leaves; Canada to northern Georgia and Kentucky Homogyne small genus of low perennial herbs of montane Europe; in some classifications included in genus Tussilago alpine coltsfoot rhizomatous herb with purple-red flowers suitable for groundcover; sometimes placed in genus Tussilago Hulsea small genus of erect balsam-scented herbs; Pacific coast of the northwestern United States alpine gold low tufted plant having hairy stems each topped by a flower head with short narrow yellow rays; northwestern United States dwarf hulsea similar to but smaller than alpine hulsea Hyalosperma genus of herbs of temperate Australia including some from genus Helipterum Hypochaeris widely distributed genus of herbs with milky juice; includes some cosmopolitan weeds cat's-ear European weed widely naturalized in North America having yellow flower heads and leaves resembling a cat's ears any of several plants of the genus Calochortus having flowers with petals shaped like cat's ears genus Inula genus of Old World herbs or subshrubs: elecampane inula any plant of the genus Inula elecampane tall coarse Eurasian herb having daisylike yellow flowers with narrow petals whose rhizomatous roots are used medicinally genus Iva small genus of American herbs or shrubs; in some classifications placed in a separate family Ambrosiaceae marsh elder any of various coarse shrubby plants of the genus Iva with small greenish flowers; common in moist areas (as coastal salt marshes) of eastern and central North America burweed marsh elder tall annual marsh elder common in moist rich soil in central North America that can cause contact dermatitis; produces much pollen that is a major cause of hay fever genus Krigia small herbs closely related to chicory: dwarf dandelions krigia any small branched yellow-flowered North American herb of the genus Krigia dwarf dandelion small yellow-flowered herb resembling dandelions of central and southeastern United States Lactuca an herb with milky juice: lettuce; prickly lettuce garden lettuce annual or perennial garden plant having succulent leaves used in salads; widely grown cos lettuce lettuce with long dark-green spoon-shaped leaves head lettuce distinguished by leaves arranged in a dense rosette that develop into a compact ball prickly lettuce European annual wild lettuce having prickly stems; a troublesome weed in parts of United States Lagenophera small genus of herbs of Australia and South America having small solitary white or purple flowers similar to true daisies of genus Bellis Lasthenia small genus of herbs of Pacific coast of North and South America goldfields small slender woolly annual with very narrow opposite leaves and branches bearing solitary golden-yellow flower heads; southwestern Oregon to Baja California and Arizona; often cultivated Layia genus of western United States annuals with showy yellow or white flowers tidytips California annual having flower heads with yellow rays tipped with white Leontodon hawkbit hawkbit any of various common wildflowers of the genus Leontodon; of temperate Eurasia to Mediterranean regions fall dandelion fall-blooming European herb with a yellow flower; naturalized in the United States Leontopodium edelweiss edelweiss alpine perennial plant native to Europe having leaves covered with whitish down and small flower heads held in stars of glistening whitish bracts Leucanthemum comprises plants often included in the genus Chrysanthemum oxeye daisy tall leafy-stemmed Eurasian perennial with white flowers; widely naturalized; often placed in genus Chrysanthemum similar to oxeye daisy shasta daisy hybrid garden flower derived from Chrysanthemum maximum and Chrysanthemum lacustre having large white flower heads resembling oxeye daisies; often placed in the genus Chrysanthemum Pyrenees daisy perennial of Portugal similar to the oxeye daisy Leucogenes New Zealand edelweiss north island edelweiss perennial herb closely resembling European edelweiss; New Zealand Liatris genus of perennial North American herbs with aromatic usually cormous roots blazing star any of various North American plants of the genus Liatris having racemes or panicles of small discoid flower heads biennial of southwestern United States having white stems and toothed leaves that is grown for its large pale yellow flowers that open in early morning dotted gayfeather herb with many stems bearing narrow slender wands of crowded rose-lavender flowers; central United States and Canada to Texas and northern Mexico dense blazing star perennial of southeastern and central United States having very dense spikes of purple flowers; often cultivated for cut flowers Ligularia genus of Old World herbs resembling groundsel: leopard plants leopard plant any of various plants of temperate Eurasia; grown for their yellow flowers and handsome foliage Lindheimera one species: Texas star Texas star Texas annual with coarsely pinnatifid leaves; cultivated for its showy radiate yellow flower heads Lonas one species: yellow ageratum Machaeranthera wildflowers of western North America tahoka daisy wild aster with fernlike leaves and flower heads with very narrow bright purple rays; Alberta to Texas and Mexico sticky aster wild aster having leafy stems and flower heads with narrow bright reddish-lavender or purple rays; western Colorado to Arizona Mojave aster wild aster having greyish leafy stems and flower heads with narrow pale lavender or violet rays; of rocky desert slopes California to Arizona and Utah Madia genus of sticky herbs with yellow flowers open in morning or evening but closed in bright light tarweed any of various resinous glandular plants of the genus Madia; of western North and South America common madia California annual having red-brown spots near the base of its yellow flower rays melosa South American herb with sticky glandular foliage; source of madia oil madia oil used as a substitute for olive oil Matricaria chiefly Old World strong-smelling weedy herbs; comprises plants sometimes included in other genera: e.g. Tanacetum; Tripleurospermum sweet false chamomile annual Eurasian herb similar in fragrance and medicinal uses to chamomile though taste is more bitter and effect is considered inferior pineapple weed annual aromatic weed of Pacific coastal areas (United States and northeastern Asia) having bristle-pointed leaves and rayless yellow flowers Melampodium herbs and subshrubs of warm North America blackfoot daisy bushy subshrub having flower heads that resemble asters with broad white rays; found in desert areas of Arizona east to Kansas and south to Mexico Mikania large genus of evergreen lianas of tropical America climbing hempweed herb of tropical America having vanilla-scented flowers; climbs up trees genus Mutisia genus of South American shrubs or lianas having large flower heads with feathery pappuses mutisia any of various plants of the genus Mutisia Nabalus genus of North American and east Asian perennial herbs; sometimes included in genus Prenanthes rattlesnake root a plant of the genus Nabalus herb of central and southern Europe having purple florets white lettuce herb of northeastern North America having drooping clusters of yellowish-white flowers; sometimes placed in genus Prenanthes lion's foot common perennial herb widely distributed in the southern and eastern United States having drooping clusters of pinkish flowers and thick basal leaves suggesting a lion's foot in shape; sometimes placed in genus Prenanthes Olearia large genus of Australian evergreen shrubs or small trees with large daisylike flowers daisybush any of various mostly Australian attractively shaped shrubs of the genus Olearia grown for their handsome and sometimes fragrant evergreen foliage and profusion of daisy flowers with white or purple or blue rays muskwood musk-scented shrub or tree of southern and southeastern Australia having creamy-yellow flower heads New Zealand daisybush bushy New Zealand shrub cultivated for its fragrant white flower heads Onopordum a genus of Eurasian herbs of the family Compositae with prickly foliage and large purplish flowers cotton thistle biennial Eurasian white hairy thistle having pale purple flowers; naturalized in North America genus Othonna genus of western African herbs or shrubs othonna a South African plant of the genus Othonna having smooth often fleshy leaves and heads of yellow flowers Ozothamnus genus of Australian shrubs and perennial herbs; sometimes included in genus Helichrysum cascade everlasting shrub with white woolly branches and woolly leaves having fragrant flowers forming long sprays; flowers suitable for drying; sometimes placed in genus Helichrysum Packera genus of American of east Asian perennial herbs with yellow to orange or red flower rays; sometimes included in genus Senecio butterweed any of several yellow-flowered plants of the genus Packera; often placed in genus Senecio American ragwort with yellow flowers golden groundsel weedy herb of the eastern United States to Texas having golden-yellow flowers; sometimes becomes invasive; sometimes placed in genus Senecio Parthenium small genus of North American herbs and shrubs with terminal panicles of small ray flowers guayule much-branched subshrub with silvery leaves and small white flowers of Texas and northern Mexico; cultivated as a source of rubber bastard feverfew tropical American annual weed with small radiate heads of white flowers; adventive in southern United States American feverfew stout perennial herb of the eastern United States with whitish flowers; leaves traditionally used by Catawba Indians to treat burns Pericallis cineraria cineraria herb of Canary Islands widely cultivated for its blue or purple or red or variegated daisylike flowers florest's cineraria herb derived from Pericallis cruenta and widely cultivated in a variety of profusely flowering forms with florets from white to pink to red or purple or violet or blue Petasites genus of rhizomatous herbs of north temperate regions: butterbur; sweet coltsfoot butterbur small Eurasian herb having broad leaves and lilac-pink rayless flowers; found in moist areas winter heliotrope European herb with vanilla-scented white-pink flowers sweet coltsfoot American sweet-scented herb Picris genus of weedy Old World yellow-flowered herbs usually containing a bitter-tasting substance: bitterweed oxtongue widespread European weed with spiny tongue-shaped leaves and yellow flowers; naturalized in United States Pilosella genus of hairy perennial herbs with horizontal rhizomes and leafy or underground stolons; Eurasia and North Africa; often considered congeneric with Hieracium orange hawkweed European hawkweed having flower heads with bright orange-red rays; a troublesome weed especially as naturalized in northeastern North America; sometimes placed in genus Hieracium mouse-ear hawkweed European hawkweed having soft hairy leaves; sometimes placed in genus Hieracium Piqueria small genus of tropical American perennial herbs or subshrubs with white to pale yellow flowers; often included in genus Stevia stevia any plant of the genus Piqueria or the closely related genus Stevia any plant of the genus Stevia or the closely related genus Piqueria having glutinous foliage and white or purplish flowers; Central and South America Prenanthes genus of North American and Asiatic perennial herbs having pinnatisect leaves small heads of drooping yellowish to purple flowers; sometimes includes species often placed in genus Nabalus genus Pteropogon genus of Australian and South African herbs including some from genus Helipterum pteropogon southern Australian plant having feathery hairs surrounding the fruit Pulicaria genus of temperate Old World herbs: fleabane Pyrethrum used in former classifications for plants later placed in genus Chrysanthemum and now often included in genus Tanacetum Raoulia genus of low-growing mat-forming New Zealand plants; in some classifications includes species placed in genus Haastia sheep plant perennial prostrate mat-forming herb with hoary woolly foliage Ratibida genus of perennial wildflowers of North American plains and prairies; often cultivated for their showy flower heads Mexican hat coneflower with flower heads resembling a Mexican hat with a tall red-brown disk and drooping yellow or yellow and red-brown rays; grows in the great plains along base of Rocky Mountains long-head coneflower plant similar to the Mexican hat coneflower; from British Columbia to New Mexico prairie coneflower coneflower of central to southwestern United States genus Rhodanthe genus of xerophytic herbs and shrubs of South Africa and Australia; sometimes included in genus Helipterum Swan River everlasting Australian annual everlasting having light pink nodding flower heads; sometimes placed in genus Helipterum Rudbeckia North American perennial herbs with showy cone-shaped flower heads black-eyed Susan the state flower of Maryland; of central and southeastern United States; having daisylike flowers with dark centers and yellow to orange rays tropical African climbing plant having yellow flowers with a dark purple center cutleaved coneflower tall leafy plant with erect branches ending in large yellow flower heads with downward-arching rays; grow in Rocky Mountains south to Arizona and east to the Atlantic coast golden glow very tall branching herb with showy much-doubled yellow flower heads Santolina genus of Mediterranean subshrubs with rayless flower heads lavender cotton branching aromatic Mediterranean shrub with woolly stems and leaves and yellow flowers Sanvitalia small genus of tropical American annual herbs: creeping zinnia creeping zinnia low-branching leafy annual with flower heads resembling zinnias; found in southwestern United States and Mexico to Guatemala Saussurea genus of herbs of temperate and cool regions of Eurasia costusroot annual herb of the eastern Himalayas (Kashmir) having purple florets and a fragrant root that yields a volatile oil used in perfumery and for preserving furs Scolymus small genus of thistlelike herbs of the Mediterranean region golden thistle any of several spiny Mediterranean herbs of the genus Scolymus having yellow flower heads Spanish oyster plant a golden thistle of southwestern Europe cultivated for its edible sweet roots and edible leaves and stalks; its yellow flowers are used as a substitute for saffron Senecio enormous and diverse cosmopolitan genus of trees and shrubs and vines and herbs including many weeds nodding groundsel plant with erect leafy stems bearing clusters of rayless yellow flower heads on bent individual stalks; moist regions of southwestern United States threadleaf groundsel bluish-green bushy leafy plant covered with close white wool and bearing branched clusters of yellow flower heads; southwestern United States; toxic to range livestock ragwort widespread European weed having yellow daisylike flowers; sometimes an obnoxious weed and toxic to cattle if consumed in quantity arrowleaf groundsel perennial with sharply toothed triangular leaves on leafy stems bearing a cluster of yellow flower heads; moist places in mountains of western North America groundsel Eurasian weed with heads of small yellow flowers genus Scorzonera genus of narrow-leaved European herbs black salsify perennial south European herb having narrow entire leaves and solitary yellow flower heads and long black edible roots shaped like carrots Sericocarpus small genus of herbs of the eastern United States: white-topped asters white-topped aster herb having corymbose white-rayed flowers with scaly bracts and silky indehiscent fruits narrow-leaved white-topped aster a variety of white-topped aster Seriphidium woody plants grown chiefly for their silver or grey and often aromatic foliage; formerly included in the genus Artemisia silver sage low much-branched perennial of western United States having silvery leaves; an important browse and shelter plant sea wormwood plants of western and northern European coasts big sagebrush aromatic shrub of arid regions of western North America having hoary leaves Serratula genus of Old World perennial herbs with spirally arranged toothed leaves sawwort European perennial whose serrate leaves yield a yellow dye Silphium tall North American perennial herbs rosinweed North American perennial having a resinous odor and yellow flowers Silybum small genus of east African herbs milk thistle tall Old World biennial thistle with large clasping white-blotched leaves and purple flower heads; naturalized in California and South America Solidago goldenrod goldenrod any of numerous chiefly summer-blooming and fall-blooming North American plants especially of the genus Solidago silverrod plant of eastern North America having creamy white flowers meadow goldenrod large North American goldenrod having showy clusters of yellow flowers on arching branches; often a weed Missouri goldenrod similar to meadow goldenrod but usually smaller alpine goldenrod goldenrod similar to narrow goldenrod but having bristly hairs on edges of leaf stalks; mountainous regions of western America grey goldenrod a dyer's weed of Canada and the eastern United States having yellow flowers sometimes used in dyeing Blue Mountain tea goldenrod of eastern America having aromatic leaves from which a medicinal tea is made dyer's weed eastern North American herb whose yellow flowers are (or were) used in dyeing seaside goldenrod vigorous showy goldenrod common along eastern coast and Gulf Coast of North America narrow goldenrod western American goldenrod with long narrow clusters of small yellow flowers Boott's goldenrod a variety of goldenrod Elliott's goldenrod a variety of goldenrod Ohio goldenrod a variety of goldenrod rough-stemmed goldenrod a variety of goldenrod showy goldenrod a variety of goldenrod tall goldenrod a variety of goldenrod zigzag goldenrod a variety of goldenrod Sonchus sow thistles sow thistle any of several Old World coarse prickly-leaved shrubs and subshrubs having milky juice and yellow flowers; widely naturalized; often noxious weeds in cultivated soil milkweed annual Eurasian sow thistle with soft spiny leaves and rayed yellow flower heads any of numerous plants of the genus Asclepias having milky juice and pods that split open releasing seeds with downy tufts Stenotus genus of western North American low evergreen shrubs growing in dense tufts stemless golden weed dark green erect herb of northwestern United States and southwestern Canada having stiff leaves in dense tufts and yellow flower heads; sometimes placed in genus Haplopappus genus Stevia genus of shrubs and herbs of tropical and warm Americas Stokesia one species: stokes' aster stokes' aster erect perennial of southeastern United States having large heads of usually blue flowers Tageteste marigolds marigold any of various tropical American plants of the genus Tagetes widely cultivated for their showy yellow or orange flowers African marigold a stout branching annual with large yellow to orange flower heads; Mexico and Central America French marigold strong-scented bushy annual with orange or yellow flower heads marked with red; Mexico and Guatemala Tanacetum a large genus of plants resembling chrysanthemums; comprises some plants often included in other genera especially genus Chrysanthemum camphor dune tansy densely hairy plant with rayless flowers; San Francisco Bay area painted daisy spring-flowering garden perennial of Asiatic origin having finely divided aromatic leaves and white to pink-purple flowers; source of an insecticide; sometimes placed in genus Chrysanthemum pyrethrum white-flowered pyrethrum of Balkan area whose pinnate leaves are white and silky-hairy below; source of an insecticide; sometimes placed in genus Chrysanthemum made of dried flower heads of pyrethrum plants northern dune tansy lightly hairy rhizomatous perennial having aromatic feathery leaves and stems bearing open clusters of small buttonlike yellow flowers; sand dunes of Pacific coast of North America feverfew bushy aromatic European perennial herb having clusters of buttonlike white-rayed flower heads; valued traditionally for medicinal uses; sometimes placed in genus Chrysanthemum tansy common perennial aromatic herb native to Eurasia having buttonlike yellow flower heads and bitter-tasting pinnate leaves sometimes used medicinally Taraxacum an asterid dicot genus of the family Compositae including dandelions dandelion any of several herbs of the genus Taraxacum having long tap roots and deeply notched leaves and bright yellow flowers followed by fluffy seed balls common dandelion Eurasian plant widely naturalized as a weed in North America; used as salad greens and to make wine Russian dandelion perennial dandelion native to Kazakhstan cultivated for its fleshy roots that have high rubber content Tetraneuris genus of hairy yellow-flowered plants of the western United States stemless hymenoxys perennial having tufted basal leaves and short leafless stalks each bearing a solitary yellow flower head; dry hillsides and plains of west central North America old man of the mountain whitish hairy plant with featherlike leaves and a few stout stems each bearing an especially handsome solitary large yellow flower head; mountainous regions north central United States genus Tithonia genus of robust herbs of Mexico and Central America: Mexican sunflower Mexican sunflower any plant of the genus Tithonia; tall coarse herbs or shrubs of Mexico to Panama having large flower heads resembling sunflowers with yellow disc florets and golden-yellow to orange-scarlet rays Townsendia genus of western American low tufted herbs: Easter daisy Easter daisy dwarf tufted nearly stemless herb having a rosette of woolly leaves and large white-rayed flower heads and bristly achenes; central Canada and United States west to Arizona Tragopogon genus of Old World herbs with linear entire leaves and yellow or purple flower heads yellow salsify European perennial naturalized throughout United States having hollow stems with a few long narrow tapered leaves and each bearing a solitary pale yellow flower meadow salsify weedy European annual with yellow flowers; naturalized in United States Trilisa genus of herbs of southern United States wild vanilla perennial of southeastern United States with leaves having the fragrance of vanilla Tripleurospermum small genus comprising plants often included in genus Matricaria scentless camomile ubiquitous European annual weed with white flowers and finely divided leaves naturalized and sometimes cultivated in eastern North America; sometimes included in genus Matricaria turfing daisy mat-forming perennial herb of Asia Minor; sometimes included in genus Matricaria low densely tufted perennial herb of Turkey having small white flowers; used as a ground cover in dry places; sometimes included in genus Matricaria Tussilago genus of low creeping yellow-flowered perennial herbs of north temperate regions: coltsfoots; in some classifications includes species often placed in other genera especially Homogyne and Petasites coltsfoot perennial herb with large rounded leaves resembling a colt's foot and yellow flowers appearing before the leaves do; native to Europe but now nearly cosmopolitan; used medicinally especially formerly genus Ursinia genus of South African herbs and shrubs cultivated as ornamentals ursinia any of various plants of the genus Ursinia grown for their yellow- or orange- or white-rayed flowers Verbesina herbs and shrubs of warm North America to Mexico; includes plants formerly placed in genus Actinomeris Actinomeris used in some classification systems for plants now included in genus Verbesina crownbeard any plant of the genus Verbesina having clustered white or yellow flower heads wingstem perennial herb with showy yellow flowers; the eastern United States cowpen daisy coarse greyish-green annual yellow-flowered herb; southwestern United States to Mexico gravelweed perennial herb with yellow flowers; southern and south central United States Virginia crownbeard tall perennial herb having clusters of white flowers; the eastern United States genus Vernonia genus of New World tropical herbs or shrubs with terminal cymose heads of tubular flowers ironweed any of various plants of the genus Vernonia of tropical and warm regions of especially North America that take their name from their loose heads of purple to rose flowers that quickly take on a rusty hue genus Wyethia coarse leafy perennial plants resembling sunflowers found especially in the western United States mule's ears balsamic-resinous herb with clumps of lanceolate leaves and stout leafy stems ending in large deep yellow flowers on long stalks; northwestern United States white-rayed mule's ears herb with basal leaves and leafy hairy stems bearing solitary flower heads with white or pale cream-colored rays; northwestern United States Xanthium coarse herbs having small heads of greenish flowers followed by burrs with hooked bristles cocklebur any coarse weed of the genus Xanthium having spiny burrs genus Xeranthemum genus of annual densely hairy herbs of Mediterranean to southwestern Asia xeranthemum any plant of the genus Xeranthemum native to southern Europe having chaffy or silvery flower heads with purplish tubular flowers immortelle mostly widely cultivated species of everlasting flowers having usually purple flowers; southern Europe to Iran; naturalized elsewhere genus Zinnia genus of annual or perennial plants of tropical America having solitary heads of brightly colored flowers zinnia any of various plants of the genus Zinnia cultivated for their variously and brightly colored flower heads white zinnia subshrub with slender woolly stems and long narrow leaves and flower heads with white rays; southern United States and northern Mexico little golden zinnia subshrub having short leafy stems and numerous small flower heads with nearly round yellow-orange rays; Arizona south to Mexico and east to Kansas Loasaceae family of bristly hairy sometimes climbing plants; America and Africa and southern Arabia genus Loasa genus of tropical American prickly herbs or subshrubs loasa any of various perennial South American plants of the genus Loasa having stinging hairs and showy white or yellow or reddish-orange flowers Mentzelia genus of bristly herbs or subshrubs of western America lacking stinging hairs bartonia annual grown especially for its fragrant golden nocturnal flowers achene small dry indehiscent fruit with the seed distinct from the fruit wall samara a winged often one-seed indehiscent fruit as of the ash or elm or maple Campanulaceae family of plants of the order Campanulales; in some classifications includes Lobeliaceae genus Campanula large genus of herbs grown for their blossoms: bellflowers campanula any of various plants of the genus Campanula having blue or white bell-shaped flowers harebell perennial of northern hemisphere with slender stems and bell-shaped blue flowers creeping bellflower erect European herb with creeping rootstocks and nodding spikelike racemes of blue to violet flowers Canterbury bell European biennial widely cultivated for its blue or violet or white flowers herb of Colombia to Peru having pale purple flowers southern harebell bellflower of southeastern United States (Maryland to Georgia) having pale blue flowers tall bellflower annual or perennial of eastern North America with long spikes of blue or white flowers marsh bellflower bellflower common in marshes of eastern North America having lanceolate linear leaves and small whitish flowers clustered bellflower bellflower of Europe to temperate Asia having dense spikes of violet-blue to white flowers peach bells perennial European bellflower with racemose white or blue flowers chimney plant bellflower of southeastern Europe rampion bellflower of Europe and Asia and North Africa having bluish flowers and an edible tuberous root used with the leaves in salad throatwort European bellflower with blue-purple to lilac flowers formerly used to treat sore throat tussock bellflower European perennial bellflower that grows in clumps with spreading stems and blue or white flowers Orchidales order of plants with irregular flowers having minute seeds: Orchidaceae; Burmanniaceae Orchidaceae enormous cosmopolitan family of perennial terrestrial or epiphytic plants with fleshy tubers or rootstocks and unusual flowers orchid any of numerous plants of the orchid family usually having flowers of unusual shapes and beautiful colors genus Orchis type genus of the orchid family; hardy terrestrial orchids of the temperate the northern hemisphere orchis any of various deciduous terrestrial orchids having fleshy tubers and flowers in erect terminal racemes male orchis Eurasian orchid with showy pink or purple flowers in a loose spike butterfly orchid Mediterranean orchid having usually purple flowers with a fan-shaped spotted or striped rose-red lip orchid of Florida and the Bahamas having showy brightly colored flowers; sometimes placed in genus Epidendrum Mexican epiphytic orchid having pale green or yellow-green flowers with white purple-veined lip any orchid of the genus Psychopsis: spectacular large tiger-striped orchids showy orchis North American orchid having a spike of violet-purple flowers mixed with white; sepals and petals form a hood genus Aerides epiphytic orchids of tropical Asia having stiff leaves and fragrant white flowers in arching racemes aerides any orchid of the genus Aerides genus Angrecum genus of tropical Old World epiphytic orchids with showy flowers sometimes grotesque angrecum any of various spectacular orchids of the genus Angraecum having dark green leathery leaves and usually nocturnally scented white or ivory flowers Anoectochilus genus of delicate Asiatic orchids jewel orchid any of several delicate Asiatic orchids grown especially for their velvety leaves with metallic white or gold veining Aplectrum a monocotyledonous genus of the family Orchidaceae puttyroot North American orchid bearing a single leaf and yellowish-brown flowers genus Arethusa genus of bog orchids of North America and Japan arethusa any of several bog orchids of the genus Arethusa having 1 or 2 showy flowers bog rose a bog orchid with usually a solitary fragrant magenta pink blossom with a wide gaping corolla; Canada genus Bletia genus of tropical American terrestrial orchids with large purple or pink flowers bletia any of various orchids of the genus Bletia having pseudobulbs and erect leafless racemes of large purple or pink flowers Bletilla small genus of chiefly east Asiatic hardy terrestrial orchids similar to genus Bletia Bletilla striata Japanese orchid with white-striped leaves and slender erect racemes of rose to magenta flowers; often cultivated; sometimes placed in genus Bletia pseudobulb a solid bulblike enlargement of the stem of some orchids genus Brassavola genus of tropical American epiphytic or lithophytic rhizomatous orchids brassavola any of various tropical American orchids with usually solitary fleshy leaves and showy white to green nocturnally fragrant blossoms solitary or in racemes of up to 7 Brassia genus of tropical American epiphytic orchids having striking axillary racemes of yellow to green spiderlike flowers with long slender sepals and warty lips: spider orchids spider orchid South American orchid with spiderlike pale-yellow to pale-green flowers Central American orchid having spiderlike flowers with prominent green warts any of several European orchids of the genus Ophrys genus Caladenia terrestrial orchids of Australia to New Caledonia caladenia any of various orchids of the genus Caladenia zebra orchid orchid with reddish linear leaves and panicle of purple-marked pale-yellow flowers with deep red or purple lip; southwestern Australia genus Calanthe large and widely distributed genus of terrestrial orchids calanthe any of various showy orchids of the genus Calanthe having white or yellow or rose-colored flowers and broad leaves folded lengthwise Calopogon terrestrial orchids of North America grass pink an orchid genus Calypso one species found throughout much of northern North America and Eurasia calypso rare north temperate bog orchid bearing a solitary white to pink flower marked with purple at the tip of an erect reddish stalk above 1 basal leaf Catasetum genus of tropical American orchids having showy male and female flowers usually on separate inflorescences jumping orchid orchid having both male and female flowers in the same raceme; when a sensitive projection at the base of the column of the male flower is touched the pollen is suddenly ejected genus Cattleya large and highly valued genus of beautiful tropical American epiphytic or lithophytic orchids; the typical orchids; known in many varieties cattleya any orchid of the genus Cattleya characterized by a three-lobed lip enclosing the column; among the most popular and most extravagantly beautiful orchids known Cephalanthera small genus of temperate Old World terrestrial orchids helleborine any of several orchids of the genus Cephalanthera any of various orchids of the genus Epipactis red helleborine orchid of Mediterranean and Asia having a lax spike of bright rose-pink flowers Cleistes terrestrial orchids of North and South America having slender fibrous roots; allied to genus Pogonia spreading pogonia orchid of northeastern United States with magenta-pink flowers having funnel-shaped lip; sometimes placed in genus Pogonia rosebud orchid orchid of central and northern South America having 1- to 3-blossomed racemes of large showy rose-colored flowers; sometimes placed in genus Pogonia Coeloglossum terrestrial orchids of cooler parts of North America and Europe: satyr orchid satyr orchid orchid with broad ovate leaves and long-bracted green very irregular flowers frog orchid orchid having hooded long-bracted green to yellow-green flowers suffused with purple any of several green orchids of the genus Habenaria genus Coelogyne large diverse genus of tropical Asiatic epiphytic orchids coelogyne any of various orchids of the genus Coelogyne with: clusters of fragrant lacy snow-white flowers; salmon-pink solitary flowers; chainlike racemes of topaz and chocolate brown flowers; spikes of delicate white spice-scented flowers; emerald green flowers marked with blue-black Corallorhiza genus of leafless root-parasitic orchids having small purplish or yellowish racemose flowers with lobed lips; widely distributed in temperate regions coral root a wildflower of the genus Corallorhiza growing from a hard mass of rhizomes associated with a fungus that aids in absorbing nutrients from the forest floor spotted coral root common coral root having yellowish- or reddish- or purplish-brown leafless stems bearing loose racemes of similarly colored flowers with white purple-spotted lips; Guatemala to Canada striped coral root nearly leafless wildflower with erect reddish-purple stems bearing racemes of pale pinkish and brownish-striped flowers; western Canada to Mexico early coral root plant having clumps of nearly leafless pale yellowish to greenish stems bearing similarly colored flowers with white lower lips; northern New Mexico north through South Dakota and Washington to Alaska Coryanthes small genus of tropical American epiphytic or lithophytic orchids helmetflower any of several orchids of the genus Coryanthes having racemes of a few musky-scented waxy flowers with a helmet-shaped lip process Cycnoches genus of epiphytic or terrestrial tropical American orchids swan orchid any of several orchids of the genus Cycnoches having slender arching columns of flowers suggesting the neck of a swan genus Cymbidium genus of tropical epiphytic or terrestrial Old World orchids; one of the most popular orchid genera cymbid any of various plants of the genus Cymbidium having narrow leaves and a long drooping cluster of numerous showy and variously colored boat-shaped flowers; extensively hybridized and cultivated as houseplants and important florists' flowers Cypripedium genus of chiefly American perennial leafy-stemmed orchids: lady's slippers; sometimes includes species of genus Paphiopedilum cypripedia a plant or flower of the genus Cypripedium lady's slipper any of several chiefly American wildflowers having an inflated pouchlike lip; difficult or impossible to cultivate in the garden moccasin flower once common rose pink woodland orchid of eastern North America common lady's-slipper pale pink wild orchid of northeastern America having an inflated pouchlike lip ram's-head orchid of northern North America having a brownish-green flower and red-and-white lip suggestive of a ram's head yellow lady's slipper maroon to purple-brown orchid with yellow lip; Europe, North America and Japan large yellow lady's slipper plant of eastern and central North America having slightly fragrant purple-marked greenish-yellow flowers California lady's slipper often having many yellow-green orchids with white pouches growing along streams and seeps of southwestern Oregon and northern California clustered lady's slipper clusters of several short stems each having 2 broad leaves and 2-4 drooping brownish to greenish flowers with pouches mottled with purple; British Columbia to central California and northern Colorado mountain lady's slipper leafy plant having a few stems in a clump with 1 white and dull purple flower in each upper leaf axil; Alaska to northern California and Wyoming Dactylorhiza genus of terrestrial orchids of Europe and Asia and North Africa marsh orchid any of several orchids of the genus Dactylorhiza having fingerlike tuberous roots; Europe and Mediterranean region common spotted orchid European orchid having lanceolate leaves spotted purple and pink to white or mauve flowers spotted or lined deep red or purple genus Dendrobium large genus and variable genus of chiefly epiphytic or lithophytic orchids of tropical and subtropical Asia and Australasia dendrobium a plant of the genus Dendrobium having stems like cane and usually showy racemose flowers genus Disa genus of showy tropical African terrestrial orchids disa any orchid of the genus Disa; beautiful orchids with dark green leaves and usually hooded flowers; much prized as emblematic flowers in their native regions Dryadella comprises tropical American species usually placed in genus Masdevallia: very dwarf plants having short tufted and usually unifoliate stems with usually solitary flowers Eburophyton a monocotyledonous genus of the family Orchidaceae phantom orchid waxy white nearly leafless plant with stems in clusters and racemes of white flowers; northwestern United States to northern California and east to Idaho Encyclia large genus of epiphytic and lithophytic orchids of tropical and subtropical Americas and West Indies; formerly included in genus Epidendrum tulip orchid Mexican epiphytic orchid with glaucous grey-green leaves and lemon- to golden-yellow flowers appearing only partially opened; sometimes placed in genus Cattleya Epidendrum large and variable genus of terrestrial or epiphytic or lithophytic orchids of tropical and subtropical Americas; some native to United States epidendron any of various orchids of the genus Epidendrum Epipactis genus of hardy orchids with leafy-bracted racemes of greenish or purplish irregular flowers Epipactis helleborine European orchid with spikes of green and pinkish or purplish flowers stream orchid orchid growing along streams or ponds of western North America having leafy stems and 1 greenish-brown and pinkish flower in the axil of each upper leaf Glossodia small genus of Australian orchids tongueflower orchid having blue to purple flowers with tongue-shaped or strap-shaped protuberances (calli) at the lip base Goodyera genus of small orchids of the northern hemisphere with creeping rhizomes and stalked ovate leaves and small flowers rattlesnake plantain any of several small temperate and tropical orchids having mottled or striped leaves and spikes of small yellowish-white flowers in a twisted raceme Grammatophyllum small genus of large epiphytic or terrestrial orchids of southeastern Asia to Polynesia; the giants of the Orchidaceae having long narrow leaves and drooping flower clusters often 6 feet long Gymnadenia small genus of terrestrial orchids of North America and temperate Eurasia fragrant orchid European orchid having dense spikes of fragrant pink or lilac or red flowers with conspicuous spurs short-spurred fragrant orchid similar to Gymnadenia conopsea but with smaller flowers on shorter stems and having much shorter spurs Gymnadeniopsis genus of North American terrestrial orchids usually included in genus Habenaria Habenaria chiefly terrestrial orchids with tubers or fleshy roots often having long slender spurs and petals and lip lobes; includes species formerly placed in genus Gymnadeniopsis fringed orchis any of several summer-flowering American orchids distinguished by a fringed or lacerated lip rein orchid any of several American wildflowers with a kidney-shaped lip bog rein orchid orchid with spikes of many fragrant white flowers on erect leafy stems; of wet or boggy ground through most of the West and northern North America white fringed orchis bog orchid of eastern North America with a spike of pure white fringed flowers elegant Habenaria slender inland rein orchid similar to coastal rein orchid but with pale greenish-yellow flowers purple-fringed orchid North American orchid similar to Habenaria psycodes with larger paler flowers North American orchid with clusters of fragrant purple fringed flowers coastal rein orchid stout orchid of central California to northern Washington having racemes of white fragrant bilaterally symmetrical flowers Hooker's orchid a long-spurred orchid with base leaves and petals converging under the upper sepal ragged orchid fringed orchid of the eastern United States having a greenish flower with the lip deeply lacerated prairie orchid orchid of boggy or wet lands of north central United States having racemes of very fragrant creamy or greenish white flowers snowy orchid slender fringed orchid of eastern North America having white flowers round-leaved rein orchid orchid having a raceme of large greenish-white flowers on a single flower stalk growing between two elliptic or round basal leaves lying on the ground; from northern Oregon and Montana across Canada to the eastern United States purple fringeless orchid orchid of northeastern and alpine eastern North America closely related to the purple fringed orchids but having rosy-purple or violet flowers with denticulate leaf divisions Alaska rein orchid similar to coastal rein orchid but with smaller flowers; Alaska to Baja California and east to the Dakotas and Colorado Hexalectris a monocotyledonous genus of the family Orchidaceae crested coral root orchid with yellowish-brown flowers with dark veins; southeastern Arizona to the eastern United States Texas purple spike orchid with slender nearly leafless reddish-brown stems with loose racemes of reddish-brown flowers; of open brushy woods of southeastern Arizona and central Texas Himantoglossum small genus of terrestrial orchids of Europe and Mediterranean region lizard orchid an orchid of the genus Himantoglossum genus Laelia large genus of mostly epiphytic or lithophytic Central and South American orchids of various sizes laelia any of various spectacular plants of the genus Laelia having showy flowers in many colors genus Liparis genus of terrestrial and epiphytic orchids; pantropical to temperate liparis an orchid of the genus Liparis having few leaves and usually fairly small yellow-green or dull purple flowers in terminal racemes twayblade an orchid of the genus Liparis having a pair of leaves orchid having a pair of ovate leaves and a long slender raceme of green flowers sometimes tinged red-brown; Europe to central Asia fen orchid small terrestrial orchid of eastern North America and Europe having two nearly basal leaves and dull yellow-green racemose flowers Listera genus of terrestrial orchids having usually a single pair of broad shining leaves near the middle of the stem; found in temperate Asia and North America and Europe broad-leaved twayblade small orchid with two elliptic leaves and a slender raceme of small green flowers; western North America lesser twayblade orchid having two triangular leaves and a short lax raceme of green to rust-colored flowers with the lip flushed mauve; Europe and Asia and North America and Greenland Malaxis large genus of largely terrestrial orchids with one or a few plicate leaves and slender spikes or tiny mostly green flowers; cosmopolitan green adder's mouth North American orchid having a solitary leaf and flowers with threadlike petals genus Masdevallia large genus of tropical American mostly epiphytic orchids whose flowers have sepals fused at the base forming a tube; includes orchids sometimes placed in genera Dracula and Dryadella and Scaphosepalum masdevallia any of numerous orchids of the genus Masdevallia; tufted evergreen often diminutive plants whose flowers in a remarkable range of colors usually resemble a tricorn with sepals fused at the base to form a tube genus Maxillaria large genus of tropical American epiphytic orchids with persistent leathery leaves and single-flowered scapes maxillaria any of numerous orchids of the genus Maxillaria often cultivated for their large brilliantly colored solitary flowers Miltonia genus of tropical American orchids pansy orchid any of various orchids of the genus Miltonia having solitary or loosely racemose showy broadly spreading flowers genus Odontoglossum large and important genus of tropical American mostly epiphytic orchids; some of the most widely grown species are often placed in other genera odontoglossum any of numerous and diverse orchids of the genus Odontoglossum having racemes of few to many showy usually large flowers in many colors genus Oncidium large genus of showy epiphytic or lithophytic or terrestrial orchids of tropical and subtropical America oncidium any orchid of the genus Oncidium: characterized by slender branching sprays of small yellow and brown flowers; often grown as houseplants Ophrys a hardy genus of terrestrial orchids of Europe and northern Africa and western Asia bee orchid European orchid whose flowers resemble bumble bees in shape and color fly orchid European orchid whose flowers resemble flies any of several dwarf creeping orchids with small bizarre insect-like hairy flowers on slender stalks early spider orchid spring-blooming spider orchid having a flower with yellow or green or pink sepals and a broad brown velvety lip Paphiopedilum horticulturally important genus of mainly terrestrial orchids including many hybrids; southeastern Asia and Indonesia to Philippines and Solomon Islands; Paphiopedilum species sometimes included in genus Cypripedium Venus' slipper any of various orchids of the genus Paphiopedilum having slender flower stalks bearing 1 to several waxy flowers with pouchlike lips genus Phaius genus of Asiatic and Australian terrestrial orchids phaius an orchid of the genus Phaius having large plicate leaves and racemes of showy flowers Phalaenopsis genus of ornamental epiphytic orchids of Asia and Australia moth orchid any of various orchids of the genus Phalaenopsis having often drooping glossy broad obovate or oval leaves usually dark green flushed purple or mottled grey and silver butterfly plant orchid having large elliptic to obovate fleshy leaves and fragrant pink-and-white flowers dotted with red rattlesnake orchid any of various orchids of the genus Pholidota having numerous white to brown flowers in spiraling racemes clothed in slightly inflated bracts and resembling a rattlesnake's tail Phragmipedium genus of tropical American orchid species often included in genus Cypripedium or Paphiopedilum and Selenipedium: lady slippers Platanthera herbaceous terrestrial orchids of temperate northern and southern hemispheres lesser butterfly orchid south European orchid having fragrant greenish-white flowers; sometimes placed in genus Habenaria greater butterfly orchid south European orchid with dark green flowers that are larger and less fragrant than Platanthera bifolia; sometimes placed in genus Habenaria prairie white-fringed orchid of central North America; a threatened species Plectorrhiza small genus of Australian orchids tangle orchid an orchid of the genus Plectorrhiza having tangled roots and long wiry stems bearing lax racemes of small fragrant green flowers Pleione small genus of dwarf orchids; India to Thailand and Taiwan Indian crocus any of several dwarf orchids of the genus Pleione bearing one or two solitary white or pink to magenta or occasionally yellow flowers with slender stalks genus Pleurothallis large genus of epiphytic or lithophytic orchids of tropical America pleurothallis any of numerous small tufted orchids of the genus Pleurothallis having leathery to fleshy leaves and racemes of 1 to many small flowers genus Pogonia small but widely distributed genus of orchids closely related to genus Cleistes;: of damp or boggy areas of north temperate zone pogonia any hardy bog orchid of the genus Pogonia: terrestrial orchids having slender rootstocks and erect stems bearing one or a few leaves and a solitary terminal flower Psychopsis epiphytic orchids of Central and South America formerly included in genus Oncidium Psychopsis krameriana orchid of South and Central America having flowers similar to but smaller than Psychopsis papilio; sometimes placed in genus Oncidium Psychopsis papilio orchid of South America and Trinidad having large yellow and reddish-brown flowers; sometimes placed in genus Oncidium Pterostylis genus of terrestrial orchids of Australia and New Zealand and western Pacific helmet orchid any of numerous orchids of the genus Pterostylis having leaves in a basal rosette and green flowers often striped purple or brown or red with the dorsal sepal incurved to form a hood Rhyncostylis genus of epiphytic orchids of tropical Asia foxtail orchid any of various orchids of the genus Rhyncostylis having pink- to purple-marked white flowers in a dense cylindrical raceme Sarcochilus diminutive epiphytic or lithophytic orchids with clumped short-stemmed foliage and arching racemes of colorful flowers; Australia and Polynesia to southeastern Asia orange-blossom orchid diminutive Australian orchid with loose racemes of fragrant white flowers with purple and orange markings on the lip Scaphosepalum comprises some tropical American species usually placed in genus Masdevallia: diminutive plants with small flowers carried on one scape Schomburgkia genus of tropical American epiphytic orchids with showy racemose flowers Selenipedium genus of tall reedlike tropical American orchids; includes species with pods used locally as a substitute for vanilla genus Sobralia genus of tropical American orchids sobralia any of various showy orchids of the genus Sobralia having leafy stems and bright-colored solitary or racemose flowers similar to those of genus Cattleya Spiranthes large cosmopolitan genus of white-flowered terrestrial orchids ladies' tresses an orchid of the genus Spiranthes having slender often twisted spikes of white flowers screw augur an orchid of the genus Spiranthes having tall erect densely flowered spiraling clusters of creamy white vanilla-scented flowers; widely distributed especially in low damp places of eastern and central North America hooded ladies' tresses orchid having dense clusters of gently spiraling creamy white flowers with 2 upper petals forming a hood; western North America western ladies' tresses similar to Spiranthes romanzoffiana; western United States European ladies' tresses European orchid having shorter racemes of strongly spiraling snow-white flowers genus Stanhopea genus of tropical American epiphytic orchids stanhopea any of various orchids of the genus Stanhopea having a single large leaf and loose racemes of large fragrant flowers of various colors; Mexico to Brazil genus Stelis genus of small caespitose orchids of tropical America stelis any of various small tropical American orchids of the genus Stelis having long slender racemes of numerous small to minute flowers Trichoceros small genus of small epiphytic or terrestrial orchids of tropical South America genus Vanda genus of showy epiphytic orchids of Himalayas to Malaysia vanda any of numerous showy orchids of the genus Vanda having many large flowers in loose racemes blue orchid famous orchid of northern India having large pale to deep lilac-blue flowers genus Vanilla large genus of tropical climbing orchids; Old and New Worlds vanilla orchid a climbing orchid bearing a podlike fruit yielding vanilla beans; widely cultivated from Florida southward throughout tropical America vanillin a crystalline compound found in vanilla beans and some balsam resins; used in perfumes and flavorings Burmanniaceae family of chiefly tropical herbs with basal leaves like bracts and small flowers Burmannia type genus of the Burmanniaceae; slender herbs of warm regions with leaves resembling scales and flowers with a three-angled or three-winged perianth Dioscoreaceae yams Dioscorea yams white yam grown in Australasia and Polynesia for its large root with fine edible white flesh cinnamon vine hardy Chinese vine naturalized in United States and cultivated as an ornamental climber for its glossy heart-shaped cinnamon-scented leaves and in the tropics for its edible tubers air potato yam of tropical Africa and Asia cultivated for it large tubers Hottentot bread thick edible rootstock of elephant's-foot wild yam having a rhizome formerly dried and used to treat rheumatism or liver disorders cush-cush tropical American yam with small yellow edible tubers Tamus a genus of tuberous vines of the family Dioscoreaceae; has twining stems and heart-shaped leaves and axillary racemes black bryony common European twining vine with tuberous roots and cordate leaves and red berries Primulales Primulaceae; Theophrastaceae; Myrsinaceae; and (in some classifications) Plumbaginaceae Primulaceae a dicotyledonous family of the order Primulales with a regular flower; widely distributed in the northern hemisphere genus Primula very large and important genus of plants of temperate Europe and Asia having showy flowers primrose any of numerous short-stemmed plants of the genus Primula having tufted basal leaves and showy flowers clustered in umbels or heads English primrose plant of western and southern Europe widely cultivated for its pale yellow flowers cowslip early spring flower common in British isles having fragrant yellow or sometimes purple flowers oxlip Eurasian primrose with yellow flowers clustered in a one-sided umbel Chinese primrose cultivated Asiatic primrose polyanthus florists' primroses; considered a complex hybrid derived from oxlip, cowslip, and common primrose Anagallis chiefly Old World herbs pimpernel any of several plants of the genus Anagallis scarlet pimpernel herb with scarlet or white or purple blossoms that close at approach of rainy weather bog pimpernel small creeping European herb having delicate pink flowers Centunculus a dicotyledonous genus of the family Primulaceae chaffweed weedy plant having short dry chafflike leaves genus Cyclamen genus of widely cultivated flowering Eurasian herbs with centrally depressed rounded tubers and rounded heart-shaped leaves cyclamen Mediterranean plant widely cultivated as a houseplant for its showy dark green leaves splotched with silver and nodding white or pink to reddish flowers with reflexed petals sowbread common wild European cyclamen with pink flowers Glaux sea milkwort sea milkwort a small fleshy herb common along North American seashores and in brackish marshes having pink or white flowers Hottonia aquatic herbs featherfoil a plant of the genus Hottonia water gillyflower a featherfoil of the eastern United States with submerged spongy inflated flower stalks and white flowers water violet featherfoil of Europe and western Asia having submerged and floating leaves and violet flowers Lysimachia loosestrife: a cosmopolitan genus found in damp or swampy terrain having usually yellow flowers; inclined to be invasive loosestrife any of various herbs and subshrubs of the genus Lysimachia any of numerous herbs and subshrubs of the genus Lythrum gooseneck loosestrife a variety of the loosestrife herb yellow pimpernel trailing European evergreen with yellow flowers fringed loosestrife of North America moneywort a loosestrife vine yellow loosestrife frequently considered a weed; Europe and Asia swamp candles North American plant with spikes of yellow flowers, found in wet places whorled loosestrife common North American yellow-flowered plant Samolus genus of herbs usually growing in salt marshes: water pimpernels water pimpernel a white-flowered aquatic plant of the genus Samolus brookweed water pimpernel of Europe to China American water pimpernel Myrsinaceae family of Old World tropical trees and shrubs; some in Florida Myrsine evergreen trees and shrubs having aromatic foliage; Africa; Asia (New Zealand) Ardisia tropical evergreen subshrubs (some climbers) to trees of Asia and Australasia to Americas coralberry shrub with coral-red berries; Japan to northern India North American deciduous shrub cultivated for it abundant clusters of coral-red berrylike fruits marlberry tropical American shrub or small tree with brown wood and dark berries Plumbaginales coextensive with the family Plumbaginaceae; usually included in order Primulales Plumbaginaceae perennial herbs and shrubs and lianas; cosmopolitan especially in saltwater areas genus Plumbago shrubs and herbs and woody vines of warm regions: leadwort plumbago any plumbaginaceous plant of the genus Plumbago leadwort a plant of the genus Plumbago with blue flowers Armeria shrubby or herbaceous low-growing evergreen perennials thrift any of numerous sun-loving low-growing evergreens of the genus Armeria having round heads of pink or white flowers cliff rose tufted thrift of seacoasts and mountains of north temperate zone; occasionally grown as a ground cover Limonium sea lavender sea lavender any of various plants of the genus Limonium of temperate salt marshes having spikes of white or mauve flowers Theophrastaceae family of mainly tropical American trees and shrubs similar to those of the Myrsinaceae; often included in the Myrsinaceae Jacquinia sometimes placed in family Myrsinaceae bracelet wood small West Indian shrub or tree with hard glossy seeds patterned yellow and brown that are used to make bracelets barbasco West Indian shrub or small tree having leathery saponaceous leaves and extremely hard wood Graminales grasses; sedges; rushes Gramineae the grasses: chiefly herbaceous but some woody plants including cereals; bamboo; reeds; sugar cane gramineous plant cosmopolitan herbaceous or woody plants with hollow jointed stems and long narrow leaves grass narrow-leaved green herbage: grown as lawns; used as pasture for grazing animals; cut and dried as hay shoot down, of birds feed with grass cover with grass spread out clothes on the grass to let it dry and bleach cover with grass; "The owners decided to grass their property" beach grass tough grasses with strong roots that can grow on exposed sandy shores bunchgrass any of various grasses of many genera that grow in tufts or clumps rather than forming a sod or mat; chiefly of western United States midgrass any of various grasses of moderate height which covered the undisturbed prairie in the United States; includes most of the forage grasses of the temperate zone shortgrass any of various grasses that are short and can tolerate drought conditions; common on the dry upland plains just east of the Rocky Mountains sword grass any of various grasses or sedges having sword-shaped leaves with sharp edges tallgrass any of various grasses that are tall and that flourish with abundant moisture lemongrass a tropical grass native to India and Sri Lanka an aromatic oil that smells like lemon and is widely used in Asian cooking and in perfumes and medicines herbage succulent herbaceous vegetation of pasture land Aegilops goat grass goat grass European grass naturalized as a weed in North America; sharp-pointed seeds cause injury when eaten by livestock Agropyron perennial grasses of temperate and cool regions: wheatgrass; dog grass wheatgrass a grass of the genus Agropyron crested wheatgrass Eurasian grass grown in United States great plains area for forage and erosion control dog grass European grass spreading rapidly by creeping rhizomes; naturalized in North America as a weed bearded wheatgrass a wheatgrass with straight terminal awns on the flowering glumes western wheatgrass valuable forage grass of western United States intermediate wheatgrass Asiatic grass introduced into United States rangelands for pasture and fodder slender wheatgrass North American grass cultivated in western United States as excellent forage crop Agrostis annual or perennial grasses cosmopolitan in northern hemisphere: bent grass (so named from `bent' meaning an area of unfenced grassland) velvet bent common grass with slender stems and narrow leaves cloud grass Spanish grass with light feathery panicles grown for dried bouquets creeping bent common pasture or lawn grass spread by long runners Alopecurus annual or perennial grasses including decorative and meadow species as well as notorious agricultural weeds meadow foxtail stout erect perennial grass of northern parts of Old World having silky flowering spikes; widely cultivated for pasture and hay; naturalized in North America foxtail grasses of the genera Alopecurus and Setaria having dense silky or bristly brushlike flowering spikes Andropogon tall annual or perennial grasses with spikelike racemes; warm regions broom grass any of several grasses of the genus Andropogon; used in broom making broom sedge tall tufted grass of southeastern United States Arrhenatherum oat grass tall oat grass coarse perennial Eurasian grass resembling oat; found on roadside verges and rough grassland and in hay meadows; introduced in North America for forage Arundo any of several coarse tall perennial grasses of most warm areas: reeds toetoe used by Maoris for thatching giant reed large rhizomatous perennial grasses found by riversides and in ditches having jointed stems and large grey-white feathery panicles Avena oats cereal oat widely cultivated in temperate regions for its edible grains wild oat common in meadows and pastures slender wild oat oat of southern Europe and southwestern Asia wild red oat Mediterranean oat held to be progenitor of modern cultivated oat Bromus a genus of grasses of the family Gramineae brome any of various woodland and meadow grasses of the genus Bromus; native to temperate regions awnless bromegrass drought-resistant perennial with awns lacking or very short and long creeping rhizomes; Europe and temperate Asia downy brome annual or winter annual grass with softly hairy leaves of the Mediterranean field brome annual grass of Europe and temperate Asia Japanese brome grass of Mediterranean and temperate Asia Bouteloua forage grasses grama pasture grass of plains of South America and western North America blue grama a pasture grass of western North America black grama a pasture grass (especially of western coastal regions of North America) Buchloe buffalo grass buffalo grass short grass growing on dry plains of central United States (where buffalo roam) Calamagrostis reed grass reed grass any of various tall perennial grasses of the genus Calamagrostis having feathery plumes; natives of marshland fens and wet woodlands of temperate northern hemisphere feather reed grass a variety of reed grass Australian reed grass tall Australian reedlike grass sometimes used for hay Cenchrus a genus of grasses of the family Gramineae that have burs burgrass a grass of the genus Cenchrus sandbur grass of the eastern United States and tropical America having spikelets enclosed in prickly burs buffel grass erect tussock-forming perennial bur grass used particularly in South Africa and Australia for pasture and forage Chloris tufted or perennial or annual grasses having runners: finger grass; windmill grass finger grass any grass of the genus Chloris; occurs in short grassland especially on waste ground or poor soils Rhodes grass perennial grass of South Africa introduced into United States; cultivated as forage grass in dry regions windmill grass perennial Australian grass having numerous long spikes arranged like the vanes of a windmill Cortaderia tall ornamental grasses of South America and New Zealand and New Guinea: pampas grass pampas grass tall perennial grass of pampas of South America having silvery plumes and growing in large dense clumps plumed tussock tall grass of New Zealand grown for plumelike flower heads Cynodon creeping perennial grasses of tropical and southern Africa Bermuda grass trailing grass native to Europe now cosmopolitan in warm regions; used for lawns and pastures especially in southern United States and India giant star grass perennial grass having stems 3 to 4 feet high; used especially in Africa and India for pasture and hay Dactylis a monocotyledonous grass of the family Gramineae (has only one species) orchard grass widely grown stout Old World hay and pasture grass Dactyloctenium a monocotyledonous genus of the family Gramineae Egyptian grass a creeping grass with spikes like fingers Digitaria crab grass; finger grass crabgrass grasses with creeping stems that root freely; a pest in lawns smooth crabgrass a weed large crabgrass a European forage grass grown for hay; a naturalized weed in United States Echinochloa annual or perennial succulent grasses of warm regions barnyard grass a coarse annual panic grass; a cosmopolitan weed; occasionally used for hay or grazing Japanese millet coarse annual grass cultivated in Japan and southeastern Asia for its edible seeds and for forage; important wildlife food in United States Eleusine annual and perennial grasses of savannas and upland grasslands yardgrass coarse annual grass having fingerlike spikes of flowers; native to Old World tropics; a naturalized weed elsewhere finger millet East Indian cereal grass whose seed yield a somewhat bitter flour, a staple in the Orient Elymus tall tufted perennial grasses (such as lyme grass or wild rye) lyme grass a grass of the genus Elymus wild rye any of several grasses of the genus Elymus giant ryegrass stout perennial grass of western North America sea lyme grass a dune grass of the Pacific seacoast used as a sand binder Canada wild rye North American wild rye medusa's head weedy rye grass having long bristling awns African dwarf succulent perennial shrub with numerous slender drooping branches Eragrostis annual or perennial grasses of tropics and subtropics love grass any of various grasses of the genus Eragrostis; specially useful for forage and for the prevention of erosion teff an African grass economically important as a cereal grass (yielding white flour of good quality) as well as for forage and hay weeping love grass perennial South African grass having densely clumped flimsy stems; introduced into United States especially for erosion control Erianthus genus of reedlike grasses having spikes crowded in a panicle covered with long silky hairs plume grass a reedlike grass of the genus Erianthus having large plumes Ravenna grass grass often cultivated for its long white-ribbed leaves and large plumes resembling those of pampas grass Festuca a genus of tufted perennial grasses of the family Gramineae fescue grass with wide flat leaves cultivated in Europe and America for permanent pasture and hay and for lawns sheep fescue cultivated for sheep pasturage in upland regions or used as a lawn grass silver grass of Australia and New Zealand Glyceria manna grass manna grass any of several moisture-loving grasses of the genus Glyceria having sweet flavor or odor reed meadow grass a pasture grass of moist places throughout North America Holcus a genus of Old World grasses widely cultivated in America velvet grass tall European perennial grass having a velvety stem; naturalized in United States and used for forage creeping soft grass European perennial grass with soft velvety foliage Hordeum annual to perennial grasses of temperate northern hemisphere and South America: barley common barley grass yielding grain used for breakfast food and animal feed and in malt beverages barleycorn a grain of barley barley grass European annual grass often found as a weed in waste ground especially along roadsides and hedgerows squirreltail barley barley grown for its highly ornamental flower heads with delicate long silky awns; North America and northeastern Asia little barley annual barley native to western North America and widespread in southern United States and tropical America Leymus genus that in some classifications overlaps the genus Elymus Lolium darnel; ryegrass rye grass any of several annual or perennial Eurasian grasses perennial ryegrass European perennial grass widely cultivated for pasture and hay and as a lawn grass Italian ryegrass European grass much used for hay and in United States also for turf and green manure darnel weedy annual grass often occurs in grainfields and other cultivated land; seeds sometimes considered poisonous Muhlenbergia a genus of grasses of the family Gramineae grown in America and Asia nimblewill slender branching American grass of some value for grazing in central United States Oryza rice cultivated rice yields the staple food of 50 percent of world's population Oryzopsis rice grass ricegrass any grass of the genus Oryzopsis mountain rice valuable forage grass of dry upland areas and plains of western North America to northern Mexico smilo perennial mountain rice native to Mediterranean region and introduced into North America Panicum panic grass panic grass any grass of the genus Panicum; grown for grain and fodder witchgrass North American grass with slender brushy panicles; often a weed on cultivated land switch grass grass of western America used for hay broomcorn millet extensively cultivated in Europe and Asia for its grain and in United States sometimes for forage goose grass annual weedy grass used for hay genus Paspalum a genus of perennial grasses of warm regions dallisgrass tall tufted perennial tropical American grass naturalized as pasture and forage grass in southern United States Bahia grass perennial tropical American grass used as pasture grass in arid areas of the Gulf States knotgrass low-growing weedy grass with spikelets along the leaf stems Pennisetum a genus of Old World grasses pearl millet tall grass having cattail like spikes; grown in Africa and Asia for its grain and in the United States chiefly for forage; sometimes used in making beer fountain grass tall perennial ornamental grass with long nodding flower plumes of tropical Africa and Asia feathertop northeastern tropical African plant having feathery panicles Phalaris a genus of grasses with broad leaves and a dense spike of flowers reed canary grass perennial grass of marshy meadows and ditches having broad leaves; Europe and North America canary grass Canary Islands grass; seeds used as feed for caged birds hardinggrass perennial grass of Australia and South Africa; introduced in North America as forage grass Phleum grasses native to temperate regions Phragmites reeds of marshes and riversides in tropical or temperate regions ditch reed tall North American reed having relative wide leaves and large plumelike panicles; widely distributed in moist areas; used for mats, screens and arrow shafts Poa chiefly perennial grasses of cool temperate regions meadowgrass any of various grasses that thrive in the presence of abundant moisture Kentucky bluegrass valuable meadow and pasture grass in Europe and especially central United States having tall stalks and slender bright green leaves; a chief constituent in lawn grass mixtures wood meadowgrass slender European grass of shady places; grown also in northeastern America and temperate Asia Saccharum tall perennial reedlike grass originally of southeastern Asia: sugarcane sugarcane tall tropical southeast Asian grass having stout fibrous jointed stalks; sap is a chief source of sugar juicy canes whose sap is a source of molasses and commercial sugar; fresh canes are sometimes chewed for the juice noble cane sugarcanes representing the highest development of the species; characterized by large juicy stalks with soft rinds and high sugar content munj tough Asiatic grass whose culms are used for ropes and baskets Schizachyrium overlaps the genus Andropogon broom beard grass handsome hardy North American grass with foliage turning pale bronze in autumn bluestem tall grass with smooth bluish leaf sheaths grown for hay in the United States Secale cereal grass widely cultivated for its grain: rye Setaria annual or perennial grasses of warm regions: bristlegrasses bristlegrass grasses of grasslands and woodlands having large gracefully arching spikes with long bristles beneath each spikelet giant foxtail two species of coarse annual foxtails that are naturalized weeds in United States yellow bristlegrass common weedy and bristly grass found in nearly all temperate areas green bristlegrass European foxtail naturalized in North America; often a troublesome weed foxtail millet coarse drought-resistant annual grass grown for grain, hay, and forage in Europe and Asia and chiefly for forage and hay in United States Siberian millet millet having orange to reddish grains in long bristly spikes German millet millet having yellow grains in large drooping spikes genus Sorghum annual or perennial tropical and subtropical cereal grasses: sorghum great millet important for human and animal food; growth habit and stem form similar to Indian corn but having sawtooth-edged leaves grain sorghum any of several sorghums cultivated primarily for grain durra sorghums of dry regions of Asia and North Africa feterita a Sudanese sorghum having exceptionally large soft white grains hegari Sudanese sorghums having white seeds; one variety grown in southwestern United States kaoliang sorghums of China and Manchuria having small white or brown grains (used for food) and dry pithy stalks (used for fodder, fuel and thatching) milo small drought-resistant sorghums having large yellow or whitish grains shallu sorghum having slender dry stalks and small hard grains; introduced into United States from India sorgo any of several sorghums cultivated as a source of syrup Johnson grass tall perennial grass that spreads by creeping rhizomes and is grown for fodder; naturalized in southern United States where it is a serious pest on cultivated land broomcorn tall grasses grown for the elongated stiff-branched panicle used for brooms and brushes Spartina grass of freshwater swamps and salt marshes of Europe, Africa, America, and South Atlantic islands cordgrass any of several perennial grasses of the genus Spartina; some important as coastal soil binders salt reed grass tall reedlike grass common in salt meadows prairie cordgrass North American cordgrass having leaves with dry membranous margins and glumes with long awns Sporobolus cosmopolitan annual and perennial grasses (as dropseed or rush grass) dropseed a grass of the genus Sporobolus smut grass grass native to West Indies but common in southern United States having tufted wiry stems often infested with a dark fungus sand dropseed erect smooth grass of sandy places in eastern North America rush grass grass having wiry stems and sheathed panicles Stenotaphrum lawn grasses St. Augustine grass low mat-forming grass of southern United States and tropical America; grown as a lawn grass Triticum annual cereal grasses from Mediterranean area; widely cultivated in temperate regions wheat berry a grain of wheat durum wheat with hard dark-colored kernels high in gluten and used for bread and pasta; grown especially in southern Russia, North Africa, and northern central North America soft wheat wheat with soft starch kernels used in pastry and breakfast cereals common wheat widely cultivated in temperate regions in many varieties for its commercially important grain spelt hardy wheat grown mostly in Europe for livestock feed emmer hard red wheat grown especially in Russia and Germany; in United States as stock feed wild wheat found wild in Palestine; held to be prototype of cultivated wheat Zea corn mealie an ear of corn field corn corn grown primarily for animal feed or market grain dent corn corn whose kernels contain both hard and soft starch and become indented at maturity flint corn corn having kernels with a hard outer layer enclosing the soft endosperm soft corn corn having kernels almost entirely of soft starch cornsilk each of the long filamentous styles that grow as a silky tuft at the tip of an ear of Indian corn Zizania wild rice genus Zoysia lawn grasses native to southeastern Asia and New Zealand; grown especially in warm regions zoysia any of several creeping grasses of the genus Zoysia Manila grass lawn grass common in the Philippines; grown also in United States Korean lawn grass lawn grass common in China and Japan; grown also in United States mascarene grass Asiatic creeping perennial grass; introduced in southern United States as a drought-resistant lawn grass Bambuseae bamboos bamboo woody tropical grass having hollow woody stems; mature canes used for construction and furniture the hard woody stems of bamboo plants; used in construction and crafts and fishing poles Bambusa tall tender clumping bamboos common bamboo extremely vigorous bamboo having thin-walled culms striped green and yellow; so widely cultivated that native area is uncertain Arundinaria North American bamboo giant cane tall grass of southern United States growing in thickets small cane small cane of watery or moist areas in southern United States Dendrocalamus giant clump-forming bamboos giant bamboo immense tropical southeast Asian bamboo with tough hollow culms that resemble tree trunks Phyllostachys medium and large bamboos fishpole bamboo small bamboo of southeastern China having slender culms flexuous when young black bamboo small bamboo having thin green culms turning shining black giant timber bamboo large bamboo having thick-walled culms; native of China and perhaps Japan; widely grown elsewhere Cyperaceae bulrush; chufa; cotton grass; papyrus; umbrella plant sedge grasslike or rushlike plant growing in wet places having solid stems, narrow grasslike leaves and spikelets of inconspicuous flowers Cyperus type genus of Cyperaceae; grasslike rhizomatous herbs; cosmopolitan except very cold regions umbrella plant African sedge widely cultivated as an ornamental water plant for its terminal umbrellalike cluster of slender grasslike leaves late blooming perennial plant of shale barrens of Virginia having flowers in flat-topped clusters rhizomatous perennial herb with large dramatic peltate leaves and white to bright pink flowers in round heads on leafless stems; colonizes stream banks in the Sierra Nevada in California chufa European sedge having small edible nutlike tubers galingale European sedge having rough-edged leaves and spikelets of reddish flowers and aromatic roots nutgrass a widely distributed perennial sedge having small edible nutlike tubers Carex large genus of plants found in damp woodlands and bogs and ditches or at water margins: sedges sand sedge European maritime sedge naturalized along Atlantic coast of United States; rootstock has properties of sarsaparilla cypress sedge tufted sedge of temperate regions; nearly cosmopolitan Eriophorum cotton grass cotton grass any sedge of the genus Eriophorum; north temperate bog plants with tufted spikes common cotton grass having densely tufted white cottony or downlike glumes Scirpus rhizomatous perennial grasslike herbs hardstem bulrush widely distributed North American sedge having rigid olive green stems wool grass sedge of eastern North America having numerous clustered woolly spikelets Eleocharis sedges having dense spikes of flowers and leaves reduced to basal sheaths spike rush a sedge of the genus Eleocharis needle spike rush fine-leaved aquatic spike rush; popular as aerator for aquariums creeping spike rush cylindrical-stemmed sedge Pandanales families Typhaceae; Sparganiaceae; Pandanaceae Pandanaceae family of woody plants of the order Pandanales including pandanus genus Pandanus type genus of the Pandanaceae (as screw pines) pandanus any of various Old World tropical palmlike trees having huge prop roots and edible conelike fruits and leaves like pineapple leaves fiber from leaves of the pandanus tree; used for woven articles (such as mats) textile screw pine Polynesian screw pine Typhaceae perennial marsh plants with creeping rootstocks and long linear leaves Typha reed maces; cattails cattail tall erect herbs with sword-shaped leaves; cosmopolitan in fresh and salt marshes cat's-tail tall marsh plant with cylindrical seed heads that explode when mature shedding large quantities of down; its long flat leaves are used for making mats and chair seats; of North America, Europe, Asia and North Africa lesser bullrush reed maces of America, Europe, North Africa, Asia Sparganiaceae coextensive with the genus Sparganium Sparganium type and sole genus of Sparganiaceae; marsh or aquatic herbs of temperate regions bur reed marsh plant having elongated linear leaves and round prickly fruit Cucurbitaceae a family of herbaceous vines (such as cucumber or melon or squash or pumpkin) cucurbit any plant of the family Cucurbitaceae Cucurbita type genus of the Cucurbitaceae cymling squash plant having flattened round fruit with a scalloped edge; usually greenish white winter crookneck any of various plants bearing squash having hard rinds and elongated recurved necks prairie gourd perennial vine of dry parts of central and southwestern United States and Mexico having small hard mottled green inedible fruit small hard green-and-white inedible fruit of the prairie gourd plant genus Bryonia climbing perennial herbs: bryony bryony a vine of the genus Bryonia having large leaves and small flowers and yielding acrid juice with emetic and purgative properties white bryony white-flowered vine having thick roots and bearing small black berries; Europe to Iran red bryony bryony having fleshy roots pale green flowers and very small red berries; Europe; North Africa; western Asia Citrullus a dicot genus of the family Cucurbitaceae including watermelons Cucumis cucumbers; muskmelons sweet melon any of several varieties of vine whose fruit has a netted rind and edible flesh and a musky smell cantaloupe a variety of muskmelon vine having fruit with a tan rind and orange flesh Ecballium exploding cucumber; squirting cucumber squirting cucumber Mediterranean vine having oblong fruit that when ripe expels its seeds and juice violently when touched Lagenaria bottle gourds bottle gourd Old World climbing plant with hard-shelled bottle-shaped gourds as fruits genus Luffa dishcloth gourds luffa any of several tropical annual climbers having large yellow flowers and edible young fruits; grown commercially for the mature fruit's dried fibrous interior that is used as a sponge loofah the loofah climber that has cylindrical fruit angled loofah loofah of Pakistan; widely cultivated throughout tropics loofa the dried fibrous part of the fruit of a plant of the genus Luffa; used as a washing sponge or strainer Momordica Old World tropical vine balsam apple a tropical Old World flowering vine with red or orange warty fruit balsam pear tropical Old World vine with yellow-orange fruit Goodeniaceae a family of sappy plants that grow in Australasia and southeast China Goodenia a genus of shrubs and herbs that grow in Australia and New Guinea and Malaysia and southeast Asia Lobeliaceae not recognized in all classification systems; in some classifications lobeliaceous plants are included in family Campanulaceae genus Lobelia in some classifications considered the type genus of a separate family Lobeliaceae lobelia any plant or flower of the genus Lobelia cardinal flower North American lobelia having brilliant red flowers Indian tobacco North American wild lobelia having small blue flowers and inflated capsules formerly used as an antispasmodic water lobelia erect perennial aquatic herb of Europe and North America having submerged spongy leaves and pendulous racemes of blue flowers above the water great lobelia tall erect and very leafy perennial herb of eastern North America having dense spikes of blue flowers Malvales Malvaceae; Bombacaceae; Elaeocarpaceae; Sterculiaceae; Tiliaceae Malvaceae herbs and shrubs and some trees: mallows; cotton; okra Malva herbs and subshrubs: mallows mallow any of various plants of the family Malvaceae musk mallow erect Old World perennial with faintly musk-scented foliage and white or pink flowers; adventive in United States common mallow annual Old World plant with clusters of pink or white flowers; naturalized in United States tall mallow erect or decumbent Old World perennial with axillary clusters of rosy-purple flowers; introduced in United States Abelmoschus genus of tropical coarse herbs having large lobed leaves and often yellow flowers okra tall coarse annual of Old World tropics widely cultivated in southern United States and West Indies for its long mucilaginous green pods used as basis for soups and stews; sometimes placed in genus Hibiscus long green edible beaked pods of the okra plant abelmosk bushy herb of tropical Asia grown for its yellow or pink to scarlet blooms that resemble the hibiscus Abutilon herbs or shrubs or small trees: flowering maple; Indian mallow flowering maple an ornamental plant of the genus Abutilon having leaves that resemble maple leaves velvetleaf tall annual herb or subshrub of tropical Asia having velvety leaves and yellow flowers and yielding a strong fiber; naturalized in southeastern Europe and United States Alcea genus of erect herbs of the Middle East having showy flowers: hollyhocks; in some classification systems synonymous with genus Althaea hollyhock any of various tall plants of the genus Alcea; native to the Middle East but widely naturalized and cultivated for its very large variously colored flowers rose mallow plant with terminal racemes of showy white to pink or purple flowers; the English cottage garden hollyhock showy shrub of salt marshes of the eastern United States having large rose-colored flowers genus Althaea hollyhocks; in some classification systems synonymous with genus Alcea althea any of various plants of the genus Althaea; similar to but having smaller flowers than genus Alcea marsh mallow European perennial plant naturalized in United States having triangular ovate leaves and lilac-pink flowers Callirhoe small genus of North American herbs having usually red or purple flowers poppy mallow a plant of the genus Callirhoe having palmately cleft leaves and white to red or purple flowers borne throughout the summer fringed poppy mallow perennial poppy mallow of United States southern plains states having rose-red or rose-purple flowers purple poppy mallow hairy perennial of central United States having round deeply lobed leaves and loose panicles of large crimson-purple or cherry-red flowers clustered poppy mallow densely hairy perennial having mostly triangular basal leaves and rose-purple flowers in panicled clusters Gossypium herbs and shrubs and small trees: cotton tree cotton East Indian shrub cultivated especially for ornament for its pale yellow to deep purple blossoms sea island cotton small bushy tree grown on islands of the Caribbean and off the Atlantic coast of the southern United States; yields cotton with unusually long silky fibers Levant cotton Old World annual having heart-shaped leaves and large seeds with short greyish lint removed with difficulty; considered an ancestor of modern short-staple cottons upland cotton native tropical American plant now cultivated in the United States yielding short-staple cotton Peruvian cotton cotton with long rough hairy fibers Egyptian cotton fine somewhat brownish long-staple cotton grown in Egypt; believed to be derived from sea island cotton or by hybridization with Peruvian cotton wild cotton shrub of southern Arizona and Mexico genus Hibiscus large genus of tropical and subtropical herbs and shrubs and trees often grown as ornamentals for their profusion of large flowers in a variety of colors hibiscus any plant of the genus Hibiscus kenaf valuable fiber plant of East Indies now widespread in cultivation fiber from an East Indian plant Hibiscus cannabinus Cuban bast erect forest tree of Cuba and Jamaica having variably hairy leaves and orange-yellow or orange-red flowers; yields a moderately dense timber for cabinetwork and gunstocks sorrel tree Australian tree with acid foliage deciduous shrubby tree of eastern North America having deeply fissured bark and sprays of small fragrant white flowers and sour-tasting leaves China rose large showy Asiatic shrub or small tree having large single or double red to deep-red flowers shrubby Chinese rose; ancestor of many cultivated garden roses roselle East Indian sparsely prickly annual herb or perennial subshrub widely cultivated for its fleshy calyxes used in tarts and jelly and for its bast fiber rose of Sharon Asiatic shrub or small shrubby tree having showy bell-shaped rose or purple or white flowers and usually three-lobed leaves; widely cultivated in temperate North America and Europe mahoe shrubby tree widely distributed along tropical shores; yields a light tough wood used for canoe outriggers and a fiber used for cordage and caulk; often cultivated for ornament flower-of-an-hour annual weedy herb with ephemeral yellow purple-eyed flowers; Old World tropics; naturalized as a weed in North America Hoheria small genus of shrubs and small trees of New Zealand: lacebarks lacebark small tree or shrub of New Zealand having a profusion of axillary clusters of honey-scented paper-white flowers and whose bark is used for cordage Iliamna small genus of perennial herbs or subshrubs; some often placed in other genera wild hollyhock a rare mallow found only in Illinois resembling the common hollyhock and having pale rose-mauve flowers; sometimes placed in genus Sphaeralcea mountain hollyhock perennial of northwestern United States and western Canada resembling a hollyhock and having white or pink flowers Kosteletzya small genus of herbs of southeastern United States and tropical America and Africa seashore mallow any of various plants of the genus Kosteletzya predominantly of coastal habitats; grown for their flowers that resemble hibiscus salt marsh mallow subshrub of southeastern United States to New York Lavatera widespread genus of herbs or softwood arborescent shrubs cultivated for their showy flowers tree mallow arborescent perennial shrub having palmately lobed furry leaves and showy red-purple flowers; southwestern United States Malacothamnus genus of shrubs or small trees: chaparral mallow chaparral mallow shrub of coastal ranges of California and Baja California having hairy branches and spikes of numerous mauve flowers; sometimes placed in genus Sphaeralcea genus Malope small genus of chiefly European herbs malope western Mediterranean annual having deep purple-red flowers subtended by 3 large cordate bracts Malvastrum genus of mallows characterized by red and yellow flowers often placed in other genera false mallow an American plant of the genus Malvastrum Malvaviscus small genus of shrubs of Central and South America: wax mallows waxmallow any of various plants of the genus Malvaviscus having brilliant bell-shaped drooping flowers like incompletely opened hibiscus flowers Napaea one species: glade mallow glade mallow tall coarse American herb having palmate leaves and numerous small white dioecious flowers; found wild in most alluvial soils of eastern and central United States genus Pavonia genus of tropical hairy shrubs or herbs of tropics and subtropics especially South America pavonia any of various evergreen plants of the genus Pavonia having white or yellow or purple flowers Plagianthus small genus of shrubs and trees of Australia and New Zealand ribbon tree deciduous New Zealand tree whose inner bark yields a strong fiber that resembles flax and is called New Zealand cotton New Zealand cotton a fiber from the bast of New Zealand ribbon trees that resembles cotton fiber Radyera very small genus of shrubs of southern hemisphere: bush hibiscus bush hibiscus southern and western Australian shrub with unlobed or shallowly lobed toothed leaves and purple flowers; sometimes placed in genus Hibiscus Sida large genus of tropical subshrubs or herbs some of which yield fibers of mucilaginous substances Virginia mallow tall handsome perennial herb of southeastern United States having maplelike leaves and white flowers Queensland hemp herb widely distributed in tropics and subtropics used for forage and medicinally as a demulcent and having a fine soft bast stronger than jute; sometimes an aggressive weed Indian mallow tropical American weed having pale yellow or orange flowers naturalized in southern United States Sidalcea genus of showy plants of western North America having palmate leaves and variously colored racemose flowers checkerbloom perennial purple-flowered wild mallow of western North America that is also cultivated Sphaeralcea large genus of chiefly tropical herbs with showy flowers and mostly globose fruits: globe mallows globe mallow genus of coarse herbs and subshrubs of arid North and South America having pink or scarlet flowers and globose fruits prairie mallow false mallow of western United States having racemose red flowers; sometimes placed in genus Malvastrum Thespesia a small genus of tropical trees including the portia tree tulipwood tree any of various trees yielding variously colored woods similar to true tulipwood portia tree pantropical tree of usually seacoasts sometimes cultivated as an ornamental for its rounded heart-shaped leaves and showy yellow and purple flowers; yields valuable pink to dark red close-grained wood and oil from its seeds Bombacaceae tropical trees with large dry or fleshy fruit containing usually woolly seeds Bombax trees of chiefly South America red silk-cotton tree East Indian silk cotton tree yielding fibers inferior to kapok Adansonia baobab; cream-of-tartar tree cream-of-tartar tree Australian tree having an agreeably acid fruit that resembles a gourd baobab African tree having an exceedingly thick trunk and fruit that resembles a gourd and has an edible pulp called monkey bread Ceiba tropical American trees with palmately compound leaves and showy bell-shaped flowers kapok massive tropical tree with deep ridges on its massive trunk and bearing large pods of seeds covered with silky floss; source of the silky kapok fiber a plant fiber from the kapok tree; used for stuffing and insulation Durio a genus of tall Asian trees of the family Bombacaceae genus Montezuma one species: medium-sized evergreen tree of Puerto Rico or Mexico Montezuma evergreen tree with large leathery leaves and large pink to orange flowers; considered a link plant between families Bombacaceae and Sterculiaceae Ochroma one species: balsa balsa forest tree of lowland Central America having a strong very light wood; used for making floats and rafts and in crafts strong lightweight wood of the balsa tree used especially for floats Pseudobombax tropical American deciduous shrubs or small trees shaving-brush tree tree of Mexico to Guatemala having densely hairy flowers with long narrow petals clustered at ends of branches before leaves appear Elaeocarpaceae genus of trees and shrubs widely distributed in warm regions some yielding useful timber; in some classifications included in the family Santalaceae Elaeocarpus type genus of the family Elaeocarpaceae silver quandong pale easily worked timber from the quandong tree Aristotelia small genus of shrubs or small trees of Australia and New Zealand and western South America makomako graceful deciduous shrub or small tree having attractive foliage and small red berries that turn black at maturity and are used for making wine Muntingia one species: Jamaican cherry; sometimes placed in family Flacourtiaceae Jamaican cherry a fast-growing tropical American evergreen having white flowers and white fleshy edible fruit; bark yields a silky fiber used in cordage and wood is valuable for staves Sloanea genus of tropical hardwood timber trees breakax West Indian timber tree having very hard wood Sterculiaceae a large family of plants of order Malvales genus Sterculia type genus of the Sterculiaceae: deciduous or evergreen trees of Old and New World tropics and subtropics sterculia any tree of the genus Sterculia Panama tree large deciduous tree native to Panama and from which the country takes its name; having densely leafy crown and naked trunk kalumpang large tree of Old World tropics having foul-smelling orange-red blossoms followed by red pods enclosing oil-rich seeds sometimes used as food Brachychiton Australian trees (usually with swollen trunks) bottle-tree an Australian tree of the genus Brachychiton flame tree south Australian tree having panicles of brilliant scarlet flowers north Australian tree having white flowers and broad leaves a terrestrial evergreen shrub or small tree of western Australia having brilliant yellow-orange flowers; parasitic on roots of grasses kurrajong widely distributed tree of eastern Australia yielding a tough durable fiber and soft light attractively grained wood; foliage is an important emergency food for cattle Queensland bottletree large tree of Queensland having cream-colored flowers blotched with red inside; sometimes placed in genus Sterculia Cola large genus of African trees bearing kola nuts kola tree bearing large brown nuts containing e.g. caffeine; source of cola extract kola nut bitter brown seed containing caffein; source of cola extract genus Dombeya genus of African shrubs or small trees dombeya any of various shrubs or small trees of the genus Dombeya grown for their rounded clusters of exquisite often sweet-scented flowers usually hanging beneath the leaves Firmiana small genus of Asian trees or shrubs Chinese parasol tree deciduous tree widely grown in southern United States as an ornamental for its handsome maplelike foliage and long racemes of yellow-green flowers followed by curious leaflike pods Fremontodendron flannelbush flannelbush any of several handsome evergreen shrubs of California and northern Mexico having downy lobed leaves and showy yellow flowers Helicteres genus of shrubs and small trees of tropical America and Asia having cylindrical fruits spirally twisted around one another screw tree a tree or shrub of the genus Helicteres nut-leaved screw tree East Indian shrub often cultivated for its hairy leaves and orange-red flowers Heritiera small genus of timber trees of eastern Asia, Australasia and tropical Africa that form large buttresses red beech large tree of Australasia looking glass tree large evergreen tree of India and Burma whose leaves are silvery beneath looking-glass plant small tree of coastal regions of Old World tropics whose leaves are silvery beneath Hermannia genus of African herbs and subshrubs having honey-scented bell-shaped flowers honey bell African shrub having decumbent stems and slender yellow honey-scented flowers either solitary or in pairs Pterospermum genus of tropical Asian trees and shrubs mayeng Indian tree having fragrant nocturnal white flowers and yielding a reddish wood used for planking; often grown as an ornamental or shade tree Tarrietia small genus of east Asian and Australian timber trees silver tree Australian timber tree small South African tree with long silvery silky foliage Theobroma cacao plants cacao tropical American tree producing cacao beans Triplochiton small genus of tropical African trees with maplelike leaves obeche large west African tree having large palmately lobed leaves and axillary cymose panicles of small white flowers and one-winged seeds; yields soft white to pale yellow wood the wood of an African obeche tree; used especially for veneering Tiliaceae chiefly trees and shrubs of tropical and temperate regions of especially southeastern Asia and Brazil; genera Tilia, Corchorus, Entelea, Grewia, Sparmannia Tilia deciduous trees with smooth usually silver-grey bark of North America and Europe and Asia: lime trees; lindens; basswood linden any of various deciduous trees of the genus Tilia with heart-shaped leaves and drooping cymose clusters of yellowish often fragrant flowers; several yield valuable timber basswood soft light-colored wood of any of various linden trees; used in making crates and boxes and in carving and millwork American basswood large American shade tree with large dark green leaves and rounded crown small-leaved linden large spreading European linden with small dark green leaves; often cultivated as an ornamental white basswood American basswood of the Allegheny region Japanese linden medium-sized tree of Japan used as an ornamental silver lime large tree native to eastern Europe and Asia Minor having leaves with white tomentum on the under side; widely cultivated as an ornamental Entelea a genus of evergreen shrub that grows in New Zealand Corchorus widely distributed genus of tropical herbs or subshrubs; especially Asia corchorus any of various plants of the genus Corchorus having large leaves and cymose clusters of yellow flowers; a source of jute Grewia a genus of tropical and subtropical Old World climbers or shrubs or trees phalsa drought-resistant Asiatic treelike shrub bearing pleasantly acid small red edible fruits commonly used in sherbets Sparmannia small genus of tropical African shrubs African hemp large shrub of South Africa having many conspicuously hairy branches with large hairy leaves and clusters of conspicuous white flowers simple any herbaceous plant having medicinal properties unornamented; "a simple country schoolhouse"; "her black dress--simple to austerity" (botany) of leaf shapes; of leaves having no divisions or subdivisions having few parts; not complex or complicated or involved; "a simple problem"; "simple mechanisms"; "a simple design"; "a simple substance" Rosidae a group of trees and shrubs and herbs mostly with polypetalous flowers; contains 108 families including Rosaceae; Crassulaceae; Myrtaceae; Melastomaceae; Euphorbiaceae; Umbelliferae Umbellales plants having umbels or corymbs of uniovulate flowers; includes the Umbelliferae (chiefly herbs) and Cornaceae (chiefly trees or shrubs) Proteales coextensive with the family Proteaceae Proteaceae large family of Australian and South African shrubs and trees with leathery leaves and clustered mostly tetramerous flowers; constitutes the order Proteales Bartle Frere a living fossil or so-called `green dinosaur'; genus or subfamily of primitive nut-bearing trees thought to have died out 50 million years ago; a single specimen found in 1994 on Mount Bartle Frere in eastern Australia; not yet officially named genus Protea type genus of Proteaceae; tropical African shrubs protea any tropical African shrub of the genus Protea having alternate rigid leaves and dense colorful flower heads resembling cones honeypot South African shrub whose flowers when open are cup-shaped resembling artichokes honeyflower Australian shrub whose flowers yield honey copiously erect bushy shrub of eastern Australia having terminal clusters of red flowers yielding much nectar genus Banksia important genus of Australian evergreen shrubs or trees with alternate leathery leaves and yellowish flowers banksia any shrub or tree of the genus Banksia having alternate leathery leaves apetalous yellow flowers often in showy heads and conelike fruit with winged seeds honeysuckle shrubby tree with silky foliage and spikes of cylindrical yellow nectarous flowers shrub or vine of the genus Lonicera Conospermum Australian shrubs (some trees) with flowers in dense spikes: smoke bush smoke bush any of various shrubs of the genus Conospermum with panicles of mostly white woolly flowers Embothrium small genus of South American evergreen shrubs or small trees with long willowy branches and flowers in flamboyant terminal clusters Chilean firebush grown for outstanding display of brilliant usually scarlet-crimson flowers; Andes Guevina one species: Chilean nut Chilean nut Chilean shrub bearing coral-red fruit with an edible seed resembling a hazelnut genus Grevillea large genus of Australian shrubs and trees having usually showy orange or red flowers grevillea any shrub or tree of the genus Grevillea silk oak any of several Australian timber trees having usually fernlike foliage and mottled wood used in cabinetry and veneering red-flowered silky oak tall shrub with cylindrical racemes of red flowers and pinnatifid leaves silky and grey beneath; eastern Australia silver oak small slender tree with usually entire grey-green pendulous leaves and white or cream-colored flowers; northern Australia silky oak medium to tall fast-growing tree with orange flowers and feathery bipinnate leaves silky-hairy beneath; eastern Australia beefwood tree yielding hard heavy reddish wood any of several Australian trees of the genus Casuarina yielding heavy hard red wood used in cabinetwork any of several heavy hard reddish chiefly tropical woods of the families Casuarinaceae and Proteaceae; some used for cabinetwork Hakea Australian shrubs and small trees with evergreen usually spiny leaves and dense clusters of showy flowers cushion flower tall straggling shrub with large globose crimson-yellow flowers; western Australia needlewood large bushy shrub with pungent pointed leaves and creamy white flowers; central and eastern Australia needlebush shrub with pungent rigid needle-shaped leaves and white flowers; eastern Australia Knightia small genus of trees or shrubs of New Zealand and New Caledonia rewa-rewa slender elegant tree of New Zealand having racemes of red flowers and yielding valuable mottled red timber Lambertia small genus of Australian shrubs Leucadendron large genus of evergreen trees and shrubs having silvery white leaves and solitary terminal flowers with conspicuous silvery bracts genus Lomatia small genus of low-growing evergreens of Chile and Australia; some yield dyes lomatia any of various ornamental evergreens of the genus Lomatia having attractive fragrant flowers genus Macadamia trees or shrubs; Madagascar to Australia macadamia any tree of the genus Macadamia Macadamia integrifolia medium-sized tree of eastern Australia having creamy-white flowers Queensland nut bushy tree with pink to purple flowers Orites small genus of Australian shrubs or trees prickly ash Australian tree having alternate simple leaves (when young they are pinnate with prickly toothed margins) and slender axillary spikes of white flowers any of a number of trees or shrubs of the genus Zanthoxylum having spiny branches Persoonia Australian undershrubs to small trees: geebungs geebung any of numerous shrubs and small trees having hard narrow leaves and long-lasting yellow or white flowers followed by small edible but insipid fruits Stenocarpus small genus of timber trees; Australia to Malaysia wheel tree eastern Australian tree widely cultivated as a shade tree and for its glossy leaves and circular clusters of showy red to orange-scarlet flowers scrub beefwood tree or tall shrub with shiny leaves and umbels of fragrant creamy-white flowers; yields hard heavy reddish wood Telopea Australian evergreen shrubs: waratahs waratah tall shrub of eastern Australia having oblanceolate to obovate leaves and red flowers in compact racemes straggling shrub with narrow leaves and conspicuous red flowers in dense globular racemes Xylomelum small species of Australian trees or shrubs; grown for their fruit and flowers native pear tree bearing pear-shaped fruit with a thick woody epicarp Casuarinales order of chiefly Australian trees and shrubs comprising the casuarinas; 1 family: Casuarinaceae Casuarinaceae one genus: genus Casuarina genus Casuarina genus of trees and shrubs widely naturalized in southern United States and West Indies; coextensive with the family Casuarinaceae and order Casuarinales casuarina any of various trees and shrubs of the genus Casuarina having jointed stems and whorls of scalelike leaves; some yield heavy hardwood she-oak any of several Australian trees of the genus Casuarina Australian pine common Australian tree widely grown as an ornamental in tropical regions; yields heavy hard red wood Ericales Ericaceae; Clethraceae; Diapensiaceae; Epacridaceae; Lennoaceae; Pyrolaceae; Monotropaceae Ericaceae heathers genus Erica large genus of low much-branched woody evergreens ranging from prostrate subshrubs to trees: true heaths erica any plant of the genus Erica tree heath evergreen treelike Mediterranean shrub having fragrant white flowers in large terminal panicles and hard woody roots used to make tobacco pipes gaunt Tasmanian evergreen shrubby tree with slender tapering leaves 3 to 5 feet long briarroot hard woody root of the briar Erica arborea briarwood wood from the hard woody root of the briar Erica arborea; used to make tobacco pipes winter heath dwarf European shrub with very early blooming bell-shaped red flowers bell heather common low European shrub with purple-red flowers cross-leaved heath dwarf European shrub with rose-colored flowers Cornish heath bushy shrub having pink to white flowers; common on the moors of Cornwall and in southwestern Europe; cultivated elsewhere Spanish heath erect dense shrub native to western Iberian peninsula having profuse white or pink flowers; naturalized in southwestern England Prince-of-Wales'-heath South African shrub grown for its profusion of white flowers genus Andromeda low-growing shrubs of northern regions of northern hemisphere andromeda any of several shrubs of the genus Andromeda having leathery leaves and clusters of small flowers broad-leaved evergreen Asiatic shrub with glossy leaves and drooping clusters of white flowers bog rosemary wiry evergreen shrub having pendent clusters of white or pink flowers; of wet acidic areas in Arctic and Canada to northeastern United States marsh andromeda erect to procumbent evergreen shrub having pendent clusters of white or pink flowers; of sphagnum peat bogs and other wet acidic areas in northern Europe genus Arbutus large evergreen shrubs and trees of southern Europe and western North America: strawberry tree; madrona arbutus any of several evergreen shrubs of the genus Arbutus of temperate Europe and America madrona evergreen tree of the Pacific coast of North America having glossy leathery leaves and orange-red edible berries; wood used for furniture and bark for tanning strawberry tree small evergreen European shrubby tree bearing many-seeded scarlet berries that are edible but bland; of Ireland, southern Europe, Asia Minor Arctostaphylos bearberry; manzanita bearberry chiefly evergreen subshrubs of northern to Arctic areas deciduous shrub of southeastern and central United States common bearberry evergreen mat-forming shrub of North America and northern Eurasia having small white flowers and red berries; leaves turn red in autumn alpine bearberry deciduous creeping shrub bright red in autumn having black or blue-black berries; alpine and circumpolar manzanita chiefly evergreen shrubs of warm dry areas of western North America heartleaf manzanita erect California shrub having leaves with heart-shaped lobes at the base Parry manzanita erect treelike shrub forming dense thickets and having drooping panicles of white or pink flowers and red berrylike drupes; California downy manzanita erect openly branched California shrub whose twigs are woolly when young Bruckenthalia a genus containing only one species: spike heath spike heath small evergreen mat-forming shrub of southern Europe and Asia Minor having stiff stems and terminal clusters of small bell-shaped flowers genus Bryanthus a genus allied to and once included in genus Phyllodoce bryanthus procumbent Old World mat-forming evergreen shrub with racemes of pinkish-white flowers Calluna one species heather common Old World heath represented by many varieties; low evergreen grown widely in the northern hemisphere Cassiope low tufted evergreen shrubs of colder parts of north temperate regions having moss-like foliage and nodding white or pink flowers white heather heath of mountains of western United States having bell-shaped white flowers Chamaedaphne one species: leatherleaf leatherleaf north temperate bog shrub with evergreen leathery leaves and small white cylindrical flowers stiff leathery-leaved fern of western North America having ovate fronds parted to the midrib Daboecia a dicotyledonous genus of the family Ericaceae Connemara heath low straggling evergreen shrub of western Europe represented by several varieties with flowers from white to rose-purple Epigaea small creeping evergreen shrubs: trailing arbutus trailing arbutus low-growing evergreen shrub of eastern North America with leathery leaves and clusters of fragrant pink or white flowers Gaultheria widely distributed genus of creeping or upright evergreen shrubs creeping snowberry slow-growing procumbent evergreen shrublet of northern North America and Japan having white flowers and numerous white fleshy rough and hairy seeds teaberry creeping shrub of eastern North America having white bell-shaped flowers followed by spicy red berrylike fruit and shiny aromatic leaves that yield wintergreen oil salal small evergreen shrub of Pacific coast of North America having edible dark purple grape-sized berries Gaylussacia deciduous or evergreen shrubs of North America: black huckleberries black huckleberry low shrub of the eastern United States bearing shiny black edible fruit; best known of the huckleberries dangleberry huckleberry of the eastern United States with pink flowers and sweet blue fruit box huckleberry creeping evergreen shrub of southeastern United States having small shiny boxlike leaves and flavorless berries genus Kalmia erect evergreen shrubs: mountain laurel kalmia any plant of the genus Kalmia mountain laurel a North American evergreen shrub having glossy leaves and white or rose-colored flowers swamp laurel laurel of bogs of northwestern United States having small purple flowers and pale leaves that are glaucous beneath sheep laurel North American dwarf shrub resembling mountain laurel but having narrower leaves and small red flowers; poisonous to young stock Ledum evergreen shrubs of north temperate regions Labrador tea evergreen shrub of eastern North America having white or creamy bell-shaped flowers and dark green hairy leaves used for tea during American Revolution trapper's tea a Rocky Mountain shrub similar to Ledum groenlandicum wild rosemary bog shrub of northern and central Europe and eastern Siberia to Korea and Japan Leiophyllum one species: sand myrtle sand myrtle low-growing evergreen shrub of New Jersey to Florida grown for its many white star-shaped flowers and glossy foliage genus Leucothoe American and Asiatic deciduous and evergreen shrubs leucothoe any plant of the genus Leucothoe; grown for their beautiful white flowers; glossy foliage contains a poisonous substance similar to that found in genus Kalmia dog laurel fast-growing evergreen shrub of southeastern United States having arching interlaced branches and racemes of white flowers sweet bells bushy deciduous shrub of the eastern United States with long racemes of pinkish flowers Loiseleuria one species: alpine azalea alpine azalea creeping mat-forming evergreen shrub of high mountain regions of northern hemisphere grown for its rose-pink flowers Lyonia evergreen or deciduous shrubs or small trees of United States to Antilles and eastern Asia to the Himalaya staggerbush deciduous shrub of coastal plain of the eastern United States having nodding pinkish-white flowers; poisonous to stock maleberry deciduous much-branched shrub with dense downy panicles of small bell-shaped white flowers fetterbush showy evergreen shrub of southeastern United States with shiny leaves and angled branches and clusters of pink to reddish flowers that resemble an umbel ornamental evergreen shrub of southeastern United States having small white bell-shaped flowers Menziesia deciduous shrubs of North America and eastern Asia false azalea straggling shrub of northwestern North America having foliage with a bluish tinge and umbels of small bell-shaped flowers minniebush low shrub of the eastern United States with downy twigs Oxydendrum sourwood Phyllodoce small genus of evergreen Arctic and alpine shrubs mountain heath small shrub with tiny evergreen leaves and pink or purple flowers; Alpine summits and high ground in Asia and Europe and United States purple heather semi-prostrate evergreen herb of western United States genus Rhododendron large genus of evergreen shrubs native to cooler regions of the northern hemisphere having showy flowers rhododendron any shrub of the genus Rhododendron: evergreen shrubs or small shrubby trees having leathery leaves and showy clusters of campanulate (bell-shaped) flowers coast rhododendron medium-sized rhododendron of Pacific coast of North America having large rosy brown-spotted flowers rosebay late-spring-blooming rhododendron of eastern North America having rosy to pink-purple flowers swamp azalea shrub growing in swamps throughout the eastern United States and having small white to pinkish flowers resembling honeysuckle subgenus Azalea group of evergreen or deciduous shrubs formerly considered a separate genus; now included in the genus Rhododendron azalea any of numerous ornamental shrubs grown for their showy flowers of various colors Vaccinium evergreen or deciduous berry-bearing shrubs of northern hemisphere: cranberries; blueberries American cranberry trailing red-fruited plant European cranberry small red-fruited trailing cranberry of Arctic and cool regions of the northern hemisphere farkleberry shrub or small tree of eastern United States having black inedible berries low-bush blueberry low-growing deciduous shrub of northeastern North America having flowers in compact racemes and bearing sweet dark blue berries rabbiteye blueberry shrub of southeastern United States grown commercially especially for canning industry dwarf bilberry low-growing tufted deciduous shrub of northern and alpine North America having pink to coral-red flowers followed by sweet blue berries high-bush blueberry high-growing deciduous shrub of eastern North America bearing edible blueish to blackish berries with a distinct bloom; source of most cultivated blueberries evergreen blueberry shrub of the eastern United States having shining evergreen leaves and bluish-black fruit evergreen huckleberry stiff bushy evergreen shrub of western North America having sour black berries and glossy green foliage used in floral arrangements bog bilberry an evergreen shrub with leathery leaves dryland blueberry low deciduous shrub of the eastern United States bearing dark blue sweet berries grouseberry shrub of northwestern North America bearing red berries deerberry small branching blueberry common in marshy areas of the eastern United States having greenish or yellowish unpalatable berries reputedly eaten by deer cowberry low evergreen shrub of high north temperate regions of Europe and Asia and America bearing red edible berries Clethraceae coextensive with the genus Clethra Clethra type and sole genus of the Clethraceae; deciduous shrubs or small trees: white alder, summer-sweet sweet pepperbush shrub of eastern and southern coastal United States having beautiful racemes of spice-scented white flowers Diapensiaceae north temperate low evergreen plants; in some classifications placed in its own order Diapensiales Diapensiales used in some classifications: coextensive with family Diapensiaceae genus Diapensia type genus of Diapensiaceae diapensia any boreal low-growing evergreen plant of the genus Diapensia genus Galax evergreen herbs of southeastern United States galax tufted evergreen perennial herb having spikes of tiny white flowers and glossy green round to heart-shaped leaves that become coppery to maroon or purplish in fall Pyxidanthera one species: pyxie; the eastern United States pyxie creeping evergreen shrub having narrow overlapping leaves and early white star-shaped flowers; of the pine barrens of New Jersey and the Carolinas genus Shortia evergreen perennial herbs of North America and eastern Asia: oconee bells shortia any plant of the genus Shortia; evergreen perennial herbs with smooth leathery basal leaves and showy white solitary flowers oconee bells plant of southeastern United States having solitary white funnel-shaped flowers flushed with pink and large glossy green leaves that turn bronze-red in fall Epacridaceae Australasian shrubs or small trees Australian heath any heathlike plant of the family Epacridaceae; most are of the Australian region genus Epacris type genus of the Epacridaceae: Australian heath epacris any heathlike evergreen shrub of the genus Epacris grown for their showy and crowded spikes of small bell-shaped or tubular flowers common heath spindly upright shrub of southern Australia and Tasmania having white to rose or purple-red flowers small erect shrub of Australia and Tasmania with fragrant ivory flowers Port Jackson heath small shrub of southern and western Australia having pinkish to rosy purple tubular flowers Astroloma evergreen shrubs of Australia and Tasmania native cranberry small prostrate or ascending shrub having scarlet flowers and succulent fruit resembling cranberries; sometimes placed in genus Styphelia Richea evergreen trees or shrubs of mountains of Australia and Tasmania Australian grass tree stout Australian shrub with narrow leaves crowded at ends of branches and terminal clusters of white or pink flowers Styphelia Australian heathlike shrubs pink fivecorner heathlike shrub of southwestern Australia grown for its sharply scented foliage and pink flowers followed by pentagonal fruit Lennoaceae family of fleshy parasitic herbs lacking green foliage and having heads of small flowers; California and Mexico Pyrolaceae evergreen herbs of temperate regions: genera Pyrola, Chimaphila, Moneses, Orthilia genus Pyrola short-stemmed perennial herbs of cool or temperate regions: wintergreen; shinleaf false wintergreen evergreen of eastern North America with leathery leaves and numerous white flowers lesser wintergreen the common wintergreen having many-flowered racemes of pink-tinged white flowers; Europe and North America wild lily of the valley North American evergreen with small pinkish bell-shaped flowers and oblong leaves used formerly for shinplasters evergreen with rounded leaves and very fragrant creamy-white flowers; widely distributed in northern parts of Old and New Worlds Orthilia a shrubby perennial rhizomatous evergreen herb; grows in damp coniferous woodlands in northern temperate regions Chimaphila small genus of evergreen herbs with long creeping rootstocks and shining leaves; North America; Europe; east Asia pipsissewa any of several plants of the genus Chimaphila love-in-winter Eurasian herb with white or pinkish flowers in a terminal corymb Moneses one species: one-flowered wintergreen; sometimes included in genus Pyrola one-flowered wintergreen delicate evergreen dwarf herb of north temperate regions having a solitary white terminal flower; sometimes placed in genus Pyrola Monotropaceae used in some classification for saprophytic herbs sometimes included in the family Pyrolaceae: genera Monotropa and Sarcodes Monotropa leafless fleshy saprophytic plants; in some classifications placed in the family Pyrolaceae Indian pipe small waxy white or pinkish-white saprophytic woodland plant having scalelike leaves and a nodding flower; turns black with age Hypopitys term used in some classifications for the pinesaps, which are usually included in the genus Monotropa pinesap fleshy tawny or reddish saprophytic herb resembling the Indian pipe and growing in woodland humus of eastern North America; in some classifications placed in a separate genus Hypopitys Sarcodes snow plant; in some classifications placed in family Pyrolaceae snow plant a fleshy bright red saprophytic plant of the mountains of western North America that appears in early spring while snow is on the ground Fagales an order of dicotyledonous trees of the subclass Hamamelidae Fagaceae chiefly monoecious trees and shrubs: beeches; chestnuts; oaks; genera Castanea, Castanopsis, Chrysolepis, Fagus, Lithocarpus, Nothofagus, Quercus Fagus beeches beech any of several large deciduous trees with rounded spreading crowns and smooth grey bark and small sweet edible triangular nuts enclosed in burs; north temperate regions wood of any of various beech trees; used for flooring and containers and plywood and tool handles common beech large European beech with minutely-toothed leaves; widely planted as an ornamental in North America copper beech variety of European beech with shining purple or copper-colored leaves American beech North American forest tree with light green leaves and edible nuts weeping beech variety of European beech with pendulous limbs Japanese beech a beech native to Japan having soft light yellowish-brown wood Castanea chestnuts; chinkapins American chestnut large tree found from Maine to Alabama European chestnut wild or cultivated throughout southern Europe, northwestern Africa and southwestern Asia Chinese chestnut a small tree with small sweet nuts; wild or naturalized in Korea and China Japanese chestnut a spreading tree of Japan that has a short trunk Allegheny chinkapin shrubby chestnut tree of southeastern United States having small edible nuts Ozark chinkapin shrubby tree closely related to the Allegheny chinkapin but with larger leaves; southern midwestern United States Castanopsis evergreen trees and shrubs of warm regions valued for their foliage; southeastern United States and eastern Australia and northern New Zealand oak chestnut a tree of the genus Castanopsis Chrysolepis two species: golden chinkapins giant chinkapin small ornamental evergreen tree of Pacific Coast whose glossy yellow-green leaves are yellow beneath; bears edible nuts dwarf golden chinkapin evergreen shrub similar to golden chinkapin; mountains of California Lithocarpus tanbark oaks tanbark oak evergreen tree of the Pacific coast area having large leathery leaves; yields tanbark Japanese oak small evergreen tree of China and Japan oak with moderately light fine-grained wood; Japan tanbark bark rich in tannin; bruised and cut in pieces to use for tanning; spent tanbark used as a ground covering Nothofagus beeches of temperate southern hemisphere except Africa: southern beech southern beech any of various beeches of the southern hemisphere having small usually evergreen leaves myrtle beech large evergreen tree of Tasmania Coigue Chilean evergreen whose leafy boughs are used for thatching New Zealand beech any of several tall New Zealand trees of the genus Nothofagus; some yield useful timber silver beech New Zealand beech with usually pale silvery bark roble beech tall deciduous South American tree rauli beech large Chilean timber tree yielding coarse lumber black beech New Zealand forest tree hard beech tall New Zealand tree yielding very hard wood acorn fruit of the oak tree: a smooth thin-walled nut in a woody cup-shaped base Quercus oaks oak a deciduous tree of the genus Quercus; has acorns and lobed leaves; "great oaks grow from little acorns" the hard durable wood of any oak; used especially for furniture and flooring fumed oak oak given a weathered appearance by exposure to fumes of ammonia; used for cabinetwork live oak any of several American evergreen oaks coast live oak highly variable often shrubby evergreen oak of coastal zone of western North America having small thick usually spiny-toothed dark-green leaves white oak any of numerous Old World and American oaks having 6 to 8 stamens in each floret, acorns that mature in one year and leaf veins that never extend beyond the margin of the leaf American white oak large slow-growing deciduous tree of the eastern United States having stout spreading branches and leaves with usually 7 rounded lobes; yields strong and durable hard wood Arizona white oak semi-evergreen shrub or small tree of Arizona and New Mexico having acorns with hemispherical cups swamp white oak large deciduous oak of the eastern United States with a flaky bark and leaves that have fewer lobes than other white oaks; yields heavy strong wood used in construction; thrives in wet soil European turkey oak large deciduous tree of central and southern Europe and Asia Minor having lanceolate leaves with spiked lobes canyon oak medium-sized evergreen of southwestern United States and northwestern Mexico with oblong leathery often spiny-edged leaves scarlet oak medium-large deciduous tree with a thick trunk found in the eastern United States and southern Canada and having close-grained wood and deeply seven-lobed leaves turning scarlet in autumn jack oak small to medium deciduous oak of east central North America; leaves have sharply pointed lobes red oak any of numerous American oaks having 4 stamens in each floret, acorns requiring two years to mature and leaf veins usually extending beyond the leaf margin to form points or bristles southern red oak large round-topped deciduous tree with spreading branches having narrow falcate leaves with deeply sinuate lobes and wood similar to that of northern red oaks; New Jersey to Illinois and southward Oregon white oak small deciduous tree of western North America with crooked branches and pale grey bark holm oak evergreen oak of southern Europe having leaves somewhat resembling those of holly; yields a hard wood hard wood of the holm oak tree bear oak shrubby oak of southeastern United States usually forming dense thickets shingle oak small deciduous tree of eastern and central United States having leaves that shine like laurel; wood is used in western states for shingles bluejack oak small semi-evergreen shrubby tree of southeastern United States having hairy young branchlets and leaves narrowing to a slender bristly point California black oak large deciduous tree of the Pacific coast having deeply parted bristle-tipped leaves American turkey oak small slow-growing deciduous shrubby tree of dry sandy barrens of southeastern United States having leaves with bristle-tipped lobes resembling turkey's toes laurel oak large nearly semi-evergreen oak of southeastern United States; thrives in damp soil California white oak tall graceful deciduous California oak having leathery leaves and slender pointed acorns overcup oak medium-large deciduous timber tree of central and southern United States; acorns deeply immersed in the cup and mature in first year bur oak medium to large deciduous oak of central and eastern North America with ovoid acorns deeply immersed in large fringed cups; yields tough close-grained wood scrub oak any of various chiefly American small shrubby oaks often a dominant form on thin dry soils sometimes forming dense thickets blackjack oak a common scrubby deciduous tree of central and southeastern United States having dark bark and broad three-lobed (club-shaped) leaves; tends to form dense thickets swamp chestnut oak medium to large deciduous tree of moist areas of southeastern United States similar to the basket oak chestnut oak an oak having leaves resembling those of chestnut trees chinquapin oak medium-sized deciduous tree of the eastern United States that yields a strong durable wood myrtle oak small evergreen shrub or tree of southeastern United States; often forms almost impenetrable thickets in sandy coastal areas water oak relatively tall deciduous water oak of southeastern United States often cultivated as a shade tree; thrives in wet soil Nuttall oak similar to the pin oak; grows in damp sites in Mississippi River basin durmast deciduous European oak valued for its tough elastic wood basket oak medium to large deciduous tree of the eastern United States; its durable wood is used as timber or split and woven into baskets or chair seats pin oak fast-growing medium to large pyramidal deciduous tree of northeastern United States and southeastern Canada having deeply pinnatifid leaves that turn bright red in autumn; thrives in damp soil willow oak medium to large deciduous oak of the eastern United States having long lanceolate leaves and soft strong wood dwarf chinkapin oak deciduous shrubby tree of northeastern and central United States having a sweet edible nut and often forming dense thickets common oak medium to large deciduous European oak having smooth leaves with rounded lobes; yields hard strong light-colored wood northern red oak large symmetrical deciduous tree with rounded crown widely distributed in eastern North America; has large leaves with triangular spiny tipped lobes and coarse-grained wood less durable than that of white oaks Shumard oak large deciduous red oak of southern and eastern United States having large seven-lobed to nine-lobed elliptical leaves, large acorns and medium hard coarse-grained wood post oak small deciduous tree of eastern and central United States having dark green lyrate pinnatifid leaves and tough moisture-resistant wood used especially for fence posts cork oak medium-sized evergreen oak of southern Europe and northern Africa having thick corky bark that is periodically stripped to yield commercial cork Spanish oak small deciduous tree having the trunk branched almost from the base with spreading branches; Texas and southern Oklahoma huckleberry oak a low spreading or prostrate shrub of southwestern United States with small acorns and leaves resembling those of the huckleberry Chinese cork oak medium to large deciduous tree of China, Japan, and Korea having thick corky bark black oak medium to large deciduous timber tree of the eastern United States and southeastern Canada having dark outer bark and yellow inner bark used for tanning; broad five-lobed leaves are bristle-tipped southern live oak medium-sized evergreen native to eastern North America to the east coast of Mexico; often cultivated as shade tree for it wide-spreading crown; extremely hard tough durable wood once used in shipbuilding interior live oak a small shrubby evergreen tree of western North America similar to the coast live oak but occurring chiefly in foothills of mountain ranges removed from the coast; an important part of the chaparral Betulaceae monoecious trees and shrubs (including the genera Betula and Alnus and Carpinus and Corylus and Ostrya and Ostryopsis) Betula a genus of trees of the family Betulaceae (such as birches) yellow birch tree of eastern North America with thin lustrous yellow or grey bark American white birch small American birch with peeling white bark often worked into e.g. baskets or toy canoes grey birch medium-sized birch of eastern North America having white or pale grey bark and valueless wood; occurs often as a second-growth forest tree silver birch European birch with silvery white peeling bark and markedly drooping branches downy birch European birch with dull white to pale brown bark and somewhat drooping hairy branches black birch birch of swamps and river bottoms throughout the eastern United States having reddish-brown bark sweet birch common birch of the eastern United States having spicy brown bark yielding a volatile oil and hard dark wood used for furniture Yukon white birch Alaskan birch with white to pale brown bark swamp birch birch of western United States resembling the paper birch but having brownish bark Newfoundland dwarf birch small shrub of colder parts of North America and Greenland Alnus alders alder north temperate shrubs or trees having toothed leaves and conelike fruit; bark is used in tanning and dyeing and the wood is rot-resistant wood of any of various alder trees; resistant to underwater rot; used for bridges etc common alder medium-sized tree with brown-black bark and woody fruiting catkins; leaves are hairy beneath grey alder native to Europe but introduced in America seaside alder shrub or small tree of southeastern United States having soft light brown wood white alder tree of western United States red alder large tree of Pacific coast of North America having hard red wood much used for furniture speckled alder common shrub of Canada and northeastern United States having shoots scattered with rust-colored down smooth alder common shrub of the eastern United States with smooth bark green alder shrub of mountainous areas of Europe North American shrub with light green leaves and winged nuts Carpinaceae used in some classification systems for the genera Carpinus, Ostryopsis, and Ostryopsis Carpinus mostly deciduous monoecious trees or shrubs: hornbeams; sometimes placed in subfamily Carpinaceae hornbeam any of several trees or shrubs of the genus Carpinus European hornbeam medium-sized Old World tree with smooth grey bark and leaves like beech that turn yellow-orange in autumn American hornbeam tree or large shrub with grey bark and blue-green leaves that turn red-orange in autumn Ostrya deciduous monoecious trees of Europe and Asia and America; sometimes placed in subfamily or family Carpinaceae hop hornbeam any of several trees resembling hornbeams with fruiting clusters resembling hops Old World hop hornbeam medium-sized hop hornbeam of southern Europe and Asia Minor Eastern hop hornbeam medium-sized hop hornbeam of eastern North America Ostryopsis deciduous monoecious shrubs of China and Mongolia resembling trees of the genus Ostrya; sometimes placed in subfamily or family Carpinaceae Corylaceae used in some classification systems for the genus Corylus Corylus deciduous monoecious nut-bearing shrubs of small trees: hazel; sometimes placed in the subfamily or family Corylaceae American hazel nut-bearing shrub of eastern North America cobnut small nut-bearing tree much grown in Europe beaked hazelnut hazel of western United States with conspicuous beaklike involucres on the nuts Gentianales an order of dicotyledonous plants having gamopetalous flowers; Gentianaceae; Apocynaceae; Asclepiadaceae; Loganiaceae; Oleaceae; Salvadoraceae Gentianaceae chiefly herbaceous plants with showy flowers; some are cultivated as ornamentals Centaurium genus of low-growing herbs mostly of northern hemisphere having flowers with protruding spirally twisted anthers rosita erect plant with small clusters of pink trumpet-shaped flowers of southwestern United States lesser centaury common European glabrous annual centaury with flowers in dense cymes tufted centaury tufted perennial of western Europe and Azores having bright pink to white flowers seaside centaury a variety of centaury found at the seaside broad leaved centaury a variety of centaury with broad leaves slender centaury a slender variety of centaury Eustoma small genus of herbs of warm regions of southern North America to northern South America prairie gentian one of the most handsome prairie wildflowers having large erect bell-shaped bluish flowers; of moist places in prairies and fields from eastern Colorado and Nebraska south to New Mexico and Texas Exacum genus of tropical Asiatic and African plants: especially Persian violets Persian violet perennial cultivated especially as a houseplant for its fragrant bluish to dark lavender flowers Frasera genus of North American herbs: columbo; includes some species sometimes placed in genus Swertia columbo any of various tall perennial herbs constituting the genus Frasera; widely distributed in warm dry upland areas of California, Oregon, and Washington green gentian tall herb with panicles of white flowers flushed with green; northwestern United States; sometimes placed in genus Swertia Gentiana type genus of the Gentianaceae; cosmopolitan genus of herbs nearly cosmopolitan in cool temperate regions; in some classifications includes genera Gentianopsis and Gentianella gentian any of various plants of the family Gentianaceae especially the genera Gentiana and Gentianella and Gentianopsis gentianella low-growing alpine plant cultivated for its dark glossy green leaves in basal rosettes and showy solitary bell-shaped blue flowers closed gentian gentian of eastern North America having tubular blue or white flowers that open little if at all similar to Gentiana andrewsii but with larger flowers explorer's gentian tufted sometimes sprawling perennial with blue flowers spotted with green; western North America great yellow gentian robust European perennial having clusters of yellow flowers marsh gentian perennial Eurasian gentian with sky-blue funnel-shaped flowers of damp open heaths soapwort gentian erect perennial of wet woodlands of North America having leaves and flower buds resembling those of soapwort striped gentian a perennial marsh gentian of eastern North America Gentianella genus of herbs with flowers that resemble gentian; in some classifications included in genus Gentiana agueweed gentian of eastern North America having clusters of bristly blue flowers felwort gentian of Europe and China having creamy white flowers with fringed corollas Gentianopsis genus of fringed gentians; in some classifications included in genus Gentiana fringed gentian any of various herbs of the genus Gentianopsis having the margins of the corolla lobes fringed; sometimes included in genus Gentiana Gentianopsis crinita tall widely distributed fringed gentian of eastern North America having violet-blue or white fringed flowers Gentianopsis detonsa medium-tall fringed gentian with pale-blue to blue-purple flowers; circumboreal in distribution Gentianopsid procera small blue-flowered fringed gentian of east central North America Gentianopsis thermalis small blue-flowered fringed gentian of western United States (Rocky Mountains) especially around hot springs in Yellowstone National Park tufted gentian small blue-flowered fringed gentian of Sierra Nevada mountains Halenia genus of herbs of Eurasia and the Americas: spurred gentians spurred gentian any of various plants of the genus Halenia having flowers with spurred lobes genus Sabbatia genus of smooth slender North American herbs with showy flowers sabbatia any of various plants of the genus Sabbatia having usually pink cymose flowers; occur from acid bogs to brackish marshes marsh pink any of several pink-flowered marsh plant of the eastern United States resembling a true centaury prairia Sabbatia prairie herb with solitary lilac-colored flowers Swertia genus of herbs of mountains of North America and Eurasia and Africa marsh felwort perennial of damp places in mountains of Eurasia and North America having dull-colored blue or violet flowers Salvadoraceae a family of Old World shrubs and trees of order Gentianales; related to Oleaceae but having four stamens and four petals Salvadora genus of evergreen trees or shrubs; fruit is a drupe; grows in Africa through Arabia to India and China toothbrush tree glabrous or pubescent evergreen shrub or tree of the genus Salvadora; twigs are fibrous and in some parts of the world are bound together in clusters and used as a toothbrush; shoots are used as camel fodder; plant ash provides salt Oleaceae trees and shrubs having berries or drupes or capsules as fruits; sometimes placed in the order Oleales: olive; ash; jasmine; privet; lilac Oleales coextensive with the family Oleaceae; in some classifications included in the order Gentianales Olea evergreen trees and shrubs having oily one-seeded fruits olive tree a tree of the genus Olea cultivated for its fruit black maire northern Zealand tree having dense hard light-brown wood white maire small New Zealand tree having red pulpy one-seeded fruit Chionanthus deciduous trees or shrubs: fringe tree fringe tree any of various small decorative flowering trees or shrubs of the genus Chionanthus fringe bush small bushy tree of southeastern United States having profuse clusters of white flowers genus Forestiera genus of often spiny American shrubs and trees forestiera any plant of the genus Forestiera tanglebush spiny branching deciduous shrub of southwestern United States having clusters of insignificant yellow-white flowers appearing before leaves followed by attractive black berrylike fruits genus Forsythia forsythia forsythia any of various early blooming oleaceous shrubs of the genus Forsythia; native to eastern Asia and southern Europe but widely cultivated for their branches of bright yellow bell-shaped flowers Fraxinus ash ash any of various deciduous pinnate-leaved ornamental or timber trees of the genus Fraxinus strong elastic wood of any of various ash trees; used for furniture and tool handles and sporting goods such as baseball bats the residue that remains when something is burned convert into ashes white ash spreading American ash with leaves pale green or silvery beneath and having hard brownish wood swamp ash small ash of swampy areas of southeastern United States flowering ash shrubby ash of southwestern United States having fragrant white flowers shrubby California ash with showy off-white flowers European ash tall ash of Europe to the Caucasus having leaves shiny dark-green above and pale downy beneath Oregon ash timber tree of western North America yielding hard light wood; closely related to the red ash black ash vigorous spreading North American tree having dark brown heavy wood; leaves turn gold in autumn manna ash southern Mediterranean ash having fragrant white flowers in dense panicles and yielding manna red ash smallish American tree with velvety branchlets and lower leaf surfaces green ash a variety of red ash having glossy branchlets and lower leaf surfaces blue ash ash of central and southern United States with bluish-green foliage and hard brown wood mountain ash low-growing ash of Texas tree having wood similar to the alpine ash; tallest tree in Australia and tallest hardwood in the world any of various trees of the genus Sorbus pumpkin ash timber tree of central and southeastern United States having hairy branchlets and a swollen trunk base Arizona ash small shrubby ash of southwestern United States and northwestern Mexico ash-key winged seed of the ash tree Jasminum shrubs and woody climbers mostly of tropical and temperate Old World: jasmine; jessamine jasmine any of several shrubs and vines of the genus Jasminum chiefly native to Asia primrose jasmine evergreen rambling yellow-flowered shrub of western China winter jasmine deciduous rambling shrub widely cultivated for its winter-blooming yellow flowers common jasmine a climbing deciduous shrub with fragrant white or yellow or red flowers used in perfume and to flavor tea Arabian jasmine East Indian evergreen vine cultivated for its profuse fragrant white flowers Ligustrum genus of Old World shrubs: privet privet any of various Old World shrubs having smooth entire leaves and terminal panicles of small white flowers followed by small black berries; many used for hedges Amur privet eastern Asian shrub cultivated especially for its persistent foliage ibolium privet fast-growing and tightly branched hybrid of Ligustrum ovalifolium and Ligustrum obtusifolium Japanese privet evergreen shrub of Japan and Korea having small dark leaves and flowers in loose panicles; related to but smaller than Chinese privet Chinese privet erect evergreen treelike shrub of China and Korea and Japan having acuminate leaves and flowers in long erect panicles; resembles Japanese privet Ligustrum obtusifolium small deciduous shrub having graceful arching branches and luxuriant foliage California privet semi-evergreen Japanese shrub having malodorous flowers; used extensively for hedges because more likely to stay green that common privet common privet deciduous semi-evergreen shrub used for hedges Osmanthus widely distributed genus of evergreen shrubs or trees of southern United States and Middle East and China and Japan devilwood small tree of southern United States having panicles of dull white flowers followed by dark purple fruits Phillyrea small genus of evergreen shrubs of the Mediterranean region mock privet evergreen shrub with white flowers and olivelike fruits Syringa genus of Old World shrubs or low trees having fragrant flowers in showy panicles: lilacs lilac any of various plants of the genus Syringa having large panicles of usually fragrant flowers Himalayan lilac robust upright shrub of mountains of northern India having oblong-elliptic leaves and pale lilac or white malodorous flowers Hungarian lilac central European upright shrub having elliptic leaves and upright clusters of lilac or deep violet flowers Persian lilac small densely branching Asiatic shrub having lanceolate leaves and panicles of fragrant lilac flowers Japanese tree lilac small tree of Japan having narrow pointed leaves and creamy-white flowers Japanese lilac lilac of northern China having ovate leaves and profuse early summer rose-lilac flowers common lilac large European lilac naturalized in North America having heart-shaped ovate leaves and large panicles of highly fragrant lilac or white flowers manna hardened sugary exudation of various trees Haemodoraceae some genera placed in family Liliaceae bloodwort any of various plants of the family Haemodoraceae; roots contain a deep red coloring matter Haemodorum type genus of family Haemodoraceae Anigozanthus genus of monocotyledonous plants with curious woolly flowers on sturdy stems above a fan of sword-shaped leaves; includes kangaroo's paw and Australian sword lily; sometimes placed in family Amaryllidaceae kangaroo paw sedgelike spring-flowering herb having clustered flowers covered with woolly hairs; Australia Hamamelidae a group of chiefly woody plants considered among the most primitive of angiosperms; perianth poorly developed or lacking; flowers often unisexual and often in catkins and often wind pollinated; contains 23 families including the Betulaceae and Fagaceae (includes the Amentiferae); sometimes classified as a superorder Amentiferae used in some classification systems for plants that bear catkins Hamamelidanthum genus of fossil plants of the Oligocene having flowers resembling those of the witch hazel; found in Baltic region Hamamelidoxylon genus of fossil plants having wood identical with or similar to that of the witch hazel Hamamelites genus of fossil plants having leaves similar to those of the witch hazel Hamamelidaceae comprises genera Hamamelis, Corylopsis, Fothergilla, Liquidambar, Parrotia, and other small genera Hamamelis deciduous shrubs or small trees: witch hazel Virginian witch hazel common shrub of eastern North America having small yellow flowers after the leaves have fallen vernal witch hazel fragrant shrub of lower Mississippi valley having very small flowers from midwinter to spring Corylopsis small genus of deciduous shrubs of temperate regions of Asia winter hazel any of several Asiatic deciduous shrubs cultivated for their nodding racemes of yellow flowers that appear before the leaves genus Fothergilla small genus of deciduous shrubs of the southeastern United States fothergilla any of several deciduous low-growing shrubs of the genus Fothergilla having showy brushlike spikes of white flowers in spring and fiery red and orange autumn color; grows from Alabama to the Allegheny Mountains genus Liquidambar sweet gum liquidambar any tree of the genus Liquidambar sweet gum a North American tree of the genus Liquidambar having prickly spherical fruit clusters and fragrant sap aromatic exudate from the sweet gum tree reddish-brown wood and lumber from heartwood of the sweet gum tree used to make furniture Parrotia one species: iron tree iron tree a small slow-growing deciduous tree of northern Iran having a low domed shape ironwood exceptionally tough or hard wood of any of a number of ironwood trees Parrotiopsis one species: deciduous tree of the Himalaya Mountains Juglandales coextensive with the family Juglandaceae Juglandaceae trees having usually edible nuts: butternuts; walnuts; hickories; pecans Juglans type genus of the Juglandaceae California black walnut medium-sized tree with somewhat aromatic compound leaves and edible nuts Carya genus of large deciduous nut-bearing trees; United States and China hickory American hardwood tree bearing edible nuts valuable tough heavy hardwood from various hickory trees water hickory hickory of southern United States having many narrow leaflets and rather bitter nuts pignut an American hickory tree having bitter nuts bitternut hickory of the eastern United States having a leaves with 7 or 9 leaflets and thin-shelled very bitter nuts big shellbark hickory of the eastern United States resembling the shagbark but having a much larger nut nutmeg hickory hickory of southern United States and Mexico having hard nutmeg-shaped nuts shagbark North American hickory having loose grey shaggy bark and edible nuts mockernut smooth-barked North American hickory with 7 to 9 leaflets bearing a hard-shelled edible nut Pterocarya Asiatic nut trees: wing nuts Caucasian walnut medium-sized Caucasian much-branched tree distinguished from other walnut trees by its winged fruit Myrtales Myrtaceae; Combretaceae; Elaeagnaceae; Haloragidaceae; Melastomaceae; Lecythidaceae; Lythraceae; Rhizophoraceae; Onagraceae; Lecythidaceae; Punicaceae Combretaceae a family of tropical trees and shrubs of the order Myrtales dhawa an Indian tree of the family Combretaceae that is a source of timber and gum genus Combretum type genus of the Combretaceae: tropical and subtropical small shrubs and trees combretum any of numerous shrubs or small trees of the genus Combretum having spikes of small flowers hiccup nut ornamental African shrub or climber with red flowers bush willow small deciduous tree of the Transvaal having spikes of yellow flowers small South African tree having creamy yellow fragrant flowers usually growing on stream banks Conocarpus monotypic genus of tropical American trees: button tree button tree evergreen tree or shrub with fruit resembling buttons and yielding heavy hard compact wood Laguncularia a genus of Laguncularia white mangrove shrub to moderately large tree that grows in brackish water along the seacoasts of western Africa and tropical America; locally important as a source of tannin a small to medium-sized tree growing in brackish water especially along the shores of the southwestern Pacific Elaeagnaceae shrubs or small trees often armed Elaeagnus oleaster oleaster any of several shrubs of the genus Elaeagnus having silver-white twigs and yellow flowers followed by olivelike fruits wild olive erect shrub or climber of India and China with red olivelike fruit silverberry deciduous unarmed North American shrub with silvery leaves and fruits Russian olive deciduous shrubby tree of Europe and western Asia having grey leaves and small yellow fruits covered in silvery scales; sometimes spiny Haloragidaceae a family of dicotyledonous plants of the order Myrtales Myriophyllum chiefly monoecious and usually aquatic herbs (as the milfoils) water milfoil an aquatic plant of the genus Myriophyllum having feathery underwater leaves and small inconspicuous flowers Lecythidaceae large tropical trees bearing large fruits with woody skins Grias anchovy pear tree Bertholletia brazil nut Lythraceae herbs and shrubs and small trees with pink or purple flowers Lythrum loosestrife purple loosestrife marsh herb with a long spike of purple flowers; originally of Europe but now rampant in eastern United States grass poly annual with small solitary pink flowers; originally of Europe but widely naturalized in moist areas Lagerstroemia shrubs or small trees of tropical Asia and Africa usually with showy white, pink, or purplish flowers crape myrtle ornamental shrub from eastern India commonly planted in the southern United States Queen's crape myrtle native to Asia, Australia, and East Indies, where it provides timber called pyinma; used elsewhere as an ornamental for its large showy flowers pyinma relatively hard durable timber from the Queen's crape myrtle; light reddish brown, smooth and lustrous Myrtaceae trees and shrubs yielding a fragrant oil myrtaceous tree trees and shrubs Myrtus type genus of the Myrtaceae common myrtle European shrub with white or rosy flowers followed by black berries Pimenta allspice tree allspice tree tropical American tree having small white flowers and aromatic berries Eugenia tropical trees and shrubs with aromatic leaves and often valuable hard wood nakedwood tree of extreme southern Florida and West Indies having thin scaly bark and aromatic fruits and seeds and yielding hard heavy close-grained zebrawood any of several small to medium-sized trees of Florida and West Indies with thin scaly bark and heavy dark heartwood Surinam cherry Brazilian tree with spicy red fruit; often cultivated in California and Florida genus Feijoa small South American shrubs or trees Jambos used in some classifications for rose apples (Eugenia jambos) Myrciaria a genus of tropical American trees and shrubs of the myrtle family Psidium guavas cattley guava small tropical shrubby tree bearing deep red oval fruit Brazilian guava South American tree having fruit similar to the true guava gum tree any of various trees of the genera Eucalyptus or Liquidambar or Nyssa that are sources of gum gumwood wood or lumber from any of various gum trees especially the sweet gum genus Eucalyptus tall trees native to the Australian region; source of timber and medicinal oils from the aromatic leaves eucalyptus a tree of the genus Eucalyptus wood of any of various eucalyptus trees valued as timber flooded gum any of several Australian gum trees growing on moist or alluvial soil mallee any of several low-growing Australian eucalypts stringybark any of several Australian eucalypts having fibrous inner bark smoothbark any of several Australian eucalypts having the bark smooth except at or near the base of the trunk red gum red gum tree of Tasmania very large red gum tree river red gum somewhat crooked red gum tree growing chiefly along rivers; has durable reddish lumber used in heavy construction mountain swamp gum medium-sized swamp gum of New South Wales and Victoria snow gum small to medium-sized tree of Australia and Tasmania having smooth white to light-grey bark shedding in patches or strips alpine ash tall timber tree with hard heavy pinkish or light brown wood white mallee small shrubby mallee white stringybark stringybark having white wood white mountain ash large tree with dark compact bark on lower trunk but smooth and white above; yields lumber similar to that of European or American ashes blue gum tall fast-growing timber tree with leaves containing a medicinal oil; young leaves are bluish rose gum very tall tree of Queensland and New South Wales cider gum small to medium-sized tree of Tasmania swamp gum medium-sized tree of southern Australia spotted gum large gum tree with mottled bark lemon-scented gum similar to but smaller than the spotted gum and having lemon-scented leaves black mallee a small mallee with rough dark-colored bark toward the butt; yields a red eucalyptus kino gum forest red gum tall tree of Queensland and New South Wales and Victoria manna gum tall tree yielding a false manna eucalyptus gum reddish-brown dried gummy exudation from any of several trees of the genus Eucalyptus especially Eucalyptus camaldulensis Syzygium a tropical evergreen tree of the myrtle family native to the East Indies but cultivated elsewhere Nyssaceae a family of dicotyledonous trees of order Myrtales that includes the sour gum trees Nyssa tupelos: deciduous trees of moist habitats especially swamps and beside ponds tupelo any of several gum trees of swampy areas of North America pale soft wood of a tupelo tree especially the water gum water gum columnar swamp tree of southeastern to midwestern North America yielding pale soft easily worked wood sour gum columnar tree of eastern North America having horizontal limbs and small leaves that emerge late in spring and have brilliant color in early fall Onagraceae a large and widely distributed family of plants of the order Myrtales Circaea enchanter's nightshade enchanter's nightshade any of several erect perennial rhizomatous herbs of the genus Circaea having white flowers that open at dawn; northern hemisphere Alpine enchanter's nightshade an Alpine variety of enchanter's nightshade Circaea lutetiana tall evening primrose with inconspicuous flowers Epilobium large widely distributed genus of herbs and subshrubs of especially western North America and Arctic areas willowherb a plant of the genus Epilobium having pink or yellow flowers and seeds with silky hairs California fuchsia shrublet of southwestern United States to Mexico having brilliant scarlet flowers hairy willowherb plant of Europe and Asia having purplish-red flowers and hairy stems and leaves; introduced into North America genus Fuchsia large genus of decorative tropical shrubs with pendulous tetramerous flowers fuchsia any of various tropical shrubs widely cultivated for their showy drooping purplish or reddish or white flowers; Central and South America and New Zealand and Tahiti lady's-eardrop erect or climbing shrub of Brazil with deep pink to red flowers konini erect deciduous shrub or tree to 10 feet with maroon flowers; New Zealand Oenothera chiefly North American herbs with usually nocturnal flowers evening primrose any of several plants of the family Onagraceae common evening primrose a coarse biennial of eastern North America with yellow flowers that open in the evening; naturalized in Europe sundrops a day-flowering biennial or perennial of the genus Oenothera Missouri primrose evening-opening primrose of south central United States Punicaceae one species: pomegranates Punica coextensive with the family Punicaceae Rhizophoraceae trees and shrubs that usually form dense jungles along tropical seacoasts Rhizophora type genus of the Rhizophoraceae; a small genus of tropical trees and shrubs mangrove a tropical tree or shrub bearing fruit that germinates while still on the tree and having numerous prop roots that eventually form an impenetrable mass and are important in land building Thymelaeaceae family of trees and shrubs and herbs having tough bark that are found especially in Australia and tropical Africa genus Daphne usually evergreen Eurasian shrubs daphne any of several ornamental shrubs with shiny mostly evergreen leaves and clusters of small bell-shaped flowers garland flower widely cultivated low evergreen shrub with dense clusters of fragrant pink to deep rose flowers spurge laurel bushy Eurasian shrub with glossy leathery oblong leaves and yellow-green flowers mezereon small European deciduous shrub with fragrant lilac-colored flowers followed by red berries on highly toxic twigs mezereum the dried bark of the shrub mezereon Dirca deciduous shrub of North America: leatherwood leatherwood deciduous shrub of eastern North America having tough flexible branches and pliable bark and small yellow flowers Trapaceae family comprising solely the genus Trapa; in some classifications treated as a subfamily or tribe of the family Onagraceae Trapa small genus of Eurasian aquatic perennial herbs: water chestnut water caltrop a variety of water chestnut Melastomataceae a family of trees and bushes and herbs of order Myrtales; many are cultivated as ornamentals Melastoma type genus of Melastomataceae; Asiatic shrubs with leathery leaves and large purple flowers followed by edible fleshy black berries Indian rhododendron evergreen spreading shrub of India and southeastern Asia having large purple flowers Medinilla tropical Old World ornamental evergreen shrubs having fleshy leaves and large panicles of white pink flowers Medinilla magnifica a beautiful tropical evergreen epiphytic shrub grown for its lush foliage and huge panicles of pink flowers; Philippines Rhexia deer grass deer grass any of several plants of the genus Rhexia usually having pink-purple to magenta flowers; eastern North America Musales tropical plants Cannaceae coextensive with the genus Canna genus Canna type and sole genus of the Cannaceae: perennial lily-like herbs of New World tropics canna any plant of the genus Canna having large sheathing leaves and clusters of large showy flowers canna lily plants grown for their large bright yellow to red flowers achira canna grown especially for its edible rootstock from which arrowroot starch is obtained Marantaceae tropical perennial herbs with usually starchy rhizomes genus Maranta herbs of tropical America maranta any of numerous herbs of the genus Maranta having tuberous starchy roots and large sheathing leaves arrowroot white-flowered West Indian plant whose root yields arrowroot starch a nutritive starch obtained from the root of the arrowroot plant Musaceae treelike tropical Asian herbs Musa type genus of the Musaceae: bananas dwarf banana low-growing Asian banana tree cultivated especially in the West Indies for its clusters of edible yellow fruit Japanese banana Asiatic banana plant cultivated especially as a foliage plant in Japan edible banana widely cultivated species of banana trees bearing compact hanging clusters of commercially important edible yellow fruit abaca Philippine banana tree having leafstalks that yield Manila hemp used for rope and paper etc Ensete Old World tropical herbs: Abyssinian bananas Abyssinian banana large evergreen arborescent herb having huge paddle-shaped leaves and bearing inedible fruit that resemble bananas but edible young flower shoots; sometimes placed in genus Musa Strelitziaceae woody plants with erect stems of tropical South America and South Africa and Madagascar; in some classifications included in the family Musaceae Strelitzia small genus of large perennial evergreen herbs having leaves resembling those of banana plants; sometimes placed in family Musaceae genus Ravenala woody tropical plants with tall trunks; sometimes placed in family Musaceae traveler's tree giant treelike plant having edible nuts and leafstalks that yield a refreshing drink of clear watery sap; reputedly an emergency source of water for travelers Zingiberaceae a family of tropical monocotyledonous plants of order Musales Zingiber tropical Asiatic and Polynesian perennial plants: ginger common ginger tropical Asian plant widely cultivated for its pungent root; source of gingerroot and powdered ginger Curcuma tropical Asiatic perennial herbs Alpinia perennial rhizomatous herbs of Asia and Australia and Polynesia having ginger-scented rhizomes galangal southeastern Asian perennial with aromatic roots lesser galangal Chinese perennial with pyramidal racemes of white flowers and pungent aromatic roots used medicinally and as flavoring red ginger an ornamental ginger native to Pacific islands shellflower cultivated for its shining oblong leaves and arching clusters of white flowers with pink shading and crinkled yellow lips with variegated magenta stripes showy perennial of marshlands of eastern and central North America having waxy lanceolate leaves and flower with lower part creamy white and upper parts pale pink to deep purple Aframomum an African genus of plants of the family Zingiberaceae grains of paradise West African plant bearing pungent peppery seeds Elettaria cardamom Dilleniidae a group of families of more or less advanced trees and shrubs and herbs having either polypetalous or gamopetalous corollas and often with ovules attached to the walls of the ovary; contains 69 families including Ericaceae and Cruciferae and Malvaceae; sometimes classified as a superorder Parietales a large order of dicotyledonous plants of subclass Dilleniidae Guttiferales used in some classifications; coextensive with Parietales Begoniaceae monoecious succulent herbs or shrubs of tropical and warm regions especially America genus Begonia large genus of tropical succulent plants widely cultivated begonia any of numerous plants of the genus Begonia grown for their attractive glossy asymmetrical leaves and colorful flowers in usually terminal cymes or racemes fibrous-rooted begonia any of numerous begonias having fibrous rather than tuberous or rhizomatous roots tuberous begonia any of numerous begonias having large tuberous roots rhizomatous begonia any of numerous begonias having prominent shaggy creeping stems or rhizomes Christmas begonia hybrid winter-blooming begonia grown for its many large pink flowers angel-wing begonia South American fibrous-rooted begonias having prominent basal leaf lobes suggesting angels' wings and racemes of coral-red flowers grape-leaf begonia tuberous or semi-tuberous South African begonia having shallowly lobed ovate leaves and small white flowers beefsteak begonia rhizomatous begonia with roundish fleshy leaves reddish colored beneath star begonia rhizomatous begonia having leaves with pointed lobes suggestive of stars and pink flowers rex begonia any of numerous usually rhizomatous hybrid begonias derived from an East Indian plant having rough-textured leaves patterned in silver and bronze and purple and red-brown with inconspicuous flowers wax begonia hybrid fibrous-rooted begonia having broad-ovate green to bronze-red leaves and small clusters of white or pink or red flowers; widely used as a bedding plant Socotra begonia semi-tuberous begonia having peltate leaves and rose-pink flowers; Yemen hybrid tuberous begonia any of numerous hybrid begonias having tuberous roots and variously colored flowers Dilleniaceae chiefly tropical shrubs and trees and climbers having leathery leaves or flattened leaflike stems: genera Dillenia and Hibbertia genus Dillenia East Indian and Australian shrubs and trees having panicles of large white or yellow flowers dillenia any of several evergreen trees or shrubs of the genus Dillenia grown for their foliage and nodding flowers resembling magnolias which are followed by fruit that is used in curries and jellies and preserves Hibbertia evergreen heathlike or scandent shrubs of Madagascar; Australasia; Polynesia guinea gold vine any of several Australasian evergreen vines widely cultivated in warm regions for their large bright yellow single flowers Guttiferae widely distributed family of chiefly tropical trees and shrubs and vines that produce oils and resins and some usable timber Calophyllum genus of tropical evergreen trees poon any of several East Indian trees of the genus Calophyllum having shiny leathery leaves and lightweight hard wood wood of any poon tree; used for masts and spars calaba West Indian tree having racemes of fragrant white flowers and yielding a durable timber and resinous juice Maria valuable timber tree of Panama laurelwood tropical American tree; valued for its hard durable wood Alexandrian laurel East Indian tree having racemes of fragrant white flowers; coastal areas southern India to Malaysia genus Clusia tropical American aromatic trees or shrubs; often epiphytic; some stranglers clusia an aromatic tree of the genus Clusia having large white or yellow or pink flowers wild fig a West Indies clusia having fig-shaped fruit waxflower epiphytic clusia of British Guiana pitch apple a common tropical American clusia having solitary white or rose flowers Garcinia evergreen trees and shrubs: mangosteens gamboge tree low spreading tree of Indonesia yielding an orange to brown gum resin (gamboge) used as a pigment when powdered Hypericaceae used in some classification systems for plants usually included among the Guttiferae Hypericum large almost cosmopolitan genus of evergreen or deciduous shrubs and herbs with often showy yellow flowers; cosmopolitan except tropical lowlands and Arctic or high altitudes and desert regions St John's wort any of numerous plants of the genus Hypericum having yellow flowers and transparently dotted leaves; traditionally gathered on St John's eve to ward off evil common St John's wort deciduous bushy Eurasian shrub with golden yellow flowers and reddish-purple fruits from which a soothing salve is made in Spain great St John's wort perennial shrub having large star-shaped yellow flowers in narrowly pyramidal cymes creeping St John's wort creeping evergreen shrub with bright yellow star-shaped summer flowers; useful as ground cover orange grass annual wiry-stemmed North American weed with minute scalelike leaves and small yellow flowers St Andrews's cross shrubby plant having yellow to apricot flowers with four petals arranged in a cross; southeastern United States: New York to Texas low St Andrew's cross low shrubby plant having yellow flowers with four petals arranged in a cross; Bermuda and southeastern United States to West Indies and eastern Mexico klammath weed yellow-flowered perennial common in fields and waste places but a weed in rangelands shrubby St John's wort stiff shrub having oblong entire leaves and dense cymes of yellow flowers St Peter's wort European perennial St John's wort; Ireland and France to western Siberia marsh St-John's wort perennial marsh herb with pink to mauve flowers; southeastern United States Mammea American and Asiatic trees having edible one-seeded fruit mammee apple tropical American tree having edible fruit with a leathery rind Mesua genus of tropical Asiatic trees having large solitary flowers rose chestnut handsome East Indian evergreen tree often planted as an ornamental for its fragrant white flowers that yield a perfume; source of very heavy hardwood used for railroad ties Actinidiaceae tropical trees or shrubs or woody vines Actinidia small Asiatic woody vine bearing many-seeded fruit bower actinidia climbing Asiatic vine having long finely serrate leaves and racemes of white flowers followed by greenish-yellow edible fruit Chinese gooseberry climbing vine native to China; cultivated in New Zealand for its fuzzy edible fruit with green meat silvervine ornamental vine of eastern Asia having yellow edible fruit and leaves with silver-white markings Canellaceae one genus: aromatic tropical trees of eastern Africa and Florida to West Indies genus Canella one species wild cinnamon large evergreen shrub or small tree having white aromatic bark and leathery leaves and small purple to red flowers in terminal cymes canella highly aromatic inner bark of the Canella winterana used as a condiment and a tonic Caricaceae trees native to tropical America and Africa with milky juice and large palmately lobed leaves Carica type genus of the Caricaceae; tropical American trees: papayas Caryocaraceae small genus of tropical South American trees Caryocar type genus of the Caryocaraceae; South American trees yielding strong fine-grained wood and edible nuts souari large South American evergreen tree trifoliate leaves and drupes with nutlike seeds used as food and a source of cooking oil Cistaceae shrubs or woody herbs of temperate regions especially Mediterranean Cistus small to medium-sized evergreen shrubs of southern Europe and North Africa rockrose small shrubs of scrub and dry woodland regions of southern Europe and North Africa; grown for their showy flowers and soft often downy and aromatic evergreen foliage any of numerous varieties of helianthemums having small rose-like yellow or white or reddish flowers white-leaved rockrose compact white pubescent shrub of southwestern Europe having pink flowers common gum cistus shrub having white flowers and viscid stems and leaves yielding a fragrant oleoresin used in perfumes especially as a fixative labdanum a soft blackish-brown resinous exudate from various rockroses used in perfumes especially as a fixative a dark brown to greenish oleoresin that has a fragrant odor and is used as a fixative in perfumes; obtained as a juice from certain rockroses genus Helianthemum widely distributed evergreen or semi-evergreen shrublets; America; Europe and North Africa to Asia Minor and central Asia helianthemum any plant of the genus Helianthemum; vigorous plants of stony alpine meadows and dry scrub regions frostweed perennial of the eastern United States having early solitary yellow flowers followed by late petalless flowers; so-called because ice crystals form on it during first frosts rush rose woody yellow-flowered perennial of southeastern United States Hudsonia small evergreen subshrubs of North America false heather North American decumbent evergreen heathlike plant with yellow flowers beach heather small heathlike plant covered with white down growing on beaches in northeastern North America Dipterocarpaceae chiefly tropical Asian trees with two-winged fruits; yield valuable woods and aromatic oils and resins dipterocarp tree of the family Dipterocarpaceae Shorea genus of Indonesian and Malaysian timber trees rich in resin red lauan valuable Philippine timber tree hard heavy red wood of the red lauan tree; often sold as Philippine mahogany Flacourtiaceae chiefly tropical trees and shrubs Flacourtia often spiny trees or shrubs of tropical Asia and Africa governor's plum small shrubby tree of Madagascar cultivated in tropical regions as a hedge plant and for its deep red acid fruits resembling small plums Dovyalis small genus of sometimes spiny shrubs or small trees; Africa; India; Sri Lanka kei apple vigorous South African spiny shrub grown for its round yellow juicy edible fruits Hydnocarpus medium to large Indonesian and Malaysian trees chaulmoogra East Indian tree with oily seeds yield chaulmoogra oil used to treat leprosy Hydnocarpus laurifolia leathery-leaved tree of western India bearing round fruits with brown densely hairy rind enclosing oily pulp that yields hydnocarpus oil hydnocarpus oil oil from seeds of trees of the genus Hydnocarpus especially Hydnocarpus wightiana (Hydnocarpus laurifolia) genus Idesia one species idesia deciduous roundheaded Asiatic tree widely grown in mild climates as an ornamental for its heart-shaped leaves and fragrant yellow-green flowers followed by hanging clusters of fleshy orange-red berries Kiggelaria small genus of South African shrubs or small trees wild peach large much-branched shrub grown primarily for its evergreen foliage genus Xylosma genus of tropical American and Asiatic spiny evergreen trees and shrubs xylosma shrub or small tree grown as an ornamental in mild climates for its neat evergreen foliage and fragrant late flowers; native of China Fouquieriaceae small family of spiny shrubs or trees of southwestern United States candlewood any of several resinous trees or shrubs often burned for light Fouquieria resinous succulent trees or shrubs of desert and semidesert regions of southwestern United States that are leafless most of the year ocotillo desert shrub of southwestern United States and Mexico having slender naked spiny branches that after the rainy season put forth foliage and clusters of red flowers boojum tree candlewood of Mexico and southwestern California having tall columnar stems and bearing honey-scented creamy yellow flowers Ochnaceae family of tropical evergreen trees and shrubs with thick shining parallel-veined leaves Ochna type genus of Ochnaceae; evergreen trees and shrubs of Old World tropics bird's-eye bush shrub with narrow-elliptic glossy evergreen leaves and yellow flowers with leathery petaloid sepals Passifloraceae tropical woody tendril-climbing vines Passiflora type genus of the Passifloraceae passionflower any of various chiefly tropical American vines some bearing edible fruit maypop of southern United States; having an insipid berry the size of a hen egg Jamaica honeysuckle West Indian passionflower; cultivated for its yellow edible fruit banana passion fruit cultivated for fruit Resedaceae mainly Mediterranean herbs: mignonette genus Reseda Old World genus of herbs having racemose flowers: mignonette; dyer's rocket reseda any plant of the genus Reseda mignonette Mediterranean woody annual widely cultivated for its dense terminal spikelike clusters greenish or yellowish white flowers having an intense spicy fragrance dyer's rocket European mignonette cultivated as a source of yellow dye; naturalized in North America Tamaricaceae family of desert shrubs and trees (mostly halophytes and xerophytes) Tamarix genus of deciduous shrubs or small trees of eastern Mediterranean regions and tropical Asia tamarisk any shrub or small tree of the genus Tamarix having small scalelike or needle-shaped leaves and feathery racemes of small white or pinkish flowers; of mostly coastal areas with saline soil Myricaria small genus of deciduous shrubs or subshrubs of southern Europe to Siberia and China; tolerant of chalky soil false tamarisk Eurasian shrub resembling the tamarisk halophyte plant growing naturally in very salty soil Violaceae a family of order Parietales including the genera Viola, Hybanthus, Hymenanthera, Melicytus Viola large genus of flowering herbs of temperate regions field pansy common Old World viola with creamy often violet-tinged flowers American dog violet violet of eastern North America having pale violet to white flowers sweet white violet short-stemmed violet of eastern North America having fragrant purple-veined white flowers Canada violet tall North American perennial with heart-shaped leaves and white flowers with purple streaks dog violet Old World leafy-stemmed blue-flowered violet horned violet European viola with an unusually long corolla spur two-eyed violet violet of Pacific coast of North America having white petals tinged with yellow and deep violet sweet violet European violet typically having purple to white flowers; widely naturalized bird's-foot violet common violet of the eastern United States with large pale blue or purple flowers resembling pansies downy yellow violet violet of eastern North America having softly pubescent leaves and stems and clear yellow flowers with brown-purple veins long-spurred violet violet of eastern North America having lilac-purple flowers with a long slender spur pale violet leafy-stemmed violet of eastern North America having large white or creamy flowers faintly marked with purple hedge violet common European violet that grows in woods and hedgerows pansy large-flowered garden plant derived chiefly from the wild pansy of Europe and having velvety petals of various colors wild pansy a common and long cultivated European herb from which most common garden pansies are derived Hybanthus a genus of herbs and small shrubs with white or purple flowers; grows in tropical or subtropical regions Hymenanthera a genus of slender evergreen shrubs; grow in Australia and New Zealand Melicytus a genus of deciduous shrubs or trees; fruit is a berry; grow in New Zealand and Fiji and Solomon Islands Urticales an order of dicotyledonous plants including Moraceae and Urticaceae and Ulmaceae Urticaceae a family of plants of order Urticales including many nettles with stinging hairs nettle any of numerous plants having stinging hairs that cause skin irritation on contact (especially of the genus Urtica or family Urticaceae) sting with or as with nettles and cause a stinging pain or sensation Urtica a nettle yielding fiber resembling flax stinging nettle perennial Eurasian nettle established in North America having broad coarsely toothed leaves with copious stinging hairs Roman nettle annual European nettle with stinging foliage and small clusters of green flowers Boehmeria false nettle false nettle any of several flowering weeds of the genus Boehmeria lacking stinging hairs ramie tall perennial herb of tropical Asia with dark green leaves; cultivated for the fiber from its woody stems that resembles flax Helxine one species; a dwarf creeping mat-forming evergreen herb baby's tears prostrate or creeping Corsican herb with moss-like small round short-stemmed leaves Laportea mostly tropical stinging herbs or trees: nettle wood nettle American perennial herb found in rich woods and provided with stinging hairs; provides fibers used for textiles Australian nettle any of several tall Australian trees of the genus Laportea Parietaria small genus of stingless herbs pellitory-of-the-wall herb that grows in crevices having long narrow leaves and small pink apetalous flowers Pilea low-growing tropical perennials grown for their stingless foliage richweed a plants of the genus Pilea having drooping green flower clusters and smooth translucent stems and leaves artillery plant tropical American stingless nettle that discharges its pollen explosively friendship plant low stingless nettle of Central and South America having velvety brownish-green toothed leaves and clusters of small green flowers Pipturus an Australian genus of woody plants of the family Urticaceae Queensland grass-cloth plant Australian plant of genus Pipturus whose fiber is used in making cloth Pipturus albidus Hawaiian tree of genus Pipturus having a bark (tapa) from which tapa cloth is made Cannabidaceae two genera of erect or twining herbs that are pollinated by the wind, including the genera Cannabis and Humulus; term not used in all classifications; in some the genus Cannabis is placed in the family Moraceae and the genus Humulus in the family Urticaceae genus Cannabis hemp: genus of coarse annuals native to central Asia and widely naturalized in north temperate regions; in some classifications included in the family Moraceae marijuana a strong-smelling plant whose dried leaves can be smoked for a pleasant effect or pain reduction Humulus hops: hardy perennial vines of Europe, North America and central and eastern Asia producing a latex sap; in some classifications included in the family Urticaceae common hop European twining plant whose flowers are used chiefly to flavor malt liquors; cultivated in America American hop native American plant sometimes confused with the European hop Japanese hop ornamental vine native to eastern Asia; cultivated for its variegated foliage Moraceae trees or shrubs having a milky juice; in some classifications includes genus Cannabis Morus type genus of the Moraceae: mulberries white mulberry Asiatic mulberry with white to pale red fruit; leaves used to feed silkworms black mulberry European mulberry having dark foliage and fruit red mulberry North American mulberry having dark purple edible fruit Maclura yellowwood trees or shrubs osage orange small shrubby deciduous yellowwood tree of south central United States having spines, glossy dark green leaves and an inedible fruit that resembles an orange; its hard orange-colored wood used for bows by Native Americans; frequently planted as boundary hedge Artocarpus evergreen Asiatic trees now grown through the tropics: breadfruit; jackfruit Ficus large genus of tropical trees or shrubs or climbers including fig trees fig tree any moraceous tree of the tropical genus Ficus; produces a closed pear-shaped receptacle that becomes fleshy and edible when mature caprifig wild variety of the common fig used to facilitate pollination of certain figs golden fig a strangler tree native to southern Florida and West Indies; begins as an epiphyte eventually developing many thick aerial roots and covering enormous areas pipal fig tree of India noted for great size and longevity; lacks the prop roots of the banyan; regarded as sacred by Buddhists India-rubber tree large tropical Asian tree frequently dwarfed as a houseplant; source of Assam rubber mistletoe fig shrub or small tree often grown as a houseplant having foliage like mistletoe Port Jackson fig Australian tree resembling the banyan often planted for ornament; introduced into South Africa for brushwood sycamore thick-branched wide-spreading tree of Africa and adjacent southwestern Asia often buttressed with branches rising from near the ground; produces cluster of edible but inferior figs on short leafless twigs; the biblical sycamore Eurasian maple tree with pale grey bark that peels in flakes like that of a sycamore tree; leaves with five ovate lobes yellow in autumn variably colored and sometimes variegated hard tough elastic wood of a sycamore tree Broussonetia paper mulberry paper mulberry shrubby Asiatic tree having bark (tapa) that resembles cloth; grown as a shade tree in Europe and America; male flowers are pendulous catkins and female are urn-shaped followed by small orange-red aggregate berries Cecropiaceae in some classifications included in family Moraceae Cecropia large genus of tropical American trees that yield a bast fiber used for cordage and bark used in tanning; milky juice yields caoutchouc trumpetwood tropical American tree with large peltate leaves and hollow stems Ulmaceae a dicot family of the order Urticales including: genera Ulmus, Celtis, Planera, Trema Ulmus type genus of family Ulmaceae; deciduous trees having simple serrate leaves; widely distributed in temperate regions elm any of various trees of the genus Ulmus: important timber or shade trees hard tough wood of an elm tree; used for e.g. implements and furniture winged elm North American elm having twigs and young branches with prominent corky projections American elm large ornamental tree with graceful gradually spreading branches common in eastern North America smooth-leaved elm European elm with lustrous smooth leaves used as an ornamental cedar elm elm of southern United States and Mexico having spreading pendulous corky branches witch elm Eurasian elm often planted as a shade tree Dutch elm any of various hybrid ornamental European shade trees ranging from dwarf to tall Huntingdon elm erect vigorous hybrid ornamental elm tree water elm Eurasian elm closely resembling the American elm; thrives in a moist environment Chinese elm small fast-growing tree native to Asia; widely grown as shelterbelts and hedges English elm broad spreading rough-leaved elm common throughout Europe and planted elsewhere Siberian elm fast-growing shrubby Asian tree naturalized in United States for shelter or ornament slippery elm North American elm having rough leaves that are red when opening; yields a hard wood Jersey elm a variety of the English elm with erect branches and broader leaves September elm autumn-flowering elm of southeastern United States rock elm tall widely distributed elm of eastern North America Celtis large genus of trees and shrubs with berrylike fruit hackberry any of various trees of the genus Celtis having inconspicuous flowers and small berrylike fruits European hackberry bright green deciduous shade tree of southern Europe American hackberry large deciduous shade tree of southern United States with small deep purple berries Planera a deciduous tree of the family Ulmaceae that grows in the southeastern United States Trema an evergreen tree of the family Ulmaceae that grows in tropical America and Africa and Asia Liliidae one of four subclasses or superorders of Monocotyledones; comprises 17 families including: Liliaceae; Alliaceae; Amaryllidaceae; Iridaceae; Orchidaceae; Trilliaceae Liliales an order of monocotyledonous plants including Amaryllidaceae and Liliaceae and Iridaceae Iridaceae large family of usually perennial geophytic herbs with rhizomes or corms or bulbs iridaceous plant any bulbous plant of the family Iridaceae genus Iris large genus of perennials that develop from bulbs or rhizomes bearded iris any of numerous wild or cultivated irises with hairlike structures on the falls (the drooping sepals) beardless iris any of numerous wild or cultivated irises having no hairs on the drooping sepals (the falls) bulbous iris any of various irises having a rootstock formed like a bulb orrisroot fragrant rootstock of various irises especially Florentine iris; used in perfumes and medicines dwarf iris low-growing summer-flowering iris of northeastern United States low-growing spring-flowering American iris with bright blue-lilac flowers Dutch iris bulbous Spanish iris with red-violet flowers bulbous Spanish iris having blue flowers Florentine iris German iris having large white flowers with lavender-tinged falls and a fragrant rhizome stinking iris iris with purple flowers and foul-smelling leaves; southern and western Europe and North Africa German iris a large iris with purple or white flowers, native to central and southern Europe iris of northern Italy having deep blue-purple flowers; similar to but smaller than Iris germanica Japanese iris iris native to Japan having large showy flowers Dalmatian iris European iris having soft lilac-blue flowers Persian iris bulbous iris native to Asia Minor cultivated for its pale lilac-colored flowers yellow iris common yellow-flowered iris of Europe and North Africa, naturalized in United States and often cultivated blue flag a common iris of the eastern United States having blue or blue-violet flowers; root formerly used medicinally southern blue flag similar to blue flag; the eastern United States English iris bulbous iris native to the Pyrenees; widely cultivated for its large delicate flowers in various colors except yellow Spanish iris bulbous iris of western Mediterranean region having usually violet-purple flowers falls the petals or sepals of a flower that bend downward (especially the outer perianth of an iris) Belamcanda a monocotyledonous genus of the family Iridaceae blackberry-lily garden plant whose capsule discloses when ripe a mass of seeds resembling a blackberry genus Crocus a monocotyledonous genus of the family Iridaceae crocus any of numerous low-growing plants of the genus Crocus having slender grasslike leaves and white or yellow or purple flowers; native chiefly to the Mediterranean region but widely cultivated genus Freesia cormous perennial herbs; native to South Africa freesia any of several plants of the genus Freesia valued for their one-sided clusters of usually fragrant yellow or white or pink tubular flowers genus Gladiolus gladiolas Ixia a monocotyledonous genus of the family Iridaceae corn lily any of several South African plants of the genus Ixia having grasslike leaves and clusters of showy variously colored lily-like flowers; widely cultivated Sisyrinchium chiefly North American grasslike herbs blue-eyed grass plant with grasslike foliage and delicate blue flowers Sparaxis deciduous perennial herbs of South Africa wandflower a showy often-cultivated plant with tawny yellow often purple-spotted flowers Amaryllidaceae snowdrop; narcissus; daffodil; in some classification systems considered a subfamily of the Liliaceae amaryllis bulbous plant having showy white to reddish flowers genus Amaryllis type genus of the Amaryllidaceae; bulbous flowering plants of southern Africa belladonna lily amaryllis of South Africa often cultivated for its fragrant white or rose flowers Bomarea large genus of tropical American vines having showy often spotted umbellate flowers; sometimes placed in family Liliaceae especially subfamily Alstroemeriaceae salsilla tropical vine having pink-and-yellow flowers spotted purple and edible roots sometimes boiled as a potato substitute; West Indies to northern South America tropical vine having umbels of small purple flowers and edible roots sometimes boiled as a potato substitute; Colombia Haemanthus genus of African deciduous or evergreen bulbous herbs: blood lilies blood lily any of various deciduous or evergreen herbs of the genus Haemanthus; South Africa and Namibia Cape tulip spectacular plant having large prostrate leaves barred in reddish-purple and flowers with a clump of long yellow stamens in a coral-red cup of fleshy bracts; South Africa genus Hippeastrum bulbous flowering plants of tropical America hippeastrum amaryllis of tropical America often cultivated as a houseplant for its showy white to red flowers genus Narcissus Old World perennial bulbous herbs narcissus bulbous plant having erect linear leaves and showy yellow or white flowers either solitary or in clusters daffodil any of numerous varieties of Narcissus plants having showy often yellow flowers with a trumpet-shaped central crown jonquil widely cultivated ornamental plant native to southern Europe but naturalized elsewhere having fragrant yellow or white clustered flowers often used colloquially for any yellow daffodil paper white a daffodil having star-shaped white blossoms; often grown indoors to bloom in the winter Strekelia a monocotyledonous genus of the amaryllis family Jacobean lily Mexican bulbous herb cultivated for its handsome bright red solitary flower Hypoxidaceae in some classification systems included in the Amaryllidaceae Hypoxis small plants that resemble amaryllis and that grow from a corm and bear flowers on a leafless stalk; sometimes classified as member of the family Amaryllidaceae: star grass star grass any plant of the genus Hypoxis having long grasslike leaves and yellow star-shaped flowers: Africa; Australia; southern Asia; North America American star grass perennial star grass of North America Liliaceae includes species sometimes divided among the following families: Alliaceae; Aloeaceae; Alstroemeriaceae; Aphyllanthaceae; Asparagaceae; Asphodelaceae; Colchicaceae; Convallariaceae; Hemerocallidaceae; Hostaceae; Hyacinthaceae; Melanthiaceae; Ruscaceae; Smilacaceae; Tecophilaeacea; Xanthorrhoeaceae liliaceous plant plant growing from a bulb or corm or rhizome or tuber Lilium type genus of Liliaceae lily any liliaceous plant of the genus Lilium having showy pendulous flowers Canada lily common lily of the eastern United States having nodding yellow or reddish flowers spotted with brown Madonna lily lily of eastern Mediterranean and the Balkans with broad funnel-shaped white flowers tiger lily lily of southeastern United States having cup-shaped flowers with deep yellow to scarlet recurved petals east Asian perennial having large reddish-orange black-spotted flowers with reflexed petals Columbia tiger lily lily of western North America with showy orange-red purple-spotted flowers Easter lily tall lily have large white trumpet-shaped flowers that bloom in the spring coast lily orange-flowered lily of Pacific coast of United States Turk's-cap lily with small dull purple flowers of northwestern Europe and northwestern Asia lily of the eastern United States with orange to red maroon-spotted flowers Michigan lily lily of central North America having recurved orange-red flowers with deep crimson spots leopard lily lily of western United States having orange-red to crimson maroon-spotted flowers wood lily lily of eastern North America having orange to orange-red purple-spotted flowers genus Agapanthus small genus of South African evergreen or deciduous plants; sometimes placed in the family or subfamily Alliaceae agapanthus any of various plants of the genus Agapanthus having umbels of showy blue to purple flowers African lily African plant with bright green evergreen leaves and umbels of many usually deep violet-blue flowers genus Albuca genus of bulbous plants of South Africa; sometimes placed in subfamily Hyacinthaceae albuca any of various plants of the genus Albuca having large clusters of pale yellow flowers; South Africa Aletris small genus of bitter-rooted herbs of eastern North America and Asia; sometimes placed in family Melanthiaceae colicroot any of several perennials of the genus Aletris having grasslike leaves and bitter roots reputed to cure colic ague root colicroot having a scurfy or granuliferous perianth and white flowers; southeastern United States yellow colicroot colicroot with yellow-bracted racemose flowers; smaller than Aletris farinosa; southeastern United States Alliaceae one of many families or subfamilies into which some classification systems subdivide the Liliaceae but not widely accepted; includes especially genus Allium Allium large genus of perennial and biennial pungent bulbous plants: garlic; leek; onion; chive; sometimes placed in family Alliaceae as the type genus alliaceous plant bulbous plants having a characteristic pungent onion odor wild onion any of various plants of the genus Allium with edible bulbs found growing wild Hooker's onion a common North American wild onion with a strong onion odor and an umbel of pink flowers atop a leafless stalk; British Columbia to California and Arizona and east to Wyoming and Colorado wild leek coarse Old World perennial having a large bulb and tall stalk of greenish purple-tinged flowers; widely naturalized Canada garlic North American bulbous plant keeled garlic Eurasian bulbous plant tree onion type of perennial onion grown chiefly as a curiosity or for early salad onions; having bulbils that replace the flowers nodding onion widely distributed North American wild onion with white to rose flowers Welsh onion Asiatic onion with slender bulbs; used as early green onions red-skinned onion onion with white to deep red tunic; California daffodil garlic European onion with white flowers few-flowered leek leek producing bulbils instead of flowers; Russia and Iran sand leek European leek cultivated and used like leeks crow garlic pungent Old World wild onion wild garlic pungent Old World weedy plant round-headed leek Old World leek with a spherical bulb three-cornered leek European leek naturalized in Great Britain; leaves are triangular Aloeaceae one of many families or subfamilies into which some classification systems subdivide the Liliaceae but not widely accepted genus Aloe large genus of chiefly African liliaceous plants; in some systems placed in family Aloeaceae aloe succulent plants having rosettes of leaves usually with fiber like hemp and spikes of showy flowers; found chiefly in Africa cape aloe much-branched South African plant with reddish prickly succulent leaves burn plant very short-stemmed plant with thick leaves with soothing mucilaginous juice; leaves develop spiny margins with maturity; native to Mediterranean region; grown widely in tropics and as houseplants genus Kniphofia genus of showy clump-forming African herbs with grasslike leaves; sometimes placed in family Aloeaceae kniphofia a plant of the genus Kniphofia having long grasslike leaves and tall scapes of red or yellow drooping flowers poker plant clump-forming plant of South Africa with spikes of scarlet flowers red-hot poker widely cultivated hybrid poker plant Alstroemeriaceae one of many families or subfamilies into which some classification systems subdivide the Liliaceae but not widely accepted; sometimes included in subfamily Amaryllidaceae genus Alstroemeria genus of showy South American herbs with leafy stems; sometimes placed in family Alstroemeriaceae or in family Amaryllidaceae alstroemeria any of various South American plants of the genus Alstroemeria valued for their handsome umbels of beautiful flowers Peruvian lily an Andean herb having umbels of showy pinkish-purple lily-like flowers Amianthum one species: fly poison; sometimes placed in family Melanthiaceae fly poison all parts of plant are highly toxic; bulb pounded and used as a fly poison; sometimes placed in subfamily Melanthiaceae Anthericum genus of Old World (mainly African) perennial herbs; sometimes placed in family Asphodelaceae Saint-Bernard's-lily southern European plant commonly cultivated for its spikes of small starry greenish-white flowers amber lily plant having basal grasslike leaves and a narrow open cluster of starlike yellowish-orange flowers atop a leafless stalk; southwestern United States; only species of Anthericum growing in North America Aphyllanthaceae one of many families or subfamilies into which some classification systems subdivide the Liliaceae but not widely accepted; includes genus Aphyllanthes Aphyllanthes one species; small fibrous-rooted perennial with rushlike foliage and deep blue flowers; sometimes placed in its own family Aphyllanthaceae Asparagaceae one of many families or subfamilies into which some classification systems subdivide the Liliaceae: includes genera Asparagus and sometimes Ruscus genus Asparagus large genus of Old World perennial herbs with erect or spreading or climbing stems and small scalelike leaves and inconspicuous flowers; sometimes placed in family Asparagaceae asparagus fern a fernlike plant native to South Africa smilax fragile twining plant of South Africa with bright green flattened stems and glossy foliage popular as a floral decoration Asphodelaceae one of many subfamilies into which some classification systems subdivide the Liliaceae asphodel any of various chiefly Mediterranean plants of the genera Asphodeline and Asphodelus having linear leaves and racemes of white or pink or yellow flowers Asphodeline genus of rhizomatous perennial or biennial herbs with numerous sometimes fragrant flowers in long cylindrical racemes; Mediterranean region to Caucasus; sometimes placed in family Asphodelaceae Jacob's rod asphodel having erect smooth unbranched stem either flexuous or straight king's spear asphodel with leafy stem and fragrant yellow flowers Asphodelus small genus of tall striking annuals or perennials with grasslike foliage and flowers in dense racemes or panicles; Mediterranean to Himalayas; sometimes placed in family Asphodelaceae genus Aspidistra genus of eastern Asiatic herbs; sometimes placed in the family Convallariaceae aspidistra evergreen perennial with large handsome basal leaves; grown primarily as a foliage houseplant Bessera small genus of cormous perennials of Mexico; sometimes placed in family Alliaceae coral drops half-hardy Mexican herb cultivated for its drooping terminal umbels of showy red-and-white flowers Blandfordia small genus of tuberous Australian perennial herbs Christmas bells any of several plants of the genus Blandfordia having large orange or crimson flowers Bloomeria small genus of bulbous perennial herbs of southwestern United States and Mexico; sometimes placed in family Alliaceae golden star California plant having grasslike leaves and showy orange flowers Bowiea small genus of tropical African perennial bulbous herbs with deciduous twining stems; sometimes placed in family Hyacinthaceae climbing onion much-branched leafless twining South African herb cultivated as an ornamental for its bright green stems growing from large aboveground bulbs genus Brodiaea genus of western United States bulbous plants with basal leaves and variously colored flowers; sometimes placed in family Alliaceae brodiaea any of several plants of the genus Brodiaea having basal grasslike leaves and globose flower heads on leafless stems resembling those of genus Allium elegant brodiaea brodiaea having an umbel of violet or blue-violet flowers atop a leafless stalk; northern Oregon to southern California Calochortus large genus of western North American leafy-stemmed bulbous herbs mariposa any of several plants of the genus Calochortus having tulip-shaped flowers with 3 sepals and 3 petals; southwestern United States and Mexico globe lily any of several plants of the genus Calochortus having egg-shaped flowers white globe lily globe lily having open branched clusters of egg-shaped white flowers; southern California yellow globe lily globe lily having open branched clusters of clear yellow egg-shaped flowers; northern California rose globe lily globe lily with deep rose-pink or purple egg-shaped flowers on flexuous stems; western slopes of Sierra Nevada in San Joaquin Valley star tulip small plant with slender bent stems bearing branched clusters of a few white star-shaped flowers with petals shaped like cat's ears; southeastern Washington and northeastern Oregon to Montana desert mariposa tulip mariposa with clusters of bell-shaped vermilion or orange or yellow flowers atop short stems; southern California to Arizona and Mexico yellow mariposa tulip mariposa having clusters of a few large deep yellow bell-shaped flowers atop slender stems; California coastal ranges sagebrush mariposa tulip mariposa having loose clusters of one to three handsome lilac flowers resembling umbels atop stout erect stems; arid northwestern North America east of Cascade Mountains from southern British Columbia to northern California sego lily perennial plant having clusters of one to four showy white bell-shaped flowers atop erect unbranched stems; edible bulbs useful in times of scarcity; eastern Montana and western North Dakota south to northern Arizona and northwestern New Mexico Camassia genus of scapose herbs of North and South America having large edible bulbs camas any of several plants of the genus Camassia; North and South America common camas plant having a large edible bulb and linear basal leaves and racemes of light to deep violet-blue star-shaped flowers on tall green scapes; western North America Leichtlin's camas camas found to the west of Cascade Mountains wild hyacinth eastern camas; eastern and central North America sometimes placed in genus Scilla Erythronium perennial bulbous herbs most of northern United States: dogtooth violet; adder's tongue; trout lily; fawn lily dogtooth violet perennial woodland spring-flowering plant; widely cultivated white dogtooth violet North American dogtooth having solitary white flowers with yellow centers and blue or pink exteriors yellow adder's tongue eastern North American dogtooth having solitary yellow flowers marked with brown or purple and spotted interiors European dogtooth sturdy European dogtooth with rose to mauve flowers; cultivated in many varieties fawn lily California dogtooth violet with creamy white flowers sometimes yellow-tinged glacier lily dogtooth violet of western North America having bright yellow flowers avalanche lily perennial herb having large white flowers marked with orange; found near the snow line in the northwestern United States Fritillaria fritillary mission bells herb of northwestern America having green-and-purple bell-shaped flowers herb of southwestern United States having dark purple bell-shaped flowers mottled with green stink bell a malodorous California herb with bell-shaped flowers; a common weed in grainfields crown imperial Eurasian herb with a cluster of leaves and orange-red bell-shaped flowers at the top of the stem white fritillary California herb with white conic or bell-shaped flowers usually tinged with green snake's head fritillary Eurasian checkered lily with pendant flowers usually veined and checkered with purple or maroon on a pale ground and shaped like the bells carried by lepers in medieval times; widely grown as an ornamental brown bells California herb with brownish-purple or greenish bell-shaped flowers adobe lily California herb with pinkish purple flowers scarlet fritillary western United States herb with scarlet and yellow narrow bell-shaped flowers Tulipa Eurasian perennial bulbous herbs tulip any of numerous perennial bulbous herbs having linear or broadly lanceolate leaves and usually a single showy flower dwarf tulip small early blooming tulip lady tulip Eurasian tulip with small flowers blotched at the base Tulipa gesneriana tall late blooming tulip cottage tulip any of several long-stemmed tulips that flower in May; have egg-shaped variously colored flowers Darwin tulip any of several very tall, late blooming tulips bearing large squarish flowers on sturdy stems Colchicaceae one of many subfamilies into which some classification systems subdivide the Liliaceae but not widely accepted: genera Colchicum and Gloriosa Colchicum chiefly fall-blooming perennial cormous herbs; sometimes placed in family Colchicaceae autumn crocus bulbous autumn-flowering herb with white, purple or lavender-and-white flowers; native to western and central Europe genus Gloriosa sometimes placed in family Colchicaceae; one species: glory lily gloriosa any plant of the genus Gloriosa of tropical Africa and Asia; a perennial herb climbing by means of tendrils at leaf tips having showy yellow to red or purple flowers; all parts are poisonous Hemerocallidaceae one of many subfamilies into which some classification systems subdivide the Liliaceae but not widely accepted; includes genus Hemerocallis Hemerocallis east Asian rhizomatous clump-forming perennial herbs having flowers on long leafless stalks; cosmopolitan in cultivation: day lilies; sometimes placed in subfamily Hemerocallidaceae day lily any of numerous perennials having tuberous roots and long narrow bladelike leaves and usually yellow lily-like flowers that bloom for only a day lemon lily a day lily with yellow flowers Hostaceae one of many families or subfamilies into which some classification systems subdivide the Liliaceae but not widely accepted; includes genus Hosta Hosta robust east Asian clump-forming perennial herbs having racemose flowers: plantain lilies; sometimes placed in family Hostaceae plantain lily any of numerous perennials having mounds of sumptuous broad ribbed leaves and clusters of white, blue, or lilac flowers; used as ground cover Hyacinthaceae one of many families or subfamilies in which some classification systems subdivide the Liliaceae but not widely accepted genus Hyacinthus sometimes placed in family Hyacinthaceae as the type genus hyacinth any of numerous bulbous perennial herbs a red transparent variety of zircon used as a gemstone common hyacinth widely grown for its fragrance and its white, pink, blue, or purplish flowers Roman hyacinth hyacinth with loosely flowered spikes, several growing from one bulb summer hyacinth southern African herb with white bell-shaped flowers Hyacinthoides small genus of perennial bulbs of western Europe and North Africa; sometimes placed in family Hyacinthaceae Ornithogalum sometimes placed in family Hyacinthaceae star-of-Bethlehem any of several perennial plants of the genus Ornithogalum native to the Mediterranean and having star-shaped flowers starflower common Old World herb having grasslike leaves and clusters of star-shaped white flowers with green stripes; naturalized in the eastern United States bath asparagus Old World star of Bethlehem having edible young shoots chincherinchee South African perennial with long-lasting spikes of white blossoms that are shipped in to Europe and America for use as winter cut flowers Muscari sometimes placed in family Hyacinthaceae grape hyacinth any of various early flowering spring hyacinths native to Eurasia having dense spikes of rounded blue flowers resembling bunches of small grapes common grape hyacinth prolific species having particularly beautiful dark blue flowers tassel hyacinth large beautiful Mediterranean species having sterile bluish-violet flowers with fringed corollas forming a tuft above the fertile flowers genus Scilla sometimes placed in subfamily Hyacinthaceae scilla an Old World plant of the genus Scilla having narrow basal leaves and pink or blue or white racemose flowers spring squill European scilla with small blue or purple flowers Tofieldia genus of perennial herbs of cool temperate regions; sometimes placed in family Melanthiaceae false asphodel a plant of the genus Tofieldia having linear chiefly basal leaves and small spicate flowers Scotch asphodel false asphodel having spikes of white flowers; of mountainous regions of Europe Urginea Mediterranean liliaceous plants; sometimes placed in family Hyacinthaceae sea squill having dense spikes of small white flowers and yielding a bulb with medicinal properties squill bulb of the sea squill, which is sliced, dried, and used as an expectorant Ruscus a genus of European evergreen shrubs; sometimes placed in family Asparagaceae butcher's broom shrub with stiff flattened stems resembling leaves (cladophylls); used for making brooms Melanthiaceae one of many subfamilies into which some classification systems subdivide the Liliaceae but not widely accepted: includes Aletris; Narthecium; Veratrum Narthecium bog asphodels; sometimes placed in family Melanthiaceae bog asphodel either of two herbaceous rushlike bog plants having small yellow flowers and grasslike leaves; north temperate regions European bog asphodel of western Europe: Scandinavia to northern Spain and Portugal American bog asphodel of the eastern United States: New Jersey to South Carolina Veratrum a genus of coarse poisonous perennial herbs; sometimes placed in subfamily Melanthiaceae white hellebore North American plant having large leaves and yellowish green flowers growing in racemes; yields a toxic alkaloid used medicinally Ruscaceae one of many subfamilies into which some classification systems subdivide the Liliaceae but not widely accepted Tecophilaeacea one of many subfamilies into which some classification systems subdivide the Liliaceae but not widely accepted Xerophyllum small genus of North American herbs having grasslike basal leaves: squaw grass; sometimes placed in family Melanthiaceae squaw grass plant of western North America having woody rhizomes and tufts of stiff grasslike basal leaves and spikes of creamy white flowers Xanthorrhoeaceae one of many subfamilies into which some classification systems subdivide the Liliaceae but not widely accepted Xanthorroea grass trees; sometimes placed in family Xanthorrhoeaceae grass tree any of several Australian evergreen perennials having short thick woody stems crowned by a tuft of grasslike foliage and yielding acaroid resins Zigadenus genus of mostly North American poisonous plants; sometimes placed in family Melanthiaceae death camas any of various plants of the genus Zigadenus having glaucous leaves and terminal racemes of mostly white flowers; all are poisonous alkali grass plant of western North America having grasslike leaves and greenish-white flowers white camas plant of eastern and central North America having creamy white flowers tinged with brown or purple; poisonous especially to grazing animals poison camas a common perennial death camas; Tennessee to Kansas to Texas grassy death camas plant of western North America to Mexico; poisonous especially to grazing animals Trilliaceae small family of herbs having flowers with 3 petals and 3 sepals; in some classification systems considered a subfamily of the Liliaceae genus Trillium deciduous perennial herbs; sometimes placed in family Liliaceae trillium any liliaceous plant of the genus Trillium having a whorl of three leaves at the top of the stem with a single three-petaled flower prairie wake-robin trillium of central United States having dark purple sessile flowers dwarf-white trillium a low perennial white-flowered trillium found in the southeastern United States purple trillium trillium of eastern North America having malodorous pink to purple flowers and an astringent root used in folk medicine especially to ease childbirth red trillium trillium of northeastern United States with sessile leaves and red or purple flowers having a pungent odor herb Paris European herb with yellow-green flowers resembling and closely related to the trilliums; reputed to be poisonous Smilacaceae one of many subfamilies into which some classification systems subdivide the Liliaceae but not widely accepted Smilax sometimes placed in Smilacaceae sarsaparilla root dried root of any of various plants of the genus Smilax used as a flavoring agent bullbrier a very prickly woody vine of the eastern United States growing in tangled masses having tough round stems with shiny leathery leaves and small greenish flowers followed by clusters of inedible shiny black berries rough bindweed creeping or climbing evergreen having spiny zigzag stems with shiny leaves and racemes of pale-green flowers; Canary Islands to southern Europe and Ethiopia and India Convallariaceae one of many subfamilies into which some classification systems subdivide the Liliaceae but not widely accepted Convallaria sometimes placed in family Convallariaceae: lily of the valley lily of the valley low-growing perennial plant having usually two large oblong lanceolate leaves and a raceme of small fragrant nodding bell-shaped flowers followed by scarlet berries genus Clintonia sometimes placed in family Convallariaceae clintonia any temperate liliaceous plant of the genus Clintonia having broad basal leaves and white or yellowish or purplish flowers followed by blue or black berries red Clintonia plant with nearly leafless stalk topped by a cluster of red or reddish lavender flowers; California to Oregon yellow clintonia common woodland herb of temperate North America having yellow nodding flowers and small round blue fruits queen's cup plant with 1 or 2 white starlike flowers on short leafless stalks; Alaska to California and east to Oregon and Montana Liriope sometimes placed in family Convallariaceae: lilyturf lilyturf Asiatic perennial tufted herb with grasslike evergreen foliage and clusters of dark mauve grapelike flowers; grown as ground cover Maianthemum sometimes placed in family Convallariaceae: false lily of the valley false lily of the valley small two-leaved herb of the northern United States and parts of Canada having racemes of small fragrant white flowers small white-flowered plant of western Europe to Japan Polygonatum sometimes placed in subfamily Convallariaceae Solomon's-seal any of several plants of the genus Polygonatum having paired drooping yellowish-green flowers and a thick rootstock with scars shaped like Solomon's seal great Solomon's-seal North American perennial herb with smooth foliage and drooping tubular greenish flowers Uvulariaceae one of many subfamilies into which some classification systems subdivide the Liliaceae Uvularia genus of perennial rhizomatous herb of southern and southeastern United States bellwort any of various plants of the genus Uvularia having yellowish drooping bell-shaped flowers Taccaceae small family of tropical herbs Tacca genus of tropical plants with creeping rootstocks and small umbellate flowers pia perennial herb of East Indies to Polynesia and Australia; cultivated for its large edible root yielding Otaheite arrowroot starch Agavaceae chiefly tropical and xerophytic plants: includes Dracenaceae (Dracaenaceae); comprises plants that in some classifications are divided between the Amaryllidaceae and the Liliaceae agave tropical American plants with basal rosettes of fibrous sword-shaped leaves and flowers in tall spikes; some cultivated for ornament or for fiber genus Agave type genus of the Agavaceae; in some classifications considered a genus of Amaryllidaceae American agave widely cultivated American monocarpic plant with greenish-white flowers on a tall stalk; blooms only after ten to twenty years and then dies sisal Mexican or West Indian plant with large fleshy leaves yielding a stiff fiber used in e.g. rope a plant fiber used for making rope maguey Philippine plant yielding a hard fibre used in making coarse twine Mexican plant used especially for making pulque which is the source of the colorless Mexican liquor, mescal Agave tequilana Mexican plant used especially for making tequila cantala hard fiber used in making coarse twine; from Philippine agave plants Cordyline Asiatic and Pacific trees or shrubs; fragments of the trunk will regrow to form whole plants cabbage tree elegant tree having either a single trunk or a branching trunk each with terminal clusters of long narrow leaves and large panicles of fragrant white, yellow or red flowers; New Zealand Dracenaceae one of two subfamilies to which some classification systems assign some members of the Agavaceae genus Dracaena Old World tropical plants with branches ending in tufts of sword-shaped leaves; in some classifications considered a genus of Liliaceae dracaena an agave that is often cultivated for its decorative foliage dragon tree tall tree of the Canary Islands; source of dragon's blood Nolina perennial plants resembling yucca; found in southern United States and Mexico bear grass stemless plant with tufts of grasslike leaves and erect panicle of minute creamy white flowers; southwestern United States and Mexico yucca of west central United States having a clump of basal grasslike leaves and a central stalk with a terminal raceme of small whitish flowers yucca of southern United States having a clump of basal grasslike leaves and a central stalk with a terminal raceme of small whitish flowers Polianthes genus of perennial tuberous herbs having lily-like flowers; Mexico; sometimes placed in family Amaryllidaceae tuberose a tuberous Mexican herb having grasslike leaves and cultivated for its spikes of highly fragrant lily-like waxy white flowers genus Sansevieria Old World tropical herbaceous perennial of the agave family; in some classifications considered a genus of Liliaceae sansevieria grown as a houseplant for its mottled fleshy sword-shaped leaves or as a source of fiber African bowstring hemp bowstring hemp of South Africa Ceylon bowstring hemp plant having thick fibrous leaves transversely banded in light and dark green mother-in-law's tongue stemless plant having narrow rigid leaves often cultivated as a houseplant bowstring hemp strong fiber that resembles hemp; obtained from sansevieria and used for e.g. cordage hemp obtained from the sansevieria genus Yucca tropical American plants with stiff lancelike leaves and spikes of white blossoms; sometimes considered a genus of Amaryllidaceae yucca any of several evergreen plants of the genus Yucca having usually tall stout stems and a terminal cluster of white flowers; warmer regions of North America Spanish bayonet a stiff yucca with a short trunk; found in the southern United States and tropical America; has rigid spine-tipped leaves and clusters of white flowers tall yucca of the southwestern United States and Mexico having a woody stem and stiff swordlike pointed leaves and a large cluster of white flowers Joshua tree a large branched arborescent yucca of southwestern United States having short leaves and clustered greenish white flowers Spanish dagger arborescent yucca of southwestern United States and northern Mexico with sword-shaped leaves and white flowers yucca of southeastern United States similar to the Spanish bayonets but with shorter trunk and smoother leaves soapweed tall arborescent yucca of southwestern United States Adam's needle yucca with long stiff leaves having filamentlike appendages Our Lord's candle yucca of southwestern United States and Mexico with a tall spike of creamy white flowers Menyanthaceae a dicotyledonous family of marsh plants of order Gentianales Menyanthes the type genus of the Menyanthaceae; one species: bogbeans water shamrock perennial plant of Europe and America having racemes of white or purplish flowers and intensely bitter trifoliate leaves; often rooting at water margin and spreading across the surface Loganiaceae a dicotyledonous family of plants of order Gentianales Logania type genus of the Loganiaceae; Australian and New Zealand shrubs sometimes cultivated for their flowers genus Buddleia shrubs or trees of warm regions butterfly bush tropical shrub having clusters of white or violet or yellow flowers Gelsemium evergreen twining shrubs of Americas and southeastern Asia yellow jasmine poisonous woody evergreen vine of southeastern United States having fragrant yellow funnel-shaped flowers Linaceae a widely distributed family of plants Linum a herbaceous plant genus of the family Linaceae with small sessile leaves flax plant of the genus Linum that is cultivated for its seeds and for the fibers of its stem fiber of the flax plant that is made into thread and woven into linen fabric Physostigma African woody vines: calabar beans calabar-bean vine tropical African woody vine yielding calabar beans calabar bean dark brown highly poisonous seed of the calabar-bean vine; source of physostigmine and used in native witchcraft physostigmine used in treatment of Alzheimer's disease and glaucoma Caesalpiniaceae spiny trees, shrubs, or perennial herbs, including the genera Caesalpinia, Cassia, Ceratonia, Bauhinia; commonly included in the family Leguminosae Caesalpinioideae alternative name in some classification systems for the family Caesalpiniaceae Caesalpinia small spiny tropical trees or shrubs; includes the small genus or subgenus Poinciana bonduc tropical tree with large prickly pods of seeds that resemble beans and are used for jewelry and rosaries divi-divi small thornless tree or shrub of tropical America whose seed pods are a source of tannin twisted seed pods of the divi-divi tree; source of tannin Mysore thorn spreading thorny shrub of tropical Asia bearing large erect racemes of red-marked yellow flowers brazilwood tropical tree with prickly trunk; its heavy red wood yields a red dye and is used for cabinetry heavy wood of various brazilwood trees; used for violin bows and as dyewoods brazilian ironwood thornless tree yielding heavy wood pride of barbados tropical shrub or small tree having showy yellow to orange-red flowers; sometimes placed in genus Poinciana Acrocarpus small genus of trees of Indonesia and Malaysia shingle tree East Indian timber tree with hard durable wood used especially for tea boxes Bauhinia mountain ebony, orchid tree butterfly flower shrub or small tree of Dutch Guiana having clusters of pink flowers streaked with purple any plant of the genus Schizanthus having finely divided leaves and showy variegated flowers mountain ebony small East Indian tree having orchid-like flowers and hard dark wood Brachystegia small genus of tropical African timber trees having pale golden heartwood uniformly striped with dark brown or black: msasa small shrubby African tree having compound leaves and racemes of small fragrant green flowers genus Cassia some genus Cassia species often classified as members of the genus Senna or genus Chamaecrista golden shower tree deciduous or semi-evergreen tree having scented sepia to yellow flowers in drooping racemes and pods whose pulp is used medicinally; tropical Asia and Central and South America and Australia pink shower tropical American semi-evergreen tree having erect racemes of pink or rose-colored flowers; used as an ornamental rainbow shower deciduous ornamental hybrid of southeastern Asia and Hawaii having racemes of flowers ranging in color from cream-colored to orange and red horse cassia East Indian tree having long pods containing a black cathartic pulp used as a horse medicine Ceratonia carobs Cercidium spiny shrubs or small trees sometimes placed in genus Parkinsonia: paloverde paloverde a thorny shrub of the genus Cercidium that grows in dry parts of the southwestern United States and adjacent Mexico; has smooth light green bark and racemes of yellow flowers and small leaves Chamaecrista genus of tropical herbs or subshrubs having sensitive leaves and suddenly dehiscing pods; some species placed in genus Cassia partridge pea tropical American plant having leaflets somewhat sensitive to the touch; sometimes placed in genus Cassia Delonix evergreen or deciduous trees of tropical Africa and India royal poinciana showy tropical tree or shrub native to Madagascar; widely planted in tropical regions for its immense racemes of scarlet and orange flowers; sometimes placed in genus Poinciana locust tree any of various hardwood trees of the family Leguminosae Gleditsia deciduous trees: honey locusts water locust honey locust of swamps and bottomlands of southern United States having short oval pods; yields dark heavy wood honey locust tall usually spiny North American tree having small greenish-white flowers in drooping racemes followed by long twisting seed pods; yields very hard durable reddish-brown wood; introduced to temperate Old World Gymnocladus small genus of deciduous trees of China and United States having paniculate flowers and thick pulpy pods Kentucky coffee tree handsome tree of central and eastern North America having large bipinnate leaves and green-white flowers followed by large woody brown pods whose seeds are used as a coffee substitute Haematoxylum small genus of tropical American spiny bushy shrubs or trees logwood spiny shrub or small tree of Central America and West Indies having bipinnate leaves and racemes of small bright yellow flowers and yielding a hard brown or brownish-red heartwood used in preparing a black dye very hard brown to brownish-red heartwood of a logwood tree; used in preparing a purplish red dye Parkinsonia small genus of spiny shrubs or small trees Jerusalem thorn large shrub or shrubby tree having sharp spines and pinnate leaves with small deciduous leaflets and sweet-scented racemose yellow-orange flowers; grown as ornamentals or hedging or emergency food for livestock; tropical America but naturalized in southern United States palo verde densely branched spiny tree of southwestern United States having showy yellow flowers and blue-green bark; sometimes placed in genus Cercidium Petteria one species: Dalmatian laburnum Dalmatian laburnum erect shrub having large trifoliate leaves and dense clusters of yellow flowers followed by poisonous seeds; Yugoslavia; sometimes placed in genus Cytisus Poinciana small subgenus of ornamental tropical shrubs or trees; not recognized in some classifications genus Senna genus of shrubs and trees and herbs many of which are often classified as members of the genus Cassia senna any of various plants of the genus Senna having pinnately compound leaves and showy usually yellow flowers; many are used medicinally ringworm bush tropical shrub (especially of Americas) having yellow flowers and large leaves whose juice is used as a cure for ringworm and poisonous bites; sometimes placed in genus Cassia avaram evergreen Indian shrub with vivid yellow flowers whose bark is used in tanning; sometimes placed in genus Cassia Alexandria senna erect shrub having racemes of tawny yellow flowers; the dried leaves are used medicinally as a cathartic; sometimes placed in genus Cassia wild senna North American perennial herb; leaves are used medicinally; sometimes placed in genus Cassia coffee senna very leafy malodorous tropical weedy shrub whose seeds have been used as an adulterant for coffee; sometimes classified in genus Cassia Tamarindus widely cultivated tropical trees originally of Africa Papilionaceae leguminous plants whose flowers have butterfly-shaped corollas; commonly included in the family Leguminosae Papilionoideae alternative name used in some classification systems for the family Papilionaceae genus Amorpha American herbs or shrubs usually growing in dry sunny habitats on prairies and hillsides amorpha any plant of the genus Amorpha having odd-pinnate leaves and purplish spicate flowers leadplant shrub of sandy woodlands and stream banks of western United States having hoary pinnate flowers and dull-colored racemose flowers; thought to indicate the presence of lead ore false indigo an erect to spreading hairy shrub of the Pacific coast of the United States having racemes of red to indigo flowers dense shrub of moist riverbanks and flood plains of the eastern United States having attractive fragrant foliage and dense racemes of dark purple flowers Amphicarpaea very small genus of twining vines of North America and Asia: hog peanut hog peanut vine widely distributed in eastern North America producing racemes of purple to maroon flowers and abundant (usually subterranean) edible one-seeded pods resembling peanuts Anagyris very small genus of shrubs of southern Europe having backward curving seed pods bean trefoil shrub with trifoliate leaves and yellow flowers followed by backward curving seed pods; leaves foetid when crushed Andira small genus of evergreen trees of tropical America and western Africa angelim any of several tropical American trees of the genus Andira cabbage bark tree with shaggy unpleasant-smelling toxic bark and yielding strong durable wood; bark and seeds used as a purgative and vermifuge and narcotic Anthyllis genus of Mediterranean herbs and shrubs Jupiter's beard silvery hairy European shrub with evergreen foliage and pale yellow flowers kidney vetch perennial Eurasian herb having heads of red or yellow flowers and common in meadows and pastures; formerly used medicinally for kidney disorders Apios twining perennial North American plants Aspalathus genus of South African heathlike shrubs rooibos South African shrub having flat acuminate leaves and yellow flowers; leaves are aromatic when dried and used to make an herbal tea Astragalus large genus of annual or perennial herbs or shrubs of north temperate regions; largest genus in the family Leguminosae milk vetch any of various plants of the genus Astragalus wild licorice European perennial North American plant similar to true licorice and having a root with similar properties bedstraw with sweetish roots alpine milk vetch perennial of mountainous areas of Eurasia and North America purple milk vetch perennial of southern and western Europe having dense racemes of purple or violet flowers Baphia small genus of shrubs and lianas and trees of Africa and Madagascar camwood small shrubby African tree with hard wood used as a dyewood yielding a red dye Baptisia genus of North American plants with showy flowers and an inflated pod wild indigo any of several plants of the genus Baptisia blue false indigo wild indigo of the eastern United States having racemes of blue flowers white false indigo erect or spreading herb having racemes of creamy white flowers; the eastern United States indigo broom much-branched erect herb with bright yellow flowers; distributed from Massachusetts to Florida Butea genus of East Indian trees or shrubs: dhak dhak East Indian tree bearing a profusion of intense vermilion velvet-textured blooms and yielding a yellow dye Cajanus erect densely branched shrubby perennials of Old World tropics; naturalized in other warm regions pigeon pea tropical woody herb with showy yellow flowers and flat pods; much cultivated in the tropics Canavalia herbs or woody vines of mainly American tropics and subtropics jack bean annual semi-erect bushy plant of tropical South America bearing long pods with white seeds grown especially for forage sword bean twining tropical Old World plant bearing long pods usually with red or brown beans; long cultivated in Orient for food genus Caragana large genus of Asiatic deciduous shrubs or small trees pea tree any plant of the genus Caragana having even-pinnate leaves and mostly yellow flowers followed by seeds in a linear pod Siberian pea tree large spiny shrub of eastern Asia having clusters of yellow flowers; often cultivated in shelterbelts and hedges Chinese pea tree shrub with dark-green glossy foliage and solitary pale yellow flowers; northern China Castanospermum a rosid dicot genus of the subfamily Papilionoideae having one species: Moreton Bay chestnut Moreton Bay chestnut Australian tree having pinnate leaves and orange-yellow flowers followed by large woody pods containing 3 or 4 seeds that resemble chestnuts; yields dark strong wood Centrosema a genus of chiefly tropical American vines of the family Leguminosae having trifoliate leaves and large flowers butterfly pea large-flowered weakly twining or prostrate vine of New Jersey to tropical eastern North America, sometimes cultivated for its purple and white flowers large-flowered wild twining vine of southeastern and central United States having pale blue flowers Cercis deciduous shrubs and trees of eastern Asia, southern Europe and the United States Judas tree small tree of the eastern Mediterranean having abundant purplish-red flowers growing on old wood directly from stems and appearing before the leaves: widely cultivated in mild regions; wood valuable for veneers redbud small shrubby tree of eastern North America similar to the Judas tree having usually pink flowers; found in damp sheltered underwood western redbud shrub of western United States having pink or crimson flowers; often forms thickets Chamaecytisus small late-flowering trees or subshrubs having yellow to red flowers and leathery or woody pods; often especially formerly included in genus Cytisus tagasaste shrub of Canary Islands having bristle-tipped oblanceolate leaves; used as cattle fodder Chordospartium 2 species of small New Zealand trees: weeping tree broom; endangered weeping tree broom small shrubby tree of New Zealand having weeping branches and racemes of white to violet flowers followed by woolly indehiscent two-seeded pods Chorizema genus of Australian twining vines and small shrubs: flame peas flame pea any of several small shrubs or twining vines having entire or lobed leaves and racemes of yellow to orange-red flowers; Australia Cicer chickpea plant; Asiatic herbs Cladrastis yellowwoods Kentucky yellowwood small handsome roundheaded deciduous tree having showy white flowers in terminal clusters and heavy hardwood yielding yellow dye genus Clianthus genus of semi-prostrate Australasian shrubs or vines glory pea any of various shrubs or vines of the genus Clianthus having compound leaves and pea-like red flowers in drooping racemes desert pea sprawling shrubby perennial noted for its scarlet black-marked flowers; widely distributed in dry parts of Australia parrot's beak evergreen shrub with scarlet to white clawlike or beaklike flowers; New Zealand Clitoria genus of tropical shrubs or vines having pinnate leaves and large axillary flowers blue pea vine of tropical Asia having pinnate leaves and bright blue flowers with yellow centers Codariocalyx used in some classifications for plants usually included in genus Desmodium telegraph plant erect tropical Asian shrub whose small lateral leaflets rotate on their axes and jerk up and down under the influence of sunshine Colutea small genus of Eurasian shrubs with yellow flowers and bladdery pods bladder senna yellow-flowered European shrub cultivated for its succession of yellow flowers and very inflated bladdery pods and as a source of wildlife food genus Coronilla genus of Old World shrubs and herbs coronilla any of various plants of the genus Coronilla having purple or pink or yellow flowers in long axillary heads or umbels axseed European herb resembling vetch; naturalized in the eastern United States; having umbels of pink-and-white flowers and sharp-angled pods genus Crotalaria large genus of herbs with simple leaves and racemes of yellow flowers; mainly of tropical Africa crotalaria any of various plants of the genus Crotalaria having inflated pods within which the seeds rattle; used for pasture and green-manure crops American rattlebox tropical American annual herb having an inflated pod in which the ripe seeds rattle Indian rattlebox erect subshrub having purple-tinted flowers and an inflated pod in which the ripe seeds rattle; India Cyamopsis small genus of annual usually hairy herbs of tropical Africa and Arabia guar drought-tolerant herb grown for forage and for its seed which yield a gum used as a thickening agent or sizing material Cytisus large genus of stiff or spiny evergreen or deciduous Old World shrubs: broom white broom low European broom having trifoliate leaves and yellowish-white flowers common broom deciduous erect spreading broom native to western Europe; widely cultivated for its rich yellow flowers witches' broom an abnormal tufted growth of small branches on a tree or shrub caused by fungi or insects or other physiological disturbance Dalbergia large genus of tropical trees having pinnate leaves and paniculate flowers and cultivated commercially for their dramatically grained and colored timbers rosewood any of those hardwood trees of the genus Dalbergia that yield rosewood--valuable cabinet woods of a dark red or purplish color streaked and variegated with black hard dark reddish wood of a rosewood tree having a strongly marked grain; used in cabinetwork Indian blackwood East Indian tree having a useful dark purple wood sissoo East Indian tree whose leaves are used for fodder; yields a compact dark brown durable timber used in shipbuilding and making railroad ties kingwood Brazilian tree yielding a handsome cabinet wood handsome violet-streaked wood of the kingwood tree; used especially in cabinetwork Brazilian rosewood an important Brazilian timber tree yielding a heavy hard dark-colored wood streaked with black Honduras rosewood Central American tree yielding a valuable dark streaked rosewood cocobolo a valuable timber tree of tropical South America granadilla wood dark red hardwood derived from the cocobolo and used in making musical instruments e.g. clarinets blackwood any of several hardwood trees yielding very dark-colored wood very dark wood of any of several blackwood trees Dalea indigo bush smoke tree greyish-green shrub of desert regions of southwestern United States and Mexico having sparse foliage and terminal spikes of bluish violet flowers; locally important as source of a light-colored honey of excellent flavor any of several shrubs or shrubby trees of the genus Cotinus Daviesia genus of Australasian shrubs and subshrubs having small yellow or purple flowers followed by short triangular pods bitter pea any of several spiny shrubs of the genus Daviesia having yellow flowers and triangular seeds; Australia genus Derris genus of Old World tropical shrubs and woody vines derris any of various usually woody vines of the genus Derris of tropical Asia whose roots yield the insecticide rotenone; several are sources of native fish and arrow poisons derris root woody vine having bright green leaves and racemes of rose-tinted white flowers; the swollen roots contain rotenone Desmanthus genus of American herbs or shrubs with sensitive pinnate leaves and small whitish flowers prairie mimosa perennial herb of North American prairies having dense heads of small white flowers Desmodium beggarweed; tick trefoil tick trefoil any of various tropical and subtropical plants having trifoliate leaves and rough sticky pod sections or loments beggarweed West Indian forage plant cultivated in southern United States as forage and to improve soil Dipogon one species: Australian pea Australian pea South African evergreen partly woody vine grown for its clusters of rosy purple flowers followed by edible pods like snap beans; also grown as green manure; sometimes placed in genus Dolichos Dolichos genus of chiefly tropical vines often placed in genera Dipogon or Lablab or Macrotyloma genus Erythrina genus of attractive tropical shrubs or trees with usually red flowers coral tree any of various shrubs or shrubby trees of the genus Erythrina having trifoliate leaves and racemes of scarlet to coral red flowers and black seeds; cultivated as an ornamental kaffir boom small semi-evergreen broad-spreading tree of eastern South Africa with orange-scarlet flowers and small coral-red seeds; yields a light soft wood used for fence posts or shingles small semi-evergreen tree of South Africa having dense clusters of clear scarlet flowers and red seeds coral bean tree deciduous shrub having racemes of deep red flowers and black-spotted red seeds ceibo small South American spiny tree with dark crimson and scarlet flowers solitary or clustered Indian coral tree small to medium-sized thorny tree of tropical Asia and northern Australia having dense clusters of scarlet or crimson flowers and black seeds cork tree prickly Australian coral tree having soft spongy wood deciduous tree of China and Manchuria having a turpentine aroma and handsome compound leaves turning yellow in autumn and deeply fissured corky bark Galega small genus of Eurasian herbs: goat's rue goat's rue tall bushy European perennial grown for its pinnate foliage and slender spikes of blue flowers; sometimes used medicinally genus Gastrolobium genus of Australian evergreen shrubs poisonous to livestock: poison bush poison bush any of various Australian evergreen shrubs of the genus Gastrolobium having whorled compound leaves poisonous to livestock and showy yellow to deep reddish-orange flowers followed by two-seeded pods Genista chiefly deciduous shrubs or small trees of Mediterranean area and western Asia: broom broom tree prickly yellow-flowered shrub of the moors of New England and Europe Spanish broom erect shrub of southwestern Europe having racemes of golden yellow flowers tall thornless shrub having pale yellow flowers and flexible rushlike twigs used in basketry; of southwestern Europe and Mediterranean; naturalized in California woodwaxen small Eurasian shrub having clusters of yellow flowers that yield a dye; common as a weed in Britain and the United States; sometimes grown as an ornamental Geoffroea small genus of shrubs or small trees of tropical and subtropical America chanar thorny shrub or small tree common in central Argentina having small orange or yellow flowers followed by edible berries genus Gliricidia small genus of low-branching profusely flowering trees of tropical America gliricidia any of several small deciduous trees valued for their dark wood and dense racemes of nectar-rich pink flowers grown in great profusion on arching branches; roots and bark and leaves and seeds are poisonous Glycine genus of Asiatic erect or sprawling herbs: soya bean Glycyrrhiza sticky perennial Eurasian herbs licorice root root of licorice used in flavoring e.g. candy and liqueurs and medicines Halimodendron one species: salt tree salt tree spiny shrub of the Caspian salt plains and Siberia having elegant silvery, downy young foliage and mildly fragrant pink-purple blooms Hardenbergia small genus of Australian woody vines with small violet flowers; closely related to genus Kennedia Western Australia coral pea vigorous climber of the forests of western Australia; grown for their dense racemes of attractive bright rose-purple flowers Hedysarum genus of herbs of north temperate regions sweet vetch perennial of western United States having racemes of pink to purple flowers followed by flat pods that separate into nearly orbicular joints French honeysuckle perennial of southern Europe cultivated for forage and for its nectar-rich pink flowers that make it an important honey crop Hippocrepis species of Old World herbs or subshrubs: horseshoe vetch horseshoe vetch European woody perennial with yellow umbellate flowers followed by flattened pods that separate into horseshoe-shaped joints genus Hovea genus of Australian evergreen shrubs hovea any of several attractive evergreen shrubs of Australia grown for their glossy deep green foliage and flowers in rich blues and intense violets Indigofera genus of tropical herbs and shrubs having odd-pinnate leaves and spurred flowers in long racemes or spikes anil shrub of West Indies and South America that is a source of indigo dye a blue dye obtained from plants or made synthetically Jacksonia genus of yellow-flowered Australian unarmed or spiny shrubs without true leaves but having leaflike stems or branches Kennedia genus of Australian woody vines having showy red or purplish flowers coral pea any of various Australian climbing plants of the genus Kennedia having scarlet flowers coral vine prostrate or twining woody vine with small leathery leaves and umbels of red flowers; Australia and Tasmania Lablab one species: hyacinth bean hyacinth bean perennial twining vine of Old World tropics having trifoliate leaves and racemes of fragrant purple pea-like flowers followed by maroon pods of edible seeds; grown as an ornamental and as a vegetable on the Indian subcontinent; sometimes placed in genus Dolichos Laburnum flowering shrubs or trees having bright yellow flowers; all parts of the plant are poisonous Scotch laburnum an ornamental shrub or tree of the genus Laburnum common laburnum an ornamental shrub or tree of the genus Laburnum; often cultivated for Easter decorations Lathyrus genus of climbing herbs of Old World and temperate North and South America: vetchling; wild pea vetchling any of various small plants of the genus Lathyrus; climb usually by means of tendrils wild pea any of various plants of the family Leguminosae that usually grow like vines singletary pea a weak-stemmed winter annual native to Mediterranean region for long established in southern United States; cultivated as a cover and pasture crop everlasting pea any of several perennial vines of the genus Lathyrus broad-leaved everlasting pea perennial climber of central and southern Europe having purple or pink or white flowers; naturalized in North America beach pea wild pea of seashores of north temperate zone having tough roots and purple flowers and useful as a sand binder black pea perennial of Europe and North Africa; foliage turns black in drying grass vetch annual European vetch with red flowers sweet pea climbing garden plant having fragrant pastel-colored flowers marsh pea scrambling perennial of damp or marshy areas of Eurasia and North America with purplish flowers common vetchling scrambling perennial Eurasian wild pea having yellowish flowers and compressed seed pods; cultivated for forage grass pea European annual grown for forage; seeds used for food in India and for stock elsewhere pride of California shrubby California perennial having large pink or violet flowers; cultivated as an ornamental flat pea European perennial with mottled flowers of purple and pink; sometimes cultivated for fodder or as green manure evergreen shrub having almost heart-shaped foliage and bright yellow pea-like flowers followed by flat pods with flat wings; Australia and Tasmania Tangier pea North African annual resembling the sweet pea having showy but odorless flowers heath pea European herb bearing small tubers used for food and in Scotland to flavor whiskey spring vetchling bushy European perennial having nodding racemose violet-blue flowers genus Lespedeza genus of shrubs or herbs of tropical Asia and Australia and the eastern United States bush clover shrubby or herbaceous plants widely used for forage, soil improvement, and especially hay in southern United States bicolor lespediza Asian shrub having conspicuous racemose rose-purple flowers widely used as an ornamental and in erosion control and as a source of feed for wild birds japanese clover an annual of tropical Asia naturalized in United States Korean lespedeza annual native to Korea but widely cultivated for forage and hay in hot dry regions sericea lespedeza perennial widely planted as for forage and as hay crop especially on poor land Lens genus of small erect or climbing herbs with pinnate leaves and small inconspicuous white flowers and small flattened pods: lentils Lonchocarpus genus of chiefly tropical American shrubs and trees having pinnate leaves and red or white flowers Lotus annual or perennial herbs or subshrubs prairie bird's-foot trefoil North American annual with red or rose-colored flowers coral gem low-growing much-branched perennial of Canary Islands having orange-red to scarlet or purple flowers; naturalized in United States bird's foot trefoil European forage plant having claw-shaped pods introduced in America Old World herb related to fenugreek winged pea sprawling European annual having a 4-winged edible pod Lupinus herbs or shrubs: lupin lupine any plant of the genus Lupinus; bearing erect spikes of usually purplish-blue flowers of or relating to or characteristic of wolves white lupine white-flowered Eurasian herb widely cultivated for forage and erosion control tree lupine evergreen shrub of the Pacific coast of the United States having showy yellow or blue flowers; naturalized in Australia yellow lupine yellow-flowered European lupine cultivated for forage wild lupine stout perennial of eastern and central North America having palmate leaves and showy racemose blue flowers bluebonnet low-growing annual herb of southwestern United States (Texas) having silky foliage and blue flowers; a leading cause of livestock poisoning in the southwestern United States Texas bluebonnet closely resembles Lupinus subcarnosus; southwestern United States (Texas) Macrotyloma annual or perennial vines of Africa and India and Australia; plants often placed in genus Dolichos horse gram twining herb of Old World tropics cultivated in India for food and fodder; sometimes placed in genus Dolichos Medicago a genus of herbs that resemble clover medic any of several Old World herbs of the genus Medicago having small flowers and trifoliate compound leaves moon trefoil evergreen shrub of southern European highlands having downy foliage and a succession of yellow flowers throughout the summer followed by curious snail-shaped pods sickle alfalfa European medic naturalized in North America having yellow flowers and sickle-shaped pods Calvary clover an annual of the Mediterranean area having spiny seed pods and leaves with dark spots black medick prostrate European herb with small yellow flowers and curved black pods; naturalized in North America genus Millettia genus of trees and shrubs of the Old World tropics millettia any of several tropical trees or shrubs yielding showy streaked dark reddish or chocolate-colored wood genus Mucuna genus of tropical herbs and woody vines having trifoliate leaves and showy flowers in axillary clusters mucuna any of several erect or climbing woody plants of the genus Mucuna; widespread in tropics of both hemispheres cowage the annual woody vine of Asia having long clusters of purplish flowers and densely hairy pods; cultivated in southern United States for green manure and grazing pods of the cowage plant or the stinging hairs covering them; used as a vermifuge when mixed with e.g. honey Myroxylon a genus of tropical American trees having pinnate leaves and white flowers tolu tree medium-sized tropical American tree yielding tolu balsam and a fragrant hard wood used for high-grade furniture and cabinetwork Peruvian balsam tree of South and Central America yielding an aromatic balsam tolu aromatic yellowish brown balsam from the tolu balsam tree used especially in cough syrups balsam of Peru dark brown syrupy balsam from the Peruvian balsam tree used especially in dressing wounds and treating certain skin diseases Onobrychis genus of Old World herbs having pinnate leaves and pink or whites racemose flowers followed by flat unjointed pods sainfoin Eurasian perennial herb having pale pink flowers and curved pods; naturalized in Britain and North America grasslands on calcareous soils; important forage crop and source of honey in Britain Ononis genus of European subshrubs or herbs having pink or purple or yellow solitary or clustered flowers: restharrow restharrow European woody plant having pink flowers and unifoliate leaves and long tough roots; spreads by underground runners Eurasian plant having loose racemes of pink or purple flowers and spiny stems and tough roots Ormosia genus of tropical shrubs and trees having usually odd-pinnate leaves with large leaflets and pink to reddish wood necklace tree a tree of the genus Ormosia having seeds used as beads bead tree small tree of West Indies and northeastern Venezuela having large oblong pointed leaflets and panicles of purple flowers; seeds are black or scarlet with black spots jumby bead West Indian tree similar to Ormosia monosperma but larger and having smaller leaflets and smaller seeds Oxytropis large widely-distributed genus of evergreen shrubs or subshrubs having odd-pinnate leaves and racemose or spicate flowers each having a pea-like corolla with a clawed petal locoweed any of several leguminous plants of western North America causing locoism in livestock purple locoweed tufted locoweed of southwestern United States having purple or pink to white flowers Pachyrhizus small genus of tropical vines having tuberous roots yam bean Central American twining plant with edible roots and pods; large tubers are eaten raw or cooked especially when young and young pods must be thoroughly cooked; pods and seeds also yield rotenone and oils twining plant of Amazon basin having large edible roots Parochetus one species: shamrock pea shamrock pea trailing trifoliate Asiatic and African herb having cobalt blue flowers Phaseolus herbs of warm regions including most American beans bush bean a bean plant whose bushy growth needs no supports pole bean a climbing bean plant that will climb a wall or tree or trellis haricot a French variety of green bean plant bearing light-colored beans tepary bean twining plant of southwestern United States and Mexico having roundish white or yellow or brown or black beans Pickeringia one species: chaparral pea chaparral pea spiny evergreen xerophytic shrub having showy rose and purple flowers and forming dense thickets; of dry rocky mountain slopes of California Piscidia genus of shrubs or small trees having indehiscent pods with black seeds; roots and bark yield fish poisons Jamaica dogwood small tree of West Indies and Florida having large odd-pinnate leaves and panicles of red-striped purple to white flowers followed by decorative curly winged seedpods; yields fish poisons Pisum small genus of variable annual Eurasian vines: peas garden pea plant producing peas usually eaten fresh rather than dried the flattened to cylindric inflated multi-seeded fruit of the common pea plant edible-pod pea a variety of pea plant producing peas having soft thick edible pods lacking the fibrous inner lining of the common pea Platylobium small genus of Australian evergreen leguminous shrubs or subshrubs common flat pea low spreading evergreen shrub of southern Australia having triangular to somewhat heart-shaped foliage and orange-yellow flowers followed by flat winged pods Platymiscium genus of tropical American trees: quira quira any of several tropical American trees some yielding economically important timber roble large tree of Trinidad and Guyana having odd-pinnate leaves and violet-scented axillary racemes of yellow flowers and long smooth pods; grown as a specimen in parks and large gardens Panama redwood tree large erect shrub of Colombia having large odd-pinnate leaves with large leaflets and axillary racemes of fragrant yellow flowers Panama redwood hard heavy red wood of a quira tree Podalyria genus of South African leguminous shrubs often placed in genus Sophora Pongamia one species: Indian beech Indian beech evergreen Asiatic tree having glossy pinnate leaves and racemose creamy-white scented flowers; used as a shade tree Psophocarpus species of tropical Asian and African climbing herbs winged bean a tuberous twining annual vine bearing clusters of purplish flowers and pods with four jagged wings; Old World tropics Psoralea widely distributed genus of herbs or shrubs with glandular compound leaves and spicate or racemose purple or white flowers breadroot densely hairy perennial of central North America having edible tuberous roots Pterocarpus genus of tropical trees or climbers having usually broadly winged pods bloodwood tree deciduous South African tree having large odd-pinnate leaves and profuse fragrant orange-yellow flowers; yields a red juice and heavy strong durable wood padauk tree native to southeastern Asia having reddish wood with a mottled or striped black grain amboyna mottled curly-grained wood of Pterocarpus indicus Burma padauk tree of India and Burma yielding a wood resembling mahogany kino East Indian tree yielding a resin or extract often used medicinally and in e.g. tanning a gum obtained from various tropical plants; used as an astringent and in tanning East India kino reddish or black juice or resin from certain trees of the genus Pterocarpus and used in medicine and tanning etc red sandalwood tree of India and East Indies yielding a hard fragrant timber prized for cabinetwork and dark red heartwood used as a dyewood ruby wood hard durable wood of red sandalwood trees (Pterocarpus santalinus); prized for cabinetwork Pueraria genus of woody Asiatic vines: kudzu kudzu fast-growing vine from eastern Asia having tuberous starchy roots and hairy trifoliate leaves and racemes of purple flowers followed by long hairy pods containing many seeds; grown for fodder and forage and root starch; widespread in the southern United States Retama small genus of Mediterranean shrubs; often included in genus Genista retem desert shrub of Syria and Arabia having small white flowers; constitutes the juniper of the Old Testament; sometimes placed in genus Genista Robinia deciduous flowering trees and shrubs bristly locust large shrub or small tree of the eastern United States having bristly stems and large clusters of pink flowers black locust large thorny tree of eastern and central United States having pinnately compound leaves and drooping racemes of white flowers; widely naturalized in many varieties in temperate regions strong stiff wood of a black-locust tree; very resistant to decay clammy locust small rough-barked locust of southeastern United States having racemes of pink flowers and glutinous branches and seeds Sabinea small genus of deciduous West Indian trees or shrubs: carib wood carib wood small Dominican tree bearing masses of large crimson flowers before the fine pinnate foliage emerges genus Sesbania small genus of tropical and subtropical leguminous herbs or shrubs or trees sesbania any of various plants of the genus Sesbania having pinnate leaves and large showy pea-like flowers Colorado River hemp tall-growing annual of southwestern United States widely grown as green manure; yields a strong tough bast fiber formerly used by Indians for cordage scarlet wisteria tree a softwood tree with lax racemes of usually red or pink flowers; tropical Australia and Asia; naturalized in southern Florida and West Indies Sophora cosmopolitan genus of trees and shrubs having odd-pinnate leaves and showy flowers; some species placed in genus Podalyria Japanese pagoda tree handsome roundheaded deciduous tree having compound dark green leaves and profuse panicles of fragrant creamy-white flowers; China and Japan mescal bean shrub or small tree having pinnate leaves poisonous to livestock and dense racemes of intensely fragrant blue flowers and red beans kowhai shrub or small tree of New Zealand and Chile having pendulous racemes of tubular golden-yellow flowers; yields a hard strong wood Spartium one species: Spanish broom Strongylodon genus of Polynesian or southeastern Asian shrubs or vines jade vine vigorous Philippine evergreen twining liana; grown for spectacular festoons of green flowers that resemble lobster claws Templetonia genus of Australian shrubs or subshrubs: coral bush coral bush Australian shrub having simple obovate leaves and brilliant scarlet flowers Tephrosia genus of tropical and subtropical herbs or shrubs: hoary peas hoary pea a plant of the genus Tephrosia having pinnate leaves and white or purplish flowers and flat hairy pods bastard indigo East Indian shrub Thermopsis genus of American and Asiatic showy rhizomatous herbs: bush peas bush pea any of various plants of the genus Thermopsis having trifoliate leaves and yellow or purple racemose flowers false lupine western United States bushy herb having yellow pea-like flowers Carolina lupine eastern United States bush pea Tipuana one species: South American tree: tipu tree tipu semi-evergreen South American tree with odd-pinnate leaves and golden yellow flowers cultivated as an ornamental Trigonella Old World genus of frequently aromatic herbs Ulex genus of Eurasian spiny shrubs: gorse gorse very spiny and dense evergreen shrub with fragrant golden-yellow flowers; common throughout western Europe Vicia widely distributed genus of annual or perennial and often climbing herbs vetch any of various climbing plants of the genus Vicia having pinnately compound leaves that terminate in tendrils and small variously colored flowers; includes valuable forage and soil-building plants tufted vetch common perennial climber of temperate regions of Eurasia and North America having dense elongate clusters of flowers bitter betch European perennial toxic vetch spring vetch herbaceous climbing plant valuable as fodder and for soil-building bush vetch European purple-flowered with slender stems; occurs as a weed in hedges hairy vetch European vetch much cultivated as forage and cover crops Vigna genus of vines or erect herbs having trifoliate leaves and yellowish or purplish flowers; of warm or tropical regions; most species often placed in genus Phaseolus moth bean East Indian legume having hairy foliage and small yellow flowers followed by cylindrical pods; used especially in India for food and forage and as a soil conditioner; sometimes placed in genus Phaseolus adzuki bean bushy annual widely grown in China and Japan for the flour made from its seeds snailflower perennial tropical American vine cultivated for its racemes of showy yellow and purple flowers having the corolla keel coiled like a snail shell; sometimes placed in genus Phaseolus mung erect bushy annual widely cultivated in warm regions of India and Indonesia and United States for forage and especially its edible seeds; chief source of bean sprouts used in Chinese cookery; sometimes placed in genus Phaseolus seed of the mung bean plant; used for food cowpea sprawling Old World annual cultivated especially in southern United States for food and forage and green manure fruit or seed of the cowpea plant asparagus bean South American bean having very long succulent pods Viminaria one species: Australian leafless shrubs: swamp oak swamp oak Australian leafless shrub resembling broom and having small yellow flowers Virgilia genus of South African trees having pinnate leaves and rose-purple flowers followed by leathery pods keurboom tree with odd-pinnate leaves and racemes of fragrant pink to purple flowers fast-growing roundheaded tree with fragrant white to deep rose flowers; planted as an ornamental genus Wisteria Asiatic deciduous woody vine having large drooping racemes of white or bluish or purple or pinkish flowers and velvety pods; widely grown as an ornamental wisteria any flowering vine of the genus Wisteria Japanese wistaria having flowers of pink to mauve or violet-blue Chinese wistaria having deep purple flowers American wistaria an eastern United States native resembling the cultivated Japanese wisteria having pale purple-lilac flowers silky wisteria a wisteria of China having white flowers Palmales coextensive with the family Palmae: palms Palmae chiefly tropical trees and shrubs and vines usually having a tall columnar trunk bearing a crown of very large leaves; coextensive with the order Palmales feather palm palm having pinnate or featherlike leaves fan palm palm having palmate or fan-shaped leaves palmetto any of several low-growing palms with fan-shaped leaves Acrocomia Central and South American feather palms coyol tropical American palm having edible nuts and yielding a useful fiber grugru tropical American feather palm having a swollen spiny trunk and edible nuts genus Areca a monocotyledonous genus of palm trees areca any of several tall tropical palms native to southeastern Asia having egg-shaped nuts betel palm southeastern Asian palm bearing betel nuts (scarlet or orange single-seeded fruit with a fibrous husk) Arenga a genus of tropical Asian and Malaysian palm trees sugar palm Malaysian feather palm with base densely clothed with fibers; yields a sweet sap used in wine and trunk pith yields sago Attalea unarmed feather palms of central and northern South America piassava palm Brazilian palm yielding fibers used in making ropes, mats, and brushes coquilla nut nut having a hard hazel-brown shell used like vegetable ivory Borassus palmyra palmyra tall fan palm of Africa and India and Malaysia yielding a hard wood and sweet sap that is a source of palm wine and sugar; leaves used for thatching and weaving bassine coarse leaf fiber from palmyra palms used in making brushes and brooms genus Calamus distinctive often spiny-stemmed palms found as climbers in tropical and subtropical forest lawyer cane tall scrambling spiny palm of northeastern Queensland, Australia Caryota fishtail palms fishtail palm attractive East Indian palm having distinctive bipinnate foliage wine palm fishtail palm of India to Malay Peninsula; sap yields a brown sugar (jaggery) and trunk pith yields sago Ceroxylon wax palms wax palm palm of the Andes yielding a resinous wax which is mixed with tallow to make candles Cocos coconut palms coir stiff coarse fiber from the outer husk of a coconut Copernicia slow-growing tropical fan palms carnauba Brazilian fan palm having an edible root; source of a useful leaf fiber and a brittle yellowish wax carnauba wax hard yellowish to brownish wax from leaves of the carnauba palm used especially in floor waxes and polishes caranday South American palm yielding a wax similar to carnauba wax genus Corozo a monocotyledonous genus of tropical American palm trees corozo any of several tropical American palms bearing corozo nuts Corypha large fan palms of tropical Asia to Australia gebang palm large-leaved palm of Malay to Philippines and northern Australia; leaves used for thatching or plaiting into containers latanier fan palms of the southern United States and the Caribbean region talipot tall palm of southern India and Sri Lanka with gigantic leaves used as umbrellas and fans or cut into strips for writing paper Elaeis oil palms oil palm pinnate-leaved palms of the genus Elaeis having dense clusters of crowded flowers and bright red fruit and yielding high quality palm oils African oil palm oil palm of Africa American oil palm palm of Central and South America palm nut seed of any oil palm cabbage palm Brazilian palm of genus Euterpe whose leaf buds are eaten like cabbage when young Australian palm with leaf buds that are edible when young West Indian palm with leaf buds that are edible when young Livistona fan palms of Asia and Australia and Malaysia Metroxylon a genus of Malayan pinnate-leaved palm trees that flower and fruit once and then die true sago palm Malaysian palm whose pithy trunk yields sago--a starch used as a food thickener and fabric stiffener; Malaya to Fiji Nipa monotypic genus of palms of Australasia nipa palm any creeping semiaquatic feather palm of the genus Nipa found in mangrove swamps and tidal estuaries; its sap is used for a liquor; leaves are used for thatch; fruit has edible seeds Orbignya palms of southern Mexico to northern South America: babassu palm babassu tall feather palm of northern Brazil with hard-shelled nuts yielding valuable oil and a kind of vegetable ivory babassu nut hard-shelled nut of the babassu palm babassu oil fatty oil from kernels of babassu nuts similar to coconut oil cohune palm tropical American feather palm whose large nuts yield valuable oil and a kind of vegetable ivory cohune nut nut of the cohune palm having hard white shells like those of ivory nuts cohune-nut oil semisolid fat from nuts of the cohune palm; used in cooking and soap making phoenicophorium latanier palm date palm tall tropical feather palm tree native to Syria bearing sweet edible fruit phytelephas small genus of South American feather palms ivory palm a stemless palm tree of Brazil and Peru bearing ivory nuts ivory nut nutlike seed of a South American palm; the hard white shell takes a high polish and is used for e.g. buttons Raffia feather palm of tropical Africa and Madagascar and Central and South America widely grown for commercial purposes raffia palm a large feather palm of Africa and Madagascar having very long pinnatisect fronds yielding a strong commercially important fiber from its leafstalks raffia fiber of a raffia palm used as light cordage and in making hats and baskets leaf fibers of the raffia palm tree; used to make baskets and mats etc. jupati a tall Brazilian feather palm with a terminal crown of very large leathery pinnatisect leaves rising from long strong stems used for structural purposes bamboo palm a palm of the genus Raffia Rhapis genus of small clump-forming fan palms of China and Japan lady palm any of several small palms of the genus Rhapis; cultivated as houseplants miniature fan palm small graceful palm with reedlike stems and leaf bases clothed with loose coarse fibers reed rhapis Chinese lady palm with more slender stems and finer sheath fibers than Rhapis excelsa Roystonea a monocotyledonous genus of West Indian feather palms royal palm tall feather palm of southern Florida and Cuba Sabal American dwarf fan palms cabbage palmetto low-growing fan-leaved palm of coastal southern United States having edible leaf buds Serenoa one species: saw palmetto saw palmetto small hardy clump-forming spiny palm of southern United States Thrinax small to medium-sized fan palms thatch palm small palm of southern Florida and West Indies closely resembling the silvertop palmetto key palm small stocky fan palm of southern Florida and Cuba Plantaginales coextensive with the family Plantaginaceae Plantaginaceae cosmopolitan family of small herbs and a few shrubs; most are troublesome weeds Plantago type genus of the family Plantaginaceae; large cosmopolitan genus of mostly small herbs English plantain an Old World plantain with long narrow ribbed leaves widely established in temperate regions broad-leaved plantain common European perennial naturalized worldwide; a troublesome weed hoary plantain widely distributed Old World perennial naturalized in North America having finely hairy leaves and inconspicuous white fragrant flowers North American annual or biennial with long soft hairs on the leaves fleawort plantain of Mediterranean regions whose seeds swell and become gelatinous when moist and are used as a mild laxative rugel's plantain North American plantain having reddish leafstalks and broad leaves Polygonales coextensive with the family Polygonaceae, Polygonaceae a family of plants of order Polygonales chiefly of the north temperate zone; includes the buckwheats Polygonum diverse genus of herbs or woody subshrubs of north temperate regions silver lace vine twining perennial vine having racemes of fragrant greenish flowers; western China to Russia Fagopyrum buckwheat; in some classifications included in the genus Polygonum genus Eriogonum North American herbs of the buckwheat family eriogonum any plant of the genus Eriogonum with small clustered flowers wild buckwheat low-growing shrub with spreading branches and flowers in loose heads; desert regions of western United States (California to Utah) Rheum rhubarb rhubarb plants having long green or reddish acidic leafstalks growing in basal clumps; stems (and only the stems) are edible when cooked; leaves are poisonous Himalayan rhubarb Asian herb (Himalayas) pie plant long cultivated hybrid of Rheum palmatum; stems often cooked in pies or as sauce or preserves Chinese rhubarb long used for laxative properties Rumex docks: coarse herbs and shrubs mainly native to north temperate regions sour dock European sorrel with large slightly acidic sagittate leaves grown throughout north temperate zone for salad and spring greens sheep sorrel small plant having pleasantly acid-tasting arrow-shaped leaves; common in dry places bitter dock European dock with broad obtuse leaves and bitter rootstock common as a weed in North America Xyridales an order of monocotyledonous herbs Xyridaceae plants of tropical to temperate regions; usually in wet places Xyris chiefly American marsh plants, having usually yellow flowers yellow-eyed grass any of several rushlike plants, especially of the pine barrens of southern United States tall yellow-eye of Australia Commelinaceae large widely distributed family of chiefly perennial herbs or climbers: spiderworts genus Commelina type genus of the Commelinaceae; large genus of herbs of branching or creeping habit: day flower; widow's tears commelina any plant of the genus Commelina spiderwort any plant of the family Commelinaceae St.-Bruno's-lily a variety of spiderwort Tradescantia spiderworts Bromeliaceae a family of tropical American plants of order Xyridales including several (as the pineapple) of economic importance Ananas a genus of tropical American plants have sword-shaped leaves and a fleshy compound fruits composed of the fruits of several flowers (such as pineapples) Bromelia the type genus of the family Bromeliaceae which includes tropical American plants with deeply cleft calyx Tillandsia large genus of epiphytic or terrestrial sparse-rooting tropical plants usually forming dense clumps or pendant masses Spanish moss dense festoons of greenish-grey hairlike flexuous strands anchored to tree trunks and branches by sparse wiry roots; southeastern United States and West Indies to South America Mayacaceae a monocotyledonous family of bog plants of order Xyridales Mayaca small genus of delicate mossy bog plants having white or violet flowers Rapateaceae South American herbs somewhat resembling members of the Juncaceae Eriocaulaceae chiefly tropical aquatic or bog herbs: pipeworts Eriocaulon type genus of the Eriocaulaceae: rushlike aquatic or marginal perennials usually found in shallow waters of acid lakes and pools and bogs pipewort aquatic perennial of North America and Ireland and Hebrides having translucent green leaves in a basal spiral and dense buttonlike racemes of minute white flowers Pontederiaceae aquatic or bog plants Pontederia pickerelweed pickerelweed American plant having spikes of blue flowers and growing in shallow water of streams and ponds Eichhornia water hyacinth; water orchid water hyacinth a tropical floating aquatic plant having spikes of large blue flowers; troublesome in clogging waterways especially in southern United States Heteranthera mud plantains water star grass grassy-leaved North American aquatic plant with yellow star-shaped blossoms Naiadales an order of aquatic monocotyledonous herbaceous plants Naiadaceae monotypic family of aquatic plants having narrow leaves and small flowers Naias sole genus of the family Naiadaceae Alismataceae perennial or annual aquatic or marsh plants Alisma small genus of aquatic or semiaquatic plants water plantain marsh plant having clusters of small white or pinkish flowers and broad pointed or rounded leaves Sagittaria genus of aquatic herbs of temperate and tropical regions having sagittate or hastate leaves and white scapose flowers common arrowhead a weed ribbon-leaved water plantain a variety of water plantain narrow-leaved water plantain a variety of water plantain Hydrocharitaceae simple nearly stemless freshwater aquatic plants; widely distributed Hydrocharis frogbit frogbit European floating plant with roundish heart-shaped leaves and white flowers genus Hydrilla one species hydrilla submersed plant with whorled lanceolate leaves and solitary axillary flowers; Old World plant naturalized in southern United States and clogging Florida's waterways Limnobium American frogbit American frogbit American plant with roundish heart-shaped or kidney-shaped leaves; usually rooted in muddy bottoms of ponds and ditches Elodea submerged freshwater perennials waterweed a weedy aquatic plant of genus Elodea Canadian pondweed North American waterweed; widely naturalized in Europe dense-leaved elodea aquatic plant with deep green foliage useful to oxygenate an aquarium; sometimes placed in genus Egeria Egeria small genus of dioecious tropical aquatic plants Vallisneria eelgrass; eel grass tape grass submerged aquatic plant with ribbonlike leaves; Old World and Australia Potamogetonaceae plants that grow in ponds and slow streams; sometimes includes family Zosteraceae pondweed any of several submerged or floating freshwater perennial aquatic weeds belonging to the family Potamogetonaceae Potamogeton a large genus of aquatic herbs found in quiet waters in temperate regions; leaves usually float on the water curled leaf pondweed European herb naturalized in the eastern United States and California variously-leaved pondweed of Europe (except the Mediterranean area) and the northern United States loddon pondweed pondweed with floating leaves; of northern United States and Europe Groenlandia a monocotyledonous genus of the family Potamogetonaceae frog's lettuce very similar to Potamogeton; of western Africa, Asia, and Europe Scheuchzeriaceae a family of monocotyledonous bog herbs of order Naiadales Triglochin perennial or annual bog or marsh plants; includes arrow grass arrow grass tufted perennial found in shallow water or marshland; sometimes poisons livestock Zannichelliaceae alternative classification for some genera included in Potamogetonaceae; one species Zannichellia horned pondweed: completely submerged herbs; in some classifications included in Potamogetonaceae horned pondweed found in still or slow-moving fresh or brackish water; useful to oxygenate cool water ponds and aquaria Zosteraceae used in some classifications: essentially equivalent to Potamogetonaceae Zostera (or in some classifications family Zosteraceae) small genus of widely distributed marine plants eelgrass submerged marine plant with very long narrow leaves found in abundance along North Atlantic coasts Rosales in some classifications this category does not include Leguminosae Rosaceae a large family of dicotyledonous plants of order Rosales; have alternate leaves and five-petaled flowers with numerous stamens Rosa large genus of erect or climbing prickly shrubs including roses mountain rose European alpine rose with crimson flowers ground rose low-growing bristly shrub of southern Oregon and California with creeping rootstocks and usually corymbose flowers banksia rose Chinese evergreen climbing rose with yellow or white single flowers dog rose prickly wild rose with delicate pink or white scentless flowers; native to Europe damask rose large hardy very fragrant pink rose; cultivated in Asia Minor as source of attar of roses; parent of many hybrids sweetbrier Eurasian rose with prickly stems and fragrant leaves and bright pink flowers followed by scarlet hips brier tangled mass of prickly plants a thorny stem or twig Cherokee rose Chinese climbing rose with fragrant white blossoms multiflora vigorously growing rose having clusters of numerous small flowers; used for hedges and as grafting stock musk rose rose native to Mediterranean region having curved or climbing branches and loose clusters of musky-scented flowers tea rose any of several hybrid bush roses derived from a tea-scented Chinese rose with pink or yellow flowers genus Agrimonia genus of herbs found chiefly in north temperate regions having pinnate leaves and yellow flowers followed by bristly fruit agrimonia a plant of the genus Agrimonia having spikelike clusters of small yellow flowers harvest-lice erect perennial Old World herb of dry grassy habitats fragrant agrimony fragrant European perennial herb found at woodland margins on moist soils Amelanchier North American deciduous trees or shrubs Juneberry any of various North American trees or shrubs having showy white flowers and edible blue-black or purplish fruit alderleaf Juneberry shrub or small tree of northwestern North America having fragrant creamy white flowers and small waxy purple-red fruits Bartram Juneberry open-growing shrub of eastern North America having pure white flowers and small waxy almost black fruits Chaenomeles flowering quince flowering quince Asiatic ornamental shrub with spiny branches and pink or red blossoms japonica deciduous thorny shrub native to Japan having red blossoms greenhouse shrub with glossy green leaves and showy fragrant rose-like flowers; cultivated in many varieties Japanese quince deciduous thorny shrub native to China having red or white blossoms Chrysobalanus coco plums coco plum small tropical American tree bearing edible plumlike fruit genus Cotoneaster genus of deciduous or evergreen Old World shrubs widely cultivated cotoneaster any shrub of the genus Cotoneaster: erect or creeping shrubs having richly colored autumn foliage and many small white to pinkish flowers followed by tiny red or black fruits Cotoneaster dammeri climbing evergreen shrub with white flowers and red berries; often used as ground cover Cotoneaster horizontalis deciduous flat-growing shrub with a fanned herringbone pattern and having reddish flowers and orange-red berries; used as a ground cover Crataegus thorny shrubs and small trees: hawthorn; thorn; thorn apple hawthorn a spring-flowering shrub or small tree of the genus Crataegus parsley haw southern United States hawthorn with pinnately lobed leaves scarlet haw common shrub or small tree of the eastern United States having few thorns and white flowers in corymbs followed by bright orange-red berries blackthorn erect and almost thornless American hawthorn with somewhat pear-shaped berries a thorny Eurasian bush with plumlike fruits cockspur thorn eastern United States hawthorn with long straight thorns mayhaw hawthorn of southern United States bearing a juicy, acidic, scarlet fruit that is often used in jellies or preserves whitethorn thorny Eurasian shrub of small tree having dense clusters of white to scarlet flowers followed by deep red berries; established as an escape in eastern North America English hawthorn European hawthorn having deeply cleft leaves and bright red fruits; widely cultivated in many varieties and often grown as impenetrable hedges; established as an escape in eastern North America red haw American red-fruited hawthorn with stems and leaves densely covered with short woolly hairs American red-fruited hawthorn with dense corymbs of pink-red flowers evergreen thorn evergreen hawthorn of southeastern Europe Cydonia quince Dryas mountain avens mountain avens creeping evergreen shrub with large white flowers; widely distributed in northern portions of Eurasia and North America Eriobotrya Asiatic evergreen fruit trees Fragaria strawberries garden strawberry widely cultivated wild strawberry Europe beach strawberry wild strawberry of western United States and South America; source of many varieties of cultivated strawberries Virginia strawberry North American wild strawberry with sweet scarlet fruit; a source of many cultivated strawberries Geum avens avens any of various perennials of the genus Geum having usually pinnate basal leaves and variously colored flowers yellow avens erect subshrub with deep yellow flowers; Europe and Asia and North America hairy yellow-flowered plant of eastern Asia and North America bennet North American white-flowered avens avens of Virginia having pale or greenish yellow flowers water avens erect perennial of north temperate zone having pinnate leaves and a few nodding flowers with a brown-purple calyx and orange and pink petals prairie smoke North American perennial with hairy basal pinnate leaves and purple flowers and plume-tipped fruits herb bennet hairy Eurasian plant with small yellow flowers and an astringent root formerly used medicinally Heteromeles one species: toyon; in some classifications included in genus Photinia toyon ornamental evergreen treelike shrub of the Pacific coast of the United States having large white flowers and red berrylike fruits; often placed in genus Photinia Malus apple trees; found throughout temperate zones of the northern hemisphere apple tree any tree of the genus Malus especially those bearing firm rounded edible fruits applewood wood of any of various apple trees of the genus Malus wild apple any of numerous wild apple trees usually with small acidic fruit Siberian crab Asian wild crab apple cultivated in many varieties for it small acid usually red fruit used for preserving wild crab wild crab apple native to Europe; a chief ancestor of cultivated apples American crab apple medium-sized tree of the eastern United States having pink blossoms and small yellow fruit Oregon crab apple small tree or shrub of western United States having white blossoms and tiny yellow or red fruit Southern crab apple small tree or shrub of southeastern United States; cultivated as an ornamental for its rose-colored blossoms Iowa crab wild crab apple of western United States with fragrant pink flowers Bechtel crab derived from the Iowa crab and cultivated for its large double pink blossoms Mespilus medlars Photinia genus of deciduous and evergreen east Asian trees and shrubs widely cultivated as ornamentals for their white flowers and red fruits; in some classifications includes genus Heteromeles Potentilla chiefly perennial northern hemisphere herbs and shrubs: cinquefoil silverweed low-growing perennial having leaves silvery beneath; northern United States; Europe; Asia any of various twining shrubs of the genus Argyreia having silvery leaves and showy purple flowers Poterium a genus of thorny herbs or shrubs of the family Rosaceae Prunus a genus of shrubs and trees of the family Rosaceae that is widely distributed in temperate regions wild plum an uncultivated plum tree or shrub Allegheny plum wild plum of northeastern United States having dark purple fruits with yellow flesh American red plum wild plum trees of eastern and central North America having red-orange fruit with yellow flesh chickasaw plum small native American shrubby tree bearing small edible yellow to reddish fruit common plum any of various widely distributed plums grown in the cooler temperate areas bullace small wild or half-domesticated Eurasian plum bearing small ovoid fruit in clusters damson plum plum tree long cultivated for its edible fruit big-tree plum small tree of southwestern United States having purplish-red fruit sometimes cultivated as an ornamental for its large leaves Canada plum small tree native to northeastern North America having oblong orange-red fruit Japanese apricot Japanese ornamental tree with fragrant white or pink blossoms and small yellow fruits common apricot temperate zone tree bearing downy yellow to rosy fruits purple apricot small hybrid apricot of Asia and Asia Minor having purplish twigs and white flowers following by inferior purple fruit wild cherry an uncultivated cherry tree the fruit of the wild cherry tree gean wild or seedling sweet cherry used as stock for grafting Western sand cherry dwarf ornamental shrub of western United States having large black to red and yellow sweet edible fruit cherry laurel small flowering evergreen tree of southern United States frequently cultivated Eurasian evergreen shrub or small tree having showy clusters of white flowers and glossy foliage and yielding oil similar to bitter almond oil cherry plum small Asiatic tree bearing edible red or yellow fruit marasca Dalmatian bitter wild cherry tree bearing fruit whose juice is made into maraschino liqueur small bitter fruit of the marasca cherry tree from whose juice maraschino liqueur is made Amygdalaceae used in former classifications for plum and peach and almond trees which are now usually classified as members of the genus Prunus Amygdalus used in former classifications for peach and almond trees which are now included in genus Prunus almond tree any of several small bushy trees having pink or white blossoms and usually bearing nuts bitter almond almond trees having white blossoms and poisonous nuts yielding an oil used for flavoring and for medicinal purposes almond oil pale yellow fatty oil expressed from sweet or bitter almonds bitter almond oil pale yellow essential oil obtained from bitter almonds by distillation from almond cake or meal jordan almond variety of large almond from Malaga, Spain; used in confectionery dwarf flowering almond small Chinese shrub with smooth unfurrowed dark red fruit grown especially for its red or pink or white flowers holly-leaved cherry California evergreen wild plum with spiny leathery leaves and white flowers fuji shrubby Japanese cherry tree having pale pink blossoms flowering almond woody oriental plant with smooth unfurrowed red fruit grown especially for its white or pale pink blossoms deciduous Chinese shrub or small tree with often trilobed leaves grown for its pink-white flowers Catalina cherry evergreen shrub or small tree found on Catalina Island (California) bird cherry any of several small-fruited cherry trees frequented or fed on by birds hagberry tree small European cherry tree closely resembling the American chokecherry hagberry small cherry much liked by birds pin cherry small shrubby North American wild cherry with small bright red acid fruit sand cherry small straggling American cherry growing on sandy soil and having minute scarcely edible purplish-black fruit Japanese plum small tree of China and Japan bearing large yellow to red plums usually somewhat inferior to European plums in flavor black cherry large North American wild cherry with round black sour edible fruit flowering cherry any of several shrubs or trees of the genus Prunus cultivated for their showy white or pink single or double blossoms oriental cherry ornamental tree with inedible fruits widely cultivated in many varieties for its white blossoms Japanese flowering cherry ornamental tree with inedible fruit widely cultivated in many varieties for its pink blossoms Sierra plum shrub of the Pacific coast of the United States bearing small red insipid fruit rosebud cherry shrub or tree native to Japan cultivated as an ornamental for its rose-pink flowers Russian almond Asiatic shrub cultivated for its rosy red flowers chokecherry a common wild cherry of eastern North America having small bitter black berries favored by birds the fruit of the chokecherry tree western chokecherry chokecherry of western United States genus Pyracantha Eurasian evergreen thorny shrubs bearing red or orange-red berries Pyracantha any of various thorny shrubs of the genus Pyracantha bearing small white flowers followed by hard red or orange-red berries Pyrus fruit trees native to the Old World: pears fruit tree tree bearing edible fruit fruitwood wood of various fruit trees (as apple or cherry or pear) used especially in cabinetwork Rubus large genus of brambles bearing berries bramble bush any prickly shrub of the genus Rubus bearing edible aggregate fruits lawyerbush stout-stemmed trailing shrub of New Zealand that scrambles over other growth stone bramble European trailing bramble with red berrylike fruits true blackberry the true blackberry of Europe as well as any of numerous varieties having sweet edible black or dark purple berries sand blackberry stiff shrubby blackberry of the eastern United States (Connecticut to Florida) western blackberry American blackberry with oblong black fruit American dewberry North American dewberry Northern dewberry of eastern North America Southern dewberry of southern North America swamp dewberry of eastern North America European dewberry creeping European bramble bearing dewberries red raspberry any of several raspberries bearing red fruit wild raspberry the common European raspberry; fruit red or orange American raspberry red raspberry of North America black raspberry raspberry native to eastern North America having black thimble-shaped fruit salmonberry large erect red-flowered raspberry of western North America having large pinkish-orange berries white-flowered raspberry of western North America and northern Mexico with thimble-shaped orange berries cloudberry creeping raspberry of north temperate regions with yellow or orange berries flowering raspberry shrubby raspberry of eastern North America having showy rose to purplish flowers and red or orange thimble-shaped fruit wineberry raspberry of China and Japan having pale pink flowers grown for ornament and for the small red acid fruits Sorbus a genus of shrubs or trees of the family Rosaceae having feathery leaves rowan Eurasian tree with orange-red berrylike fruits rowanberry decorative red berrylike fruit of a rowan tree American mountain ash a variety of mountain ash Western mountain ash an ash of the western coast of North America service tree medium-sized European tree resembling the rowan but bearing edible fruit wild service tree European tree bearing edible small speckled brown fruit Spiraea a dicotyledonous genus of the family Rosaceae spirea any rosaceous plant of the genus Spiraea; has sprays of small white or pink flowers a Japanese shrub that resembles members of the genus Spiraea; widely cultivated in many varieties for its dense panicles of flowers in many colors; often forced by florists for Easter blooming bridal wreath shrub having copious small white flowers in spring Chilean evergreen shrub having delicate spikes of small white flowers Rubiales an order of dicotyledonous plants of the subclass Asteridae; have opposite leaves and an inferior compound ovary Rubiaceae widely distributed family of mostly tropical trees and shrubs and herbs; includes coffee and chinchona and gardenia and madder and bedstraws and partridgeberry madderwort any of numerous trees or shrubs or vines of the family Rubiaceae Rubia type genus of the Rubiaceae; Old World herbs and subshrubs grown for their medicinal properties and for dye substances extracted from their roots Indian madder perennial East Indian creeping or climbing herb used for dye in the orient madder Eurasian herb having small yellow flowers and red roots formerly an important source of the dye alizarin color a moderate to strong red Asperula woodruff woodruff any plant of the genus Asperula dyer's woodruff creeping European perennial having red or pinkish-white flowers and red roots sometimes used as a substitute for madder in dyeing Calycophyllum medium to large tropical American trees having shiny reddish-brown shredding bark dagame source of a tough elastic wood Chiococca shrubs of tropical and subtropical New World blolly evergreen climbing shrub of southern Florida and West Indies grown for its racemes of fragrant white to creamy flowers followed by globose white succulent berries Coffea coffee trees Arabian coffee shrubby tree of northeastern tropical Africa widely cultivated in tropical or near tropical regions for its seed which form most of the commercial coffee Liberian coffee small tree of West Africa robusta coffee native to West Africa but grown in Java and elsewhere; resistant to coffee rust genus Cinchona large genus of trees of Andean region of South America having medicinal bark cinchona any of several trees of the genus Cinchona medicinal bark of cinchona trees; source of quinine and quinidine Cartagena bark Colombian tree; source of Cartagena bark (a cinchona bark) calisaya Peruvian shrub or small tree having large glossy leaves and cymes of fragrant yellow to green or red flowers; cultivated for its medicinal bark cinchona tree small tree of Ecuador and Peru having very large glossy leaves and large panicles of fragrant pink flowers; cultivated for its medicinal bark Galium annual or perennial herbs: bedstraw; cleavers bedstraw any of several plants of the genus Galium Northern bedstraw North American stoloniferous perennial having white flowers; sometimes used as an ornamental yellow bedstraw common yellow-flowered perennial bedstraw; North America and Europe and Asia cleavers annual having the stem beset with curved prickles; North America and Europe and Asia wild madder Eurasian herb with ample panicles of small white flowers; naturalized in North America genus Gardenia large genus of attractive Old World tropical shrubs and small trees gardenia any of various shrubs and small trees of the genus Gardenia having large fragrant white or yellow flowers cape jasmine evergreen shrub widely cultivated for its large fragrant waxlike white flowers and glossy leaves genus Genipa tropical American evergreen trees or shrubs bearing yellow flowers and succulent edible fruit with a thick rind genipa any tree of the genus Genipa bearing yellow flowers and edible fruit with a thick rind genipap fruit tree of the West Indies and northern South America bearing succulent edible orange-sized fruit genus Hamelia evergreen tropical American shrubs or small trees hamelia any of several flowering tropical or subtropical shrubs of the genus Hamelia scarlet bush handsome shrub with showy orange to scarlet or crimson flowers; Florida and West Indies to Mexico and Brazil Mitchella creeping evergreen herbs of North America partridgeberry creeping woody plant of eastern North America with shiny evergreen leaves and scarlet berries Nauclea small genus of evergreen tropical shrubs or trees with smooth leathery leaves opepe large African forest tree yielding a strong hard yellow to golden brown lumber; sometimes placed in genus Sarcocephalus Pinckneya small genus of shrubs or small trees of southeastern United States and northern South America Psychotria tropical chiefly South American shrubs and trees lemonwood South African evergreen having hard tough wood hard tough elastic wood of the lemonwood tree; used for making bows and fishing rods Sarcocephalus genus of tropical African trees and shrubs negro peach a stout spreading or semi-climbing tropical shrub with round brownish-red warty fruit; Africa Vangueria tropical African and Asiatic trees and shrubs having one-seeded fruit wild medlar small deciduous tree of southern Africa having edible fruit Spanish tamarind shrubby tree of Madagascar occasionally cultivated for its edible apple-shaped fruit Caprifoliaceae shrubs and small trees and woody vines genus Abelia chiefly east Asian shrubs abelia any of various deciduous or evergreen ornamental shrubs of the genus Abelia having opposite simple leaves and cymes of small white or pink or purplish flowers; Asia and Mexico Diervilla small genus of low deciduous shrubs: bush honeysuckles bush honeysuckle spreading bush of northeastern United States having small clusters of fragrant green and yellow flowers bush honeysuckle of southeastern United States having large crowded clusters of sulfur-yellow flowers a honeysuckle shrub of southern Russia to central Asia Kolkwitzia Chinese genus of 1 species: beauty bush beauty bush Chinese deciduous shrub with yellow-throated pinkish flowers and bristly fruit; often cultivated as an ornamental Leycesteria small species of shrubs of western Himalayas to China Himalaya honeysuckle shrub honeysuckle with drooping spikes of purplish flowers Linnaea one species: twinflower twinflower creeping evergreen subshrub of the northern parts of Europe and Asia with delicate fragrant tubular bell-shaped usually pink flowers borne in pairs American twinflower similar to the twinflower of northern Europe and Asia Lonicera woodbine white honeysuckle bushy honeysuckle with twining branches and white or yellow-white flowers; southern United States American fly honeysuckle erect deciduous North American shrub with yellow-white flowers Italian honeysuckle deciduous climbing shrub with fragrant yellow-white flowers in axillary whorls yellow honeysuckle twining deciduous shrub with clusters of purple-tinged yellow-green flowers; northeastern America climbing deciduous shrub with fragrant yellow (later orange) flowers in terminal whorls; southeastern United States hairy honeysuckle twining deciduous shrub with hairy leaves and spikes of yellow-orange flowers; northeastern America twinberry shrubby honeysuckle with purple flowers; western North America Japanese honeysuckle an Asiatic trailing evergreen honeysuckle with half-evergreen leaves and fragrant white flowers turning yellow with age; has become a weed in some areas Hall's honeysuckle a variety of Japanese honeysuckle that grows like a vine; established as an aggressive escape in southeastern United States Morrow's honeysuckle a grey deciduous honeysuckle shrub paired white flowers turning yellow; Japan woodbine European twining honeysuckle with fragrant red and yellow-white flowers trumpet honeysuckle evergreen North American honeysuckle vine having coral-red or orange flowers European fly honeysuckle cultivated Eurasian shrub with twin yellowish-white flowers and scarlet fruit swamp fly honeysuckle a variety of fly honeysuckle Symphoricarpos deciduous shrubs of North America and Central America and China snowberry deciduous shrub of western North America having spikes of pink flowers followed by round white berries Sambucus elder; elderberry American elder common elder of central and eastern North America bearing purple-black berries; fruit used in wines and jellies blue elder shrub or small tree of western United States having white flowers and blue berries; fruit used in wines and jellies dwarf elder dwarf herbaceous elder of Europe having pink flowers and a nauseous odor bourtree a common shrub with black fruit or a small tree of Europe and Asia; fruit used for wines and jellies American red elder common North American shrub or small tree European red elder Eurasian shrub Triostium genus of Asiatic and North American herbs: feverroot feverroot coarse weedy American perennial herb with large usually perfoliate leaves and purple or dull red flowers Viburnum deciduous or evergreen shrubs or small trees: arrow-wood; wayfaring tree cranberry bush deciduous North American shrub or small tree having three-lobed leaves and red berries wayfaring tree vigorous deciduous European treelike shrub common along waysides; red berries turn black guelder rose deciduous thicket-forming Old World shrub with clusters of white flowers and small bright red berries arrow wood deciduous shrub of eastern North America having blue-black berries and tough pliant wood formerly used to make arrows closely related to southern arrow wood; grows in the eastern United States from Maine to Ohio and Georgia black haw upright deciduous shrub having frosted dark-blue fruit; east and east central North America genus Weigela east Asian flowering shrubs weigela deciduous shrub widely cultivated for its white or pink or red flowers Dipsacaceae chiefly southern European herbs with flowers usually in dense cymose heads Dipsacus type genus of the Dipsacaceae: teasel teasel any of several herbs of the genus Dipsacus native to the Old World having flower heads surrounded by spiny bracts common teasel teasel with lilac flowers native to Old World but naturalized in North America; dried flower heads used to raise a nap on woolen cloth fuller's teasel similar to the common teasel and similarly used; widespread in Europe and North Africa and western Asia; naturalized in United States wild teasel European teasel with white to pink flowers; naturalized in United States genus Scabiosa annual or perennial herbs or subshrubs; mainly Mediterranean scabious any of various plants of the genus Scabiosa sweet scabious Old World annual having fragrant purple to deep crimson flower heads; naturalized in United States field scabious perennial having bluish-lilac flowers; introduced in the eastern United States Balsaminaceae distinguished from the family Geraniaceae by the irregular flowers genus Impatiens annual or perennial herbs with stems more or less succulent; cosmopolitan except for South America, Australia, and New Zealand jewelweed North American annual plant with usually yellow or orange flowers; grows chiefly on wet rather acid soil Geraniales an order of plants of subclass Rosidae including geraniums and many other plants; see Euphorbiaceae; Geraniaceae; Rutaceae; Malpighiaceae; Simaroubaceae; Meliaceae; Zygophyllaceae; Tropaeolaceae Geraniaceae chiefly herbaceous plants geranium any of numerous plants of the family Geraniaceae genus Geranium genus of mostly North American geraniums: cranesbills cranesbill any of numerous geraniums of the genus Geranium wild geranium common wild geranium of eastern North America with deeply parted leaves and rose-purple flowers meadow cranesbill tall perennial cranesbill with paired violet-blue axillary flowers; native to northern parts of Old World and naturalized in North America Richardson's geranium geranium of western North America having branched clusters of white or pale pink flowers herb robert a sticky low herb with small reddish-purple flowers; widespread in the northern hemisphere sticky geranium geranium of western North America having pinkish-purple flowers in open clusters dove's foot geranium western geranium with small pink flowers; a common weed on lawns and in vacant lots Pelargonium geraniums native chiefly to South Africa; widely cultivated rose geranium any of several southern African geraniums having fragrant three-lobed to five-lobed leaves and pink flowers fish geranium an upright geranium having scalloped leaves with a broad color zone inside the margin and white or pink or red flowers ivy geranium a commonly cultivated trailing South American plant with peltate leaves and rosy flowers apple geranium geranium with round fragrant leaves and small white flowers lemon geranium a common garden geranium with lemon-scented foliage Erodium geraniums of Europe and South America and Australia especially mountainous regions storksbill any of various plants of the genus Erodium redstem storksbill European weed naturalized in southwestern United States and Mexico having reddish decumbent stems with small fernlike leaves and small deep reddish-lavender flowers followed by slender fruits that stick straight up; often grown for forage musk clover low annual European herb naturalized in America; similar to alfilaria Texas storksbill of prairies and desert areas of southwestern United States and Mexico Erythroxylaceae a family of plants of order Geraniales; have drupaceous fruit Erythroxylon a large genus of South American shrubs and small trees of the family Erythroxylaceae Erythroxylon coca a South American shrub whose leaves are chewed by natives of the Andes; a source of cocaine Erythroxylon truxiuense a South American shrub whose leaves are a source of cocaine Burseraceae resinous or aromatic chiefly tropical shrubs or trees incense tree any of various tropical trees of the family Burseraceae yielding fragrant gums or resins that are burned as incense elemi fragrant resin obtain from trees of the family Burseraceae and used as incense Bursera type genus of Burseraceae; tropical and subtropical American shrubs and trees some yielding timber and gum elemi elephant tree small tree or shrub of the southwestern United States having a spicy odor and odd-pinnate leaves and small clusters of white flowers gumbo-limbo tropical American tree yielding a reddish resin used in cements and varnishes Boswellia genus of trees of North Africa and India that yield incense Boswellia carteri tree yielding an aromatic gum resin burned as incense salai East Indian tree yielding a resin used medicinally and burned as incense Commiphora genus of East Indian and African trees yielding balsamic products balm of gilead small evergreen tree of Africa and Asia; leaves have a strong aromatic odor when bruised myrrh tree tree of eastern Africa and Asia yielding myrrh myrrh aromatic resin that is burned as incense and used in perfume Protium genus of chiefly tropical American trees having fragrant wood and yielding gum elemi Protium heptaphyllum tropical American tree Protium guianense tropical American tree incense wood fragrant wood of two incense trees of the genus Protium Callitrichaceae dicot aquatic herbs Callitriche water starworts water starwort any of several aquatic plants having a star-shaped rosette of floating leaves; America, Europe and Asia Malpighiaceae tropical shrubs or trees Malpighia type genus of the Malpighiaceae jiqui Cuban timber tree with hard wood very resistant to moisture barbados cherry tropical American shrub bearing edible acid red fruit resembling cherries Meliaceae tropical trees and shrubs including many important timber and ornamental trees mahogany any of various tropical timber trees of the family Meliaceae especially the genus Swietinia valued for their hard yellowish- to reddish-brown wood that is readily worked and takes a high polish wood of any of various mahogany trees; much used for cabinetwork and furniture Melia type genus of the Meliaceae: East Indian and Australian deciduous trees with leaves resembling those of the ash chinaberry tree of northern India and China having purple blossoms and small inedible yellow fruits; naturalized in the southern United States as a shade tree Azadirachta genus of large important East Indian trees: neem trees neem large semi-evergreen tree of the East Indies; trunk exudes a tenacious gum; bitter bark used as a tonic; seeds yield an aromatic oil; sometimes placed in genus Melia neem seed seed of neem trees; source of pesticides and fertilizer and medicinal products Cedrela tropical American trees Spanish cedar tropical American tree yielding fragrant wood used especially for boxes Chloroxylon deciduous trees of India and Sri Lanka satinwood East Indian tree with valuable hard lustrous yellowish wood hard yellowish wood of a satinwood tree having a satiny luster; used for fine cabinetwork and tools West Indian tree with smooth lustrous and slightly oily wood Entandrophragma cedar mahogany trees African scented mahogany African tree having rather lightweight cedar-scented wood varying in color from pink to reddish brown Flindersia small genus of Australian timber trees silver ash any of various timber trees of the genus Flindersia native beech tall Australian timber tree yielding tough hard wood used for staves etc bunji-bunji Australian timber tree whose bark yields a poison Khaya African mahogany trees African mahogany African tree having hard heavy odorless wood genus Lansium a dicotyledonous genus of the family Meliaceae lanseh tree East Indian tree bearing an edible yellow berry Lovoa genus of African timber trees African walnut tropical African timber tree with wood that resembles mahogany Swietinia tropical American mahogany trees true mahogany mahogany tree of West Indies Honduras mahogany an important Central American mahogany tree Toona formerly included in genus Cedrela Philippine mahogany Philippine timber tree having hard red fragrant wood red hardwood of the Philippine mahogany tree used for cigar boxes and interior finish cigar-box cedar fragrant wood much used for cigar boxes genus Turreae genus of trees and shrubs of tropical Africa and Asia and Australia turreae any of numerous trees and shrubs grown for their beautiful glossy foliage and sweetly fragrant starry flowers Lepidobotryaceae family created in 1950 solely for the classification of a distinctive African tree repeatedly classified in other families; trees long believed to exist only in Africa genus Lepidobotrys a genus of dicotyledonous trees belonging to the family Lepidobotryaceae lepidobotrys African tree often classified in other families; similar to the Costa Rican caracolito in wood structure as well as in fruit and flowers and leaves and seeds Ruptiliocarpon new (1993) genus of trees of Central America now recognized as similar to those of genus Lepidobotrys caracolito large Costa Rican tree having light-colored wood suitable for cabinetry; similar to the African lepidobotrys in wood structure as well as in fruit and flowers and leaves and seeds; often classified in other families Oxalidaceae a family of widely distributed herbs of the order Geraniales; have compound leaves and pentamerous flowers genus Oxalis type genus of the Oxalidaceae; large genus of plants having leaves that resemble clover and variously colored flowers usually clustered in umbels oxalis any plant or flower of the genus Oxalis common wood sorrel Eurasian plant with heart-shaped trifoliate leaves and white purple-veined flowers Bermuda buttercup South African bulbous wood sorrel with showy yellow flowers creeping oxalis creeping much-branched mat-forming weed; cosmopolitan goatsfoot short-stemmed South African plant with bluish flowers violet wood sorrel perennial herb of eastern North America with palmately compound leaves and usually rose-purple flowers oca South American wood sorrel cultivated for its edible tubers Averrhoa trees native to East Indies having pinnate leaves: carambolas bilimbi East Indian evergreen tree bearing very acid fruit Polygalaceae trees, shrubs, and herbs widely distributed throughout both hemispheres Polygala type genus of the Polygalaceae: milkwort; senega; snakeroot milkwort any of various plants of the genus Polygala senega perennial bushy herb of central and southern United States having white flowers with green centers and often purple crest; similar to Seneca snakeroot dried root of two plants of the genus Polygala containing an irritating saponin orange milkwort bog plant of pine barrens of southeastern United States having spikes of irregular yellow-orange flowers flowering wintergreen common trailing perennial milkwort of eastern North America having leaves like wintergreen and usually rosy-purple flowers with winged sepals Seneca snakeroot eastern North American plant having a terminal cluster of small white flowers and medicinal roots common milkwort small European perennial with numerous branches having racemes of blue, pink or white flowers; formerly reputed to promote human lactation Rutaceae a family of dicotyledonous plants of order Geraniales; have flowers that are divide into four or five parts and usually have a strong scent Ruta type genus of the Rutaceae; strong-scented Eurasian herbs genus Citrus orange; lemon; lime; etc. orangewood fine-grained wood of an orange tree; used in fine woodwork sour orange any of various common orange trees yielding sour or bitter fruit; used as grafting stock bergamot small tree with pear-shaped fruit whose oil is used in perfumery; Italy citronwood wood of a citron tree rangpur hybrid between mandarin orange and lemon having very acid fruit with orange peel sweet lemon lemon tree having fruit with a somewhat insipid sweetish pulp Citroncirus a cross between Citrus sinensis and Poncirus trifoliata Dictamnus a dicotyledonous genus of the family Rutaceae fraxinella Eurasian perennial herb with white flowers that emit flammable vapor in hot weather Fortunella small genus of shrubs native to south China producing small ovoid fruits resembling oranges: includes kumquats marumi shrub bearing round-fruited kumquats nagami shrub bearing oval-fruited kumquats Phellodendron small genus of aromatic deciduous trees of east Asia often having thick corky bark Poncirus one species: trifoliate orange trifoliate orange small fast-growing spiny deciduous Chinese orange tree bearing sweetly scented flowers and decorative but inedible fruit: used as a stock in grafting and for hedges Zanthoxylum deciduous or evergreen trees or shrubs: prickly ash toothache tree small deciduous aromatic shrub (or tree) having spiny branches and yellowish flowers; eastern North America Hercules'-club densely spiny ornamental of southeastern United States and West Indies Simaroubaceae chiefly tropical trees and shrubs with bitter bark having dry usually one-seeded winged fruit bitterwood tree any of various trees or shrubs of the family Simaroubaceae having wood and bark with a bitter taste Simarouba type genus of Simaroubaceae; tropical American trees and shrubs having a pale soft wood and bitter bark marupa tree of the Amazon valley yielding a light brittle timber locally regarded as resistant to insect attack paradise tree medium to large tree of tropical North and South America having odd-pinnate leaves and long panicles of small pale yellow flowers followed by scarlet fruits genus Ailanthus small genus of east Asian and Chinese trees with odd-pinnate leaves and long twisted samaras ailanthus any of several deciduous Asian trees of the genus Ailanthus tree of heaven deciduous rapidly growing tree of China with foliage like sumac and sweetish fetid flowers; widely planted in United States as a street tree because of its resistance to pollution Irvingia wild mango wild mango African tree with edible yellow fruit resembling mangos; valued for its oil-rich seed and hardy green wood that resists termites Kirkia small genus of tropical South African trees and shrubs pepper tree small African deciduous tree with spreading crown having leaves clustered toward ends of branches and clusters of creamy flowers resembling lilacs small Peruvian evergreen with broad rounded head and slender pendant branches with attractive clusters of greenish flowers followed by clusters of rose-pink fruits Picrasma small genus of deciduous trees of tropical America and Asia Jamaica quassia West Indian tree yielding the drug Jamaica quassia similar to the extract from Quassia amara genus Quassia tropical trees and shrubs with pinnate leaves and large scarlet flowers; bark is medicinal quassia handsome South American shrub or small tree having bright scarlet flowers and yielding a valuable fine-grained yellowish wood; yields the bitter drug quassia from its wood and bark a bitter compound used as an insecticide and tonic and vermifuge; extracted from the wood and bark of trees of the genera Quassia and Picrasma Tropaeolaceae coextensive with the genus Tropaeolum Tropaeolum a tropical American genus of dicotyledonous climbing or diffuse pungent herbs constituting the family Tropaeolaceae garden nasturtium strong-growing annual climber having large flowers of all shades of orange from orange-red to yellowish orange and seeds that are pickled and used like capers bush nasturtium annual with deep yellow flowers smaller than the common garden nasturtium canarybird flower a climber having flowers that are the color of canaries Zygophyllaceae small trees, shrubs, and herbs of warm arid and saline regions; often resinous; some poisonous: genera Zygophyllum, Tribulus, Guaiacum, Larrea Zygophyllum usually tropical herbs or shrubs having ill-smelling foliage and flower buds that are used as capers: bean capers bean caper perennial shrub of the eastern Mediterranean region and southwestern Asia having flowers whose buds are used as capers Bulnesia palo santo palo santo South American tree of dry interior regions of Argentina and Paraguay having resinous heartwood used for incense guaiac wood heartwood of a palo santo; yields an aromatic oil used in perfumes Guaiacum small genus of evergreen resinous trees or shrubs of warm and tropical America lignum vitae small evergreen tree of Caribbean and southern Central America to northern South America; a source of lignum vitae wood, hardest of commercial timbers, and a medicinal resin hard greenish-brown wood of the lignum vitae tree and other trees of the genus Guaiacum bastard lignum vitae small evergreen tree of the southern United States and West Indies a source of lignum vitae wood guaiacum medicinal resin from the lignum vitae tree Larrea xerophytic evergreen shrubs; South America to southwestern United States creosote bush desert shrub of southwestern United States and New Mexico having persistent resinous aromatic foliage and small yellow flowers Sonora gum acidulous gum resin of the creosote bush Tribulus annual or perennial herbs or subshrubs of warm regions caltrop tropical annual procumbent poisonous subshrub having fruit that splits into five spiny nutlets; serious pasture weed Salicales coextensive with the family Salicaceae Salicaceae two genera of trees or shrubs having hairy catkins: Salix; Populus Salix a large and widespread genus varying in size from small shrubs to large trees: willows osier any of various willows having pliable twigs used in basketry and furniture flexible twig of a willow tree white willow large willow tree of Eurasia and North Africa having greyish canescent leaves and grey bark silver willow North American willow with greyish silky pubescent leaves that usually blacken in drying golden willow European willow having greyish leaves and yellow-orange twigs used in basketry cricket-bat willow Eurasian willow tree having greyish leaves and ascending branches arctic willow low creeping shrub of Arctic Europe and America weeping willow willow with long drooping branches and slender leaves native to China; widely cultivated as an ornamental Wisconsin weeping willow hybrid willow usually not strongly weeping in habit pussy willow small willow of eastern North America having greyish leaves and silky catkins that come before the leaves sallow any of several Old World shrubby broad-leaved willows having large catkins; some are important sources for tanbark and charcoal cause to become sallow; "The illness has sallowed her face" unhealthy looking goat willow much-branched Old World willow having large catkins and relatively large broad leaves peachleaf willow willow of the western United States with leaves like those of peach or almond trees almond willow Old World willow with light green leaves cultivated for use in basketry hoary willow North American shrub with whitish canescent leaves crack willow large willow tree with stiff branches that are easily broken prairie willow slender shrubby willow of dry areas of North America dwarf willow widely distributed boreal shrubby willow with partially underground creeping stems and bright green glossy leaves grey willow Eurasian shrubby willow with whitish tomentose twigs arroyo willow shrubby willow of the western United States shining willow common North American shrub with shiny lanceolate leaves swamp willow North American shrubby willow having dark bark and linear leaves growing close to streams and lakes bay willow European willow tree with shining leathery leaves; widely naturalized in the eastern United States purple willow Eurasian osier having reddish or purple twigs and bark rich in tannin balsam willow small shrubby tree of eastern North America having leaves exuding an odor of balsam when crushed creeping willow small trailing bush of Europe and Asia having straggling branches with silky green leaves of which several varieties are cultivated Sitka willow small shrubby tree of western North America (Alaska to Oregon) dwarf grey willow willow shrub of dry places in the eastern United States having long narrow leaves canescent beneath bearberry willow dwarf prostrate mat-forming shrub of Arctic and alpine regions of North America and Greenland having deep green elliptic leaves that taper toward the base common osier willow with long flexible twigs used in basketry Populus a genus of trees of the family Salicaceae that is found in the northern hemisphere; poplars poplar any of numerous trees of north temperate regions having light soft wood and flowers borne in catkins soft light-colored non-durable wood of the poplar balsam poplar poplar of northeastern North America with broad heart-shaped leaves white poplar a poplar that is widely cultivated in the United States; has white bark and leaves with whitish undersurfaces grey poplar large rapidly growing poplar with faintly lobed dentate leaves grey on the lower surface; native to Europe but introduced and naturalized elsewhere black poplar large European poplar Lombardy poplar distinguished by its columnar fastigiate shape and erect branches cottonwood any of several North American trees of the genus Populus having a tuft of cottony hairs on the seed Eastern cottonwood a common poplar of eastern and central United States; cultivated in United States for its rapid growth and luxuriant foliage and in Europe for timber black cottonwood cottonwood of western North America with dark green leaves shining above and rusty or silvery beneath swamp cottonwood North American poplar with large rounded scalloped leaves and brownish bark and wood aspen any of several trees of the genus Populus having leaves on flattened stalks so that they flutter in the lightest wind quaking aspen Old World aspen with a broad much-branched crown; northwestern Europe and Siberia to North Africa American quaking aspen slender aspen native to North America Canadian aspen aspen with a narrow crown; eastern North America Santalales order of plants distinguished by having a one-celled inferior ovary; many are parasitic or partly parasitic usually on roots Santalaceae chiefly tropical herbs or shrubs or trees bearing nuts or one-seeded fruit Santalum parasitic trees of Indonesia and Malaysia sandalwood tree parasitic tree of Indonesia and Malaysia having fragrant close-grained yellowish heartwood with insect repelling properties and used, e.g., for making chests sandalwood close-grained fragrant yellowish heartwood of the true sandalwood; has insect repelling properties and is used for carving and cabinetwork genus Buckleya small genus of Asiatic and American parasitic shrubs buckleya parasitic shrub of the eastern United States having opposite leaves and insignificant greenish flowers followed by oily dull green olivelike fruits Comandra small genus of chiefly North American parasitic plants bastard toadflax woody creeping parasite of western North America having numerous thick powdery leaves and panicles of small dull-white flowers Eucarya quandong trees Pyrularia small genus of chiefly Asiatic parasitic shrubs rabbitwood shrub of southeastern United States parasitic on roots of hemlocks having sparse spikes of greenish flowers and pulpy drupes buffalo nut oily drupaceous fruit of rabbitwood Loranthaceae in some classification includes Viscaceae: parasitic or hemiparasitic shrublets or shrubs or small trees of tropical and temperate regions; attach to hosts by haustoria Loranthus type genus of the Loranthaceae: 1 species mistletoe shrub of central and southeastern Europe; partially parasitic on beeches, chestnuts and oaks Old World parasitic shrub having branching greenish stems with leathery leaves and waxy white glutinous berries; the traditional mistletoe of Christmas American plants closely resembling Old World mistletoe Arceuthobium genus of chiefly American plants parasitic on conifers American mistletoe small herb with scalelike leaves on reddish-brown stems and berrylike fruits; parasitic on spruce and larch trees the traditional mistletoe of Christmas in America: grows on deciduous trees and can severely weaken the host plant Nuytsia one species Viscaceae in some classifications considered a subfamily of Loranthaceae Viscum type genus of the Viscaceae: Old World evergreen shrubs parasitic on many trees including oaks but especially apple trees, poplars, aspens and cottonwoods Phoradendron any of various American parasitic plants similar to Old World mistletoe: false mistletoe Sapindales an order of dicotyledonous plants Sapindaceae chiefly tropical New and Old World deciduous and evergreen trees and shrubs bearing leathery drupes with yellow translucent flesh; most plants produce toxic saponins aalii a small Hawaiian tree with hard dark wood Dodonaea a genus of tropical shrub or tree soapberry a tree of the genus Sapindus whose fruit is rich in saponin Sapindus type genus of the Sapindaceae wild China tree deciduous tree of southwestern United States having pulpy fruit containing saponin China tree evergreen of tropical America having pulpy fruit containing saponin which was used as soap by Native Americans Blighia small genus of western African evergreen trees and shrubs bearing fleshy capsular three-seeded fruits edible when neither unripe nor overripe akee widely cultivated in tropical and subtropical regions for its fragrant flowers and colorful fruits; introduced in Jamaica by William Bligh Cardiospermum tendril-climbing herbs or shrubs whose seeds have a white heart-shaped spot soapberry vine tendril-climbing vine heartseed herbaceous vine of tropical America and Africa balloon vine woody perennial climbing plant with large ornamental seed pods that resemble balloons; tropical India and Africa and America Dimocarpus longan longan tree of southeastern Asia to Australia grown primarily for its sweet edible fruit resembling litchi nuts; sometimes placed in genera Euphorbia or Nephelium genus Harpullia genus of tropical Asiatic and African trees harpullia any of various tree of the genus Harpullia harpulla fast-growing tree of India and East Indies yielding a wood used especially for building Moreton Bay tulipwood Australian tree yielding a variegated tulipwood genus Litchi Chinese trees Melicoccus tropical American trees and shrubs bearing berries Spanish lime tropical American tree bearing a small edible fruit with green leathery skin and sweet juicy translucent pulp Nephelium a genus of dicotyledonous trees of the family Sapindaceae that are native to Asia and Australia Buxaceae widely distributed evergreen shrubs and trees Buxus type genus of the Buxaceae common box large slow-growing evergreen shrub or small tree with multiple stems; extensively used for hedges or borders and topiary figures boxwood very hard tough close-grained light yellow wood of the box (particularly the common box); used in delicate woodwork: musical instruments and inlays and engraving blocks genus Pachysandra evergreen perennial procumbent subshrubs or herbs pachysandra any plant of the genus Pachysandra; low-growing evergreen herbs or subshrubs having dentate leaves and used as ground cover Allegheny spurge low semi-evergreen perennial herb having small spikes of white or pinkish flowers; native to southern United States but grown elsewhere Japanese spurge slow-growing Japanese evergreen subshrub having terminal spikes of white flowers; grown as a ground cover Celastraceae trees and shrubs and woody vines usually having bright-colored fruits staff tree any small tree or twining shrub of the genus Celastrus Celastrus genus of woody vines and erect shrubs (type genus of the Celastraceae) that is native chiefly to Asia and Australia: includes bittersweet bittersweet twining shrub of North America having yellow capsules enclosing scarlet seeds poisonous perennial Old World vine having violet flowers and oval coral-red berries; widespread weed in North America tinged with sadness; "a movie with a bittersweet ending" having a taste that is a mixture of bitterness and sweetness Japanese bittersweet ornamental Asiatic vine with showy orange-yellow fruit with a scarlet aril; naturalized in North America Euonymus widely distributed chiefly evergreen shrubs or small trees or vines spindle tree any shrubby trees or woody vines of the genus Euonymus having showy usually reddish berries common spindle tree small erect deciduous shrub having tough white wood and cathartic bark and fruit winged spindle tree bushy deciduous shrub with branches having thin wide corky longitudinal wings; brilliant red in autumn; northeastern Asia to central China strawberry bush upright deciduous plant with crimson pods and seeds; the eastern United States from New York to Florida and Texas evergreen bittersweet broad and bushy Asiatic twining shrub with pinkish fruit; many subspecies or varieties Cyrilliaceae shrubs and trees with leathery leaves and small white flowers in racemes: genera Cyrilla and Cliftonia genus Cyrilla one species: trees and shrubs having flowers with acute or twisted petals and wingless fruit cyrilla shrub or small tree of southeastern United States to West Indies and Brazil; grown for the slender racemes of white flowers and orange and crimson foliage Cliftonia one species: titi Empetraceae heathlike shrubs Empetrum crowberries crowberry a low evergreen shrub with small purple flowers and black berrylike fruit Aceraceae a family of trees and shrubs of order Sapindales including the maples Acer type genus of the Aceraceae; trees or shrubs having winged fruit maple any of numerous trees or shrubs of the genus Acer bearing winged seeds in pairs; north temperate zone wood of any of various maple trees; especially the hard close-grained wood of the sugar maple; used especially for furniture and flooring bird's-eye maple maple wood having a wavy grain with eyelike markings silver maple a common North American maple tree; five-lobed leaves are light green above and silvery white beneath; source of hard close-grained but brittle light-brown wood sugar maple maple of eastern and central North America having three-lobed to five-lobed leaves and hard close-grained wood much used for cabinet work especially the curly-grained form; sap is chief source of maple syrup and maple sugar; many subspecies red maple maple of eastern and central America; five-lobed leaves turn scarlet and yellow in autumn moosewood maple of eastern North America with striped bark and large two-lobed leaves clear yellow in autumn Oregon maple maple of western North America having large 5-lobed leaves orange in autumn dwarf maple small maple of northwestern North America mountain maple small shrubby maple of eastern North America; scarlet in autumn vine maple small maple of northwestern North America having prostrate stems that root freely and form dense thickets hedge maple shrubby Eurasian maple often used as a hedge Norway maple a large Eurasian maple tree naturalized in North America; five-lobed leaves yellow in autumn; cultivated in many varieties box elder common shade tree of eastern and central United States California box elder maple of the Pacific coast of the United States; fruits are white when mature pointed-leaf maple small shrubby Japanese plant with leaves having 5 to 7 acuminate lobes; yellow in autumn Japanese maple leaves deeply incised and bright red in autumn; Japan ornamental shrub or small tree of Japan and Korea with deeply incised leaves; cultivated in many varieties Dipteronia small genus of large deciduous shrubs having large clusters of winged seeds that turn red as they mature; central and southern China Aquifoliaceae widely distributed shrubs and trees holly any tree or shrub of the genus Ilex having red berries and shiny evergreen leaves with prickly edges Ilex a large genus of dicotyledonous trees and shrubs of the family Aquifoliaceae that have small flowers and berries (including hollies) Chinese holly dense rounded evergreen shrub of China having spiny leaves; widely cultivated as an ornamental inkberry evergreen holly of eastern North America with oblong leathery leaves and small black berries American holly an evergreen tree low gallberry holly an evergreen shrub tall gallberry holly an evergreen shrub yaupon holly an evergreen shrub deciduous holly a holly tree juneberry holly a holly shrub largeleaf holly a holly tree Geogia holly a holly shrub common winterberry holly a holly shrub smooth winterberry holly a holly shrub Anacardiaceae the cashew family; trees and shrubs and vines having resinous (sometimes poisonous) juice; includes cashew and mango and pistachio and poison ivy and sumac Anacardium type genus of the Anacardiaceae: cashew Astronium a genus of dicotyledonous plants of the family Anacardiaceae goncalo alves tall tropical American timber tree especially abundant in eastern Brazil; yields hard strong durable zebrawood with straight grain and dark strips on a pinkish to yellowish ground; widely used for veneer and furniture and heavy construction Cotinus smoke trees American smokewood shrubby tree of southern United States having large plumes of feathery flowers resembling puffs of smoke Venetian sumac Old World shrub having large plumes of yellowish feathery flowers resembling puffs of smoke Malosma one species; often included in the genus Rhus laurel sumac small aromatic evergreen shrub of California having paniculate leaves and whitish berries; in some classifications included in genus Rhus Mangifera tropical tree native to Asia bearing fleshy fruit Pistacia a dicotyledonous genus of trees of the family Anacardiaceae having drupaceous fruit terebinth a Mediterranean tree yielding Chian turpentine mastic an evergreen shrub of the Mediterranean region that is cultivated for its resin a pasty cement used as an adhesive or filler an aromatic exudate from the mastic tree; used chiefly in varnishes Rhodosphaera one species; an Australian evergreen sumac Australian sumac evergreen of Australia yielding a dark yellow wood Rhus deciduous or evergreen shrubs and shrubby trees of temperate and subtropical North America, South Africa, eastern Asia and northeastern Australia; usually limited to nonpoisonous sumacs (see genus Toxicodendron) sumac a shrub or tree of the genus Rhus (usually limited to the non-poisonous members of the genus) wood of a sumac fragrant sumac sweet-scented sumac of eastern America having ternate leaves and yellowish-green flowers in spikes resembling catkins followed by red hairy fruits smooth sumac common nonpoisonous shrub of eastern North America with waxy compound leaves and green paniculate flowers followed by red berries dwarf sumac common nonpoisonous shrub of eastern North America with compound leaves and green paniculate flowers followed by red berries sugar-bush evergreen shrub of southeastern United States with spikes of reddish yellow flowers and glandular hairy fruits staghorn sumac deciduous shrubby tree or eastern North America with compound leaves that turn brilliant red in fall and dense panicles of greenish yellow flowers followed by crimson acidic berries squawbush deciduous shrub of California with unpleasantly scented usually trifoliate leaves and edible fruit Schinus genus of evergreen shrubs and trees of tropical and subtropical regions of South and Central America and Canary Islands and China aroeira blanca small resinous tree or shrub of Brazil Brazilian pepper tree small Brazilian evergreen resinous tree or shrub having dark green leaflets and white flowers followed by bright red fruit; used as a street tree and lawn specimen Spondias tropical trees having one-seeded fruit Toxicodendron in some classifications: comprising those members of the genus Rhus having foliage that is poisonous to the touch; of North America and northern South America poison ash smooth American swamp shrub with pinnate leaves and greenish flowers followed by greenish white berries; yields an irritating oil poison ivy climbing plant common in eastern and central United States with ternate leaves and greenish flowers followed by white berries; yields an irritating oil that causes a rash on contact dermatitis resulting from contact with the poison ivy plant; "my poison ivy is drying up" western poison oak poisonous shrub of the Pacific coast of North America that causes a rash on contact eastern poison oak poisonous shrub of southeastern United States causing a rash on contact varnish tree small Asiatic tree yielding a toxic exudate from which lacquer is obtained Hippocastanaceae trees having showy flowers and inedible nutlike seeds in a leathery capsule Aesculus deciduous trees or some shrubs of North America; southeastern Europe; eastern Asia horse chestnut tree having palmate leaves and large clusters of white to red flowers followed by brown shiny inedible seeds buckeye the inedible nutlike seed of the horse chestnut sweet buckeye a tall and often cultivated buckeye of the central United States Ohio buckeye a buckeye with scaly grey bark that is found in the central United States dwarf buckeye a spreading shrub with pink flowers; found in southeastern United States red buckeye a shrub buckeye of southern United States particolored buckeye a buckeye marked by different colors or tints Staphylaceae a family of dicotyledonous plants of order Sapindales found mostly in the north temperate zone Staphylea a genus of small trees or shrubs of the family Staphylaceae Ebenales trees or shrubs of the families Ebenaceae or Sapotaceae or Styracaceae or Symplocaceae Ebenaceae fruit and timber trees of tropical and warm regions including ebony and persimmon Diospyros a genus of trees or shrubs that have beautiful and valuable wood ebony tropical tree of southern Asia having hard dark-colored heartwood used in cabinetwork hard dark-colored heartwood of the ebony tree; used in cabinetwork and for piano keys marblewood large Asiatic tree having hard marbled zebrawood hard marbled wood Japanese persimmon small deciduous Asiatic tree bearing large red or orange edible astringent fruit American persimmon medium-sized tree of dry woodlands in the southern and eastern United States bearing yellow or orange very astringent fruit that is edible when fully ripe date plum an Asiatic persimmon tree cultivated for its small yellow or purplish-black edible fruit much valued by Afghan tribes Sapotaceae tropical trees or shrubs with milky juice and often edible fleshy fruit Achras tropical trees having papery leaves and large fruit Bumelia deciduous or evergreen American shrubs small trees having very hard wood and milky latex buckthorn any shrub or small tree of the genus Bumelia a shrub or shrubby tree of the genus Rhamnus; fruits are source of yellow dyes or pigments southern buckthorn shrubby thorny deciduous tree of southeastern United States with white flowers and small black drupaceous fruit false buckthorn deciduous tree of southeastern United States and Mexico Calocarpum a genus of tropical American trees of the family Sapotaceae Chrysophyllum tropical American evergreen trees or shrubs star apple evergreen tree of West Indies and Central America having edible purple fruit star-shaped in cross section and dark green leaves with golden silky undersides satinleaf tropical American timber tree with dark hard heavy wood and small plumlike purple fruit Manilkara genus of large evergreen trees with milky latex; pantropical balata a tropical hardwood tree yielding balata gum and heavy red timber when dried yields a hard substance used e.g. in golf balls Palaquium large genus of Malaysian trees with milky juice and leathery leaves gutta-percha tree one of several East Indian trees yielding gutta-percha one of several East Indian trees yielding gutta-percha Payena genus of medium to large Malaysian trees yielding gutta-percha Pouteria tropical American timber tree with edible fruit (canistel) marmalade tree tropical American tree having wood like mahogany and sweet edible egg-shaped fruit; in some classifications placed in the genus Calocarpum Symplocaceae a dicotyledonous family of order Ebenales Symplocus type and sole genus of Symplocaceae including sweetleaf sweetleaf small yellowwood tree of southern United States having small fragrant white flowers; leaves and bark yield a yellow dye Asiatic sweetleaf deciduous shrub of eastern Asia bearing decorative bright blue fruit Styracaceae a widely distributed family of shrubs and trees of order Ebenales storax a vanilla-scented resin from various trees of the genus Styrax genus Styrax deciduous or evergreen shrubs and small trees styrax any shrub or small tree of the genus Styrax having fragrant bell-shaped flowers that hang below the dark green foliage snowbell small tree native to Japan Japanese snowbell shrubby tree of China and Japan Texas snowbell styrax of southwestern United States; a threatened species Halesia deciduous small trees or shrubs of China and eastern North America silver bell any of various deciduous trees of the genus Halesia having white bell-shaped flowers silver-bell tree medium-sized tree of West Virginia to Florida and Texas carnivorous plant plants adapted to attract and capture and digest primarily insects but also other small animals Sarraceniales plants that are variously modified to serve as insect traps: families Sarraceniaceae; Nepenthaceae; Droseraceae Sarraceniaceae insectivorous plants Sarracenia pitcher plants pitcher plant any of several insectivorous herbs of the order Sarraceniales common pitcher plant perennial bog herb having dark red flowers and decumbent broadly winged pitchers forming a rosette; of northeastern North America and naturalized in Europe especially Ireland hooded pitcher plant yellow-flowered pitcher plant of southeastern United States having trumpet-shaped leaves with the orifice covered with an arched hood huntsman's horn pitcher plant of southeastern United States having erect yellow trumpet-shaped pitchers with wide mouths and erect lids Darlingtonia one species: California pitcher plant California pitcher plant marsh or bog herb having solitary pendulous yellow-green flowers and somewhat twisted pitchers with broad wings below Heliamphora genus of pitcher plants of the Guiana Highlands in South America sun pitcher any of several herbs of Guiana highlands having racemes of nodding white or pink flowers; trap and digest insects in pitcher-shaped leaves with spoon-shaped caps Nepenthaceae coextensive with the genus Nepenthes Nepenthes pitcher plants tropical pitcher plant any of several tropical carnivorous shrubs or woody herbs of the genus Nepenthes Droseraceae a family of carnivorous herbs and shrubs Drosera the type genus of Droseraceae including many low bog-inhabiting insectivorous plants sundew any of various bog plants of the genus Drosera having leaves covered with sticky hairs that trap and digest insects; cosmopolitan in distribution Dionaea a genus of the family Droseraceae Venus's flytrap carnivorous plant of coastal plains of the Carolinas having sensitive hinged marginally bristled leaf blades that close and entrap insects Aldrovanda one species: waterwheel plant waterwheel plant floating aquatic carnivorous perennial of central and southern Europe, Africa, Asia, Australia having whorls of 6 to 9 leaves ending in hinged lobes for capturing e.g. water fleas Drosophyllum one species Drosophyllum lusitanicum perennial of dry habitats whose leaves have glandular hairs that secrete adhesive and digestive fluid for capture and digestion of insects; Portugal, southern Spain and Morocco Roridulaceae in some classifications included in the family Droseraceae genus Roridula insectivorous undershrubs of South Africa; in some classifications placed in the family Droseraceae roridula either of 2 species of the genus Roridula; South African viscid perennial low-growing woody shrubs Cephalotaceae a family of plants of order Rosales; coextensive with the genus Cephalotus Cephalotus one species: Australian pitcher plant Australian pitcher plant a carnivorous perennial herb having a green pitcher and hinged lid both with red edges; western Australia Crassulaceae succulent shrubs and herbs Crassula type genus of Crassulaceae; herbs and small shrubs having woody stems and succulent aerial parts genus Sedum large genus of rock plants having thick fleshy leaves sedum any of various plants of the genus Sedum stonecrop any of various northern temperate plants of the genus Sedum having fleshy leaves and red or yellow or white flowers wall pepper mossy European creeping sedum with yellow flowers; widely introduced as a ground cover rose-root Eurasian mountain plant with fleshy pink-tipped leaves and a cluster of yellow flowers orpine perennial northern temperate plant with toothed leaves and heads of small purplish-white flowers Aeonium a genus of plants of the family Crassulaceae Cunoniaceae trees or shrubs or climbers; mostly southern hemisphere Ceratopetalum a dicotyledonous genus of the family Cunoniaceae Christmas bush Australian tree or shrub with red flowers; often used in Christmas decoration Hydrangeaceae sometimes included in the family Saxifragaceae genus Hydrangea type genus of Hydrangeaceae; large genus of shrubs and some trees and vines with white or pink or blue flower clusters; sometimes placed in family Saxifragaceae hydrangea any of various deciduous or evergreen shrubs of the genus Hydrangea climbing hydrangea deciduous climber with aerial roots having white to creamy flowers in fairly flat heads deciduous climber with aerial roots having large flat flower heads climbing shrub with adhesive aerial roots having opposite leaves and small white flowers in terminal cymes; Himalayas to Taiwan and Japan wild hydrangea deciduous shrub with creamy white flower clusters; eastern United States hortensia deciduous shrub bearing roundheaded flower clusters opening green and aging to pink or blue fall-blooming hydrangea deciduous shrub or small tree with pyramidal flower clusters genus Carpenteria one species; sometimes placed in family Saxifragaceae carpenteria California evergreen shrub having glossy opposite leaves and terminal clusters of a few fragrant white flowers Decumaria small genus of woody climbers with adhesive aerial roots; sometimes placed in family Saxifragaceae decumary woody climber of southeastern United States having white flowers in compound terminal clusters genus Deutzia genus of ornamental mostly deciduous shrubs native to Asia and Central America; widespread in cultivation; sometimes placed in family Saxifragaceae deutzia any of various shrubs of the genus Deutzia having usually toothed opposite leaves and shredding bark and white or pink flowers in loose terminal clusters Philadelphaceae one genus; usually included in family Hydrangeaceae genus Philadelphus mock orange: type and sole genus of the subfamily Philadelphaceae; sometimes placed in family Saxifragaceae philadelphus any of various chiefly deciduous ornamental shrubs of the genus Philadelphus having white sweet-scented flowers, single or in clusters; widely grown in temperate regions mock orange large hardy shrub with showy and strongly fragrant creamy-white flowers in short terminal racemes Schizophragma small genus of deciduous climbing and creeping shrubs with white flowers in flat clusters; sometimes placed in family Saxifragaceae Saxifragaceae a large and diverse family of evergreen or deciduous herbs; widely distributed in northern temperate and cold regions; sometimes includes genera of the family Hydrangeaceae Saxifraga type genus of the Saxifragaceae; large genus of usually perennial herbs of Arctic and cool regions of northern hemisphere: saxifrage saxifrage any of various plants of the genus Saxifraga yellow mountain saxifrage tufted evergreen perennial having ciliate leaves and yellow corymbose flowers often spotted orange meadow saxifrage rosette-forming perennial having compact panicles of white flowers; Europe mossy saxifrage tufted or mat-forming perennial of mountains of Europe; cultivated for its white flowers western saxifrage saxifrage having loose clusters of white flowers on hairy stems growing from a cluster of basal leaves; moist slopes of western North America purple saxifrage plants forming dense cushions with bright reddish-lavender flowers; rocky areas of Europe and Asia and western North America star saxifrage small often mat-forming alpine plant having small starlike white flowers; Europe strawberry geranium eastern Asiatic saxifrage with racemes of small red-and-white flowers; spreads by numerous creeping stolons genus Astilbe chiefly Asiatic perennials: spirea astilbe any plant of the genus Astilbe having compound leaves and showy panicles of tiny colorful flowers false goatsbeard North American astilbe with panicles of creamy white flowers dwarf astilbe mat-forming evergreen Asiatic plant with finely cut leaves and small pink to burgundy flowers; grown as ground cover genus Bergenia genus of perennial spring-blooming rhizomatous herbs with thick evergreen leaves; eastern Asia bergenia any plant of the genus Bergenia; valued as an evergreen ground cover and for the spring blossoms Boykinia genus of perennial rhizomatous herbs with flowers in panicles; North America; Japan coast boykinia plant with leaves mostly at the base and openly branched clusters of small white flowers; western North America Chrysosplenium genus of widely distributed semiaquatic herbs with minute greenish-yellow apetalous flowers golden saxifrage any of various low aquatic herbs of the genus Chrysosplenium water carpet aquatic herb with yellowish flowers; central and western United States Darmera one species Francoa perennial evergreen herbs with white or pink flowers; Chile Heuchera genus of North American herbs with basal cordate or orbicular leaves and small panicled flowers alumroot any of several herbs of the genus Heuchera rock geranium plant with basal leaves mottled with white and flowers in lax panicles on erect stems poker alumroot plant with leathery heart-shaped leaf blades clustered at base of long stalks with greenish-white flowers clustered along the upper part; western North America coralbells perennial plant of the western United States having bright red flowers in feathery spikes; used as an ornamental Leptarrhena one species: leatherleaf saxifrage leatherleaf saxifrage plant with basal leathery elliptic leaves and erect leafless flower stalks each bearing a dense roundish cluster of tiny white flowers; moist places of northwestern North America to Oregon and Idaho Lithophragma small genus of perennial herbs of the western North America woodland star California perennial herb cultivated for its racemose white flowers with widely spreading petals; sometimes placed in genus Tellima prairie star plant with mostly basal leaves and slender open racemes of white or pale pink flowers; prairies and open forest of northwestern United States to British Columbia and Alberta Mitella genus of low slender herbs of North America and northeastern Asia having flowers with trifid or pinnatifid petals miterwort any of various rhizomatous perennial herbs of the genus Mitella having a capsule resembling a bishop's miter fairy cup miterwort of northeastern North America usually with two opposite leaves on erect flowering stems that terminate in erect racemes of white flowers five-point bishop's cap small plant with leaves in a basal cluster and tiny greenish flowers in slender racemes; northwestern North America to California and Colorado genus Parnassia genus of bog herbs of Arctic and northern temperate regions parnassia any of various usually evergreen bog plants of the genus Parnassia having broad smooth basal leaves and a single pale flower resembling a buttercup bog star plant having ovate leaves in a basal rosette and white starlike flowers netted with green fringed grass of Parnassus bog plant with broadly heart-shaped basal leaves and cream-colored or white saucer-shaped flowers with fringed petals; west of Rocky Mountains from Alaska to New Mexico genus Suksdorfia small genus of rhizomatous herbs of northwestern America and South America suksdorfia any of several American plants of the genus Suksdorfia having orbicular to kidney-shaped somewhat succulent leaves and white or rose or violet flowers in terminal panicles violet suksdorfia slender delicate plant with wide roundish deeply lobed leaves and deep pink to violet funnel-shaped flowers; British Columbia to northern Oregon and west to Idaho and Montana Tellima genus of hardy perennials with palmately lobed leaves and long racemes of small nodding five-petaled flowers; western North America false alumroot plant growing in clumps with mostly basal leaves and cream-colored or pale pink fringed flowers in several long racemes; Alaska to coastal central California and east to Idaho Tiarella small genus of North American herbs having mostly basal leaves and slender racemes of delicate white flowers foamflower stoloniferous white-flowered spring-blooming woodland plant false miterwort plant with tiny white flowers hanging in loose clusters on leafy stems; moist woods from Alaska to central California and east to Montana Tolmiea one species: pickaback plant pickaback plant vigorous perennial herb with flowers in erect racemes and having young plants develop at the junction of a leaf blade and the leafstalk Grossulariaceae in some classifications considered a part of the family Saxifragaceae: plants whose fruit is a berry Ribes a flowering shrub bearing currants or gooseberries; native to northern hemisphere white currant garden currant bearing small white berries winter currant a flowering shrub Platanaceae coextensive with the genus Platanus: plane trees Platanus genus of large monoecious mostly deciduous trees: London plane; sycamore plane tree any of several trees of the genus Platanus having thin pale bark that scales off in small plates and lobed leaves and ball-shaped heads of fruits London plane very large fast-growing tree much planted as a street tree American sycamore very large spreading plane tree of eastern and central North America to Mexico oriental plane large tree of southeastern Europe to Asia Minor California sycamore tall tree of Baja California having deciduous bark and large alternate palmately lobed leaves and ball-shaped clusters of flowers Arizona sycamore medium-sized tree of Arizona and adjacent regions having deeply lobed leaves and collective fruits in groups of 3 to 5 Polemoniales Polemoniaceae; Solanaceae; Boraginaceae; Labiatae; Lentibulariaceae; Pedaliaceae; in some classifications includes the order Scrophulariales Scrophulariales used in some classification systems; often included in the order Polemoniales Polemoniaceae a widely distributed family of chiefly herbaceous plants of the order Polemoniales; often have showy flowers genus Polemonium type genus of the Polemoniaceae polemonium any plant of the genus Polemonium; most are low-growing often foul-smelling plants of temperate to Arctic regions Greek valerian erect or spreading perennial of the eastern United States northern Jacob's ladder perennial erect herb with white flowers; circumboreal skunkweed tall herb of the Rocky Mountains having sticky leaves and an offensive smell genus Phlox herbaceous to shrubby evergreen or deciduous annuals or perennials, diffuse (spreading) or caespitose (tufted or matted); from Alaska and western Canada to Mexico phlox any polemoniaceous plant of the genus Phlox; chiefly North American; cultivated for their clusters of flowers chickweed phlox low mat-forming herb of rocky places in United States moss pink low tufted perennial phlox with needlelike evergreen leaves and pink or white flowers; native to United States and widely cultivated as a ground cover Linanthus a genus of herbs of the family Polemoniaceae; found in western United States ground pink low wiry-stemmed branching herb or southern California having fringed pink flowers evening-snow small California annual with white flowers Acanthaceae widely distributed herbs and shrubs and trees; sometimes placed in the order Scrophulariales genus Acanthus bear's breeches acanthus any plant of the genus Acanthus having large spiny leaves and spikes or white or purplish flowers; native to Mediterranean region but widely cultivated bear's breech widely cultivated southern European acanthus with whitish purple-veined flowers Graptophyllum caricature plant caricature plant tropical Old World shrub having purple or red tubular flowers and leaf markings resembling the profile of a human face Thunbergia a genus of herbs or vines of the family Acanthaceae Bignoniaceae trees or shrubs or woody vines or herbs having fruit resembling gourds or capsules; sometimes placed in the order Scrophulariales bignoniad any woody plant of the family Bignoniaceae Bignonia one species: cross vine cross vine woody flowering vine of southern United States; stems show a cross in transverse section trumpet creeper a North American woody vine having pinnate leaves and large red trumpet-shaped flowers genus Catalpa a dicotyledonous genus of plants belonging to the family Bignoniaceae; has large flowers (white or mottled) and long terete pods catalpa tree of the genus Catalpa with large leaves and white flowers followed by long slender pods Catalpa bignioides catalpa tree of southern United States Catalpa speciosa catalpa tree of central United States Chilopsis one species: desert willow desert willow evergreen shrubby tree resembling a willow of dry regions of southwestern North America having showy purplish flowers and long seed pods Crescentia a genus of tropical American trees of the family Bignoniaceae; has a short trunk and crooked limbs and drooping branches Boraginaceae a widely distributed family of plants distinguished by circinate flowers and nutlike fruit Borago perennial herbs of the Mediterranean region Amsinckia rough annual herbs of Europe and the Americas: fiddlenecks common amsinckia annual of western United States with coiled spikes of yellow-orange coiled flowers large-flowered fiddleneck annual of the western United States having large coiled flower spikes; a threatened species genus Anchusa rough and hairy Old World herbs anchusa any of various Old World herbs of the genus Anchusa having one-sided clusters of trumpet-shaped flowers bugloss perennial or biennial herb cultivated for its delicate usually blue flowers cape forget-me-not anchusa of southern Africa having blue flowers with white throats anchusa of southern Africa having blue to red-purple flowers Cordia tropical deciduous or evergreen trees or shrubs of the family Boraginaceae Spanish elm large tropical American tree of the genus Cordia grown for its abundant creamy white flowers and valuable wood princewood tropical American timber tree Cynoglossum a large genus of tall rough herbs belonging to the family Boraginaceae Chinese forget-me-not biennial east Asian herb grown for its usually bright blue flowers hound's-tongue biennial shrub of Europe and western Asia having coarse tongue-shaped leaves and dark reddish-purple flowers perennial shrub of North America having coarse tongue-shaped leaves and pale-blue to purple flowers Echium a genus of bristly herbs and shrubs of the family Boraginaceae blueweed a coarse prickly European weed with spikes of blue flowers; naturalized in United States Hackelia stickweed; beggar's lice beggar's lice Eurasian and North American plants having small prickly nutlets that stick to clothing stickweed any of several herbaceous plants having seeds that cling to clothing Lithospermum annual or perennial herbaceous or shrubby plants; cosmopolitan except Australia gromwell European perennial branching plant; occurs in hedgerows and at the edge of woodlands puccoon perennial plant of eastern North America having hairy foliage yielding a red or yellow pigment hoary puccoon perennial North American plant with greyish hairy foliage yielding a red or yellow pigment Mertensia a genus of herbs belonging to the family Boraginaceae that grow in temperate regions and have blue or purple flowers shaped like funnels Virginia bluebell smooth erect herb of eastern North America having entire leaves and showy blue flowers that are pink in bud Myosotis forget-me-nots; scorpion grass garden forget-me-not small biennial to perennial herb of Europe, northern Africa and western Asia having blue, purple or white flowers forget-me-not small perennial herb having bright blue or white flowers Onosmodium a genus of North American perennial herbs of the family Boraginaceae false gromwell any of several North American perennial herbs with hairy foliage and small yellowish or greenish flowers Symphytum comfrey common comfrey European herb having small white, pink or purple flowers; naturalized as a weed in North America Convolvulaceae morning glory; bindweed; sweet potato; plants having trumpet-shaped flowers and a climbing or twining habit genus Convolvulus genus of mostly climbing or scrambling herbs and shrubs: bindweed convolvulus any of numerous plants of the genus Convolvulus bindweed any of several vines of the genera Convolvulus and Calystegia having a twining habit field bindweed weakly climbing European perennial with white or pink flowers; naturalized in North America and an invasive weed scammony twining plant of Asia Minor having cream-colored to purple flowers and long thick roots yielding a cathartic resin resin from the root of Convolvulus scammonia tropical American morning glory Argyreia woody climbers of tropical Asia to Australia Calystegia climbing or scrambling herbs: bindweed hedge bindweed common Eurasian and American wild climber with pink flowers; sometimes placed in genus Convolvulus Cuscuta genus of twining leafless parasitic herbs lacking chlorophyll: dodder dodder a leafless annual parasitic vine of the genus Cuscuta having whitish or yellow filamentous stems; obtain nourishment through haustoria love vine leafless parasitic vine with dense clusters of small white bell-shaped flowers on orange-yellow stems that twine around clover or flax genus Dichondra genus of chiefly tropical prostrate perennial herbs with creeping stems that root at the nodes dichondra a creeping perennial herb with hairy stems and orbicular to reniform leaves and small white to greenish flowers; used as a grass substitute in warm regions Ipomoea morning glory morning glory any of various twining vines having funnel-shaped flowers that close late in the day common morning glory pantropical annual climbing herb with funnel-shaped blue, purple, pink or white flowers annual or perennial climbing herb of Central America having sky-blue flowers; most commonly cultivated morning glory cypress vine tropical American annual climber having red (sometimes white) flowers and finely dissected leaves; naturalized in United States and elsewhere moonflower pantropical climber having white fragrant nocturnal flowers wild potato vine tropical American prostrate or climbing herbaceous perennial having an enormous starchy root; sometimes held to be source of the sweet potato red morning-glory annual herb having scarlet flowers; the eastern United States man-of-the-earth a morning glory with long roots of western United States railroad vine a prostrate perennial of coastal sand dunes Florida to Texas Japanese morning glory annual Old World tropical climbing herb distinguished by wide color range and frilled or double flowers imperial Japanese morning glory hybrid from Ipomoea nil Gesneriaceae large family of tropical herbs or shrubs or lianas; in some classification systems placed in the order Scrophulariales gesneriad any of numerous tropical or subtropical small shrubs or treelets or epiphytic vines of the family Gesneriaceae: African violet; Cape primroses; gloxinia genus Gesneria large genus of tropical American herbs having showy tubular flowers gesneria any plant of the genus Gesneria genus Achimenes genus of tropical perennial American herbs achimenes any plant of the genus Achimenes having showy bell-shaped flowers that resemble gloxinias genus Aeschynanthus large genus of East Indian ornamental woody epiphytic plants aeschynanthus a plant of the genus Aeschynanthus having somewhat red or orange flowers and seeds having distinctive hairs at base and apex lipstick plant epiphyte or creeping on rocks; Malaysian plant having somewhat fleshy leaves and bright red flowers Alsobia tropical American herbs sometimes included in genus Episcia lace-flower vine low-growing creeping perennial of Central America having deeply fringed white flowers; sometimes placed in genus Episcia genus Columnea genus of tropical American subshrubs and lianas columnea tropical plant having thick hairy somewhat toothed leaves and solitary or clustered yellow to scarlet flowers; many cultivated for their flowers and ornamental foliage genus Episcia genus of tropical American herbs having soft hairy foliage episcia any plant of the genus Episcia; usually creeping and stoloniferous and of cascading habit; grown for their colorful foliage and flowers genus Gloxinia small genus of tropical American herbs with leafy stems and axillary flowers gloxinia any of several plants of the genera Gloxinia or Sinningia (greenhouse gloxinias) having showy bell-shaped flowers genus Kohleria genus of tropical American shrubs kohleria shrubby herb cultivated for their soft velvety foliage and showy scarlet flowers Saintpaulia east African herb with nodding flowers; widely cultivated African violet tropical African plant cultivated as a houseplant for its violet or white or pink flowers Sinningia genus of perennial tuberous herbs and shrubs of Central and South America florist's gloxinia South American herb cultivated in many varieties as a houseplant for its large handsome leaves and large variously colored bell-shaped flowers genus Streptocarpus large genus of usually stemless African or Asian herbs: Cape primrose streptocarpus any of various plants of the genus Streptocarpus having leaves in a basal rosette and flowers like primroses Cape primrose any of various African plants of the genus Streptocarpus widely cultivated especially as houseplants for their showy blue or purple flowers Hydrophyllaceae perennial woodland herbs Hydrophyllum waterleaf waterleaf any of several plants of the genus Hydrophyllum Virginia waterleaf showy perennial herb with white flowers; leaves sometimes used as edible greens in southeastern United States Emmanthe one species: yellow bells yellow bells viscid herb of arid or desert habitats of southwestern United States having pendulous yellow flowers Eriodictyon small genus of evergreen shrubs of southwestern United States and Mexico yerba santa viscid evergreen shrub of western United States with white to deep lilac flowers; the sticky aromatic leaves are used in treating bronchial and pulmonary illnesses genus Nemophila genus of ornamental chiefly California herbs: baby blue-eyes nemophila any plant of the genus Nemophila baby blue-eyes delicate California annual having blue flowers marked with dark spots genus Phacelia American herbs with usually pinnatifid leaves and blue or purple or white flowers in scorpioid cymes scorpionweed any plant of the genus Phacelia California bluebell annual of southern California with intricately branched stems and lax cymes of aromatic deep blue bell-shaped flowers desert plant of southern California with blue or violet tubular flowers in terminal racemes fiddleneck hairy annual of California to Mexico with crowded cymes of small blue to lilac or mauve flowers Pholistoma straggling herbs of southwestern United States fiesta flower straggling California annual herb with deep purple or violet flowers; sometimes placed in genus Nemophila Labiatae a large family of aromatic herbs and shrubs having flowers resembling the lips of a mouth and four-lobed ovaries yielding four one-seeded nutlets and including mint; thyme; sage; rosemary Acinos plants closely allied to the genera Satureja and Calamintha basil thyme fragrant European mint having clusters of small violet-and-white flowers; naturalized especially in eastern North America Agastache giant hyssop; Mexican hyssop giant hyssop any of a number of aromatic plants of the genus Agastache yellow giant hyssop erect perennial with stout stems and yellow-green flowers; southern Canada and southeastern United States anise hyssop much-branched North American herb with an odor like fennel Mexican hyssop erect perennial of Mexico having rose to crimson flowers Ajuga bugle creeping bugle low rhizomatous European carpeting plant having spikes of blue flowers; naturalized in parts of United States erect bugle upright rhizomatous perennial with bright blue flowers; southern Europe pyramid bugle European evergreen carpeting perennial ground pine low-growing annual with yellow flowers dotted red; faintly aromatic of pine resin; Europe, British Isles and North Africa any of several club mosses having long creeping stems and erect branches Ballota perennial herbs or subshrubs of especially Mediterranean area: black horehound black horehound ill-smelling European herb with rugose leaves and whorls of dark purple flowers Blephilia small genus of North American herbs: wood mints wood mint American herb of genus Blephilia with more or less hairy leaves and clusters of purplish or bluish flowers hairy wood mint a variety of wood mint downy wood mint a variety of wood mint Calamintha calamint calamint perennial aromatic herbs growing in hedgerows or scrub or open woodlands from western Europe to central Asia and in North America common calamint mint-scented perennial of central and southern Europe large-flowered calamint aromatic herb with large pink flowers; southern and southeastern Europe; Anatolia; northern Iran lesser calamint low-growing strongly aromatic perennial herb of southern Europe to Great Britain; naturalized in United States Clinopodium wild basil wild basil aromatic herb having heads of small pink or whitish flowers; widely distributed in United States, Europe and Asia Collinsonia small genus of perennial erect or spreading aromatic herbs; United States horse balm erect perennial strong-scented with serrate pointed leaves and a loose panicle of yellowish flowers; the eastern United States genus Coleus genus of Old World tropical plants cultivated for their variegated leaves; various plants sometimes placed in genera Plectranthus or Solenostemon coleus any of various Old World tropical plants of the genus Coleus having multicolored decorative leaves and spikes of blue flowers country borage an aromatic fleshy herb of India and Ceylon to South Africa; sometimes placed in genus Plectranthus painted nettle perennial aromatic herb of southeastern Asia having large usually bright-colored or blotched leaves and spikes of blue-violet flowers; sometimes placed in genus Solenostemon Conradina small genus of low aromatic shrubs of southeastern United States Apalachicola rosemary small shrub of Apalachicola River area in southeastern United States having highly aromatic pinkish flowers; a threatened species Dracocephalum genus of American herbs and dwarf shrubs of the mint family: dragonheads dragonhead American herb having sharply serrate lanceolate leaves and spikes of blue to violet flowers genus Elsholtzia genus of Asiatic and African aromatic herbs elsholtzia any of various aromatic herbs of the genus Elsholtzia having blue or purple flowers in one-sided spikes Galeopsis erect annual European herbs hemp nettle coarse bristly Eurasian plant with white or reddish flowers and foliage resembling that of a nettle; common as a weed in United States Glechoma ground ivy ground ivy trailing European aromatic plant of the mint family having rounded leaves and small purplish flowers often grown in hanging baskets; naturalized in North America; sometimes placed in genus Nepeta Hedeoma small genus of American herbs (American pennyroyal) pennyroyal erect hairy branching American herb having purple-blue flowers; yields an essential oil used as an insect repellent and sometimes in folk medicine Eurasian perennial mint have small lilac-blue flowers and ovate leaves; yields an aromatic oil pennyroyal oil aromatic oil from American pennyroyal oil from European pennyroyal having an odor like mint; used chiefly in soaps Hyssopus Eurasian genus of perennial herbs or subshrubs hyssop oil used chiefly in liqueurs Lamium genus of Old World herbs: dead nettles; henbits dead nettle any of various plants of the genus Lamium having clusters of small usually purplish flowers with two lips white dead nettle European dead nettle with white flowers henbit Eurasian plant having toothed leaves and small two-lipped white or purplish-red flowers Lavandula lavender English lavender aromatic Mediterranean shrub widely cultivated for its lilac flowers which are dried and used in sachets French lavender shrubby greyish lavender of southwestern Europe having usually reddish-purple flowers spike lavender Mediterranean plant with pale purple flowers that yields spike lavender oil spike lavender oil pale yellow essential oil obtained from spike lavender used in scenting soaps and cosmetics Leonotis small genus of tropical herbs and subshrubs of South Africa dagga relatively nontoxic South African herb smoked like tobacco lion's-ear pantropical herb having whorls of striking lipped flowers; naturalized in United States Leonurus genus of stout Old World herbs having flowers in whorls motherwort bitter Old World herb of hedgerows and woodland margins having toothed leaves and white or pale pink flowers Lepechinia a dicotyledonous genus of the family Labiatae pitcher sage California plant with woolly stems and leaves and large white flowers California erect and sparsely branched perennial Lycopus small genus of herbs of the mint family bugleweed a mildly narcotic and astringent aromatic herb having small whitish flowers; eastern United States water horehound aromatic perennial herb of United States gipsywort hairy Eurasian herb with two-lipped white flowers genus Origanum a genus of aromatic mints of the family Labiatae Majorana small genus of herbs usually included in the genus Origanum origanum any of various fragrant aromatic herbs of the genus Origanum used as seasonings oregano aromatic Eurasian perennial sweet marjoram aromatic European plant native to Mediterranean and Turkey; not widespread in Europe dittany of crete dwarf aromatic shrub of Crete Marrubium Old World aromatic herbs: horehound common horehound European aromatic herb with hairy leaves and numerous white flowers in axillary cymes; leaves yield a bitter extract use medicinally and as flavoring Melissa a genus of Old World mints of the family Labiatae Mentha mint plants corn mint European mint naturalized in United States water-mint a European mint that thrives in wet places; has a perfume like that of the bergamot orange; naturalized in eastern North America bergamot mint mint with leaves having perfume like that of the bergamot orange horsemint a coarse Old World wild water mint having long leaves and spikelike clusters of flowers; naturalized in the eastern United States tall erect perennial or annual having lanceolate leaves and heads of purple-spotted creamy flowers; many subspecies grown from eastern to southwestern United States and in Mexico spearmint common garden herb having clusters of small purplish flowers and yielding an oil used as a flavoring apple mint mint with apple-scented stems of southern and western Europe; naturalized in United States Micromeria large genus of fragrant chiefly Old World herbs yerba buena trailing perennial evergreen herb of northwestern United States with small white flowers; used medicinally Molucella small genus of aromatic herbs of Mediterranean regions; widely cultivated molucca balm aromatic annual with a tall stems of small whitish flowers enclosed in a greatly enlarged saucer-shaped or bell-shaped calyx genus Monarda wild bergamot, horsemint, beebalm monarda any of various aromatic herbs of the genus Monarda bee balm perennial aromatic herb of eastern North America having variously colored tubular flowers in dense showy heads perennial herb of North America lemon mint an annual horsemint of central and western United States and northern Mexico plains lemon monarda annual of southern United States basil balm perennial herb of North America (New York to Illinois and mountains of Alaska) having aromatic leaves and clusters of yellowish-pink balls Monardella a genus of fragrant herbs of the family Labiatae in the western United States mustang mint fragrant California annual herb having lanceolate leaves and clusters of rose-purple flowers Nepeta catmint catmint hairy aromatic perennial herb having whorls of small white purple-spotted flowers in a terminal spike; used in the past as a domestic remedy; strongly attractive to cats Ocimum basil common basil annual or perennial of tropical Asia having spikes of small white flowers and aromatic leaves; one of the most important culinary herbs; used in salads, casseroles, sauces and some liqueurs Perilla small genus of Asiatic herbs genus Phlomis large genus of Old World aromatic herbs or subshrubs or shrubs having often woolly leaves phlomis any of various plants of the genus Phlomis; grown primarily for their dense whorls of lipped flowers and attractive foliage Jerusalem sage a spreading subshrub of Mediterranean regions cultivated for dense axillary whorls of purple or yellow flowers genus Physostegia genus of North American perennial herbs physostegia any of various plants of the genus Physostegia having sessile linear to oblong leaves and showy white or rose or lavender flowers false dragonhead North American plant having a spike of two-lipped pink or white flowers genus Plectranthus large genus of ornamental flowering plants; includes some plants often placed in the genus Coleus plectranthus any of various ornamental plants of the genus Plectranthus Pogostemon genus of Asiatic shrubs or trees whose leaves yield a fragrant oil self-heal decumbent blue-flowered European perennial thought to possess healing properties; naturalized throughout North America Pycnanthemum American mountain mint mountain mint any of a number of perennial herbs of the genus Pycnanthemum; eastern North America and California basil mint perennial herb of the eastern United States having inconspicuous greenish flowers and narrow leaves that are very aromatic when bruised Rosmarinus rosemary genus Salvia large genus of shrubs and subshrubs of the mint family varying greatly in habit: sage blue sage blue-flowered sage of dry prairies of the eastern United States Texas sage having intensely blue flowers sage of western North America to Central America having violet-blue flowers; widespread in cultivation purple sage silvery-leaved California herb with purple flowers cancerweed sage of eastern United States common sage shrubby plant with aromatic greyish-green leaves used as a cooking herb meadow clary tall perennial Old World salvia with violet-blue flowers; found in open grasslands clary aromatic herb of southern Europe; cultivated in Great Britain as a potherb and widely as an ornamental Mexican mint an herb from Oaxaca that has a powerful hallucinogenic effect; the active ingredient is salvinorin wild sage Eurasian sage with blue flowers and foliage like verbena; naturalized in United States Satureja savory Scutellaria an asterid dicot genus that includes the skullcaps blue pimpernel an American mint that yields a resinous exudate used especially formerly as an antispasmodic Sideritis genus of woolly aromatic herbs or subshrubs or shrubs of Mediterranean region Solenostemon genus of shrubby often succulent herbs of tropical Africa and Asia; includes some plants often placed in genus Coleus Stachys large genus of usually woolly or hairy herbs or subshrubs or shrubs; temperate eastern hemisphere; tropical Australasia hedge nettle foul-smelling perennial Eurasiatic herb with a green creeping rhizome perennial herb with an odorless rhizome widespread in moist places in northern hemisphere Teucrium large widely distributed genus of perennial herbs or shrubs or subshrubs; native to Mediterranean region to western Asia germander any of various plants of the genus Teucrium American germander subshrub with serrate leaves and cream-colored to pink or purple flowers in spikelike racemes; North America wall germander European perennial subshrub with red-purple or bright rose flowers with red and white spots cat thyme Mediterranean germander having small hairy leaves and reddish purple flowers; attractive to cats wood sage European germander with one-sided racemes of yellow flowers; naturalized in North America Thymus large genus of Old World mints: thyme common thyme common aromatic garden perennial native to the western Mediterranean; used in seasonings and formerly as medicine wild thyme aromatic dwarf shrub common on banks and hillsides in Europe; naturalized in United States Trichostema genus of North American aromatic herbs or subshrubs: blue curls blue curls any of several plants of the genus Trichostema having whorls of small blue flowers black sage an aromatic plant with wooly leaves found in southern California and Mexico turpentine camphor weed aromatic plant of western United States bastard pennyroyal aromatic plant of the eastern United States Lentibulariaceae carnivorous aquatic or bog plants: genera Utricularia, Pinguicula, and Genlisea Utricularia bladderworts: large genus of aquatic carnivorous plants; cosmopolitan in distribution bladderwort any of numerous aquatic carnivorous plants of the genus Utricularia some of whose leaves are modified as small urn-shaped bladders that trap minute aquatic animals Pinguicula butterworts: a large genus of almost stemless carnivorous bog plants; Europe and America to Antarctica butterwort any of numerous carnivorous bog plants of the genus Pinguicula having showy purple or yellow or white flowers and a rosette of basal leaves coated with a sticky secretion to trap small insects genus Genlisea small genus of carnivorous plants of tropical African swamps genlisea rootless carnivorous swamp plants having at the base of the stem a rosette of foliage and leaves consisting of slender tubes swollen in the middle to form traps; each tube passes into two long spirally twisted arms with stiff hairs Martyniaceae in most classifications not considered a separate family but included in the Pedaliaceae genus Martynia in some classifications includes the unicorn plants martynia sprawling annual or perennial herb of Central America and West Indies having creamy-white to red-purple bell-shaped flowers followed by unusual horned fruit Orobanchaceae brown or yellow leafless herbs; sometimes placed in the order Scrophulariales Pedaliaceae the family of plants of order Polemoniales Sesamum tropical African and Indian herbs sesame East Indian annual erect herb; source of sesame seed or benniseed and sesame oil common unicorn plant annual of southern United States to Mexico having large whitish or yellowish flowers mottled with purple and a long curving beak sand devil's claw alternatively placed in genus Martynia sweet unicorn plant a herbaceous plant of the genus Proboscidea Scrophulariaceae a family of dicotyledonous plants of the order Polemoniales; includes figwort and snapdragon and foxglove and toadflax and speedwell and mullein; in some classifications placed in the order Scrophulariales Scrophularia type genus of Scrophulariaceae; named for the plants' supposed ability to cure scrofula: figworts figwort any of numerous tall coarse woodland plants of the genus Scrophularia Antirrhinum a genus of herbs of the family Scrophulariaceae with brightly colored irregular flowers snapdragon a garden plant of the genus Antirrhinum having showy white or yellow or crimson flowers resembling the face of a dragon white snapdragon California plant with slender racemes of white flowers yellow twining snapdragon southwestern United States plant with yellow flowers on stems that twist and twine through other vegetation Mediterranean snapdragon perennial native to the Mediterranean but widely cultivated for its purple or pink flowers Besseya genus of North American spring wildflowers kitten-tails a plant of the genus Besseya having fluffy spikes of flowers Alpine besseya small pale plant with dense spikes of pale bluish-violet flowers; of high cold meadows from Wyoming and Utah to New Mexico Aureolaria small genus of North American herbs often root-parasitic and bearing golden-yellow flowers; sometimes placed in genus Gerardia false foxglove multi-stemmed North American annual having solitary axillary dark golden-yellow flowers resembling those of the foxglove; sometimes placed in genus Gerardia sparsely branched North American perennial with terminal racemes of bright yellow flowers resembling those of the foxglove; sometimes placed in genus Gerardia genus Calceolaria large genus of tropical American herbs and shrubs with showy cymose flowers calceolaria any garden plant of the genus Calceolaria having flowers with large inflated slipper-shaped lower lip Castilleja genus of western North and South American perennials often partially parasitic on roots of grasses Indian paintbrush any of various plants of the genus Castilleja having dense spikes of hooded flowers with brightly colored bracts desert paintbrush most common paintbrush of western United States dry lands; having erect stems ending in dense spikes of bright orange to red flowers giant red paintbrush wildflower of western North America having ragged clusters of crimson or scarlet flowers great plains paintbrush hairy plant with pinkish flowers; Great Plains to northern Mexico sulfur paintbrush plant of moist highland meadows having ragged clusters of pale yellow flowers Chelone herbaceous perennials: shellflower Collinsia genus of hardy annual herbs of western United States purple chinese houses white and lavender to pale-blue flowers grow in perfect rings of widely spaced bands around the stems forming a kind of pagoda; California maiden blue-eyed Mary small widely branching western plant with tiny blue-and-white flowers; British Columbia to Ontario and south to California and Colorado blue-eyed Mary eastern United States plant with whorls of blue-and-white flowers Culver's root a tall perennial herb having spikes of small white or purple flowers; common in eastern North America genus Digitalis genus of Eurasian herbs having alternate leaves and racemes of showy bell-shaped flowers foxglove any of several plants of the genus Digitalis common foxglove tall leafy European biennial or perennial having spectacular clusters of large tubular pink-purple flowers; leaves yield drug digitalis and are poisonous to livestock yellow foxglove European yellow-flowered foxglove genus Gerardia genus of annual or perennial herbs with showy pink or purple or yellow flowers; plants often assigned to genera Aureolaria or Agalinis gerardia any plant of the genus Gerardia Agalinis semiparasitic herb with purple or white or pink flowers; grows in the United States and West Indies Linaria genus of herbs and subshrubs having showy flowers: spurred snapdragon blue toadflax North American plant having racemes of blue-violet flowers toadflax common European perennial having showy yellow and orange flowers; a naturalized weed in North America Penstemon large genus of subshrubs or herbs having showy blue or purple or red or yellow or white flowers; mostly western North America golden-beard penstemon plant of southwestern United States having long open clusters of scarlet flowers with yellow hairs on lower lip scarlet bugler plant with bright red tubular flowers in long narrow clusters near tips of erect stems; coastal ranges from central California southward red shrubby penstemon low branching dark green shrub with bunches of brick-red flowers at ends of branches; coastal ranges and foothills of northern California Platte River penstemon erect plant with blue-violet flowers in rings near tips of stems; Idaho to Utah and Wyoming Davidson's penstemon mat-forming plant with blue and lavender flowers clustered on short erect stems; British Columbia to northern California hot-rock penstemon stems in clumps with cream-colored flowers; found from Washington to Wyoming and southward to California and Utah Jones' penstemon low plant with light blue and violet flowers in short clusters near tips of stems; Nevada to Utah shrubby penstemon low bushy plant with large showy pale lavender or blue-violet flowers in narrow clusters at ends of stems narrow-leaf penstemon plant having small narrow leaves and blue-violet flowers in long open clusters; Utah and Colorado to New Mexico and Arizona mountain pride mat-forming plant with deep pink flowers on short erect leafy stems; rocky places at high elevations from Oregon to California balloon flower fragrant puffed-up white to reddish-pink flowers in long narrow clusters on erect stems; Arizona to New Mexico and Utah Parry's penstemon erect stems with pinkish-lavender flowers in long interrupted clusters; Arizona rock penstemon one of the West's most beautiful wildflowers; large brilliant pink or rose flowers in many racemes above thick mats of stems and leaves; ledges and cliffs from Washington to California Rydberg's penstemon plant with whorls of small dark blue-violet flowers; Washington to Wyoming and south to California and Colorado cascade penstemon whorls of deep blue to dark purple flowers at tips of erect leafy stems; moist places from British Columbia to Oregon Whipple's penstemon wine and lavender to purple and black flowers in several clusters on the upper half of leafy stems; Montana south through the Rocky Mountains to Arizona and New Mexico Verbascum genus of coarse herbs and subshrubs mostly with woolly leaves mullein any of various plants of the genus Verbascum having large usually woolly leaves and terminal spikes of yellow or white or purplish flowers moth mullein European mullein with smooth leaves and large yellow or purplish flowers; naturalized as a weed in North America white mullein densely hairy Eurasian herb with racemose white flowers; naturalized in North America purple mullein Eurasian mullein with showy purple or pink flowers common mullein tall-stalked very woolly mullein with densely packed yellow flowers; ancient Greeks and Romans dipped the stalks in tallow for funeral torches genus Veronica widespread genus of herbs with pink or white or blue or purple flowers: speedwell veronica any plant of the genus Veronica field speedwell European plant with minute axillary blue flowers on long stalks; widely naturalized in America brooklime plant of western North America and northeastern Asia having prostrate stems with dense racemes of pale violet to lilac flowers European plant having low-lying stems with blue flowers; sparsely naturalized in North America corn speedwell erect or procumbent blue-flowered annual found in waste places of Europe and America germander speedwell Old World plant with axillary racemes of blue-and-white flowers water speedwell plant of wet places in Eurasia and America common speedwell common hairy European perennial with pale blue or lilac flowers in axillary racemes purslane speedwell North American annual with small white flowers widely naturalized as a weed in South America and Europe thyme-leaved speedwell perennial decumbent herb having small opposite leaves and racemes of blue flowers; throughout Eurasia and the New World Solanaceae large and economically important family of herbs or shrubs or trees often strongly scented and sometimes narcotic or poisonous; includes the genera Solanum, Atropa, Brugmansia, Capsicum, Datura, Hyoscyamus, Lycopersicon, Nicotiana, Petunia, Physalis, and Solandra Solanum type genus of the Solanaceae: nightshade; potato; eggplant; bittersweet nightshade any of numerous shrubs or herbs or vines of the genus Solanum; most are poisonous though many bear edible fruit kangaroo apple Australian annual sometimes cultivated for its racemes of purple flowers and edible yellow egg-shaped fruit horse nettle coarse prickly weed having pale yellow flowers and yellow berrylike fruit; common throughout southern and eastern United States potato tree hardy climbing shrub of Chile grown as an ornamental for its fragrant flowers; not a true potato South American shrub or small tree widely cultivated in the tropics; not a true potato trompillo weedy nightshade with silvery foliage and violet or blue or white flowers; roundish berry widely used to curdle milk; central United States to South America African holly woolly-stemmed biennial arborescent shrub of tropical Africa and southern Asia having silvery-white prickly branches, clusters of blue or white flowers, and bright red berries resembling holly berries wild potato erect or spreading perennial of southwestern United States and Mexico bearing small pale brown to cream-colored tubers resembling potatoes potato vine copiously branched vine of Brazil having deciduous leaves and white flowers tinged with blue vine of Costa Rica sparsely armed with hooklike spines and having large lilac-blue flowers black nightshade Eurasian herb naturalized in America having white flowers and poisonous hairy foliage and bearing black berries that are sometimes poisonous but sometimes edible garden huckleberry improved garden variety of black nightshade having small edible orange or black berries Jerusalem cherry small South American shrub cultivated as a houseplant for its abundant ornamental but poisonous red or yellow cherry-sized fruit naranjilla small perennial shrub cultivated in uplands of South America for its edible bright orange fruits resembling tomatoes or oranges buffalo bur North American nightshade with prickly foliage and racemose yellow flowers Atropa belladonna genus Browallia small genus of tropical South American annuals bush violet any of several herbs of the genus Browallia cultivated for their blue or violet or white flowers Brunfelsia genus of tropical American shrubs grown for their flowers followed by fleshy berrylike fruits lady-of-the-night West Indian shrub with fragrant showy yellowish-white flowers Brugmansia includes some plants often placed in the genus Datura: angel's trumpets angel's trumpet a South American plant that is cultivated for its large fragrant trumpet-shaped flowers South American plant cultivated for its very large nocturnally fragrant trumpet-shaped flowers red angel's trumpet arborescent South American shrub having very large orange-red flowers genus Capsicum chiefly tropical perennial shrubby plants having many-seeded fruits: sweet and hot peppers capsicum any of various tropical plants of the genus Capsicum bearing peppers cone pepper plant bearing erect pungent conical red or yellow or purple fruits; sometimes grown as an ornamental cherry pepper plant bearing small rounded usually pungent fruits bird pepper plant bearing very small and very hot oblong red fruits; includes wild forms native to tropical America; thought to be ancestral to the sweet pepper and many hot peppers tabasco pepper plant bearing very hot medium-sized oblong red peppers; grown principally in the Gulf Coast states for production of hot sauce Cestrum genus of fragrant tropical American shrubs day jessamine West Indian evergreen shrub having clusters of funnel-shaped white flowers that are fragrant by day night jasmine West Indian evergreen shrub having clusters of funnel-shaped yellow-white flowers that are fragrant by night Cyphomandra tree tomato tree tomato South American arborescent shrub having pale pink blossoms followed by egg-shaped reddish-brown edible fruit somewhat resembling a tomato in flavor Datura thorn apple thorn apple any of several plants of the genus Datura jimsonweed intensely poisonous tall coarse annual tropical weed having rank-smelling foliage, large white or violet trumpet-shaped flowers and prickly fruits Fabiana genus of South and Central American heathlike evergreen shrubs pichi Peruvian shrub with small pink to lavender tubular flowers; leaves yield a tonic and diuretic Hyoscyamus genus of poisonous herbs: henbane henbane poisonous fetid Old World herb having sticky hairy leaves and yellow-brown flowers; yields hyoscyamine and scopolamine Egyptian henbane poisonous herb whose leaves are a source of hyoscyamine Lycium deciduous and evergreen shrubs often spiny; cosmopolitan in temperate and subtropical regions matrimony vine any of various shrubs or vines of the genus Lycium with showy flowers and bright berries common matrimony vine deciduous erect or spreading shrub with spiny branches and violet-purple flowers followed by orange-red berries; southeastern Europe to China Christmasberry spiny evergreen shrub of southeastern United States having spreading branches usually blue or mauve flowers and red berries Lycopersicon tomatoes Mandragora a genus of stemless herbs of the family Solanaceae mandrake a plant of southern Europe and North Africa having purple flowers, yellow fruits and a forked root formerly thought to have magical powers mandrake root the root of the mandrake plant; used medicinally or as a narcotic Nicandra sturdy annual of Peru apple of Peru coarse South American herb grown for its blue-and-white flowers followed by a bladderlike fruit enclosing a dry berry Nicotiana American and Asiatic aromatic herbs and shrubs with viscid foliage flowering tobacco South American ornamental perennial having nocturnally fragrant greenish-white flowers common tobacco tall erect South American herb with large ovate leaves and terminal clusters of tubular white or pink flowers; cultivated for its leaves wild tobacco tobacco plant of South America and Mexico tree tobacco evergreen South American shrub naturalized in United States; occasionally responsible for poisoning livestock genus Nierembergia genus of tropical American erect or creeping herbs with solitary flowers cupflower any of various plants of the genus Nierembergia having upturned bell-shaped flowers whitecup prostrate woody South American herb with white tubular flowers often tinged with blue or rose tall cupflower shrubby Chilean herb having bluish-white tubular flowers used as an ornamental genus Petunia annual or perennial herbs or shrubs of tropical South America petunia any of numerous tropical herbs having fluted funnel-shaped flowers large white petunia annual herb having large nocturnally fragrant white flowers violet-flowered petunia herb or small shrublet having solitary violet to rose-red flowers hybrid petunia hybrids of Petunia axillaris and Petunia integrifolia: a complex group of petunias having single or double flowers in colors from white to purple Physalis ground cherries ground cherry any of numerous cosmopolitan annual or perennial herbs of the genus Physalis bearing edible fleshy berries enclosed in a bladderlike husk; some cultivated for their flowers downy ground cherry decorative American annual having round fleshy yellow berries enclosed in a bladderlike husk Chinese lantern plant Old World perennial cultivated for its ornamental inflated papery orange-red calyx cape gooseberry annual of tropical South America having edible purple fruits strawberry tomato stout hairy annual of eastern North America with sweet yellow fruits yellow henbane found on sea beaches from Virginia to South America having greenish-yellow flowers and orange or yellow berries Salpichroa herbs of temperate North and South America: cock's eggs cock's eggs weedy vine of Argentina having solitary white flowers followed by egg-shaped white or yellow fruit genus Salpiglossis small genus of herbs of the southern Andes having large showy flowers salpiglossis any plant of the genus Salpiglossis painted tongue Chilean herb having velvety funnel-shaped yellowish or violet flowers with long tonguelike styles at the corolla throat genus Schizanthus Chilean herbs with orchid-like flowers Scopolia genus of European perennial herbs yielding medicinal alkaloids Scopolia carniolica herb that is a source of scopolamine Solandra shrubby climbers of tropical America chalice vine Mexican evergreen climbing plant having large solitary funnel-shaped fragrant yellow flowers with purple-brown ridges in the throat Streptosolen one species: marmalade bush marmalade bush evergreen South American shrub having showy trumpet-shaped orange flowers; grown as an ornamental or houseplant Verbenaceae family of New World tropical and subtropical herbs and shrubs and trees genus Verbena type genus of the Verbenaceae; genus of herbaceous perennials and subshrubs verbena any of numerous tropical or subtropical American plants of the genus Verbena grown for their showy spikes of variously colored flowers lantana a flowering shrub Avicennia small genus of tropical shrubs or trees Avicenniaceae used in some classifications: coextensive with the genus Avicennia black mangrove a mangrove of the West Indies and the southern Florida coast; occurs in dense thickets and has numerous short roots that bend up from the ground an Australian tree resembling the black mangrove of the West Indies and Florida Aegiceras a genus of herbs of the family Verbenaceae Tectona small genus of southeastern Asian tropics: teak teak tall East Indian timber tree now planted in western Africa and tropical America for its hard durable wood hard strong durable yellowish-brown wood of teak trees; resistant to insects and to warping; used for furniture and in shipbuilding Euphorbiaceae a family of plants of order Geraniales Euphorbia type genus of the Euphorbiaceae: very large genus of diverse plants all having milky juice spurge any of numerous plants of the genus Euphorbia; usually having milky often poisonous juice caper spurge poisonous Old World spurge; adventive in America; seeds yield a purgative oil sun spurge not unattractive European weed whose flowers turn toward the sun petty spurge an Old World spurge introduced as a weed in the eastern United States wild spurge common perennial United States spurge having showy white petallike bracts snow-on-the-mountain annual spurge of western United States having showy white-bracted flower clusters and very poisonous milk cypress spurge Old World perennial having foliage resembling cypress; naturalized as a weed in the United States leafy spurge tall European perennial naturalized and troublesome as a weed in eastern North America hairy spurge much-branched hirsute weed native to northeastern North America poinsettia tropical American plant having poisonous milk and showy tapering usually scarlet petallike leaves surrounding small yellow flowers Japanese poinsettia showy poinsettia found from the southern United States to Peru fire-on-the-mountain poinsettia of United States and eastern Mexico; often confused with Euphorbia heterophylla wood spurge European perennial herb with greenish yellow terminal flower clusters candelilla wax-coated shrub of northern Mexico and southwestern United States wax-coated Mexican shrub related to Euphorbia antisyphilitica dwarf spurge European erect or depressed annual weedy spurge adventive in northeastern United States scarlet plume Mexican shrub often cultivated for its scarlet-bracted flowers naboom small tree of dry open parts of southern Africa having erect angled branches suggesting candelabra toothed spurge an annual weed of northeastern North America with dentate leaves Acalypha a genus of herbs and shrubs belonging to the family Euphorbiaceae three-seeded mercury weedy herb of eastern North America genus Croton tropical shrubs and herbs; source of croton oil croton tropical Asiatic shrub; source of croton oil grown in many varieties for their brightly colored foliage; widely cultivated as a houseplant croton oil viscid acrid brownish-yellow oil from the seeds of Croton tiglium having a violent cathartic action cascarilla West Indian shrub with aromatic bark cascarilla bark aromatic bark of cascarilla; used as a tonic and for making incense Codiaeum evergreen tropical trees and shrubs with thick and colorful leathery leaves; Malaya and Pacific islands Mercurialis a genus of slender herbs belonging to the family Euphorbiaceae herb mercury Eurafrican annual naturalized in America as a weed; formerly dried for use as a purgative, diuretic or antisyphilitic dog's mercury European perennial weedy plant with greenish flowers Ricinus a genus of herb having only one known species: castor-oil plant castor-oil plant large shrub of tropical Africa and Asia having large palmate leaves and spiny capsules containing seeds that are the source of castor oil and ricin; widely naturalized throughout the tropics Cnidoscolus a genus of perennial plant with bristles; belonging to the family Euphorbiaceae spurge nettle a stinging herb of tropical America Jatropha a mainly tropical genus of American plant belonging to the family Euphorbiaceae physic nut small tropical American tree yielding purple dye and a tanning extract and bearing physic nuts containing a purgative oil that is poisonous in large quantities Hevea small genus of South American trees yielding latex; "rubber trees are usually cultivated in plantations" Para rubber tree deciduous tree of the Amazon and Orinoco Rivers having leathery leaves and fragrant yellow-white flowers; it yields a milky juice that is the chief source of commercial rubber Manihot genus of economically important tropical plants: cassava cassava any of several plants of the genus Manihot having fleshy roots yielding a nutritious starch cassava root eaten as a staple food after drying and leaching; source of tapioca a starch made by leaching and drying the root of the cassava plant; the source of tapioca; a staple food in the tropics bitter cassava cassava with long tuberous edible roots and soft brittle stems; used especially to make cassiri (an intoxicating drink) and tapioca sweet cassava South American plant with roots used as a vegetable and herbage used for stock feed Aleurites candlenut tung tree Chinese tree bearing seeds that yield tung oil Pedilanthus tropical American succulent shrubs slipper spurge any of several tropical American shrubby succulent plants resembling cacti but having foot-shaped bracts Jewbush low tropical American shrub having powerful emetic properties Sebastiana Mexican spurges jumping bean seed of Mexican shrubs of the genus Sebastiana containing the larva of a moth whose movements cause the bean to jerk or tumble Theaceae a family of trees and shrubs of the order Parietales genus Camellia tropical Asiatic evergreen shrubs or small trees camellia any of several shrubs or small evergreen trees having solitary white or pink or reddish flowers Umbelliferae plants having flowers in umbels: parsley; carrot; anise; caraway; celery; dill umbellifer any of numerous aromatic herbs of the family Umbelliferae wild parsley any of various uncultivated umbelliferous plants with foliage resembling that of carrots or parsley Aethusa fool's parsley fool's parsley European weed naturalized in America that resembles parsley but causes nausea and poisoning when eaten Anethum dill genus Angelica biennial or perennial herbs of the northern hemisphere; have a taproot garden angelica a biennial cultivated herb; its stems are candied and eaten and its roots are used medicinally wild angelica European herb with compound leaves and white flowers; adventive on Cape Breton Island Anthriscus chervil: of Europe, North Africa and Asia cow parsley coarse erect biennial Old World herb introduced as a weed in eastern North America Apium celery wild celery herb of Europe and temperate Asia genus Astrantia a genus of Eurasian herbs of the family Umbelliferae with aromatic roots and palmate leaves and showy flowers astrantia any plant of the genus Astrantia greater masterwort European herb with aromatic roots and leaves in a basal tuft and showy compound umbels of white to rosy flowers Carum caraway whorled caraway a caraway with whorled leaves Cicuta small genus of perennial herbs having deadly poisonous tuberous roots: water hemlock water hemlock tall erect highly poisonous Eurasiatic perennial herb locally abundant in marshy areas spotted cowbane tall biennial water hemlock of northeastern North America having purple-spotted stems and clusters of extremely poisonous tuberous roots resembling small sweet potatoes Conium small genus of highly toxic biennials: hemlock Conopodium a genus of dicotyledonous plants of the family Umbelliferae earthnut a common European plant having edible tubers with the flavor of roasted chestnuts Coriandrum small genus of annual Mediterranean herbs Cuminum cumin Daucus carrot wild carrot a widely naturalized Eurasian herb with finely cut foliage and white compound umbels of small white or yellowish flowers and thin yellowish roots Eryngium large genus of decorative plants with thistlelike flower heads; cosmopolitan in distribution eryngo any plant of the genus Eryngium sea holly European evergreen eryngo with twisted spiny leaves naturalized on United States east coast; roots formerly used as an aphrodisiac button snakeroot coarse prickly perennial eryngo with aromatic roots; southeastern United States; often confused with rattlesnake master rattlesnake master coarse prickly perennial eryngo of United States thought to cure rattlesnake bite Foeniculum very small genus of aromatic European herbs with pinnately compound leaves and yellow flowers common fennel strongly aromatic with a smell of aniseed; leaves and seeds used for seasoning Florence fennel grown especially for its edible aromatic bulbous stem base Heracleum widely distributed genus of plants with usually thick rootstocks and large umbels of white flowers cow parsnip tall coarse plant having thick stems and cluster of white to purple flowers Levisticum genus of aromatic European herbs with yellow flowers Myrrhis European perennial herbs having pinnate leaves and umbels of white flowers water dropwort European poisonous herb having tuberous roots, yellow juice that stains the skin, yellow flowers and foliage resembling celery; all parts extremely poisonous water fennel European poisonous herb with fibrous roots Pastinaca a rosid dicot genus of the family Umbelliferae; includes parsnips cultivated parsnip European biennial having a long fusiform root that has been made palatable through cultivation wild parsnip biennial weed in Europe and America having large pinnate leaves and yellow flowers and a bitter and somewhat poisonous root; the ancestor of cultivated parsnip Petroselinum parsley Italian parsley a variety of parsley having flat leaves Hamburg parsley parsley with smooth leaves and enlarged edible taproot resembling a savory parsnip Pimpinella anise Sanicula chiefly American herbs: sanicle sanicle a plant of the genus Sanicula having palmately compound leaves and unisexual flowers in panicled umbels followed by bristly fruit; reputed to have healing powers footsteps-of-spring sanicle of northwestern United States and British Columbia having yellow flowers purple sanicle sanicle of northwestern United States and British Columbia having yellow or red or purple flowers European sanicle sanicle of Europe and Asia having white to pale pink flowers Seseli a rosid dicot genus that includes moon carrots moon carrot any plant of the genus Seseli having dense umbels of small white or pink flowers and finely divided foliage Sison genus including stone parsley stone parsley a slender roadside herb of western Europe and Mediterranean areas that has foliage resembling parsley and has white flowers with aromatic seeds Sium perennial of wet and marshy places in the northern hemisphere: water parsnips water parsnip stout white-flowered perennial found wild in shallow fresh water; northern United States and Asia greater water parsnip large stout white-flowered perennial found wild in shallow fresh water; Europe skirret an Asiatic herb cultivated in Europe for its sweet edible tuberous root Smyrnium Alexanders Cornaceae a rosid dicot family of the order Umbellales including: genera Aucuba, Cornus, Corokia, Curtisia, Griselinia, Helwingia Aucuba hardy evergreen dioecious shrubs and small trees from Japan Cornus a rosid dicot genus of the family Cornaceae including: dogwood; cornel: perennial chiefly deciduous shrubs or small trees of temperate regions of northern hemisphere dogwood a tree of shrub of the genus Cornus often having showy bracts resembling flowers hard tough wood of any dogwood of the genus Cornus; resembles boxwood common white dogwood deciduous tree; celebrated for its large white or pink bracts and stunning autumn color that is followed by red berries red osier common North American shrub with reddish purple twigs and white flowers silky dogwood shrub of eastern North America closely resembling silky cornel silky cornel shrub of eastern North America having purplish stems and blue fruit common European dogwood European deciduous shrub turning red in autumn having dull white flowers bunchberry creeping perennial herb distinguished by red berries and clustered leaf whorls at the tips of shoots; Greenland to Alaska cornelian cherry deciduous European shrub or small tree having bright red fruit Corokia evergreen shrubs with intricately twisted wiry stems that in summer are smothered in small yellow flowers; grows in New Zealand Curtisia a large evergreen tree of South Africa Griselinia evergreen shrubs of New Zealand and South America kapuka small New Zealand broadleaf evergreen tree often cultivated in warm regions as an ornamental Helwingia deciduous dioecious shrubs native to woodland thickets in low mountains in Japan Valerianaceae genus of mostly herbs having a characteristic fetid odor Valeriana genus of widely distributed perennial herbs and some shrubs valerian a plant of the genus Valeriana having lobed or dissected leaves and cymose white or pink flowers common valerian tall rhizomatous plant having very fragrant flowers and rhizomes used medicinally Valerianella genus of Old World annual herbs widely naturalized corn salad a plant of the genus Valerianella common corn salad widely cultivated as a salad crop and pot herb; often a weed Centranthus genus of southern European herbs and subshrubs red valerian European herb with small fragrant crimson or white spurred flowers cutch tannin extract derived from any of several mangrove barks of Pacific areas Hymenophyllaceae terrestrial (hygrophytic) or epiphytic ferns: filmy ferns Hymenophyllum type genus of the Hymenophyllaceae: filmy ferns filmy fern any fern of the genus Hymenophyllum growing in tropical humid regions and having translucent leaves Trichomanes bristle ferns; kidney ferns bristle fern any fern of the genus Trichomanes having large pinnatifid often translucent fronds; most are epiphytic on tree branches and twigs or terrestrial on mossy banks hare's-foot bristle fern a variety of bristle fern Killarney fern large stout fern of extreme western Europe kidney fern large fern of New Zealand having kidney-shaped fronds Osmundaceae large family of ferns widely distributed in temperate and tropical areas genus Osmunda type genus of the Osmundaceae flowering fern any fern of the genus Osmunda: large ferns with creeping rhizomes; naked sporangia are on modified fronds that resemble flower clusters Australasian fern with clusters of sporangia on stems of fertile fronds royal fern large deeply rooted fern of worldwide distribution with upright bipinnate compound tufted fronds interrupted fern North American fern having tall erect pinnate fronds and a few sporogenous pinnae at or near the center of the fertile fronds cinnamon fern New World fern having woolly cinnamon-colored spore-bearing fronds in early spring later surrounded by green fronds; the early uncurling fronds are edible Leptopteris including some ferns sometimes placed in genus Todea crape fern New Zealand with pinnate fronds and a densely woolly stalks; sometimes included in genus Todea Todea a genus of delicate ferns belonging to the family Osmundaceae crepe fern fern of rain forests of tropical Australia and New Zealand and South Africa Schizaeaceae small family of mainly tropical ferns Schizaea type genus of the Schizaeaceae cosmopolitan especially in tropics; small leptosporangiate ferns: curly grass fern curly grass rare small fern of northeastern North America having numerous slender spiraling fronds and forming dense tufts Anemia genus of terrestrial or lithophytic ferns having pinnatifid fronds; chiefly of tropical America pine fern fern of Florida and West Indies and Central America with rhizome densely clad in grown hairs Lygodium chiefly tropical climbing ferns climbing fern any of several ferns of the genus Lygodium that climb by twining creeping fern delicate fern of the eastern United States having a twining stem and palmately-lobed sterile fronds and forked fertile fronds climbing maidenhair tropical fern widespread in Old World; naturalized in Jamaica and Florida Mohria African terrestrial ferns scented fern sweetly scented African fern with narrow bipinnate fronds aquatic fern ferns that grow in water Marsileaceae clover ferns Marsilea clover ferns clover fern any of several water ferns of the genus Marsilea having four leaflets nardoo Australian clover fern water clover water fern of Europe and Asia and the eastern United States distinguished by four leaflets resembling clover leaves Pilularia pillworts pillwort European water fern found around margins of bodies of water or in wet acid soil having small globose sporocarps genus Regnellidium one species of aquatic or semiaquatic fern regnellidium small latex-containing aquatic fern of southern Brazil Salviniaceae water ferns Salvinia type genus of the Salviniaceae: water ferns floating-moss free-floating aquatic ferns Azollaceae used in some classifications for the genus Azolla Azolla a genus of fern sometimes placed in its own family Azollaceae mosquito fern small free-floating aquatic fern from the eastern United States to tropical America; naturalized in western and southern Europe Ophioglossales coextensive with the family Ophioglossaceae Ophioglossaceae a family of succulent ferns of order Ophioglossales; cosmopolitan in distribution Ophioglossum the type genus of the fern family Ophioglossaceae adder's tongue ferns with fertile spikes shaped like a snake's tongue ribbon fern epiphytic fern with straplike usually twisted fronds of tropical Asia and Polynesia and America fern of North Africa and Azores and Canary Islands Botrychium grape fern; moonwort grape fern a fern of the genus Botrychium having a fertile frond bearing small grapelike clusters of spore cases moonwort of America and Eurasia and Australia daisyleaf grape fern of North America and Eurasia leathery grape fern European fern with leathery and sparsely hairy fronds rattlesnake fern American fern whose clustered sporangia resemble a snake's rattle Helminthostachys one species: terrestrial fern of southeastern Asia and Australia soldier grainy club a variety of grainy club ostiole a small pore especially one in the reproductive bodies of certain algae and fungi through which spores pass perithecium flask-shaped ascocarp plastid any of various small particles in the cytoplasm of the cells of plants and some animals containing pigments or starch or oil or protein chromoplast plastid containing pigments other than chlorophyll usually yellow or orange carotenoids chloroplast plastid containing chlorophyll and other pigments; in plants that carry out photosynthesis Erysiphales saprophytic and parasitic fungi that live on plants Erysiphaceae family of fungi parasitic mostly on leaves; includes powdery mildews Erysiphe genus of powdery mildews powdery mildew any of various fungi of the genus Erysiphe producing powdery conidia on the host surface Sphaeriales large order of ascomycetous fungi usually having a dark hard perithecia with definite ostioles; in more recent classifications often divided among several orders Sphaeriaceae parasitic fungi having globose and sometimes necked or beaked perithecia Neurospora genus of fungi with black perithecia used extensively in genetic research; includes some forms with orange spore masses that cause severe damage in bakeries Ceratostomataceae fungi having carbonous perithecia with long necks Ceratostomella genus of fungi forming continuous hyaline spores Dutch elm fungus fungus causing Dutch elm disease Hypocreales used in some classifications for the family Hypocreaceae Hypocreaceae family of fungi having brightly colored fleshy or membranous ascocarps; sometimes placed in its own order Hypocreales Claviceps fungi parasitic upon the ovaries of various grasses ergot a fungus that infects various cereal plants forming compact black masses of branching filaments that replace many grains of the plant; source of medicinally important alkaloids and of lysergic acid a plant disease caused by the ergot fungus rye ergot a sclerotium or hardened mass of mycelium mushroom pimple any of various fungi of the family Hypocreaceae orange mushroom pimple a variety of mushroom pimple green mushroom pimple a variety of mushroom pimple Xylariaceae family of fungi characterized by dark brown to black spores Xylaria type genus of Xylariaceae; fungi with perithecia in the upper part of erect black woody stromata black root rot fungus fungus causing black root rot in apples dead-man's-fingers the fruiting bodies of the fungi of the genus Xylaria Rosellinia fungi having smooth perithecia with dark one-celled ascospores Helotiales order of fungi having asci in a disk-shaped to goblet-shaped apothecium Helotiaceae a fungus family of order Helotiales Helotium type genus of the Helotiaceae Sclerotiniaceae a fungus family of order Helotiales genus Sclerotinia large genus of ascomycetous fungi including various destructive plant pathogens sclerotinia any fungus of the genus Sclerotinia; some causing brown rot diseases in plants brown cup a variety of sclerotinia Sclerodermatales an order of fungi having a peridium surrounding a gleba (sometimes placed in subclass Homobasidiomycetes) Sclerodermataceae a family of fungi or order Sclerodermatales with a single-layered peridium; includes earthballs Scleroderma genus of poisonous fungi having hard-skinned fruiting bodies: false truffles earthball any of various fungi of the genus Scleroderma having hard-skinned subterranean fruiting bodies resembling truffles Scleroderma citrinum an earthball fungus that is a dingy brownish yellow and a dark purplish interior; the peridium is covered with a pattern of small warts Scleroderma flavidium an earthball with a smooth upper surface that is at first buried in sand; the top of the fruiting body opens up to form segments like the ray of an umbel Scleroderma bovista an earthball with a peridium that is firm dry and smooth when young but developing cracks when mature; pale orange-yellow when young and reddish brown at maturity Podaxaceae a variety of gastromycete stalked puffball a variety of Podaxaceae mushroom of the genus Tulostoma that resembles a puffball Tulostomaceae stalked puffballs Tulostoma type genus of the Tulostomaceae Hymenogastrales an order of fungi belonging to the class Gasteromycetes; has a distinct basidiocarp with a fleshy or waxy gleba (sometimes placed in subclass Homobasidiomycetes) Rhizopogonaceae a family of fungi of order Hymenogastrales having round subterranean sporophores false truffle any of various fungi of the family Rhizopogonaceae having subterranean fruiting bodies similar to the truffle Rhizopogon a genus of fungi having subterranean sporophores resembling tubers Rhizopogon idahoensis a large whitish Rhizopogon that becomes greyish brown in maturity Truncocolumella a genus of fungi belonging to the family Rhizopogonaceae Truncocolumella citrina a fungus with a round yellow to orange fruiting body that is found on the surface of the ground or partially buried; has a distinctive sterile column extending into the spore-bearing tissue Zygomycota division of fungi having sexually produced zygospores Zygomycetes class of fungi coextensive with subdivision Zygomycota Mucorales an order of mostly saprophytic fungi Mucoraceae large family of chiefly saprophytic fungi that includes many common molds destructive to food products genus Mucor type genus of the Mucoraceae; genus of molds having cylindrical or pear-shaped sporangia not limited in location to points where rhizoids develop mucor any mold of the genus Mucor genus Rhizopus a genus of rot-causing fungi having columnar hemispherical aerial sporangia anchored to the substrate by rhizoids rhizopus any of various rot causing fungi of the genus Rhizopus bread mold a mold of the genus Rhizopus leak fungus fungus causing soft watery rot in fruits and vegetables and rings of dry rot around roots of sweet potatoes Entomophthorales coextensive with the family Entomophthoraceae Entomophthoraceae mostly parasitic lower fungi that typically develop in the bodies of insects Entomophthora type genus of the Entomophthoraceae; fungi parasitic on insects rhizoid any of various slender filaments that function as roots in mosses and ferns and fungi etc slime mold a naked mass of protoplasm having characteristics of both plants and animals; sometimes classified as protoctists Myxomycota slime molds; organisms having a noncellular and multinucleate creeping vegetative phase and a propagative spore-producing stage: comprises Myxomycetes and Acrasiomycetes; in some classifications placed in the kingdom Protoctista Myxomycetes the class of true slime molds; essentially equivalent to the division Myxomycota true slime mold a slime mold of the class Myxomycetes Acrasiomycetes cellular slime molds; in some classifications placed in kingdom Protoctista cellular slime mold differing from true slime molds in being cellular and nucleate throughout the life cycle genus Dictostylium genus of slime molds that grow on dung and decaying vegetation dictostylium any slime mold of the genus Dictostylium Phycomycetes a large and probably unnatural group of fungi and funguslike organisms comprising the Mastigomycota (including the Oomycetes) and Zygomycota subdivisions of the division Eumycota; a category not used in all systems Mastigomycota fungi in which the spores and gametes are motile; in some systems placed in the Phycomycetes group with the Zygomycota Oomycetes nonphotosynthetic fungi that resemble algae and that reproduce by forming oospores; sometimes classified as protoctists Chytridiomycetes a class of mostly aquatic fungi; saprophytic or parasitic on algae or fungi or plants Chytridiales simple aquatic fungi mostly saprophytic but some parasitic on higher plants or animals or fresh water fungi; sometimes placed in class Oomycetes pond-scum parasite an aquatic fungus of genus Synchytriaceae that is parasitic on pond scum Chytridiaceae a family of aquatic fungi of order Chytridiales Blastocladiales fungi that carry out asexual reproduction by thick-walled resting spores that produce zoospores upon germination; sometimes placed in class Oomycetes Blastodiaceae a family of saprobic fungi of order Blastocladiales Blastocladia a genus of fungi of the family Blastodiaceae Synchytriaceae a fungus family of order Chytridiales Synchytrium simple parasitic fungi including pond scum parasites potato wart fungus fungus causing potato wart disease in potato tubers Saprolegniales order of chiefly aquatic fungi Saprolegnia aquatic fungi growing chiefly on plant debris and animal remains white fungus a fungus that attacks living fish and tadpoles and spawn causing white fungus disease: a coating of white hyphae on especially peripheral parts (as fins) water mold parasitic or saprobic organisms living chiefly in fresh water or moist soil Peronosporales order of chiefly parasitic lower fungi: Albuginaceae and Peronosporaceae and Pythiaceae Peronosporaceae parasitic fungi: downy mildews Peronospora genus of destructive downy mildews downy mildew any of various fungi of the family Peronosporaceae parasitic on e.g. grapes and potatoes and melons blue mold fungus fungus causing a serious disease in tobacco plants characterized by bluish-grey mildew on undersides of leaves onion mildew fungus causing a downy mildew on onions tobacco mildew fungus causing a downy mildew on growing tobacco Albuginaceae fungi that produce white sori resembling blisters on certain flowering plants Albugo type genus of the Albuginaceae; fungi causing white rusts white rust fungus causing a disease characterized by a white powdery mass of conidia Pythiaceae fungi having sporangia usually borne successively and singly at the tips of branching sporangiophores genus Pythium destructive root-parasitic fungi pythium any fungus of the genus Pythium damping off fungus fungus causing damping off disease in seedlings Phytophthora destructive parasitic fungi causing brown rot in plants Phytophthora citrophthora causes brown rot gummosis in citrus fruits Phytophthora infestans fungus causing late blight in solanaceous plants especially tomatoes and potatoes Plasmodiophoraceae family of fungi often causing hypertrophy in seed plants Plasmodiophora type genus of Plasmodiophoraceae comprising minute plant parasitic fungi similar to and sometimes included among the slime molds clubroot fungus a fungus resembling slime mold that causes swellings or distortions of the roots of cabbages and related plants Geglossaceae a type of ascomycetous fungus Sarcosomataceae a type of ascomycetous fungus black felt cup a common name for a variety of Sarcosomataceae Rufous rubber cup a common name for a variety of Sarcosomataceae charred pancake cup a common name for a variety of Sarcosomataceae devil's cigar a common name for a variety of Sarcosomataceae devil's urn a common name for a variety of Sarcosomataceae winter urn a common name for a variety of Sarcosomataceae Tuberales small order of fungi belonging to the subdivision Ascomycota having closed underground ascocarps Tuberaceae family of fungi whose ascocarps resemble tubers and vary in size from that of an acorn to that of a large apple Tuber type genus of the Tuberaceae: fungi whose fruiting bodies are typically truffles Clavariaceae fleshy fungi: coral fungi club fungus a club-shaped coral fungus coral fungus any of numerous fungi of the family Clavariaceae often brightly colored that grow in often intricately branched clusters like coral Hydnaceae tooth fungi tooth fungus a fungus of the family Hydnaceae Hydnum type genus of Hydnaceae Lichenes comprising the lichens which grow symbiotically with algae; sometimes treated as an independent group more or less coordinate with algae and fungi Lichenales category used especially in former classifications for organisms now constituting the division Lichenes lichen any thallophytic plant of the division Lichenes; occur as crusty patches or bushy growths on tree trunks or rocks or bare ground etc. any of several eruptive skin diseases characterized by hard thick lesions grouped together and resembling lichens growing on rocks ascolichen a lichen in which the fungus component is an ascomycete basidiolichen a lichen in which the fungus component is a basidiomycete Lechanorales category used in some classification systems for all lichens that produce apothecia Lecanoraceae a fungus family of the division Lichenes genus Lecanora type genus of Lecanoraceae; crustaceous lichens lecanora any lichen of the genus Lecanora; some used in dyeing; some used for food manna lichen any of several Old World partially crustaceous or shrubby lecanoras that roll up and are blown about over African and Arabian deserts and used as food by people and animals archil any of various lecanoras that yield the dye archil Roccellaceae a fungus family of division Lichenes genus Roccella chiefly fruticose maritime rock-inhabiting lichens roccella a source of the dye archil and of litmus Pertusariaceae a fungus family of division Lichenes Pertusaria crustose lichens that are a source of the dye archil and of litmus Usneaceae fruticose lichens having prostrate or erect or pendulous thalli: genera Usnea, Evernia, Ramalina, Alectoria Usnea widely distributed lichens usually having a greyish or yellow pendulous freely branched thallus beard lichen greenish grey pendulous lichen growing on trees Evernia lichens of the family Usneaceae having a pendulous or shrubby thallus Ramalina shrubby lichens of the family Usneaceae having a flattened thallus Alectoria lichens having dark brown erect or pendulous much-branched cylindrical thallus horsehair lichen any of several lichens of the genus Alectoria having a thallus consisting of filaments resembling hair Cladoniaceae a family of lichens Cladonia type genus of Cladoniaceae; lichens characterized by a crustose thallus and capitate fruiting bodies borne on simple or branched podetia reindeer moss an erect greyish branching lichen of Arctic and even some north temperate regions constituting the chief food for reindeer and caribou and sometimes being eaten by humans Parmeliaceae a family of lichens Parmelia type genus of the Parmeliaceae; a large genus of chiefly alpine foliaceous lichens crottle any of several lichens of the genus Parmelia from which reddish brown or purple dyes are made Cetraria foliose lichens chiefly of northern latitudes Iceland moss lichen with branched flattened partly erect thallus that grows in mountainous and Arctic regions; used as a medicine or food for humans and livestock; a source of glycerol Fungi the taxonomic kingdom including yeast, molds, smuts, mushrooms, and toadstools; distinct from the green plants fungus an organism of the kingdom Fungi lacking chlorophyll and feeding on organic matter; ranging from unicellular or multicellular organisms to spore-bearing syncytia basidium a small club-shaped structure typically bearing four basidiospores at the ends of minute projections; unique to basidiomycetes hypobasidium special cell constituting the base of the basidium in various fungi especially of the order Tremellales promycelium the basidium of various fungi Eumycota true fungi; eukaryotic heterotrophic walled organisms; distinguished from Myxomycota (funguslike slime molds): comprises subdivisions Mastigomycotina; Zygomycotina; Ascomycotina; Basidiomycotina; Deuteromycotina (imperfect fungi) Eumycetes category used in some classifications: coextensive with division Eumycota true fungus any of numerous fungi of the division Eumycota Deuteromycota large and heterogeneous form division of fungi comprising forms for which no sexually reproductive stage is known Deuteromycetes form class; coextensive with subdivision Deuteromycota Basidiomycota comprises fungi bearing the spores on a basidium; includes Gasteromycetes (puffballs) and Tiliomycetes comprising the orders Ustilaginales (smuts) and Uredinales (rusts) and Hymenomycetes (mushrooms, toadstools, agarics and bracket fungi); in some classification systems considered a division of kingdom Fungi Basidiomycetes large class of higher fungi coextensive with subdivision Basidiomycota Homobasidiomycetes category used in some classification systems for various basidiomycetous fungi including e.g. mushrooms and puffballs which are usually placed in the classes Gasteromycetes and Hymenomycetes Heterobasidiomycetes category used in some classification systems for various basidiomycetous fungi including rusts and smuts basidiomycete any of various fungi of the subdivision Basidiomycota Hymenomycetes used in some classifications; usually coextensive with order Agaricales: mushrooms; toadstools; agarics; bracket fungi Agaricales typical gilled mushrooms belonging to the subdivision Basidiomycota agaric a saprophytic fungus of the order Agaricales having an umbrellalike cap with gills on the underside fungus used in the preparation of punk for fuses Agaricaceae large family including many familiar mushrooms Agaricus type genus of Agaricaceae; gill fungi having brown spores and including several edible species toadstool common name for an inedible or poisonous agaric (contrasting with the edible mushroom) horse mushroom coarse edible mushroom with a hollow stem and a broad white cap meadow mushroom common edible mushroom found naturally in moist open soil; the cultivated mushroom of commerce Lentinus a genus of fungus belonging to the family Tricholomataceae shiitake edible east Asian mushroom having a golden or dark brown to blackish cap and an inedible stipe scaly lentinus a fungus with a scaly cap and white flesh and a ring on the stalk (with scales below the ring); odor reminiscent of licorice Amanita genus of widely distributed agarics that have white spores and are poisonous with few exceptions royal agaric widely distributed edible mushroom resembling the fly agaric false deathcap agaric often confused with the death cup fly agaric poisonous (but rarely fatal) woodland fungus having a scarlet cap with white warts and white gills death cap extremely poisonous usually white fungus with a prominent cup-shaped base; differs from edible Agaricus only in its white gills blushing mushroom yellowish edible agaric that usually turns red when touched destroying angel fungus similar to Amanita phalloides slime mushroom a mushroom of the genus Amanita white slime mushroom a type of slime mushroom Fischer's slime mushroom a type of slime mushroom Cantharellus a well-known genus of fungus; has funnel-shaped fruiting body; includes the chanterelles chanterelle widely distributed edible mushroom rich yellow in color with a smooth cap and a pleasant apricot aroma floccose chanterelle a mildly poisonous fungus with a fruiting body shaped like a hollow trumpet pig's ears an edible agaric with a brown fruiting body that is often compound cinnabar chanterelle mushroom with a distinctive pink to vermillion fruiting body Omphalotus a genus of fungi with a depressed disc in the cap jack-o-lantern fungus a large poisonous agaric with orange caps and narrow clustered stalks; the gills are luminescent Coprinus genus of black-spotted agarics in which the cap breaks down at maturity into an inky fluid; sometimes placed in its own family Coprinaceae Coprinaceae used in some classifications for the genus Coprinus inky cap having a cap that melts into an inky fluid after spores have matured shaggymane common edible mushroom having an elongated shaggy white cap and black spores Lactarius large genus of agarics that have white spore and contain a white or milky juice when cut or broken; includes both edible and poisonous species milkcap edible mushroom Marasmius chiefly small mushrooms with white spores fairy-ring mushroom mushroom that grows in a fairy ring fairy ring a ring of fungi marking the periphery of the perennial underground growth of the mycelium Pleurotus agarics with white spores and caps having an eccentric stem; an important mushroom of Japan oyster mushroom edible agaric with a soft greyish cap growing in shelving masses on dead wood olive-tree agaric red luminescent mushroom of Europe Pholiota genus of gilled agarics of Europe and North America having brown spores and an annulus; grows on open ground or decaying wood Pholiota astragalina a fungus with a smooth orange cap and yellow gills and pale yellow stalk Pholiota aurea a beautiful yellow gilled fungus found from Alaska south along the coast Pholiota destruens a large fungus with whitish scales on the cap and remnants of the veil hanging from the cap; the stalk is thick and hard Pholiota flammans a fungus with a yellow cap covered with fine scales as is the stalk Pholiota flavida a fungus that grows in clusters on the ground; cap is brownish orange with a surface that is smooth and slightly sticky; whitish gills and a cylindrical brown stalk nameko one of the most important fungi cultivated in Japan Pholiota squarrosa-adiposa a gilled fungus having yellow slimy caps with conspicuous tawny scales on the caps and stalks Pholiota squarrosa a gilled fungus with a cap and stalk that are conspicuously scaly with upright scales; gills develop a greenish tinge with age Pholiota squarrosoides a pale buff fungus with tawny scales Russula large genus of fungi with stout stems and white spores and neither annulus nor volva; brittle caps of red or purple or yellow or green or blue; differs from genus Lactarius in lacking milky juice Russulaceae used in some classification systems for the genus Russula Strophariaceae sometimes included in family Agaricaceae Stropharia genus of gill fungi with brown spores that is closely related to Agaricus; here placed in its own family Strophariaceae Stropharia ambigua a gilled fungus with a long stalk and a yellow slimy cap from which fragments of the broken veil hang; gills are initially white but become dark brown as spores are released Stropharia hornemannii a gilled fungus with a large slimy purple or olive cap; gills become purple with age; the stalk is long and richly decorated with pieces of the white sheath that extends up to a ring Stropharia rugoso-annulata a large gilled fungus with a broad cap and a long stalk; the cap is dark brown; the white gills turn dark purplish brown with age; edible and choice galea an organ shaped like a helmet; usually a vaulted and enlarged petal as in Aconitum gill fungus a basidiomycete with gills Entolomataceae a family of fungi belonging to the order Agaricales Entoloma agarics with pink spores but lacking both volva and annulus (includes some that are poisonous) Entoloma lividum a deadly poisonous agaric; a large cap that is first white (livid or lead-colored) and then turns yellowish or tan Entoloma aprile an agaric with a dark brown conical cap; fruits in early spring Lepiotaceae a family of fungi having free gills and a cap that is cleanly separable from the stalk genus Chlorophyllum a genus of fungus belonging to the family Lepiotaceae Chlorophyllum molybdites a poisonous agaric with a fibrillose cap and brown scales on a white ground color; cap can reach a diameter of 30 cm; often forms `fairy rings' genus Lepiota agarics with white spores that includes several edible and poisonous mushrooms: parasol mushrooms lepiota any fungus of the genus Lepiota parasol mushroom edible long-stalked mushroom with white flesh and gills and spores; found in open woodlands in autumn poisonous parasol an agaric regarded as poisonous Lepiota naucina an agaric with greyish white fruiting body and gills that change from pink to dingy red Lepiota rhacodes an agaric with a large cap with brown scales and a thick stalk American parasol an agaric with a pallid cap and a stalk that is enlarged near the base Lepiota rubrotincta an agaric with a relatively small pink to red cap and white gills and stalk Lepiota clypeolaria an agaric with a ragged stalk and a soft floccose cap onion stem a white agaric that tends to cluster and has a club-shaped base Thelephoraceae fungi having leathery or membranous sporophores Corticium genus of fungi having simple smooth sporophores; some are parasitic on wood or economic crops; some species formerly placed in form genus Rhizoctinia pink disease fungus fungus causing pink disease in citrus and coffee and rubber trees etc bottom rot fungus fungus causing bottom rot in lettuce Pellicularia genus of fungi having the hymenium in the form of a crust; some species formerly placed in form genus Rhizoctinia potato fungus fungus causing a disease in potatoes characterized by black scurfy spots on the tubers coffee fungus fungus causing a disease in coffee and some other tropical plants Tricholomataceae a family of fungi belonging to the order Agaricales Tricholoma agarics with white spores and a fleshy stalk and notched gills; of various colors both edible and inedible blewits edible agaric that is pale lilac when young; has a smooth moist cap sandy mushroom an edible agaric that fruits in great clusters (especially in sandy soil under cottonwood trees) Tricholoma pessundatum a mildly poisonous agaric with a viscid reddish brown cap and white gills and stalk Tricholoma sejunctum an agaric with a cap that is coated with dark fibrils in the center and has yellowish margins man-on-a-horse an edible agaric with yellow gills and a viscid yellow cap that has a brownish center Tricholoma venenata a poisonous white agaric Tricholoma pardinum a poisonous agaric having a pale cap with fine grey fibrils Tricholoma vaccinum an agaric with a cap that is densely covered with reddish fibrils and pale gills and stalk Tricholoma aurantium an orange tan agaric whose gills become brown by maturity; has a strong odor and taste Volvariaceae a family of fungi belonging to the order Agaricales Volvaria agarics having pink spores and a distinct volva Volvaria bombycina a parasite on various trees Pluteaceae a family of fungi belonging to the order Agaricales Pluteus a large genus of fungi belonging to the family Pluteaceae; the shape of the cap resembles a roof; often abundant early in the summer Pluteus aurantiorugosus an agaric with a brilliant scarlet cap and a slender stalk Pluteus magnus an edible agaric found in piles of hardwood sawdust; the caps are black and coarsely wrinkled deer mushroom a small edible agaric with a slender stalk; usually found on rotting hardwoods Volvariella an important genus of mushrooms in the Orient straw mushroom small tropical and subtropical edible mushroom having a white cap and long stem; an expensive delicacy in China and other Asian countries where it is grown commercially Volvariella bombycina a mushroom with a dry yellowish to white fibrillose cap Clitocybe a genus of agarics with white to pale yellow spore deposits and fleshy stalks centrally attached to the cap and closely attached gills Clitocybe clavipes an agaric with a flat cap that is greyish or yellowish brown with pallid gills and a stalk that bulges toward the base Clitocybe dealbata a small poisonous agaric; has a dry white cap with crowded gills and a short stalk Clitocybe inornata a fungus with a cap that is creamy grey when young and turns brown with age and a whitish stalk that stains yellow when handled Clitocybe robusta a large white agaric; edible but not palatable Clitocybe irina an edible agaric with large silky white caps and thick stalks Clitocybe subconnexa an edible white agaric that fruits in dense clusters; the gills are narrow and crowded and the stalk is fleshy and unpolished Flammulina a genus of agarics winter mushroom an edible agaric that is available in early spring or late fall when few other mushrooms are; has a viscid smooth orange to brown cap and a velvety stalk that turns black in maturity and pallid gills; often occur in clusters hypha any of the threadlike filaments forming the mycelium of a fungus mycelium the vegetative part of a fungus consisting of a mass of branching threadlike hyphae sclerotium compact usually dark-colored mass of hardened mycelium constituting a vegetative food-storage body in various true fungi; detaches when mature and can give rise to new growth sac fungus any of various ascomycetous fungi in which the spores are formed in a sac or ascus Ascomycota a large subdivision of Eumycota including Hemiascomycetes and Plectomycetes and Pyrenomycetes and Discomycetes; sac fungi; in some classification systems considered a division of the kingdom Fungi Ascomycetes large class of higher fungi coextensive with division Ascomycota: sac fungi ascomycete any fungus of the class Ascomycetes (or subdivision Ascomycota) in which the spores are formed inside an ascus Euascomycetes category not used in many classification systems Clavicipitaceae any of various mushrooms of the class Ascomycetes grainy club a variety of grainy club mushrooms Hemiascomycetes class of fungi in which no ascocarps are formed: yeasts and some plant parasites Endomycetales fungi having a zygote or a single cell developing directly into an ascus Saccharomycetaceae family of fungi comprising the typical yeasts: reproduce by budding and ferment carbohydrates Saccharomyces single-celled yeasts that reproduce asexually by budding; used to ferment carbohydrates yeast any of various single-celled fungi that reproduce asexually by budding or division a commercial leavening agent containing yeast cells; used to raise the dough in making bread and for fermenting beer or whiskey baker's yeast used as a leaven in baking and brewing wine-maker's yeast used in making wine Schizosaccharomycetaceae a family of fungi belonging to order Endomycetales Schizosaccharomyces type and only genus of Schizosaccharomycetaceae; comprises the fission yeasts Plectomycetes class of fungi in which the fruiting body is a cleistothecium (it releases spores only on decay or disintegration) Eurotiales order of fungi having a closed ascocarp (cleistothecium) with the asci scattered rather than gathered in a hymenium Eurotium a genus of fungi belonging to the order Eurotiales Aspergillaceae family of fungi including some common molds Aspergillus genus of common molds causing food spoilage and some pathogenic to plants and animals Aspergillus fumigatus a mold causing aspergillosis in birds and man Thielavia genus of fungi having spherical brown perithecia and some conidia borne in chains; cause root rot brown root rot fungus fungus causing brown root rot in plants of the pea and potato and cucumber families Pyrenomycetes class of fungi in which the fruiting body is a perithecium; includes powdery mildews and ergot and Neurospora Discomycetes a large and taxonomically difficult group of Ascomycetes in which the fleshy fruiting body is disklike or cup-shaped discomycete any fungus that is a member of the subclass Discomycetes Leotia lubrica a discomycete that develops in clusters of slippery rubbery gelatinous fruiting bodies that are dingy yellow to tan in color Mitrula elegans a discomycete that is 3-8 cm high with an orange to yellow fertile portion and white or pinkish stalks often half in and half out of the water Sarcoscypha coccinea a discomycete that is a harbinger of spring; the fruiting body is thin and tough and saucer-shaped (about the size of quarter to a half dollar) with a deep bright red upper surface and a whitish exterior Caloscypha fulgens an early spring variety of discomycete with yellow to orange yellow lining of the cup Aleuria aurantia a discomycete with bright orange cup-shaped or saucer-shaped fruiting bodies and pale orange exteriors Pezizales order of mostly saprophytic fungi having cup-shaped ascocarps Pezizaceae large family comprising many typical cup fungi elf cup apothecium of a fungus of the family Pezizaceae Peziza type genus of the Pezizaceae: a variety of cup fungus Peziza domicilina a discomycetous fungus of the genus Peziza; the fragile fruiting body is a ghostly white but stains yellow when broken; favors strongly alkaline habitats blood cup a scarlet European fungus with cup-shaped ascocarp Plectania genus of fungi in the family Pezizaceae closely related to and often included in genus Peziza Urnula craterium an urn-shaped discomycete with a nearly black interior Galiella rufa the cup-shaped fruiting body of this discomycete has a jellylike interior and a short stalk Jafnea semitosta the fruiting bodies of this discomycete have a firm texture and long retain their cup shape; the pale brown interior blends with the color of dead leaves Morchellaceae a family of edible fungi including the true morels Morchella genus of edible fungi: morel morel any of various edible mushrooms of the genus Morchella having a brownish spongelike cap common morel an edible and choice morel with a globular to elongate head with an irregular pattern of pits and ridges Disciotis venosa an edible morel with a cup-shaped or saucer-shaped fruiting body can be up to 20 cm wide; the fertile surface inside the cup has wrinkles radiating from the center; can be easily confused with inedible mushrooms Verpa a morel whose fertile portion resembles a bell and is attached to the stipe only at the top Verpa bohemica resembles a thimble on a finger; the surface of the fertile portion is folded into wrinkles that extend from the top down; fruiting begins in spring before the leaves are out on the trees Verpa conica a morel with a fertile portion that has a relatively smooth surface; the stalk is fragile black morel a morel whose pitted fertile body is attached to the stalk with little free skirt around it; the fertile body is grey when young and black in old age Morchella crassipes a delicious morel with a conic fertile portion having deep and irregular pits Morchella semilibera a morel with the ridged and pitted fertile portion attached to the stipe for about half its length Sarcoscyphaceae family of fungi belonging to the order Pezizales Wynnea a genus of fungi belonging to the family Sarcoscyphaceae Wynnea americana a fungus composed of several apothecia that look like elongated rabbit ears; the sterile surface is dark brown and warty; the fertile surface is smooth and pinkish orange Wynnea sparassoides a fungus with a long solid stalk embedded in soil and a yellow-brown head shaped like a cauliflower Helvellaceae family of false morels or lorchels; some are edible and some are poisonous false morel a fungus of the family Helvellaceae lorchel a large fungus of the family Helvellaceae genus Helvella type genus of the Helvellaceae helvella any fungus of the genus Helvella having the ascocarps stalked or pleated or often in folds Helvella crispa a helvella with a saddle-shaped fertile part and creamy color; the stalk is fluted and pitted Helvella acetabulum a helvella with a cup-shaped fertile body having a brown interior; the stalk is creamy white and heavily ribbed Helvella sulcata a helvella with an irregularly convoluted cap that is dark brown when young and becomes dull grey with age; the lower surface of the cap is smooth and pale grey; the stalk is thick and deeply fluted genus Discina a genus of fungi of the family Helvellaceae with a cup-shaped or saucer-shaped fruiting body and ornamented spores discina any fungus of the genus Discina Discina macrospora a discina with a flat or saucer-shaped fertile body that is brown on the upper surface; has a short stalk; not recommended for eating genus Gyromitra a genus of fungi of the family Helvellaceae with a fertile portion that is tan to brown gyromitra any fungus of the genus Gyromitra Gyromitra californica a gyromitra with a brown puffed up fertile part and a thick fluted stalk; found under conifers in California Gyromitra sphaerospora a gyromitra with a brown puffed up fertile part and a rosy pink fluted stalk and smooth round spores; found on hardwood slash east of the Great Plains Gyromitra esculenta a poisonous gyromitra; the surface of the fertile body is smooth at first and becomes progressively undulating and wrinkled (but never truly pitted); color varies from dull yellow to brown Gyromitra infula a poisonous fungus; saddle-shaped and dull yellow to brown fertile part is relatively even Gyromitra fastigiata a lorchel with deep brownish red fertile part and white stalk Gyromitra gigas a gyromitra with a large irregular stalk and fertile part that is yellow to brown and wrinkled; has early fruiting time Gasteromycetes fungi in which the hymenium is enclosed until after spores have matured: puffballs; earth stars; stinkhorn fungi gasteromycete any fungus of the class Gasteromycetes Phallales order of fungi comprising the stinkhorns and related forms whose mature hymenium is slimy and fetid; sometimes placed in subclass Homobasidiomycetes Phallaceae a family of fungi belonging to the order Phallales and comprising the true stinkhorns Phallus genus of fungi having the cap or pileus hanging free around the stem stinkhorn any of various ill-smelling brown-capped fungi of the order Phallales; "the foul smell of the stinkhorn attracts insects that carry the spores away on their feet" common stinkhorn a common fungus formerly used in preparing a salve for rheumatism Phallus ravenelii this stinkhorn has a cap with a granulose surface at the apex and smells like decaying flesh Dictyophera closely related to genus Phallus distinguished by an indusium hanging like a skirt from below the pileus Mutinus a genus of fungi belonging to the family Phallaceae dog stinkhorn a stinkhorn having a stalk without a cap; the slimy gleba is simply plastered on its surface near the apex where winged insects can find it Tulostomatales an order of fungi belonging to the class Gasteromycetes Calostomataceae a family of fungi belonging to the order Tulostomatales Calostoma lutescens a gasteromycete with a leathery stalk and a fruiting body that is globose and has a pale yellow spore case Calostoma cinnabarina a gasteromycete with a leathery stalk and a fruiting body this globose and has a red spore case Calostoma ravenelii a gasteromycete with a leathery stalk and a fruiting body with a thin gelatinous spore case and elliptical spores Clathraceae family of fleshy fungi resembling stinkhorns Clathrus type genus of the Clathraceae Pseudocolus a genus of fungi belonging to the family Clathraceae stinky squid a stinkhorn of genus Pseudocolus; the fruiting body first resembles a small puffball that soon splits open to form a stalk with tapering arms that arch and taper to a common point Lycoperdales small order of basidiomycetous fungi having fleshy often globose fruiting bodies; includes puffballs and earthstars Lycoperdaceae a fungus family belonging to the order Lycoperdales; includes puffballs Lycoperdon genus of fungi whose fruiting body tapers toward a base consisting of spongy mycelium puffball any of various fungi of the family Lycoperdaceae whose round fruiting body discharges a cloud of spores when mature Calvatia genus of puffballs having outer casings whose upper parts break at maturity into angular pieces to expose the spores giant puffball huge edible puffball up to 2 feet diameter and 25 pounds in weight Geastraceae a family of earthstar fungi belonging to the order Lycoperdales earthstar any fungus of the family Geastraceae; in form suggesting a puffball whose outer peridium splits into the shape of a star Geastrum type genus of Geastraceae; fungi whose outer peridium when dry splits into starlike segments Geastrum coronatum an earthstar with a bluish spore sac and a purplish brown gleba; at maturity the outer layer splits into rays that bend backward and elevate the spore sac Radiigera a genus of fungus belonging to the family Geastraceae Radiigera fuscogleba a fungus similar to an earthstar except that it does not open up; the spore mass is brown at maturity with a column of sterile tissue extending up into it Astreus a genus of fungi belonging to the family Geastraceae Astreus pteridis the largest earthstar; the fruiting body can measure 15 cm across when the rays are expanded Astreus hygrometricus a common species of earthstar widely distributed in sandy soil; the gleba is a pale tan Nidulariales small order of basidiomycetous fungi comprising families Nidulariaceae and Sphaerobolaceae Nidulariaceae bird's-nest fungi bird's-nest fungus any of various fungi of the family Nidulariaceae having a cup-shaped body containing several egg-shaped structure enclosing the spores Nidularia type genus of the Nidulariaceae Sphaerobolaceae monotypic family of fungi in which the more or less spherical gleba is forcibly ejected at maturity Secotiales an order of fungi belonging to the class Gasteromycetes Secotiaceae a family of fungi that have a stalk and cap and a wrinkled mass of tissue (the gleba) where spores are produced; are often dismissed as misshapen forms of other fungi Gastrocybe a genus of fungi of the family Secotiaceae Gastrocybe lateritia a species of Gastrocybe fungus that has a conic cap and a thin stalk; at first the stalk is upright but as it matures the stalk bends over and then downward; the cap then gelatinizes and a slimy mass containing the spores falls to the ground as the stalk collapses Macowanites a stout-stemmed genus of fungus belonging to the family Secotiaceae having fruiting bodies that never expand completely Macowanites americanus a small fungus with a fragile cap that cracks to expose the white context and a white stalk that is practically enclosed by the cap Gastroboletus a genus of fungi belonging to the family Secotiaceae; they resemble boletes but the spores are not discharged from the basidium Gastroboletus scabrosus a dingy yellow brown fungus with a rough stalk that superficially resembles a bolete Gastroboletus turbinatus a fungus with a cap that can vary from red to dark brown; superficially resembles a bolete Aphyllophorales includes chiefly saprophytic fungi typically with shelflike bodies; sometimes placed in class Hymenomycetes or included in Agaricales Polyporaceae fungi that become corky or woody with age, often forming shelflike growths on trees polypore woody pore fungi; any fungus of the family Polyporaceae or family Boletaceae having the spore-bearing surface within tubes or pores; the fruiting bodies are usually woody at maturity and persistent bracket fungus a woody fungus that forms shelflike sporophores on tree trunks and wood structures Albatrellus a genus of fungi belonging to the family Polyporaceae Albatrellus dispansus a rare fungus having a large (up to 14 inches wide) yellow fruiting body with multiple individual caps and a broad central stalk and a fragrant odor Albatrellus ovinus a fungus with a whitish often circular cap and a white pore surface and small pores and a white central stalk; found under conifers; edible but not popular Neolentinus a genus of fungi belonging to the family Polyporaceae Neolentinus ponderosus a gilled polypore with a large cap (up to 15 inches in diameter) and a broad stalk; edible when young and tender Nigroporus a genus of fungi belonging to the family Polyporaceae Nigroporus vinosus a woody pore fungus with a dark brown to red brown cap and spore surface and small pores Oligoporus a genus of fungi belonging to the family Polyporaceae Oligoporus leucospongia a pore fungus with a whitish cottony soft cap found on conifer logs in forests at high elevation in the western United States and adjacent Canada Polyporus tenuiculus a fungus with a whitish kidney-shaped cap and elongated pores; causes white rot in dead hardwoods Polyporus type genus of the Polyporaceae; includes important pathogens of e.g. birches and conifers hen-of-the-woods large greyish-brown edible fungus forming a mass of overlapping caps that somewhat resembles a hen at the base of trees Polyporus squamosus a fungus with a lateral stalk (when there is a stalk) and a scaly cap that becomes nearly black in maturity; widely distributed in the northern hemisphere Fistulinaceae a family of fungi closely related to the family Polyporaceae except that the tubes on the undersurface of the cap are separate from each other Fistulina fungi having each pore separate though crowded beefsteak fungus a popular edible fungus with a cap the color of liver or raw meat; abundant in southeastern United States Fomes genus of bracket fungi forming corky or woody perennial shelflike sporophores often of large size; includes some that cause destructive heartrot in trees Boletaceae family of fleshy fungi having the germ pores easily separating from the cup and often from each other bolete any fungus of the family Boletaceae Boletus type genus of Boletaceae; genus of soft early-decaying pore fungi; some poisonous and some edible Boletus chrysenteron a fungus convex cap and a dingy yellow under surface and a dry stalk Boletus edulis an edible and choice fungus; has a convex cap that is slightly viscid when fresh and moist but soon dries and a thick bulbous tan stalk Frost's bolete a fungus with a red cap and a red coarsely reticulate stalk Boletus luridus a poisonous fungus with a dingy yellow cap and orange red undersurface and a cylindrical reticulate stalk Boletus mirabilis a fungus that is edible when young and fresh; has a dark brown convex cap with a yellow to greenish under surface and reddish stalk Boletus pallidus a fungus that has an off-white cap when it is young but later becomes dingy brown and a stalk of the same color; the under surface of the cap (the tubes) a pale greenish yellow Boletus pulcherrimus a beautiful but poisonous bolete; has a brown cap with a scarlet pore surface and a thick reticulate stalk Boletus pulverulentus an edible fungus with a broadly convex blackish brown cap and a pore surface that is yellow when young and darkens with age; stalk is thick and enlarges toward the base Boletus roxanae a fungus with a rusty red cap and a white pore surface that becomes yellow with age and a pale yellow stalk Boletus subvelutipes a fungus with a velvety stalk and usually a dingy brown cap; injured areas turn blue instantly Boletus variipes an edible (but not choice) fungus found on soil under hardwoods; has a dry convex cap with whitish under surface and a reticulate stalk Boletus zelleri an edible and choice fungus that has a brown cap with greenish yellow under surface and a stalk that become dull red with age Fuscoboletinus a genus of fungi belonging to the family Boletaceae Fuscoboletinus paluster an edible fungus with a pinkish purple cap and stalk and a pore surface that is yellow with large angular pores that become like gills in maturity Fuscoboletinus serotinus an edible fungus with a broadly convex brown cap and a whitish pore surface and stalk Leccinum a genus of fungi belonging to the family Boletaceae Leccinum fibrillosum an edible fungus with a dark reddish brown cap and a wide light tan stalk that expands toward the base Phylloporus a genus of fungi belonging to the family Boletaceae Phylloporus boletinoides a fungus with a broadly convex brown cap and pores that extend part way down the stalk Suillus a genus of fungi belonging to the family Boletaceae Suillus albivelatus a short squat edible fungus with a reddish brown cap and white stalk; fruits under pines in the spring Strobilomyces fungi similar to Boletus but with a shaggy scaly cap old-man-of-the-woods edible mild-tasting mushroom found in coniferous woodlands of eastern North America Boletellus a genus of fungi belonging to the family Boletaceae Boletellus russellii a fungus with a long coarsely shaggy reticulate stalk and a rimose areolate cap surface jelly fungus any fungus of the order Tremellales or Auriculariales whose fruiting body is jellylike in consistency when fresh Tremellales fungi varying from gelatinous to waxy or even horny in texture; most are saprophytic Tremellaceae a family of basidiomycetous fungi of the order Tremellales that have the basidium divided longitudinally Tremella fungi with yellowish gelatinous sporophores having convolutions resembling those of the brain snow mushroom popular in China and Japan and Taiwan; gelatinous mushrooms; most are dried witches' butter a yellow jelly fungus Tremella foliacea a jelly fungus with a fruiting body 5-15 cm broad and gelatinous in consistency; resembles a bunch of leaf lettuce; mostly water and brownish in color Tremella reticulata a jelly fungus with an erect whitish fruiting body and a highly variable shape (sometimes resembling coral fungi) Auriculariales coextensive with the family Auriculariaceae; sometimes included in the order Tremellales Auriculariaceae fungi having gelatinous sporophores Auricularia type genus of the Auriculariaceae Jew's-ear widely distributed edible fungus shaped like a human ear and growing on decaying wood Dacrymycetaceae a family of basidiomycetous fungi belonging to the order Tremellales having a bifurcate basidium that lacks septa Dacrymyces type genus of the Dacrymycetaceae: fungi with a bifurcate basidium that lacks septa Uredinales rust fungi: parasitic fungi causing rust in plants; sometimes placed in rust any of various fungi causing rust disease in plants the formation of reddish-brown ferric oxides on iron by low-temperature oxidation in the presence of water a plant disease that produces a reddish-brown discoloration of leaves and stems; caused by various rust fungi a red or brown oxide coating on iron or steel caused by the action of oxygen and moisture become coated with oxide of the brown color of rust aecium fruiting body of some rust fungi bearing chains of aeciospores aeciospore spore of a rust fungus formed in an aecium Melampsoraceae rust fungi Melampsora rusts having sessile one-celled teliospores in a single layer flax rust fungus causing flax rust Cronartium rust fungi having aecia produced in raised or swollen sori and teliospores borne in waxy columns blister rust fungus causing white pine blister rust and having a complex life cycle requiring a plant of genus Ribes as alternate host any of several diseases of pines caused by rust fungi of the genus Cronartium and marked by destructive invasion of bark and sapwood and producing blisters externally Pucciniaceae large important family of rust fungi Puccinia type genus of the Pucciniaceae; a large genus of parasitic fungi including many that are destructive to various economic plants wheat rust rust fungus that attacks wheat Gymnosporangium genus of fungi that produce galls on cedars and other conifers of genera Juniperus and Libocedrus and causes rust spots on apples and pears and other plants of family Rosaceae apple rust rust fungus causing rust spots on apples and pears etc Tiliomycetes category used in some systems to comprise the two orders Ustilaginales (smuts) and Uredinales (rusts) Ustilaginales parasitic fungi causing smuts; sometimes placed in class Tiliomycetes smut any fungus of the order Ustilaginales destructive diseases of plants (especially cereal grasses) caused by fungi that produce black powdery masses of spores affect with smut or mildew, as of a crop such as corn become affected with smut; "the corn smutted and could not be eaten" stain with a dirty substance, such as soot make obscene; "This line in the play smuts the entire act" covered smut a smut fungus causing a smut disease of grains in which the spore masses are covered or held together by the grain membranes Ustilaginaceae a fungus family of loose smuts Ustilago type genus of the Ustilaginaceae; genus comprising the loose smuts loose smut a smut fungus of the genus Ustilago causing a smut disease of grains in which the entire head is transformed into a dusty mass of spores disease of grains; the entire head is a dusty mass of spores cornsmut a smut fungus attacking Indian corn boil smut a common smut attacking Indian corn causing greyish white swellings that rupture to expose a black spore mass Sphacelotheca genus of smut fungus head smut smut fungus attacking heads of corn or sorghum and causing a covered smut Tilletiaceae a family of smut fungi having a simple promycelium bearing the spores in an apical cluster Tilletia a genus of fungi belonging to the family Tilletiaceae Urocystis a genus of smut fungi belonging to the family Tilletiaceae onion smut smut fungus causing blackish blisters on scales and leaves of onions; especially destructive to seedlings flag smut fungus a smut fungus causing a smut in cereals and other grasses that chiefly affects leaves and stems and is characterized chains of sori within the plant tissue that later rupture releasing black masses of spores wheat flag smut fungus affecting leaves and stems of wheat Septobasidiaceae a family of fungi belonging to the subdivision Basidiomycota Septobasidium type genus of Septobasidiaceae: smooth shelf fungi usually having a well-developed sometimes thick-walled hypobasidium felt fungus fungus that frequently encircles twigs and branches of various trees especially citrus trees in southern United States Hygrophoraceae a family of fungi belonging to the order Agaricales; the gills of these fungi have a clean waxy appearance waxycap any fungus of the family Hygrophoraceae having gills that are more or less waxy in appearance Hygrocybe a genus of fungi belonging to the family Hygrophoraceae Hygrocybe acutoconica a fungus having an acutely conic cap and dry stalks Hygrophorus a genus of fungi belonging to the family Hygrophoraceae Hygrophorus borealis a fungus with a white convex cap and arcuate white gills and a stalk that tapers toward the base Hygrophorus caeruleus a fungus with a broadly convex cap that is cream color with a tint of blue over the margin; waxy gills are bluish green to blue-grey; a short stalk tapers abruptly at the base Hygrophorus inocybiformis a fungus with a drab squamulose cap and grey-brown squamules over the white background of the stalk and waxy grey-white gills Hygrophorus kauffmanii a fungus with a slightly viscid cap; cap and gills are reddish brown and the stalk is grey Hygrophorus marzuolus a grey fungus frequently found near melting snow banks Hygrophorus purpurascens a fungus with a viscid purplish red cap and stalk; found under spruce and other conifers Hygrophorus russula an edible fungus with a reddish cap and close pale gills and dry stalk; found under hardwoods Hygrophorus sordidus an edible fungus with a large white cap and a dry stalk and white gills Hygrophorus tennesseensis a fungus having a brownish sticky cap with a white margin and white gills and an odor of raw potatoes Hygrophorus turundus a small fungus with orange cap and yellow gills found in sphagnum bogs Hygrotrama a genus of fungi belonging to the family Hygrophoraceae Hygrotrama foetens a small grey-brown fungus with an unpleasant odor of mothballs Neohygrophorus a genus of fungi belonging to the family Hygrophoraceae Neohygrophorus angelesianus a fungus with a small brown convex cap with a depressed disc; waxy wine-colored gills and a brown stalk; fruits in or near melting snow banks in the western mountains of North America cortina a cobwebby partial veil consisting of silky fibrils Cortinariaceae a family of fungi belonging to the order Agaricales Cortinarius the largest genus in the Agaricales; agarics having rusty spores and prominent cortinae (cobwebby partial veils) Cortinarius armillatus a fungus with large tawny caps and pale cinnamon gills and a red band of veil around the stalk; usually found near birch trees Cortinarius atkinsonianus an edible fungus with a slimy viscid cap that is initially yellow but turns olive and then tawny; flesh is lavender Cortinarius corrugatus a fungus with a viscid wrinkled tawny cap; the stalk has a basal bulb that diminishes as the stalk elongates; the gills are dark violet at first but soon turn brown Cortinarius gentilis a poisonous fungus with a bright yellow brown cap and a long cinnamon colored stalk Cortinarius mutabilis a fungus with a reddish purple cap having a smooth slimy surface; close violet gills; all parts stain dark purple when bruised Cortinarius semisanguineus a fungus with a dry brown cap and rusty red gills and a yellowish stalk Cortinarius subfoetidus a fungus with a sticky lavender cap and stalk that whitish above and covered with a silky lavender sheath Cortinarius violaceus a fungus that is violet overall with a squamulose cap Gymnopilus a genus of fungus characterized by the orange color of the spore deposit Gymnopilus spectabilis a fungus with a brownish orange fruiting body and a ring near the top of the stalk; the taste is bitter and the flesh contains psilocybin and psilocin Gymnopilus validipes a poisonous fungus with a dry cap and a cortina that does not leave much of a ring on the robust stalk Gymnopilus ventricosus a giant fungus of the Pacific Northwest; has a very thick stalk and the cortina leaves a ring high up on the stalk mildew a fungus that produces a superficial (usually white) growth on organic matter the process of becoming mildewed Moniliales order of imperfect fungi lacking conidiophores of having conidiophores that are superficial and not enclosed in a pycnidium genus Verticillium genus of imperfect fungi having conidia borne singly at the apex of whorled branchlets; cause wilt diseases verticillium a fungus of the genus Verticillium Moniliaceae family of imperfect fungi having white or brightly colored hyphae and spores that are produced directly on the mycelium and not aggregated in fruiting bodies Trichophyton a genus of fungus of the family Moniliaceae; causes ringworm and favus Microsporum a genus of fungus of the family Moniliaceae; causes ringworm genus Monilia genus of parasitic yeastlike imperfect fungi having spherical or oval conidia in branched chains; some species usually placed in other genera especially genus Candida monilia any of the yeastlike imperfect fungi of the genus Monilia genus Candida a genus of yeastlike imperfect fungi; sometimes included in genus Monilia of the family Moniliaceae candida any of the yeastlike imperfect fungi of the genus Candida Candida albicans a parasitic fungus that can infect the mouth or the skin or the intestines or the vagina Cercosporella form genus of imperfect fungi lacking pigment in the spores and conidiophores Penicillium genus of fungi commonly growing as green or blue molds on decaying food; used in making cheese and as a source of penicillin Blastomyces genus of pathogenic yeastlike fungi blastomycete any of various yeastlike budding fungi of the genus Blastomyces; cause disease in humans and other animals Dematiaceae family of imperfect mushrooms having dark-colored hyphae or conidia Cercospora form genus of imperfect fungi that are leaf parasites with long slender spores yellow spot fungus fungus causing yellow spot (a sugarcane disease in Australia) Ustilaginoidea genus of imperfect fungi causing plant diseases like smut green smut fungus fungus causing green smut in rice Tuberculariaceae large family of mainly saprophytic imperfect fungi Tubercularia type genus of the Tuberculariaceae; fungi with nodules of red or pink conidia; some cause diebacks of woody plants genus Fusarium a form genus of mostly plant parasites some of which cause dry rot; in humans a species can cause inflammation of cornea leading to blindness dry rot a fungus causing dry rot a crumbling and drying of timber or bulbs or potatoes or fruit caused by a fungus Mycelia Sterilia order of imperfect fungi having no known spore stage genus Rhizoctinia form genus of imperfect fungi some species of which are now placed in genera Pellicularia and Corticium because their perfect stages have been found rhizoctinia any fungus now or formerly belonging to the form genus Rhizoctinia Ozonium form genus of imperfect fungi Sclerotium form genus of sterile imperfect fungi; many form sclerotia; some cause sclerotium disease in plants houseplant any of a variety of plants grown indoors for decorative purposes garden plant any of a variety of plants usually grown especially in a flower or herb garden bedder an ornamental plant suitable for planting in a flowerbed vascular plant green plant having a vascular system: ferns, gymnosperms, angiosperms succulent a plant adapted to arid conditions and characterized by fleshy water-storing tissues that act as water reservoirs nonvascular organism organisms without vascular tissue: e.g. algae, lichens, fungi, mosses cultivar a variety of a plant developed from a natural species and maintained under cultivation cultivated plant plants that are grown for their produce cash crop a readily salable crop that is grown and gathered for the market (as vegetables or cotton or tobacco) catch crop a crop that grows quickly (e.g. lettuce) and can be planted between two regular crops grown in successive seasons or between two rows of crops in the same season cover crop crop planted to prevent soil erosion and provide green manure field crop a crop (other than fruits or vegetables) that is grown for agricultural purposes; "cotton, hay, and grain are field crops" fruitage the yield of fruit; "a tree highly recommended for its fruitage" plant part any part of a plant or fungus plant organ a functional and structural unit of a plant or fungus plant process a natural projection or outgrowth from a plant body or organ callus (botany) an isolated thickening of tissue, especially a stiff protuberance on the lip of an orchid bony tissue formed during the healing of a fractured bone form a callus or calluses; "His foot callused" cause a callus to form on; "The long march had callused his feet" fruiting body an organ specialized for producing spores acumen a tapering point glochidium a barbed spine or bristle (often tufted on cacti) stinging hair a multicellular hair in plants like the stinging nettle that expels an irritating fluid awn slender bristlelike appendage found on the bracts of grasses aril fleshy and usually brightly colored cover of some seeds that develops from the ovule stalk and partially or entirely envelops the seed laticifer a plant duct containing latex antheridium the male sex organ of spore-producing plants; produces antherozoids; equivalent to the anther in flowers antheridiophore gametophore bearing antheridia as in certain mosses and liverworts sporophyll leaf in ferns and mosses that bears the sporangia sporangium organ containing or producing spores sporangiophore stalk bearing one or more sporangia ascus saclike structure in which ascospores are formed through sexual reproduction of ascomycetes ascospore sexually produced fungal spore formed within an ascus arthrospore one of a string of thick walled vegetative resting cells formed by some algae and fungi a body that resembles a spore but is not an endospore; produced by some bacteria paraphysis a sterile simple or branched filament or hair borne among sporangia; may be pointed or clubbed eusporangium a sporangium that arises from a group of epidermal cells leptosporangium a sporangium formed from a single epidermal cell; characteristic of the Filicales or of almost all modern ferns tetrasporangium a sporangium containing four asexual spores sporophore a spore-bearing branch or organ: the part of the thallus of a sporophyte that develops spores; in ferns and mosses and liverworts is practically equivalent to the sporophyte gametangium cell or organ in which gametes develop gametoecium gametangia and surrounding bracts gynoecium a female gametoecium androecium a male gametoecium gametophore a modified branch bearing gametangia as in the thalloid liverworts sorus cluster of sporangia usually on underside of a fern frond a spore-producing structure in certain lichens and fungi indusium a membrane enclosing and protecting the developing spores especially that covering the sori of a fern veil a membranous covering attached to the immature fruiting body of certain mushrooms to obscure, or conceal with or as if with a veil; "women in Afghanistan veil their faces" universal veil membrane initially completely investing the young sporophore of various mushrooms that is ruptured by growth; represented in the mature mushroom by a volva around lower part of stem and scales on upper surface of the cap partial veil membrane of the young sporophore of various mushrooms extending from the margin of the cap to the stem and is ruptured by growth; represented in mature mushroom by an annulus around the stem and sometimes a cortina on the margin of the cap annulus (Fungi) a remnant of the partial veil that in mature mushrooms surrounds the stem like a collar antherozoid a motile male gamete of a plant such as an alga or fern or gymnosperm plant tissue the tissue of a plant pith soft spongelike central cylinder of the stems of most flowering plants remove the pith from (a plant) chlorenchyma parenchyma whose cells contain chloroplasts lignum woody tissue vascular tissue tissue that conducts water and nutrients through the plant body in higher plants sapwood newly formed outer wood lying between the cambium and the heartwood of a tree or woody plant; usually light colored; active in water conduction heartwood the older inactive central wood of a tree or woody plant; usually darker and denser than the surrounding sapwood vascular bundle a unit strand of the vascular system in stems and leaves of higher plants consisting essentially of xylem and phloem midrib the vein in the center of a leaf vascular ray a sheet of vascular tissue separating the vascular bundles xylem the woody part of plants: the supporting and water-conducting tissue, consisting primarily of tracheids and vessels tracheid long tubular cell peculiar to xylem phloem (botany) tissue that conducts synthesized food substances (e.g., from leaves) to parts where needed; consists primarily of sieve tubes sieve tube tube formed by cells joined end-to-end through which nutrients flow in flowering plants and brown algae pseudophloem false phloem bast strong woody fibers obtained especially from the phloem of from various plants gall abnormal swelling of plant tissue caused by insects or microorganisms or injury a skin sore caused by chafing irritate or vex; "It galls me that we lost the suit" oak apple oak gall caused by larvae of a cynipid wasp evergreen a plant having foliage that persists and remains green throughout the year (of plants and shrubs) bearing foliage throughout the year deciduous plant a plant having foliage that is shed annually at the end of the growing season poisonous plant a plant that when touched or ingested in sufficient quantity can be harmful or fatal to an organism vine a plant with a weak stem that derives support from climbing, twining, or creeping along a surface tendril slender stem-like structure by which some twining plants attach themselves to an object for support root climber a plant that climbs by its adventitious roots e.g. ivy woody plant a plant having hard lignified tissues or woody parts especially stems lignosae a category in some early taxonomies arborescent plant having the shape or characteristics of a tree snag a dead tree that is still standing, usually in an undisturbed forest; "a snag can provide food and a habitat for insects and birds" a sharp protuberance hew jaggedly catch on a snag; "I snagged my stocking" get by acting quickly and smartly; "snag a bargain" tree a tall perennial woody plant having a main trunk and branches forming a distinct elevated crown; includes both gymnosperms and angiosperms a figure that branches from a single root; "genealogical tree" stretch (a shoe) on a shoetree chase an animal up a tree; "the hunters treed the bear with dogs and killed it"; "her dog likes to tree squirrels" plant with trees; "this lot should be treed so that the house will be shaded in summer" timber tree any tree that is valued as a source of lumber or timber treelet a small tree bean tree any of several trees having seedpods as fruits sapling young tree shade tree a tree planted or valued chiefly for its shade from sunlight gymnospermous tree any tree of the division Gymnospermophyta conifer any gymnospermous tree or shrub bearing cones angiospermous tree any tree having seeds and ovules contained in the ovary nut tree tree bearing edible nuts spice tree tree bearing aromatic bark or berries bonsai a dwarfed ornamental tree or shrub grown in a tray or shallow pot ming tree a dwarfed evergreen conifer or shrub shaped to have flat-topped asymmetrical branches and grown in a container an artificial plant resembling a bonsai groundcover small plants other than saplings growing on a forest floor low-growing plants planted in deep shade or on a steep slope where turf is difficult to grow shrub a low woody perennial plant usually having several major stems undershrub a low shrub burning bush (Old Testament) the bush that burned without being consumed and from which God spoke to Moses shrublet dwarf shrub subshrub low-growing woody shrub or perennial with woody base bramble any of various rough thorny shrubs or vines flowering shrub shrub noted primarily for its flowers liana a woody climbing usually tropical plant parasitic plant plant living on another plant and obtaining organic nutriment from it hemiparasite a parasitic plant that contains some chlorophyll and therefore is capable of photosynthesis geophyte a perennial plant that propagates by underground bulbs or tubers or corms desert plant plant adapted for life with a limited supply of water; compare hydrophyte and mesophyte mesophyte land plant growing in surroundings having an average supply of water; compare xerophyte and hydrophyte aquatic plant a plant that grows partly or wholly in water whether rooted in the mud, as a lotus, or floating without anchorage, as the water hyacinth marsh plant a semiaquatic plant that grows in soft wet land; most are monocots: sedge, sphagnum, grasses, cattails, etc; possibly heath air plant plant that derives moisture and nutrients from the air and rain; usually grows on another plant but not parasitic on it hemiepiphyte a plant that is an epiphyte for part of its life strangler an epiphytic vine or tree whose aerial roots extend down the trunk of a supporting tree and coalesce around it eventually strangling the tree rock plant plant that grows on or among rocks or is suitable for a rock garden lithophyte plant that grows on rocks or stony soil and derives nourishment from the atmosphere rupestral plant plants growing among rocks saprophyte an organism that feeds on dead organic matter especially a fungus or bacterium saprobe an organism that lives in and derives its nourishment from organic matter in stagnant or foul water katharobe an organism that lives in an oxygenated medium lacking organic matter autophyte plant capable of synthesizing its own food from simple organic substances rootage a developed system of roots fixedness by or as if by roots; "strengthened by rootage in the firm soil of faith" pneumatophore an air-filled root (submerged or exposed) that can function as a respiratory organ of a marsh or swamp plant adventitious root root growing in an unusual location e.g. from a stem root crop crop grown for its enlarged roots: e.g. beets; potatoes; turnips root cap thimble-shaped mass of cells covering and protecting the growing tip of a root rootlet small root or division of a root root hair thin hairlike outgrowth of an epidermal cell just behind the tip; absorbs nutrients from the soil prop root a root that grows from and supports the stem above the ground in plants such as mangroves prophyll a plant structure resembling a leaf rootstock root or part of a root used for plant propagation; especially that part of a grafted plant that supplies the roots quickset cuttings of plants set in the ground to grow as hawthorn for hedges or vines; "a quickset of a vine planted in a vineyard" stolon a horizontal branch from the base of plant that produces new plants from buds at its tips capitulum an arrangement of leafy branches forming the top or head of a tree a dense cluster of flowers or foliage; "a head of cauliflower"; "a head of lettuce" tuberous plant plant growing from a tuber tuber a fleshy underground stem or root serving for reproductive and food storage rhizome a horizontal plant stem with shoots above and roots below serving as a reproductive structure rachis axis of a compound leaf or compound inflorescence caudex woody stem of palms and tree ferns internode a segment of a stem between two nodes beanstalk stem of a bean plant cladode a flattened stem resembling and functioning as a leaf axil the upper angle between an axis and an offshoot such as a branch or leafstalk stipe supporting stalk or stem-like structure especially of a pistil or fern frond or supporting a mushroom cap scape erect leafless flower stalk growing directly from the ground as in a tulip meristem undifferentiated tissue from which new cells are formed, as at the tip of a stem or root umbel flat-topped or rounded inflorescence characteristic of the family Umbelliferae in which the individual flower stalks arise from about the same point; youngest flowers are at the center corymb flat-topped or convex inflorescence in which the individual flower stalks grow upward from various points on the main stem to approximately the same height; outer flowers open first petiole the slender stem that supports the blade of a leaf phyllode an expanded petiole taking on the function of a leaf blade pedicel a small stalk bearing a single flower of an inflorescence; an ultimate division of a common peduncle flower cluster an inflorescence consisting of a cluster of flowers raceme usually elongate cluster of flowers along the main stem in which the flowers at the base open first panicle compound raceme or branched cluster of flowers thyrse a dense flower cluster (as of the lilac or horse chestnut) in which the main axis is racemose and the branches are cymose cyme more or less flat-topped cluster of flowers in which the central or terminal flower opens first cymule a small cyme, generally with few flowers glomerule a compacted or sessile cyme scorpioid cyme a cyme with flowers or branches alternating in opposite ranks spadix the fleshy axis of a spike often surrounded by a spathe bulbous plant plant growing from a bulb bulbil small bulb or bulb-shaped growth arising from the leaf axil or in the place of flowers corm solid swollen underground bulb-shaped stem or stem base and serving as a reproductive structure cormous plant plant growing from a corm fruitlet a diminutive fruit, especially one that is part of a multiple fruit nutlet a small nut pyrene the small hard nutlet of a drupe or drupelet; the seed and the hard endocarp that surrounds it a pale yellow crystalline hydrocarbon C16H10 extracted from coal tar syconium the fleshy multiple fruit of the fig consisting of an enlarged hollow receptacle containing numerous fruitlets aggregate fruit fruit consisting of many individual small fruits or drupes derived from separate ovaries within a common receptacle: e.g. blackberry; raspberry; pineapple simple fruit an indehiscent fruit derived from a single ovary having one or many seeds within a fleshy wall or pericarp: e.g. grape; tomato; cranberry drupe fleshy indehiscent fruit with a single seed: e.g. almond; peach; plum; cherry; elderberry; olive; jujube drupelet a small part of an aggregate fruit that resembles a drupe pome a fleshy fruit (apple or pear or related fruits) having seed chambers and an outer fleshy part loment seedpods that are constricted between the seeds and that break apart when mature into single-seeded segments pyxidium fruit of such plants as the plantain; a capsule whose upper part falls off when the seeds are released husk outer membranous covering of some fruits or seeds remove the husks from; "husk corn" cornhusk the husk of an ear of corn pea pod husk of a pea; edible in some garden peas accessory fruit fruit containing much fleshy tissue besides that of the ripened ovary; as apple or strawberry Rhamnales an order of dicotyledonous plants Rhamnaceae trees and shrubs usually thorny bearing drupaceous fruit many having medicinal value Rhamnus type genus of the Rhamnaceae: buckthorns buckthorn berry fruit of various buckthorns yielding dyes or pigments cascara buckthorn shrubby tree of the Pacific coast of the United States; yields cascara sagrada cascara dried bark of the cascara buckthorn used as a laxative Carolina buckthorn deciduous shrub of eastern and central United States having black berrylike fruit; golden-yellow in autumn coffeeberry evergreen shrub of western United States bearing small red or black fruits alder buckthorn small tree common in Europe redberry small spiny evergreen shrub of western United States and Mexico with minute flowers and bright red berries Colubrina mostly tropical American shrubs or small trees with small yellowish flowers and yellow or red fruits Ziziphus spiny chiefly tropical American and Asiatic shrubs: jujubes lotus tree shrubby deciduous tree of the Mediterranean region Paliurus thorny Eurasian shrubs Christ's-thorn thorny Eurasian shrub with dry woody winged fruit Pomaderris a genus of Australasian shrubs and trees Vitaceae a family of vines belonging to order Rhamnales Vitis the type genus of the family Vitaceae; woody vines with simple leaves and small flowers; includes a wide variety of grapes vinifera common European grape cultivated in many varieties; chief source of Old World wine and table grapes Pinot any of several purple or white wine grapes used especially for Burgundies and champagnes Sauvignon grape small blue-black grape of Medoc region of France highly prized in winemaking Cabernet Sauvignon grape superior red wine grapes grown especially in the Bordeaux region of France and northern California Zinfandel small black grape grown chiefly in California; transplanted from Europe malvasia grape used to make malmsey wine Parthenocissus woody vines having disklike tips on the tendrils Boston ivy Asiatic vine with three-lobed leaves and purple berries Virginia creeper common North American vine with compound leaves and bluish-black berrylike fruit Piperales Piperaceae; Saururaceae; Chloranthaceae Piperaceae tropical woody vines and herbaceous plants having aromatic herbage and minute flowers in spikelets Piper type genus of the Piperaceae: large genus of chiefly climbing tropical shrubs true pepper any of various shrubby vines of the genus Piper long pepper slender tropical climber of the eastern Himalayas betel Asian pepper plant whose leaves are chewed with betel nut (seed of the betel palm) by southeast Asians schizocarp a dry dehiscent fruit that at maturity splits into two or more parts each with a single seed genus Peperomia large genus of small tropical usually succulent herbs peperomia any of various plants of the genus Peperomia; grown primarily for their often succulent foliage watermelon begonia grown as a houseplant for its silvery striped fleshy foliage; South America Chloranthaceae small family of tropical herbs and shrubs and trees Chloranthus type genus of the Chloranthaceae Saururaceae family of perennial aromatic herbs: genera Saururus, Anemopsis, Houttuynia Saururus type genus of the Saururaceae: lizard's-tails lizard's-tail North American herbaceous perennial of wet places having slender curled racemes of small white flowers Anemopsis one species: yerba mansa yerba mansa stoloniferous herb of southwestern United States and Mexico having a pungent rootstock and small spicate flowers with white bracts suggesting an anemone Houttuynia one species; east Asian low-growing plant of wet places amplexicaul leaf a leaf with its base clasping the stem greenery green foliage hydathode a pore that exudes water on the surface or margin of a leaf of higher plants lenticel one of many raised pores on the stems of woody plants that allow the interchange of gas between the atmosphere and the interior tissue leaflet part of a compound leaf pinna division of a usually pinnately divided leaf frond compound leaf of a fern or palm or cycad lily pad floating leaves of a water lily bract a modified leaf or leaflike part just below and protecting an inflorescence bracteole a small bract spathe a conspicuous bract surrounding or subtending a spadix or other inflorescence involucre a highly conspicuous bract or bract pair or ring of bracts at the base of an inflorescence glume small dry membranous bract found in inflorescences of Gramineae and Cyperaceae squamule a minute scale betel leaf a leaf of a vine from the betel pepper simple leaf a leaf that is not divided into parts compound leaf a leaf composed of a number of leaflets on a common stalk trifoliolate leaf having three leaflets quinquefoliate leaf a compound leaf having five leaflets palmate leaf a leaf resembling an open hand; having lobes radiating from a common point pinnate leaf a leaf resembling a feather; having the leaflets on each side of a common axis bijugate leaf a pinnate leaf having two pairs of leaflets decompound leaf a leaf having divisions that are themselves compound acerate leaf the leaf of a conifer acuminate leaf a leaf narrowing to a slender point cordate leaf a heart-shaped leaf cuneate leaf a wedge-shaped leaf having the acute angle at the base deltoid leaf a simple leaf shaped like a capital delta elliptic leaf a simple leaf shaped like an ellipse ensiform leaf a sword-shaped leaf; as of iris hastate leaf a leaf shaped like a spearhead with flaring pointed lobes at the base lanceolate leaf a leaf shaped like a lance head; tapering to a point at each end linear leaf a long slender leaf lyrate leaf a simple leaf having curvature suggestive of a lyre obtuse leaf a simple leaf having a rounded or blunt tip oblanceolate leaf a leaf having a rounded apex and tapering base oblong leaf a simple leaf that is rounded at each end with parallel sides obovate leaf an egg-shaped leaf with the narrower end at the base ovate leaf an egg-shaped leaf with the broader end at the base orbiculate leaf circular or nearly circular leaf pandurate leaf a fiddle-shaped leaf peltate leaf a shield-shaped leaf; as a nasturtium leaf perfoliate leaf a leaf with the base united around--and apparently pierced by--the stem reniform leaf a simple kidney-shaped leaf sagittate-leaf a leaf shaped like an arrow head spatulate leaf spatula-shaped leaf; having a broad rounded apex and narrow base bipinnate leaf a leaf having pinnate leaflets; as ferns even-pinnate leaf a pinnate leaf with a pair of leaflets at the apex odd-pinnate leaf a pinnate leaf with a single leaflet at the apex pedate leaf a leaf having the radiating lobes each deeply cleft or divided entire leaf a leaf having a smooth margin without notches or indentations crenate leaf a leaf having a scalloped margin serrate leaf a leaf having a margin notched like a saw with teeth pointing toward the apex dentate leaf a leaf having a toothed margin denticulate leaf a leaf having a finely toothed margin; minutely dentate emarginate leaf a leaf having a notch at the apex erose leaf a leaf having a jagged margin as though gnawed runcinate leaf a leaf having incised margins with the lobes or teeth curved toward the base; as a dandelion leaf lobed leaf a leaf having deeply indented margins parallel-veined leaf a leaf whose veins run in parallel from the stem parted leaf a leaf having margins incised almost to the base so as to create distinct divisions or lobes prickly-edged leaf a leaf having prickly margins ligule (botany) any appendage to a plant that is shaped like a strap angostura bark the bitter bark of a South American tree; used in medicines and liqueurs and bitters culm stem of plants of the Gramineae deadwood a branch or a part of a tree that is dead haulm stems of beans and peas and potatoes and grasses collectively as used for thatching and bedding branchlet a small branch or division of a branch (especially a terminal division); usually applied to branches of the current or preceding year leaf bud a bud from which leaves (but not flowers) develop flower bud a bud from which only a flower or flowers develop mixed bud a bud yielding both leaves and flowers bough any of the larger branches of a tree burl a large rounded outgrowth on the trunk or branch of a tree the wood cut from a tree burl or outgrowth; often used decoratively in veneer remove the burls from cloth fern family families of ferns and fern allies fern genus genera of ferns and fern allies Filicopsida ferns Filicales true (leptosporangiate) ferns Gleicheniaceae a family of ferns belonging to order Filicales Gleichenia type genus of Gleicheniaceae: leptosporangiate ferns with sessile sporangia; South Africa to Malaysia and New Zealand Dicranopteris terrestrial ferns of forest margin or open ground; pantropical Diplopterygium scandent thicket-forming ferns of Asia to western Pacific giant scrambling fern large scrambling fern forming large patches to 18 feet high; Pacific region and China Sticherus umbrella ferns; warm regions of Australia and New Zealand umbrella fern large Australasian fern with fanlike repeatedly forked fronds; sometimes placed in genus Gleichenia Parkeriaceae coextensive with the genus Ceratopteris; sometimes included in family Polypodiaceae Ceratopteris water ferns floating fern aquatic fern of tropical America often used in aquariums pantropical aquatic fern Polypodiaceae ferns: a large family that in some classification systems has been subdivided into several families (including Aspleniaceae and Blechnaceae and Davalliaceae and Dennstaedtiaceae and Dryopteridaceae and Oleandraceae and Pteridaceae) Polypodium a genus of ferns belonging to the family Polypodiaceae and having rounded naked sori polypody any of numerous ferns of the genus Polypodium licorice fern fern having rootstock of a sweetish flavor grey polypody fern growing on rocks or tree trunks and having fronds greyish and scurfy below; Americas and South Africa rock polypody chiefly lithophytic or epiphytic fern of North America and east Asia common polypody mat-forming lithophytic or terrestrial fern with creeping rootstocks and large pinnatifid fronds found throughout North America and Europe and Africa and east Asia Aglaomorpha epiphytic ferns of tropical Asia bear's-paw fern epiphytic fern with large fronds; Taiwan and Philippines Campyloneurum epiphytic ferns of tropical America strap fern fern with long narrow strap-shaped leaves Florida strap fern common epiphytic or sometimes terrestrial fern having pale yellow-green strap-shaped leaves; Florida to West Indies and Mexico and south to Uruguay Central American strap fern fern with shorter and narrower leaves than Florida strap fern; Florida to West Indies and Mexico and south to Argentina Drymoglossum epiphytic ferns of Madagascar to tropical Asia and New Guinea Drynaria large robust epiphytic ferns of tropical forest and scrub; Africa and Asia and Australia basket fern giant epiphytic or lithophytic fern; Asia to Polynesia and Australia tropical American fern cultivated for its finely divided greyish-green foliage; West Indies and southern Mexico to Peru and Brazil genus Lecanopteris epiphytic ferns of southeastern Asia to New Guinea lecanopteris any of several bizarre ferns of the genus Lecanopteris having swollen hollow rhizomes that provide homes for symbiotic ants Microgramma epiphytic ferns of tropical America and Africa snake polypody epiphytic ferns with long rhizomes; tropical America Microsorium tropical usually epiphytic ferns; Africa to Asia and Polynesia to Australia climbing bird's nest fern tropical Africa to Australasia and Polynesia Phlebodium chiefly epiphytic tropical ferns with free veins bearing sori golden polypody tropical American fern with brown scaly rhizomes cultivated for its large deeply lobed deep bluish-green fronds; sometimes placed in genus Polypodium Platycerium often epiphytic tropical Old World ferns staghorn fern any of various tropical ferns of the genus Platycerium having large flat lobed fronds often resembling the antlers of a stag South American staghorn fern of Peru and Bolivia common staghorn fern commonly cultivated fern of Australia and southeastern Asia and Polynesia Pyrrosia epiphytic or lithophytic or terrestrial ferns of tropical Old World felt fern east Asian fern having fronds shaped like tongues; sometimes placed in genus Cyclophorus Solanopteris tropical American epiphytic ferns having rhizomes with tubers and roots as well as scales potato fern small epiphytic fern of South America with tuberous swellings along rhizomes large Australasian evergreen fern with an edible rhizome sometimes used as a vegetable by indigenous people Cyclophorus tropical Old World ferns having closely crowded circular sori and no indusia myrmecophyte plant that affords shelter or food to ants that live in symbiotic relations with it Adiantaceae used in some classification systems for some genera of the family Polypodiaceae (or Pteridaceae) Vittariaceae one of a number of families into which Polypodiaceae has been subdivided in some classification systems: genus Vittaria Vittaria tropical epiphytic ferns with straplike fronds grass fern epiphytic fern found in lowland forests of tropical America Aspleniaceae one of a number of families into which Polypodiaceae has been subdivided in some classification systems; includes genera Asplenium, Pleurosorus, Schaffneria Asplenium in some classification systems placed in family Polypodiaceae spleenwort any of various chiefly rock-inhabiting ferns of the genus Asplenium black spleenwort spleenwort of Europe and Africa and Asia having pinnate fronds and yielding an astringent bird's nest fern tropical Old World or Australian epiphytic fern frequently forming tufts in tree crotches ebony spleenwort common North American fern with polished black stripes black-stem spleenwort fern of tropical America: from southern United States to West Indies and Mexico to Brazil Camptosorus classification used in some especially former systems for plants usually placed in genus Asplenium walking fern ferns having lanceolate fronds that root at the tip maidenhair spleenwort small rock-inhabiting fern of northern temperate zone and Hawaii with pinnate fronds green spleenwort a small fern with slim green fronds; widely distributed in cool parts of northern hemisphere mountain spleenwort a spleenwort of eastern North America wall rue small delicate spleenwort found on a steep slope (as a wall or cliff) of Eurasia and North America Bradley's spleenwort a spleenwort of eastern to southern United States lobed spleenwort a spleenwort of eastern and southern United States lanceolate spleenwort a spleenwort of western Europe hart's-tongue Eurasian fern with simple lanceolate fronds tropical American terrestrial fern with leathery lanceolate fronds; sometimes placed in genus Polybotrya Ceterach small genus of Old World ferns; superseded in some classification systems which place plants of this genus in e.g. genera Asplenium and Pleurosorus scale fern small European fern with chaffy leathery fronds Pleurosorus small genus comprising terrestrial ferns; found in Chile and Spain and Morocco and Australia and New Zealand Schaffneria one species Schaffneria nigripes a fern of the genus Schaffneria Phyllitis a genus of ferns belonging to the family Polypodiaceae (in some classification systems included in genus Asplenium) scolopendrium a fern thought to resemble a millipede Blechnaceae one of a number of families into which the family Polypodiaceae has been subdivided in some classification systems; includes genera Blechnum, Doodia, Sadleria, Stenochlaena, and Woodwardia Blechnum in some classification systems placed in family Polypodiaceae; terrestrial ferns of cosmopolitan distribution mainly in southern hemisphere: hard ferns hard fern any of several ferns of the genus Blechnum deer fern fern with erect fronds of Europe and western North America; often cultivated for deer browse genus Doodia in some classification systems placed in family Polypodiaceae; small terrestrial colony-forming ferns of Australasia doodia any fern of the genus Doodia having pinnate fronds with sharply dentate pinnae Sadleria low tree ferns with large fronds; in rain forests and on lava flows of Hawaiian Islands Stenochlaena large tropical ferns; some epiphytic climbers and some terrestrial bog ferns; Africa; Asia; Australasia Woodwardia in some classification systems placed in family Polypodiaceae: chain ferns chain fern a fern of the genus Woodwardia having the sori in chainlike rows Virginia chain fern North American fern tree fern any of numerous usually tropical ferns having a thick woody stem or caudex and a crown of large fronds; found especially in Australia and New Zealand; chiefly of the families Cyatheaceae and Marattiaceae but some from Polypodiaceae Cyatheaceae tropical tree ferns Cyathea type genus of the Cyatheaceae: tree ferns of the tropical rain forest to temperate woodlands silver tree fern a showy tree fern of New Zealand and Australia having a crown of pinnated fronds with whitish undersides Davalliaceae one of a number of families into which Polypodiaceae has been subdivided in some classification systems genus Davallia Old World tropical fern; in some classification systems placed directly in family Polypodiaceae davallia any fern of the genus Davallia; having scaly creeping rhizomes hare's-foot fern either of two ferns of the genus Davallia having a soft grey hairy rootstock Canary Island hare's foot fern fern of the Canary Islands and Madeira Australian hare's foot a hare's-foot fern of the genus Davallia squirrel's-foot fern feathery fern of tropical Asia and Malaysia Dennstaedtiaceae one of a number of families into which Polypodiaceae has been subdivided in some classification systems Dennstaedtia chiefly terrestrial ferns; in some classification systems placed in family Polypodiaceae hay-scented fern of eastern North America with pale green fronds and an aroma like hay Pteridium a genus of ferns belonging to the family Dennstaedtiaceae bracken large coarse fern often several feet high; essentially weed ferns; cosmopolitan fern of southeastern Asia; not hardy in cold temperate regions Dicksoniaceae tree ferns: genera Dicksonia, Cibotium, Culcita, and Thyrsopteris elegans Dicksonia tree ferns of temperate Australasia having bipinnatifid or tripinnatifid fronds and usually marginal sori; in some classification systems placed in family Cyatheaceae soft tree fern of Australia and Tasmania; often cultivated; hardy in cool climates Cibotium in some classification systems placed in family Cyatheaceae: ornamental tree ferns with coarse gracefully drooping fronds Scythian lamb Asiatic tree fern having dense matted hairs sometimes used as a styptic Culcita includes some plants usually placed in e.g. genus Dicksonia: terrestrial ferns resembling bracken; tropical America; Malaysia to Australia and Polynesia; southwestern Europe and Atlantic islands false bracken resembles Pteridium aquilinum; of Queensland, Australia genus Thyrsopteris one species thyrsopteris a terrestrial tree fern of South America Dryopteridaceae alternative names for one of a number of families into which the family Polypodiaceae has been subdivided in some classification systems shield fern any of various ferns of the genera Dryopteris or Polystichum or Lastreopsis having somewhat shield-shaped coverings on the sori Dryopteris large widespread genus of medium-sized terrestrial ferns; in some classification systems placed in Polypodiaceae broad buckler-fern European shield fern fragrant cliff fern fern or northern Eurasia and North America having fragrant fronds Goldie's fern North American fern with a blackish lustrous stipe wood fern any of various ferns of the genus Dryopteris male fern fern of North America and Europe whose rhizomes and stalks yield an oleoresin used to expel tapeworms marginal wood fern North American fern with evergreen fronds mountain male fern a fern of the genus Dryopteris Athyrium temperate and tropical lady ferns; in some classifications placed in family Polypodiaceae or in the genus Asplenium lady fern most widely grown fern of the genus Athyrium for its delicate foliage Alpine lady fern a lady fern with deeply cut leaf segments; found in the Rocky Mountains silvery spleenwort North American fern with narrow fronds on yellowish leafstalks fern with elongate silvery outgrowths enclosing the developing spores Cyrtomium small genus of tropical Asiatic greenhouse ferns; in some classifications placed in Polypodiaceae holly fern tropical Old World fern having glossy fronds suggestive of holly; sometimes placed in genus Polystichum any of various ferns of the genus Polystichum having fronds with texture and gloss like holly Cystopteris chiefly small perennial rock ferns: bladder ferns; in some classifications placed in Polypodiaceae bladder fern any fern of the genus Cystopteris characterized by a hooded indusium or bladderlike membrane covering the sori brittle bladder fern delicate fern widely distributed in North America and European having thin pinnatifid fronds with brittle stems mountain bladder fern fern of rocky mountainous areas of hemisphere bulblet fern North American fern often bearing bulbils on the leaflets Deparia classification used for 5 species of terrestrial ferns usually placed in other genera Diacalpa one species: delicate fern of foothills of Himalayas Gymnocarpium oak ferns: in some classification systems included in genus Thelypteris oak fern bright blue-green fern widely distributed especially in damp acid woodlands of temperate northern hemisphere limestone fern yellow-green fern of rocky areas of northern hemisphere Lastreopsis tropical terrestrial shield ferns Matteuccia small genus sometimes included in genus Onoclea; in some classifications both genera are placed in Polypodiaceae ostrich fern tall fern of northern temperate regions having graceful arched fronds and sporophylls resembling ostrich plumes Olfersia genus of fern having only one species Onoclea one species: sensitive fern; in some classifications included in Polypodiaceae sensitive fern beautiful spreading fern of eastern North America and eastern Asia naturalized in western Europe; pinnately divided fronds show a slight tendency to fold when touched; pinnules enclose groups of sori in beadlike lobes Polybotrya tropical American ferns; usually terrestrial when young but scandent later Polystichum small to medium-sized terrestrial ferns especially holly ferns; in some classification systems placed in Polypodiaceae Christmas fern North American evergreen fern having pinnate leaves and dense clusters of lance-shaped fronds Braun's holly fern North American fern whose more or less evergreen leathery fronds are covered with pale brown chafflike scales northern holly fern evergreen European fern widely cultivated western holly fern North American fern soft shield fern European shield fern cultivated in many varieties Rumohra leatherleaf ferns: in some classifications included in genus Polystichum leather fern widely distributed fern of tropical southern hemisphere having leathery pinnatifid fronds Tectaria terrestrial or epilithic ferns of tropical rain forests button fern Jamaican fern having round buttonlike bulbils fern of New Zealand and Australia having trailing fronds with dark green buttonlike leaflets Indian button fern fern of tropical Asia having round buttonlike bulbils genus Woodsia genus of small to medium-sized usually rock-inhabiting ferns of temperate and cold regions; in some classification systems placed in Polypodiaceae woodsia any fern of the genus Woodsia rusty woodsia a common rock-inhabiting fern of northern temperate regions having rusty-brown stipes and lanceolate pinnate fronds Alpine woodsia slender fern of northern North America with shining chestnut-colored stipes and bipinnate fronds with usually distinct marginal sori smooth woodsia rock-inhabiting fern of Arctic and subarctic Europe to eastern Asia Lomariopsidaceae small family of usually scandent ferns Bolbitis terrestrial or less than normally scandent ferns of tropical regions of northern hemisphere Lomogramma large scandent ferns of southeastern Asia Lophosoriaceae very small family of tree ferns Lophosoria one species: tree fern of Central and South America Loxomataceae very small family of New Zealand ferns Loxoma one species of terrestrial ferns of New Zealand Oleandraceae one of a number of families into which Polypodiaceae has been subdivided in some classification systems Oleandra or family Polypodiaceae: tropical epiphytic or terrestrial ferns oleander fern tropical fern having leathery fronds resembling oleander; found from Asia to Polynesia Arthropteris tropical and subtropical Old World epiphytic or lithophytic ferns Nephrolepis small genus of tropical ferns; sometimes placed in Polypodiaceae sword fern any of several tropical ferns having more or less sword-shaped fronds including one from which the Boston fern developed Boston fern a sword fern with arching or drooping pinnate fronds; a popular houseplant Pteridaceae one of a number of families into which the family Polypodiaceae has been subdivided in some classification systems; Pteridaceae is itself in turn sometimes further subdivided Acrostichum in some classification systems placed in family Polypodiaceae golden fern stout tropical swamp fern (especially tropical America) having large fronds with golden yellow sporangia covering the undersides tropical American fern having fronds with light golden undersides Actiniopteris terrestrial ferns of tropical Asia and Africa Adiantum cosmopolitan genus of ferns: maidenhair ferns; in some classification systems placed in family Polypodiaceae or Adiantaceae maidenhair any of various small to large terrestrial ferns of the genus Adiantum having delicate palmately branched fronds common maidenhair delicate maidenhair fern with slender shining black leaf stalks; cosmopolitan American maidenhair fern hardy palmately branched North American fern with divergent recurved branches borne on lustrous dark reddish stipes Bermuda maidenhair delicate endemic Bermudian fern with creeping rootstock brittle maidenhair tropical American fern with broad pinnae; widely cultivated Farley maidenhair named for a country house in Barbados where it was discovered Anogramma a genus of ferns belonging to the family Pteridaceae annual fern small short-lived fern of Central and South America Cheilanthes small evergreen ferns: lipferns; in some classifications placed in family Polypodiaceae or Adiantaceae lip fern any of various terrestrial ferns of the genus Cheilanthes; cosmopolitan in arid and semiarid temperate or tropical regions smooth lip fern southeastern United States to northern Mexico and Jamaica lace fern small tufted fern of northwestern America wooly lip fern small North American evergreen fern whose stipes and lower frond surfaces are densely wooly southwestern lip fern lip fern of Texas to Oklahoma and Colorado and Arizona and Mexico having tall erect tufted fronds Coniogramme terrestrial ferns of Pacific islands and Asia bamboo fern fast-growing sturdy Japanese fern; cultivated for their attractive broad dark-green pinnate fronds Cryptogramma sometimes placed in family Polypodiaceae or Cryptogrammataceae rock brake dwarf deciduous lithophytic ferns American rock brake rock-inhabiting fern of northern North America growing in massive tufts and having fronds resembling parsley European parsley fern fern of Europe and Asia Minor having short slender rhizome and densely tufted bright green fronds resembling parsley Doryopteris small to medium tropical tufted ferns; sometimes placed in family Adiantaceae hand fern tropical American fern with coarsely lobed to palmatifid fronds Jamesonia xerophytic ferns of South America Onychium small terrestrial ferns of Old World tropics and subtropics: clawed ferns; sometimes placed in family Cryptogrammataceae Pellaea genus of chiefly small rock-loving ferns; in some classification systems it is placed in the family Polypodiaceae or Adiantaceae cliff brake any of several small lithophytic ferns of tropical and warm temperate regions coffee fern evergreen fern of California and Baja California purple rock brake very short shallowly creeping North American fern usually growing on cliffs or walls and having dark glossy leaf axes bird's-foot fern cliff brake of California and Baja California having purple-brown leafstalks Pityrogramma terrestrial tropical ferns having fronds with powdery yellowish or white undersides; sometimes placed in family Polypodiaceae or Adiantaceae silver fern fern of southern tropical Africa having fronds with white undersides tropical American fern having fronds with white undersides gold fern fern of West Indies and South America having fronds with bright golden-yellow undersides Pteris large genus of terrestrial ferns of tropics and subtropics; sometimes placed in family Polypodiaceae Pteris cretica cultivated in many varieties as houseplants spider brake Asiatic fern introduced in America Marattiales lower ferns coextensive with the family Marattiaceae Marattiaceae constituting the order Marattiales: chiefly tropical eusporangiate ferns with gigantic fronds Marattia type genus of the Marattiaceae: ferns having the sporangia fused together in two rows genus Angiopteris one species: tree fern angiopteris highly variable species of very large primitive ferns of the Pacific tropical areas with high rainfall Danaea fairly small terrestrial ferns of tropical America Psilopsida whisk ferns; comprising the family Psilotaceae or Psilotatae: vascular plants with no roots, partial if any leaf differentiation, and rudimentary spore sacs Psilotales lower vascular plants having dichotomously branched sporophyte divided into aerial shoot and rhizome and lacking true roots Psilotaceae small family of lower ferns having nearly naked stems and minute scalelike leaves Psilotum type genus of the Psilotaceae whisk fern chiefly tropical clump-forming plants of skeletal appearance resembling whisk brooms; lacking roots skeleton fork fern pantropical epiphytic or terrestrial whisk fern with usually dull yellow branches and minute leaves; America; Japan; Australia Psilophytales Paleozoic simple dichotomously branched plants of Europe and eastern Canada including the oldest known vascular land plants psilophyte any plant of the order Psilophytales: a savannah plant Psilophytaceae Paleozoic plants genus Psilophyton type genus of the Psilophytaceae: genus of small wiry herbaceous Paleozoic plants with underground rhizomes and apical sporangia psilophyton any plant or fossil of the genus Psilophyton Rhyniaceae primitive plants of the Paleozoic Rhynia type genus of the Rhyniaceae; small leafless dichotomously branching fossil plants with terminal sporangia and smooth branching rhizomes Horneophyton Devonian fossil plant considered one of the earliest forms of vascular land plants; similar to genus Rhynia but smaller Sphenopsida horsetails and related forms Equisetales lower tracheophytes in existence since the Devonian Equisetaceae sole surviving family of the Equisetales: fern allies Equisetum horsetails; coextensive with the family Equisetaceae horsetail perennial rushlike flowerless herbs with jointed hollow stems and narrow toothlike leaves that spread by creeping rhizomes; tend to become weedy; common in northern hemisphere; some in Africa and South America common horsetail of Eurasia and Greenland and North America swamp horsetail Eurasia; northern North America to Virginia scouring rush evergreen erect horsetail with rough-edged stems; formerly used for scouring utensils marsh horsetail scouring-rush horsetail widely distributed in wet or boggy areas of northern hemisphere wood horsetail Eurasia except southern Russia; northern North America variegated horsetail northern North America; Greenland; northern and central Europe Lycopsida club mosses and related forms: includes Lycopodiales; Isoetales; Selaginellales; and extinct Lepidodendrales; sometimes considered a subdivision of Tracheophyta Lycophyta used in some classifications for the class Lycopsida: club mosses Lycopodineae alternative designation for the class Lycopsida club moss primitive evergreen moss-like plant with spores in club-shaped strobiles Lepidodendrales fossil arborescent plants arising during the early Devonian and conspicuous throughout the Carboniferous Lepidodendraceae fossil plants characterized by conspicuous spirally arranged leaf scars on the trunk Lycopodiales lower vascular plants coextensive with the family Lycopodiaceae; in some classifications includes the Selaginellaceae and Isoetaceae Lycopodiaceae a family of ferns belonging to the order Lycopodiales Lycopodium type and sole genus of the Lycopodiaceae; erect or creeping evergreen plants often used for Christmas decorations shining clubmoss a variety of club moss alpine clubmoss a variety of club moss fir clubmoss of northern Europe and America; resembling a miniature fir running pine a variety of club moss ground fir a variety of club moss foxtail grass ground pine thickly covered with bristly leaves; widely distributed in barren sandy or peaty moist coastal regions of eastern and southeastern United States Selaginellales in some classifications included in Lycopodiales Selaginellaceae lesser club mosses: terrestrial chiefly tropical plants resembling mosses Selaginella type and sole genus of the Selaginellaceae; evergreen moss-like plants: spike moss and little club moss spikemoss any of numerous fern allies of the genus Selaginella meadow spikemoss spikemoss forming dense mats; eastern North America rock spikemoss tufted spikemoss forming loose spreading mats; eastern North America desert selaginella prostrate spikemoss; California resurrection plant densely tufted fern ally of southwestern United States to Peru; curls up in a tight ball when dry and expands and grows under moist conditions florida selaginella occurs widely in Florida Isoetales aquatic or marsh-growing fern allies; known to have existed since the Cenozoic; sometimes included in Lycopodiales Isoetaceae quillworts; coextensive with the genus Isoetes Isoetes type and genus of the Isoetaceae and sole extant genus of the order Isoetales quillwort any of several spore-bearing aquatic or marsh plants having short rhizomes and leaves resembling quills; worldwide except Polynesia Geoglossaceae a family of fungi belonging to the order Helotiales Geoglossum type genus of the Geoglossaceae comprising the earthtongues earthtongue any club-shaped fungus of the genus Geoglossum Cryptogrammataceae one of a number of families into which the family Polypodiaceae has been subdivided in some classification systems Thelypteridaceae genera Thelypteris, Phegopteris, and others Thelypteris marsh ferns: in some classification systems considered part of genus Dryopteris in family Dryopteridaceae marsh fern fern having pinnatifid fronds and growing in wet places; cosmopolitan in north temperate regions snuffbox fern fern of northeastern North America Amauropelta epiphytic or terrestrial ferns of America and Africa and Polynesia genus Christella medium to large terrestrial ferns of tropical forests of Old World to Americas christella any of several tropical ferns of the genus Christella having thin brittle fronds Cyclosorus small genus of terrestrial ferns of tropical and subtropical southern hemisphere Goniopteris terrestrial ferns of Florida and West Indies to Central and South America Macrothelypteris medium to large terrestrial ferns of tropical Asia to Polynesia and Australia; naturalized in Americas Meniscium terrestrial ferns of tropical Americas Oreopteris 3 species of ferns formerly included in genus Dryopteris or Thelypteris mountain fern common European mountain fern having fragrant lemon or balsam scented fronds Parathelypteris terrestrial ferns of warm and tropical Asia and North America New York fern slender shield fern of moist woods of eastern North America; sometimes placed in genus Dryopteris Massachusetts fern delicate feathery shield fern of the eastern United States; sometimes placed in genus Thelypteris Phegopteris beech ferns: genus is variously classified: considered alternative name for genus Dryopteris or included in genus Thelypteris beech fern any fern of the genus Phegopteris having deeply cut triangular fronds broad beech fern beech fern of North American woodlands having straw-colored stripes long beech fern beech fern of North America and Eurasia rhizomorph a dense mass of hyphae forming a root-like structure characteristic of many fungi Armillaria genus of edible mushrooms having white spores an annulus and blue juice; some are edible; some cause root rot shoestring fungus any of several fungi of the genus Armillaria that form brown stringy rhizomorphs and cause destructive rot of the roots of some trees such as apples or maples Armillaria caligata fungus with a brown cap and white gills and a membranous ring halfway up the stalk Armillaria ponderosa a large white mushroom that develops brown stains as it ages; gills are white; odor is spicy and aromatic; collected commercially for oriental cooking the Pacific Northwest Armillaria zelleri a large fungus with viscid cap that dries and turns brown with age; gills are off-white Armillariella a honey-colored diminutive form of genus Armillaria; grows in clusters; edible (when cooked) but most attention has been on how to get rid of it honey mushroom a honey-colored edible mushroom commonly associated with the roots of trees in late summer and fall; do not eat raw Asclepiadaceae widely distributed family of herbs and shrubs of the order Gentianales; most with milky juice asclepiad any plant of the family Asclepiadaceae Asclepias genus of chiefly North American perennial herbs: silkweed; milkweed white milkweed tall herb with leafless white waxy stems and whitish starlike flowers; southwestern United States blood flower tropical herb having orange-red flowers followed by pods suggesting a swallow with outspread wings; a weed throughout the tropics poke milkweed milkweed of the eastern United States with leaves resembling those of pokeweed swamp milkweed densely branching perennial of the eastern United States with white to crimson or purple flowers Mead's milkweed milkweed of central North America; a threatened species purple silkweed perennial of eastern North America having pink-purple flowers showy milkweed milkweed of southern North America having large starry purple and pink flowers poison milkweed milkweed of southwestern United States and Mexico; poisonous to livestock butterfly weed erect perennial of eastern and southern United States having showy orange flowers whorled milkweed milkweed of the eastern United States with narrow leaves in whorls and greenish-white flowers Araujia small genus of South American evergreen vines cruel plant robust twining shrub having racemes of fragrant white or pink flowers with flat spreading terminal petals that trap nocturnal moths and hold them until dawn genus Cynancum genus of perennial tropical African lianas cynancum any of various mostly giant tropical lianas of Africa and Madagascar having greenish or purple flowers and long smooth pods; roots formerly used as an emetic genus Hoya large genus of climbing shrubs of Australia and Asia and Polynesia hoya any plant of the genus Hoya having fleshy leaves and usually nectariferous flowers honey plant a plant that furnishes nectar suitable for making honey wax plant succulent climber of southern Asia with umbels of pink and white star-shaped flowers Periploca genus of woody vines of warm regions of the Old World silk vine deciduous climber for arches and fences having ill-scented but interesting flowers and poisonous yellow fruits; cultivated for its dark shining foliage; southeastern Europe to Asia Minor Sarcostemma succulent subshrubs or vines; tropical and subtropical India and Africa and Malaysia soma leafless East Indian vine; its sour milky juice formerly used to make an intoxicating drink genus Stapelia genus of foul-smelling plants resembling cacti; found from Africa to East India stapelia any of various plants of the genus Stapelia having succulent leafless toothed stems resembling cacti and large foul-smelling (often star-shaped) flowers Stapelias asterias stapelia of Cape Province having mostly dark red-brown flowers with flat starlike corollas genus Stephanotis genus of Old World tropical woody vines stephanotis any of various evergreen climbing shrubs of the genus Stephanotis having fragrant waxy flowers Madagascar jasmine twining woody vine of Madagascar having thick dark waxy evergreen leaves and clusters of large fragrant waxy white flowers along the stems; widely cultivated in warm regions Vincetoxicum genus of chiefly tropical American vines having cordate leaves and large purple or greenish cymose flowers; supposedly having powers as an antidote negro vine twining vine with hairy foliage and dark purplish-brown flowers zygospore a plant spore formed by two similar sexual cells old growth forest or woodland having a mature or overly mature ecosystem more or less uninfluenced by human activity second growth a second growth of trees covering an area where the original stand was destroyed by fire or cutting tree of knowledge the biblical tree in the Garden of Eden whose forbidden fruit was tasted by Adam and Eve ownership the relation of an owner to the thing possessed; possession with the right to transfer possession to others the state or fact of being an owner severalty exclusive individual ownership property right the legal right of ownership preemptive right the right granting to shareholders the first opportunity to buy a new issue of stock; provides protection against dilution of the shareholder's ownership interest subscription right the right of a shareholder in a company to subscribe to shares of a new issue of common stock before it is offered to the public stock option a benefit given by a company to an employee in the form of an option to buy stock in the company at a discount or at a fixed price; "stock options are not much use as an incentive if the price at which they can be exercised is out of reach" the right to buy or sell a stock at a specified price within a stated period lock-up option an option to buy the crown jewels offered to a white knight in order to forestall a hostile takeover tenure the right to hold property; part of an ancient hierarchical system of holding lands the term during which some position is held give life-time employment to; "She was tenured after she published her book" copyhold a medieval form of land tenure in England; a copyhold was a parcel of land granted to a peasant by the lord of the manor in return for agricultural services freehold tenure by which land is held in fee simple or for life an estate held in fee simple or for life villeinage tenure by which a villein held land the legal status or condition of servitude of a villein or feudal serf stock buyback a corporation's purchase of its own outstanding stock; increases earnings/share so stock price rises (which can discourage a takeover attempt) public domain property rights that are held by the public at large proprietorship an unincorporated business owned by a single person who is responsible for its liabilities and entitled to its profits employee ownership ownership of a business by the people who work for it tangible possession property or belongings that are tangible worldly possessions all the property that someone possesses; "he left all his worldly possessions to his daughter" ratables property that provides tax income for local governments hereditament any property (real or personal or mixed) that can be inherited intellectual property intangible property that is the result of creativity (such as patents or trademarks or copyrights) community property property and income belonging jointly to a married couple personal property movable property (as distinguished from real estate) chattel personal as opposed to real property; any tangible movable property (furniture or domestic animals or a car etc) effects property of a personal character that is portable but not used in business; "she left some of her personal effects in the house"; "I watched over their effects until they returned" things any movable possession (especially articles of clothing); "she packed her things and left" real property property consisting of houses and land estate extensive landed property (especially in the country) retained by the owner for his own use; "the family owned a large estate on Long Island" everything you own; all of your assets (whether real property or personal property) and liabilities commonage property held in common glebe plot of land belonging to an English parish church or an ecclesiastical office landholding a holding in the form of land ownership of land; the state or fact of owning land shareholding a holding in the form of shares of corporations spiritualty property or income owned by a church temporalty the worldly possessions of a church benefice an endowed church office giving income to its holder endow with a benefice car rental a rented car; "she picked up a hire car at the airport and drove to her hotel" trade-in an item of property that is given in part payment for a new one sublease a lease from one lessee to another public property property owned by a government leasehold land or property held under a lease smallholding a piece of land under 50 acres that is sold or let to someone for cultivation farmstead the buildings and adjacent grounds of a farm fief a piece of land held under the feudal system mortmain real property held inalienably (as by an ecclesiastical corporation) money wealth reckoned in terms of money; "all his money is in real estate" the most common medium of exchange; functions as legal tender; "we tried to collect the money he owed us" the official currency issued by a government or national bank; "he changed his money into francs" gross estate the total valuation of the estate's assets at the time of the person's death net estate the estate remaining after debts and funeral expenses and administrative expenses have been deducted from the gross estate; the estate then left to be distributed (and subject to federal and state inheritance taxes) life estate (law) an estate whose duration is limited to the life of the person holding it countryseat an estate in the country Crown land land that belongs to the Crown seigneury the estate of a seigneur plantation an estate where cash crops are grown on a large scale (especially in tropical areas) orangery a place where oranges are grown; a plantation of orange trees in warm climes or a greenhouse in cooler areas transferred property a possession whose ownership changes or lapses travel bargain a bargain rate for travellers on commercial routes (usually air routes) appanage a grant (by a sovereign or a legislative body) of resources to maintain a dependent member of a ruling family; "bishoprics were received as appanages for the younger sons of great families" any customary and rightful perquisite appropriate to your station in life; "for thousands of years the chair was an appanage of state and dignity rather than an article of ordinary use" land grant a grant of public land (as to a railway or college) gain the amount by which the revenue of a business exceeds its cost of operating increase (one's body weight); "She gained 20 pounds when she stopped exercising" increase or develop; "the peace movement gained momentum"; "the car gathers speed" obtain advantages, such as points, etc.; "The home team was gaining ground"; "After defeating the Knicks, the Blazers pulled ahead of the Lakers in the battle for the number-one playoff berth in the Western Conference"; "win points" earn on some commercial or business transaction; earn as salary or wages; "How much do you make a month in your new job?"; "She earns a lot in her new job"; "this merger brought in lots of money"; "He clears $5,000 each month" financial gain the amount of monetary gain income the financial gain (earned or unearned) accruing over a given period of time disposable income income (after taxes) that is available to you for saving or spending double dipping two incomes received from the same source (as by holding a government job and receiving a government pension) easy money income obtained with a minimum of effort the economic condition in which credit is easy to secure EBITDA income before interest and taxes and depreciation and amortization have been subtracted; an indicator of a company's profitability that is watched by investors (especially in leveraged buyouts) tight money the economic condition in which credit is difficult to secure and interest rates are high escheat the property that reverts to the state a reversion to the state (as the ultimate owner of property) in the absence of legal heirs gross the entire amount of income before any deductions are made twelve dozen earn before taxes, expenses, etc. repellently fat; "a bald porcine old man" lacking fine distinctions or detail; "the gross details of the structure appear reasonable" before any deductions; "gross income" national income the total value of all income in a nation (wages and profits and interest and rents and pension payments) during a given period (usually 1 yr) gross national product former measure of the United States economy; the total market value of goods and services produced by all citizens and capital during a given period (usually 1 yr) real gross national product a version of the GNP that has been adjusted for the effects of inflation gross domestic product the measure of an economy adopted by the United States in 1991; the total market values of goods and services produced by workers and capital within a nation's borders during a given period (usually 1 year) deflator a statistical factor designed to remove the effect of inflation; inflation adjusted variables are in constant dollars net income the excess of revenues over outlays in a given period of time (including depreciation and other non-cash expenses) paper profit an unrealized gain on an investment calculated by subtracting the investor's cost from the current market price paper loss an unrealized loss on an investment calculated by subtracting the current market price from the investor's cost cash flow the excess of cash revenues over cash outlays in a give period of time (not including non-cash expenses) personal income the income received by a single individual earning per share the portion of a company's profit allocated to each outstanding share of common stock windfall profit profit that occurs unexpectedly as a consequence of some event not controlled by those who profit from it winnings something won (especially money) rental income income received from rental properties fast buck quick or easy earnings; "they are traders out to make a fast buck" filthy lucre shameful profit; "he would sell his soul for filthy lucre" gross profit (finance) the net sales minus the cost of goods and services sold gross sales income (at invoice values) received for goods and services over some given period of time net sales gross sales reduced by customer discounts, returns, freight out, and allowances margin of profit the ratio gross profits divided by net sales unearned income (accounting) income received but not yet earned (usually considered a current liability on a company's balance sheet) personal income that you did not earn (e.g., dividends or interest or rent income) government income income available to the government tax income government income due to taxation internal revenue government revenue from domestic sources (excluding customs) per capita income the total national income divided by the number of people in the nation stolen property property that has been stolen loot goods or money obtained illegally take illegally; of intellectual property; "This writer plundered from famous authors" primogeniture right of inheritance belongs exclusively to the eldest son borough English a former English custom by which the youngest son inherited land to the exclusion of his older brothers accretion (law) an increase in a beneficiary's share in an estate (as when a co-beneficiary dies or fails to meet some condition or rejects the inheritance) an increase by natural growth or addition (geology) an increase in land resulting from alluvial deposits or waterborne sediment (biology) growth by addition as by the adhesion of parts or particles (astronomy) the formation of a celestial object by the effect of gravity pulling together surrounding objects and gases something contributing to growth or increase; "he scraped away the accretions of paint"; "the central city surrounded by recent accretions" bequest (law) a gift of personal property by will devise (law) a gift of real property by will a will disposing of real property give by will, especially real property dower a life estate to which a wife is entitled on the death of her husband jointure (law) an estate secured to a prospective wife as a marriage settlement in lieu of a dower free lunch something acquired without effort or payment or obligation; "there is no free lunch in politics or Hollywood" heirloom something that has been in a family for generations (law) any property that is considered by law or custom as inseparable from an inheritance is inherited with that inheritance gift something acquired without compensation dowry money or property brought by a woman to her husband at marriage bride price money or property given (in some societies) by the bridegroom to the family of his bride largess a gift or money given (as for service or out of benevolence); usually given ostentatiously scholarship financial aid provided to a student on the basis of academic merit fellowship money granted (by a university or foundation or other agency) for advanced study or research foreign aid aid (such as economic or military assistance) provided to one nation by another Marshall Plan a United States program of economic aid for the reconstruction of Europe (1948-1952); named after George Marshall subsidy a grant paid by a government to an enterprise that benefits the public; "a subsidy for research in artificial intelligence" price support a government subsidy used to maintain prices at a certain level postdoctoral a grant that funds postdoctoral study or research of or relating to study or research that is done after work for the doctoral degree has been completed traineeship financial aid that enables you to get trained for a specified job; "the bill provided traineeships in vocational rehabilitation" gratuity an award (as for meritorious service) given without claim or obligation a relatively small amount of money given for services rendered (as by a waiter) prize something given for victory or superiority in a contest or competition or for winning a lottery; "the prize was a free trip to Europe" hold dear; "I prize these old photographs" door prize tickets are passed out at the entrance to a dance or party or other social function and a prize is awarded to the holder of the winning ticket jackpot any outstanding award prize money any money given as a prize birthday present a present given in celebration of a person's birthday Christmas present a present given at Christmas time stocking filler a small Christmas present included in the Christmas stocking wedding present a present given to someone getting married bride-gift a wedding present to the bride cash surrender value the amount that the insurance company will pay on a given life insurance policy if the policy is cancelled prior to the death of the insured benefaction a contribution of money or assistance offering money contributed to a religious organization tithe an offering of a tenth part of some personal income a levy of one tenth of something pay a tenth of one's income, especially to the church; "Although she left the church officially, she still tithes" pay one tenth of; pay tithes on, especially to the church; "He tithed his income to the Church" levy a tithe on (produce or a crop); "The wool was tithed" exact a tithe from; "The church was tithed" offertory the offerings of the congregation at a religious service hearth money an annual contribution made by Roman Catholics to support the papal see political contribution a contribution made to a politician or a political campaign or a political party soft money political contributions made in such a way as to avoid the United States regulations for federal election campaigns (as by contributions to a political action committee) patrimony a church endowment lagniappe a small gift (especially one given by a merchant to a customer who makes a purchase) premium a prize, bonus, or award given as an inducement to purchase products, enter competitions initiated by business interests, etc.; "they encouraged customers with a premium for loyal patronage" payment for insurance the amount that something in scarce supply is valued above its nominal value; "they paid a premium for access to water" having or reflecting superior quality or value; "premium gasoline at a premium price" freebie something that is free (usually provided as part of a promotional scheme); "the road map was a freebie" gift horse a gift (usually of inferior quality) that should be accepted uncritically; "it wasn't much, but don't look a gift horse in the mouth" thank offering an offering made as an expression of thanks incentive program a formal scheme for inducing someone (as employees) to do something defalcation the sum of money that is misappropriated dividend a bonus; something extra (especially a share of a surplus) that part of the earnings of a corporation that is distributed to its shareholders; usually paid quarterly a number to be divided by another number sales incentive remuneration offered to a salesperson for exceeding some predetermined sales goal cost-of-living allowance an allowance for changes in the consumer price index depreciation allowance an allowance for loss due to depreciation trade discount a discount from the list price of a commodity allowed by a manufacturer or wholesaler to a merchant seasonal adjustment a statistical adjustment made to accommodate predictable fluctuations as a function of the season of the year; "seasonal adjustments for housing starts must be made in mid-winter" outgo money paid out; an amount spent cost the total spent for goods or services including money and time and labor require to lose, suffer, or sacrifice; "This mistake cost him his job" be priced at; "These shoes cost $100" business expense ordinary and necessary expenses incurred in a taxpayer's business or trade interest expense interest paid on loans lobbying expense expenses incurred in promoting or evaluating legislation; "many lobbying expenses are deductible by a taxpayer" medical expense amount spent for diagnosis or treatment or prevention of medical problems non-cash expense an expense (such as depreciation) that is not paid for in cash moving expense the cost of moving your residence from one location to another operating expense the expense of maintaining property (e.g., paying property taxes and utilities and insurance); it does not include depreciation or the cost of financing or income taxes organization expense the cost (over a period of five years) of organizing a new corporation or partnership personal expense the cost of personal or family living; "some personal expenses are tax deductible" promotional expense the cost of promoting a product transfer payment a public expenditure (as for unemployment compensation or veteran's benefits) that is not for goods and services capital expenditure the cost of long-term improvements wage something that remunerates; "wages were paid by check"; "he wasted his pay on drink"; "they saved a quarter of all their earnings" combat pay extra pay for soldiers engaged in active combat double time a doubled wage (for working overtime) a fast marching pace (180 steps/min) or slow jog at a faster speed; "now let's play the piece again double-quick" found food and lodging provided in addition to money; "they worked for $30 and found" come upon unexpectedly or after searching; "found art"; "the lost-and-found department" half-pay reduced wage paid to someone who is not working full time living wage a wage sufficient for a worker and family to subsist comfortably merit pay extra pay awarded to an employee on the basis of merit (especially to school teachers) minimum wage the lowest wage that an employer is allowed to pay; determined by contract or by law pay envelope wages enclosed in an envelope for distribution to the wage earner sick pay wages paid to an employee who is on sick leave strike pay money paid to strikers from union funds take-home pay what is left of your pay after deductions for taxes and dues and insurance etc regular payment a payment made at regular times pay rate amount of money received per unit time; "women's pay rate is lower than men's" time and a half a rate of pay that is 1.5 times the regular rate; for overtime work payment rate the amount of money paid out per unit time blood money paid to a hired murderer a reward for information about a murderer compensation paid to the family of a murdered person rebate a refund of some fraction of the amount paid join with a rebate; "rebate the pieces of timber and stone" cut a rebate in (timber or stone) give a reduction in the price during a sale; "The store is rebating refrigerators this week" rent-rebate a rebate on rent given by a local government authority compensation something (such as money) given or received as payment or reparation (as for a service or loss or injury) (psychiatry) a defense mechanism that conceals your undesirable shortcomings by exaggerating desirable behaviors overcompensation excessive compensation (psychiatry) an attempt to overcome a real or imagined defect or unwanted trait by overly exaggerating its opposite workmen's compensation compensation for death or injury suffered by a worker in the course of his employment conscience money payment made voluntarily to reduce guilt over dishonest dealings support payment a payment made by one person for the support of another palimony support paid by one half of an unmarried partnership after the relationship ends alimony court-ordered support paid by one spouse to another after they are separated honorarium a fee paid for a nominally free service guerdon a reward or payment meed a fitting reward hush money a bribe paid to someone to insure that something is kept secret bribe payment made to a person in a position of trust to corrupt his judgment make illegal payments to in exchange for favors or influence; "This judge can be bought" kickback a commercial bribe paid by a seller to a purchasing agent in order to induce the agent to enter into the transaction payola a bribe given to a disc jockey to induce him to promote a particular record share assets belonging to or due to or contributed by an individual person or group; "he wanted his share in cash" any of the equal portions into which the capital stock of a corporation is divided and ownership of which is evidenced by a stock certificate; "he bought 100 shares of IBM at the market price" communicate; "I'd like to share this idea with you" give out as one's portion or share use jointly or in common have in common; "Our children share a love of music"; "The two countries share a long border" tranche a portion of something (especially money) grubstake funds advanced to a prospector or to someone starting a business in return for a share of the profits supply with funds in return for a promised share of profits controlling interest ownership of more than 50% of a corporation's voting shares insurable interest an interest in a person or thing that will support the issuance of an insurance policy; an interest in the survival of the insured or in the preservation of the thing that is insured security interest any interest in a property that secures the payment of an obligation terminable interest an interest in property that terminates under specific conditions undivided interest the interest in property owned by tenants whereby each tenant has an equal right to enjoy the entire property fee an interest in land capable of being inherited a fixed charge for a privilege or for professional services fee simple a fee without limitation to any class of heirs; they can sell it or give it away fee tail a fee limited to a particular line of heirs; they are not free to sell it or give it away profit sharing a system in which employees receive a share of the net profits of the business rake-off a percentage (of winnings or loot or profit) taken by an operator or gangster reallocation a share that has been allocated again reimbursement compensation paid (to someone) for damages or losses or money already spent etc.; "he received reimbursement for his travel expenses" emolument compensation received by virtue of holding an office or having employment (usually in the form of wages or fees); "a clause in the U.S. constitution prevents sitting legislators from receiving emoluments from their own votes" damages a sum of money paid in compensation for loss or injury counterbalance a compensating equivalent actual damages (law) compensation for losses that can readily be proven to have occurred and for which the injured party has the right to be compensated nominal damages (law) a trivial sum (usually $1.00) awarded as recognition that a legal injury was sustained (as for technical violations of a contract) punitive damages (law) compensation in excess of actual damages (a form of punishment awarded in cases of malicious or willful misconduct) double damages twice the amount that a court would normally find the injured party entitled to treble damages three times the amount that a court would normally find the injured party entitled to atonement compensation for a wrong; "we were unable to get satisfaction from the local store" residual (often plural) a payment that is made to a performer or writer or director of a television show or commercial that is paid for every repeat showing; "he could retire on his residuals" relating to or indicating a remainder; "residual quantity" poverty line a level of personal income defining the state of poverty costs pecuniary reimbursement to the winning party for the expenses of litigation per diem a daily allowance for living expenses (especially while traveling in connection with your job) one every day; "we'll save 100 man-hours per diem" travel allowance a sum allowed for travel stipend a sum of money allotted on a regular basis; usually for some specific purpose privy purse allowance for a monarch's personal expenses prebend the stipend assigned by a cathedral to a canon annuity income from capital investment paid in a series of regular payments; "his retirement fund was set up to be paid as an annuity" annuity in advance an annuity paid in a series of more or less equal payments at the beginning of equally spaced periods; "rent payable in advance constitutes an annuity in advance for the landlord" ordinary annuity an annuity paid in a series of more or less equal payments at the end of equally spaced periods reversionary annuity an annuity payable to one person in the event that someone else is unable to receive it tontine an annuity scheme wherein participants share certain benefits and on the death of any participant his benefits are redistributed among the remaining participants; can run for a fixed period of time or until the death of all but one participant a form of life insurance whereby on the death or default of a participant his share is distributed to the remaining members ground rent payment for the right to occupy and improve a piece of land peppercorn rent very low or nominal rent rack rent an extortionate rent economic rent the return derived from cultivated land in excess of that derived from the poorest land cultivated under similar conditions payback financial return or reward (especially returns equal to the initial investment) installment plan a system for paying for goods by installments hire-purchase installment plan; "we bought a car on the never-never" cost-of-living benefit a benefit that goes to anyone whose money receipts increase automatically as prices rise death benefit insurance or pension money payable to a beneficiary of a deceased advance death benefit a percentage of death benefits paid directly to policy holders having a short life expectancy (usually 6 months) disability benefit insurance benefits paid in case of disability sick benefit money paid (by the government) to someone who is too ill to work fringe benefit an incidental benefit awarded for certain types of employment (especially if it is regarded as a right); "a limousine is one of the fringe benefits of the job" tax benefit a tax deduction that is granted in order to encourage a particular type of commercial activity Christmas box a present given at Christmas for services during the year child support court-ordered support paid by one spouse to the other who has custody of the children after the parents are separated lump sum a complete payment consisting of a single sum of money payoff the final payment of a debt remittance a payment of money sent to a person in another place repayment payment of a debt or obligation token payment a small payment made in acknowledgement of an obligation nonpayment loss resulting from failure of a debt to be paid pittance an inadequate payment; "they work all day for a mere pittance" fine money extracted as a penalty characterized by elegance or refinement or accomplishment; "fine wine"; "looking fine in her Easter suit"; "a fine gentleman"; "fine china and crystal"; "a fine violinist"; "the fine hand of a master" minutely precise especially in differences in meaning; "a fine distinction" free from impurities; having a high or specified degree of purity; "gold 21 carats fine" of textures that are smooth to the touch or substances consisting of relatively small particles; "wood with a fine grain"; "fine powdery snow"; "fine rain"; "batiste is a cotton fabric with a fine weave"; "covered with a fine film of dust" thin in thickness or diameter; "a fine film of oil"; "fine hairs"; "read the fine print" library fine fine imposed by a library on books that overdue when returned cost overrun excess of cost over budget; "the cost overrun necessitated an additional allocation of funds in the budget" cost of living average cost of basic necessities of life (as food and shelter and clothing); "a rise in the cost of living reflects the rate of inflation" borrowing cost the cost of borrowing something distribution cost any cost incurred by a producer or wholesaler or retailer or distributor (as for advertising and shipping etc) handling cost the cost of handling (especially the cost of packaging and mailing an order) marketing cost the cost of marketing (e.g., the cost of transferring title and moving goods to the customer) production cost combined costs of raw material and labor incurred in producing goods replacement cost current cost of replacing a fixed asset with a new one of equal effectiveness reproduction cost cost of reproducing physical property minus various allowances (especially depreciation) unit cost calculated cost for a given unit of a product asking price the price at which something is offered for sale bid price (stock market) the price at which a broker is willing to buy a certain security closing price (stock market) the price of the last transaction completed during a day's trading session offer price (stock market) the price at which a broker is willing to sell a certain security upset price (auction) the minimum price at which a seller of property will entertain bids factory price price charged for goods picked up at the factory list price the selling price of something as stated in a catalogue or price list; often subject to discounts; "I got it at 30% off the list price" purchase price the price at which something is actually purchased spot price the current delivery price of a commodity traded in the spot market support level (stock market) the price at which a certain security becomes attractive to investors valuation assessed price; "the valuation of this property is much too high" opportunity cost cost in terms of foregoing alternatives cost of capital the opportunity cost of the funds employed as the result of an investment decision; the rate of return that a business could earn if it chose another investment with equivalent risk carrying cost the opportunity cost of unproductive assets; the expense incurred by ownership incidental expense (frequently plural) an expense not budgeted or not specified; "he requested reimbursement of $7 for incidental expenses" travel expense (frequently plural) expenses incurred by an employee in the performance of the job and usually reimbursed by the employer carrying charge charge made for carrying an account or for merchandise sold on an installment plan depreciation charge an amount periodically charged to expense or against revenue in compensation for depreciation of property overcharge a price that is too high rip off; ask an unreasonable price corkage a charge added at a restaurant for every bottle of wine served that was not bought on the premises airfare the fare charged for traveling by airplane bus fare the fare charged for riding a bus or streetcar cab fare the fare charged for riding in a taxicab subway fare the fare charged for riding a subway train train fare the fare charged for traveling by train tax charge against a citizen's person or property or activity for the support of government make a charge against or accuse; "They taxed him failure to appear in court" use to the limit; "you are taxing my patience" levy a tax on; "The State taxes alcohol heavily"; "Clothing is not taxed in our state" set or determine the amount of (a payment such as a fine) tax base collective value of taxable assets tax rate rate used to calculate tax liability tax liability the amount of tax owed; calculated by applying the tax rate to the tax base single tax a system of taxation in which a tax is levied on a single commodity (usually land) income tax a personal tax levied on annual income bracket creep a movement into a higher tax bracket as taxable income increases estimated tax income tax paid periodically on income that is not subject to withholding taxes; based on the taxpayer's predicted tax liability FICA a tax on employees and employers that is used to fund the Social Security system business deduction tax write-off for expenses of doing business entertainment deduction deduction allowed for some (limited) kinds of entertainment for business purposes withholding tax income tax withheld from employees' wages and paid directly to the government by the employer PAYE the British system of withholding tax unearned increment an unearned rise in the market value of property resulting from general market factors capital gain the amount by which the selling price of an asset exceeds the purchase price; the gain is realized when the asset is sold capital loss the amount by which the purchase price of an asset exceeds the selling price; the loss is realized when the asset is sold capital gains tax a tax on capital gains; "he avoided the capital gains tax by short selling" capital levy a tax on capital or property departure tax a tax that is levied when you are departing a country by land or sea or air property tax a capital tax on property imposed by municipalities; based on the estimated value of the property council tax a tax levied on households by local authorities; based on the estimated value of the property and the number of people living in it franchise tax a tax that is imposed by states on corporations; it depends both on the net worth of the corporation and on its net income attributable to activities within the state gift tax a tax imposed on transfers of property by gift during the lifetime of the giver inheritance tax a tax on the estate of the deceased person direct tax a tax paid directly by the person or organization on whom it is levied tax advantage an advantage bestowed by legislation that reduces a tax on some preferred activity tax shelter a way of organizing business to reduce the taxes it must pay on current earnings indirect tax a tax levied on goods or services rather than on persons or organizations hidden tax a tax paid unwittingly by the consumer (such as ad valorem taxes) capitation a tax levied on the basis of a fixed amount per person poll tax a tax of a fixed amount per person and payable as a requirement for the right to vote progressive tax any tax in which the rate increases as the amount subject to taxation increases proportional tax any tax in which the rate is constant as the amount subject to taxation increases degressive tax any tax in which the rate decreases as the amount subject to taxation increases rates a local tax on property (usually used in the plural) poor rates a local tax for the relief of the poor stamp tax a tax collected by requiring a stamp to be purchased and attached (usually on documents or publications) surtax an additional tax on certain kinds of income that has already been taxed levy an extra tax on; "surtax luxury items that cost more than $1,000" pavage a tax toward paving streets transfer tax any tax levied on the passing of title to property special assessment an additional tax levied on private property for public improvements that enhance the value of the property excise a tax that is measured by the amount of business done (not on property or income from real estate) remove by cutting; "The surgeon excised the tumor" levy an excise tax on sales tax a tax based on the cost of the item purchased and collected directly from the buyer VAT a tax levied on the difference between a commodity's price before taxes and its cost of production gasoline tax a tax on every gallon of gasoline sold customs money collected under a tariff ship money an impost levied in England to provide money for ships for national defense tonnage a tax imposed on ships that enter the US; based on the tonnage of the ship octroi a tax on various goods brought into a town revenue tariff a tariff imposed to raise revenue protective tariff a tariff imposed to protect domestic firms from import competition anti-dumping duty a tariff imposed to prevent dumping import duty a duty imposed on imports export duty a duty imposed on exports countervailing duty a duty imposed to offset subsidies by foreign governments fixed charge a periodic charge that does not vary with business volume (as insurance or rent or mortgage payments etc.) cover charge a fixed charge by a restaurant or nightclub over and above the charge for food and drink compound interest interest calculated on both the principal and the accrued interest simple interest interest paid on the principal alone interest rate the percentage of a sum of money charged for its use discount rate interest on an annual basis deducted in advance on a loan the rate of interest set by the Federal Reserve that member banks are charged when they borrow money through the Federal Reserve System bank rate the discount rate fixed by a central bank base rate the interest rate set by the Bank of England for lending to other banks prime interest rate the interest rate on short-term loans that banks charge their commercial customers with high credit ratings contingency fee a fee that is payable only if the outcome is successful (as for an attorney's services) dockage a fee charged for a vessel to use a dock drop-off charge a fee added for returning a rented car to a location different from the one where it was rented entrance fee the fee charged for admission finder's fee a fee that is paid to someone who finds a source of financial backing or to someone who brings people together for business purposes; "the agency got a finder's fee when their candidate was hired as the new CEO" legal fee a fee paid for legal service licensing fee a fee paid to the government for the privilege of being licensed to do something (as selling liquor or practicing medicine) moorage a fee for mooring origination fee a fee charged to a borrower (especially for a mortgage loan) to cover the costs of initiating the loan pipage a fee charged for the use of pipes quid pro quo something for something; that which a party receives (or is promised) in return for something he does or gives or promises seigniorage charged by a government for coining bullion toll a fee levied for the use of roads or bridges (used for maintenance) ring slowly; "For whom the bell tolls" charge a fee for using; "Toll the bridges into New York City" truckage a fee charged for transporting goods by truckage tuition a fee paid for instruction (especially for higher education); "tuition and room and board were more than $25,000" wharfage a fee charged for the use of a wharf or quay agio a fee charged for exchanging currencies installation charge the charge for installing something rate amount of a charge or payment relative to some basis; "a 10-minute phone call at that rate would cost $5" a quantity or amount or measure considered as a proportion of another quantity or amount or measure; "the literacy rate"; "the retention rate"; "the dropout rate" a magnitude or frequency relative to a time unit; "they traveled at a rate of 55 miles per hour"; "the rate of change was faster than expected" assign a rank or rating to; "how would you rank these students?"; "The restaurant is rated highly in the food guide" estimate the value of; "How would you rate his chances to become President?"; "Gold was rated highly among the Romans" be worthy of or have a certain rating; "This bond rates highly" water-rate rate per quarter for water from a public supply surcharge an additional charge (as for items previously omitted or as a penalty for failure to exercise common caution or common skill) show an omission in (an account) for which credit ought to have been given fill to an excessive degree; "The air was surcharged with tension" print a new denomination on a stamp or a banknote fill to capacity with people; "The air raids had surcharged the emergency wards" charge an extra fee, as for a special service single supplement a surcharge added to the cost per person when traveling alone service charge a percentage of a bill (as at a hotel or restaurant) added in payment for service rate of depreciation the rate at which the value of property is reduced; used to calculate tax deduction rate of exchange the charge for exchanging currency of one country for currency of another excursion rate a reduced rate for a round-trip ticket linage a rate of payment for written material that is measured according to the number of lines submitted the number of lines in a piece of printed material room rate the rate charged daily for a hotel room financial loss loss of money or decrease in financial value wastage anything lost by wear or waste the process of wasting straight-line method (accounting) a method of calculating depreciation by taking an equal amount of the asset's cost as an expense for each year of the asset's useful life tax write-off a reduction in the gross amount on which a tax is calculated; reduces taxes by the percentage fixed for the taxpayer's income bracket losings something lost (especially money lost at gambling) circumstances a person's financial situation (good or bad); "he found himself in straitened circumstances" assets anything of material value or usefulness that is owned by a person or company payables money that you currently expect to pay on notes and accounts receivables money that you currently expect to receive from notes or accounts deep pockets (plural) a source of substantial wealth; "a patron of the arts should have deep pockets" reserve assets capital held back from investment in order to meet probable or possible demands special drawing rights reserve assets in the International Monetary Fund; designed to supplement reserves of gold and convertible currencies used to maintain stability in the foreign exchange market natural resource resources (actual and potential) supplied by nature labor resources resources of available manpower land resources natural resources in the form of arable land mineral resources natural resources in the form of minerals renewable resource any natural resource (as wood or solar energy) that can be replenished naturally with the passage of time intangible assets that are saleable though not material or physical lacking substance or reality; incapable of being touched or seen; "that intangible thing--the soul" hard to pin down or identify; "an intangible feeling of impending disaster" incapable of being perceived by the senses especially the sense of touch; "the intangible constituent of energy"- James Jeans (of especially business assets) not having physical substance or intrinsic productive value; "intangible assets such as good will" liquid assets assets in the form of cash (or easily convertible into cash) equity the ownership interest of shareholders in a corporation the difference between the market value of a property and the claims held against it sweat equity interest in a building that a tenant earns by contributing to its renovation or maintenance stockholding ownership of stocks; the state or fact of holding stock; "prohibition of unrestricted intercorporate stockholding"- W.Z.Ripley a specific number of stocks or shares owned; "sell holdings he has in corporations" capital stock the book value of the outstanding shares of a corporation classified stock common stock classified as A or B where A has certain advantages (e.g., voting power) that B does not common stock stock other than preferred stock; entitles the owner to a share of the corporation's profits and a share of the voting power in shareholder elections; "over 40 million Americans invest in common stocks" stock of record stock held by stockholders of record on a given date par value the value of a security that is set by the company issuing it; unrelated to market value no-par-value stock stock with no par value specified in the corporate charter or on the stock certificate preferred stock stock whose holders are guaranteed priority in the payment of dividends but whose holders have no voting rights cumulative preferred preferred stock whose dividends if omitted accumulate until paid out common stock equivalent preferred stock or convertible bonds or warrants that can be converted into common stock control stock shares owned by shareholders who have a controlling interest growth stock stock of a corporation that has had faster than average gains in earnings and is expected to continue to hot stock newly issued stock that is in great public demand penny stock a stock selling for less that $1/share book value the value at which an asset is carried on a balance sheet; equals cost minus accumulated depreciation market value the price at which buyers and sellers trade the item in an open marketplace bond issue bonds sold by a corporation or government agency at a particular time and identifiable by date of maturity convertible bond a bond that can be converted to other securities under certain conditions corporate bond a bond issued by a corporation; carries no claim to ownership and pays no dividends but payments to bondholders have priority over payments to stockholders; "a corporate bond is a safer investment than common stock in the same company" coupon bond a bond issued with detachable coupons that must be presented to the issuer for interest payments government bond a bond that is an IOU of the United States Treasury; considered the safest security in the investment world junk bond a (speculative) bond with a credit rating of BB or lower; issued for leveraged buyouts and other takeovers by companies with questionable credit municipal bond a bond issued by a state or local government noncallable bond a bond containing a provision that the holder cannot redeem the security before a specific date (usually at maturity) performance bond a bond given to protect the recipient against loss in case the terms of a contract are not filled; a surety company assumes liability for nonperformance post-obit bond a bond made by a reversioner to secure a loan; payable out of his reversion registered bond a bond whose owner is recorded on the books of the issuer; can be transferred to another owner only when endorsed by the registered owner revenue bond a bond issued by an agency that is commissioned to finance public works; revenue from the public property is used to pay off the bond secured bond a bond that is back by collateral unsecured bond the ability of a customer to obtain goods or services before payment, based on the trust that payment will be made in the future government security a security issued by United States government agencies or the Farm Credit System mortgage-backed security a security created when a group of mortgages are gathered together and bonds are sold to other institutions or the public; investors receive a portion of the interest payments on the mortgages as well as the principal payments; usually guaranteed by the government registered security a security whose owner's name is recorded on the books of the issuer (or issuer's agent) savings bond non-negotiable government bond; cannot be bought and sold once the original purchase is made utility bond a bond issued to finance the construction of public utility services zero coupon bond a bond that is issued at a deep discount from its value at maturity and pays no interest during the life of the bond; the commonest form of zero-coupon security authorized shares the maximum number of shares authorized under the terms of a corporation's articles of incorporation quarter stock stock with a par value of $25/share pyramid (stock market) a series of transactions in which the speculator increases his holdings by using the rising market value of those holdings as margin for further purchases a polyhedron having a polygonal base and triangular sides with a common vertex increase rapidly and progressively step by step on a broad base arrange or build up as if on the base of a pyramid use or deal in (as of stock or commercial transaction) in a pyramid deal enlarge one's holdings on an exchange on a continued rise by using paper profits as margin to buy additional amounts ante (poker) the initial contribution that each player makes to the pot place one's stake easy street financial security insurance promise of reimbursement in the case of loss; paid to people or companies so concerned about hazards that they have made prepayments to an insurance company automobile insurance insurance against loss due to theft or traffic accidents no fault insurance a system of automobile insurance where a party who is injured in an automobile accident recovers damages up to a specific amount against his own insurance company regardless of who was responsible for the accident; "the amount of litigation resulting from minor accidents is reduced by no fault insurance" business interruption insurance insurance that provides protection for the loss of profits and continuing fixed expenses resulting from a break in commercial activities due to the occurrence of a peril coinsurance insurance issued jointly by two or more underwriters fire insurance insurance against loss due to fire group insurance insurance that is purchased by a group (such as the employees of a company) usually at a reduced rate to individual members of the group hazard insurance insurance that provides protection against certain risks such as storms or fires health insurance insurance against loss due to ill health hospitalization insurance insurance that pays all or part of a patient's hospital expense liability insurance insurance that provides protection from claims arising from injuries or damage to other people or property life insurance insurance paid to named beneficiaries when the insured person dies; "in England they call life insurance life assurance" endowment insurance life insurance for a specified amount which is payable to the insured person at the expiration of a certain period of time or to a designated beneficiary immediately upon the death of the insured whole life insurance insurance on the life of the insured for a fixed amount at a definite premium that is paid each year in the same amount during the entire lifetime of the insured malpractice insurance insurance purchased by physicians and hospitals to cover the cost of being sued for malpractice; "obstetricians have to pay high rates for malpractice insurance" reinsurance sharing the risk by insurance companies; part or all of the insurer's risk is assumed by other companies in return for part of the premium paid by the insured; "reinsurance enables a client to get coverage that would be too great for any one company to assume" self-insurance insuring yourself by setting aside money to cover possible losses rather than by purchasing an insurance policy term insurance low-cost insurance that is valid only for a stated period of time and has no cash surrender value or loan value; "term insurance is most often associated with life insurance policies" health maintenance organization group insurance that entitles members to services of participating hospitals and clinics and physicians down payment a partial payment made at the time of purchase; the balance to be paid later earnest something of value given by one person to another to bind a contract characterized by a firm and humorless belief in the validity of your opinions; "both sides were deeply in earnest, even passionate"; "an entirely sincere and cruel tyrant"; "a film with a solemn social message" earnest money money given by a buyer to a seller to bind a contract recognizance (law) a security entered into before a court with a condition to perform some act required by law; on failure to perform that act a sum is forfeited brokerage account a fund that a customer has entrusted to a securities brokerage; "you can't get a brokerage account unless you have $20,000" cash account an account with a securities brokerage whose transactions are settled on a cash basis custodial account a brokerage firm account that parents have created for a minor margin account an account with a securities brokerage in which the broker extends credit mortgage a conditional conveyance of property as security for the repayment of a loan put up as security or collateral first mortgage a mortgage that has priority over all mortgages and liens except those imposed by law second mortgage a mortgage that is subordinate to a first mortgage chattel mortgage a loan to buy some personal item; the item (or chattel) is security for the loan collateral a security pledged for the repayment of a loan descended from a common ancestor but through different lines; "cousins are collateral relatives"; "an indirect descendant of the Stuarts" situated or running side by side; "collateral ridges of mountains" additional but secondary; auxiliary; serving to support or corroborate; "collateral evidence" material resource assets in the form of material possessions wherewithal the necessary means (especially financial means) venture capital wealth available for investment in new or speculative enterprises operating capital capital available for the operations of a firm (e.g. manufacturing or transportation) as distinct from financial transactions and long-term improvements income statement a financial statement that gives operating results for a specific period capital account (finance) an account of the net value of a business at a specified date (economics) that part of the balance of payments recording a nation's outflow and inflow of financial securities seed money capital needed to set up a new business or enterprise funds assets in the form of money purse strings financial resources or support; "who controls the purse strings in this family?" bankroll a roll of currency notes (often taken as the resources of a person or business etc.); "he shot his roll on a bob-tailed nag" provide with sufficient funds; finance; "Who will bankroll the restoration of the former East German economy?" Medicaid funds public funds used to pay for Medicaid money supply the total stock of money in the economy; currency held by the public plus money in accounts in banks M1 a measure of the money supply; includes currency in circulation plus demand deposits or checking account balances M2 a measure of the money supply; M1 plus net time deposits (other than large certificates of deposit) M3 a measure of the money supply; M2 plus deposits at institutions that are not banks (such as savings and loan associations) public treasury a treasury for government funds pork barrel a legislative appropriation designed to ingratiate legislators with their constituents bursary the treasury of a public institution or religious order subtreasury a subordinate treasury or place of deposit fisc a state treasury or exchequer or a royal treasury; originally the public treasury of Rome or the emperor's private purse fund a reserve of money set aside for some purpose furnish money for; "The government funds basic research in many areas" accumulate a fund for the discharge of a recurrent liability; "fund a medical care plan" invest money in government securities provide a fund for the redemption of principal or payment of interest place or store up in a fund for accumulation convert (short-term floating debt) into long-term debt that bears fixed interest and is represented by bonds exchange traded fund a mutual fund that is traded on a stock exchange revolving fund a fund which, if borrowed or used, is intended to be replenished so it may be loaned or spent repeatedly sinking fund a fund accumulated regularly in a separate account and used to redeem debt securities savings a fund of money put by as a reserve bank account a fund that a customer has entrusted to a bank and from which the customer can make withdrawals; "he moved his bank account to a new bank" giro account an account at a post office that can be used in similar ways to an account at a bank war chest a fund accumulated to finance a war (or a political campaign) slush fund a fund for buying votes or bribing public officials active trust a trust in which the trustee must perform certain duties blind trust a trust that enables a person to avoid possible conflict of interest by transferring assets to a fiduciary; the person establishing the trust gives up the right to information about the assets passive trust a trust in which the trustee performs no active duties charitable trust a trust created for charitable or religious or educational or scientific purposes Clifford trust a trust established to shift the income to someone who is taxed at a lower rate than the grantor for a period of 10 years or more implied trust a trust inferred by operation of law constructive trust a trust created by a court (regardless of the intent of the parties) to benefit a party that has been wrongfully deprived of its rights resulting trust a trust created by a court when it is judged that it was the intention of the parties to create a trust direct trust a trust created by the free and deliberate act of the parties involved (usually on the basis of written documentation) discretionary trust a trust that gives the trustee discretion to pay the beneficiary as much of the trust income as the trustee believes appropriate nondiscretionary trust an investment trust that can buy only those securities listed when the trust was organized living trust a trust created and operating during the grantor's lifetime spendthrift trust a trust created to maintain a beneficiary but to be secure against the beneficiary's improvidence testamentary trust a trust that is created under a will and that becomes active after the grantor dies savings account trust a savings account deposited by someone who makes themselves the trustee for a beneficiary and who controls it during their lifetime; afterward the balance is payable to the previously named beneficiary voting trust an agreement whereby persons owning stock with voting powers retain ownership while transferring the voting rights to the trustees trust fund a fund held in trust checking account a bank account against which the depositor can draw checks that are payable on demand savings account a bank account that accumulates interest time deposit account a savings account in which the deposit is held for a fixed term or in which withdrawals can be made only after giving notice or with loss of interest dormant account a savings account showing no activity (other than posting interest) for some specified period; "the dormant account reverted to the state under escheat laws" passbook savings account a savings account in which deposits and withdrawals are recorded in the depositor's passbook cash equivalent a highly liquid debt instrument with maturities of less than three months certificate of deposit a debt instrument issued by a bank; usually pays interest ways and means resources available to meet expenses (especially legislation for raising revenue for a government) comforts things that make you comfortable and at ease; "all the comforts of home" subsistence minimal (or marginal) resources for subsisting; "social security provided only a bare subsistence" the state of existing in reality; having substance a means of surviving; "farming is a hard means of subsistence" hoard a secret store of valuables or money save up as for future use store a supply of something available for future use; "he brought back a large store of Cuban cigars" keep or lay aside for future use; "store grain for the winter"; "The bear stores fat for the period of hibernation when he doesn't eat" find a place for and put away for storage; "where should we stow the vegetables?"; "I couldn't store all the books in the attic so I sold some" seed stock a supply of seeds (or tubers) reserved for planting seed corn good quality seeds (as kernels of corn) that are reserved for planting blood bank a place for storing whole blood or blood plasma; "the Red Cross created a blood bank for emergencies" eye bank a place for storing and preserving corneas that are obtained from human corpses immediately after death; used for corneal transplantation to patients with corneal defects food bank a place where food is contributed and made available to those in need; "they set up a food bank for the flood victims" fuel level the amount of fuel remaining soil bank land retired from crop cultivation and planted with soil-building crops; government subsidies are paid to farmers for their retired land hidden reserve reserves that do not show up on the balance sheet (as by understating values) cookie jar reserve a hidden reserve that can be used to adjust quarterly earning reports reserve account funds taken out of earnings to provide for anticipated future payments valuation reserve a reserve fund created by a charge against profits in order to provide for changes in the value of a company's assets fortune a large amount of wealth or prosperity your overall circumstances or condition in life (including everything that happens to you); "whatever my fortune may be"; "deserved a better fate"; "has a happy lot"; "the luck of the Irish"; "a victim of circumstances"; "success that was her portion" valuable something of value; "all our valuables were stolen" having great material or monetary value especially for use or exchange; "a valuable diamond" having worth or merit or value; "a valuable friend"; "a good and worthful man" king's ransom a very large treasure precious metal any of the less common and valuable metals often used to make coins or jewelry silver coins made of silver a soft white precious univalent metallic element having the highest electrical and thermal conductivity of any metal; occurs in argentite and in free form; used in coins and jewelry and tableware and photography turn silver; "The man's hair silvered very attractively" make silver in color; "Her worries had silvered her hair" coat with a layer of silver or a silver amalgam; "silver the necklace" having the white lustrous sheen of silver; "a land of silver (or silvern) rivers where the salmon leap"; "repeated scrubbings have given the wood a silvery sheen" made from or largely consisting of silver; "silver bracelets" ruby a transparent piece of ruby that has been cut and polished and is valued as a precious gem a transparent deep red variety of corundum; used as a gemstone and in lasers pearl a smooth lustrous round structure inside the shell of a clam or oyster; much valued as a jewel gather pearls, from oysters in the ocean seed pearl a small imperfect pearl sapphire a transparent piece of sapphire that has been cut and polished and is valued as a precious gem a precious transparent stone of rich blue corundum valued as a gemstone of something having the color of a blue sapphire; "sapphire eyes" medium of exchange anything that is generally accepted as a standard of value and a measure of wealth in a particular country or region silver standard a monetary standard under which the basic unit of currency is defined by a stated quantity of silver bimetallism a monetary standard under which the basic unit of currency is defined by stated amounts of two metals (usually gold and silver) with values set at a predetermined ratio food stamp a government-issued stamp that can be used in exchange for food consumer credit a line of credit extended for personal or household use bank loan a loan made by a bank; to be repaid with interest on or before a fixed date business loan a bank loan granted for the use of a business interbank loan a loan from one bank to another home loan a loan secured by equity value in the borrower's home installment credit a loan repaid with interest in equal periodic payments open-end credit a consumer credit line that can be used up to a certain limit or paid down at any time credit account credit extended by a business to a customer revolving charge account a charge account that does not have to be paid to zero balance credit card a card (usually plastic) that assures a seller that the person using it has a satisfactory credit rating and that the issuer will see to it that the seller receives payment for the merchandise delivered; "do you take plastic?" bank card a credit card issued by a bank cash card a credit card that entitles the holder to receive cash debit card a card (usually plastic) that enables the holder to withdraw money or to have the cost of purchases charged directly to the holder's bank account smart card a plastic card containing a microprocessor that enables the holder to perform operations requiring data that is stored in the microprocessor; typically used to perform financial transactions overdraft a draft in excess of the credit balance foreign bill a bill of exchange that is drawn in one country and made payable in another inland bill a bill of exchange that is both drawn and made payable in the same country redraft a draft for the amount of a dishonored draft plus the costs and charges of drafting again trade acceptance a bill of exchange for a specific purchase; drawn on the buyer by the seller and bearing the buyer's acceptance foreign exchange the system by which one currency is exchanged for another; enables international transactions to take place cheap money credit available at low rates of interest overage a surplus or excess of money or merchandise that is actually on hand and that exceeds expectations too old to be useful; "He left the house...for the support of twelve superannuated wool carders"- Anthony Trollope tax credit a direct reduction in tax liability (not dependent on the taxpayer's tax bracket) export credit a credit opened by an importer with a bank in an exporter's country to finance an export operation import credit credit opened by an importer at a bank in his own country upon which an exporter may draw credit line the maximum credit that a customer is allowed commercial credit credit granted by a bank to a business concern for commercial purposes letter of credit a document issued by a bank that guarantees the payment of a customer's draft; substitutes the bank's credit for the customer's credit commercial letter of credit a letter of credit given to a business concern for commercial purposes traveler's letter of credit a letter of credit given to a traveler traveler's check a letter of credit issued by a bank or express company that is payable on presentation to any correspondent of the issuer bank draft a draft drawn by a bank against funds deposited in another bank dividend warrant an order of payment (such as a check payable to a shareholder) in which a dividend is paid money order a written order for the payment of a sum to a named individual; obtainable and payable at a post office overdraft credit credit provided by a bank in honoring a customer's overdrafts demand deposit a bank deposit from which withdrawals can be made without notice time deposit a certificate of deposit from which withdrawals can be made only after advance notice or at a specified future date bad check a check that is dishonored on presentation because of insufficient funds; "issuing a bad check is a form of larceny" counter check a blank check provided by a bank for the convenience of customers who are making withdrawals paycheck a check issued in payment of wages or salary certified check a check containing certification that the person who issued the check has sufficient funds on deposit to cover payment personal check a check drawn against funds deposited in your personal checking account cashier's check a check issued by the officer of a bank on the banks own account (not that of a private person); "cashier's checks are as good as cash" blank check a check that has been signed but with the amount payable left blank disability check a monthly payment made to someone who has become disabled and is unable to work medicare check a check reimbursing an aged person for the expenses of health care pension a regular payment to a person that is intended to allow them to subsist without working grant a pension to old-age pension a monthly payment made to someone who is retired from work sterling British money; especially the pound sterling as the basic monetary unit of the UK boodle informal terms for money shinplaster paper money of little value issued on insufficient security subsidization money (or other benefits) obtained as a subsidy token money coins of regular issue whose face value is greater than their intrinsic value Eurocurrency currency of the major financial and industrial countries held in those countries for the purpose of lending and borrowing fractional currency paper currency in denominations less than the basic monetary unit cash prompt payment for goods or services in currency or by check money in the form of bills or coins; "there is a desperate shortage of hard cash" exchange for cash; "I cashed the check as soon as it arrived in the mail" hard currency a currency that is not likely to depreciate suddenly in value; "the countries agreed to conduct their bilateral trade in hard currency, replacing previous barter arrangements"; "Germany once had a solid economy, good fiscal and monetary policies, and a hard currency" paper money currency issued by a government or central bank and consisting of printed paper that can circulate as a substitute for specie coinage coins collectively small change a trifling sum of money coin a flat metal piece (usually a disc) used as money make up; "coin phrases or words" bawbee an old Scottish coin of little value bezant a gold coin of the Byzantine Empire; widely circulated in Europe in the Middle Ages ducat formerly a gold coin of various European countries real an old small silver Spanish coin the basic unit of money in Brazil; equal to 100 centavos capable of being treated as fact; "tangible evidence"; "his brief time as Prime Minister brought few real benefits to the poor" being or occurring in fact or actuality; having verified existence; not illusory; "real objects"; "real people; not ghosts"; "a film based on real life"; "a real illness"; "real humility"; "Life is real! Life is earnest!"- Longfellow of, relating to, or representing an amount that is corrected for inflation; "real prices"; "real income"; "real wages" not to be taken lightly; "statistics demonstrate that poverty and unemployment are very real problems"; "to the man sleeping regularly in doorways homelessness is real" (of property) fixed or immovable; "real property consists of land and buildings" piece of eight an old silver Spanish coin; worth 8 reales shilling an English coin worth one twentieth of a pound half crown an English coin worth half a crown dime a United States coin worth one tenth of a dollar nickel a United States coin worth one twentieth of a dollar five dollars worth of a drug; "a nickel bag of drugs"; "a nickel deck of heroin" a hard malleable ductile silvery metallic element that is resistant to corrosion; used in alloys; occurs in pentlandite and smaltite and garnierite and millerite plate with nickel; "nickel the plate" half dollar a United States coin worth half of a dollar halfpenny an English coin worth half a penny penny a coin worth one-hundredth of the value of the basic unit a fractional monetary unit of Ireland and the United Kingdom; equal to one hundredth of a pound tenpence a decimal coin worth ten pennies twopence a former United Kingdom silver coin; United Kingdom bronze decimal coin worth two pennies threepence former cupronickel coin of the United Kingdom equal to three pennies fourpence a former English silver coin worth four pennies fivepence a coin worth five cents sixpence a small coin of the United Kingdom worth six pennies; not minted since 1970 eightpence a coin worth eight pennies ninepence a coin worth nine pennies new penny a coin used in Great Britain since 1971 worth one hundredth of a pound Susan B Anthony dollar a United States coin worth one dollar silver dollar a dollar made of silver double eagle a former gold coin in the United States worth 20 dollars (golf) a score of three strokes under par on a hole half eagle a former gold coin in United States worth 5 dollars guinea a former British gold coin worth 21 shillings farthing a former British bronze coin worth a quarter of a penny doubloon a former Spanish gold coin louis d'or a former French gold coin sou a former French coin of low denomination; often used of any small amount of money; "he hasn't a sou to his name" Maundy money specially minted silver coins that are distributed by the British sovereign on Maundy Thursday fiat money money that the government declares to be legal tender although it cannot be converted into standard specie silver certificate formerly a bank note issued by the United States Treasury and redeemable in silver Treasury bill a short-term obligation that is not interest-bearing (it is purchased at a discount); can be traded on a discount basis for 91 days Treasury bond a debt instrument with maturities of 10 years or longer Treasury note securities with maturities of 1 to 10 years; sold for cash or in exchange for maturing issues or at auction hundred dollar bill a United States bill worth 100 dollars fifty dollar bill a United States bill worth 50 dollars twenty dollar bill a United States bill worth 20 dollars tenner a United States bill worth 10 dollars fiver a United States bill worth 5 dollars two dollar bill a United States bill worth 2 dollars liabilities anything that is owed to someone else budget deficit an excess of expenditures over revenues federal deficit an excess of the federal government's spending over its revenue; "federal deficits can cause inflation" trade deficit an excess of imports over exports limited liability the liability of a firm's owners for no more than the capital they have invested in the firm arrears an unpaid overdue debt the state of being behind in payments; "an account in arrears" national debt the debt of the national government (as distinguished from the debts of individuals and businesses and political subdivisions) public debt the total of the nation's debts: debts of local and state and national governments; an indicator of how much public spending is financed by borrowing instead of taxation debt limit the maximum borrowing power of a governmental entity national debt ceiling a limit set by Congress beyond which the national debt cannot rise; periodically raised by Congress debt instrument a written promise to repay a debt bad debt a debt that is unlikely to be repaid installment debt debt to be paid by installments loan the temporary provision of money (usually at interest) call loan a loan that is repayable on demand direct loan a loan by a lender to a customer without the use of a third party; direct lending gives the lender greater discretion in making loans participation loan a loan that is shared by a group of banks that join to make a loan too big for any one of them alone personal loan a loan that establishes consumer credit that is granted for personal use; usually unsecured and based on the borrower's integrity and ability to pay automobile loan a personal loan to purchase an automobile real estate loan a loan on real estate that is usually secured by a mortgage time loan a loan that is payable on or before a specified date demand note a note payable on demand lien the right to take another's property if an obligation is not discharged artisan's lien lien permitting an artisan to retain possession of a piece of work until has been paid for federal tax lien lien of the United States on all property of a taxpayer who fails to pay the federal government the taxes for which he or she is liable general lien a lien on all the property owned by a debtor and not just a specific property judgment lien lien on a debtor's property that is granted to a creditor by court judgment; lien may be enforced by having the sheriff seize the property and hold a sheriff's sale landlord's lien lien on a tenant's property for the satisfaction of unpaid rent or property damage; the landlord is given the status of a preferred creditor with regard to the tenant's property mechanic's lien lien to secure payment for work and materials in erecting or repairing a building or other structure garageman's lien the extension of a mechanic's lien to include payment for work on automobiles state tax lien a lien on the property of a taxpayer that the tax collector can use upon default of payment of taxes tax lien lien of which a tax collector may avail himself in default of taxes (analogous to a judgment lien) warehouseman's lien right of a warehouseman to retain goods until all storage charges have been paid encumbrance a charge against property (as a lien or mortgage) quittance a document or receipt certifying release from an obligation or debt balance sheet a record of the financial situation of an institution on a particular date by listing its assets and the claims against those assets expense record a written record of money spent ledger a record in which commercial accounts are recorded; "they got a subpoena to examine our books" cost ledger ledger showing the accumulated costs classified in various ways general ledger the ledger that contains all of the financial accounts of a business; contains offsetting debit and credit accounts (including control accounts) subsidiary ledger details of an account supporting the amount stated in the general ledger control account an account that shows totals of amounts entered in a subsidiary ledger adjusting entry an accounting entry made at the end of an accounting period to allocate items between accounting periods debit an accounting entry acknowledging sums that are owing enter as debit credit side account of payments received; usually the right side of a financial statement debit side account of payments owed; usually the left side of a financial statement accrual basis a method of accounting in which each item is entered as it is earned or incurred regardless of when actual payments are received or made cash basis a method of accounting in which each item is entered as payments are received or made pooling of interest an accounting method used in the merging of companies; the balance sheets are added together item by item; this method is tax-free accounts receivable a creditor's accounts of money owed to him; normally arise from the sale of products or services note receivable your right in a promissory note in which the maker promises to pay a certain amount of money at a certain time accounts payable a debtor's accounts of money he owes; normally arise from the purchase of products or services note payable a note promising to pay a certain amount of money at a certain time profit and loss an account compiled at the end of an accounting period to show gross and net profit or loss stock dividend a dividend paid in stock rather than in cash extra dividend a dividend paid in addition to the regular dividend equalizing dividend a dividend paid to compensate shareholders for losses resulting from a change in the dividend schedule divvy short for dividend; especially one paid by a cooperative society suspense account an account used temporarily to carry doubtful receipts and disbursements or discrepancies pending their analysis and permanent classification balance of trade the difference in value over a period of time of a country's imports and exports of merchandise; "a nation's balance of trade is favorable when its exports exceed its imports" carry-over the accumulated and undivided profits of a corporation after provision has been made for dividends and reserves compensating balance a minimum credit balance that a bank may require a borrower to keep on deposit as a condition for granting a loan; a common requirement for establishing a line of credit at a bank; "the compensating balance increases the effective interest rate to the bank since the net amount loaned is reduced but the interest paid is unchanged" invisible balance the difference in value over a period of time of a country's imports and exports of services and payments of property incomes balance of payments a system of recording all of a country's economic transactions with the rest of the world over a period of one year; "a favorable balance of payments exists when more payments are coming in than going out" current account that part of the balance of payments recording a nation's exports and imports of goods and services and transfer payments trial balance a balance of debits and credits in double-entry bookkeeping; drawn up to test their equality audited account an inspection of the accounting procedures and records by a trained accountant or CPA limited audit an audit of limited scope (limited in time span or confined to particular accounts etc.) analytical review an auditing procedure based on ratios among accounts and tries to identify significant changes expense account an account to which salespersons or executives can charge travel and entertainment expenses payslip a slip of paper included with your pay that records how much money you have earned and how much tax or insurance etc. has been taken out peanuts an insignificant sum of money; a trifling amount; "her salary is peanuts compared to his" mess of pottage anything of trivial value; "Esau sold his birthright to Jacob for a mess of pottage" bankbook a record of deposits and withdrawals and interest held by depositors at certain banks checkbook a book issued to holders of checking accounts pawn ticket a pawnbroker's receipt for articles taken as security escrow a written agreement (or property or money) delivered to a third party or put in trust by one party to a contract to be returned after fulfillment of some condition escrow funds funds held in escrow commercial paper an unsecured and unregistered short-term obligation issued by an institutional borrower to investors who have temporarily idle cash municipal note a municipal debt instrument with a maturity of less than 2 years IOU an informal debt instrument; representing `I owe you' time note a note that specifies the time (or times) of repayment hotel plan a plan and a room rate for providing a room and meals to guests at a hotel American plan a hotel plan that includes three meals daily modified American plan a hotel plan that includes breakfast and dinner (but not lunch) Bermuda plan a hotel plan that provides a full breakfast daily European plan a hotel plan that provides a continental breakfast daily scrip a certificate whose value is recognized by the payer and payee; scrip is not currency but may be convertible into currency stock certificate a certificate documenting the shareholder's ownership in the corporation; "the value of his stocks doubled during the past year" tax-exempt security a security that is not subject to taxation bond a certificate of debt (usually interest-bearing or discounted) that is issued by a government or corporation in order to raise money; the issuer is required to pay a fixed sum annually until maturity and then a fixed sum to repay the principal a superior quality of strong durable white writing paper; originally made for printing documents bring together in a common cause or emotion; "The death of their child had drawn them together" issue bonds on Premium Bond a government bond that bears no interest or capital gains but enters the holder into lotteries perpetual warrant a warrant with no expiration date subscription warrant a warrant that expires on a stipulated date zero-coupon security a security that makes no interest payments but instead is sold at a deep discount from its face value partnership certificate a certificate showing the interests of all parties in a business partnership proprietorship certificate a certificate showing who is responsible in an individually owned business letter security a stock or bond that is not registered with the Securities and Exchange Commission and cannot be sold in the public market investment letter a letter of intent saying that a letter security is being bought for investment and not for resale; avoids need for SEC registration treasury stock stock that has been bought back by the issuing corporation and is available for retirement or resale; it is issued but not outstanding; it cannot vote and pays no dividends voting stock shares in a corporation that entitle the shareholder to voting and proxy rights watered stock stock representing ownership of overvalued assets; stock of a corporation whose total worth is less than its invested capital letter stock stock that has not been registered with the Securities and Exchange Commission and cannot be sold to the general public letter bond a bond that has not been registered with the Securities and Exchange Commission and cannot be sold to the general public listed security a security that has been accepted for trading by one of the organized and registered securities exchanges in the US unlisted security a security traded in the over-the-counter market over the counter stock stock that is not listed and traded on an organized exchange budget a summary of intended expenditures along with proposals for how to meet them; "the president submitted the annual budget to Congress" a sum of money allocated for a particular purpose; "the laboratory runs on a budget of a million a year" make a budget balanced budget a budget is balanced when current expenditures are equal to receipts Civil List a sum of money voted by British Parliament each year for the expenses of the British royal family operating budget a budget for current expenses as distinct from financial transactions or permanent improvements petty cash a small fund of cash that a firm keeps for the payment of incidental expenses pocket money cash for day-to-day spending on incidental expenses ready cash money in the form of cash that is readily available; "his wife was always a good source of ready cash"; "he paid cold cash for the TV set" sight draft a draft payable on presentation time draft a draft payable at a specified future date matching funds funds that will be supplied in an amount matching the funds available from other sources ablactation the cessation of lactation abrasion erosion by friction an abraded area where the skin is torn or worn off absorption (chemistry) a process in which one substance permeates another; a fluid permeates or is dissolved by a liquid or solid (physics) the process in which incident radiated energy is retained without reflection or transmission on passing through a medium; "the absorption of photons by atoms or molecules" acclimatization adaptation to a new climate (a new temperature or altitude or environment) acetylation the process of introducing an acetyl group into a compound; "the acetylation of cyclooxygenase-2 by aspirin" Acheson process an industrial process for making graphite by heating a mixture of coke and clay acid-base equilibrium (physiology) the normal equilibrium between acids and alkalis in the body; "with a normal acid-base balance in the body the blood is slightly alkaline" acidification the process of becoming acid or being converted into an acid active birth childbirth during which the mother is encouraged to be an active participant active transport transport of a substance (as a protein or drug) across a cell membrane against the concentration gradient; requires an expenditure of energy acylation the process of introducing an acyl group into a compound addition reaction a chemical reaction in which one molecule is added to another adiabatic process (thermodynamics) any process that occurs without gain or loss of heat administrative data processing data processing in accounting or business management adsorption the accumulation of molecules of a gas to form a thin film on the surface of a solid advection (meteorology) the horizontal transfer of heat or other atmospheric properties agenesis imperfect development; nondevelopment of a part agglutination the building of words from component morphemes that retain their form and meaning in the process of combining a clumping of bacteria or red cells when held together by antibodies (agglutinins) the coalescing of small particles that are suspended in solution; these larger masses are then (usually) precipitated aging the organic process of growing older and showing the effects of increasing age growing old aldol reaction a reaction of aldehydes resulting in an aldol alluvion gradual formation of new land, by recession of the sea or deposit of sediment alpha decay radioactive decay of an atomic nucleus that is accompanied by the emission of an alpha particle alternative birth a method of childbirth that avoids intrusive high-tech medicine in favor of more natural and homely settings amelogenesis the developmental process of forming tooth enamel Americanization assimilation into American culture amitosis the direct method of cell division characterized by simple division of the nucleus without formation of chromosomes ammonification impregnation with ammonia or a compound of ammonia amylolysis conversion of starch to sugar anabolism the synthesis in living organisms of more complex substances (e.g., living tissue) from simpler ones together with the storage of energy anaglyphy the process of producing pictures in contrasting colors that appear three-dimensional when superimposed and viewed through spectacles with one red and one green lens anamorphism metamorphism that occurs deep under the earth's surface; changes simple minerals into complex minerals anaphase the stage of meiosis or mitosis when chromosomes move toward opposite ends of the nuclear spindle anastalsis muscular action of the alimentary tract in a direction opposite to peristalsis androgenesis male parthenogenesis in which the embryo contains only paternal chromosomes due to the failure of the egg nucleus to participate in fertilization angiogenesis the formation of new blood vessels Anglicization the act of anglicizing; making English in appearance anisogamy (biology) reproduction by the union or fusion of two differing gametes (especially differing in size) anovulation the absence of ovulation due to immaturity or post-maturity or pregnancy or oral contraceptive pills or dysfunction of the ovary anthropogenesis the evolution or genesis of the human race antiredeposition the process of preventing redeposition antisepsis the process of inhibiting the growth and multiplication of microorganisms aphaeresis (linguistics) omission at the beginning of a word as in `coon' for `raccoon' or `till' for `until' aphesis the gradual disappearance of an initial (usually unstressed) vowel or syllable as in `squire' for `esquire' apogamy (botany) development of an embryo without fertilization; especially the development in some ferns of a sporophyte from the gametophyte without fertilization apomixis any of several kinds of reproduction without fertilization apposition (biology) growth in the thickness of a cell wall by the deposit of successive layers of material a grammatical relation between a word and a noun phrase that follows; "`Rudolph the red-nosed reindeer' is an example of apposition" asexual reproduction reproduction without the fusion of gametes assibilation the development of a consonant phoneme into a sibilant asynchronous operation operations that occur without a regular or predictable time relation to other events autocatalysis catalysis in which the catalyst is one of the products of the reaction autolysis lysis of plant or animal tissue by an internal process automatic data processing data processing by a computer autoradiography producing a radiograph by means of the radiation emitted from the specimen being photographed autotype process for producing permanent prints in a carbon pigment autoregulation (physiology) processes that maintain a generally constant physiological state in a cell or organism auxesis growth from increase in cell size without cell division auxiliary operation a operation performed by off-line equipment not under the control of the central processing unit background processing the execution of low priority programs while higher priority programs are not using the processing system bacteriolysis dissolution or destruction of bacteria bacteriostasis inhibition of the growth of bacteria basal metabolic rate the rate at which heat is produced by an individual in a resting state basal metabolism the amount of energy required to maintain the body of an individual in a resting state batch processing the serial execution of computer programs beach erosion the erosion of beaches bed-wetting enuresis during sleep; especially common in children (who usually outgrow it) Bessemer process an industrial process for making steel using a Bessemer converter to blast air through molten iron and thus burning the excess carbon and impurities; the first successful method of making steel in quantity at low cost beta decay radioactive decay of an atomic nucleus that is accompanied by the emission of a beta particle biochemical mechanism a chemical mechanism involved in vital processes occurring in living organisms biosynthesis production of a chemical compound by a living organism blood coagulation a process in which liquid blood is changed into a semisolid mass (a blood clot) blooming the organic process of bearing flowers; "you will stop all bloom if you let the flowers go to seed" blossoming the time and process of budding and unfolding of blossoms blowing processing that involves blowing a gas bluing a process that makes something blue (or bluish) used to whiten laundry or hair or give it a bluish tinge bodily process an organic process that takes place in the body; "respiratory activity" boolean operation an operation that follows the rules of Boolean algebra; each operand and the result take one of two values bottom fermentation a slow kind of alcoholic fermentation at a temperature low enough that the yeast cells can sink to the bottom of the fermenting liquid; used in the production of lager bowel movement a euphemism for defecation; "he had a bowel movement" Bradley method of childbirth a method that prepares a mother for natural childbirth by providing education and exercises and nutrition and techniques of breathing and relaxation (with the assistance of the father) brooding sitting on eggs so as to hatch them by the warmth of the body deeply or seriously thoughtful; "Byron lives on not only in his poetry, but also in his creation of the `Byronic hero' - the persona of a brooding melancholy young man" budding reproduction of some unicellular organisms (such as yeasts) by growth and specialization followed by the separation by constriction of a part of the parent beginning to develop; "a budding genius" calcification a process that impregnates something with calcium (or calcium salts) an inflexible and unchanging state; "the calcification of negotiations" tissue hardened by deposition of lime salts calcination the conversion of metals into their oxides as a result of heating to a high temperature calving giving birth to a calf carbonation saturation with carbon dioxide (as soda water) carbon cycle a thermonuclear reaction in the interior of stars the organic circulation of carbon from the atmosphere into organisms and back again carbonization the destructive distillation of coal (as in coke ovens) carriage return the operation that prepares for the next character to be printed or displayed as the first character on a line catabiosis normal aging of cells catabolism breakdown in living organisms of more complex substances into simpler ones together with release of energy catalysis acceleration of a chemical reaction induced the presence of material that is chemically unchanged at the end of the reaction; "of the top 50 commodity chemicals, 30 are created directly by catalysis and another 6 are made from raw materials that are catalytically produced" cell division the process in reproduction and growth by which a cell divides to form daughter cells cenogenesis introduction during embryonic development of characters or structure not present in the earlier evolutionary history of the strain or species (such as the addition of the placenta in mammalian evolution) centrifugation the process of separating substances of different densities by the use of a centrifuge chain reaction a series of chemical reactions in which the product of one is a reactant in the next a self-sustaining nuclear reaction; a series of nuclear fissions in which neutrons released by splitting one atom leads to the splitting of others chelation the process of forming a ring by forming one or more hydrogen bonds (medicine) the process of removing a heavy metal from the bloodstream by means of a chelate as in treating lead or mercury poisoning chemical equilibrium a chemical reaction and its reverse proceed at equal rates chemical process (chemistry) any process determined by the atomic and molecular composition and structure of the substances involved chemical reaction (chemistry) a process in which one or more substances are changed into others; "there was a chemical reaction of the lime with the ground water" chemisorption adsorption (especially when irreversible) by means of chemical instead of physical forces; "chemisorption of gaseous nitrogen on iron catalysts" chemosynthesis synthesis of carbohydrate from carbon dioxide and water; limited to certain bacteria and fungi childbirth the parturition process in human beings; having a baby; the process of giving birth to a child chromatography a process used for separating mixtures by virtue of differences in absorbency climate change a change in the world's climate clouding the process whereby water particles become visible in the sky cold fusion nuclear fusion at or near room temperatures; claims to have discovered it are generally considered to have been mistaken column chromatography chromatography that uses selective adsorption by a column of powders combustion a process in which a substance reacts with oxygen to give heat and light a state of violent disturbance and excitement; "combustion grew until revolt was unavoidable" deflagration combustion that propagates through a gas or along the surface of an explosive at a rapid rate driven by the transfer of heat computer operation an elementary operation that a computer is designed and built to perform concretion the formation of stonelike objects within a body organ (e.g., the kidneys) concurrent operation two or more operations performed at the same time (or within a give interval) congealment the process of congealing; solidification by (or as if by) freezing conspicuous consumption buying expensive services and products in order to flaunt your wealth control operation an operation that controls the recording or processing or transmission of interpretation of data; "a control operation started the data processing" convalescence gradual healing (through rest) after sickness or injury convection the transfer of heat through a fluid (liquid or gas) caused by molecular motion (meteorology) the vertical movement of heat or other properties by massive motion within the atmosphere cooling the process of becoming cooler; a falling temperature corrosion erosion by chemical action a state of deterioration in metals caused by oxidation or chemical action cost-pull inflation inflation caused by an increase in the costs of production cracking the process whereby heavy molecules of naphtha or petroleum are broken down into hydrocarbons of lower molecular weight (especially in the oil-refining process) crossing over the interchange of sections between pairing homologous chromosomes during the prophase of meiosis curdling the process of forming semisolid lumps in a liquid cyanide process an industrial process for extracting gold and silver by treating ore with a sodium cyanide solution cytogenesis the origin and development and variation of cells cytolysis pathological breakdown of cells by the destruction of their outer membrane data mining data processing using sophisticated data search capabilities and statistical algorithms to discover patterns and correlations in large preexisting databases; a way to discover new meaning in data data processing (computer science) a series of operations on data by a computer in order to retrieve or transform or classify information dealignment a process whereby voters are moved toward nonpartisanship thus weakening the structure of political parties deamination removal of the amino radical from an amino acid or other amino compound decalcification loss of calcium from bones or teeth decarboxylation the process of removing a carboxyl group from a chemical compound (usually replacing it with hydrogen) decline change toward something smaller or lower a condition inferior to an earlier condition; a gradual falling off from a better state grow smaller; "Interest in the project waned" inflect for number, gender, case, etc.; "in many languages, speakers decline nouns, pronouns, and adjectives" go down in value; "the stock market corrected"; "prices slumped" go down; "The roof declines here" decoction (pharmacology) the extraction of water-soluble drug substances by boiling decoction process (brewing) a process in which part of the mash is removed and boiled and then returned dedifferentiation the loss of specialization in form or function deepening a process of becoming deeper and more profound defecation the elimination of fecal waste through the anus defense mechanism (psychiatry) an unconscious process that tries to reduce the anxiety associated with instinctive desires degaussing the process of making a (steel) ship's hull nonmagnetic by producing an opposing magnetic field dehydration the process of extracting moisture depletion of bodily fluids dryness resulting from the removal of water de-iodination the removal of iodine atoms from organic compounds demagnetization the process of removing magnetization demand-pull inflation inflation caused by an increase in demand or in the supply of money demineralization the removal of minerals and mineral salts from a liquid (especially from water) abnormal loss of mineral salts (especially from bone) denazification social process of removing Nazis from official positions and giving up any allegiance to Nazism; "denazification was a slow process" deossification the loss of the mineral content of bone tissue eponymy the derivation of a general name from that of a famous person desalination the removal of salt (especially from sea water) desertification the gradual transformation of habitable land into desert; is usually caused by climate change or by destructive use of the land; "the dust storms in Korea are the result of rapid desertification in China" desensitization the process of reducing sensitivity; "the patient was desensitized to the allergen" desorption changing from an adsorbed state on a surface to a gaseous or liquid state destalinization social process of neutralizing the influence of Joseph Stalin by revising his policies and removing monuments dedicated to him and renaming places named in his honor; "his statue was demolished as part of destalinization" destructive distillation heating a solid substance in a closed container and collecting the volatile products deterioration process of changing to an inferior state a symptom of reduced quality or strength detumescence diminution of swelling; the subsidence of anything swollen diakinesis the final stage of the prophase of meiosis diastrophism the process of deformation that produces continents and ocean basins in the earth's crust digital photography a photographic method that stores the image digitally for later reproduction dilapidation the process of becoming dilapidated diplotene the fourth stage of the prophase of meiosis disinflation a reduction of prices intended to improve the balance of payments dissimilation a linguistic process by which one of two similar sounds in a word becomes less like the other; "the Old French MARBRE became the English MARBLE by dissimilation" dissolving the process of going into solution; "the dissolving of salt in water" distillation the process of purifying a liquid by boiling it and condensing its vapors distributed data processing data processing in which some of the functions are performed in different places and connected by transmission facilities dithering the process of representing intermediate colors by patterns of tiny colored dots that simulate the desired color double decomposition a chemical reaction between two compounds in which parts of each are interchanged to form two new compounds (AB+CD=AD+CB) double replacement reaction a chemical reaction between two compounds where the positive ion of one compound is exchanged with the positive ion of another compound dry plate a former photographic method that used a glass plate coated with a light-sensitive gelatinous emulsion melioration the linguistic process in which over a period of time a word grows more positive in connotation or more elevated in meaning dyadic operation an operation on exactly two operands eburnation a change that occurs in degenerative joint disease in which bone is converted into a dense smooth substance resembling ivory ecchymosis the escape of blood from ruptured blood vessels into the surrounding tissue to form a purple or black-and-blue spot on the skin the purple or black-and-blue area resulting from a bruise economic growth steady growth in the productive capacity of the economy (and so a growth of national income) economic process any process affecting the production and development and management of material wealth effervescence the process of bubbling as gas escapes electrodeposition the deposition of a substance on an electrode by the action of electricity (especially by electrolysis) electronic data processing automatic data processing by electronic means without the use of tabulating cards or punched tapes electrophoresis the motion of charged particles in a colloid under the influence of an electric field; particles with a positive charge go to the cathode and negative to the anode electrostatic precipitation a process that removes suspended dust particles from a gas by applying a high voltage electrostatic charge to the particles and collecting them on charged plates elimination reaction a chemical reaction in which a molecule decomposes to two different molecules elision omission of a sound between two words (usually a vowel and the end of one word or the beginning of the next) ellipsis omission or suppression of parts of words or sentences elution the process of extracting one material from another by washing with a solvent to remove adsorbed material from an adsorbent (as in washing of loaded ion-exchange resins to remove captured ions); used to obtain uranium ions emergent evolution the appearance of entirely new properties at certain critical stages in the course of evolution encapsulation the process of enclosing (as in a capsule) the condition of being enclosed (as in a capsule); "the encapsulation of tendons in membranous sheaths" endoergic reaction a nuclear reaction occurring with absorption of energy endothermic reaction a chemical reaction accompanied by the absorption of heat enuresis inability to control the flow of urine and involuntary urination epigenesis a geological change in the mineral content of rock after the rock has formed epilation loss of hair; the result of removing hair epitaxy growing a crystal layer of one mineral on the crystal base of another mineral in such a manner that its crystalline orientation is the same as that of the substrate erosion (geology) the mechanical process of wearing or grinding something down (as by particles washing over it) a gradual decline of something; "after the accounting scandal there was an erosion of confidence in the auditors" condition in which the earth's surface is worn away by the action of water and wind erythropoiesis the process of producing red blood cells by the stem cells in the bone marrow Europeanization assimilation into European culture eutrophication excessive nutrients in a lake or other body of water, usually caused by runoff of nutrients (animal waste, fertilizers, sewage) from the land, which causes a dense growth of plant life; the decomposition of the plants depletes the supply of oxygen, leading to the death of animal life; "he argued that the controlling factor in eutrophication is not nitrate but phosphate" evolution (biology) the sequence of events involved in the evolutionary development of a species or taxonomic group of organisms exoergic reaction a nuclear reaction accompanied by the evolution of energy exothermic reaction a chemical reaction accompanied by the evolution of heat expectoration the process of coughing up and spitting out exponential decay a decrease that follows an exponential function extravasation the process of exuding or passing out of a vessel into surrounding tissues; said of blood or lymph or urine an extravasated liquid (blood or lymph or urine); the product of extravasation farrow the production of a litter of pigs give birth to (piglets); "sows farrow" fat metabolism a metabolic process that breaks down ingested fats into fatty acids and glycerol and then into simpler compounds that can be used by cells of the body feminization the process of becoming feminized; the development of female characteristics (loss of facial hair or breast enlargement) in a male because of hormonal disorders or castration festering (medicine) the formation of morbific matter in an abscess or a vesicle and the discharge of pus fibrinolysis a normal ongoing process that dissolves fibrin and results in the removal of small blood clots; "drugs causing fibrinolysis have been utilized therapeutically" field emission the emission of electrons that are stripped from parent atoms by a high electric field fission a nuclear reaction in which a massive nucleus splits into smaller nuclei with the simultaneous release of energy reproduction of some unicellular organisms by division of the cell into two more or less equal parts fixed-cycle operation an operation that is completed in a specified number of regularly timed execution cycles floating-point operation an arithmetic operation performed on floating-point numbers; "this computer can perform a million flops per second" flocculation the process of flocculating; forming woolly cloudlike aggregations foreground processing the execution of a program that preempts the use of the processing system fractional distillation fractionation of a liquid by distillation freeze-drying a method of drying food or blood plasma or pharmaceuticals or tissue without destroying their physical structure; material is frozen and then warmed in a vacuum so that the ice sublimes frost the formation of frost or ice on a surface ice crystals forming a white deposit (especially on objects outside) damage by frost; "The icy precipitation frosted the flowers and they turned brown" cover with frost; "ice crystals frosted the glass" provide with a rough or speckled surface or appearance; "frost the glass"; "she frosts her hair" decorate with frosting; "frost a cake" galactosis the secretion of milk gametogenesis the development and maturation of sex cells through meiosis gasification the process of changing into gas; "coal gas is produced by the gasification of coal" gastric digestion the process of breaking down proteins by the action of the gastric juice in the stomach gastrulation the process in which a gastrula develops from a blastula by the inward migration of cells geological process (geology) a natural process whereby geological features are modified glaciation the process of covering the earth with glaciers or masses of ice the condition of being covered with glaciers or masses of ice; the result of glacial action; "Agassiz recognized marks of glaciation all over northern Europe" Riss glaciation the next-to-last Pleistocene glaciation in the Alps and the deposits laid down at that time Saale glaciation the next-to-last Pleistocene glaciation in northern Europe and the deposits laid down at that time Wolstonian glaciation the next-to-last Pleistocene glaciation in Britain and the deposits laid down at that time globalization growth to a global or worldwide scale; "the globalization of the communication industry" global warming an increase in the average temperature of the earth's atmosphere (especially a sustained increase that causes climatic changes) glycolysis a metabolic process that breaks down carbohydrates and sugars through a series of reactions to either pyruvic acid or lactic acid and releases energy for the body in the form of ATP growing (electronics) the production of (semiconductor) crystals by slow crystallization from the molten state relating to or suitable for growth; "the growing season for corn"; "good growing weather" gynogenesis female parthenogenesis in which the embryo contains only maternal chromosomes due to the failure of the sperm to fuse with the egg nucleus Haber process an industrial process for producing ammonia from nitrogen and hydrogen by combining them under high pressure in the presence of an iron catalyst healing the natural process by which the body repairs itself heat dissipation dissipation of heat heating the process of becoming warmer; a rising temperature hemagglutination agglutination of red blood cells hematochezia passage of stools containing blood (as from diverticulosis or colon cancer or peptic ulcer) hematopoiesis the formation of blood cells in the living body (especially in the bone marrow) hemimetamorphosis incomplete or partial metamorphosis in insects heterometabolism development of insects with incomplete metamorphosis in which no pupal stage precedes maturity hemolysis lysis of erythrocytes with the release of hemoglobin heterospory the development of both microspores and megaspores holometabolism complete metamorphosis in insects homospory the development of a single kind of asexual spores human process a process in which human beings are involved humification the process of the formation of humus from plant remains hydration the process of combining with water; usually reversible hydrocracking the process whereby hydrocarbon molecules of petroleum are broken down into kerosene and gasolene by the addition of hydrogen under high pressure in the presence of a catalyst hydrogenation a chemical process that adds hydrogen atoms to an unsaturated oil; "food producers use hydrogenation to keep fat from becoming rancid" hydrolysis a chemical reaction in which water reacts with a compound to produce other compounds; involves the splitting of a bond and the addition of the hydrogen cation and the hydroxide anion from the water hyperhidrosis excessive and profuse perspiration hypersecretion excessive secretion imbibition (chemistry) the absorption of a liquid by a solid or gel immunoelectrophoresis electrophoresis to separate antigens and antibodies impregnation the process of totally saturating something with a substance; "the impregnation of wood with preservative"; "the saturation of cotton with ether" material with which something is impregnated; "the impregnation, whatever it was, had turned the rock blue" inactivation the process of rendering inactive; "the gene inactivation system"; "thermal inactivation of serum samples" incontinence involuntary urination or defecation induction heating the heating of a conducting material caused by an electric current induced in it industrial process a systematic series of mechanical or chemical operations that produce or manufacture something indweller activation by an inner spirit or force or principle; "the Holy Spirit is the indweller of the church and its members" inflationary spiral an episode of inflation in which prices and wages increase at an increasing rate and currency rapidly loses value deflationary spiral an episode of deflation in which prices and wages decrease at an increasing rate and currency gains in value inflow the process of flowing in infructescence the fruiting stage of the inflorescence inpouring an inflow; "an inpouring of spiritual comfort" pouring inward; "inpouring throngs of immigrants" inspissation the process of thickening by dehydration integrated data processing automatic data processing in which data acquisition and other stages or processing are integrated into a coherent system intellectualization (psychiatry) a defense mechanism that uses reasoning to block out emotional stress and conflict internal combustion the combustion of fuel inside a cylinder (as in an internal-combustion engine) intumescence the increase in volume of certain substances when they are heated (often accompanied by release of water) swelling up with blood or other fluids (as with congestion) intussusception (biology) growth in the surface area of a cell by the deposit of new particles between existing particles in the cell wall invagination the folding in of an outer layer so as to form a pocket in the surface; "the invagination of the blastula" the condition of being folded inward or sheathed iodination the substitution or addition of iodine atoms in organic compounds ion exchange a process in which ions are exchanged between a solution and an insoluble (usually resinous) solid; widely used in industrial processing ionization the process of ionizing; the formation of ions by separating atoms or molecules or radicals or by adding or subtracting electrons from atoms by strong electric fields in a gas the condition of being dissociated into ions (as by heat or radiation or chemical reaction or electrical discharge); "the ionization of a gas" irreversible process any process that is not reversible isoagglutination agglutination of an agglutinogen of one individual by a serum from another individual of the same species isogamy (biology) reproduction by the union or fusion of gametes of the same size and structure juvenescence the process of growing into a youth cytokinesis organic process consisting of the division of the cytoplasm of a cell following karyokinesis bringing about the separation into two daughter cells karyokinesis organic process consisting of the division of the nucleus of a cell during mitosis or meiosis karyolysis disintegration and dissolution of a cell nucleus when a cell dies katamorphism metamorphism that occurs at or near the earth's surface; breaks down complex minerals into simpler ones keratinization organic process by which keratin is deposited in cells and the cells become horny (as in nails and hair) Krebs cycle in all plants and animals: a series of enzymatic reactions in mitochondria involving oxidative metabolism of acetyl compounds to produce high-energy phosphate compounds that are the source of cellular energy lacrimation shedding tears lactation the production and secretion of milk by the mammary glands the period following birth during which milk is secreted; "lactation normally continues until weaning" Lamaze method of childbirth a method that prepares a mother for natural childbirth; the pregnant woman (in classes and at home) practices (usually with the help of a coach) and learns about the physiology of childbirth and techniques of relaxation, concentration, and breathing laying the production of eggs (especially in birds) leach the process of leaching remove substances from by a percolating liquid; "leach the soil" permeate or penetrate gradually; "the fertilizer leached into the ground" cause (a liquid) to leach or percolate Leboyer method of childbirth a method of childbirth that tries to minimize the trauma for the newborn; delivery occurs in a quiet dimly lit room and the infant's head is not pulled and immediate bonding between mother and child is encouraged leeway (of a ship or plane) sideways drift leptotene the first stage of the prophase of meiosis lexicalization the process of making a word to express a concept libration (astronomy) a real or apparent slow oscillation of a moon or satellite; "the libration of the moon" light reaction the first stage of photosynthesis during which energy from light is used for the production of ATP line feed the operation that prepares for the next character to be printed or displayed on the next line liquefaction the conversion of a solid or a gas into a liquid list processing processing data that is given in the form of chained lists lithuresis passing small stones with the urine logic operation an operation that follows the rules of symbolic logic lymphopoiesis the formation of lymphocytes in the bone marrow and lymph nodes and thymus and spleen lysis (biochemistry) dissolution or destruction of cells such as blood cells or bacteria recuperation in which the symptoms of an acute disease gradually subside lysogenization the process by which a bacterium acquires a phage that becomes integrated into its genome maceration softening due to soaking or steeping macroevolution evolution on a large scale extending over geologic era and resulting in the formation of new taxonomic groups majority operation a threshold operation in which each operand is 0 or 1; output is 1 if and only if more than half the operands have the value 1 malabsorption abnormal absorption of nutrients from the digestive tract marginalization the social process of becoming or being made marginal (especially as a group within the larger society); "the marginalization of the underclass"; "the marginalization of literature" market forces the interaction of supply and demand that shapes a market economy Markov chain a Markov process for which the parameter is discrete time values Markov process a simple stochastic process in which the distribution of future states depends only on the present state and not on how it arrived in the present state masculinization the abnormal development of male sexual characteristics in a female (usually as the result of hormone therapies or adrenal malfunction) maturation coming to full development; becoming mature meiosis (genetics) cell division that produces reproductive cells in sexually reproducing organisms; the nucleus divides into four nuclei each containing half the chromosome number (leading to gametes in animals and spores in plants) mellowing the process of becoming mellow menorrhagia abnormally heavy or prolonged menstruation; can be a symptom of uterine tumors and can lead to anemia if prolonged menstruation the monthly discharge of blood from the uterus of nonpregnant women from puberty to menopause; "the women were sickly and subject to excessive menstruation"; "a woman does not take the gout unless her menses be stopped"--Hippocrates; "the semen begins to appear in males and to be emitted at the same time of life that the catamenia begin to flow in females"--Aristotle metabolism the organic processes (in a cell or organism) that are necessary for life metamorphism change in the structure of rock by natural agencies such as pressure or heat or introduction of new chemical substances metaphase the second stage of mitosis the second stage of meiosis metastasis the spreading of a disease (especially cancer) to another part of the body metathesis a linguistic process of transposition of sounds or syllables within a word or words within a sentence microevolution evolution resulting from small specific genetic changes that can lead to a new subspecies microphoning the transduction of sound waves into electrical waves (by a microphone) micturition the discharge of urine mineral extraction crushing and separating ore into valuable substances or waste by any of a variety of techniques mitosis cell division in which the nucleus divides into nuclei containing the same number of chromosomes molt periodic shedding of the cuticle in arthropods or the outer skin in reptiles monadic operation an operation with exactly one operand monogenesis asexual reproduction by the production and release of spores morphallaxis regeneration on a reduced scale of a body part; observed especially in invertebrates such as certain lobsters morphogenesis differentiation and growth of the structure of an organism (or a part of an organism) multiplex operation an operation in which two or more activities are interleaved multiprocessing simultaneous processing by two or more processing units multiprogramming the execution of two or more computer programs by a single computer myelinization the development of a myelin sheath around a nerve fiber natural childbirth labor and childbirth without medical intervention; no drugs are given to relieve pain or aid the birth process; "natural childbirth is considered the safest for the baby" natural process a process existing in or produced by nature (rather than by the intent of human beings); "the action of natural forces"; "volcanic activity" Nazification social process of adopting (or being forced to adopt) Nazism; "as the process of Nazification spread they paid less attention to public opinion" necrolysis disintegration and dissolution of dead tissue negative feedback feedback in opposite phase with (decreasing) the input neoplasia the pathological process that results in the formation and growth of a tumor neurogenesis the development of nerve tissues new line the operation that prepares for the next character to be printed or displayed as the first character on the next line nitrification the oxidation of ammonium compounds in dead organic material into nitrates and nitrites by soil bacteria (making nitrogen available to plants) the chemical process in which a nitro group is added to an organic compound (or substituted for another group in an organic compound) nitrogen cycle the circulation of nitrogen; nitrates from the soil are absorbed by plants which are eaten by animals that die and decay returning the nitrogen back to the soil nitrogen fixation the assimilation of atmospheric nitrogen by soil bacteria and its release for plant use on the death of the bacteria nocturia excessive urination at night; especially common in older men nocturnal emission ejaculation during sleep (usually during a dream) nondevelopment failure of normal development to occur nondisjunction meiosis in which there is a failure of paired homologous chromosomes to separate; results in an abnormal number of chromosomes in the daughter cells nosedive a sudden sharp drop or rapid decline; "the stock took a nosedive" plunge nose first; drop with the nose or front first, of aircraft nuclear reaction (physics) a process that alters the energy or structure or composition of atomic nuclei nucleosynthesis (astronomy) the cosmic synthesis of atoms more complex than the hydrogen atom obsolescence the process of becoming obsolete; falling into disuse or becoming out of date; "a policy of planned obsolescence" oligomenorrhea abnormally light or infrequent menstruation oliguria production of an abnormally small amount of urine abnormally small production of urine; can be a symptom of kidney disease or obstruction of the urinary tract or edema or an imbalance of fluids and electrolytes in the body oogenesis development of ova opacification the process of becoming cloudy or opaque open-hearth process a process for making steel using an open-hearth furnace opsonization process whereby opsonins make an invading microorganism more susceptible to phagocytosis organic process a process occurring in living organisms organification the process of organ formation orogeny the process of mountain formation (especially by the upward displacement of the earth's crust) osmosis (biology, chemistry) diffusion of molecules through a semipermeable membrane from a place of higher concentration to a place of lower concentration until the concentration on both sides is equal reverse osmosis (chemistry) a method of producing pure water; a solvent passes through a semipermeable membrane in a direction opposite to that for natural osmosis when it is subjected to a hydrostatic pressure greater than the osmotic pressure osteolysis lysis of bone caused by disease or infection or inadequate blood supply outflow the process of flowing out overactivity excessive activity; "overactivity of the sebaceous glands causes the skin to become oily" overflow incontinence urinary incontinence that occurs when the bladder is so full that it continually leaks urine; often attributable to a blocked urethra (e.g., due to prostate enlargement) or weak bladder muscles or nerve damage overheating excessive heating ovulation the expulsion of an ovum from the ovary (usually midway in the menstrual cycle) oxidation the process of oxidizing; the addition of oxygen to a compound with a loss of electrons; always occurs accompanied by reduction oxidation-reduction a reversible chemical reaction in which one reaction is an oxidation and the reverse is a reduction oxidative phosphorylation an enzymatic process in cell metabolism that synthesizes ATP from ADP oxygenation the process of providing or combining or treating with oxygen; "the oxygenation of the blood" pachytene the third stage of the prophase of meiosis pair production the transformation of a gamma-ray photon into an electron and a positron when the photon passes close to an atomic nucleus palingenesis emergence during embryonic development of various characters or structures that appeared during the evolutionary history of the strain or species paper chromatography chromatography that uses selective adsorption on a strip of paper paper electrophoresis electrophoresis carried out on filter paper parallel operation the simultaneous execution of two or more operations parthenocarpy (botany) the development of a fruit without fertilization or seeds parthenogenesis process in which an unfertilized egg develops into a new individual; common among insects and some other arthropods human conception without fertilization by a man parturition the process of giving birth passive transport transport of a substance across a cell membrane by diffusion; expenditure of energy is not required pathogenesis the origination and development of a disease pathologic process an organic process occurring as a consequence of disease peace process any social process undertaken by governments who want their citizens to believe they are trying to avoid armed hostilities peeing informal terms for urination; "he took a pee" peptization the process of converting to a sol; bringing to a colloidal solution perennation the process of living through a number of years (as a perennial plant) peristalsis the process of wavelike muscle contractions of the alimentary tract that moves food along permeation the process of permeating or infusing something with a substance phagocytosis process in which phagocytes engulf and digest microorganisms and cellular debris; an important defense against infection phase change a change from one state (solid or liquid or gas) to another without a change in chemical composition phase of cell division a stage in meiosis or mitosis photochemical reaction a chemical reaction produced by the action of light photoelectric emission the release or absorption of quanta above a certain energy level photosynthesis synthesis of compounds with the aid of radiant energy (especially in plants) pinocytosis process by which certain cells can engulf and incorporate droplets of fluid pitting the formation of small pits in a surface as a consequence of corrosion planation the process of erosion whereby a level surface is produced plastination a process involving fixation and dehydration and forced impregnation and hardening of biological tissues; water and lipids are replaced by curable polymers (silicone or epoxy or polyester) that are subsequently hardened; "the plastination of specimens is valuable for research and teaching" polymerization a chemical process that combines several monomers to form a polymer or polymeric compound population growth increase in the number of people who inhabit a territory or state positive feedback feedback in phase with (augmenting) the input potentiation (medicine) the synergistic effect of two drugs given simultaneously powder photography a process for identifying minerals or crystals; a small rod is coated with a powdered form of the substance and subjected to suitably modified X-rays; the pattern of diffracted rings is used for identification precession of the equinoxes a slow westward shift of the equinoxes along the plane of the ecliptic caused by precession of the Earth's axis of rotation prechlorination chlorination prior to another chemical process precocious dentition teething at an earlier age than expected premature ejaculation ejaculation during the early stages of sexual excitement or soon after the insertion of the penis into the vagina printing operation an operation that controls the printing or display of information priority processing data processing in which the operations performed are determined by a system of priorities processing preparing or putting through a prescribed procedure; "the processing of newly arrived immigrants"; "the processing of ore to obtain minerals" professionalization the social process whereby people come to engage in an activity for pay or as a means of livelihood; "the professionalization of American sports"; "the professionalization of warfare" proliferation growth by the rapid multiplication of parts a rapid increase in number (especially a rapid increase in the number of deadly weapons); "the proliferation of nuclear weapons" prophase the first stage of mitosis the first stage of meiosis proteolysis the hydrolysis of proteins into peptides and amino acids by cleavage of their peptide bonds psilosis falling out of hair psychoanalytic process a process that is assumed to occur in psychoanalytic theory psychogenesis a general term for the origin and development of almost any aspect of the mind the development in the life of an individual of some disorder that is caused by psychological rather than physiological factors psychomotor development progressive acquisition of skills involving both mental and motor activities psychosexual development (psychoanalysis) the process during which personality and sexual behavior mature through a series of stages: first oral stage and then anal stage and then phallic stage and then latency stage and finally genital stage ptyalism excessive flow of saliva pullulation a rapid and abundant increase asexual reproduction in which a local growth on the surface or in the body of the parent becomes a separate individual pyrochemical process processes for chemical reactions at high temperatures quadrupling increase by a factor of four quellung the swelling of the capsule surrounding a microorganism after reaction with an antibody; the basis of certain tests for identifying microorganisms; "pneumococcus quellung" quickening the process of showing signs of life; "the quickening of seed that will become ripe grain" the stage of pregnancy at which the mother first feels the movements of the fetus quintupling increasing by a factor of five radiant heating heating a building by radiation from panels containing hot water or electrical heaters radiolysis molecular disintegration resulting from radiation rain-wash the washing away of soil or other loose material by rain random walk a stochastic process consisting of a sequence of changes each of whose characteristics (as magnitude or direction) is determined by chance reaction formation (psychiatry) a defense mechanism in which a person unconsciously develops attitudes and behavior that are the opposite of unacceptable repressed desires and impulses and serve to conceal them; "his strict morality is just a reaction formation to hide his sexual drive" Read method of childbirth a method of natural childbirth that assumes it is a normal process and that the pain is largely psychological; involves education and breathing exercises to foster relaxation and other exercises real-time processing data processing fast enough to keep up with an outside process redeposition deposition from one deposit to another reducing loss of excess weight (as by dieting); becoming slimmer; "a doctor supervised her reducing" refilling filling again by supplying what has been used up refining the process of removing impurities (as from oil or metals or sugar etc.) reflation inflation of currency after a period of deflation; restore the system to a previous state resorption the organic process in which the substance of some differentiated structure that has been produced by the body undergoes lysis and assimilation stovepiping retrieval of information from unconnected databases; the situation that exists when it is necessary to climb out of one database in order to climb down into another; sometimes used for protection against wandering hackers reuptake a process of using up or consuming again; "psychopharmacologists discovered that amine reuptake is a process that inactivates monoamine neurotransmitters" reversible process any process in which a system can be made to pass through the same states in the reverse order when the process is reversed rigor mortis muscular stiffening that begins 2 to 4 hours after death and lasts for about 4 days temporary stiffness of joints and muscular rigidity occurring after death ripening acquiring desirable qualities by being left undisturbed for some time rooting the process of putting forth roots and beginning to grow salivation the secretion of saliva saponification a chemical reaction in which an ester is heated with an alkali (especially the alkaline hydrolysis of a fat or oil to make soap) schizogony asexual reproduction by multiple fission; characteristic of many sporozoan protozoans secondary emission the emission of electrons from a surface that is bombarded by higher energy primary electrons sensitization (psychology) the process of becoming highly sensitive to specific events or situations (especially emotional events or situations) the state of being sensitive (as to an antigen) serial operation the sequential execution of operations one after another serial processing sequential processing by two or more processing units sexual reproduction reproduction involving the union or fusion of a male and a female gamete shaping any process serving to define the shape of something shedding the process whereby something is shed shit a coarse term for defecation; "he took a shit" sinking spell a temporary decline in health or value slump a noticeable deterioration in performance or quality; "the team went into a slump"; "a gradual slack in output"; "a drop-off in attendance"; "a falloff in quality" fall heavily or suddenly; decline markedly; "The real estate market fell off" fall or sink heavily; "He slumped onto the couch"; "My spirits sank" assume a drooping posture or carriage social process a process involved in the formation of groups of persons softening the process of becoming softer; "refrigeration delayed the softening of the fruit"; "he observed the softening of iron by heat" soil erosion the washing away of soil by the flow of water solvation a chemical process in which solvent molecules and molecules or ions of the solute combine to form a compound Solvay process an industrial process for producing sodium carbonate from sodium chloride and ammonia and carbon dioxide sorption the process in which one substance takes up or holds another (by either absorption or adsorption) souring the process of becoming sour spallation (physics) a nuclear reaction in which a bombarded nucleus breaks up into many particles; "some astronomers believe that the solar system was formed by spallation when the sun was a very young star" speciation the evolution of a biological species spermatogenesis development of spermatozoa spoilage the process of becoming spoiled the amount that has spoiled spontaneous combustion ignition of a substance (as oily rags) resulting from an internal oxidation process stagflation a period of slow economic growth and high unemployment (stagnation) while prices rise (inflation) Stalinization social process of adopting (or being forced to adopt) the policies and practices of Joseph Stalin; "many Hungarians refused to take part in the Stalinization of their country" stationary stochastic process a stochastic process in which the distribution of the random variables is the same for any value of the variable parameter steel production making steel from pig iron stochastic process a statistical process involving a number of random variables depending on a variable parameter (which is usually time) stress incontinence urinary incontinence that occurs when involuntary pressure is put on the bladder by coughing or laughing or sneezing or lifting or straining subduction a geological process in which one edge of a crustal plate is forced sideways and downward into the mantle below another plate supply offering goods and services for sale an amount of something available for use give something useful or necessary to; "We provided the room with an electrical heater" symphysis a growing together of parts or structures an abnormal adhesion of two or more structures synapsis the side by side pairing of homologous maternal and paternal chromosomes at the start of meiosis syncretism the fusion of originally different inflected forms (resulting in a reduction in the use of inflections) the union (or attempted fusion) of different systems of thought or belief (especially in religion or philosophy); "a syncretism of material and immaterial theories" synchronous operation operations that are initiated predictably by a clock syneresis the separation of liquid from a gel that is caused by contraction (as in cheese making) the contraction of two vowels into a diphthong synergy the working together of two things (muscles or drugs for example) to produce an effect greater than the sum of their individual effects synizesis the contraction of chromatin towards one side of the nucleus during the prophase of meiosis teething the eruption through the gums of baby teeth telophase the final stage of mitosis the final stage of meiosis when the chromosomes move toward opposite ends of the nuclear spindle temperature change a process whereby the degree of hotness of a body (or medium) changes teratogenesis the development of defects in an embryo thermionic emission the emission of electrons from very hot substances thermocoagulation congealing tissue by heat (as by electric current) thermonuclear reaction a nuclear fusion reaction taking place at very high temperatures (as in the sun) threshold operation an operation performed on operands in order to obtain the value of a threshold function thrombolysis the process of breaking up and dissolving blood clots top fermentation a violent kind of alcoholic fermentation at a temperature high enough to carry the yeast cells to the top of the fermenting liquid; used in the production of ale; "top fermentation uses a yeast that ferments at higher temperatures than that used for bottom fermentation" transamination the process of transfering an amino group from one compound to another the process of transposing an amino group within a chemical compound transduction the process whereby a transducer accepts energy in one form and gives back related energy in a different form; "the transduction of acoustic waves into voltages by a microphone" (genetics) the process of transfering genetic material from one cell to another by a plasmid or bacteriophage protein folding the process whereby a protein molecule assumes its intricate three-dimensional shape; "understanding protein folding is the next step in deciphering the genetic code" translocation (genetics) an exchange of chromosome parts; "translocations can result in serious congenital disorders" the transport of dissolved material within a plant transpiration the emission of water vapor from the leaves of plants the passage of gases through fine tubes because of differences in pressure or temperature the process of giving off or exhaling water vapor through the skin or mucous membranes transport an exchange of molecules (and their kinetic energy and momentum) across the boundary between adjacent layers of a fluid or across cell membranes move while supporting, either in a vehicle or in one's hands or on one's body; "You must carry your camping gear"; "carry the suitcases to the car"; "This train is carrying nuclear waste"; "These pipes carry waste water into the river" transport commercially move something or somebody around; usually over long distances tripling increase by a factor of three tumefaction the process of tumefying; the organic process whereby tissue becomes swollen by the accumulation of fluid within it ulceration the process of ulcer formation; the process of becoming ulcerated ultracentrifugation centrifugation at very high speeds underdevelopment (photography) inadequate processing of film resulting in inadequate contrast state of inadequate development; "much poverty can be traced to the underdevelopment of industry" unfolding a developmental process; "the flowering of antebellum culture" uptake a process of taking up or using up or consuming; "they developed paper napkins with a greater uptake of liquids" urbanization the social process whereby cities grow and societies become more urban the condition of being urbanized urge incontinence urinary incontinence that is generally attributable to involuntary contracts of the bladder muscle resulting in an urgent need to urinate accompanied by a sudden loss of urine; most common in people over 60 years of age urochesia passage of urine from the anus vascularization the organic process whereby body tissue becomes vascular and develops capillaries vesiculation the formation of vesicles in or beneath the skin video digitizing the process of capturing and converting and storing video images for use by a computer vinification the process whereby fermentation changes grape juice into wine vitrification the process of becoming vitreous a vitrified substance; the glassy result of being vitrified vulcanization process of treating rubber or rubberlike materials with sulphur at great heat to improve elasticity and strength or to harden them washout the erosive process of washing away soil or gravel by water (as from a roadway); "from the house they watched the washout of their newly seeded lawn by the water" the channel or break produced by erosion of relatively soft soil by water; "it was several days after the storm before they could repair the washout and open the road" Westernization assimilation of Western culture; the social process of becoming familiar with or converting to the customs and practices of Western civilization word processing rapid and efficient processing (storage and printing) of linguistic data for composition and editing zygotene the second stage of the prophase of meiosis zymosis (medicine) the development and spread of an infectious disease (especially one caused by a fungus) a process in which an agent causes an organic substance to break down into simpler substances; especially, the anaerobic breakdown of sugar into alcohol fundamental quantity one of the four quantities that are the basis of systems of measurement definite quantity a specific measure of amount indefinite quantity an estimated quantity relative quantity a quantity relative to some purpose system of measurement a system of related measures that facilitates the quantification of some particular characteristic system of weights and measures system of measurement for length and weight and duration British Imperial System a system of weights and measures based on the foot and pound and second and pint metric system a decimal system of weights and measures based on the meter and the kilogram and the second cgs system of measurement based on centimeters and grams and seconds Systeme International d'Unites a complete metric system of units of measurement for scientists; fundamental quantities are length (meter) and mass (kilogram) and time (second) and electric current (ampere) and temperature (kelvin) and amount of matter (mole) and luminous intensity (candela); "Today the United States is the only country in the world not totally committed to the Systeme International d'Unites" United States Customary System the system of weights and measures based on the foot and pound and second and pint that dates back to colonial America but differs in some respects from the British Imperial System; today in the United States this system exists side by side with the SI system information measure a system of measurement of information based on the probabilities of the events that convey information bandwidth a data transmission rate; the maximum amount of information (bits/second) that can be transmitted along a channel baud (computer science) a data transmission rate (bits/second) for modems octane number a measure of the antiknock properties of gasoline marginal utility (economics) the amount that utility increases with an increase of one unit of an economic good or service enough an adequate quantity; a quantity that is large enough to achieve a purpose; "enough is as good as a feast"; "there is more than a sufficiency of lawyers in this country" as much as necessary; "Have I eaten enough?"; (`plenty' is nonstandard) "I've had plenty, thanks" fill a quantity sufficient to satisfy; "he ate his fill of potatoes"; "she had heard her fill of gossip" plug with a substance; "fill a cavity" become full; "The pool slowly filled with water"; "The theater filled up slowly" make full, also in a metaphorical sense; "fill a container"; "fill the child with pride" appoint someone to (a position or a job) assume, as of positions or roles; "She took the job as director of development"; "he occupies the position of manager"; "the young prince will soon occupy the throne" plurality (in an election with more than 2 options) the number of votes for the candidate or party receiving the greatest number (but less that half of the votes) the state of being plural; "to mark plurality, one language may add an extra syllable to the word whereas another may simply change the vowel in the existing final syllable" absolute value a real number regardless of its sign acid value (chemistry) the amount of free acid present in fat as measured by the milligrams of potassium hydroxide needed to neutralize it; "as the glycerides in fat slowly decompose the acid value increases" chlorinity a measure of the quantity of chlorine or other halides in water (especially seawater) quire a quantity of paper; 24 or 25 sheets ream a quantity of paper; 480 or 500 sheets; one ream equals 20 quires a large quantity of written matter; "he wrote reams and reams" enlarge with a reamer; "ream a hole" remove by making a hole or by boring; "the dentist reamed out the debris in the course of the root canal treatment" squeeze the juice out (of a fruit) with a reamer; "ream oranges" toxicity the degree to which something is poisonous cytotoxicity the degree to which something is toxic to living cells unit of measurement any division of quantity accepted as a standard of measurement or exchange; "the dollar is the United States unit of currency"; "a unit of wheat is a bushel"; "change per unit volume" measuring unit a unit of measurement diopter a unit of measurement of the refractive power of a lens which is equal to the reciprocal of the focal length measured in meters; used by oculists karat the unit of measurement for the proportion of gold in an alloy; 18-karat gold is 75% gold; 24-karat gold is pure gold decimal a number in the decimal system numbered or proceeding by tens; based on ten; "the decimal system" Avogadro's number the number of molecules in a mole of a substance (approximately 602,250,000,000,000,000,000,000) Boltzmann's constant constant used in the calculation of the ideal gas constant coefficient a constant number that serves as a measure of some property or characteristic absorption coefficient a measure of the rate of decrease in the intensity of electromagnetic radiation (as light) as it passes through a given substance; the fraction of incident radiant energy absorbed per unit mass or thickness of an absorber; "absorptance equals 1 minus transmittance" drag coefficient the ratio of the drag on a body moving through air to the product of the velocity and the surface area of the body coefficient of friction the ratio of the weight of an object being moved along a surface and the force that maintains contact between the object and the surface coefficient of mutual induction a measure of the induction between two circuits; the ratio of the electromotive force in a circuit to the corresponding change of current in a neighboring circuit; usually measured in henries coefficient of self induction the ratio of the electromotive force produced in a circuit by self-induction to the rate of change of current producing it, expressed in henries modulus (physics) a coefficient that expresses how much of a specified property is possessed by a specified substance the absolute value of a complex number an integer that can be divided without remainder into the difference between two other integers; "2 is a modulus of 5 and 9" coefficient of elasticity (physics) the ratio of the applied stress to the change in shape of an elastic body bulk modulus the ratio of the change in pressure acting on a volume to the fractional change in volume modulus of rigidity the coefficient of elasticity for a shearing force Young's modulus a coefficient of elasticity applicable to the stretching of a wire coefficient of expansion the fractional change in length or area or volume per unit change in temperature at a given constant pressure coefficient of reflection the fraction of radiant energy that is reflected from a surface transmittance the fraction of radiant energy that passes through a substance coefficient of viscosity a measure of the resistance to flow of a fluid under an applied force cosmological constant an arbitrary constant in the equations of general relativity theory equilibrium constant (chemistry) the ratio of concentrations when equilibrium is reached in a reversible reaction (when the rate of the forward reaction equals the rate of the reverse reaction) dissociation constant the equilibrium constant for a reversible dissociation gas constant (physics) the universal constant in the gas equation: pressure times volume = R times temperature; equal to 8.3143 joules per kelvin per mole gravitational constant (physics) the universal constant relating force to mass and distance in Newton's law of gravitation Hubble's constant (cosmology) the ratio of the speed of recession of a galaxy (due to the expansion of the universe) to its distance from the observer; the Hubble constant is not actually a constant, but is regarded as measuring the expansion rate today ionic charge the charge on an ion is equal to a constant charge e multiplied by an integer from 1 to 15 Planck's constant the constant of proportionality relating the energy of a photon to its frequency; approximately 6.626 x 10^-34 joule-second oxidation number the degree of oxidation of an atom or ion or molecule; for simple atoms or ions the oxidation number is equal to the ionic charge; "the oxidation number of hydrogen is +1 and of oxygen is -2" cardinality (mathematics) the number of elements in a set or group (considered as a property of that grouping) body count a count of troops killed in an operation or time period; "the daily body count increased as the war went on" head count number of people in a particular group pollen count the number of pollen grains (usually ragweed) in a standard volume of air over a twenty-four hour period and a specified time and place conversion factor factor by which a quantity that is expressed in one set of units must be multiplied in order to convert it into another set of units factor of proportionality the constant value of the ratio of two proportional quantities x and y; usually written y = kx, where k is the factor of proportionality Fibonacci number a number in the Fibonacci sequence prime a natural number that has exactly two distinct natural number divisors: 1 and itself the time of maturity when power and vigor are greatest the second canonical hour; about 6 a.m. insert a primer into (a gun, mine, or charge) preparatory to detonation or firing; "prime a cannon"; "prime a mine" fill with priming liquid; "prime a car engine" cover with a primer; apply a primer to being at the best stage of development; "our manhood's prime vigor"- Robert Browning of or relating to or being an integer that cannot be factored into other integers; "prime number" prime factor the prime factors of a quantity are all of the prime quantities that will exactly divide the given quantity prime number an integer that has no integral factors but itself and 1 composite number an integer that is divisible without remainder by at least one positive integer other than itself and one birdie (golf) a score of one stroke under par on a hole shoot in one stroke under par double-bogey (golf) a score of two strokes over par for a hole par (golf) the standard number of strokes set for each hole on a golf course, or for the entire course; "a par-5 hole"; "par for this course is 72" make a score (on a hole) equal to par compound number a quantity expressed in two different units; "one hour and ten minutes" ordinal number the number designating place in an ordered sequence cardinal number the number of elements in a mathematical set; denotes a quantity but not the order floating-point number a number represented in floating-point notation fixed-point number a number represented in fixed-point notation frequency the number of observations in a given statistical category the ratio of the number of observations in a statistical category to the total number of observations the number of occurrences within a given time period; "the frequency of modulation was 40 cycles per second"; "the frequency of his seizures increased as he grew older" googol a cardinal number represented as 1 followed by 100 zeros (ten raised to the power of a hundred) googolplex a cardinal number represented as 1 followed by a googol of zeros (ten raised to the power of a googol) atomic number the order of an element in Mendeleyev's table of the elements; equal to the number of protons in the nucleus or electrons in the neutral state of an atom of an element magic number the atomic number of an extra stable strongly bound atomic nucleus: 2, 8, 20, 28, 50, 82 or 126 baryon number a number equal to the difference between the number of baryons and the number of antibaryons in any subatomic structure; it is conserved in all types of particle interactions long measure a measure of length magnetic flux a measure of the strength of a magnetic field over a given area absorption unit a unit for measuring absorption acceleration unit a unit for measuring acceleration angular unit a unit of measurement for angles area unit a system of units used to measure areas volume unit a unit of measurement of volume or capacity cubic inch the volume equal to a cube one inch on each side cubic foot the volume equal to a cube one foot on each side computer memory unit a unit for measuring computer memory electromagnetic unit any of various systems of units for measuring electricity and magnetism explosive unit any unit for measuring the force of explosions force unit a unit of measurement of physical force linear unit a unit of measurement of length metric unit a decimal unit of measurement of the metric system (based on meters and kilograms and seconds); "convert all the measurements to metric units"; "it is easier to work in metric" miles per gallon the distance traveled in a vehicle powered by one gallon of gasoline or diesel fuel monetary unit a unit of money megaflop (computer science) a unit for measuring the speed of a computer system teraflop (computer science) a unit for measuring the speed of a computer system MIPS (computer science) a unit for measuring the execution speed of a computer's CPU (but not the whole system); "4 MIPS is 4,000,000 instructions per second" pain unit a unit measuring the intensity of pain pressure unit a unit measuring force per unit area printing unit a unit of measurement for printing sound unit any acoustic unit of measurement telephone unit a unit of measurement for telephone use temperature unit a unit of measurement for temperature weight unit a unit used to measure weight; "he placed two weights in the scale pan" mass unit a unit of measurement for mass unit of viscosity a unit of measurement for viscosity work unit a unit of measurement for work langley unit of solar radiation Brinell number measure of the hardness of a material Brix scale a system for measuring the concentration of sugar solutions set point (tennis) the final point needed to win a set in tennis match point (tennis) the final point needed to win a match (especially in tennis) sabin a unit of acoustic absorption equivalent to the absorption by a square foot of a surface that absorbs all incident sound circular measure measurement of angles in radians mil an angular unit used in artillery; equal to 1/6400 of a complete revolution a unit of length equal to one thousandth of an inch; used to specify thickness (e.g., of sheets or wire) a Cypriot monetary unit equal to one thousandth of a pound microradian a unit of angular distance equal to one thousandth of a milliradian milliradian a unit of angular distance equal to one thousandth of a radian radian the unit of plane angle adopted under the Systeme International d'Unites; equal to the angle at the center of a circle subtended by an arc equal in length to the radius (approximately 57.295 degrees) grad one-hundredth of a right angle oxtant a unit of angular distance equal to half a quadrant straight angle an angle of 180 degrees steradian the unit of solid angle adopted under the Systeme International d'Unites square inch a unit of area equal to one inch by one inch square square foot a unit of area equal to one foot by one foot square square yard a unit of area equal to one yard by one yard square square meter a centare is 1/100th of an are square mile an area of 640 acres quarter section a land unit equal to a quarter of a section (160 acres) and measuring 1/2 mile on a side acre a unit of area (4840 square yards) used in English-speaking countries are a unit of surface area equal to 100 square meters hectare (abbreviated `ha') a unit of surface area equal to 100 ares (or 10,000 square meters) arpent a former French unit of area; equal approximately to an acre dessiatine a former Russian unit of area equal to 2.7 acres morgen a South African unit of measure equal to about 2 acres liquid unit a unit of capacity for liquids (for measuring the volumes of liquids or their containers) dry unit a unit of capacity for dry commodities (as fruit or grain) United States liquid unit a liquid unit officially adopted in the United States Customary System British capacity unit a unit of measure for capacity officially adopted in the British Imperial System; British units are both dry and wet metric capacity unit a capacity unit defined in metric terms ardeb a unit of dry measure used in Egypt arroba a liquid measure (with different values) used in some Spanish speaking countries a unit of weight used in some Spanish speaking countries cran a capacity unit used for measuring fresh herring ephah an ancient Hebrew unit of dry measure equal to about a bushel field capacity the maximum amount of water that a particular soil can hold hin ancient Hebrew unit of liquid measure = 1.5 gallons fathom (mining) a unit of volume (equal to 6 cubic feet) used in measuring bodies of ore a linear unit of measurement (equal to 6 feet) for water depth measure the depth of (a body of water) with a sounding line acre-foot the volume of water that would cover 1 acre to a depth of 1 foot; 43,560 cubic feet or 1233.5 cubic meters acre inch one twelfth of an acre-foot board measure a system of units for measuring lumber based on the board foot board foot the volume of a piece of wood 1 foot square and 1 inch thick cubic yard a unit of volume (as for sand or gravel) mutchkin a Scottish unit of liquid measure equal to 0.9 United States pint oka a Turkish liquid unit equal to 1.3 pints a Turkish unit of weight equal to about 2.75 pounds minim a United States liquid unit equal to 1/60 fluidram a British imperial capacity measure (liquid or dry) equal to 1/60th fluid dram or 0.059194 cubic centimeters fluidram a unit of capacity or volume in the apothecary system equal to one eighth of a fluid ounce a British imperial capacity measure (liquid or dry) equal to 60 minims or 3.5516 cubic centimeters fluidounce a United States unit of capacity or volume equal to 1.804 cubic inches a British imperial unit of capacity or volume (liquid or dry) equal to 8 fluid drams or 28.416 cubic centimeters (1.734 cubic inches) pint a United States liquid unit equal to 16 fluid ounces; two pints equal one quart a United States dry unit equal to 0.5 quart or 33.6 cubic inches a British imperial capacity measure (liquid or dry) equal to 4 gills or 568.26 cubic centimeters quart a United States liquid unit equal to 32 fluid ounces; four quarts equal one gallon a United States dry unit equal to 2 pints or 67.2 cubic inches a British imperial capacity measure (liquid or dry) equal to 2 pints or 1.136 liters gallon United States liquid unit equal to 4 quarts or 3.785 liters a British imperial capacity measure (liquid or dry) equal to 4 quarts or 4.545 liters United States dry unit a unit of measurement of capacity for dry substances officially adopted in the United States Customary System peck a United States dry measure equal to 8 quarts or 537.605 cubic inches a British imperial capacity measure (liquid or dry) equal to 2 gallons eat by pecking at, like a bird hit lightly with a picking motion bushel a United States dry measure equal to 4 pecks or 2152.42 cubic inches a British imperial capacity measure (liquid or dry) equal to 4 pecks kilderkin an obsolete British unit of capacity equal to 18 Imperial gallons chaldron a British imperial capacity measure (liquid or dry) equal to 36 bushels cubic millimeter a metric measure of volume or capacity equal to a cube 1 millimeter on each edge milliliter a metric unit of volume equal to one thousandth of a liter centiliter a metric unit of volume equal to one hundredth of a liter deciliter a metric unit of volume equal to one tenth of a liter liter a metric unit of capacity, formerly defined as the volume of one kilogram of pure water under standard conditions; now equal to 1,000 cubic centimeters (or approximately 1.75 pints) dekaliter a metric unit of volume or capacity equal to 10 liters hectoliter a metric unit of volume or capacity equal to 100 liters kiloliter a metric unit of volume or capacity equal to 1000 liters cubic kilometer a unit of capacity equal to the volume of a cube one kilometer on each edge parity bit (computer science) a bit that is used in an error detection procedure in which a 0 or 1 is added to each group of bits so that it will have either an odd number of 1's or an even number of 1's; e.g., if the parity is odd then any group of bits that arrives with an even number of 1's must contain an error nybble a small byte byte a sequence of 8 bits (enough to represent one character of alphanumeric data) processed as a single unit of information bad block (computer science) a block (usually one sector) that cannot reliably hold data allocation unit a group of sectors on a magnetic disk that can be reserved for the use of a particular file kilobyte a unit of information equal to 1024 bytes a unit of information equal to 1000 bytes kilobit a unit of information equal to 1000 bits kibibit a unit of information equal to 1024 bits megabyte a unit of information equal to 1024 kibibytes or 2^20 (1,048,576) bytes a unit of information equal to 1000 kilobytes or 10^6 (1,000,000) bytes megabit a unit of information equal to 1000 kilobits or 10^6 (1,000,000) bits mebibit a unit of information equal to 1024 kibibits or 2^20 (1,048,576) bits gigabyte a unit of information equal to 1024 mebibytes or 2^30 (1,073,741,824) bytes a unit of information equal to 1000 megabytes or 10^9 (1,000,000,000) bytes gigabit a unit of information equal to 1000 megabits or 10^9 (1,000,000,000) bits gibibit a unit of information equal to 1024 mebibits or 2^30 (1,073,741,824) bits terabyte a unit of information equal to 1024 gibibytes or 2^40 (1,099,511,627,776) bytes a unit of information equal to 1000 gigabytes or 10^12 (1,000,000,000,000) bytes terabit a unit of information equal to 1000 gigabits or 10^12 (1,000,000,000,000) bits tebibit a unit of information equal to 1024 gibibits or 2^40 (1,099,511,627,776) bits petabyte a unit of information equal to 1024 tebibytes or 2^50 bytes a unit of information equal to 1000 terabytes or 10^15 bytes petabit a unit of information equal to 1000 terabits or 10^15 bits pebibit a unit of information equal to 1024 tebibits or 2^50 bits exabyte a unit of information equal to 1024 pebibytes or 2^60 bytes a unit of information equal to 1000 petabytes or 10^18 bytes exabit a unit of information equal to 1000 petabits or 10^18 bits exbibit a unit of information equal to 1024 pebibits or 2^60 bits zettabyte a unit of information equal to 1024 exbibytes or 2^70 bytes a unit of information equal to 1000 exabytes or 10^21 bytes zettabit a unit of information equal to 1000 exabits or 10^21 bits zebibit a unit of information equal to 1024 exbibits or 2^70 bits yottabyte a unit of information equal to 1024 zebibytes or 2^80 bytes a unit of information equal to 1000 zettabytes or 10^24 bytes yottabit a unit of information equal to 1000 zettabits or 10^24 bits yobibit a unit of information equal to 1024 zebibits or 2^80 bits capacitance unit a measure of the capacity of a circuit component to store charge charge unit a measure of the quantity of electricity (determined by the amount of an electric current and the time for which it flows) conductance unit a measure of a material's ability to conduct an electrical charge current unit a measure of the amount of electric charge flowing past a circuit point at a specific time elastance unit the reciprocal of capacitance field strength unit an electromagnetic unit of magnetic intensity flux density unit a measure of the amount of flux per unit of cross sectional area flux unit a measure of the strength of a magnetic field per unit area inductance unit a measure of the property of an electric circuit by which an electromotive force is induced in it light unit a measure of the visible electromagnetic radiation magnetomotive force unit a unit of measurement of magnetomotive force potential unit a measure of the potential energy of a unit charge at a given point in a circuit relative to a reference point (ground) power unit a measure of electric power radioactivity unit a measure of radioactivity resistance unit the reciprocal of conductance electrostatic unit any of various units of electricity based on forces of interaction between electric charges picofarad a unit of capacitance equal to one trillionth of a farad microfarad a unit of capacitance equal to one millionth of a farad millifarad a unit of capacitance equal to one thousandth of a farad farad the capacitance of a capacitor that has an equal and opposite charge of 1 coulomb on each plate and a voltage difference of 1 volt between the plates abfarad a capacitance unit equal to one billion farads coulomb a unit of electrical charge equal to the amount of charge transferred by a current of 1 ampere in 1 second abcoulomb a unit of electrical charge equal to 10 coulombs ampere-minute a unit of charge equal to 60 coulombs ampere-hour a unit of charge equal to 3600 coulombs mho a unit of conductance equal to the reciprocal of an ohm ampere the basic unit of electric current adopted under the Systeme International d'Unites; "a typical household circuit carries 15 to 50 amps" a former unit of electric current (slightly smaller than the SI ampere) milliampere one thousandth of an ampere abampere a unit of current equal to 10 amperes daraf a unit of elastance equal to the reciprocal of a farad oersted the magnetic field strength 1 cm from a unit magnetic pole maxwell a cgs unit of magnetic flux equal to the flux perpendicular to an area of 1 square centimeter in a magnetic field of 1 gauss weber a unit of magnetic flux equal to 100,000,000 maxwells microgauss a unit of magnetic flux density equal to one millionth of a gauss gauss a unit of magnetic flux density equal to 1 maxwell per square centimeter tesla a unit of magnetic flux density equal to one weber per square meter abhenry a unit of inductance equal to one billionth of a henry millihenry a unit of inductance equal to one thousandth of a henry henry a unit of inductance in which an induced electromotive force of one volt is produced when the current is varied at the rate of one ampere per second illumination unit a measure of illumination luminance unit a measure of luminance luminous flux unit a measure of luminous flux per unit area luminous intensity unit a measure of luminous intensity footcandle a unit of illuminance on a surface that is everywhere 1 foot from a point source of 1 candle lambert a cgs unit of illumination equal to the brightness of a perfectly diffusing surface that emits or reflects one lumen per square centimeter lux a unit of illumination equal to 1 lumen per square meter; 0.0929 foot candle phot a unit of illumination equal to 1 lumen per square centimeter; 10,000 phots equal 1 lux foot-lambert a former luminance unit equal to one lumen per square foot international candle a former international unit of luminous intensity; now replaced by the candela gilbert a unit of magnetomotive force equal to 0.7958 ampere-turns ampere-turn a unit of magnetomotive force equal to the magnetomotive force produced by the passage of 1 ampere through 1 complete turn of a coil; equal to 1.257 gilberts magneton a unit of magnetic moment of a molecular or atomic or subatomic particle abvolt a unit of potential equal to one-hundred-millionth of a volt millivolt a unit of potential equal to one thousandth of a volt microvolt a unit of potential equal to one millionth of a volt nanovolt a unit of potential equal to one billionth of a volt picovolt a unit of potential equal to one trillionth of a volt femtovolt a unit of potential equal to one quadrillionth of a volt (or one thousandth of a nanosecond) volt a unit of potential equal to the potential difference between two points on a conductor carrying a current of 1 ampere when the power dissipated between the two points is 1 watt; equivalent to the potential difference across a resistance of 1 ohm when 1 ampere of current flows through it kilovolt a unit of potential equal to a thousand volts rydberg a wave number characteristic of the wave spectrum of each element wave number the reciprocal of the wavelength of a wave abwatt a power unit equal to the power dissipated when 1 abampere flows across a potential difference of 1 abvolt (one ten-thousandth of a milliwatt) milliwatt a unit of power equal to one thousandth of a watt watt a unit of power equal to 1 joule per second; the power dissipated by a current of 1 ampere flowing across a resistance of 1 ohm kilowatt a unit of power equal to 1000 watts megawatt a unit of power equal to one million watts horsepower a unit of power equal to 746 watts volt-ampere a unit of electrical power in an AC circuit equal to the power dissipated when 1 volt produces a current of 1 ampere kilovolt-ampere a unit of electrical power equal to 1000 volt-amperes millicurie a unit of radioactivity equal to one thousandth of a curie curie a unit of radioactivity equal to the amount of a radioactive isotope that decays at the rate of 37,000,000,000 disintegrations per second roentgen a unit of radiation exposure; the dose of ionizing radiation that will produce 1 electrostatic unit of electricity in 1 cc of dry air rutherford a unit strength of a radioactive source equal to one million disintegrations per second rem (roentgen equivalent man) the dosage of ionizing radiation that will cause the same amount of injury to human tissue as 1 roentgen of X-rays mrem a dosage of ionizing radiation equivalent to one thousandth (1/1000) of a rem rad a unit of absorbed ionizing radiation equal to 100 ergs per gram of irradiated material abohm a unit of resistance equal to a billionth of an ohm ohm a unit of electrical resistance equal to the resistance between two points on a conductor when a potential difference of one volt between them produces a current of one ampere megohm a unit of resistance equal to one million ohms kiloton a measure of explosive power (of an atomic weapon) equal to that of 1000 tons of TNT one thousand tons megaton a measure of explosive power (of an atomic weapon) equal to that of one million tons of TNT one million tons dyne a unit of force equal to the force that imparts an acceleration of 1 cm/sec/sec to a mass of 1 gram newton a unit of force equal to the force that imparts an acceleration of 1 m/sec/sec to a mass of 1 kilogram; equal to 100,000 dynes sthene a unit of force equal to 1000 newtons poundal a unit of force equal to the force that imparts an acceleration of 1 foot/sec/sec to a mass of 1 pound; equal to 0.1382 newtons pounder (used only in combination) something weighing a given number of pounds; "the fisherman caught a 10-pounder"; "their linemen are all 300-pounders" g a unit of force equal to the force exerted by gravity; used to indicate the force to which a body is subjected when it is accelerated Beaufort scale a scale from 0 to 12 for the force of the wind an international scale of wind force from 0 (calm air) to 12 (hurricane) astronomy unit a linear unit used for astronomical distances metric linear unit a linear unit of distance in metric terms nautical linear unit a linear unit of distance used in navigation inch a unit of length equal to one twelfth of a foot footer (used only in combinations) the height or length of something in feet; "he is a six-footer"; "the golfer sank a 40-footer"; "his yacht is a 60-footer" furlong a unit of length equal to 220 yards half mile a unit of length equal to half of 1 mile quarter mile a unit of length equal to a quarter of 1 mile ligne a linear unit (1/40 inch) used to measure diameter of buttons archine a Russian unit of length (71 cm) kos (in India) a unit of length having different values in different localities vara a Spanish unit of length (about a yard) having different values in different localities verst a Russian unit of length (1.067 km) Gunter's chain a unit of length (22 yards) engineer's chain a unit of length (100 ft) cubit an ancient unit of length based on the length of the forearm fistmele about seven inches; the breadth of a fist with the thumb stuck out (used especially in archery to give the correct distance of the string from the bow) body length the length of your body extremum the most extreme possible amount or value; "voltage peak" handbreadth any unit of length based on the breadth of the human hand lea a unit of length of thread or yarn li Chinese distance measure; approximately 0.5 kilometers Roman pace an ancient Roman unit of length (4.85 English feet) measured as the distance from the heel of one foot to the heel of the same foot when next it touches the ground geometric pace a modern version of the Roman pace now taken to be 5 feet military pace the length of a single step in marching (taken to be 30 inches for quick time or 36 inches for double time) survey mile a U.S. unit of measure equal to 1609.347 meters; derived from the use of 39.37 inches as the conversion for one meter light year the distance that light travels in a vacuum in 1 year; 5.88 trillion miles or 9.46 trillion kilometers light hour the distance light travels in a vacuum in one hour; approximately one billion kilometers light minute the distance light travels in a vacuum in one minute; approximately 18 million kilometers light second the distance light travels in a vacuum in one second; approximately 300,000 kilometers Astronomical Unit a unit of length used for distances within the solar system; equal to the mean distance between the Earth and the Sun (approximately 93 million miles or 150 million kilometers) parsec a unit of astronomical length based on the distance from Earth at which stellar parallax is 1 second of arc; equivalent to 3.262 light years femtometer a metric unit of length equal to one quadrillionth of a meter picometer a metric unit of length equal to one trillionth of a meter angstrom a metric unit of length equal to one ten billionth of a meter (or 0.0001 micron); used to specify wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation nanometer a metric unit of length equal to one billionth of a meter micron a metric unit of length equal to one millionth of a meter millimeter a metric unit of length equal to one thousandth of a meter centimeter a metric unit of length equal to one hundredth of a meter decimeter a metric unit of length equal to one tenth of a meter decameter a metric unit of length equal to ten meters hectometer a metric unit of length equal to 100 meters kilometer a metric unit of length equal to 1000 meters (or 0.621371 miles) myriameter a metric unit of length equal to 10,000 meters nautical chain a nautical unit of length (15 ft) nautical mile a unit of length used in navigation; exactly 1,852 meters; historically based on the distance spanned by one minute of arc in latitude a former British unit of length equivalent to 6,080 feet (1,853.184 meters); 800 feet longer than a statute mile sea mile a former British unit of length once used in navigation; equivalent to 6,000 feet (1828.8 meters) halfpennyworth the amount that can be bought for a halfpenny pennyworth the amount that can be bought for a penny euro the basic monetary unit of most members of the European Union (introduced in 1999); in 2002 twelve European nations (Germany, France, Belgium, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Italy, Spain, Portugal, Ireland, Greece, Austria, Finland) adopted the euro as their basic unit of money and abandoned their traditional currencies franc the basic monetary unit in many countries; equal to 100 centimes fractional monetary unit a monetary unit that is valued at a fraction (usually one hundredth) of the basic monetary unit Afghan monetary unit monetary unit in the Islamic State of Afghanistan afghani the basic unit of money in Afghanistan pul 100 puls equal 1 afghani in Afghanistan Argentine monetary unit monetary unit in Argentina austral the basic unit of money in Argentina; equal to 100 centavos of the south or coming from the south; "sailed the austral seas" Thai monetary unit monetary unit in Thailand baht the basic unit of money in Thailand satang 100 satangs equal 1 baht in Thailand Panamanian monetary unit monetary unit in Panama balboa the basic unit of money in Panama; equal to 100 centesimos Ethiopian monetary unit monetary unit in Ethiopia birr the basic unit of money in Ethiopia; equal to 100 cents cent a fractional monetary unit of several countries centesimo a fractional monetary unit of several countries: Panama and Italy and Uruguay and Chile centimo a fractional monetary unit of Venezuela and Costa Rica and Equatorial Guinea and Paraguay and Spain centavo a fractional monetary unit of several countries: El Salvador and Sao Tome and Principe and Brazil and Argentina and Bolivia and Colombia and Cuba and the Dominican Republic and Ecuador and El Salvador and Guatemala and Honduras and Mexico and Nicaragua and Peru and the Philippines and Portugal centime a fractional monetary unit of several countries: France and Algeria and Belgium and Burkina Faso and Burundi and Cameroon and Chad and the Congo and Gabon and Haiti and the Ivory Coast and Luxembourg and Mali and Morocco and Niger and Rwanda and Senegal and Switzerland and Togo Venezuelan monetary unit monetary unit of Venezuela bolivar the basic unit of money in Venezuela; equal to 100 centimos Ghanian monetary unit monetary unit of Ghana cedi the basic unit of money in Ghana pesewa 100 pesewas equal 1 cedi in Ghana Costa Rican monetary unit monetary unit in Costa Rica El Salvadoran monetary unit monetary unit in El Salvador Brazilian monetary unit monetary unit in Brazil Gambian monetary unit monetary unit in Gambia dalasi the basic unit of money in Gambia butut 100 bututs equal 1 dalasi in Gambia Algerian monetary unit monetary unit in Algeria Algerian dinar the basic unit of money in Algeria Algerian centime 100 centimes equal 1 dinar in Algeria Bahrainian monetary unit monetary unit in Bahrain Bahrain dinar the basic unit of money in Bahrain; equal to 1,000 fils fils a fractional monetary unit in Bahrain and Iraq and Jordan and Kuwait; equal to one thousandth of a dinar Iraqi monetary unit monetary unit in Iraq Iraqi dinar the basic unit of money in Iraq; equal to 1,000 fils Jordanian monetary unit monetary unit in Jordan Jordanian dinar the basic unit of money in Jordan; equal to 1,000 fils Kuwaiti monetary unit monetary unit in Kuwait Kuwaiti dinar the basic unit of money in Kuwait; equal 1,000 fils Kuwaiti dirham worth one tenth of a Kuwaiti dinar; equal 100 fils Libyan monetary unit monetary unit in Libya Libyan dinar the basic unit of money in Libya Libyan dirham 100 dirhams equal 1 dinar in Libya Tunisian monetary unit monetary unit in Tunisia Tunisian dinar the basic unit of money in Tunisia Tunisian dirham 100 dirhams equal 1 dinar in Tunisia millime 1,000 millimes equal 1 dinar in Tunisia Yugoslavian monetary unit monetary unit in Yugoslavia Yugoslavian dinar the basic unit of money in Yugoslavia para 100 para equal 1 dinar in Yugoslavia Moroccan monetary unit monetary unit in Morocco Moroccan dirham the basic unit of money in Morocco; equal to 100 centimes United Arab Emirate monetary unit monetary unit in the United Arab Emirates United Arab Emirate dirham the basic unit of money in the United Arab Emirates; equal to 1,000 fils Australian dollar the basic unit of money in Australia and Nauru Bahamian dollar the basic unit of money in the Bahamas Barbados dollar the basic unit of money in Barbados Belize dollar the basic unit of money in Belize Bermuda dollar the basic unit of money in Bermuda Brunei dollar the basic unit of money in Brunei sen a fractional monetary unit of Japan and Indonesia and Cambodia; equal to one hundredth of a yen or rupiah or riel Canadian dollar the basic unit of money in Canada; "the Canadian dollar has the image of loon on one side of the coin" Cayman Islands dollar the basic unit of money in the Cayman Islands Dominican dollar the basic unit of money in Dominica Fiji dollar the basic unit of money in Fiji Grenada dollar the basic unit of money in Grenada Guyana dollar the basic unit of money in Guyana Hong Kong dollar the basic unit of money in Hong Kong Jamaican dollar the basic unit of money in Jamaica Kiribati dollar the basic unit of money in Kiribati Liberian dollar the basic unit of money in Liberia New Zealand dollar the basic unit of money in New Zealand Singapore dollar the basic unit of money in Singapore Taiwan dollar the basic unit of money in Taiwan Trinidad and Tobago dollar the basic unit of money in Trinidad and Tobago Tuvalu dollar the basic unit of money in Tuvalu United States dollar the basic unit of money in the United States Eurodollar a United States dollar deposited in a European bank and used as an international currency to finance trade Zimbabwean dollar the basic unit of money in Zimbabwe Vietnamese monetary unit monetary unit in Vietnam dong the basic unit of money in Vietnam hao 10 hao equal 1 dong in Vietnam Greek monetary unit monetary unit in Greece drachma formerly the basic unit of money in Greece Sao Thome e Principe monetary unit monetary unit on Sao Tome e Principe dobra the basic unit of money on Sao Tome e Principe Cape Verde monetary unit monetary unit on Cape Verde Cape Verde escudo the basic unit of money on Cape Verde; equal to 100 centavos Portuguese monetary unit monetary unit in Portugal Portuguese escudo formerly the basic monetary unit of Portugal; equal to 100 centavo conto 1 conto equals 1,000 escudos in Portugal Hungarian monetary unit monetary unit in Hungary forint the basic unit of money in Hungary pengo formerly the basic unit of money in Hungary until it was replaced by the forint in 1946 Belgian franc formerly the basic unit of money in Belgium Benin franc the basic unit of money in Benin Burundi franc the basic unit of money in Burundi Cameroon franc the basic unit of money in Cameroon Central African Republic franc the basic unit of money in the Central African Republic Chadian franc the basic unit of money in Chad Congo franc the basic unit of money in the Congo Djibouti franc the basic unit of money in Djibouti French franc formerly the basic unit of money in France Gabon franc the basic unit of money in Gabon Ivory Coast franc the basic unit of money in the Ivory Coast Luxembourg franc formerly the basic unit of money in Luxembourg Madagascar franc the basic unit of money in Madagascar Mali franc the basic unit of money in Mali Niger franc the basic unit of money in Niger Rwanda franc the basic unit of money in Rwanda Senegalese franc the basic unit of money in Senegal Swiss franc the basic unit of money in Switzerland Togo franc the basic unit of money in Togo Burkina Faso franc the basic unit of money in Burkina Faso Haitian monetary unit the monetary unit in Haiti gourde the basic unit of money in Haiti Haitian centime 100 centimes equal 1 gourde in Haiti Paraguayan monetary unit monetary unit in Paraguay guarani the basic unit of money in Paraguay; equal to 100 centimos Dutch monetary unit monetary unit in the Netherlands guilder formerly the basic unit of money in the Netherlands; equal to 100 cents the basic unit of money in Suriname; equal to 100 cents Surinamese monetary unit monetary unit in Suriname Peruvian monetary unit monetary unit in Peru inti the basic unit of money in Peru Papuan monetary unit monetary unit in Papua New Guinea kina the basic unit of money in Papua New Guinea toea 100 toea equal 1 kina in Papua New Guinea Laotian monetary unit monetary unit in Laos at 100 at equal 1 kip in Laos Czech monetary unit monetary unit in Czech Republic koruna the basic unit of money in Czech Republic the basic unit of money in Slovakia haler 100 halers equal 1 koruna in Czech Republic 100 halers equal 1 koruna Slovakia Slovakian monetary unit monetary unit in Slovakia Icelandic monetary unit monetary unit in Iceland Icelandic krona the basic unit of money in Iceland eyrir 100 aurar equal 1 krona in Iceland Swedish monetary unit monetary unit in Sweden Swedish krona the basic unit of money in Sweden ore a monetary subunit in Denmark and Norway and Sweden; 100 ore equal 1 krona a mineral that contains metal that is valuable enough to be mined Danish monetary unit monetary unit in Denmark Danish krone the basic unit of money in Denmark Norwegian monetary unit monetary unit in Norway Norwegian krone the basic unit of money in Norway Malawian monetary unit monetary unit in Malawi Malawi kwacha the basic unit of money in Malawi tambala 100 tambala equal 1 kwacha in Malawi Zambian monetary unit monetary unit in Zambia Zambian kwacha the basic unit of money in Zambia ngwee 100 ngwee equal 1 kwacha in Zambia Angolan monetary unit monetary unit in Angola kwanza the basic unit of money in Angola lwei 100 lwei equal 1 kwanza in Angola Myanmar monetary unit monetary unit in the Union of Burma kyat the basic unit of money in Myanmar pya 100 pyas equal 1 kyat in Myanmar Albanian monetary unit monetary unit in Albania lek the basic unit of money in Albania qindarka 100 qindarka equal 1 lek in Albania Honduran monetary unit monetary unit in Honduras lempira the basic unit of money in Honduras; equal to 100 centavos Sierra Leone monetary unit monetary unit in Sierra Leone leone the basic unit of money in Sierra Leone; equal to 100 cents Romanian monetary unit monetary unit in Romania leu the basic unit of money in Romania the basic unit of money in Moldova Bulgarian monetary unit monetary unit in Bulgaria lev the basic unit of money in Bulgaria stotinka 100 stotinka equal 1 lev in Bulgaria Swaziland monetary unit monetary unit in Swaziland lilangeni the basic unit of money in Swaziland; equal to 100 cents Italian monetary unit monetary unit in Italy lira formerly the basic unit of money in Italy; equal to 100 centesimi the basic unit of money in Turkey the basic unit of money on Malta; equal to 100 cents British monetary unit monetary unit in Great Britain British pound the basic unit of money in Great Britain and Northern Ireland; equal to 100 pence British shilling a former monetary unit in Great Britain Turkish monetary unit monetary unit in Turkey kurus 100 kurus equal 1 lira in Turkey asper 20 aspers equal 1 kurus in Turkey Lesotho monetary unit monetary unit in Lesotho loti the basic unit of money in Lesotho sente 100 lisente equal 1 loti in Lesotho; one sente is worth one-hundredth of a loti German monetary unit monetary unit in Germany pfennig 100 pfennigs formerly equaled 1 Deutsche Mark in Germany Finnish monetary unit monetary unit in Finland markka formerly the basic unit of money in Finland penni 100 pennia formerly equaled 1 markka in Finland Mozambique monetary unit monetary unit in Mozambique metical the basic unit of money in Mozambique; equal to 100 centavos Nigerian monetary unit monetary unit in Nigeria naira the basic unit of money in Nigeria kobo 100 kobos equal 1 naira in Nigeria Bhutanese monetary unit monetary unit in Bhutan ngultrum the basic unit of money in Bhutan chetrum 100 chetrums equal 1 ngultrum in Bhutan Mauritanian monetary unit monetary unit in Mauritania ouguiya the basic unit of money in Mauritania khoum 5 khoums equal 1 ouguiya in Mauritania Tongan monetary unit monetary unit in Tonga pa'anga the basic unit of money in Tonga seniti 100 seniti equal 1 pa'anga in Tonga Macao monetary unit monetary unit in Macao pataca the basic unit of money in Macao avo 100 avos equal 1 pataca in Macao Spanish monetary unit monetary unit in Spain peseta formerly the basic unit of money in Spain; equal to 100 centimos Bolivian monetary unit monetary unit in Bolivia boliviano the basic unit of money in Bolivia; equal to 100 centavos Nicaraguan monetary unit monetary unit in Nicaragua cordoba the basic unit of money in Nicaragua; equal to 100 centavos Chilean monetary unit monetary unit in Chile Chilean peso the basic unit of money in Chile; equal to 100 centesimos Colombian monetary unit monetary unit in Colombia Colombian peso the basic unit of money in Colombia; equal to 100 centavos Cuban monetary unit monetary unit in Cuba Cuban peso the basic unit of money in Cuba; equal to 100 centavos Dominican monetary unit monetary unit in the Dominican Republic Dominican peso the basic unit of money in the Dominican Republic; equal to 100 centavos Guinea-Bissau monetary unit monetary unit in Guinea-Bissau Guinea-Bissau peso the basic unit of money in Guinea-Bissau; equal to 100 centavos Mexican monetary unit monetary unit in Mexico Mexican peso the basic unit of money in Mexico; equal to 100 centavos Philippine monetary unit monetary unit in the Philippines Philippine peso the basic unit of money in the Philippines; equal to 100 centavos Uruguayan monetary unit monetary unit in Uruguay Uruguayan peso the basic unit of money in Uruguay; equal to 100 centesimos Cypriot monetary unit monetary unit in Cyprus Cypriot pound the basic unit of money in Cyprus; equal to 100 cents Egyptian monetary unit monetary unit in Egypt Egyptian pound the basic unit of money in Egypt; equal to 100 piasters piaster a fractional monetary unit in Egypt and Lebanon and Sudan and Syria Irish monetary unit monetary unit in Eire Irish pound formerly the basic unit of money in Ireland; equal to 100 pence Lebanese monetary unit monetary unit in Lebanon Lebanese pound the basic unit of money in Lebanon; equal to 100 piasters Maltese monetary unit monetary unit on Malta Sudanese monetary unit monetary unit in the Sudan Sudanese pound the basic unit of money in the Sudan; equal to 100 piasters Syrian monetary unit monetary unit in Syria Syrian pound the basic unit of money in Syria; equal to 100 piasters Botswana monetary unit monetary unit in Botswana pula the basic unit of money in Botswana thebe 100 thebe equal 1 pula in Botswana Guatemalan monetary unit monetary unit in Guatemala South African monetary unit monetary unit in South Africa rand the basic unit of money in South Africa; equal to 100 cents Iranian monetary unit monetary unit in Iran Iranian rial the basic unit of money in Iran Iranian dinar 100 dinars equal 1 rial in Iran Omani monetary unit monetary unit in Oman riyal-omani the basic unit of money in Oman baiza 1,000 baiza equal 1 riyal-omani in Oman Yemeni monetary unit monetary unit in Yemen Yemeni rial the basic unit of money in Yemen; equal to 100 fils Yemeni fils 100 Yemeni fils are worth one Yemeni rial Cambodian monetary unit monetary unit in Cambodia riel the basic unit of money in Cambodia; equal to 100 sen Malaysian monetary unit monetary unit is Malaysia ringgit the basic unit of money in Malaysia; equal to 100 sen Qatari monetary unit monetary unit in Qatar Qatari riyal the basic unit of money in Qatar Qatari dirham 100 dirhams equal 1 riyal in Qatar Saudi Arabian monetary unit monetary unit in Saudi Arabia Saudi Arabian riyal the basic unit of money in Saudi Arabia qurush 20 qurush equal 1 riyal in Saudi Arabia Russian monetary unit monetary unit in Russia ruble the basic unit of money in Russia the basic unit of money in Tajikistan kopek 100 kopecks equal 1 ruble in Russia Armenian monetary unit monetary unit in Armenia dram the basic unit of money in Armenia 1/16 ounce or 1.771 grams a unit of apothecary weight equal to an eighth of an ounce or to 60 grains lumma 100 lumma equal 1 dram in Armenia Azerbaijani monetary unit monetary unit in Azerbaijan manat the basic unit of money in Azerbaijan the basic unit of money in Turkmenistan qepiq 100 qepiq equal 1 manat in Azerbaijan Belarusian monetary unit monetary unit in Belarus rubel the basic unit of money in Belarus kapeika 100 kapeikas equal 1 rubel in Belarus Estonian monetary unit monetary unit in Estonia kroon the basic unit of money in Estonia sent 100 senti equal 1 kroon in Estonia caused or enabled to go or be conveyed or transmitted Georgian monetary unit monetary unit in Georgia lari the basic unit of money in Georgia tetri 100 tetri equal 1 lari in Georgia Kazakhstani monetary unit monetary unit in Kazakhstan tenge the basic unit of money in Kazakhstan 100 tenge equal 1 manat in Turkmenistan tiyin 100 tiyin equal 1 tenge in Kazakhstan 100 tiyin equal 1 som in Uzbekistan Latvian monetary unit monetary unit in Latvia lats the basic unit of money in Latvia santims 100 santimi equal 1 lats in Latvia Lithuanian monetary unit monetary unit in Lithuania litas the basic unit of money in Lithuania centas 100 centas equal 1 litas in Lithuania Kyrgyzstani monetary unit monetary unit in Kyrgyzstan som the basic unit of money in Kyrgyzstan the basic unit of money in Uzbekistan tyiyn 100 tyiyn equal 1 som in Kyrgyzstan Moldovan monetary unit monetary unit in Moldova Tajikistani monetary unit monetary unit in Tajikistan tanga 100 tanga equal 1 Tajikistani ruble Turkmen monetary unit monetary unit in Turkmenistan Ukranian monetary unit monetary unit in Ukraine hryvnia the basic unit of money in Ukraine kopiyka 100 kopiykas equal 1 hryvnia in Ukraine Uzbekistani monetary unit monetary unit in Uzbekistan Indian monetary unit monetary unit in India Indian rupee the basic unit of money in India; equal to 100 paise paisa a fractional monetary unit in Bangladesh and India and Nepal and Pakistan Pakistani monetary unit monetary unit in Pakistan Pakistani rupee the basic unit of money in Pakistan; equal to 100 paisa anna a former copper coin of Pakistan and India Mauritian monetary unit monetary unit in Mauritius Mauritian rupee the basic unit of money in Mauritius; equal to 100 cents Nepalese monetary unit monetary unit in Nepal Nepalese rupee the basic unit of money in Nepal; equal to 100 paisa Seychelles monetary unit monetary unit in Seychelles Seychelles rupee the basic unit of money in Seychelles; equal to 100 cents Sri Lankan monetary unit monetary unit in Sri Lanka Sri Lanka rupee the basic unit of money in Sri Lanka; equal to 100 cents Indonesian monetary unit monetary unit in Indonesia rupiah the basic unit of money in Indonesia; equal to 100 sen Austrian monetary unit monetary unit in Austria schilling formerly the basic unit of money in Austria groschen 100 groschen equal 1 schilling in Austria Israeli monetary unit monetary unit in Israel shekel the basic unit of money in Israel Kenyan monetary unit monetary unit in Kenya Kenyan shilling the basic unit of money in Kenya; equal to 100 cents Somalian monetary unit monetary unit in Somalia Somalian shilling the basic unit of money in Somalia; equal to 100 cents Tanzanian monetary unit monetary unit in Tanzania Tanzanian shilling the basic unit of money in Tanzania; equal to 100 cents Ugandan monetary unit monetary unit in Uganda Ugandan shilling the basic unit of money in Uganda; equal to 100 cents Ecuadoran monetary unit monetary unit in Ecuador sucre the basic unit of money in Ecuador; equal to 100 centavos Guinean monetary unit monetary unit in Guinea Guinean franc the basic unit of money in Guinea Bangladeshi monetary unit monetary unit in Bangladesh taka the basic unit of money in Bangladesh; equal to 100 paisa Western Samoan monetary unit monetary unit in Western Samoa tala the basic unit of money in Western Samoa sene 100 sene equal 1 tala in Western Samoa Mongolian monetary unit monetary unit in Mongolia tugrik the basic unit of money in Mongolia mongo 100 mongo equal 1 tugrik in Mongolia North Korean monetary unit monetary unit in North Korea North Korean won the basic unit of money in North Korea chon 100 chon equal 1 won in North Korea 100 chon equal 1 won in South Korea South Korean monetary unit monetary unit in South Korea South Korean won the basic unit of money in South Korea Japanese monetary unit monetary unit in Japan yen the basic unit of money in Japan; equal to 100 sen Chinese monetary unit the monetary unit in the People's Republic of China yuan the basic unit of money in China jiao 10 jiao equal 1 yuan in China fen 100 fen equal 1 yuan in China Zairese monetary unit monetary unit in Zaire zaire the basic unit of money in Zaire likuta 100 makuta equal 1 zaire in Zaire Polish monetary unit monetary unit in Poland zloty the basic unit of money in Poland grosz 100 groszy equal 1 zloty in Poland dol a unit of pain intensity standard atmosphere a unit of pressure: the pressure that will support a column of mercury 760 mm high at sea level and 0 degrees centigrade pascal a unit of pressure equal to one newton per square meter torr a unit of pressure equal to 0.001316 atmosphere; named after Torricelli pounds per square inch a unit of pressure millibar a unit of atmospheric pressure equal to one thousandth of a bar; "atmospheric pressure at sea level is 1013 millibars" barye the absolute unit of pressure equal to one dyne per square centimeter em a linear unit (1/6 inch) used in printing a quad with a square body; "since `em quad' is hard to distinguish from `en quad', printers sometimes called it a `mutton quad'" en half the width of an em cicero a linear unit of the size of type slightly larger than an em agate line space for one line of print (one column wide and 1/14 inch deep) used to measure advertising milline an advertising measure; one agate line appearing in one million copies of a publication column inch a unit of measurement for advertising space decibel a logarithmic unit of sound intensity; 10 times the logarithm of the ratio of the sound intensity to some reference intensity sone a unit of perceived loudness equal to the loudness of a 1000-hertz tone at 40 dB above threshold phon a unit of subjective loudness Erlang a unit of traffic intensity in a telephone system millidegree a unit of temperature equal to one-thousandth of a degree degree centigrade a degree on the centigrade scale of temperature degree Fahrenheit a degree on the Fahrenheit scale of temperature kelvin the basic unit of thermodynamic temperature adopted under the Systeme International d'Unites Rankine a unit of temperature on the Rankine scale degree day a unit used in estimating fuel requirements for heating a building standard temperature exactly zero degrees centigrade poise a cgs unit of dynamic viscosity equal to one dyne-second per square centimeter; the viscosity of a fluid in which a force of one dyne per square centimeter maintains a velocity of 1 centimeter per second a state of being balanced in a stable equilibrium hold or carry in equilibrium cause to be balanced or suspended be motionless, in suspension; "The bird poised for a few moments before it attacked" atomic mass unit unit of mass for expressing masses of atoms or molecules mass number the sum of the number of neutrons and protons in an atomic nucleus system of weights a system of units used to express the weight of something avoirdupois a system of weights based on the 16-ounce pound (or 7,000 grains) avoirdupois unit any of the units of the avoirdupois system of weights troy a system of weights used for precious metals and gemstones; based on a 12-ounce pound and an ounce of 480 grains troy unit any of the unit of the troy system of weights apothecaries' unit any weight unit used in pharmacy; an ounce is equal to 480 grains and a pound is equal to 12 ounces metric weight unit a decimal unit of weight based on the gram catty any of various units of weight used in southeastern Asia (especially a Chinese measure equal to 500 grams) crith the weight of a liter of hydrogen (at 0 centigrade and 760 millimeters pressure) maund a unit of weight used in Asia; has different values in different countries; "the official maund in India is 82.6 pounds avoirdupois" obolus a Greek unit of weight equal to one tenth of a gram picul a unit of weight used in some parts of Asia; approximately equal to 133 pounds (the load a grown man can carry) pood a Russian unit of weight equal to approximately 36 pounds rotl a unit of weight used in some Moslem countries near the Mediterranean; varies between one and five pounds tael a unit of weight used in east Asia approximately equal to 1.3 ounces tod a unit of weight for wool equal to about 28 pounds alone and on your own; "don't just sit there on your tod" ounce a unit of weight equal to one sixteenth of a pound or 16 drams or 28.349 grams a unit of apothecary weight equal to 480 grains or one twelfth of a troy pound half pound 8 ounces avoirdupois quarter pound 4 ounces avoirdupois hundredweight a British unit of weight equivalent to 112 pounds a United States unit of weight equivalent to 100 pounds a unit of weight equal to 100 kilograms long ton a British unit of weight equivalent to 2240 pounds short ton a United States unit of weight equivalent to 2000 pounds pennyweight a unit of apothecary weight equal to 24 grains troy pound an apothecary weight equal to 12 ounces or 373.242 grams microgram one millionth (1/1,000,000) gram milligram one thousandth (1/1,000) gram nanogram one billionth (1/1,000,000,000) gram decigram 1/10 gram carat a unit of weight for precious stones = 200 mg gram a metric unit of weight equal to one thousandth of a kilogram gram atom the quantity of an element whose weight in grams is numerically equal to the atomic weight of the element gram molecule the molecular weight of a substance expressed in grams; the basic unit of amount of substance adopted under the Systeme International d'Unites dekagram 10 grams hectogram 100 grams kilogram one thousand grams; the basic unit of mass adopted under the Systeme International d'Unites; "a kilogram is approximately 2.2 pounds" myriagram one ten thousandth of a centner centner in some European countries: a unit of weight equivalent to 50 kilograms quintal a unit of weight equal to 100 kilograms metric ton a unit of weight equivalent to 1000 kilograms erg a cgs unit of work or energy; the work done by a force of one dyne acting over a distance of one centimeter electron volt a unit of energy equal to the work done by an electron accelerated through a potential difference of 1 volt joule a unit of electrical energy equal to the work done when a current of one ampere passes through a resistance of one ohm for one second calorie unit of heat defined as the quantity of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water by 1 degree centigrade at atmospheric pressure Calorie a unit of heat equal to the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of one kilogram of water by one degree at one atmosphere pressure; used by nutritionists to characterize the energy-producing potential in food British thermal unit a unit of heat equal to the amount of heat required to raise one pound of water one degree Fahrenheit at one atmosphere pressure; equivalent to 251.997 calories therm a unit of heat equal to 100,000 British thermal units watt-hour a unit of energy equal to the power of one watt operating for one hour kilowatt hour a unit of energy equal to the work done by a power of 1000 watts operating for one hour foot-pound a unit of work equal to a force of one pound moving through a distance of one foot foot-ton 2240 foot-pounds foot-poundal a unit of work equal to a force of one poundal moving through a distance of one foot horsepower-hour a unit of work equal to the work done by one horsepower in one hour kilogram-meter a unit of work equal to the work done by a one kilogram force operating through a distance of one meter natural number the number 1 and any other number obtained by adding 1 to it repeatedly integer any of the natural numbers (positive or negative) or zero; "an integer is a number that is not a fraction" addend a number that is added to another number (the augend) augend a number to which another number (the addend) is added minuend the number from which the subtrahend is subtracted subtrahend the number to be subtracted from the minuend remainder the number that remains after subtraction; the number that when added to the subtrahend gives the minuend the part of the dividend that is left over when the dividend is not evenly divisible by the divisor something left after other parts have been taken away; "there was no remainder"; "he threw away the rest"; "he took what he wanted and I got the balance" sell cheaply as remainders; "The publisher remaindered the books" complex number (mathematics) a number of the form a+bi where a and b are real numbers and i is the square root of -1 complex conjugate either of two complex numbers whose real parts are identical and whose imaginary parts differ only in sign real number any rational or irrational number pure imaginary number an imaginary number of the form a+bi where a is 0 imaginary part the part of a complex number that has the square root of -1 as a factor rational number an integer or a fraction irrational number a real number that cannot be expressed as a rational number transcendental number an irrational number that is not algebraic algebraic number root of an algebraic equation with rational coefficients biquadrate an algebraic equation or function of the fourth degree square root a number that when multiplied by itself equals a given number cube root a number that when multiplied three times equals a given number common fraction the quotient of two integers numerator the dividend of a fraction denominator the divisor of a fraction divisor the number by which a dividend is divided one of two or more integers that can be exactly divided into another integer; "what are the 4 factors of 6?" quotient the number obtained by division the ratio of two quantities to be divided multiplier the number by which a multiplicand is multiplied multiplicand the number that is multiplied by the multiplier scale factor a number used as a multiplier in scaling time-scale factor the ratio of the simulation time to the time of the real process equivalent-binary-digit factor the average number of binary digits needed to express one radix digit in a numeration system that is not binary; on the average a number that can be expressed in N decimal digits takes 3.3N binary digits aliquot an integer that is an exact divisor of some quantity; "4 is an aliquot part of 12" signifying an exact divisor or factor of a quantity aliquant an integer that is not an exact divisor of some quantity; "5 is an aliquant part of 12" common divisor an integer that divides two (or more) other integers evenly greatest common divisor the largest integer that divides without remainder into a set of integers common multiple an integer that is a multiple of two or more other integers improper fraction a fraction whose numerator is larger than the denominator proper fraction a fraction with a numerator smaller than the denominator complex fraction a fraction with fractions in the numerator or denominator decimal fraction a proper fraction whose denominator is a power of 10 circulating decimal a decimal with a sequence of digits that repeats itself indefinitely continued fraction a fraction whose numerator is an integer and whose denominator is an integer plus a fraction whose numerator is an integer and whose denominator is an integer plus a fraction and so on one-half one of two equal parts of a divisible whole; "half a loaf"; "half an hour"; "a century and one half" fifty percent a half expressed as a percentage one-third one of three equal parts of a divisible whole; "it contains approximately a third of the minimum daily requirement" two-thirds two of three equal parts of a divisible whole one-fourth one of four equal parts; "a quarter of a pound" three-fourths three of four equal parts; "three-fourths of a pound" one-fifth one part in five equal parts one-sixth one part in six equal parts one-seventh one part in seven equal parts one-eighth one part in eight equal parts one-ninth one part in nine equal parts one-tenth a tenth part; one part in ten equal parts one-twelfth one part in twelve equal parts one-sixteenth one part in sixteen equal parts one-thirty-second one part in thirty-two equal parts one-sixtieth one part in sixty equal parts one-sixty-fourth one part in sixty-four equal parts one-hundredth one part in a hundred equal parts one-thousandth one part in a thousand equal parts one-ten-thousandth one part in ten thousand equal parts one-hundred-thousandth one part in a hundred thousand equal parts one-millionth one part in a million equal parts one-hundred-millionth one part in a hundred million equal parts one-billionth one part in a billion equal parts one-trillionth one part in a trillion equal parts one-quadrillionth one part in a quadrillion equal parts one-quintillionth one part in a quintillion equal parts nothing a quantity of no importance; "it looked like nothing I had ever seen before"; "reduced to nil all the work we had done"; "we racked up a pathetic goose egg"; "it was all for naught"; "I didn't hear zilch about it" in no respect; to no degree; "he looks nothing like his father" nihil (Latin) nil; nothing (as used by a sheriff after an unsuccessful effort to serve a writ); "nihil habet" bugger all little or nothing at all; "I asked for a raise and they gave me bugger-all"; "I know sweet Fanny Adams about surgery" binary digit either 0 or 1 in binary notation octal digit a digit from 0 to 7 in octal notation decimal digit a digit from 0 to 9 in decimal notation duodecimal digit a digit from 0 to 11 in duodecimal notation hexadecimal digit a digit from 0 to 15 in hexadecimal notation significant digit any digit of a number that is known with certainty; any digit of a number beginning with the leftmost non-zero digit and ending with the rightmost non-zero digit (or a zero considered to be the exact value); "he calculated the answer to four significant figures" two the cardinal number that is the sum of one and one or a numeral representing this number being one more than one; "he received two messages" doubleton (bridge) a pair of playing cards that are the only cards in their suit in the hand dealt to a player three the cardinal number that is the sum of one and one and one being one more than two four the cardinal number that is the sum of three and one being one more than three five the cardinal number that is the sum of four and one being one more than four six the cardinal number that is the sum of five and one denoting a quantity consisting of six items or units seven the cardinal number that is the sum of six and one being one more than six eight the cardinal number that is the sum of seven and one being one more than seven nine the cardinal number that is the sum of eight and one denoting a quantity consisting of one more than eight and one less than ten large integer an integer equal to or greater than ten double digit a two-digit integer; from 10 to 99 ten the cardinal number that is the sum of nine and one; the base of the decimal system being one more than nine eleven the cardinal number that is the sum of ten and one being one more than ten twelve the cardinal number that is the sum of eleven and one denoting a quantity consisting of 12 items or units boxcars (usually plural) an expression used when two dice are thrown and both come up showing six spots teens all the numbers that end in -teen the time of life between the ages of 12 and 20 thirteen the cardinal number that is the sum of twelve and one being one more than twelve fourteen the cardinal number that is the sum of thirteen and one being one more than thirteen fifteen the cardinal number that is the sum of fourteen and one being one more than fourteen sixteen the cardinal number that is the sum of fifteen and one being one more than fifteen seventeen the cardinal number that is the sum of sixteen and one being one more than sixteen eighteen the cardinal number that is the sum of seventeen and one being one more than seventeen nineteen the cardinal number that is the sum of eighteen and one being one more than eighteen twenty the cardinal number that is the sum of nineteen and one denoting a quantity consisting of 20 items or units twenty-one the cardinal number that is the sum of twenty and one being one more than twenty twenty-three the cardinal number that is the sum of twenty-two and one being three more than twenty twenty-four the cardinal number that is the sum of twenty-three and one being four more than twenty twenty-five the cardinal number that is the sum of twenty-four and one being five more than twenty twenty-six the cardinal number that is the sum of twenty-five and one being six more than twenty twenty-seven the cardinal number that is the sum of twenty-six and one being seven more than twenty twenty-eight the cardinal number that is the sum of twenty-seven and one being eight more than twenty twenty-nine the cardinal number that is the sum of twenty-eight and one being nine more than twenty thirty the cardinal number that is the product of ten and three being ten more than twenty forty the cardinal number that is the product of ten and four being ten more than thirty fifty the cardinal number that is the product of ten and five being ten more than forty sixty the cardinal number that is the product of ten and six being ten more than fifty seventy the cardinal number that is the product of ten and seven being ten more than sixty eighty the cardinal number that is the product of ten and eight being ten more than seventy ninety the cardinal number that is the product of ten and nine being ten more than eighty hundred ten 10s being ten more than ninety long hundred the cardinal number that is the product of ten and twelve five hundred the cardinal number that is the product of one hundred and five denoting a quantity consisting of 500 items or units thousand the cardinal number that is the product of 10 and 100 denoting a quantity consisting of 1,000 items or units millenary a sum or aggregate of one thousand (especially one thousand years) relating to or consisting of 1000 of or relating to the doctrine of the millennium great gross a cardinal number equal to one dozen gross ten thousand the cardinal number that is the product of ten and one thousand denoting a quantity consisting of 10,000 items or units hundred thousand the cardinal number that is the fifth power of ten (in Roman numerals, C written with a macron over it) denoting a quantity consisting of 100,000 items or units million the number that is represented as a one followed by 6 zeros a very large indefinite number (usually hyperbole); "there were millions of flies" (in Roman numerals, M written with a macron over it) denoting a quantity consisting of 1,000,000 items or units crore the number that is represented as a one followed by 7 zeros; ten million billion the number that is represented as a one followed by 9 zeros the number that is represented as a one followed by 12 zeros; in the United Kingdom the usage followed in the United States is frequently seen denoting a quantity consisting of one thousand million items or units in the United States denoting a quantity consisting of one million million items or units in Great Britain milliard a billion; "in England they call one thousand million a milliard" trillion the number that is represented as a one followed by 12 zeros; "in England they call a trillion a billion" the number that is represented as a one followed by 18 zeros; "in England they call a quintillion a trillion" one million million in the United States one quintillion in Great Britain quadrillion the number that is represented as a one followed by 15 zeros the number that is represented as a one followed by 24 zeros; "in England they call a septillion a quadrillion" quintillion the number that is represented as a one followed by 18 zeros sextillion the number that is represented as a one followed by 21 zeros septillion the number that is represented as a one followed by 24 zeros octillion the number that is represented as a one followed by 27 zeros aleph-null the smallest infinite integer e the base of the natural system of logarithms; approximately equal to 2.718282... formatted capacity (computer science) the usable capacity of a disk drive; the amount of space that is left after the sector headings and boundary definitions and timing information have been added by formatting the disk unformatted capacity (computer science) the total number of bytes on a disk including the space that will be required to format it containerful the quantity that a container will hold headspace the volume left at the top of a filled container (bottle or jar or tin) before sealing large indefinite quantity an indefinite quantity that is above the average in size or magnitude chunk a substantial amount; "we won a chunk of money" pulmonary reserve the additional volume of air that the lungs can inhale and exhale when breathing to the limit of capacity in times of stress small indefinite quantity an indefinite quantity that is below average size or magnitude dab a small quantity of something moist or liquid; "a dab of paint"; "a splatter of mud"; "just a splash of whiskey" hit lightly; "pat him on the shoulder" apply (usually a liquid) to a surface; "dab the wall with paint" hair's-breadth a very small distance or space; "they escaped by a hair's-breadth"; "they lost the election by a whisker" modicum a small or moderate or token amount; "England still expects a modicum of eccentricity in its artists"- Ian Jack shoestring a small amount of money; "he managed it on a shoestring" little a small amount or duration; "he accepted the little they gave him" small in a way that arouses feelings (of tenderness or its opposite depending on the context); "a nice little job"; "bless your little heart"; "my dear little mother"; "a sweet little deal"; "I'm tired of your petty little schemes"; "filthy little tricks"; "what a nasty little situation" (of a voice) faint; "a little voice"; "a still small voice" lowercase; "little a"; "small a"; "e.e.cummings's poetry is written all in minuscule letters" (of children and animals) young, immature; "what a big little boy you are"; "small children" not much; "he talked little about his family" shtikl a really little shtik; "have a shtikl cake" tad a slight amount or degree of difference; "a tad too expensive"; "not a tad of difference"; "the new model is a shade better than the old one" spillage the amount that has spilled ullage the amount that a container (as a wine bottle or tank) lacks of being full top-up an amount needed to restore something to its former level armful the quantity that can be contained in the arms barnful the quantity that a barn will hold busload the quantity of cargo or the number of passengers that a bus can carry capful the quantity that a cap will hold carful the quantity that a car will hold cartload the quantity that a cart holds cask the quantity a cask will hold handful the quantity that can be held in the hand a small number or amount; "only a handful of responses were received" hatful as many or as much as a hat will hold houseful as many as a house will accommodate; "they entertained a houseful of guests" lapful the quantity that can be held in the lap mouthful the quantity that can be held in the mouth pail the quantity contained in a pail pipeful the quantity of tobacco that can be smoked in a pipe at one time pocketful the quantity a pocket will hold roomful the quantity a room will hold shelfful the amount that a shelf will hold; "he bought a shelfful of books" shoeful the amount that a shoe will hold; "he emptied out a shoeful of water" skinful a quantity of alcoholic drink sufficient to make you drunk; "someone had to drive me home last night because I had a skinful" skepful the quantity a skep can hold dessertspoon as much as a dessert spoon will hold droplet a tiny drop dollop a small measure (usually of food) trainload quantity that can be carried by a train dreg a small amount of residue shred a tiny or scarcely detectable amount tear into shreds tot a small amount (especially of a drink); "a tot of rum" barrels the amount that many barrels might hold billyo an unimaginably large amount; "British say `it rained like billyo' where Americans say `it rained like all get out'" boatload the amount of cargo that can be held by a boat or ship or a freight car; "he imported wine by the boatload" haymow a mass of hay piled up in a barn for preservation infinitude an infinite quantity much a great amount or extent; "they did much for humanity" (degree adverb used before a noun phrase) for all practical purposes but not completely; "much the same thing happened every time"; "practically everything in Hinduism is the manifestation of a god" very; "he was much annoyed" to a great degree or extent; "she's much better now" frequently or in great quantities; "I don't drink much"; "I don't travel much" myriad a large indefinite number; "he faced a myriad of details" small fortune a large sum of money; "he made a small fortune in the commodities market" tons a large number or amount; "made lots of new friends"; "she amassed stacks of newspapers" breathing room sufficient room for easy breathing or movement; "moved to the country to find breathing room" houseroom space for accommodation in a house; "I wouldn't give that table houseroom" living space space sought for occupation by a nation whose population is expanding sea room space for maneuver at sea vital capacity the maximum amount of air that can be exhaled after a maximum inhalation (usually tested with a spirometer); used to determine the condition of lung tissue STP standard temperature and pressure relations mutual dealings or connections or communications among persons or groups causality the relation between causes and effects relationship a relation between people; (`relationship' is often used where `relation' would serve, as in `the relationship between inflation and unemployment', but the preferred usage of `relationship' is for human relations or states of relatedness); "the relationship between mothers and their children" a state of connectedness between people (especially an emotional connection); "he didn't want his wife to know of the relationship" a state involving mutual dealings between people or parties or countries personal relation a relation between persons female bonding the formation of a close personal relationship between women male bonding the formation of a close personal relationship between men; "the rituals known as male bonding do not necessarily involve drinking beer together" maternal-infant bonding the attachment that forms between an infant and its mother beginning at birth; "maternal-infant bonding influences the child's psychological and physical development" logical relation a relation between propositions contradictory two propositions are contradictories if both cannot be true (or both cannot be false) at the same time unable for both to exist or be true at the same time of words or propositions so related that both cannot be true and both cannot be false; "`perfect' and `imperfect' are contradictory terms" contrary a logical relation such that two propositions are contraries if both cannot be true but both can be false exact opposition; "public opinion to the contrary he is not guilty" resistant to guidance or discipline; "Mary Mary quite contrary"; "an obstinate child with a violent temper"; "a perverse mood"; "wayward behavior" very opposed in nature or character or purpose; "acts contrary to our code of ethics"; "the facts point to a contrary conclusion" of words or propositions so related that both cannot be true but both may be false; "`hot' and `cold' are contrary terms" mathematical relation a relation between mathematical expressions (such as equality or inequality) inverse function a function obtained by expressing the dependent variable of one function as the independent variable of another; f and g are inverse functions if f(x)=y and g(y)=x Kronecker delta a function of two variables i and j that equals 1 when i=j and equals 0 otherwise metric function a function of a topological space that gives, for any two points in the space, a value equal to the distance between them affine transformation (mathematics) a transformation that is a combination of single transformations such as translation or rotation or reflection on an axis linear operator an operator that obeys the distributive law: A(f+g) = Af + Ag (where f and g are functions) trigonometric function function of an angle expressed as a ratio of the length of the sides of right-angled triangle containing the angle sine ratio of the length of the side opposite the given angle to the length of the hypotenuse of a right-angled triangle arc sine the inverse function of the sine; the angle that has a sine equal to a given number cosine ratio of the adjacent side to the hypotenuse of a right-angled triangle arc cosine the inverse function of the cosine; the angle that has a cosine equal to a given number tangent ratio of the opposite to the adjacent side of a right-angled triangle a straight line or plane that touches a curve or curved surface at a point but does not intersect it at that point arc tangent the inverse function of the tangent; the angle that has a tangent equal to a given number cotangent ratio of the adjacent to the opposite side of a right-angled triangle arc cotangent the inverse function of the cotangent; the angle that has a cotangent equal to a given number secant ratio of the hypotenuse to the adjacent side of a right-angled triangle a straight line that intersects a curve at two or more points arc secant the inverse function of the secant; the angle that has a secant equal to a given number cosecant ratio of the hypotenuse to the opposite side of a right-angled triangle arc cosecant the angle that has a cosecant equal to a given number threshold function a function that takes the value 1 if a specified function of the arguments exceeds a given threshold and 0 otherwise exponential a function in which an independent variable appears as an exponent of or involving exponents; "exponential growth" exponential equation an equation involving exponential functions of a variable exponential curve a graph of an exponential function exponential expression a mathematical expression consisting of a constant (especially e) raised to some power exponential series a series derived from the expansion of an exponential expression oddness the parity of odd numbers (not divisible by two) footing a relation that provides the foundation for something; "they were on a friendly footing"; "he worked on an interim basis" status with respect to the relations between people or groups; "on good terms with her in-laws"; "on a friendly footing" common ground a basis agreed to by all parties for reaching a mutual understanding silver cord the emotional bond between a mother and her offspring involvement a connection of inclusion or containment; "he escaped involvement in the accident"; "there was additional involvement of the liver and spleen" unconnectedness the lack of a connection between things relevance the relation of something to the matter at hand germaneness pertinence by virtue of a close relation to the matter at hand applicability relevance by virtue of being applicable to the matter at hand relatedness a particular manner of connectedness; "the relatedness of all living things" irrelevance the lack of a relation of something to the matter at hand inapplicability irrelevance by virtue of being inapplicable to the matter at hand unrelatedness the lack of any particular manner of connectedness extraneousness unrelatedness by virtue of falling outside the matter at hand grammatical relation a linguistic relation established by grammar linguistic relation a relation between linguistic forms or constituents number agreement agreement in number between words in the same grammatical construction (e.g., between adjectives and the nouns they modify) person agreement agreement in person between pronouns and verbs case agreement agreement in grammatical case between words in the same construction gender agreement agreement in grammatical gender between words in the same construction transitivity the grammatical relation created by a transitive verb (logic and mathematics) a relation between three elements such that if it holds between the first and second and it also holds between the second and third it must necessarily hold between the first and third intransitivity the grammatical relation created by an intransitive verb reflexivity (logic and mathematics) a relation such that it holds between an element and itself the coreferential relation between a reflexive pronoun and its antecedent coreference the grammatical relation between two words that have a common referent copulative conjunction the conjunctive relation of units that expresses the addition of their meanings disjunctive conjunction the conjunctive relation of units that expresses the disjunction of their meanings adversative conjunction the conjunctive relation of units that expresses the opposition of their meanings complementation the grammatical relation of a word or phrase to a predicate restrictiveness a grammatical qualification that makes the meaning more specific (`red hat' has a more specific meaning than `hat') mood verb inflections that express how the action or state is conceived by the speaker indicative mood a mood (grammatically unmarked) that represents the act or state as an objective fact subjunctive mood a mood that represents an act or state (not as a fact but) as contingent or possible optative mood a mood (as in Greek or Sanskrit) that expresses a wish or hope; expressed in English by modal verbs imperative mood a mood that expresses an intention to influence the listener's behavior interrogative mood some linguists consider interrogative sentences to constitute a mood anaphoric relation the relation between an anaphor and its antecedent active voice the voice used to indicate that the grammatical subject of the verb is performing the action or causing the happening denoted by the verb; "`The boy threw the ball' uses the active voice" passive voice the voice used to indicate that the grammatical subject of the verb is the recipient (not the source) of the action denoted by the verb; "`The ball was thrown by the boy' uses the passive voice"; "`The ball was thrown' is an abbreviated passive" pluralization the act of pluralizing or attributing plurality to perfective the aspect of a verb that expresses a completed action a tense of verbs used in describing action that has been completed (sometimes regarded as perfective aspect) imperfective aspect without regard to the beginning or completion of the action of the verb durative the aspect of a verb that expresses its duration progressive aspect the aspect of a verb that expresses its on-going action inchoative aspect with regard to the beginning of the action of the verb initial; "inchoative stages" iterative the aspect of the verb that expresses the repetition of an action marked by iteration progressive a tense of verbs used in describing action that is on-going advancing in severity; "progressive paralysis" favoring or promoting reform (often by government action) (of a card game or a dance) involving a series of sections for which the participants successively change place or relative position; "progressive euchre"; "progressive tournaments" favoring or promoting progress; "progressive schools" (of taxes) adjusted so that the rate increases as the amount of income increases gradually advancing in extent present progressive a tense used to express action that is on-going at the time of utterance present perfect a perfective tense used to express action completed in the present; "`I have finished' is an example of the present perfect" preterit a term formerly used to refer to the simple past tense past perfect a perfective tense used to express action completed in the past; "`I had finished' is an example of the past perfect" past progressive a progressive tense used to describe on-going action in the past; "`I had been running' is an example of the past progressive" future perfect a perfective tense used to describe action that will be completed in the future; "`I will have finished' is an example of the future perfect" future progressive a progressive tense used to express action that will be on-going in the future; "`I will be running' is an example of the future progressive" semantic relation a relation between meanings hyponymy the semantic relation of being subordinate or belonging to a lower rank or class hypernymy the semantic relation of being superordinate or belonging to a higher rank or class synonymy the semantic relation that holds between two words that can (in a given context) express the same meaning antonymy the semantic relation that holds between two words that can (in a given context) express opposite meanings holonymy the semantic relation that holds between a whole and its parts meronymy the semantic relation that holds between a part and the whole homonymy the relation between two words that are spelled the same way but differ in meaning or the relation between two words that are pronounced the same way but differ in meaning leftover a small part or portion that remains after the main part no longer exists not used up; "leftover meatloaf"; "she had a little money left over so she went to a movie"; "some odd dollars left"; "saved the remaining sandwiches for supper"; "unexpended provisions" subpart a part of a part rapport a relationship of mutual understanding or trust and agreement between people mutual understanding sympathy of each person for the other kinship (anthropology) relatedness or connection by blood or marriage or adoption steprelationship a family relationship by virtue of remarriage consanguinity (anthropology) related by blood parentage the kinship relation of an offspring to the parents motherhood the kinship relation between an offspring and the mother bilateral descent line of descent traced through both the maternal and paternal sides of the family unilateral descent line of descent traced through one side of the family matrilineage line of descent traced through the maternal side of the family patrilineage line of descent traced through the paternal side of the family marital relationship the relationship between wife and husband magnitude relation a relation between magnitudes case-fatality proportion the number of cases of a disease ending in death divided by the number of cases of the disease; usually expressed as a percentage or as the number of deaths per 1000 cases case-to-infection proportion the number of cases of a disease divided by the number of infections with the agent that causes the disease golden section the proportional relation between two divisions of line or two dimension of a plane figure such that short : long :: long : (short + long) commensurateness the relation of corresponding in degree or size or amount percentage a proportion in relation to a whole (which is usually the amount per hundred) absentee rate the percentage of workers who do not report to work batting average (baseball) a measure of a batter's performance; the number of base hits divided by the number of official times at bat; "Ted Williams once had a batting average above .400" (an extension of the baseball term) the proportion of times some effort succeeds; "the salesman's batting average was 7 out of 12" fielding average (baseball) a measure of a fielder's performance; the number of assists and putouts divided by the number of chances occupancy rate the percentage of all rental units (as in hotels) are occupied or rented at a given time hospital occupancy occupancy rate for hospitals hotel occupancy occupancy rate for hotels vacancy rate the percentage of all rental units (as in hotels) that are unoccupied or not rented at a given time unemployment rate the percentage of the work force that is unemployed at any given date ratio the relative magnitudes of two quantities (usually expressed as a quotient) albedo the ratio of reflected to incident light aspect ratio the ratio of the width to the height of a tv picture cephalic index ratio (in percent) of the maximum breadth to the maximum length of a skull figure of merit a numerical expression representing the efficiency of a given system, material, or procedure facial index the ratio (in percent) of the maximum width to the maximum height of the face focal ratio the ratio of the focal length to the diameter of a (camera) lens system intelligence quotient a measure of a person's intelligence as indicated by an intelligence test; the ratio of a person's mental age to their chronological age (multiplied by 100) adult intelligence the average IQ of the adults in a given population borderline intelligence the minimal IQ required for someone to function normally and independently in the world (without some form of institutional assistance) load factor (aeronautics) the ratio of an external load to the weight of the aircraft (measured in g) loss ratio the ratio of the annual claims paid by an insurance company to the premiums received Mach number the ratio of the speed of a moving body to the speed of sound mechanical advantage the ratio of the force exerted by a machine to the force applied to it order of magnitude a number assigned to the ratio of two quantities; two quantities are of the same order of magnitude if one is less than 10 times as large as the other; the number of magnitudes that the quantities differ is specified to within a power of 10 output-to-input ratio the output power of a transducer divided by the input power price-to-earnings ratio (stock market) the price of a stock divided by its earnings productivity (economics) the ratio of the quantity and quality of units produced to the labor per unit of time proportionality a ratio of two quantities that is constant refractive index the ratio of the velocity of light in a vacuum to that in a medium relative humidity the ratio of the amount of water in the air at a given temperature to the maximum amount it could hold at that temperature; expressed as a percentage respiratory quotient the ratio of the volume of carbon dioxide expired to the volume of oxygen consumed by an organism or cell in a given period of time safety factor the ratio of the breaking stress of a structure to the estimated maximum stress in ordinary use signal-to-noise ratio the ratio of signal intensity to noise intensity stoichiometry (chemistry) the relation between the quantities of substances that take part in a reaction or form a compound (typically a ratio of whole integers) time constant the ratio of the inductance of a circuit in henries to its resistance in ohms (electronics) the time required for the current or voltage in a circuit to rise or fall exponentially through approximately 63 per cent of its amplitude employee turnover the ratio of the number of workers that had to be replaced in a given time period to the average number of workers power loading the ratio of the weight of an airplane to its engine power span loading the ratio of the weight of an airplane to its wingspan wing loading the ratio of the weight of an airplane to its wing area horizontal something that is oriented horizontally parallel to or in the plane of the horizon or a base line; "a horizontal surface" vertical something that is oriented vertically of or relating to different levels in a hierarchy (as levels of social class or income group); "vertical social mobility" at right angles to the plane of the horizon or a base line; "a vertical camera angle"; "the monument consists of two vertical pillars supporting a horizontal slab"; "measure the perpendicular height" relating to or involving all stages of a business from production to distribution antipodal the relation of opposition along a diameter relating to the antipodes or situated at opposite sides of the earth; "antipodean latitudes"; "antipodal regions of the earth"; "antipodal points on a sphere" enantiomorphism the relation of opposition between crystals or molecules that are reflections of one another windward side the side toward the wind leeward the direction in which the wind is blowing on the side away from the wind; "on the leeward side of the island" away from the wind; "they were sailing leeward" to leeward the side sheltered from the wind seaward the direction toward the sea directed or situated away from inland regions and toward the sea or coast; "from the hill he took a seaward course"; "on the seaward side of the road" in the direction of the sea; "the sailor looked seaward" compass point any of 32 horizontal directions indicated on the card of a compass; "he checked the point on his compass" cardinal compass point one of the four main compass points north by east the compass point that is one point east (clockwise) of due north north northeast the compass point that is midway between north and northeast northeast by north the compass point that is one point north of northeast northeast by east the compass point that is one point east of northeast east northeast the compass point midway between northeast and east east by north the compass point that is one point north of due east east by south the compass point that is one point south of due east east southeast the compass point midway between east and southeast southeast by east the compass point that is one point east of southeast southeast by south the compass point that is one point south of southeast south southeast the compass point midway between south and southeast south by east the compass point that is one point east of due south south by west the compass point that is one point west of due south south southwest the compass point midway between south and southwest southwest by south the compass point that is one point south of southwest southwest by west the compass point that is one point west of southwest west southwest the compass point midway between west and southwest west by south the compass point that is one point south of due west west by north the compass point that is one point north of due west west northwest the compass point midway between west and northwest northwest by west the compass point that is one point west of northwest northwest by north the compass point that is one point north of northwest north northwest the compass point that is midway between north and northwest north by west the compass point that is one point west of due north angular position relation by which any position with respect to any other position is established business relation a relation between different business enterprises price war intense competition in which competitors cut retail prices to gain business clientage relation of a client to a patron professional relation the relation that exists when one person requests and is granted professional help from a qualified source medical relation the professional relation between a health care professional and a patient doctor-patient relation the responsibility of a physician to act in the best interests of the patient nurse-patient relation the responsibility of a nurse to act in the best interests of the patient legal relation a professional relation that is regulated by law (as between a lawyer and a client) fiduciary relation the legal relation that exists when one person justifiably places reliance on another whose aid or protection is sought in some matter bank-depositor relation the responsibility of a bank to act in the best interests of the depositors confidential adviser-advisee relation the responsibility of a confidential adviser to act in the best interest of the advisee conservator-ward relation the responsibility of a conservator to act in the best interests of the ward director-stockholder relation the responsibility of corporate directors to act in the best interests of stockholders executor-heir relation the responsibility of an executor (or administrator) of an estate to act in the best interests of the heir lawyer-client relation the responsibility of a lawyer to act in the best interests of the client partner relation the responsibility of partners to act in one another's best interests receiver-creditor relation the responsibility of receiver or trustee in bankruptcy to act in the best interests of the creditor trustee-beneficiary relation the responsibility of a trustee to act in the best interests of the beneficiary academic relation a professional relation between instructors and those they instruct teacher-student relation the academic relation between teachers and their students reciprocality a relation of mutual dependence or action or influence complementarity the interrelation of reciprocity whereby one thing supplements or depends on the other; "the complementarity of the sexes" a relation between two opposite states or principles that together exhaust the possibilities mutuality a reciprocal relation between interdependent entities (objects or individuals or groups) a reciprocality of sentiments; "the mutuality of their affection was obvious" commensalism the relation between two different kinds of organisms when one receives benefits from the other without damaging it parasitism the relation between two different kinds of organisms in which one receives benefits from the other by causing damage to it (usually not fatal damage) symbiosis the relation between two different species of organisms that are interdependent; each gains benefits from the other trophobiosis a symbiotic relation in which one organism protects the other in return for some kind of food product additive inverse (mathematics) one of a pair of numbers whose sum is zero; the additive inverse of -5 is +5 multiplicative inverse (mathematics) one of a pair of numbers whose product is 1: the reciprocal of 2/3 is 3/2; the multiplicative inverse of 7 is 1/7 reciprocal something (a term or expression or concept) that has an inverse relation to something else; "risk is the reciprocal of safety" of or relating to the multiplicative inverse of a quantity or function; "the reciprocal ratio of a:b is b:a" concerning each of two or more persons or things; especially given or done in return; "reciprocal aid"; "reciprocal trade"; "mutual respect"; "reciprocal privileges at other clubs" time sharing (computer science) the use of a central computer by many users simultaneously interrelation mutual or reciprocal relation or relatedness; "interrelationships of animal structure and function" temporal relation a relation involving time synchronism the relation that exists when things occur at the same time; "the drug produces an increased synchrony of the brain waves" asynchronism the relation that exists when things occur at unrelated times; "the stimulus produced a desynchronizing of the brain waves" former the first of two or the first mentioned of two; "Tom and Dick were both heroes but only the former is remembered today" latter the second of two or the second mentioned of two; "Tom and Dick were both heroes but only the latter is remembered today" eighth position eight in a countable series of things coming next after the seventh and just before the ninth in position ninth position nine in a countable series of things; "going into the ninth they were a run ahead" coming next after the eighth and just before the tenth in position tenth position ten in a countable series of things coming next after the ninth and just before the eleventh in position eleventh position 11 in a countable series of things coming next after the tenth and just before the twelfth in position twelfth position 12 in a countable series of things coming next after the eleventh and just before the thirteenth in position thirteenth position 13 in a countable series of things coming next after the twelfth in position fourteenth position 14 in a countable series of things coming next after the thirteenth in position fifteenth position 15 in a countable series of things coming next after the fourteenth and just before the sixteenth in position sixteenth position 16 in a countable series of things coming next after the fifteenth in position seventeenth position 17 in a countable series of things coming next after the sixteenth in position eighteenth position 18 in a countable series of things coming next after the seventeenth in position nineteenth position 19 in a countable series of things coming next after the eighteenth in position twentieth position 20 in a countable series of things coming next after the nineteenth in position thirtieth position 30 in a countable series of things coming next after the twenty-ninth in position fortieth position 40 in a countable series of things the ordinal number of forty in counting order fiftieth position 50 in a countable series of things the ordinal number of fifty in counting order sixtieth position 60 in a countable series of things the ordinal number of sixty in counting order seventieth position 70 in a countable series of things the ordinal number of seventy in counting order eightieth position 80 in a countable series of things the ordinal number of eighty in counting order ninetieth position 90 in a countable series of things the ordinal number of ninety in counting order hundredth position 100 in a countable series of things the ordinal number of one hundred in counting order thousandth position 1,000 in a countable series of things the ordinal number of one thousand in counting order millionth position 1,000,000 in a countable series of things the ordinal number of one million in counting order billionth position 1,000,000,000 in a countable series of things the ordinal number of one billion in counting order logarithmic scale scale on which actual distances from the origin are proportional to the logarithms of the corresponding scale numbers Mercalli scale a scale formerly used to describe the magnitude of an earthquake; an earthquake detected only by seismographs is a I and an earthquake that destroys all buildings is a XII Mohs scale a scale of hardness of solids; talc is 0 and diamond is 10; ordering is determined by which substance can scratch another substance Richter scale a logarithmic scale of 1 to 10 formerly used to express the magnitude of an earthquake on the basis of the size of seismograph oscillations moment magnitude scale a logarithmic scale of 1 to 10 (a successor to the Richter scale) that enables seismologists to compare the energy released by different earthquakes on the basis of the area of the geological fault that ruptured in the quake temperature scale a system of measuring temperature Celsius scale a temperature scale that defines the freezing point of water as 0 degrees and the boiling point of water as 100 degrees Fahrenheit scale a temperature scale that defines the freezing point of water as 32 degrees and the boiling point of water a 212 degrees Kelvin scale a temperature scale that defines absolute zero as 0 degrees; water freezes at 273.16 degrees and boils at 373.16 degrees Rankine scale a scale of absolute temperature in Fahrenheit degrees; the freezing point of water is 491.69 degrees and the boiling point of water is 671.69 degrees Reaumur scale a temperature scale on which water freezes at 0 degrees and boils at 80 degrees wage scale a schedule of wages paid for different jobs sliding scale a wage scale that fluctuates in response to the cost-of-living index imaginative comparison the kind of mental comparison that is expressed in similes or metaphors or allegories norm a standard or model or pattern regarded as typical; "the current middle-class norm of two children per family" antipode direct opposite; "quiet: an antipode to focused busyness" flip side a different aspect of something (especially the opposite aspect); "the flip side of your positive qualities sometimes get out of control"; "on the flip side of partnerships he talked about their competition" mutual opposition a relation between two opposite attributes or tendencies; "he viewed it as a balanced polarity between good and evil" gradable opposition an opposition that is capable of being graded polar opposition an opposition that can be graded between two extremes or poles polarity having an indicated pole (as the distinction between positive and negative electric charges); "he got the polarity of the battery reversed"; "charges of opposite sign" ungradable opposition an opposition that has no intermediate grade; either one or the other contradictoriness the relation that exists when opposites cannot coexist contrariety the relation between contraries tertium quid some third thing similar to two opposites but distinct from both inverse something inverted in sequence or character or effect; "when the direct approach failed he tried the inverse" reversed (turned backward) in order or nature or effect opposite in nature or effect or relation to another quantity; "a term is in inverse proportion to another term if it increases (or decreases) as the other decreases (or increases)" concentration gradient a gradient in concentration of a solute as a function of distance through a solution; "the movement of a solute down its concentration gradient is called diffusion" gravity gradient a gradient in the gravitational forces acting on different parts of a nonspherical object; "the gravity gradient of the moon causes the ocean tides on Earth" temperature gradient change in temperature as a function of distance (especially altitude) solid a three-dimensional shape the state in which a substance has no tendency to flow under moderate stress; resists forces (such as compression) that tend to deform it; and retains a definite size and shape matter that is solid at room temperature and pressure uninterrupted in space; having no gaps or breaks; "a solid line across the page"; "solid sheets of water" impenetrable for the eye; "solid blackness" having three dimensions; "a cube is a solid figure with six sides" acting together as a single undiversified whole; "a solid voting bloc" characterized by good substantial quality; "solid comfort"; "a solid base hit" of one substance or character throughout; "solid gold"; "carved out of solid rock" of the same color throughout; "solid color" of a substantial character and not frivolous or superficial; "work of solid scholarship"; "based on solid facts" of definite shape and volume; firm; neither liquid nor gaseous; "ice is water in the solid state" entirely of one substance with no holes inside; "a solid block of wood" financially sound; "the bank is solid and will survive this attack" of good quality and condition; solidly built; "a solid foundation"; "several substantial timber buildings" Cartesian plane a plane in which all points can be described in Cartesian coordinates complex plane a geometric representation of the complex numbers established by the real axis and the orthogonal imaginary axis; it can be thought of as a modified Cartesian plane, with the real part of a complex number represented by a displacement along the x-axis, and the imaginary part by a displacement along the y-axis facet plane the plane of a facet of an object (as of a cube) midplane the median plane of the body (or some part of the body) orbital plane (astronomy) the plane on which a body is orbiting picture plane the plane that is in the foreground of a drawing or painting; coextensive with but different from the objective surface of the work tangent plane the plane that contains all the lines tangent to a specific point on a surface natural shape a shape created by natural forces; not man-made leaf shape any of the various shape that leaves of plants can assume equilateral a figure whose sides are all equal having all sides or faces equal plane figure a two-dimensional shape solid figure a three-dimensional shape subfigure a figure that is a part of another figure convex shape a shape that curves or bulges outward entasis a slight convexity in the shaft of a column; compensates for the illusion of concavity that viewers experience when the sides are perfectly straight angular shape a shape having one or more sharp angles concave shape a shape that curves or bends inward round shape a shape that is curved and without sharp angles polygon a closed plane figure bounded by straight sides isogon an equiangular polygon convex polygon a polygon such that no side extended cuts any other side or vertex; it can be cut by a straight line in at most two points concave polygon a polygon such that there is a straight line that cuts it in four or more points reentrant polygon a polygon with one or more reentrant angles regular polygon a polygon with all sides and all angles equal distorted shape a shape resulting from distortion amorphous shape an ill-defined or arbitrary shape closed curve a curve (such as a circle) having no endpoints simple closed curve a closed curve that does not intersect itself S-shape a double curve resembling the letter S catenary the curve theoretically assumed by a perfectly flexible and inextensible cord of uniform density and cross section hanging freely from two fixed points extrados the exterior curve of an arch gooseneck something in a thin curved form (like the neck of a goose) intrados the interior curve of an arch uncus (biology) any hook-shaped process or part straight line a line traced by a point traveling in a constant direction; a line of zero curvature; "the shortest distance between two points is a straight line" geodesic (mathematics) the shortest line between two points on a mathematically defined surface (as a straight line on a plane or an arc of a great circle on a sphere) asymptote a straight line that is the limiting value of a curve; can be considered as tangent at infinity; "the asymptote of the curve" perimeter a line enclosing a plane areas centerline a line that bisects a plane figure conic section (geometry) a curve generated by the intersection of a plane and a circular cone oblong a plane figure that deviates from a square or circle due to elongation deviating from a square or circle or sphere by being elongated in one direction (of a leaf shape) having a somewhat elongated form with approximately parallel sides semicircle a plane figure with the shape of half a circle arc a continuous portion of a circle helix a curve that lies on the surface of a cylinder or cone and cuts the element at a constant angle double helix a pair of parallel helices intertwined about a common axis; "the shape of the DNA molecule is a double helix" element of a cone a straight line joining the apex and a point on the base element of a cylinder a straight line running the length of the cylinder helix angle the constant angle at which a helix cuts the elements of a cylinder or cone ellipse a closed plane curve resulting from the intersection of a circular cone and a plane cutting completely through it; "the sums of the distances from the foci to any point on an ellipse is constant" quadrate a square-shaped object a cubelike object having four sides and four angles quadrilateral a four-sided polygon having four sides acute triangle a triangle whose interior angles are all acute equilateral triangle a three-sided regular polygon isosceles triangle a triangle with two equal sides oblique triangle a triangle that contains no right angle obtuse triangle a triangle that contains an obtuse interior angle right triangle a triangle with one right angle scalene triangle a triangle with no two sides of equal length hexagram a regular polygon formed by extending each of the sides of a regular hexagon to form two equilateral triangles parallel (mathematics) one of a set of parallel geometric figures (parallel lines or planes); "parallels never meet" make or place parallel to something; "They paralleled the ditch to the highway" be parallel to; "Their roles are paralleled by ours" being everywhere equidistant and not intersecting; "parallel lines never converge"; "concentric circles are parallel"; "dancers in two parallel rows" of or relating to the simultaneous performance of multiple operations; "parallel processing" parallelogram a quadrilateral whose opposite sides are both parallel and equal in length pentacle a star with 5 points; formed by 5 straight lines between the vertices of a pentagon and enclosing another pentagon pentagon a five-sided polygon hexagon a six-sided polygon regular hexagon a hexagon with six sides of equal length heptagon a seven-sided polygon octagon an eight-sided polygon nonagon a nine-sided polygon decagon a polygon with 10 sides and 10 angles undecagon an eleven-sided polygon dodecagon a twelve-sided polygon rhombus a parallelogram with four equal sides; an oblique-angled equilateral parallelogram rectangle a parallelogram with four right angles spherical polygon a figure on the surface of a sphere bounded by arcs of 3 or more great circles spherical triangle a spherical polygon formed by the arcs of 3 great circles polyhedron a solid figure bounded by plane polygons or faces convex polyhedron a polyhedron any plane section of which is a convex polygon concave polyhedron a polyhedron some of whose plane sections are concave polygons parallelepiped a prism whose bases are parallelograms cuboid a rectangular parallelepiped quadrangular prism a prism whose bases are quadrangles triangular prism a prism whose bases are triangles sinuosity having curves; "he hated the sinuosity of mountain roads" tortuosity a tortuous and twisted shape or position; "they built a tree house in the tortuosities of its boughs"; "the acrobat performed incredible contortions" parabola a plane curve formed by the intersection of a right circular cone and a plane parallel to an element of the curve hyperbola an open curve formed by a plane that cuts the base of a right circular cone furcation the place where something divides into branches zigzag an angular shape characterized by sharp turns in alternating directions travel along a zigzag path; "The river zigzags through the countryside" having short sharp turns or angles in a zigzag course or on a zigzag path; "birds flew zigzag across the blue sky" angle the space between two lines or planes that intersect; the inclination of one line to another; measured in degrees or radians fish with a hook move or proceed at an angle; "he angled his way into the room" complementary angles two angles whose sum is a right angle angular distance the angular separation between two objects as perceived by an observer; "he recorded angular distances between the stars" true anomaly the angular distance of a point in an orbit past the point of periapsis measured in degrees plane angle an angle formed by two straight lines (in the same plane) spherical angle an angle formed at the intersection of the arcs of two great circles solid angle an angle formed by three or more planes intersecting at a common point (the vertex) reentrant angle an interior angle of a polygon that is greater than 180 degrees salient angle an angle pointing outward; an interior angle of a polygon that is less than 180 degrees interior angle the angle inside two adjacent sides of a polygon exterior angle the supplement of an interior angle of a polygon angle of incidence the angle that a line makes with a line perpendicular to the surface at the point of incidence angle of attack the acute angle between the direction of the undisturbed relative wind and the chord of an airfoil critical angle the smallest angle of incidence for which light is totally reflected angle of reflection the angle between a reflected ray and a line perpendicular to the reflecting surface at the point of incidence angle of refraction the angle between a refracted ray and a line perpendicular to the surface between the two media at the point of refraction angle of extinction the angle from its axis that a crystal must be rotated before appearing maximally dark when viewed in polarized light acute angle an angle less than 90 degrees but more than 0 degrees obtuse angle an angle between 90 and 180 degrees right angle the 90 degree angle between two perpendicular lines oblique angle an angle that is not a right angle or a multiple of a right angle reflex angle an angle greater than 180 degrees (but less than 360) perigon an angle of 360 degrees cutting angle the angle between the face of a cutting tool and the surface of the work magnetic declination the angle (at a particular location) between magnetic north and true north azimuth the azimuth of a celestial body is the angle between the vertical plane containing it and the plane of the meridian bulge something that bulges out or is protuberant or projects from its surroundings; "the gun in his pocket made an obvious bulge"; "the hump of a camel"; "he stood on the rocky prominence"; "the occipital protuberance was well developed"; "the bony excrescence between its horns" cause to bulge or swell outwards swell or protrude outwards; "His stomach bulged after the huge meal" bulge out; form a bulge outward, or be so full as to appear to bulge caput a headlike protuberance on an organ or structure; "the caput humeri is the head of the humerus which fits into a cavity in the scapula" mogul a bump on a ski slope crescent any shape resembling the curved shape of the moon in its first or last quarters hyperboloid a quadric surface generated by rotating a hyperbola around its main axis paraboloid a surface having parabolic sections parallel to a single coordinate axis and elliptic sections perpendicular to that axis ellipsoid a surface whose plane sections are all ellipses or circles; "the Earth is an ellipsoid" having the nature or shape of an ellipsoid hypotenuse the side of a right triangle opposite the right angle conformation a symmetrical arrangement of the parts of a thing disproportion lack of proportion; imbalance among the parts of something spheroid a shape that is generated by rotating an ellipse around one of its axes; "it looked like a sphere but on closer examination I saw it was really a spheroid" spherule a small sphere toroid the doughnut-shaped object enclosed by a torus columella a small column (or structure resembling a column) that is a part of a plant or animal pellet a small sphere dewdrop a drop of dew teardrop anything shaped like a falling drop (as a pendant gem on an earring) quadric a curve or surface whose equation (in Cartesian coordinates) is of the second degree lemniscate any of several plane algebraic curves in the shape of a figure eight periphery the outside boundary or surface of something upper bound (mathematics) a number equal to or greater than any other number in a given set lower bound (mathematics) a number equal to or less than any other number in a given set incisure (anatomy) a notch or small hollow sag a shape that sags; "there was a sag in the chair seat" droop, sink, or settle from or as if from pressure or loss of tautness cause to sag; "The children sagged their bottoms down even more comfortably" crow's foot a wrinkle in the skin at the outer corner of your eyes dermatoglyphic the lines that form patterns on the skin (especially on the fingertips and the palms of the hands and the soles of the feet) frown line a facial wrinkle associated with frowning line of life a crease on the palm; its length is said by palmists to indicate how long you will live line of heart a crease on the palm; palmists say it indicates your emotional nature line of fate a crease on the palm; palmists say it indicates how successful you will be crevice a long narrow depression in a surface pucker an irregular fold in an otherwise even surface (as in cloth) to gather something into small wrinkles or folds; "She puckered her lips" become wrinkled or drawn together; "her lips puckered" cleft a split or indentation in something (as the palate or chin) having one or more indentations reaching nearly to the midrib split or divided; "he had a cleft chin and strong jaw"; "the infant was born with a double harelip and cleft palate"; "a cleft stick" stria any of a number of tiny parallel grooves such as: the scratches left by a glacier on rocks or the streaks or ridges in muscle tissue cycloid a line generated by a point on a circle rolling along a straight line resembling a circle curtate cycloid a cycloid generated by a point inside the rolling circle prolate cycloid a cycloid generated by a point outside the rolling circle sine curve the curve of y=sin x epicycle a circle that rolls around (inside or outside) another circle; generates an epicycloid or hypocycloid epicycloid a line generated by a point on a circle rolling around another circle cardioid an epicycloid in which the rolling circle equals the fixed circle hypocycloid a line generated by a point on a circle that rolls around inside another circle blob an indistinct shapeless form void an empty area or space; "the huge desert voids"; "the emptiness of outer space"; "without their support he'll be ruling in a vacuum" clear (a room, house, place) of occupants or empty or clear (a place or receptacle) of something; "The chemist voided the glass bottle"; "The concert hall was voided of the audience" containing nothing; "the earth was without form, and void" cladogram a tree diagram used to illustrate phylogenetic relationships stemma a tree diagram showing a reconstruction of the transmission of manuscripts of a literary work facet a smooth surface (as of a bone or cut gemstone) brachium (biology) a branching or armlike part of an animal ovoid an egg-shaped object tetrahedron any polyhedron having four plane faces pentahedron any polyhedron having five plane faces hexahedron any polyhedron having six plane faces rhombohedron a parallelepiped bounded by six similar faces (either rhombuses or parallelograms) octahedron any polyhedron having eight plane faces decahedron any polyhedron having ten plane faces dodecahedron any polyhedron having twelve plane faces icosahedron any polyhedron having twenty plane faces regular polyhedron any one of five solids whose faces are congruent regular polygons and whose polyhedral angles are all congruent polyhedral angle the space enclosed by three or more planes that intersect in a vertex face angle the angle formed by two edges of a polyhedral angle regular tetrahedron a tetrahedron with four equilateral triangular faces tesseract the four-dimensional analogue of a cube regular dodecahedron a dodecahedron with twelve regular pentagons as faces regular octahedron an octahedron with eight equilateral triangles as faces regular icosahedron an icosahedron with twenty equilateral triangles as faces frustum a truncated cone or pyramid; the part that is left when a cone or pyramid is cut by a plane parallel to the base and the apical part is removed truncated pyramid a frustum formed from a pyramid truncated cone a frustum formed from a cone prismatoid a polyhedron whose vertices all lie in one or the other of two parallel planes; the faces that lie in those planes are the bases of the prismatoid prismoid a prismatoid whose bases are polygons having the same number of sides and whose other faces are trapezoids or parallelograms tilt angle the angle a rocket makes with the vertical as it curves along its trajectory trapezohedron a polyhedron whose faces are trapeziums vertical angle either of two equal and opposite angles formed by the intersection of two straight lines verticil a whorl of leaves growing around a stem view angle the angle included by a photographic lens wave angle the angle of arrival (or departure) of a radio wave with respect to the axis of an antenna array conditions the set of circumstances that affect someone's welfare; "hazardous working conditions"; "harsh living conditions" the prevailing context that influences the performance or the outcome of a process; "there were wide variations in the conditions of observation" health the general condition of body and mind; "his delicate health"; "in poor health" a healthy state of wellbeing free from disease; "physicians should be held responsible for the health of their patients" conditionality the state of being conditional ground state (physics) the lowest energy state of an atom or other particle niche (ecology) the status of an organism within its environment and community (affecting its survival as a species) a position particularly well suited to the person who occupies it; "he found his niche in the academic world" noise conditions the condition of being noisy (as in a communication channel) participation the condition of sharing in common with others (as fellows or partners etc.) prepossession the condition of being prepossessed; "the king's prepossession in my favor is very valuable" regularization the condition of having been made regular (or more regular) saturation point (chemistry) the stage at which a substance will receive no more of another substance in solution or in a vapor situation a condition or position in which you find yourself; "the unpleasant situation (or position) of having to choose between two evils"; "found herself in a very fortunate situation" the general state of things; the combination of circumstances at a given time; "the present international situation is dangerous"; "wondered how such a state of affairs had come about"; "eternal truths will be neither true nor eternal unless they have fresh meaning for every new social situation"- Franklin D.Roosevelt a complex or critical or unusual difficulty; "the dangerous situation developed suddenly"; "that's quite a situation"; "no human situation is simple" ski conditions the amount and state of snow for skiing nationhood the state of being a nation poverty trap a situation in which an increase in income results in a loss of benefits so that you are no better off absurd a situation in which life seems irrational and meaningless; "The absurd is the essential concept and the first truth"--Albert Camus inconsistent with reason or logic or common sense; "the absurd predicament of seeming to argue that virtue is highly desirable but intensely unpleasant"- Walter Lippman so unreasonable as to invite derision; "the absurd excuse that the dog ate his homework"; "that's a cockeyed idea"; "ask a nonsensical question and get a nonsensical answer"; "a contribution so small as to be laughable"; "it is ludicrous to call a cottage a mansion"; "a preposterous attempt to turn back the pages of history"; "her conceited assumption of universal interest in her rather dull children was ridiculous" blood brotherhood the friendship characteristic of blood brothers freemasonry a natural or instinctive fellowship between people of similar interests; "he enjoyed the freemasonry of the Press" anaclisis (psychoanalysis) relationship marked by strong dependence on others; especially a libidinal attachment to e.g. a parental figure friendship the state of being friends (or friendly) love affair a relationship between two lovers sexual relationship a relationship involving sexual intimacy ballgame a particular situation that is radically different from the preceding situation; "HDTV looks the same but it's really a whole new ballgame" childlessness the condition of being without offspring conflict of interest a situation in which a public official's decisions are influenced by the official's personal interests crowding a situation in which people or things are crowded together; "he didn't like the crowding on the beach" disequilibrium loss of equilibrium attributable to an unstable situation in which some forces outweigh others exclusion the state of being excluded goldfish bowl a state of affairs in which you have no privacy; "the president lives in a goldfish bowl" hornet's nest a highly contentious or hazardous situation; "talk of invading Iraq stirred up a political hornets' nest" hot potato a difficult situation; "he dropped the topic like a hot potato" how-do-you-do an awkward situation; "that's a fine how-d'ye-do" intestacy the situation of being or dying without a legally valid will Mexican standoff a situation in which no one can emerge as a clear winner no-win situation a situation in which a favorable outcome is impossible; you are bound to lose whatever you do square one the situation in which you begin an endeavor and to which you return if your efforts fail; "the police are now back at square one after having arrested and released 27 men"; "she has tried to diet but always ends up back at square one" status quo the existing state of affairs astigmatism (optics) defect in an optical system in which light rays from a single point fail to converge in a single focal point (ophthalmology) impaired eyesight resulting usually from irregular conformation of the cornea; common in nearsighted people wild a wild primitive state untouched by civilization; "he lived in the wild"; "they collected mushrooms in the wild" deviating widely from an intended course; "a wild bullet"; "he threw a wild pitch" in a state of extreme emotion; "wild with anger"; "wild with grief" in a natural state; not tamed or domesticated or cultivated; "wild geese"; "edible wild plants" marked by extreme lack of restraint or control; "wild talk"; "wild parties" in a wild or undomesticated manner; "growing wild"; "roaming wild" isomerism the state of being an isomer; the complex of chemical and physical phenomena characteristic of isomers acme the highest level or degree attainable; the highest stage of development; "his landscapes were deemed the acme of beauty"; "the artist's gifts are at their acme"; "at the height of her career"; "the peak of perfection"; "summer was at its peak"; "...catapulted Einstein to the pinnacle of fame"; "the summit of his ambition"; "so many highest superlatives achieved by man"; "at the top of his profession" resultant the final point in a process standard of living a level of material comfort in terms of goods and services available to someone or some group; "they enjoyed the highest standard of living in the country"; "the lower the standard of living the easier it is to introduce an autocratic production system" state of the art the highest degree of development of an art or technique at a particular time; "the state of the art in space travel" ultimacy the state or degree of being ultimate; the final or most extreme in degree or size or time or distance; "the ultimacy of these social values" profoundness extremeness of degree; "the profoundness of his ignorance" homelessness the state or condition of having no home (especially the state of living in the streets) vagrancy the state of wandering from place to place; having no permanent home or means of livelihood congestion excessive crowding; "traffic congestion" excessive accumulation of blood or other fluid in a body part executive clemency the power (usually of a president or governor) to pardon or commute the sentence of someone convicted in that jurisdiction war power an extraordinary power exercised (usually by the executive branch) in the prosecution of a war and involving an extension of the powers that the government normally has in peacetime status the relative position or standing of things or especially persons in a society; "he had the status of a minor"; "the novel attained the status of a classic"; "atheists do not enjoy a favorable position in American life" egality social and political equality; "egality represents an extreme leveling of society" social station position in a social hierarchy; "the British are more aware of social status than Americans are" high status a position of superior status stardom the status of being acknowledged as a star; "stardom meant nothing to her" triple crown (baseball) an unofficial title won by a batter who leads the league in hitting average, runs batted in, and home runs (horse racing) a title won by a horse that can win the Kentucky Derby and the Belmont Stakes and the Preakness high ground a position of superiority over opponents or competitors seniority higher rank than that of others especially by reason of longer service precedence status established in order of importance or urgency; "...its precedence as the world's leading manufacturer of pharmaceuticals"; "national independence takes priority over class struggle" back burner reduced priority; "dozens of cases were put on the back burner" front burner top priority; "the work was moved to the front burner in order to meet deadlines" transcendence the state of excelling or surpassing or going beyond usual limits a state of being or existence above and beyond the limits of material experience high profile a position attracting much attention and publicity Holy Order (usually plural) the status or rank or office of a Christian clergyman in an ecclesiastical hierarchy; "theologians still disagree over whether `bishop' should or should not be a separate Order" low status a position of inferior status; low in station or rank or fortune or estimation subordinateness secondary importance junior status in a junior position subservience in a subservient state the condition of being something that is useful in reaching an end or carrying out a plan; "all his actions were in subservience to the general plan" legal status a status defined by law civil death the legal status of a person who is alive but who has been deprived of the rights and privileges of a citizen or a member of society; the legal status of one sentenced to life imprisonment bastardy the status of being born to parents who were not married being the state or fact of existing; "a point of view gradually coming into being"; "laws in existence for centuries"; "he appeared on the face of the earth one day" actuality the state of actually existing objectively; "a hope that progressed from possibility to actuality" entelechy (Aristotle) the state of something that is fully realized; actuality as opposed to potentiality genuineness the state of being genuine eternity a state of eternal existence believed in some religions to characterize the afterlife time without end a seemingly endless time interval (waiting) preexistence existing in a former state or previous to something else coexistence existing peacefully together eternal life life without beginning or end immanence the state of being within or not going beyond a given domain inherence the state of inhering; the state of being a fixed characteristic; "the inherence of polysemy in human language" ubiety the state of existing and being localized in space ubiquity the state of being everywhere at once (or seeming to be everywhere at once) hereness the state of being here in this place thereness the state of being there--not here--in position real existence; "things are really there...capture the thereness of them"--Charles Hopkinson occurrence an instance of something occurring; "a disease of frequent occurrence"; "the occurrence (or presence) of life on other planets" allopatry the occurrence of related organisms in separate geographical areas with no overlap sympatry the occurrence of organisms in overlapping geographical areas, but without interbreeding nonbeing the state of not being nonexistence the state of not existing falsity the state of being false or untrue; "argument could not determine its truth or falsity" spuriousness state of lacking genuineness nonoccurrence absence by virtue of not occurring awayness the state of being elsewhere than in particular place marital status the condition of being married or unmarried civil union a voluntary union for life (or until divorce) of adult parties of the same sex; "parties to a civil union have all the same benefits, protections, and responsibilities under Vermont law as spouses in a marriage" common-law marriage a marriage relationship created by agreement and cohabitation rather than by ceremony endogamy marriage within one's own tribe or group as required by custom or law exogamy marriage to a person belonging to a tribe or group other than your own as required by custom or law marriage of convenience a marriage for expediency rather than love misalliance an unsuitable alliance (especially with regard to marriage) mesalliance a marriage with a person of inferior social status monandry the state of having only one husband at a time monogamy the practice or state of having only one spouse at a time monogyny having only one wife at a time serial monogamy a succession of short monogamous relationships (as by someone who undergoes multiple divorces) open marriage a marriage in which each partner is free to enter into extraneous sexual relationships without guilt or jealousy from the other cuckoldom the state of a husband whose wife has committed adultery polyandry polygamy in which a woman has more than one husband at a time polygamy the condition or practice of having more than one spouse at a time polygyny polygamy in which a man has more than one wife at a time sigeh a Shiite tradition of temporary marriage permitted in Iran that allows a couple to specify the terms of their relationship; can last from a few minutes to 99 years; "sigeh legally wraps premarital sex in an Islamic cloak" celibacy an unmarried status virginity the condition or quality of being a virgin bachelorhood the state of being an unmarried man the time of a man's life prior to marriage spinsterhood the state of being a spinster (usually an elderly unmarried woman) widowhood the state of being a widow who has not remarried the time of a woman's life when she is a widow unemployment the state of being unemployed or not having a job; "unemployment is a serious social evil"; "the rate of unemployment is an indicator of the health of an economy" civil order the form of government of a social organization rule of law a state of order in which events conform to the law comity a state or atmosphere of harmony or mutual civility and respect comity of nations courteous respect by one nation for the laws and institutions of another peaceableness a state that is calm and tranquil mollification a state of being appeased or ameliorated or tempered armistice a state of peace agreed to between opponents so they can discuss peace terms consensus agreement in the judgment or opinion reached by a group as a whole; "the lack of consensus reflected differences in theoretical positions"; "those rights and obligations are based on an unstated consensus" sense of the meeting general agreement reached by an assembled group; "no vote was taken, but after each discussion the chair summed up the sense of the meeting" unanimity everyone being of one mind social contract an implicit agreement among people that results in the organization of society; individual surrenders liberty in return for protection disorder a disturbance of the peace or of public order a physical condition in which there is a disturbance of normal functioning; "the doctor prescribed some medicine for the disorder"; "everyone gets stomach upsets from time to time" bring disorder to anarchy a state of lawlessness and disorder (usually resulting from a failure of government) cytopenia a deficiency of some cellular element of the blood hematocytopenia an abnormally low number of red blood cells in the blood pancytopenia an abnormal deficiency in all blood cells (red blood cells and white blood cells and platelets); usually associated with bone marrow tumor or with aplastic anemia immunological disorder a disorder of the immune system immunocompetence the ability to develop an immune response following exposure to an antigen immunodeficiency immunological disorder in which some part of the body's immune system is inadequate and resistance to infectious diseases is reduced immunosuppression lowering the body's normal immune response to invasion by foreign substances; can be deliberate (as in lowering the immune response to prevent rejection of a transplanted organ) or incidental (as a side effect of radiotherapy or chemotherapy for cancer) histoincompatibility incompatibility in which one person's tissue cannot be transplanted to another person Rh incompatibility incompatibility of Rh blood types; a transfusion of Rh-positive blood given to a Rh-negative person (or vice versa) can result in hemolysis and anemia balagan a word for chaos or fiasco borrowed from modern Hebrew (where it is a loan word from Russian); "it was utter and complete balagan!" hugger-mugger a state of confusion; "he engaged in the hugger-mugger of international finance" in secrecy; "they did it all hugger-mugger" schemozzle (Yiddish) a confused situation or affair; a mess rioting a state of disorder involving group violence rowdiness rowdy behavior rage violent state of the elements; "the sea hurled itself in thundering rage against the rocks" a state of extreme anger; "she fell into a rage and refused to answer" something that is desired intensely; "his rage for fame destroyed him" feel intense anger; "Rage against the dying of the light!" be violent; as of fires and storms latent hostility feelings of hostility that are not manifest; "he could sense her latent hostility to him"; "the diplomats' first concern was to reduce international tensions" clash a state of conflict between persons a state of conflict between colors; "her dress was a disturbing clash of colors" disagree violently; "We clashed over the new farm policies" be incompatible; be or come into conflict; "These colors clash" proxy war a war instigated by a major power that does not itself participate hot war actual fighting between the warring parties cold war a state of political hostility between countries using means short of armed warfare Cold War a state of political hostility that existed from 1945 until 1990 between countries led by the Soviet Union and countries led by the United States disunity lack of unity (usually resulting from dissension) divide a serious disagreement between two groups of people (typically producing tension or hostility) perform a division; "Can you divide 49 by seven?" separate into parts or portions; "divide the cake into three equal parts"; "The British carved up the Ottoman Empire after World War I" illumination the degree of visibility of your environment night darkness; "it vanished into the night" the dark part of the diurnal cycle considered a time unit; "three nights later he collapsed" the time after sunset and before sunrise while it is dark outside the time between sunset and midnight; "he watched television every night" the period spent sleeping; "I had a restless night" a period of ignorance or backwardness or gloom a shortening of nightfall; "they worked from morning to night" total darkness total absence of light; "they fumbled around in total darkness"; "in the black of night" semidarkness partial darkness umbra a region of complete shadow resulting from total obstruction of light penumbra a fringe region of partial shadow around an umbra obscurity the state of being indistinct or indefinite for lack of adequate illumination an obscure and unimportant standing; not well known; "he worked in obscurity for many years" emotional state the state of a person's emotions (especially with regard to pleasure or dejection); "his emotional state depended on her opinion"; "he was in good spirits"; "his spirit rose" ecstasy a state of being carried away by overwhelming emotion; "listening to sweet music in a perfect rapture"- Charles Dickens a state of elated bliss quality of life your personal satisfaction (or dissatisfaction) with the cultural or intellectual conditions under which you live (as distinct from material comfort); "the new art museum is expected to improve the quality of life" blessedness a state of supreme happiness bliss a state of extreme happiness nirvana (Hinduism and Buddhism) the beatitude that transcends the cycle of reincarnation; characterized by the extinction of desire and suffering and individual consciousness unhappiness state characterized by emotions ranging from mild discontentment to deep grief embitterment the state of being embittered; "the embitterment that resulted from the loss of his job never left him" mourning state of sorrow over the death or departure of a loved one poignance a state of deeply felt distress or sorrow; "a moment of extraordinary poignancy" innocence a state or condition of being innocent of a specific crime or offense; "the trial established his innocence" blamelessness a state of innocence purity the state of being unsullied by sin or moral wrong; lacking a knowledge of evil being undiluted or unmixed with extraneous material cleanness without moral defects the state of being clean; without dirt or other impurities clear the state of being free of suspicion; "investigation showed that he was in the clear" free (the throat) by making a rasping sound; "Clear the throat" remove; "clear the leaves from the lawn"; "Clear snow from the road" make a way or path by removing objects; "Clear a path through the dense forest" remove the occupants of; "Clear the building" remove (people) from a building; "clear the patrons from the theater after the bomb threat" rid of instructions or data; "clear a memory buffer" make clear, bright, light, or translucent; "The water had to be cleared through filtering" make free from confusion or ambiguity; make clear; "Could you clarify these remarks?"; "Clear up the question of who is at fault" settle, as of a debt; "clear a debt"; "solve an old debt" pass an inspection or receive authorization; "clear customs" pass by, over, or under without making contact; "the balloon cleared the tree tops" go away or disappear; "The fog cleared in the afternoon" sell; "We cleared a lot of the old model cars" be debited and credited to the proper bank accounts; "The check will clear within 2 business days" clear from impurities, blemishes, pollution, etc.; "clear the water before it can be drunk" free from payment of customs duties, as of a shipment; "Clear the ship and let it dock" readily apparent to the mind; "a clear and present danger"; "a clear explanation"; "a clear case of murder"; "a clear indication that she was angry"; "gave us a clear idea of human nature" allowing light to pass through; "clear water"; "clear plastic bags"; "clear glass"; "the air is clear and clean" free from confusion or doubt; "a complex problem requiring a clear head"; "not clear about what is expected of us" free from clouds or mist or haze; "on a clear day" characterized by ease and quickness in perceiving; "clear mind"; "a percipient author" clear and distinct to the senses; easily perceptible; "as clear as a whistle"; "clear footprints in the snow"; "the letter brought back a clear image of his grandfather"; "a spire clean-cut against the sky"; "a clear-cut pattern" (especially of a title) free from any encumbrance or limitation that presents a question of fact or law; "I have clear title to this property" easily deciphered clear of charges or deductions; "a clear profit" affording free passage or view; "a clear view"; "a clear path to victory"; "open waters"; "the open countryside" free from flaw or blemish or impurity; "a clear perfect diamond"; "the clear complexion of a healthy young woman" characterized by freedom from troubling thoughts (especially guilt); "a clear conscience"; "regarded her questioner with clear untroubled eyes" completely; "read the book clear to the end"; "slept clear through the night"; "there were open fields clear to the horizon" blameworthiness a state of guilt bloodguilt the state of being guilty of bloodshed and murder complicity guilt as an accomplice in a crime or offense criminalism the state of being a criminal guilt by association the attribution of guilt (without proof) to individuals because the people they associate with are guilty impeachability the state of being liable to impeachment freedom the condition of being free; the power to act or speak or think without externally imposed restraints academic freedom the freedom of teachers and students to express their ideas in school without religious or political or institutional restrictions enfranchisement freedom from political subjugation or servitude autonomy immunity from arbitrary exercise of authority: political independence personal independence self-government government of a political unit by its own people local option freedom of a local government to determine by popular vote the applicability of a controversial law in their jurisdiction home rule self-government in local matters by a city or county that is part of a national government autarky economic independence as a national policy free hand freedom to do as you see fit; "many have doubts about giving him a free hand to attack" free rein the removal of constraints; "he gave free rein to his impulses"; "they gave full play to the artist's talent" freedom of the seas the right of merchant ships to travel freely in international waters liberty freedom of choice; "liberty of opinion"; "liberty of worship"; "liberty--perfect liberty--to think or feel or do just as one pleases"; "at liberty to choose whatever occupation one wishes" personal freedom from servitude or confinement or oppression poetic license license used by a writer or artist to heighten the effect of their work svoboda (Russia) freedom subjugation forced submission to control by others bonded labor a practice in which employers give high-interest loans to workers whose entire families then labor at low wages to pay off the debt; the practice is illegal in the United States servitude state of subjection to an owner or master or forced labor imposed as punishment; "penal servitude" serfdom the state of a serf iron cage a cage from which there is no escape captivity the state of being imprisoned; "he was held in captivity until he died"; "the imprisonment of captured soldiers"; "his ignominious incarceration in the local jail"; "he practiced the immurement of his enemies in the castle dungeon" solitary confinement confinement of a prisoner in isolation from other prisoners; "he was held in solitary" durance imprisonment (especially for a long time) life imprisonment a sentence of imprisonment until death internment confinement during wartime free agency (sports) the state of a professional athlete who is free to negotiate a contract to play for any team legal representation personal representation that has legal status; "an person who has been declared incompetent should have legal representation" separateness political independence; "seeking complete political separateness for Taiwan" dependence the state of relying on or being controlled by someone or something else contingency the state of being contingent on something balance of power an equilibrium of power between nations dynamic balance (aeronautics) the state of equilibrium in which centrifugal forces due to a rotating mass (e.g., a propeller) do not produce force in the shaft and so vibration is reduced homeostasis (physiology) metabolic equilibrium actively maintained by several complex biological mechanisms that operate via the autonomic nervous system to offset disrupting changes isostasy (geology) a general equilibrium of the forces tending to elevate or depress the earth's crust Nash equilibrium (game theory) a stable state of a system that involves several interacting participants in which no participant can gain by a change of strategy as long as all the other participants remain unchanged thermal equilibrium a state in which all parts of a system are at the same temperature imbalance a lack of balance or state of disequilibrium; "a hormonal imbalance" essential tremor tremor of unknown cause (usually of the hands and head) that develops in older people; often mistaken for Parkinsonism but is not life-threatening and can usually be kept under control perpetual motion motion that continues indefinitely without any external source of energy; impossible in practice because of friction motionlessness a state of no motion or movement; "the utter motionlessness of a marble statue" stationariness remaining in place busyness the state of being or appearing to be actively engaged in an activity; "they manifested all the busyness of a pack of beavers"; "there is a constant hum of military preparation" idle the state of an engine or other mechanism that is idling; "the car engine was running at idle" run disconnected or idle; "the engine is idling" be idle; exist in a changeless situation; "The old man sat and stagnated on his porch"; "He slugged in bed all morning" not in active use; "the machinery sat idle during the strike"; "idle hands" not in action or at work; "an idle laborer"; "idle drifters"; "the idle rich"; "an idle mind" not having a job; "idle carpenters"; "jobless transients"; "many people in the area were out of work" lacking a sense of restraint or responsibility; "idle talk"; "a loose tongue" silly or trivial; "idle pleasure"; "light banter"; "light idle chatter" inaction the state of being inactive abeyance temporary cessation or suspension anergy inactivity and lack of energy reduction or lack of an immune response to a specific antigen arrest the state of inactivity following an interruption; "the negotiations were in arrest"; "held them in check"; "during the halt he got some lunch"; "the momentary stay enabled him to escape the blow"; "he spent the entire stop in his seat" deep freeze temporary inactivity or suspension; "the legislation has now been revived after ten years in the deep freeze" store in a deep-freeze, as for conservation; "deep-freeze the food" desuetude a state of inactivity or disuse dormancy a state of quiet (but possibly temporary) inaction; "the volcano erupted after centuries of dormancy" stagnation a state of inactivity (in business or art etc); "economic growth of less than 1% per year is considered to be economic stagnation" inactivity of liquids; being stagnant; standing still; without current or circulation stasis inactivity resulting from a static balance between opposing forces an abnormal state in which the normal flow of a liquid (such as blood) is slowed or stopped deferral a state of abeyance or suspended business moratorium suspension of an ongoing activity a legally authorized postponement before some obligation must be discharged acathexia an inability to retain bodily secretions angiotelectasia dilation and enlargement of arterioles torpor a state of motor and mental inactivity with a partial suspension of sensibility; "he fell into a deep torpor" lethargy a state of comatose torpor (as found in sleeping sickness) slumber a dormant or quiescent state deadlock a situation in which no progress can be made or no advancement is possible; "reached an impasse on the negotiations" temporary state a state that continues for a limited time state of mind a temporary psychological state thinking cap a state in which one thinks eyestrain a tiredness of the eyes caused by prolonged close work by a person with an uncorrected vision problem jet lag fatigue and sleep disturbance resulting from disruption of the body's normal circadian rhythm as a result of jet travel salt depletion loss of salt from the body without replacement (loss by vomiting or profuse perspiration or urination or diarrhea) thus upsetting the electrolyte balance electrolyte balance an equilibrium between the amounts of electrolytes (as calcium and sodium and potassium) that is essential for normal health and functioning nitrogen balance the balance between the amount of nitrogen taken in (to the soil or the body) and the amount given off (lost or excreted) frazzle a state of extreme exhaustion; "he was worn to a frazzle" exhaust physically or emotionally; "She was frazzled after the visit of her in-laws" mental exhaustion exhaustion that affects mental keenness loginess a dull and listless state resulting from weariness drunkenness a temporary state resulting from excessive consumption of alcohol soberness the state of being sober and not intoxicated by alcohol acardia congenital absence of the heart (as in the development of some monsters) acephalia absence of the head (as in the development of some monsters) acidosis abnormally high acidity (excess hydrogen-ion concentration) of the blood and other body tissues ketoacidosis acidosis with an accumulation of ketone bodies; occurs primarily in diabetes mellitus metabolic acidosis acidosis and bicarbonate concentration in the body fluids resulting either from the accumulation of acids or the abnormal loss of bases from the body (as in diarrhea or renal disease) respiratory acidosis acidosis resulting from reduced gas exchange in the lungs (as in emphysema or pneumonia); excess carbon dioxide combines with water to form carbonic acid which increases the acidity of the blood starvation acidosis acidosis in which the acidity results from lack of food which leads to fat catabolism which in turn releases acidic ketone bodies acidemia a blood disorder characterized by an increased concentration of hydrogen ions in the blood (which falls below 7 on the pH scale) alkalemia a blood disorder characterized by a lower concentration of hydrogen ions in the blood (which rises above 7.45 on the pH scale) alkalinuria a condition in which the urine (which is normally slightly acidic) is alkaline alkalosis abnormally high alkalinity (low hydrogen-ion concentration) of the blood and other body tissues metabolic alkalosis alkalosis resulting from hydrogen-ion loss or excessive intake of alkaline substances respiratory alkalosis alkalosis resulting from increased gas exchange in the lungs (as in hyperventilation associated with extreme anxiety or aspirin intoxication or metabolic acidosis) acorea absence of the pupil in an eye acromicria abnormally small extremities (underdeveloped fingers and toes) acromphalus abnormal protrusion of the navel; sometimes the start of umbilical hernia agalactia a condition in which milk is not secreted in the mother's breasts after her child has been delivered amastia absence of the mammary glands (either through surgery or developmental defect) ankylosis abnormal adhesion and rigidity of the bones of a joint aneuploidy an abnormality involving a chromosome number that is not an exact multiple of the haploid number (one chromosome set is incomplete) anorchism absence of one of both testes hypersomnia an inability to stay awake insomnia an inability to sleep; chronic sleeplessness anesthesia loss of bodily sensation with or without loss of consciousness anhidrosis failure of the sweat glands aplasia failure of some tissue or organ to develop arteriectasis an abnormal distension of an artery arthropathy a pathology or abnormality of a joint asynergy absence of coordination of organs or body parts that usually work together harmoniously asystole absence of systole; failure of the ventricles of the heart to contract (usually caused by ventricular fibrillation) with consequent absence of the heart beat leading to oxygen lack and eventually to death sleep a natural and periodic state of rest during which consciousness of the world is suspended; "he didn't get enough sleep last night"; "calm as a child in dreamless slumber" a torpid state resembling deep sleep a period of time spent sleeping; "he felt better after a little sleep"; "there wasn't time for a nap" be asleep be able to accommodate for sleeping; "This tent sleeps six people" sleep terror disorder a disorder of sleep characterized by a dream of terrifying dimensions far worse than a typical nightmare; they occur during NREM sleep orthodox sleep a recurring sleep state during which rapid eye movements do not occur and dreaming does not occur; accounts for about 75% of normal sleep time paradoxical sleep a recurring sleep state during which dreaming occurs; a state of rapidly shifting eye movements during sleep shuteye informal term for sleep abulia a loss of will power anhedonia an inability to experience pleasure hypnosis a state that resembles sleep but that is induced by suggestion self-hypnosis hypnosis induced by yourself cryoanesthesia insensibility resulting from cold general anesthesia a state of total unconsciousness resulting from anesthetic drugs (as for a major surgical operation) local anesthesia loss of sensation in a small area of the body (as when a local anesthetic is injected for a tooth extraction) conduction anesthesia anesthesia of an area supplied by a nerve; produced by an anesthetic agent applied to the nerve regional anesthesia loss of sensation in a region of the body produced by application of an anesthetic agent to all the nerves supplying that region (as when an epidural anesthetic is administered to the pelvic region during childbirth) topical anesthesia loss of sensation confined to the skin or mucous surfaces (as when benzocaine or Lidocaine is applied to the surface) acroanesthesia loss of sensation in the extremities caudal anesthesia regional anesthesia resulting from injection of an anesthetic into the caudal end of the spinal canal; now largely replaced by epidural anesthesia epidural anesthesia regional anesthesia resulting from injection of an anesthetic into the epidural space of the spinal cord; sensation is lost in the abdominal and genital and pelvic areas; used in childbirth and gynecological surgery paracervical block regional anesthesia resulting from the injection of a local anesthetic on each side of the cervix; used during labor and childbirth pudendal block regional anesthesia resulting from the use of a local anesthetic to deaden the pudendal nerves in the region of the vulva and labia majora; used to ease discomfort during childbirth spinal anesthesia anesthesia of the lower half of the body; caused by injury to the spinal cord or by injecting an anesthetic beneath the arachnoid membrane that surrounds the spinal cord saddle block anesthesia the parts of a patient's body that would touch a saddle if the patient were sitting in one are anesthetized by injecting a local anesthetic into the spinal cord inhalation anesthesia general anesthesia achieved by administration of an inhalation anesthetic twilight sleep a state of general anesthesia in which the person retains a slight degree of consciousness; can be induced by injection of scopolamine or morphine sleepiness a very sleepy state; "sleepiness causes many driving accidents" oscitancy drowsiness and dullness manifested by yawning imminence the state of being imminent and liable to happen soon ready poised for action; "their guns were at the ready" made suitable and available for immediate use; "dinner is ready" completely prepared or in condition for immediate action or use or progress; "get ready"; "she is ready to resign"; "the bridge is ready to collapse"; "I am ready to work"; "ready for action"; "ready for use"; "the soup will be ready in a minute"; "ready to learn to read" mentally disposed; "he was ready to believe her" red alert the highest level of alert when an attack by the enemy seems imminent (or more generally a state of alert resulting from imminent danger) strip alert a state of readiness for domestic defense aircraft; "the Air Force will keep fighters on strip alert at bases around the country" diverticulosis presence of multiple diverticula in the walls of the colon exigency a pressing or urgent situation; "the health-care exigency" desperate straits a state of extreme distress criticality a critical state; especially the point at which a nuclear reaction is self-sustaining a state of critical urgency physical condition the condition or state of the body or bodily functions elastosis breakdown of elastic tissue (as the loss of elasticity in the skin of elderly people that results from degeneration of connective tissue) flatulence a state of excessive gas in the alimentary canal flexure the state of being flexed (as of a joint) emotional arousal the arousal of strong emotions and emotional behavior fever pitch a state of extreme excitement; "the crowd was at fever pitch" excitement the state of being emotionally aroused and worked up; "his face was flushed with excitement and his hands trembled"; "he tried to calm those who were in a state of extreme inflammation" sexual arousal the arousal of sexual desires in preparation for sexual behavior cybersex sexual arousal involving communication on the internet eroticism a state of anticipation of sexuality horniness a state of sexual arousal estrus applies to nonhuman mammals: a state or period of heightened sexual arousal and activity anestrus applies to nonhuman mammals: a state or interval of sexual inactivity between two periods of estrus diestrus (of animals having several estrous cycles in one breeding season) a state or interval of sexual inactivity or quiescence between periods of activity bulimia pathologically insatiable hunger (especially when caused by brain lesions) a disorder of eating seen among young women who go on eating binges and then feel guilt and depression and self-condemnation emptiness having an empty stomach the state of containing nothing undernourishment not having enough food to develop or function normally thirst a physiological need to drink feel the need to drink polydipsia excessive thirst (as in cases of diabetes or kidney dysfunction) sex drive a physiological need for sexual activity; "testosterone is responsible for the male sex drive" hypoxia oxygen deficiency causing a very strong drive to correct the deficiency anemic hypoxia hypoxia resulting from a decreased concentration of hemoglobin hypoxic hypoxia hypoxia resulting from defective oxygenation of the blood in the lungs ischemic hypoxia hypoxia resulting from slow peripheral circulation (such as follows congestive cardiac failure) hypercapnia the physical condition of having the presence of an abnormally high level of carbon dioxide in the circulating blood hypocapnia a state in which the level of carbon dioxide in the blood is lower than normal; can result from deep or rapid breathing asphyxia a condition in which insufficient or no oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged on a ventilatory basis; caused by choking or drowning or electric shock or poison gas oxygen debt a cumulative deficit of oxygen resulting from intense exercise; the deficit must be made up when the body returns to rest altitude sickness effects (as nosebleed or nausea) of oxygen deficiency in the blood and tissues at high altitudes mountain sickness nausea and shortness of breath experienced by mountain climbers above ten thousand feet anoxia severe hypoxia; absence of oxygen in inspired gases or in arterial blood or in the tissues anemic anoxia anoxia resulting from a decreased concentration of hemoglobin anoxic anoxia anoxia resulting from defective oxygenation of the blood in the lungs ischemic anoxia anoxia resulting from slow peripheral circulation (such as follows congestive cardiac failure) hyperthermia abnormally high body temperature; sometimes induced (as in treating some forms of cancer) normothermia normal body temperature hypothermia subnormal body temperature muscularity the physiological state of having or consisting of muscle myasthenia any muscular weakness impotence an inability (usually of the male animal) to copulate erectile dysfunction impotence resulting from a man's inability to have or maintain an erection of his penis barrenness the state (usually of a woman) of having no children or being unable to have children sterility the state of being unable to produce offspring; in a woman it is an inability to conceive; in a man it is an inability to impregnate cacogenesis inability to produce hybrids that are both viable and fertile dysgenesis infertility between hybrids false pregnancy physiological state in which a woman exhibits symptoms of pregnancy but is not pregnant pregnancy the state of being pregnant; the period from conception to birth when a woman carries a developing fetus in her uterus gravidity technical terms for pregnancy abdominal pregnancy ectopic pregnancy in the abdominal cavity ovarian pregnancy ectopic pregnancy in the ovary tubal pregnancy ectopic pregnancy in a Fallopian tube ectopic pregnancy pregnancy resulting from gestation elsewhere than in the uterus entopic pregnancy pregnancy resulting from normal gestation in the uterus premature labor labor beginning prior to the 37th week of gestation parturiency concluding state of pregnancy; from the onset of contractions to the birth of a child; "she was in labor for six hours" placenta previa pregnancy in which the placenta is implanted in the lower part of the uterus (instead of the upper part); can cause bleeding late in pregnancy; delivery by cesarean section may be necessary asynclitism the presentation during labor of the head of the fetus at an abnormal angle atresia an abnormal condition in which a normal opening or tube in the body (as the urethra) is closed or absent vitalization the state of being vitalized and filled with life good health the state of being vigorous and free from bodily or mental disease wholeness a state of robust good health qi the circulating life energy that in Chinese philosophy is thought to be inherent in all things; in traditional Chinese medicine the balance of negative and positive forms in the body is believed to be essential for good health bloom a rosy color (especially in the cheeks) taken as a sign of good health the best time of youth produce or yield flowers; "The cherry tree bloomed" fertility the state of being fertile; capable of producing offspring pathological state a physical condition that is caused by disease ill health a state in which you are unable to function normally and without pain functional disorder disorder showing symptoms for which no physiological or anatomical cause can be identified organic disorder disorder caused by a detectable physiological or structural change in an organ dyscrasia an abnormal or physiologically unbalanced state of the body blood dyscrasia any abnormal condition of the blood abocclusion the condition in which the upper teeth do not touch the lower teeth when biting abruptio placentae a disorder of pregnancy in which the placenta prematurely separates from the wall of the uterus achlorhydria an abnormal deficiency or absence of free hydrochloric acid in the gastric juice; often associated with severe anemias and cancer of the stomach acholia a condition in which little or no bile is secreted or the flow of bile into the digestive tract is obstructed achylia absence of gastric juices (partial or complete) acute brain disorder any disorder (as sudden confusion or disorientation) in an otherwise normal person that is due to reversible (temporary) impairment of brain tissues (as by head injuries or drugs or infection) adult respiratory distress syndrome acute lung injury characterized by coughing and rales; inflammation of the lungs which become stiff and fibrous and cannot exchange oxygen; occurs among persons exposed to irritants such as corrosive chemical vapors or ammonia or chlorine etc. ailment an often persistent bodily disorder or disease; a cause for complaining eating disorder a disorder of the normal eating routine anorexia a prolonged disorder of eating due to loss of appetite pica an eating disorder, frequent in children, in which non-nutritional objects are eaten persistently astereognosis a loss of the ability to recognize objects by handling them attention deficit disorder a condition (mostly in boys) characterized by behavioral and learning disorders anorgasmia absence of an orgasm in sexual relations bulimarexia a disorder of eating in which the person alternates between strong craving for food and aversion to food; characterized by excessive eating followed by periods of fasting or self-induced vomiting bladder disorder a disorder of the urinary bladder cardiovascular disease a disease of the heart or blood vessels carpal tunnel syndrome a painful disorder caused by compression of a nerve in the carpal tunnel; characterized by discomfort and weakness in the hands and fingers and by sensations of tingling, burning or numbness celiac disease a disorder in children and adults; inability to tolerate wheat protein (gluten); symptoms include foul-smelling diarrhea and emaciation; often accompanied by lactose intolerance cheilosis a disorder of the lips marked by scaling and fissures at the corners of the mouth; caused by a deficiency of riboflavin colpoxerosis a condition in which the vagina is unusually dry degenerative disorder condition leading to progressive loss of function demyelination loss of the myelin covering of some nerve fibers resulting in their impaired function dysaphia a disorder in the sense of touch dysosmia a disorder in the sense of smell dysphagia condition in which swallowing is difficult or painful dysuria painful or difficult urination dystrophy any degenerative disorder resulting from inadequate or faulty nutrition osteodystrophy defective bone development; usually attributable to renal disease or to disturbances in calcium and phosphorus metabolism fantods an ill-defined state of irritability and distress glandular disease a disorder of the glands of the body hyperactivity a condition characterized by excessive restlessness and movement impaction a disorder in which a tooth is so crowded in its socket that it cannot erupt normally a disorder in which feces are impacted in the lower colon the condition of being pressed closely together and firmly fixed learning disorder a disorder found in children of normal intelligence who have difficulties in learning specific skills malocclusion (dentistry) a condition in which the opposing teeth do not mesh normally overbite (dentistry) malocclusion in which the upper teeth extend abnormally far over the lower teeth anorexia nervosa (psychiatry) a psychological disorder characterized by somatic delusions that you are too fat despite being emaciated cellularity the state of having cells hypercellularity the state of having abnormally many cells hypocellularity the state of having abnormally few cells illness impairment of normal physiological function affecting part or all of an organism invalidism chronic ill health biliousness gastric distress caused by a disorder of the liver or gall bladder suspended animation a temporary cessation of vital functions with loss of consciousness resembling death; usually resulting from asphyxia anabiosis suspended animation in organisms during periods of extreme drought from which they revive when moisture returns cryptobiosis a state in which an animal's metabolic activities come to a reversible standstill dilatation the state of being stretched beyond normal dimensions tympanites distension of the abdomen that is caused by the accumulation of gas in the intestines or the peritoneal cavity ectasia dilatation or distension of a hollow organ lymphangiectasia dilatation of a lymph vessel alveolar ectasia abnormal enlargement of the air sacs in the lungs drug addiction an addiction to a drug (especially a narcotic drug) alcoholism habitual intoxication; prolonged and excessive intake of alcoholic drinks leading to a breakdown in health and an addiction to alcohol such that abrupt deprivation leads to severe withdrawal symptoms cocaine addiction an addiction to cocaine heroin addiction an addiction to heroin caffein addiction an addiction to caffein nicotine addiction an addiction to nicotine ague a fit of shivering or shaking successive stages of chills and fever that is a symptom of malaria roots the condition of belonging to a particular place or group by virtue of social or ethnic or cultural lineage; "his roots in Texas go back a long way"; "he went back to Sweden to search for his roots"; "his music has African roots" amyloidosis a disorder characterized by deposit of amyloid in organs or tissues; often secondary to chronic rheumatoid arthritis or tuberculosis or multiple myeloma anuresis inability to urinate catastrophic illness severe illness requiring prolonged hospitalization or recovery; usually involves high costs for hospitals and doctors and medicines nervous breakdown a severe or incapacitating emotional disorder nervous exhaustion an emotional disorder that leaves you exhausted and unable to work neurasthenia nervous breakdown (not in technical use) cardiogenic shock shock caused by cardiac arrest hypovolemic shock shock caused by severe blood or fluid loss obstructive shock shock caused by obstruction of blood flow distributive shock shock caused by poor distribution of the blood flow anaphylactic shock a severe and rapid and sometimes fatal hypersensitivity reaction to a substance (especially a vaccine or penicillin or shellfish or insect venom) to which the organism has become sensitized by previous exposure decompression sickness pain resulting from rapid change in pressure fluorosis a pathological condition resulting from an excessive intake of fluorine (usually from drinking water) food poisoning illness caused by poisonous or contaminated food botulism food poisoning from ingesting botulin; not infectious; affects the CNS; can be fatal if not treated promptly mushroom poisoning toxic condition caused by eating certain species of mushrooms (especially Amanita species) gammopathy a disturbance in the synthesis of immunoglobulins; proteins having antibody activity increase greatly in the blood glossolalia repetitive nonmeaningful speech (especially that associated with a trance state or religious fervor) ptomaine a term for food poisoning that is no longer in scientific use; food poisoning was once thought to be caused by ingesting ptomaines any of various amines (such as putrescine or cadaverine) formed by the action of putrefactive bacteria salmonellosis a kind of food poisoning caused by eating foods contaminated with Salmonella typhimurium lead poisoning toxic condition produced by the absorption of excessive lead into the system lead colic symptom of chronic lead poisoning and associated with obstinate constipation catalepsy a trancelike state with loss of voluntary motion and failure to react to stimuli disease an impairment of health or a condition of abnormal functioning disease of the neuromuscular junction a disease characterized by impairment of neuromuscular junctions angiopathy any disease of the blood vessels or lymph ducts aspergillosis disease especially in agricultural workers caused by inhalation of Aspergillus spores causing lumps in skin and ears and respiratory organs an opportunistic infection by a fungus of the genus Aspergillus; characterized by inflammation and lesions of the ear and other organs severe respiratory disease of birds that takes the form of an acute rapidly fatal pneumonia in young chickens and turkeys acanthocytosis the presence of acanthocytes in the blood stream (as in abetalipoproteinemia) agranulocytosis an acute blood disorder (often caused by radiation or drug therapy) characterized by severe reduction in granulocytes analbuminemia an abnormally low level of albumin in the blood serum Banti's disease a disease characterized by congestion and enlargement of the spleen; accompanied by anemia or cirrhosis anthrax a disease of humans that is not communicable; caused by infection with Bacillus anthracis followed by septicemia a highly infectious animal disease (especially cattle and sheep); it can be transmitted to people cutaneous anthrax a form of anthrax infection that begins as papule that becomes a vesicle and breaks with a discharge of toxins; symptoms of septicemia are severe with vomiting and high fever and profuse sweating; the infection is often fatal pulmonary anthrax a form of anthrax infection acquired by inhalation of dust containing Bacillus anthracis; initial symptoms (chill and cough and dyspnea and rapid pulse) are followed by extreme cardiovascular collapse blackwater any of several human or animal diseases characterized by dark urine resulting from rapid breakdown of red blood cells Argentine hemorrhagic fever hemorrhagic fever with neurological signs; caused by the Junin virus blackwater fever severe and often fatal malaria characterized by kidney damage resulting in dark urine jungle fever severe form of malaria occurring in tropical regions cat scratch disease a disease thought to be transmitted to humans by a scratch from a cat crud an ill-defined bodily ailment; "he said he had the crud and needed a doctor" heavy wet snow that is unsuitable for skiing enteropathy a disease of the intestinal tract idiopathic disease any disease arising from internal dysfunctions of unknown cause monogenic disorder an inherited disease controlled by a single pair of genes polygenic disorder an inherited disease controlled by several genes at once hypogonadism incompetence of the gonads (especially in the male with low testosterone); results in deficient development of secondary sex characteristics and (in prepubertal males) a body with long legs and a short trunk male hypogonadism the state of being a eunuch (either because of lacking testicles or because they failed to develop) Kallman's syndrome hypogonadism with anosmia; a congenital sexual disorder that prevents the testicles from maturing at puberty valvular incompetence inability of a bodily valve to close completely Kawasaki disease an acute disease of young children characterized by a rash and swollen lymph nodes and fever; of unknown cause pycnosis a degenerative state of the cell nucleus hyalinization the state of being hyaline or having become hyaline; "the patient's arterioles showed marked hyalinization" hyperparathyroidism excessive secretion of parathyroid hormone resulting in abnormally high levels of calcium in the blood; can affect many systems of the body (especially causing bone resorption and osteoporosis) hypoparathyroidism inadequate secretion of parathyroid hormone resulting in abnormally low levels of calcium in the blood hyperpituitarism excessive activity of the pituitary gland (especially overactivity of the anterior lobe which leads to excess secretion of growth hormone) vacuolization the state of having become filled with vacuoles malaria an infective disease caused by sporozoan parasites that are transmitted through the bite of an infected Anopheles mosquito; marked by paroxysms of chills and fever Marseilles fever a disease (common in India and around the Mediterranean area) caused by a rickettsia that is transmitted to humans by a reddish brown tick (ixodid) that lives on dogs and other mammals Meniere's disease a disease of the inner ear characterized by episodes of dizziness and tinnitus and progressive hearing loss (usually unilateral) milk sickness caused by consuming milk from cattle suffering from trembles myasthenia gravis a chronic progressive disease characterized by chronic fatigue and muscular weakness (especially in the face and neck); caused by a deficiency of acetylcholine at the neuromuscular junctions Lambert-Eaton syndrome a disease seen in patients with lung cancer and characterized by weakness and fatigue of hip and thigh muscles and an aching back; caused by antibodies directed against the neuromuscular junctions occupational disease disease or disability resulting from conditions of employment (usually from long exposure to a noxious substance or from continuous repetition of certain acts) onycholysis separation of a nail from its normal attachment to the nail bed onychosis any disease or disorder of the nails Paget's disease a disease of bone occurring in the middle aged and elderly; excessive bone destruction sometimes leading to bone pain and fractures and skeletal deformities rheumatism any painful disorder of the joints or muscles or connective tissues periarteritis nodosa a progressive disease of connective tissue that is characterized by nodules along arteries; nodules may block the artery and result in inadequate circulation to the particular area periodontal disease a disease that attacks the gum and bone and around the teeth pyorrhea chronic periodontitis; purulent inflammation of the teeth sockets discharge of pus pericementoclasia pus pocket formation around a tooth alveolar resorption wasting of the bony socket gingivitis inflammation of the gums ulatrophia recession of the gums anxiety attack a sudden acute episode of intense anxiety and feelings of panic paroxysm a sudden uncontrollable attack; "a paroxysm of giggling"; "a fit of coughing"; "convulsions of laughter" hysterics an attack of hysteria clonus convulsion characterized by alternating contractions and relaxations epileptic seizure convulsions accompanied by impaired consciousness grand mal a seizure during which the patient becomes unconscious and has convulsions over the entire body petit mal a seizure of short duration characterized by momentary unconsciousness and local muscle spasms or twitching; "the girl was frightened by her first petit mal" mental disorder (psychiatry) a psychological disorder of thought or emotion; a more neutral term than mental illness Asperger's syndrome a psychiatric disorder usually noted during early school years; characterized by impaired social relations and by repetitive patterns of behavior metabolic disorder a disorder or defect of metabolism alkaptonuria a rare recessive metabolic anomaly marked by ochronosis and the presence of alkapton in the urine nervous disorder a disorder of the nervous system brain damage injury to the brain that impairs its functions (especially permanently); can be caused by trauma to the head, infection, hemorrhage, inadequate oxygen, genetic abnormality, etc. akinesis motionlessness attributable to a temporary paralysis alalia paralysis of the vocal cords resulting in an inability to speak brain disorder any disorder or disease of the brain cystoplegia paralysis of the urinary bladder epilepsy a disorder of the central nervous system characterized by loss of consciousness and convulsions akinetic epilepsy epilepsy characterized by akinesia cortical epilepsy epilepsy in which the attacks begins with an isolated disturbance of cerebral function (as a twitching of a limb or an illusory sensation or a mental disturbance) focal seizure transitory disturbance in motor or sensory function resulting from abnormal cortical activity raptus hemorrhagicus seizure caused by a sudden profuse hemorrhage diplegia paralysis of corresponding parts on both sides of the body protuberance the condition of being protuberant; the condition of bulging out; "the protuberance of his belly" grand mal epilepsy epilepsy in which the attacks involve loss of consciousness and tonic spasms of the musculature followed by generalized jerking Jacksonian epilepsy focal epilepsy in which the attack usually moves from distal to proximal limb muscles on the same side of the body myoclonus epilepsy epilepsy characterized by clonus of muscle groups and progressive mental deterioration and genetic origin petit mal epilepsy epilepsy characterized by paroxysmal attacks of brief clouding of consciousness (and possibly other abnormalities); "she has been suffering from petit mal since childhood" complex absence an absence seizure accompanied by other abnormalities (atonia or automatisms or vasomotor changes) pure absence an absence seizure without other complications; followed by 3-per-sec brainwave spikes subclinical absence a transient impairment of cortical function demonstrable only by 3-per-second brainwave spikes musicogenic epilepsy reflex epilepsy induced by music photogenic epilepsy reflex epilepsy induced by a flickering light posttraumatic epilepsy a convulsive epileptic state caused by a head injury procursive epilepsy epilepsy in which a seizure is induced by whirling or running progressive vaccinia a severe or even fatal form of vaccinia that occurs mainly in persons with an immunological deficiency; characterized by progressive enlargement of the initial lesion psychomotor epilepsy epilepsy characterized clinically by impairment of consciousness and amnesia for the episode; often involves purposeful movements of the arms and legs and sometimes hallucinations reflex epilepsy a form of epilepsy in which attacks are induced by peripheral stimulation sensory epilepsy focal epilepsy initiated by somatosensory phenomena status epilepticus a condition in which there are continuing attacks of epilepsy without intervals of consciousness; can lead to brain damage and death tonic epilepsy epilepsy in which the body is rigid during the seizure Erb's palsy paralysis of the arm resulting from injury to the brachial plexus (usually during childbirth) nympholepsy a frenzy of emotion; as for something unattainable apraxia inability to make purposeful movements ataxia inability to coordinate voluntary muscle movements; unsteady movements and staggering gait Friedreich's ataxia sclerosis of the posterior and lateral columns of the spinal cord; characterized by muscular weakness and abnormal gait; occurs in children hereditary cerebellar ataxia nervous disorder of late childhood and early adulthood; characterized by ataxic gait and hesitating or explosive speech and nystagmus atopognosia absence or loss of topognosia; inability to locate correctly a point of touch brachydactyly abnormal shortness of fingers and toes cryptorchidy failure of one or both testes to move into the scrotum as the male fetus develops monorchism failure of one testes to descend into the scrotum dyskinesia abnormality in performing voluntary muscle movements tardive dyskinesia involuntary rolling of the tongue and twitching of the face or trunk or limbs; often occurs in patients with Parkinsonism who are treated with phenothiazine deviated septum abnormal displacement of any wall that separates two chambers (usually in the nasal cavity) deviated nasal septum abnormal shift in location of the nasal septum; a common condition causing obstruction of the nasal passages and difficulty in breathing and recurrent nosebleeds dextrocardia abnormal condition where the heart is located toward the right side of the chest ectrodactyly congenital abnormality involving the absence of some fingers or toes enteroptosis an abnormally downward position of the intestines in the abdominal cavity erethism an abnormally high degree of irritability or sensitivity to stimulation of an organ or body part fetal distress an abnormal condition of a fetus; usually discovered during pregnancy and characterized by an abnormal heart rhythm multiple sclerosis a chronic progressive nervous disorder involving loss of myelin sheath around certain nerve fibers paralysis agitans a degenerative disorder of the central nervous system characterized by tremor and impaired muscular coordination cerebral palsy a loss or deficiency of motor control with involuntary spasms caused by permanent brain damage present at birth chorea any of several degenerative nervous disorders characterized by spasmodic movements of the body and limbs choriomeningitis a cerebral meningitis with cellular infiltration of the meninges flaccid paralysis weakness or loss of muscle tone resulting from injury or disease of the nerves innervating the muscles orthochorea a form of chorea in which spasms occur mainly when the patient is erect Sydenham's chorea chorea occurring chiefly in children and associated with rheumatic fever tarantism a nervous disorder characterized by an uncontrollable impulse to dance; popularly attributed to bite of the southern European tarantula or wolf spider agraphia a loss of the ability to write or to express thoughts in writing because of a brain lesion acataphasia a disorder in which a lesion to the central nervous system leaves you unable to formulate a statement or to express yourself in an organized manner aphagia loss of the ability to swallow amaurosis partial or total loss of sight without pathology of the eye; caused by disease of optic nerve or retina or brain amblyopia visual impairment without apparent organic pathology ametropia (ophthalmology) faulty refraction of light rays in the eye as in astigmatism or myopia emmetropia (ophthalmology) the normal refractive condition of the eye in which there is clear focus of light on the retina aniseikonia visual defect in which the shape and size of an ocular image differ in the two eyes anorthopia distorted vision in which straight lines appear curved aphakia absence of the natural lens of the eye (usually resulting from the removal of cataracts) aphasia inability to use or understand language (spoken or written) because of a brain lesion auditory aphasia an impairment in understanding spoken language that is not attributable to hearing loss conduction aphasia aphasia in which the lesion is assumed to be in the association tracts connecting the various language centers in the brain; patient's have difficulty repeating a sentence just heard global aphasia loss of all ability to communicate motor aphasia aphasia in which expression by speech or writing is severely impaired nominal aphasia inability to name objects or to recognize written or spoken names of objects transcortical aphasia a general term for aphasia that results from lesions outside of Broca's area or Wernicke's area of the cerebral cortex visual aphasia inability to perceive written words Wernicke's aphasia aphasia characterized by fluent but meaningless speech and severe impairment of the ability understand spoken or written words dyscalculia impaired ability to learn grade-appropriate mathematics dysgraphia impaired ability to learn to write dyslexia impaired ability to learn to read dysphasia an impairment of language (especially speech production) that is usually due to brain damage agnosia inability to recognize objects by use of the senses anarthria partial or total loss of articulate speech resulting from lesions of the central nervous system auditory agnosia inability to recognize or understand the meaning of spoken words visual agnosia inability to recognize or interpret objects in the visual field Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease rare (usually fatal) brain disease (usually in middle age) caused by an unidentified slow virus; characterized by progressive dementia and gradual loss of muscle control laryngospasm a closure of the larynx that blocks the passage of air to the lungs embolism occlusion of a blood vessel by an embolus (a loose clot or air bubble or other particle) an insertion into a calendar air embolism obstruction of the circulatory system caused by an air bubble as, e.g., accidentally during surgery or hypodermic injection or as a complication from scuba diving fat embolism serious condition in which fat blocks an artery; fat can enter the blood stream after a long bone is fractured or if adipose tissue is injured or as a result of a fatty liver pulmonary embolism blockage of the pulmonary artery by foreign matter or by a blood clot thromboembolism occlusion of a blood vessel by an embolus that has broken away from a thrombus thrombosis the formation or presence of a thrombus (a clot of coagulated blood attached at the site of its formation) in a blood vessel cerebral thrombosis a blood clot in a cerebral artery or vein coronary occlusion occlusion of a coronary artery caused either by progressive atherosclerosis or by a blood clot coronary heart disease a heart disease due to an abnormality of the arteries that supply blood and oxygen to the heart coronary thrombosis obstruction of blood flow in a coronary artery by a blood clot (thrombus) milk leg painful thrombosis of the femoral vein in the leg following childbirth hepatomegaly abnormal enlargement of the liver heart disease a disease of the heart high blood pressure a common disorder in which blood pressure remains abnormally high (a reading of 140/90 mm Hg or greater) keratectasia abnormal bulging of the cornea of the eye keratoconus abnormal cone-shaped protrusion of the cornea of the eye; can be treated by epikeratophakia orthostatic hypotension low blood pressure occurring in some people when they stand up hypotension abnormally low blood pressure essential hypertension persistent and pathological high blood pressure for which no specific cause can be found portal hypertension increase in blood pressure in the veins of the portal system caused by obstruction in the liver (often associated with alcoholic cirrhosis), causing enlargement of the spleen and collateral veins malignant hypertension severe hypertension that runs a rapid course and damages the inner linings of the blood vessels and the heart and spleen and kidneys and brain; "malignant hypertension is the most lethal form of hypertension" secondary hypertension hypertension that is secondary to another disease white-coat hypertension temporary rise in blood pressure in the doctor's office amyotrophia progressive wasting of muscle tissues amyotrophic lateral sclerosis thickening of tissue in the motor tracts of the lateral columns and anterior horns of the spinal cord; results in progressive muscle atrophy that starts in the limbs aneurysm a cardiovascular disease characterized by a saclike widening of an artery resulting from weakening of the artery wall aortic aneurysm an aneurysm of the aorta abdominal aortic aneurysm an aneurysm of the abdominal aorta associated with old age and hypertension aortic stenosis abnormal narrowing of the aortic valve enterostenosis abnormal narrowing of the intestine laryngostenosis abnormal narrowing of the larynx pulmonary stenosis abnormal narrowing of the opening into the pulmonary artery from the right ventricle pyloric stenosis narrowing of the pyloric sphincter that blocks the passage of food from the stomach into the duodenum rhinostenosis narrowing of the passages in the nasal cavities stenosis abnormal narrowing of a bodily canal or passageway cerebral aneurysm an aneurysm of the carotid artery intracranial aneurysm an aneurysm of a cranial artery ventricular aneurysm a localized dilation or protrusion on the wall of the left ventricle of the heart (occurring after a myocardial infarction) angina pectoris a heart condition marked by paroxysms of chest pain due to reduced oxygen to the heart arteriolosclerosis sclerosis of the arterioles arteriosclerosis sclerosis of the arterial walls atherogenesis the formation of atheromas on the walls of the arteries as in atherosclerosis atherosclerosis a stage of arteriosclerosis involving fatty deposits (atheromas) inside the arterial walls, thus narrowing the arteries athetosis a continuous succession of slow, writhing, involuntary movements of the hands and feet and other body parts kuru a progressive disease of the central nervous system marked by increasing lack of coordination and advancing to paralysis and death within a year of the appearance of symptoms; thought to have been transmitted by cannibalistic consumption of diseased brain tissue since the disease virtually disappeared when cannibalism was abandoned nerve compression harmful pressure on a nerve (especially in nerves that pass over rigid prominences); causes nerve damage and muscle weakness nerve entrapment repeated and long-term nerve compression (usually in nerves near joints that are subject to inflammation or swelling) arteriosclerosis obliterans a stage of arteriosclerosis involving closure of blood vessels ascites accumulation of serous fluid in peritoneal cavity azymia absence of an enzyme bacteremia transient presence of bacteria (or other microorganisms) in the blood sclerosis any pathological hardening or thickening of tissue cardiac arrhythmia an abnormal rate of muscle contractions in the heart cardiomyopathy a disorder (usually of unknown origin) of the heart muscle (myocardium) hypertrophic cardiomyopathy a disorder in which the heart muscle is so strong that it does not relax enough to fill with the heart with blood and so has reduced pumping ability flutter abnormally rapid beating of the auricles of the heart (especially in a regular rhythm); can result in heart block flap the wings rapidly or fly with flapping movements; "The seagulls fluttered overhead" gallop rhythm cardiac rhythm characterized by the presence of an extra sound; can indicate a heart abnormality mitral valve prolapse cardiopathy resulting from the mitral valve not regulating the flow of blood between the left atrium and left ventricle of the heart mitral stenosis obstruction or narrowing of the mitral valve (as by scarring from rheumatic fever) circulatory failure failure of the cardiovascular system to supply adequate amounts of blood to body tissues heart failure inability of the heart to pump enough blood to sustain normal bodily functions valvular heart disease heart disease caused by stenosis of the cardiac valves and obstructed blood flow or caused by degeneration and blood regurgitation congestive heart failure inability to pump enough blood to avoid congestion in the tissues heart attack a sudden severe instance of abnormal heart function myocardial infarction destruction of heart tissue resulting from obstruction of the blood supply to the heart muscle kidney disease a disease affecting the kidneys coronary insufficiency inadequate blood flow to the heart muscles; can cause angina pectoris nephritis an inflammation of the kidney nephrosclerosis kidney disease that is usually associated with hypertension; sclerosis of the renal arterioles reduces blood flow that can lead to kidney failure and heart failure polycystic kidney disease kidney disease characterized by enlarged kidneys containing many cysts; often leads to kidney failure polyuria renal disorder characterized by the production of large volumes of pale dilute urine; often associated with diabetes renal failure inability of the kidneys to excrete wastes and to help maintain the electrolyte balance renal insufficiency insufficient excretion of wastes by the kidneys acute renal failure renal failure associated with burns or other trauma or with acute infection or obstruction of the urinary tract chronic renal failure renal failure that can result from a variety of systemic disorders cholelithiasis the presence of gallstones in the gallbladder enterolithiasis the presence of calculi in the intestines nephrocalcinosis renal lithiasis in which calcium deposits form in the renal parenchyma and result in reduced kidney function and blood in the urine nephrolithiasis the presence of kidney stones (calculi) in the kidney lipomatosis pathology in which fat accumulates in lipomas in the body lithiasis the formation of stones (calculi) in an internal organ glomerulonephritis nephritis marked by inflammation of the glomeruli of the kidney; characterized by decreased production of urine and by the presence of blood and protein in the urine and by edema liver disease a disease affecting the liver cirrhosis a chronic disease interfering with the normal functioning of the liver; the major cause is chronic alcoholism fatty liver yellow discoloration as a result of the accumulation of certain fats (triglycerides) in the liver; can be caused by alcoholic cirrhosis or pregnancy or exposure to certain toxins Addison's disease a glandular disorder caused by failure of function of the cortex of the adrenal gland and marked by anemia and prostration with brownish skin adenopathy a glandular disease or enlargement of glandular tissue (especially of the lymph glands) aldosteronism a condition caused by overproduction of aldosterone Cushing's disease a glandular disorder caused by excessive ACTH resulting in greater than normal functioning of the adrenal gland; characterized by obesity Cushing's syndrome a glandular disorder caused by excessive cortisol diabetes a polygenic disease characterized by abnormally high glucose levels in the blood; any of several metabolic disorders marked by excessive urination and persistent thirst diabetes mellitus diabetes caused by a relative or absolute deficiency of insulin and characterized by polyuria; "when doctors say `diabetes' they usually mean `diabetes mellitus'" type I diabetes severe diabetes mellitus with an early onset; characterized by polyuria and excessive thirst and increased appetite and weight loss and episodic ketoacidosis; diet and insulin injections are required to control the disease type II diabetes mild form of diabetes mellitus that develops gradually in adults; can be precipitated by obesity or severe stress or menopause or other factors; can usually be controlled by diet and hypoglycemic agents without injections of insulin nephrogenic diabetes insipidus diabetes insipidus caused by a failure of the kidney to respond to normal levels of vasopressin diabetes insipidus a rare form of diabetes resulting from a deficiency of vasopressin (the pituitary hormone that regulates the kidneys); characterized by the chronic excretion of large amounts of pale dilute urine which results in dehydration and extreme thirst latent diabetes a mild form of diabetes mellitus in which there are no overt symptoms but there are abnormal responses to some diagnostic procedures angioedema recurrent large circumscribed areas of subcutaneous edema; onset is sudden and it disappears within 24 hours; seen mainly in young women, often as an allergic reaction to food or drugs lymphedema swelling (usually in the legs) caused by lymph accumulating in the tissues in the affected areas hyperthyroidism an overactive thyroid gland; pathologically excessive production of thyroid hormones or the condition resulting from excessive production of thyroid hormones Graves' disease exophthalmos occurring in association with goiter; hyperthyroidism with protrusion of the eyeballs hypothyroidism an underactive thyroid gland; a glandular disorder resulting from insufficient production of thyroid hormones myxedema hypothyroidism marked by dry skin and swellings around lips and nose as well as mental deterioration cretinism severe hypothyroidism resulting in physical and mental stunting achondroplasia an inherited skeletal disorder beginning before birth; cartilage is converted to bone resulting in dwarfism communicable disease a disease that can be communicated from one person to another contagious disease any disease easily transmitted by contact influenza an acute febrile highly contagious viral disease Asian influenza influenza caused by the Asian virus that was first isolated in 1957 swine influenza an acute and highly contagious respiratory disease of swine caused by the orthomyxovirus thought to be the same virus that caused the 1918 influenza pandemic measles an acute and highly contagious viral disease marked by distinct red spots followed by a rash; occurs primarily in children German measles a contagious viral disease that is a milder form of measles lasting three or four days; can be damaging to a fetus during the first trimester diphtheria acute contagious infection caused by the bacterium Corynebacterium diphtheriae; marked by the formation of a false membrane in the throat and other air passages causing difficulty in breathing exanthema subitum a viral disease of infants and young children; characterized by abrupt high fever and mild sore throat; a few days later there is a faint pinkish rash that lasts for a few hours to a few days scarlet fever an acute communicable disease (usually in children) characterized by fever and a red rash pox a contagious disease characterized by purulent skin eruptions that may leave pock marks smallpox a highly contagious viral disease characterized by fever and weakness and skin eruption with pustules that form scabs that slough off leaving scars alastrim a mild form of smallpox caused by a less virulent form of the virus Vincent's angina an acute communicable infection of the respiratory tract and mouth marked by ulceration of the mucous membrane blastomycosis any of several infections of the skin or mucous membrane caused by Blastomyces chromoblastomycosis a fungal infection characterized by itchy warty nodules on the skin tinea infections of the skin or nails caused by fungi and appearing as itching circular patches dhobi itch fungal infection attacking moist parts of the body kerion ringworm infection of the hair follicles of the scalp and beard that usually results in a swelling that is covered with pustules and oozes fluid tinea pedis fungal infection of the feet tinea barbae fungal infection of the face and neck tinea capitis fungal infection of the scalp characterized by bald patches tinea corporis fungal infection of nonhairy parts of the skin tinea cruris fungal infection of the groin (most common in men) blindness the state of being blind or lacking sight legal blindness vision that is 20/200 or worse in both eyes (20/200 vision is the ability to see at 20 feet what a normal eye can see at 200 feet) tinea unguium fungal infection of the nails (especially toenails) infectious disease a disease transmitted only by a specific kind of contact AIDS a serious (often fatal) disease of the immune system transmitted through blood products especially by sexual contact or contaminated needles brucellosis infectious bacterial disease of human beings transmitted by contact with infected animals or infected meat or milk products; characterized by fever and headache an infectious disease of domestic animals often resulting in spontaneous abortion; transmittable to human beings agammaglobulinemia a rare immunological disorder characterized by the virtual absence of gamma globulin in the blood and consequent susceptibility to infection hypogammaglobulinemia an abnormally low concentration of gamma globulin in the blood and increased risk of infection severe combined immunodeficiency a congenital disease affecting T cells that can result from a mutation in any one of several different genes; children with it are susceptible to infectious disease; if untreated it is lethal within the first year or two of life ADA-SCID SCID resulting from mutation of a gene that codes for adenosine deaminase X-linked SCID SCID in male children resulting from mutation of a gene that codes for a protein on the surface of T cells that allows them to develop a growth factor receptor cholera an acute intestinal infection caused by ingestion of contaminated water or food dengue an infectious disease of the tropics transmitted by mosquitoes and characterized by rash and aching head and joints dysentery an infection of the intestines marked by severe diarrhea epidemic disease any infectious disease that develops and spreads rapidly to many people hepatitis inflammation of the liver caused by a virus or a toxin viral hepatitis hepatitis caused by a virus hepatitis A an acute but benign form of viral hepatitis caused by an RNA virus that does not persist in the blood serum and is usually transmitted by ingesting food or drink that is contaminated with fecal matter hepatitis B an acute (sometimes fatal) form of viral hepatitis caused by a DNA virus that tends to persist in the blood serum and is transmitted by sexual contact or by transfusion or by ingestion of contaminated blood or other bodily fluids hepatitis delta a severe form of hepatitis hepatitis C a viral hepatitis clinically indistinguishable from hepatitis B but caused by a single-stranded RNA virus; usually transmitted by parenteral means (as injection of an illicit drug or blood transfusion or exposure to blood or blood products) liver cancer malignant neoplastic disease of the liver usually occurring as a metastasis from another cancer; symptoms include loss of appetite and weakness and bloating and jaundice and upper abdominal discomfort oral herpes caused by herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) genital herpes an infection caused by herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) that is usually transmitted by sexual contact; marked by recurrent attacks of painful eruptions on the skin and mucous membranes of the genital area chickenpox an acute contagious disease caused by herpes varicella zoster virus; causes a rash of vesicles on the face and body venereal disease a communicable infection transmitted by sexual intercourse or genital contact gonorrhea a common venereal disease caused by the bacterium Neisseria gonorrhoeae; symptoms are painful urination and pain around the urethra granuloma inguinale a venereal disease caused by a bacterium of the genus Calymmatobacterium; characterized by a pimply rash of the skin in the genital and groin region syphilis a common venereal disease caused by the treponema pallidum spirochete; symptoms change through progressive stages; can be congenital (transmitted through the placenta) primary syphilis the first stage; characterized by a chancre at the site of infection secondary syphilis the second stage; characterized by eruptions of the skin and mucous membrane tertiary syphilis the third stage; characterized by involvement of internal organs especially the brain and spinal cord as well as the heart and liver tabes dorsalis syphilis of the spinal cord characterized by degeneration of sensory neurons and stabbing pains in the trunk and legs and unsteady gait and incontinence and impotence neurosyphilis syphilis of the central nervous system tabes wasting of the body during a chronic disease infectious mononucleosis an acute disease characterized by fever and swollen lymph nodes and an abnormal increase of mononuclear leucocytes or monocytes in the bloodstream; not highly contagious; some believe it can be transmitted by kissing Ebola hemorrhagic fever a severe and often fatal disease in humans and nonhuman primates (monkeys and chimpanzees) caused by the Ebola virus; characterized by high fever and severe internal bleeding; can be spread from person to person; is largely limited to Africa Lassa fever an acute contagious viral disease of central western Africa; characterized by fever and inflammation and muscular pains and difficulty swallowing; can be used as a bioweapon leprosy chronic granulomatous communicable disease occurring in tropical and subtropical regions; characterized by inflamed nodules beneath the skin and wasting of body parts; caused by the bacillus Mycobacterium leprae tuberculoid leprosy leprosy characterized by tumors in the skin and cutaneous nerves lepromatous leprosy a very serious form of leprosy characterized by lesions that spread over much of the body and affecting many systems of the body necrotizing enterocolitis an acute inflammatory disease occurring in the intestines of premature infants; necrosis of intestinal tissue may follow listeriosis an infectious disease of animals and humans (especially newborn or immunosuppressed persons) caused by the bacterium Listeria monocytogenes; in sheep and cattle the infection frequently involves the central nervous system and causes various neurological symptoms lymphocytic choriomeningitis a form of viral meningitis caused by a virus carried by the common house mouse lymphogranuloma venereum infectious disease caused by a species of chlamydia bacterium; transmitted by sexual contact; characterized by genital lesions and swelling of lymph nodes in the groin meningitis infectious disease characterized by inflammation of the meninges (the tissues that surround the brain or spinal cord) usually caused by a bacterial infection; symptoms include headache and stiff neck and fever and nausea mumps an acute contagious viral disease characterized by fever and by swelling of the parotid glands cerebrospinal meningitis meningitis caused by bacteria and often fatal paratyphoid any of a variety of infectious intestinal diseases resembling typhoid fever bubonic plague the most common form of the plague in humans; characterized by chills, prostration, delirium and the formation of buboes in the armpits and groin; does not spread from person to person ambulant plague a mild form of bubonic plague Black Death the epidemic form of bubonic plague experienced during the Middle Ages when it killed nearly half the people of western Europe pneumonic plague a rapidly progressive and frequently fatal form of the plague that can spread through the air from person to person; characterized by lung involvement with chill, bloody expectoration and high fever septicemic plague an especially dangerous and generally fatal form of the plague in which infecting organisms invade the bloodstream; does not spread from person to person poliomyelitis an acute viral disease marked by inflammation of nerve cells of the brain stem and spinal cord Pott's disease TB of the spine with destruction of vertebrae resulting in curvature of the spine ratbite fever either of two infectious diseases transmitted to humans by the bite of a rat or mouse; characterized by fever and headache and nausea and skin eruptions rickettsial disease infectious disease caused by ticks or mites or body lice infected with rickettsial bacteria typhus rickettsial disease transmitted by body lice and characterized by skin rash and high fever murine typhus acute infection caused by rickettsia and transmitted by the bite of an infected flea; characterized by fever and chills and muscle aches and a rash spotted fever any of several severe febrile diseases characterized by skin rashes or spots on the skin Rocky Mountain spotted fever caused by rickettsial bacteria and transmitted by wood ticks Q fever an acute disease resembling influenza rickettsialpox mild infectious rickettsial disease caused by a bacterium of the genus Rickettsia transmitted to humans by the bite a mite that lives on rodents; characterized by chills and fever and headache and skin lesions that resemble chickenpox trench fever marked by pain in muscles and joints and transmitted by lice tsutsugamushi disease transmitted by larval mites and widespread in Asia relapsing fever marked by recurring high fever and transmitted by the bite of infected lice or ticks; characterized by episodes of high fever and chills and headache and muscle pain and nausea that recur every week or ten days for several months rheumatic fever a severe disease chiefly of children and characterized by painful inflammation of the joints and frequently damage to the heart valves rheumatic heart disease heart disease caused by recurrent episodes of rheumatic fever; characterized by changes in the myocardium or scarring of the heart valves that reduce the power of the heart to pump blood sweating sickness epidemic in the 15th and 16th centuries and characterized by profuse sweating and high mortality a disease of cattle (especially calves) tuberculosis infection transmitted by inhalation or ingestion of tubercle bacilli and manifested in fever and small lesions (usually in the lungs but in various other parts of the body in acute stages) miliary tuberculosis acute tuberculosis characterized by the appearance of tiny tubercles on one or more organs of the body (presumably resulting from tubercle bacilli being spread in the bloodstream) pulmonary tuberculosis involving the lungs with progressive wasting of the body scrofula a form of tuberculosis characterized by swellings of the lymphatic glands typhoid serious infection marked by intestinal inflammation and ulceration; caused by Salmonella typhosa ingested with food or water whooping cough a disease of the respiratory mucous membrane yaws an infectious tropical disease resembling syphilis in its early stages; marked by red skin eruptions and ulcerating lesions respiratory disease a disease affecting the respiratory system head cold a common cold affecting the nasal passages and resulting in congestion and sneezing and headache asthma respiratory disorder characterized by wheezing; usually of allergic origin status asthmaticus a prolonged and severe asthma attack that does not respond to standard treatment bronchitis inflammation of the membranes lining the bronchial tubes bronchiolitis inflammation of the membranes lining the bronchioles chronic bronchitis a form of bronchitis characterized by excess production of sputum leading to a chronic cough and obstruction of air flow chronic obstructive pulmonary disease a nonreversible lung disease that is a combination of emphysema and chronic bronchitis; usually patients have been heavy cigarette smokers coccidioidomycosis an infection of the lungs and skin characterized by excessive sputum and nodules cryptococcosis a fungal infection characterized by nodular lesions--first in the lungs and spreading to the nervous system emphysema an abnormal condition of the lungs marked by decreased respiratory function; associated with smoking or chronic bronchitis or old age pneumonia respiratory disease characterized by inflammation of the lung parenchyma (excluding the bronchi) with congestion caused by viruses or bacteria or irritants atypical pneumonia an acute respiratory disease marked by high fever and coughing; caused by mycoplasma; primarily affecting children and young adults bronchopneumonia pneumonia characterized by acute inflammation of the walls of the bronchioles double pneumonia lobar pneumonia involving both lungs interstitial pneumonia chronic lung disease affecting the interstitial tissue of the lungs lobar pneumonia pneumonia affecting one or more lobes of the lung; commonly due to streptococcal infection Legionnaires' disease acute (sometimes fatal) lobar pneumonia caused by bacteria of a kind first recognized after an outbreak of the disease at an American Legion convention in Philadelphia in 1976; characterized by fever and muscle and chest pain and headache and chills and a dry cough pneumococcal pneumonia pneumonia caused by bacteria of the genus pneumococcus pneumocytosis pneumonia occurring in infants or in persons with impaired immune systems (as AIDS victims) pneumothorax abnormal presence of air in the pleural cavity resulting in the collapse of the lung; may be spontaneous (due to injury to the chest) or induced (as a treatment for tuberculosis) psittacosis an atypical pneumonia caused by a rickettsia microorganism and transmitted to humans from infected birds infectious disease of birds pneumoconiosis chronic respiratory disease caused by inhaling metallic or mineral particles anthracosis lung disease caused by inhaling coal dust asbestosis lung disease caused by inhaling asbestos particles siderosis fibrosis of the lung caused by iron dust; occurs among welders and other metal workers silicosis a lung disease caused by inhaling particles of silica or quartz or slate respiratory distress syndrome an acute lung disease of the newborn (especially the premature newborn); lungs cannot expand because of a wetting agent is lacking; characterized by rapid shallow breathing and cyanosis and the formation of a glassy hyaline membrane over the alveoli genetic disease a disease or disorder that is inherited genetically abetalipoproteinemia a rare inherited disorder of fat metabolism; characterized by severe deficiency of beta-lipoproteins and abnormal red blood cells (acanthocytes) and abnormally low cholesterol levels ablepharia a congenital absence of eyelids (partial or complete) albinism the congenital absence of pigmentation in the eyes and skin and hair macrencephaly an abnormally large braincase anencephaly a defect in brain development resulting in small or missing brain hemispheres adactylia congenital absence of fingers and/or toes ametria congenital absence of the uterus color blindness genetic inability to distinguish differences in hue diplopia visual impairment in which an object is seen as two objects; "diplopia often disappears when one eye is covered" epispadias a congenital abnormality in males in which the urethra is on the upper surface of the penis dichromacy a deficiency of color vision in which the person can match any given hue by mixing only two other wavelengths of light (as opposed to the three wavelengths needed by people with normal color vision) red-green dichromacy confusion of red and green deuteranopia dichromacy characterized by a lowered sensitivity to green light resulting in an inability to distinguish green and purplish-red protanopia dichromacy characterized by lowered sensitivity to long wavelengths of light resulting in an inability to distinguish red and purplish blue yellow-blue dichromacy confusion of yellow and blue tetartanopia a form of dichromacy characterized by lowered sensitivity to yellow light; so rare that its existence has been questioned tritanopia rare form of dichromacy characterized by a lowered sensitivity to blue light resulting in an inability to distinguish blue and yellow monochromacy complete color blindness; colors can be differentiated only on the basis of brightness cystic fibrosis the most common hereditary disease; the child's lungs and intestines and pancreas become clogged with thick mucus; caused by defect in a single gene; no cure is known inborn error of metabolism any of a number of diseases in which an inherited defect (usually a missing or inadequate enzyme) results in an abnormality of metabolism galactosemia a genetic disease (autosomal recessive) in which an enzyme needed to metabolize galactose is deficient or absent; typically develops shortly after birth Gaucher's disease a rare chronic disorder of lipid metabolism of genetic origin Hirschsprung's disease congenital condition in which the colon does not have the normal network of nerves; there is little urge to defecate so the feces accumulate and cause megacolon Horner's syndrome a pattern of symptoms occurring as a result of damage to nerves in the cervical region of the spine (drooping eyelids and constricted pupils and absence of facial sweating) Huntington's chorea hereditary disease; develops in adulthood and ends in dementia Hurler's syndrome hereditary disease (autosomal recessive) consisting of an error is mucopolysaccharide metabolism; characterized by severe abnormalities in development of skeletal cartilage and bone and mental retardation mucopolysaccharidosis any of a group of genetic disorders involving a defect in the metabolism of mucopolysaccharides resulting in greater than normal levels of mucopolysaccharides in tissues malignant hyperthermia hereditary condition in which certain anesthetics (e.g., halothane) cause high body temperatures and muscle rigidity Marfan's syndrome an autosomal dominant disease characterized by elongated bones (especially of limbs and digits) and abnormalities of the eyes and circulatory system neurofibromatosis autosomal dominant disease characterized by numerous neurofibromas and by spots on the skin and often by developmental abnormalities osteogenesis imperfecta autosomal dominant disorder of connective tissue characterized by brittle bones that fracture easily hyperbetalipoproteinemia a genetic disorder characterized by high levels of beta-lipoproteins and cholesterol; can lead to atherosclerosis at an early age hypobetalipoproteinemia a hereditary disorder characterized by low levels of beta-lipoproteins and lipids and cholesterol ichthyosis any of several congenital diseases in which the skin is dry and scaly like a fish clinocephaly a congenital defect in which the top of the head is depressed (concave instead of convex) clinodactyly a congenital defect in which one or more toes or fingers are abnormally positioned macroglossia a congenital disorder characterized by an abnormally large tongue; often seen in cases of Down's syndrome mongolism a congenital disorder caused by having an extra 21st chromosome; results in a flat face and short stature and mental retardation maple syrup urine disease an inherited disorder of metabolism in which the urine has a odor characteristic of maple syrup; if untreated it can lead to mental retardation and death in early childhood McArdle's disease an inherited disease in which abnormal amounts of glycogen accumulate in skeletal muscle; results in weakness and cramping muscular dystrophy any of several hereditary diseases of the muscular system characterized by weakness and wasting of skeletal muscles oligodactyly congenital condition in which some fingers or toes are missing oligodontia congenital condition in which some of the teeth are missing otosclerosis hereditary disorder in which ossification of the labyrinth of the inner ear causes tinnitus and eventual deafness Becker muscular dystrophy a form of muscular dystrophy that sets in in adolescence or adulthood and progresses slowly but will affect all voluntary muscles; characterized by generalized weakness and muscle wasting that affects limb and trunk muscles first; similar to Duchenne's muscular dystrophy but less severe; inheritance is X-linked recessive (carried by females but affecting only males) distal muscular dystrophy a form of muscular dystrophy that sets in between 40 and 60 years of age and is characterized by weakness and wasting of the muscles of the hands and forearms and lower legs; inheritance is autosomal dominant Duchenne's muscular dystrophy the most common form of muscular dystrophy; inheritance is X-linked recessive (carried by females but affecting only males) autosomal dominant disease a disease caused by a dominant mutant gene on an autosome autosomal recessive disease a disease caused by the presence of two recessive mutant genes on an autosome limb-girdle muscular dystrophy an autosomal recessive form of muscular dystrophy that appears anywhere from late childhood to middle age; characterized by progressive muscular weakness beginning either in the shoulder or pelvic girdle; usually progresses slowly with cardiopulmonary complications in the later stages lysinemia an inborn error of metabolism in which the lack of certain enzymes leads to an inability to metabolize the amino acid lysine; characterized by muscular weakness and mental retardation myotonic muscular dystrophy a severe form of muscular dystrophy marked by generalized weakness and muscular wasting that affects the face and feet and hands and neck; difficult speech and difficulty with the hands that spreads to the arms and shoulders and legs and hips; the onset can be any time from birth to middle age and the progression is slow; inheritance is autosomal dominant oculopharyngeal muscular dystrophy a form of muscular dystrophy that usually begins between early adulthood and middle age and first affects muscles of the eyelid and throat; progresses slowly with swallowing problems common as the disease progresses; inheritance is autosomal dominant Niemann-Pick disease a disorder of lipid metabolism that is inherited as an autosomal recessive trait oxycephaly a congenital abnormality of the skull; the top of the skull assumes a cone shape aplastic anemia anemia characterized by pancytopenia resulting from failure of the bone marrow; can be caused by neoplasm or by toxic exposure erythroblastosis fetalis severe anemia in newborn babies; the result of Rh incompatibility between maternal and fetal blood; typically occurs when the child of an Rh-negative mother inherits Rh-positive blood from the father; can be diagnosed before birth by amniocentesis Fanconi's anemia a rare congenital anemia characterized by pancytopenia and hypoplasia of the bone marrow favism anemia resulting from eating fava beans; victims have an inherited blood abnormality and enzyme deficiency hemolytic anemia anemia resulting from destruction of erythrocytes hyperchromic anemia anemia characterized by an increase in the concentration of corpuscular hemoglobin hypochromic anemia anemia characterized by a decrease in the concentration of corpuscular hemoglobin hypoplastic anemia anemia resulting from inadequately functioning bone marrow; can develop into aplastic anemia iron deficiency anemia a form of anemia due to lack of iron in the diet or to iron loss as a result of chronic bleeding ischemia local anemia in a given body part sometimes resulting from vasoconstriction or thrombosis or embolism ischemic stroke the most common kind of stroke; caused by an interruption in the flow of blood to the brain (as from a clot blocking a blood vessel) transient ischemic attack brief episode in which the brain gets insufficient blood supply; symptoms depend on the site of the blockage chlorosis iron deficiency anemia in young women; characterized by weakness and menstrual disturbances and a green color to the skin macrocytic anemia anemia in which the average size of erythrocytes is larger than normal microcytic anemia anemia in which the average size of erythrocytes is smaller than normal parasitemia a condition in which parasites are present in the blood pernicious anemia a chronic progressive anemia of older adults; thought to result from a lack of intrinsic factor (a substance secreted by the stomach that is responsible for the absorption of vitamin B12) megaloblastic anemia anemia characterized by many large immature and dysfunctional red blood cells (megaloblasts) in the bone marrow; associated with pernicious anemia metaplastic anemia pernicious anemia in which the various formed elements in the blood are changed refractory anemia any of various anemic conditions that are not successfully treated by any means other than blood transfusions (and that are not associated with another primary disease) sideroblastic anemia refractory anemia characterized by sideroblasts in the bone marrow sideropenia a deficiency of iron; results from inadequate iron in the diet or from hemorrhage sickle-cell anemia a congenital form of anemia occurring mostly in blacks; characterized by abnormal blood cells having a crescent shape Spielmeyer-Vogt disease a congenital progressive disorder of lipid metabolism having an onset at age 5 and characterized by blindness and dementia and early death Tay-Sachs disease a hereditary disorder of lipid metabolism occurring most frequently in individuals of Jewish descent in eastern Europe; accumulation of lipids in nervous tissue results in death in early childhood thrombasthenia a rare autosomal recessive disease in which the platelets do not produce clots in the normal way and hemorrhage results tyrosinemia autosomal recessive defect in tyrosine metabolism resulting in liver and kidney disturbances and mental retardation Werdnig-Hoffman disease autosomal recessive disease in which the degeneration of spinal nerve cells and brain nerve cells leads to atrophy of skeletal muscles and flaccid paralysis; death usually occurs in early childhood hemophilia congenital tendency to uncontrolled bleeding; usually affects males and is transmitted from mother to son afibrinogenemia the absence of fibrinogen in the plasma leading to prolonged bleeding hemophilia A hemophilia caused by a congenital deficiency of factor VIII; occurs almost exclusively in men hemophilia B a clotting disorder similar to hemophilia A but caused by a congenital deficiency of factor IX von Willebrand's disease a form of hemophilia discovered by Erik von Willebrand; a genetic disorder that is inherited as an autosomal recessive trait; characterized by a deficiency of the coagulation factor and by mucosal bleeding congenital afibrinogenemia a rare congenital disorder of blood coagulation in which no fibrinogen is found in the blood plasma inflammatory disease a disease characterized by inflammation gastroenteritis inflammation of the stomach and intestines; can be caused by Salmonella enteritidis cholera infantum often fatal form of gastroenteritis occurring in children; not true cholera but having similar symptoms cholera morbus severe gastroenteritis of unknown etiology; characterized by severe colic and vomiting and diarrhea pelvic inflammatory disease inflammation of the female pelvic organs (especially the Fallopian tubes) caused by infection by any of several microorganisms (chiefly gonococci and chlamydia); symptoms are abdominal pain and fever and foul-smelling vaginal discharge empyema a collection of pus in a body cavity (especially in the lung cavity) pleurisy inflammation of the pleura of the lungs (especially the parietal layer) purulent pleurisy a collection of pus in the lung cavity pleuropneumonia pleurisy and pneumonia pyelitis inflammation of the renal pelvis sore throat inflammation of the fauces and pharynx angina any disease of the throat or fauces marked by spasmodic attacks of intense suffocative pain quinsy a painful pus filled inflammation of the tonsils and surrounding tissues; usually a complication of tonsillitis croup a disease of infants and young children; harsh coughing and hoarseness and fever and difficult breathing glossoptosis abnormal downward or back placement of the tongue hypermotility excessive movement; especially excessive motility of the gastrointestinal tract indisposition a slight illness amebiasis infection by a disease-causing ameba amebic dysentery inflammation of the intestines caused by Endamoeba histolytica; usually acquired by ingesting food or water contaminated with feces; characterized by severe diarrhea fascioliasis infestation with the liver fluke Fasciola hepatica; liver damage sometimes occurs; related to liver rot fasciolopsiasis infestation with the large intestinal fluke Fasciolopsis buski; common in eastern Asia Guinea worm disease a painful and debilitating infestation contracted by drinking stagnant water contaminated with Guinea worm larvae that can mature inside a human's abdomen until the worm emerges through a painful blister in the person's skin enterobiasis an infestation with or a resulting infection caused by the pinworm Enterobius vermicularis; occurs especially in children felon a purulent infection at the end of a finger or toe in the area surrounding the nail focal infection bacterial infection limited to a specific organ or region especially one causing symptoms elsewhere fungal infection an inflammatory condition caused by a fungus giardiasis infection of the intestines with protozoa found in contaminated food and water; characterized by diarrhea and nausea and flatulence and abdominal discomfort hemorrhagic fever a group of illnesses caused by a viral infection (usually restricted to a specific geographic area); fever and gastrointestinal symptoms are followed by capillary hemorrhage herpangia a viral infection (usually in children) marked by sore throat and fever and papules in the mouth and throat and headache and abdominal pain; usually subsides in a short time leishmaniasis sores resulting from a tropical infection by protozoa of the genus Leishmania which are spread by sandflies nonsocial infection an infection that is acquired at a hospital or other healthcare facility opportunistic infection any infection caused by a microorganism that does not normally cause disease in humans; occurs in persons with abnormally functioning immune systems (as AIDS patients or transplant patients receiving immunosuppressive drugs) paronychia infection in the tissues adjacent to a nail on a finger or toe protozoal infection any infection caused by a protozoan respiratory tract infection any infection of the respiratory tract lower respiratory infection infection of the lower respiratory tract Crimea-Congo hemorrhagic fever an infection common in Arab states caused by a bunyavirus; transmitted by a tick that thrives on sheep Rift Valley fever an infection common in Africa caused by a bunyavirus; transmitted by mosquitoes or by handling infected animals HIV infection by the human immunodeficiency virus viral pneumonia pneumonia caused by a virus severe acute respiratory syndrome a respiratory disease of unknown etiology that apparently originated in mainland China in 2003; characterized by fever and coughing or difficulty breathing or hypoxia; can be fatal upper respiratory infection infection of the upper respiratory tract scabies a contagious skin infection caused by the itch mite; characterized by persistent itching and skin irritation; "he has a bad case of the itch" schistosomiasis an infestation with or a resulting infection caused by a parasite of the genus Schistosoma; common in the tropics and Far East; symptoms depend on the part of the body infected sepsis the presence of pus-forming bacteria or their toxins in the blood or tissues visceral leishmaniasis leishmaniasis of the viscera cutaneous leishmaniasis leishmaniasis of the skin; characterized by ulcerative skin lesions mucocutaneous leishmaniasis a form of leishmaniasis endemic in Mexico and Central American and South America; sores are limited to the skin and mucosa candidiasis an infection caused by fungi of the genus Monilia or Candida (especially Candida albicans) dermatomycosis fungal infection of the skin (especially of moist parts covered by clothing) favus a contagious fungal infection of the scalp; occurs mainly in Africa and the Middle East keratomycosis fungal infection of the cornea phycomycosis any fungal infection caused by fungi of the Phycomycetes group sporotrichosis a chronic fungal infection of the skin and lymph nodes sore an open skin infection boil a painful sore with a hard core filled with pus immerse or be immersed in a boiling liquid, often for cooking purposes; "boil potatoes"; "boil wool" bring to, or maintain at, the boiling point; "boil this liquid until it evaporates" come to the boiling point and change from a liquid to vapor; "Water boils at 100 degrees Celsius" gumboil a boil or abscess on the gums blain an inflammatory swelling or sore chilblain inflammation of the hands and feet caused by exposure to cold and moisture kibe ulcerated chilblain on the heel carbuncle an infection larger than a boil and with several openings for discharge of pus deep-red cabochon garnet cut without facets cartilaginification abnormal formation of cartilage from other tissues; observed in some Asians chancre a small hard painless nodule at the site of entry of a pathogen (as syphilis) fester a sore that has become inflamed and formed pus ripen and generate pus; "her wounds are festering" saddle sore sore on a horseback rider chafed by a saddle an open sore on the back of a horse caused by ill-fitting or badly adjusted saddle shigellosis an acute infection of the intestine by shigella bacteria; characterized by diarrhea and fever and abdominal pains staphylococcal infection an infection with staphylococcus bacteria; usually marked by abscess formation streptococcal sore throat an infection of the oral pharynx and tonsils by streptococcus superinfection infection that occurs while you are being treated for another infection suprainfection secondary infection caused by an opportunistic infection tapeworm infection intestinal infection by a species of parasitic tapeworm; usually the result of eating inadequately cooked meat or fish toxoplasmosis infection caused by parasites transmitted to humans from infected cats; if contracted by a pregnant woman it can result in serious damage to the fetus trichomoniasis infection of the vagina viral infection infection by a virus that is pathogenic to humans arthritis inflammation of a joint or joints rheumatoid arthritis a chronic autoimmune disease with inflammation of the joints and marked deformities; something (possibly a virus) triggers an attack on the synovium by the immune system, which releases cytokines that stimulate an inflammatory reaction that can lead to the destruction of all components of the joint rheumatoid factor autoantibody that is usually present in the serum of people with rheumatoid arthritis autoimmune disease any of a large group of diseases characterized by abnormal functioning of the immune system that causes your immune system to produce antibodies against your own tissues psoriatic arthritis a form of rheumatoid arthritis usually affecting fingers and toes and associated with psoriasis Still's disease a form of rheumatoid arthritis that affects children; large joints become inflamed and bone growth may be retarded osteoarthritis chronic breakdown of cartilage in the joints; the most common form of arthritis occurring usually after middle age osteosclerosis abnormal hardening or eburnation of bone housemaid's knee swelling of the bursa in the knee (due to trauma or excessive kneeling) cystitis inflammation of the urinary bladder and ureters gout a painful inflammation of the big toe and foot caused by defects in uric acid metabolism resulting in deposits of the acid and its salts in the blood and joints spondylarthritis arthritis that affects one or more of the intervertebral joints in the spine blood disease a disease or disorder of the blood blood poisoning invasion of the bloodstream by virulent microorganisms from a focus of infection sapremia blood poisoning caused by putrefactive bacteria; results from eating putrefied matter ozone sickness illness that can occur to persons exposed to ozone in high-altitude aircraft; characterized by sleepiness and headache and chest pains and itchiness puerperal fever serious form of septicemia contracted by a woman during childbirth or abortion (usually attributable to unsanitary conditions); formerly widespread but now uncommon pyemia septicemia caused by pus-forming bacteria being released from an abscess toxemia blood poisoning caused by bacterial toxic substances in the blood toxemia of pregnancy an abnormal condition of pregnancy characterized by hypertension and edema and protein in the urine eclampsia a toxic condition characterized by convulsions and possibly coma during or immediately after pregnancy preeclampsia abnormal state of pregnancy characterized by hypertension and fluid retention and albuminuria; can lead to eclampsia if untreated eosinopenia a decrease in the number of eosinophils in the blood erythroblastosis a blood disease characterized by the abnormal presence of erythroblasts in the blood hemoglobinemia presence of excessive hemoglobin in the blood plasma hemoglobinopathy a blood disease characterized by the presence of abnormal hemoglobins in the blood hemoptysis coughing up blood from the respiratory tract; usually indicates a severe infection of the bronchi or lungs Hand-Schuller-Christian disease inflammatory histiocytosis associated with disturbance of cholesterol metabolism; occurs chiefly in young children and is characterized by cystic defects of the skull and diabetes insipidus Haverhill fever the form of ratbite fever occurring in the United States histiocytosis a blood disease characterized by an abnormal multiplication of macrophages hydatid mole an abnormality during pregnancy; chorionic villi around the fetus degenerate and form clusters of fluid-filled sacs; usually associated with the death of the fetus hydramnios an abnormality of pregnancy; accumulation of excess amniotic fluid water on the knee hydrarthrosis affecting the knee hydremia blood disorder in which there is excess fluid volume compared with the cell volume of the blood hydrocele disorder in which serous fluid accumulates in a body sac (especially in the scrotum) lipidosis a disorder of lipid metabolism; abnormal levels of certain fats accumulate in the body lipemia presence of excess lipids in the blood lysine intolerance a disorder in which a lack of certain enzymes makes it impossible to digest the amino acid lysine lysogeny the condition of a host bacterium that has incorporated a phage into its own genetic material; "when a phage infects a bacterium it can either destroy its host or be incorporated in the host genome in a state of lysogeny" hypothrombinemia a low level of prothrombin (factor II) in the circulating blood; results in long clotting time and poor clot formation and sometimes excessive bleeding; can result from vitamin K deficiency hypervolemia a blood disorder consisting of an increase in the volume of circulating blood hypovolemia a blood disorder consisting of a decrease in the volume of circulating blood anemia a deficiency of red blood cells a lack of vitality thalassemia an inherited form of anemia caused by faulty synthesis of hemoglobin Cooley's anemia a fatal form of homozygous thalassemia (inherited from both parents) in which there is no hemoglobin; skeletal deformations; heart and spleen and liver enlarged leukocytosis an abnormal increase in the number of white blood cells in the blood as a result of infection (as in leukemia) leukopenia an abnormal lowering of the white blood cell count neutropenia leukopenia in which the decrease is primarily in number of neutrophils (the chief phagocytic leukocyte) cyclic neutropenia neutropenia that occurs periodically lymphocytopenia an abnormally small number of lymphocytes in the circulating blood lymphocytosis an abnormal increase in the number of lymphocytes in the circulating blood microcytosis a blood disorder characterized by the presence of microcytes (abnormally small red blood cells) in the blood; often associated with anemia polycythemia a disorder characterized by an abnormal increase in the number of red blood cells in the blood purpura any of several blood diseases causing subcutaneous bleeding nonthrombocytopenic purpura purpura resulting from a defect in the capillaries caused by bacteria or drugs essential thrombocytopenia the primary form of thrombocytopenia (rather than a shortage of platelets caused by other conditions such as tuberculosis or chemical suppression of bone marrow etc.) thrombocytopenia a blood disease characterized by an abnormally small number of platelets in the blood deficiency disease any disease caused by a lack of an essential nutrient (as a vitamin or mineral) fibrocystic breast disease the presence of one or more cysts in a breast avitaminosis any of several diseases caused by deficiency of one or more vitamins hypervitaminosis an abnormal condition resulting from taking vitamins excessively; can be serious for vitamins A or D or K hypospadias an abnormal condition in males in which the urethra opens on the under surface of the penis lagophthalmos abnormal condition in which an eye cannot close completely beriberi avitaminosis caused by lack of thiamine (vitamin B1) kakke disease the endemic form of beriberi goiter abnormally enlarged thyroid gland; can result from underproduction or overproduction of hormone or from a deficiency of iodine in the diet malnutrition a state of poor nutrition; can result from insufficient or excessive or unbalanced diet or from inability to absorb foods kwashiorkor severe malnutrition in children resulting from a diet excessively high in carbohydrates and low in protein marasmus extreme malnutrition and emaciation (especially in children); can result from inadequate intake of food or from malabsorption or metabolic disorders mental abnormality any abnormality of mental function nanophthalmos condition in which both eyes are abnormally small but otherwise normal organic brain syndrome mental abnormality resulting from disturbance of the structure or function of the brain zinc deficiency a deficiency caused by inadequate zinc in the diet or by liver disease or cystic fibrosis or other diseases pellagra a disease caused by deficiency of niacin or tryptophan (or by a defect in the metabolic conversion of tryptophan to niacin); characterized by gastrointestinal disturbances and erythema and nervous or mental disorders; may be caused by malnutrition or alcoholism or other nutritional impairments rickets childhood disease caused by deficiency of vitamin D and sunlight associated with impaired metabolism of calcium and phosphorus scurvy a condition caused by deficiency of ascorbic acid (vitamin C) dermoid cyst a cystic tumor (usually benign) with a wall lined with epithelium and a cavity containing other material galactocele a cystic tumor containing milk or a milky substance (especially in the mammary glands) hemorrhagic cyst a cyst containing blood hydatid cyst filled with liquid; forms as a result of infestation by tapeworm larvae (as in echinococcosis) nabothian cyst a cyst that forms in the nabothian glands of the uterine cervix ovarian cyst a cystic tumor (usually benign) of the ovary chalazion a small sebaceous cyst of the eyelid resulting when a Meibomian gland is blocked ranula a cyst on the underside of the tongue sebaceous cyst a common cyst of the skin; filled with fatty matter (sebum) that is secreted by a sebaceous gland that has been blocked cyst a closed sac that develops abnormally in some body structure motion sickness the state of being dizzy or nauseated because of the motions that occur while traveling in or on a moving vehicle airsickness motion sickness experienced while traveling by air (especially during turbulence) car sickness motion sickness experienced while traveling in a car seasickness motion sickness experienced while traveling on water heatstroke collapse caused by exposure to excessive heat heat exhaustion a condition marked by dizziness and nausea and weakness caused by depletion of body fluids and electrolytes algidity prostration characterized by cold and clammy skin and low blood pressure sunstroke sudden prostration due to exposure to the sun or excessive heat endometriosis the presence of endometrium elsewhere than in the lining of the uterus; causes premenstrual pain and dysmenorrhea synechia adhesions between the iris and the lens or cornea resulting from trauma or eye surgery or as a complication of glaucoma or cataract; can lead to blindness anterior synechia adhesion between the iris and the cornea posterior synechia adhesion between the iris and the lens hemochromatosis pathology in which iron accumulates in the tissues; characterized by bronzed skin and enlarged liver and diabetes mellitus and abnormalities of the pancreas and the joints classic hemochromatosis inherited form of hemochromatosis acquired hemochromatosis hemochromatosis resulting from repeated transfusions or from excessive intake of foods containing iron infarct localized necrosis resulting from obstruction of the blood supply macrocytosis the presence of macrocytes in the blood fibrosis development of excess fibrous connective tissue in an organ myelofibrosis fibrosis of the bone marrow malacia a state of abnormal softening of tissue osteomalacia abnormal softening of bones caused by deficiencies of phosphorus or calcium or vitamin D mastopathy any pathology of the breast neuropathy any pathology of the peripheral nerves Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease a form of neuropathy that can begin between childhood and young adulthood; characterized by weakness and atrophy of the muscles of the hands and lower legs; progression is slow and individuals affected can have a normal life span; inheritance is X-linked recessive or X-linked dominant mononeuropathy any neuropathy of a single nerve trunk multiple mononeuropathy pathology of several individual nerve trunks myopathy any pathology of the muscles that is not attributable to nerve dysfunction dermatomyositis myositis characterized by weakness of limb and neck muscles and much muscle pain and swelling accompanied by skin rash affecting cheeks and eyelids and neck and chest and limbs; progression and severity vary among individuals polymyositis myositis characterized by weakness of limb and neck muscles and much muscle pain and swelling; progression and severity vary among individuals inclusion body myositis myositis characterized by weakness of limb muscles (especially the thighs and wrists and fingers); sometimes involves swallowing muscles; onset after 50 and slowly progressive; seen more often in men than in women osteopetrosis an inherited disorder characterized by an increase in bone density; in severe forms the bone marrow cavity may be obliterated osteoporosis abnormal loss of bony tissue resulting in fragile porous bones attributable to a lack of calcium; most common in postmenopausal women priapism condition in which the penis is continually erect; usually painful and seldom with sexual arousal uremia accumulation in the blood of nitrogenous waste products (urea) that are usually excreted in the urine azoturia excess of urea in the urine lesion any localized abnormal structural change in a bodily part tubercle a swelling that is the characteristic lesion of tuberculosis ulcer a circumscribed inflammatory and often suppurating lesion on the skin or an internal mucous surface resulting in necrosis of tissue aphthous ulcer a blister on the mucous membranes of the lips or mouth or gastrointestinal tract bedsore a chronic ulcer of the skin caused by prolonged pressure on it (as in bedridden patients) chancroid infectious venereal ulcer peptic ulcer an ulcer of the mucous membrane lining of the alimentary tract duodenal ulcer a peptic ulcer of the duodenum gastric ulcer a peptic ulcer of the stomach canker an ulceration (especially of the lips or lining of the mouth) a fungal disease of woody plants that causes localized damage to the bark infect with a canker become infected with a canker noli-me-tangere a cancerous ulcer of soft tissue and bone noma acute ulceration of the mucous membranes of the mouth or genitals; often seen in undernourished children deformity an affliction in which some part of the body is misshapen or malformed Arnold-Chiari deformity deformity in which part of the brain protrudes through the skull clawfoot a deformity of the foot characterized by an abnormally high arch and hyperextension of the toes which gives the foot the appearance of a claw cleft foot a deformity in which the space between the third and fourth toes extends up into the foot cleft lip a congenital cleft in the middle of the upper lip cleft palate a congenital fissure of the hard palate clubfoot congenital deformity of the foot usually marked by a curled shape or twisted position of the ankle and heel and toes talipes valgus deformity of the foot in which the foot is twisted outward talipes equinus talipes in which the toes are pointed downward talipes calcaneus talipes in which the toes are pointed upward and the person walks on the heel of the foot pigeon breast abnormal protrusion of the breastbone caused by rickets blight any plant disease resulting in withering without rotting a state or condition being blighted cause to suffer a blight; "Too much rain may blight the garden with mold" alder blight a disease of alders caused by the woolly alder aphid (a plant louse) apple blight a disease of apple trees beet blight a disease of beet plants blister blight a disease of tea plants a disease of Scotch pines cane blight a disease affecting the canes of various bush fruits (e.g., raspberries or currants) celery blight a fungous leaf spot disease of the celery plant chestnut blight a disease of American chestnut trees coffee blight a blight affecting the coffee plant collar blight a disease affecting the trunks of pear and apple trees fire blight a disease blackening the leaves of pear and apple trees blight canker a phase of fire blight in which cankers appear halo blight a blight of bean plants a blight affecting the leaves of oats and other grasses head blight a blight of the heads of cereals wheat scab a disease of the heads of wheat plants late blight blight in which symptoms appear late in the growing season especially a disease of solanaceous plants caused by the fungus Phytophthora infestans leaf blight any blight causing a browning and falling of the leaves of a plant leaf disease any plant disease localized in the foliage needle blight a disease of conifers causing the needles to fall oak blight a black plant louse that lives on oaks and dogwoods peach blight a disease of trees bearing drupes potato blight a blight of potatoes rim blight a disease of tea plants spinach blight a disease of spinach plants spur blight a disease of raspberries stem blight a fungous blight attacking the stems of plants stripe blight a disease of oats thread blight a disease of tropical woody plants (cacao or tea or citrus) tomato blight a disease of tomato plants twig blight a disease of the ends of twigs of woody plants walnut blight a disease of English walnut trees sandfly fever a mild viral disease transmitted by the bite of the sand fly Phlebotomus papatasii skin disease a disease affecting the skin lupus vulgaris tuberculosis of the skin; appears first on the face and heals slowly leaving deep scars ankylosing spondylitis a chronic form of spondylitis primarily in males and marked by impaired mobility of the spine; sometimes leads to ankylosis discoid lupus erythematosus a chronic skin disease occurring primarily in women between the ages of 20 and 40; characterized by an eruption of red lesions over the cheeks and bridge of the nose Hashimoto's disease autoimmune disorder of the thyroid gland; most common in middle-aged women lupus erythematosus a chronic inflammatory collagen disease affecting connective tissue (skin or joints) systemic lupus erythematosus an inflammatory disease of connective tissue with variable features including fever and weakness and fatigability and joint pains and skin lesions on the face or neck or arms acantholysis a breakdown of a cell layer in the epidermis (as in pemphigus) acanthosis an abnormal but benign thickening of the prickle-cell layer of the skin (as in psoriasis) acanthosis nigricans a skin disease characterized by dark wartlike patches in the body folds; can be benign or malignant acne an inflammatory disease involving the sebaceous glands of the skin; characterized by papules or pustules or comedones acne rosacea a skin disease of adults (more often women) in which blood vessels of the face enlarge resulting in a flushed appearance acne vulgaris the most common form of acne; usually affects people from puberty to young adulthood actinic dermatitis dermatitis caused exposure to sunlight atopic dermatitis a severe form of dermatitis characterized by atopy bubble gum dermatitis an allergic contact dermatitis developed around the lips of children who chew bubble gum contact dermatitis a delayed type of allergic reaction of the skin resulting from skin contact with a specific allergen (such as poison ivy) Rhus dermatitis contact dermatitis resulting from contact with plants of the genus Toxicodendron poison oak dermatitis resulting from contact with a poison oak plant poison sumac dermatitis resulting from contact with a poison sumac plant cradle cap a dermatitis of the scalp that is common in infants diaper rash dermatitis of the thighs and buttocks of infants; supposedly caused by ammonia in the urine in the child's diapers hypericism a severe dermatitis of herbivorous domestic animals attributable to photosensitivity from eating Saint John's wort neurodermatitis dermatitis in which localized areas (especially the forearms or back of the neck or outer part of the ankle) itch persistently; cause is unknown schistosome dermatitis a sensitization reaction to repeated invasion of the skin by cercariae of schistosomes dermatitis inflammation of the skin; skin becomes itchy and may develop blisters dermatosis disorder involving lesions or eruptions of the skin (in which there is usually no inflammation) baker's eczema allergic eczema caused by flour or other ingredients handled by bakers allergic eczema eczema caused by an allergic reaction eczema herpeticum eczema characterized by a feverish condition and widespread eruption of vesicles; most common in children eczema vaccinatum a now rare complication of vaccinia superimposed on atopic dermatitis with high fever and generalized vesicles and papulovesicles lichtenoid eczema eczema characterized by thickening of the skin with accentuated skin lines eczema generic term for inflammatory conditions of the skin; particularly with vesiculation in the acute stages erythema abnormal redness of the skin resulting from dilation of blood vessels (as in sunburn or inflammation) erythema multiforme a red rash caused by hypersensitivity to a drug or disease or other allergen erythema nodosum skin condition characterized by tender red nodules on the shins and legs hickey a temporary red mark on a person's skin resulting from kissing or sucking by their lover erythema nodosum leprosum an inflammatory complication of leprosy that results in painful skin lesions on the arms and legs and face erythroderma any skin disorder involving abnormal redness furunculosis acute skin disease characterized by the presence of many furuncles impetigo a very contagious infection of the skin; common in children; localized redness develops into small blisters that gradually crust and erode jungle rot skin disorder induced by a tropical climate keratoderma any skin disorder consisting of a growth that appears horny keratonosis any abnormal condition of the outer skin (epidermis) keratosis a skin condition marked by an overgrowth of layers of horny skin actinic keratosis an overgrowth of skin layers resulting from extended exposure to the sun keratosis blennorrhagica skin disease characterized by a scaly rash on the palms and soles; associated with Reiter's syndrome keratosis follicularis a rare hereditary condition marked by dark crusted patches (sometimes containing pus) keratosis pilaris keratosis characterized by hard conical elevations in the openings of sebaceous glands (especially of arms and thighs) seborrheic keratosis a skin condition characterized by circumscribed wartlike lesions that can be itchy and covered with a greasy crust leukoderma a congenital skin condition characterized by spots or bands of unpigmented skin lichen planus an eruption of shiny flat-topped purplish (usually itchy) papules on the wrist and forearms and thighs livedo skin disorder characterized by patchy bluish discolorations on the skin lupus any of several forms of ulcerative skin disease melanosis a condition characterized by abnormal deposits of melanin (especially in the skin) molluscum any skin disease characterized by soft pulpy nodules molluscum contagiosum a virus disease of the skin marked by round white swellings; transmitted from person to person (most often in children or in adults with impaired immune function) necrobiosis lipoidica skin disease marked by thin shiny patches (especially on the legs); often associated with diabetes mellitus pemphigus a skin disease characterized by large thin-walled blisters (bullae) arising from normal skin or mucous membrane pityriasis any of several skin disorders characterized by shedding dry flakes of skin pityriasis alba common form of pityriasis (usually in children or young adults) characterized by round patches of depigmentation pityriasis rosea pityriasis in which an itchy rash develops over the trunk and extremities prurigo chronic inflammatory disease of the skin characterized by blister capped papules and intense itching psoriasis a chronic skin disease characterized by dry red patches covered with scales; occurs especially on the scalp and ears and genitalia and the skin over bony prominences rhagades cracks or fissures in the skin (especially around the mouth or anus) Saint Anthony's fire any of several inflammatory or gangrenous skin conditions erysipelas an acute streptococcal infection characterized by deep-red inflammation of the skin and mucous membranes scleredema a skin disease marked by hard edema of the tissue usually beginning in the face seborrhea a condition in which overactivity of the sebaceous glands causes the skin to become oily seborrheic dermatitis a chronic skin disease associated with seborrhea and greasy scales on the scalp or eyelids or other parts of the skin vitiligo an acquired skin disease characterized by patches of unpigmented skin (often surrounded by a heavily pigmented border) xanthelasma xanthoma of the eyelids; occurs chiefly in the elderly xanthoma a skin problem marked by the development (on the eyelids and neck and back) of irregular yellow nodules; sometimes attributable to disturbances of cholesterol metabolism xanthoma disseminatum rare chronic xanthoma of adults in which orange or brownish papules develop on many surfaces of the body xanthomatosis widespread xanthomas (especially on elbows and knees); often associated with a disorder of lipid metabolism xanthosis an abnormal yellow discoloration of the skin exostosis a benign outgrowth from a bone (usually covered with cartilage) adenomatous polyp a polyp that consists of benign neoplastic tissue derived from glandular epithelium; "adenomatous polyps are visible protrusions that can develop on the mucosal surface of the colon or rectum" sessile polyp a relatively flat polyp pedunculated polyp a polyp with a stalk or peduncle tumor an abnormal new mass of tissue that serves no purpose acanthoma a neoplasm originating in the epidermis adenoma a benign epithelial tumor of glandular origin angioma a tumor consisting of a mass of blood or lymphatic vessels chondroma a common benign tumor of cartilage cells benign tumor a tumor that is not cancerous blastoma a tumor composed of immature undifferentiated cells brain tumor a tumor in the brain glioblastoma a fast-growing malignant brain tumor composed of spongioblasts; nearly always fatal glioma a tumor of the brain consisting of neuroglia carcinoid a small tumor (benign or malignant) arising from the mucosa of the gastrointestinal tract; usually associated with excessive secretion of serotonin carcinosarcoma a malignant neoplasm composed of carcinoma and sarcoma extensively intermixed celioma an abdominal tumor malignancy (medicine) a malignant state; progressive and resistant to treatment and tending to cause death enchondroma benign slow-growing tumor of cartilaginous cells at the ends of tubular bones (especially in the hands and feet) fibroadenoma benign and movable and firm and not tender tumor of the breast; common in young women and caused by high levels of estrogen fibroid tumor benign tumor containing fibrous tissue (especially in the uterus) fibroma nonmalignant tumor of connective tissue granuloma a tumor composed of granulation tissue resulting from injury or inflammation or infection gumma a small rubbery granuloma that is characteristic of an advanced stage of syphilis hamartoma a focal growth that resembles a neoplasm but results from faulty development in an organ keratoacanthoma skin tumor that grows rapidly (especially in older people) and resembles a carcinoma but does not spread; it usually disappears spontaneously, often leaving a scar lipoma a tumor consisting of fatty tissue malignant tumor a tumor that is malignant and tends to spread to other parts of the body meningioma a tumor arising in the meninges which surround the brain and spinal cord; usually slow growing and sometimes malignant cancer any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division; it may spread to other parts of the body through the lymphatic system or the blood stream angiosarcoma a rare malignant neoplasm arising from vascular tissue; usually occurs in the breast and skin and is believed to originate from the endothelial cells of blood vessels chondrosarcoma a malignant neoplasm of cartilage cells Ewing's sarcoma malignant tumor in bone marrow (usually in the pelvis or in long bones) Kaposi's sarcoma a sarcoma that starts with purplish spots on the feet and legs and spreads from the skin to lymph nodes and internal organs; a common manifestation of AIDS; "until 1980 Kaposi's sarcoma occurred almost exclusively with Jewish or Italian or black men" leiomyosarcoma sarcoma of smooth muscle; occurs most often digestive tract or uterus or bladder or prostate liposarcoma sarcoma of fat cells myosarcoma sarcoma of muscle tissue neurosarcoma a malignant neoplasm of nerve tissue and fibrous tissue and connective tissue osteosarcoma malignant bone tumor; most common in children and young adults where it tends to affect the femur lymphadenoma an abnormally enlarged lymph node lymphadenopathy chronic abnormal enlargement of the lymph nodes (usually associated with disease) lymphoma a neoplasm of lymph tissue that is usually malignant; one of the four major types of cancer Hodgkin's disease a malignant disorder in which there is progressive (but painless) enlargement of lymph tissue followed by enlargement of the spleen and liver carcinoma any malignant tumor derived from epithelial tissue; one of the four major types of cancer cancroid the most common form of skin cancer of or relating to a cancroid leukemia malignant neoplasm of blood-forming tissues; characterized by abnormal proliferation of leukocytes; one of the four major types of cancer acute leukemia rapidly progressing leukemia acute lymphocytic leukemia acute leukemia characterized by proliferation of immature lymphoblast-like cells in bone marrow, lymph nodes, spleen, and blood; most common in children acute myelocytic leukemia acute leukemia characterized by proliferation of granular leukocytes; most common in adolescents and young adults chronic leukemia slowly progressing leukemia chronic lymphocytic leukemia chronic leukemia characterized by lymphoblast-like cells; more common in older men chronic myelocytic leukemia chronic leukemia characterized by granular leukocytes; more common in older people lymphocytic leukemia leukemia characterized by enlargement of lymphoid tissues and lymphocytic cells in the circulating blood lymphoblastic leukemia a form of lymphocytic leukemia in which the abnormal cells in the circulating blood are almost totally lymphoblasts monocytic leukemia leukemia characterized by the proliferation of monocytes and monoblasts in the blood myeloblastic leukemia a malignant neoplasm of blood-forming tissues; characterized by numerous myeloblasts in the blood stream myelocytic leukemia a malignant neoplasm of blood-forming tissues; marked by proliferation of myelocytes and their presence in the blood rhabdomyosarcoma a highly malignant neoplasm derived from striated muscle embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma form of rhabdomyosarcoma occurring mainly in infants and children alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma form of rhabdomyosarcoma occurring mainly in adolescents and young adults pleomorphic rhabdomyosarcoma form of rhabdomyosarcoma that affects limb muscles of older adults Wilms' tumor malignant renal tumor of young children characterized by hypertension and blood in the urine and the presence of a palpable mass sarcoma a usually malignant tumor arising from connective tissue (bone or muscle etc.); one of the four major types of cancer adenocarcinoma malignant tumor originating in glandular epithelium breast cancer cancer of the breast; one of the most common malignancies in women in the US carcinoma in situ a cluster of malignant cells that has not yet invaded the deeper epithelial tissue or spread to other parts of the body colon cancer a malignant tumor of the colon; early symptom is bloody stools embryonal carcinoma malignant neoplasm of the testis endometrial carcinoma cancer of the uterine lining hemangioma benign angioma consisting of a mass of blood vessels; some appear as birthmarks strawberry hemangioma a congenital bright red superficial vascular tumor resembling a strawberry; tends to decrease in size during childhood lymphangioma benign angioma consisting of a mass of lymphatic vessels spider angioma a dilation of superficial capillaries with a central red dot from which blood vessels radiate myeloma a tumor of the bone marrow (usually malignant) composed of cells normally found in bone marrow multiple myeloma myeloma that develops in several places at the same time myoma a benign tumor composed of muscle tissue myxoma a benign tumor of connective tissue containing jellylike material neurinoma tumor (usually benign) of the sheath surrounding a nerve neuroblastoma malignant tumor containing embryonic nerve cells; usually metastasizes quickly neuroepithelioma malignant tumor of the neuroepithelium neurofibroma tumor of the fibrous covering of a peripheral nerve neuroma any tumor derived from cells of the nervous system leiomyoma benign tumor of smooth muscle (usually in the uterus or digestive tract) rhabdomyoma benign tumor of striated muscle osteoblastoma benign tumor of bone and fibrous tissue; occurs in the vertebrae or femur or tibia or arm bones (especially in young adults) osteochondroma benign tumor containing both bone and cartilage; usually occurs near the end of a long bone osteoma a slow growing benign tumor of consisting of bone tissue; usually on the skull or mandible papilloma a benign epithelial tumor forming a rounded mass pheochromocytoma a vascular tumor of the adrenal gland; hypersecretion of epinephrine results in intermittent or sustained hypertension pinealoma tumor of the pineal gland plasmacytoma neoplasm of plasma cells (usually in bone marrow) psammoma a tumor derived from fibrous tissue of the meninges or choroid plexus or certain other structures associated with the brain; characterized by sandlike particles retinoblastoma malignant ocular tumor of retinal cells; usually occurs before the third year of life; composed of primitive small round retinal cells teratoma a tumor consisting of a mixture of tissues not normally found at that site hepatoma carcinoma of the liver lung cancer carcinoma of the lungs; one of the commonest forms of cancer mesothelioma a form of carcinoma of the mesothelium lining lungs or abdomen or heart; usually associated with exposure to asbestos dust oat cell carcinoma highly malignant carcinoma composed of small round or egg-shaped cells with little cytoplasm; lung cancers are frequently oat cell carcinomas oral cancer malignant neoplasm of the lips of mouth; most common in men over the age of 60 pancreatic cancer cancer of the pancreas prostate cancer cancer of the prostate gland seminoma malignant tumor of the testis; usually occurring in older men skin cancer a malignant neoplasm of the skin epithelioma a malignant tumor of the epithelial tissue melanoma any of several malignant neoplasms (usually of the skin) consisting of melanocytes trophoblastic cancer malignant neoplasm of the uterus derived from the epithelium of the chorion eye disease any disease of the eye animal disease a disease that typically does not affect human beings actinomycosis disease of cattle that can be transmitted to humans; results from infection with actinomycetes; characterized by hard swellings that exude pus through long sinuses cervicofacial actinomycosis the commonest and least severe form of actinomycosis; affects the face and neck regions macular edema an eye disease caused by a swelling of the macula resulting from leakage and accumulation of fluid cystoid macular edema a specific pattern of swelling in the central retina drusen (plural) an eye disease resulting from small accumulations of hyaline bodies underneath the retina glaucoma an eye disease that damages the optic nerve and impairs vision (sometimes progressing to blindness); "contrary to popular belief, glaucoma is not always caused by elevated intraocular pressure" acute glaucoma glaucoma in which the iris blocks the outflow of aqueous humor; "closed-angle glaucoma can cause a rapid buildup of high intraocular pressure that results in permanent visual damage in a couple of days" normal tension glaucoma glaucoma that results from damage to the optic nerve although the intraocular pressure is normal cortical cataract a cataract that affects the lens cortex nuclear cataract a cataract that affects the nucleus of the lens posterior subcapsular cataract a cataract in the rear of the lens capsule chronic glaucoma glaucoma caused by blockage of the canal of Schlemm; produces gradual loss of peripheral vision; "open-angle glaucoma is the most common type of glaucoma" keratonosus any disease of the cornea macular degeneration eye disease caused by degeneration of the cells of the macula lutea and results in blurred vision; can cause blindness age-related macular degeneration macular degeneration that is age-related retinopathy a disease of the retina that can result in loss of vision diabetic retinopathy retinopathy involving damage to the small blood vessels in the retina; results from chronically high blood glucose levels in people with poorly controlled diabetes trachoma a chronic contagious disease caused by a bacterium and marked by inflammation of the conjunctiva and cornea of the eye and the formation of scar tissue leukoma eye disease consisting of an opaque white spot on the cornea adenitis inflammation of a gland or lymph node alveolitis inflammation of the alveoli in the lungs caused by inhaling dust; with repeated exposure the condition may become chronic inflammation in the socket of a tooth; sometimes occurs after a tooth is extracted and a blood clot fails to form angiitis inflammation of a blood vessel or lymph duct aortitis inflammation of the aorta rheumatic aortitis aortitis occurring in rheumatic fever appendicitis inflammation of the vermiform appendix arteritis inflammation of an artery periarteritis inflammation of the outer coat of an artery polyarteritis inflammation of several arteries Takayasu's arteritis disorder characterized by the absence of a pulse in both arms and in the carotid arteries temporal arteritis inflammation of the temporal arteries; characterized by headaches and difficulty chewing and (sometimes) visual impairment ophthalmia severe conjunctivitis ophthalmia neonatorum ophthalmia in newborns; contracted while passing through the birth canal; usually prevented with silver nitrate drops thoracic actinomycosis a serious form of actinomycosis that affects the chest abdominal actinomycosis a serious form of actinomycosis that affects the abdomen farmer's lung alveolitis caused by an allergic reaction to fungal spores in the dust that is inhaled from moldy hay anaplasmosis a disease of cattle that is transmitted by cattle ticks; similar to Texas fever aspiration pneumonia inflammation of the lungs caused by inhaling or choking on vomitus; may occur during unconsciousness (anesthesia or drunkenness or seizure or cardiac arrest) bagassosis alveolitis caused by inhaling bagasse (sugarcane dust) balanitis inflammation of the head of the penis balanoposthitis inflammation of both the head of the penis and the foreskin bighead any of various diseases of animals characterized by edema of the head and neck blepharitis inflammation of the eyelids characterized by redness and swelling and dried crusts bursitis inflammation of a bursa; frequently in the shoulder bluetongue a viral disease of sheep and cattle that is transmitted by biting midges bovine spongiform encephalitis a fatal disease of cattle that affects the central nervous system; causes staggering and agitation bull nose a disease of pigs resulting in swelling of the snout camelpox a viral disease of camels closely related to smallpox; "with a little genetic engineering camelpox could be used as a bioweapon" canine chorea chorea in dogs catarrhal fever any of several disease of livestock marked by fever and edema of the respiratory tract chronic wasting disease a wildlife disease (akin to bovine spongiform encephalitis) that affects deer and elk costiasis a fatal disease of freshwater fish caused by a flagellated protozoan invading the skin cowpox a viral disease of cattle causing a mild skin disease affecting the udder; formerly used to inoculate humans against smallpox hemorrhagic septicemia an acute infectious disease characterized by pneumonia and blood infection fistulous withers a chronic inflammation of the withers of a horse fowl cholera an acute diarrheal disease (especially of chickens) caused by the microorganism that causes hemorrhagic septicemia fowl pest either of two acute viral diseases of domestic fowl; characterized by refusal to eat and high temperature and discoloration of the comb hog cholera highly infectious virus disease of swine canine distemper a viral disease of young dogs characterized by high fever and respiratory inflammation equine distemper an acute bacterial disease of horses characterized by inflammation of the mucous membranes enterotoxemia a disease of cattle and sheep that is attributed to toxins absorbed from the intestines foot-and-mouth disease acute contagious disease of cloven-footed animals marked by ulcers in the mouth and around the hoofs foot rot contagious degenerative infection of the feet of hoofed animals (especially cattle and sheep) plant disease in which the stem or trunk rots at the base black disease a disease of the liver (especially in sheep and cattle) caused by liver flukes and their by-products glanders a destructive and contagious bacterial disease of horses that can be transmitted to humans heaves a chronic emphysema of the horse that causes difficult expiration and heaving of the flanks Lyme disease an acute inflammatory disease characterized by a rash with joint swelling and fever; caused by bacteria carried by the bite of a deer tick Marburg disease a viral disease of green monkeys caused by the Marburg virus; when transmitted to humans it causes serious or fatal illness albuminuria the presence of excessive protein (chiefly albumin but also globulin) in the urine; usually a symptom of kidney disorder aminoaciduria abnormal presence of amino acids in the urine; usually a symptom of metabolic defects ammoniuria excessive ammonia in the urine hematocyturia the presence of red blood cells in the urine Jacquemier's sign a purplish discoloration of the mucous membrane of the vagina that occurs early in pregnancy Kayser-Fleischer ring a pigmented ring at the outer edge of the cornea of the eye; a symptom of Wilson's disease keratomalacia softening and drying and ulceration of the cornea resulting from vitamin A deficiency; symptom of cystic fibrosis or sprue Kernig's sign symptom of meningitis; patient cannot extend the leg at the knee when the thigh is flexed because of stiffness in the hamstrings ketonemia an abnormal increase of ketone bodies in the blood as in diabetes mellitus Koplik's spots small red spots with white centers found on the mucous membranes of the mouth and tongue; symptom of measles that appears one or two days before the measles rash appears fructosuria the presence of levulose is the urine; "fructosuria is a harmless condition" glucosuria the presence of abnormally high levels of glucose in the urine glycosuria the presence of abnormally high levels of sugar in the urine lymphuria the presence of lymph in the urine monocytosis increase in the number of monocytes in the blood; symptom of monocytic leukemia thrombocytosis increase in the number of platelets in the blood which tends to cause clots to form; associated with many neoplasms and chronic infections and other diseases ochronosis an accumulation of dark pigment in cartilage and other connective tissue; usually a symptom of alkaptonuria or phenol poisoning hypercalcemia the presence of abnormally high levels of calcium in the blood; usually the result of excessive bone resorption in hyperparathyroidism or Paget's disease hypocalcemia abnormally low level of calcium in the blood; associated with hypoparathyroidism or kidney malfunction or vitamin D deficiency hypercalciuria the presence of abnormally high levels of calcium in the urine; usually the result of excessive bone resorption in hyperparathyroidism or osteoporosis hypercholesterolemia the presence of an abnormal amount of cholesterol in the cells and plasma of the blood; associated with the risk of atherosclerosis hyperkalemia higher than normal levels of potassium in the circulating blood; associated with kidney failure or sometimes with the use of diuretic drugs hypokalemia abnormally low level of potassium in the circulating blood leading to weakness and heart abnormalities; associated with adrenal tumors or starvation or taking diuretics kalemia the presence of excess potassium in the circulating blood kaliuresis the presence of excess potassium in the urine natriuresis the presence of abnormally large amounts of sodium in the urine hyperlipoproteinemia any of various disorders of lipoprotein and cholesterol metabolism that result in high levels of lipoprotein and cholesterol in the circulating blood hypolipoproteinemia any of various disorders of lipoprotein and cholesterol metabolism that result in low levels of lipoprotein and cholesterol in the circulating blood hypoproteinemia abnormally low level of protein in the blood; can indicate inadequate diet or intestinal or renal disorders hypernatremia excessive amounts of sodium in the blood; possibly indicating diabetes insipidus hyponatremia abnormally low level of sodium in the blood; associated with dehydration hypersplenism enlarged spleen and a decrease in one or more types of blood cells; associated with many disorders ketonuria excessive amounts of ketone bodies in the urine as in diabetes mellitus or starvation rabies an acute viral disease of the nervous system of warm-blooded animals (usually transmitted by the bite of a rabid animal); rabies is fatal if the virus reaches the brain red water a disease of cattle; characterized by hematuria rhinotracheitis a respiratory infection of the nose and throat in cattle rinderpest an acute infectious viral disease of cattle (usually fatal); characterized by fever and diarrhea and inflammation of mucous membranes scours diarrhea in livestock scrapie a fatal disease of sheep characterized by chronic itching and loss of muscular control and progressive degeneration of the central nervous system shipping fever a deadly form of septicemia in cattle and sheep; involves high fever and pneumonia; contracted under conditions of exposure or exhaustion (as often happens when the animals are shipped to market) spavin a swelling of the hock joint of a horse; resulting in lameness blood spavin spavin caused by distension of the veins bog spavin spavin caused by collection of fluids bone spavin spavin caused by a bony growth swamp fever an infectious disease cause by leptospira and transmitted to humans from domestic animals; characterized by jaundice and fever canicola fever an acute feverish disease in people and in dogs marked by gastroenteritis and mild jaundice Weil's disease a severe form of leptospirosis in human beings loco disease a disease of livestock caused by locoweed poisoning; characterized by weakness and lack of coordination and trembling and partial paralysis looping ill an acute viral disease of the nervous system in sheep; can be transmitted by Ixodes ricinus mange a persistent and contagious disease of the skin causing inflammation and itching and loss of hair; affects domestic animals (and sometimes people) moon blindness recurrent eye inflammation in horses; sometimes resulting in blindness murrain any disease of domestic animals that resembles a plague myxomatosis a viral disease (usually fatal) of rabbits Newcastle disease disease of domestic fowl and other birds pullorum disease a serious bacterial disease of young chickens sand crack a fissure in the wall of a horse's hoof often causing lameness toe crack a crack on the forepart of a horse's hindfoot quarter crack a crack on the inside of a horse's forefoot staggers a disease of the central nervous system affecting especially horses and cattle; characterized by an unsteady swaying gait and frequent falling Texas fever an infectious disease of cattle transmitted by the cattle tick trembles disease of livestock and especially cattle poisoned by eating certain kinds of snakeroot tularemia a highly infectious disease of rodents (especially rabbits and squirrels) and sometimes transmitted to humans by ticks or flies or by handling infected animals zoonosis an animal disease that can be transmitted to humans plant disease a disease that affects plants black knot disease of plum and cherry trees characterized by black excrescences on the branches black rot a fungous disease causing darkening and decay of the leaves of fruits and vegetables black spot any of several fungous diseases of plants that produce small black spots on the plant bottom rot fungous disease of lettuce that first rots lower leaves and spreads upward brown rot any of certain fungous diseases of plants characterized by browning and decay of tissues brown rot gummosis disease of citrus trees caused by the fungus Phytophthora citrophthora gummosis pathological production of gummy exudates in citrus and various stone-fruit trees ring rot disease of tomatoes and potatoes and tobacco etc caused by the bacterium Pseudomonas solanacearum cotton ball a fungus disease of cranberries crown gall a bacterial disease of plants (especially pome and stone fruits and grapes and roses) which forms excrescences on the stem near the ground hairy root a phase of crown gall (especially in apples) during which there is abnormal development of fine fibrous roots crown wart a fungous disease of alfalfa which forms white excrescences at the base of the stem damping off a plant disease caused by a fungus; diseased condition of seedlings in excessive moisture dieback a disease of plants characterized by the gradual dying of the young shoots starting at the tips and progressing to the larger branches heartrot any plant disease in which the central part of a plant rots (especially in trees) potato mosaic a disease of the leaves of potato plants tobacco mosaic a plant disease causing discoloration of the leaves of tobacco plants tomato streak disease of a wide range of plants (tomatoes, potatoes, peas) resulting from a mixed infection of potato and tomato mosaic rhizoctinia disease disease caused by rhizoctinia or fungi of Pellicularia and Corticium little potato rhizoctinia disease of potatoes pink disease serious bark disease of many tropical crop trees (coffee, citrus, rubber); branches have a covering of pink hyphae potato wart fungous disease causing dark warty spongy excrescences in the eyes of potato tubers root rot disease characterized by root decay; caused by various fungi leaf scorch plant disease causing a burned or scorched appearance of the foliage sweet-potato ring rot disease of sweet potatoes in which roots are girdled by rings of dry rot sclerotium disease plant disease cause by fungi of the genus Sclerotium; also one in which sclerotia are formed Dutch elm disease disease of elms caused by a fungus granville wilt a bacterial wilt of tobacco plants pinkroot a fungal disease of onions fusarium wilt wilt caused by fungi of the genus Fusarium verticilliosis wilt caused by fungi of the genus Verticillium flag smut smut affecting leaves and stems of cereals and other grasses green smut disease of rice; grains covered by a green powder consisting of conidia soft rot mushy or slimy decay of plants caused by bacteria or fungi yellow dwarf any of several virus diseases of plants characterized by stunting and yellowing of the leaves yellow dwarf of potato the yellow dwarf disease of potato plants onion yellow dwarf the yellow dwarf disease of onion plants yellow spot any of several fungous or viral diseases characterized by yellow spotting on the leaves trauma an emotional wound or shock often having long-lasting effects birth trauma emotional injury inflicted on an infant by events incident to birth that is alleged to appear in symbolic form in patients with mental illness physical injury to an infant during the birth process raw wound a wound that exposes subcutaneous tissue stigmata marks resembling the wounds on the crucified body of Christ rope burn abrasion (usually on the hands) caused by friction from a rope dog bite a bite inflicted by a dog snakebite a bite inflicted by a (venomous) snake bee sting a sting inflicted by a bee mosquito bite a sting inflicted by a mosquito blast trauma injury caused the explosion of a bomb (especially in enclosed spaces) bleeding the flow of blood from a ruptured blood vessel hemorrhagic stroke stroke caused by the rupture of a blood vessel in the brain blunt trauma injury incurred when the human body hits or is hit by a large outside object (as a car) bruise an injury that doesn't break the skin but results in some discoloration damage (plant tissue) by abrasion or pressure; "The customer bruised the strawberries by squeezing them" break up into small pieces for food preparation; "bruise the berries with a wooden spoon and strain them" injure the underlying soft tissue or bone of; "I bruised my knee" petechia a minute red or purple spot on the surface of the skin as the result of tiny hemorrhages of blood vessels in the skin (as in typhoid fever) bump a lump on the body caused by a blow knock against with force or violence; "My car bumped into the tree" dance erotically or dance with the pelvis thrust forward; "bump and grind" electric burn a burn caused by heat produced by an electric current sunburn redness of the skin caused by exposure to the rays of the sun get a sunburn by overexposure to the sun windburn redness and irritation of the skin caused by exposure to high-velocity wind hyperpigmentation unusual darkening of the skin hypopigmentation unusual lack of skin color first-degree burn burn causing redness of the skin surface second-degree burn burn causing blisters on the skin and superficial destruction of the dermis third-degree burn burn characterized by destruction of both epidermis and dermis comminuted fracture fracture in which the bone is splintered or crushed complete fracture break involving the entire width of the bone compound fracture bone fracture associated with lacerated soft tissue or an open wound compression fracture fracture in which the bone collapses (especially in short bones such as vertebrae) depressed fracture fracture of the skull where the bone is pushed in displaced fracture fracture in which the two ends of the broken bone are separated from one another fatigue fracture fracture resulting from excessive activity rather than a specific injury hairline fracture a fracture without separation of the fragments and the line of the break being very thin greenstick fracture a partial fracture of a bone (usually in children); the bone is bent but broken on only one side incomplete fracture fracture that does not go across the entire width of the bone impacted fracture fracture in which one broken end is wedged into the other broken end simple fracture an uncomplicated fracture in which the broken bones to not pierce the skin abarticulation dislocation of a joint diastasis separation of an epiphysis from the long bone to which it is normally attached without fracture of the bone spondylolisthesis a forward dislocation of one vertebra over the one beneath it producing pressure on spinal nerves frostbite destruction of tissue by freezing and characterized by tingling, blistering and possibly gangrene intravasation entry of foreign matter into a blood vessel penetrating trauma injury incurred when an object (as a knife or bullet or shrapnel) penetrates into the body hernia rupture in smooth muscle tissue through which a bodily structure protrudes colpocele hernia projecting into the vagina diverticulum a herniation through the muscular wall of a tubular organ (especially the colon) Meckel's diverticulum a congenital diverticulum in the ileum resulting from incomplete closure of the yolk sac eventration protrusion of the intestine through the abdominal wall exomphalos an umbilical hernia at birth in which some abdominal organs push into the umbilical cord hiatus hernia hernia resulting from the protrusion of part of the stomach through the diaphragm herniated disc a painful rupture of the fibrocartilage of the disc between spinal vertebrae; occurs most often in the lumbar region inguinal hernia hernia in which a loop of intestine enters the inguinal canal; the most common type of hernia in males cystocele hernia in which the urinary bladder protrudes through the wall of the vagina; sometimes occurs after childbirth rectocele protrusion or herniation of the rectum into the vagina; can occur if pelvic muscles are weakened by childbirth keratocele hernia of the cornea laparocele hernia through the abdomen umbilical hernia protrusion of the intestine and omentum through a hernia in the abdominal wall near the navel; usually self correcting after birth sleep disorder a disturbance of the normal sleep pattern whiplash an injury to the neck (the cervical vertebrae) resulting from rapid acceleration or deceleration (as in an automobile accident) sprain a painful injury to a joint caused by a sudden wrenching of its ligaments trench foot resembling frostbite but without freezing; resulting from exposure to cold and wet vital sign sign of life; usually an indicator of a person's general physical condition; "he was still alive but his vital signs were weak" amenorrhea absence or suppression of normal menstrual flow chloasma a tan discoloration of a woman's face that is associated with pregnancy or with the use of oral contraceptives clubbing a condition in which the ends of toes and fingers become wide and thick; a symptom of heart or lung disease cyanosis a bluish discoloration of the skin and mucous membranes diuresis increased secretion of urine; if not due to increased liquid intake or to the action of a diuretic drug it can be a symptom of diabetes mellitus acrocyanosis cyanosis of the extremities; can occur when a spasm of the blood vessels is caused by exposure to cold or by strong emotion primary amenorrhea delay of menarche beyond age 18 secondary amenorrhea cessation of menstruation in a woman who had previously menstruated prodrome an early symptom that a disease is developing or that an attack is about to occur cervical disc syndrome an abnormal condition resulting from compression of spinal nerve roots in the neck region; involves neck pains and muscular weakness and paresthesia Chinese restaurant syndrome headache and tingling or burning feelings and sweating caused by eating food that contains monosodium glutamate Conn's syndrome disturbances in saltwater balance and symptoms of weakness and muscular cramps and twitching and convulsions and sometimes paralysis; usually caused by a benign tumor of the cortex of the adrenal gland that leads to excess secretion of aldosterone fetal alcohol syndrome a congenital medical condition in which body deformation occurs or facial development or mental ability is impaired because the mother drinks alcohol during pregnancy Gulf War syndrome a medical condition of uncertain origin that affected many veterans of the 1991 Gulf War; characterized by fatigue and headache and dizziness and nausea and rashes and joint pain and respiratory disorders regional enteritis a serious chronic and progressive inflammation of the ileum producing frequent bouts of diarrhea with abdominal pain and nausea and fever and weight loss irritable bowel syndrome recurrent abdominal pain and diarrhea (often alternating with periods of constipation); often associated with emotional stress Klinefelter's syndrome syndrome in males that is characterized by small testes and long legs and enlarged breasts and reduced sperm production and mental retardation; a genetic defect in which an extra X chromosome (XXY) is present in the male ulcerative colitis a serious chronic inflammatory disease of the large intestine and rectum characterized by recurrent episodes of abdominal pain and fever and chills and profuse diarrhea malabsorption syndrome a pattern of symptoms including loss of appetite and bloating and weight loss and muscle pain and steatorrhea; associated with celiac disease and sprue and cystic fibrosis Munchausen's syndrome syndrome consisting of feigning acute and dramatic illness for which no clinical evidence is ever found narcolepsy a sleep disorder characterized by sudden and uncontrollable episodes of deep sleep; "he believes that narcolepsy is attributable to an inability to suppress REM sleep during waking" nephrotic syndrome a syndrome characterized by edema and large amounts of protein in the urine and usually increased blood cholesterol; usually associated with glomerulonephritis or with a complication of various systemic diseases Noonan's syndrome syndrome seen only in males; marked by short stature and lowset ears and subnormal fertility phantom limb syndrome syndrome consisting of discomfort or pain in a limb that has been amputated premenstrual syndrome a syndrome that occurs in many women from 2 to 14 days before the onset of menstruation radiation sickness syndrome resulting from exposure to ionizing radiation (e.g., exposure to radioactive chemicals or to nuclear explosions); low doses cause diarrhea and nausea and vomiting and sometimes loss of hair; greater exposure can cause sterility and cataracts and some forms of cancer and other diseases; severe exposure can cause death within hours; "he was suffering from radiation" Ramsay Hunt syndrome syndrome resulting from infection by the herpes varicella zoster virus; characterized by vertigo and pain in the ears and facial nerve paralysis and sometimes hearing loss Reiter's syndrome an inflammatory syndrome (etiology unknown) predominantly in males; characterized by arthritis and conjunctivitis and urethritis restless legs syndrome feeling of uneasiness and restlessness in the legs after going to bed (sometimes causing insomnia); may be relieved temporarily by walking or moving the legs Reye's syndrome acquired encephalopathy following acute viral infections (especially influenza or chicken pox) in young children; characterized by fever, vomiting, disorientation, coma, and fatty infiltration of the liver scalenus syndrome discomfort and vascular symptoms and loss of sensation in a shoulder and arm; caused by a scalene muscle compressing the subclavian artery and part of the brachial plexus neonatal death death of a liveborn infant within the first 28 days of life sudden infant death syndrome sudden and unexpected death of an apparently healthy infant during sleep tetany clinical neurological syndrome characterized by muscular twitching and cramps and (when severe) seizures; associated with calcium deficiency (hypoparathyroidism) or vitamin D deficiency or alkalosis thoracic outlet syndrome tingling sensations in the fingers; caused by compression on a nerve supplying the arm Tietze's syndrome syndrome characterized by swelling of rib cartilage (causing pain) Tourette's syndrome neurological disorder characterized by facial grimaces and tics and movements of the upper body and grunts and shouts and coprolalia bummer a bad reaction to a hallucinogenic drug an experience that is irritating or frustrating or disappointing; "having to stand in line so long was a real bummer" hairy tongue a benign side effect of some antibiotics; dark overgrowth of the papillae of the tongue abscess symptom consisting of a localized collection of pus surrounded by inflamed tissue abscessed tooth an abscess of a common kind in the tissue around a tooth purulence symptom of being purulent (containing or forming pus) water blister blister containing a nonpurulent clear watery content blood blister blister containing blood or bloody serum usually caused by an injury exophthalmos protrusion of the eyeball from the socket festination involuntary shortening of stride and quickening of gait that occurs in some diseases (e.g., Parkinson's disease) furring a furlike coating of matter as on the tongue gangrene necrotic tissue; a mortified or gangrenous part or mass dry gangrene (pathology) gangrene that develops in the presence of arterial obstruction and is characterized by dryness of the dead tissue and a dark brown color gas gangrene (pathology) a deadly form of gangrene usually caused by clostridium bacteria that produce toxins that cause tissue death; can be used as a bioweapon hematuria the presence of blood in the urine; often a symptom of urinary tract disease hemoglobinuria presence of hemoglobin in the urine hemosiderosis abnormal deposit of hemosiderin; often a symptom of thalassemia or hemochromatosis sneeze a symptom consisting of the involuntary expulsion of air from the nose exhale spasmodically, as when an irritant entered one's nose; "Pepper makes me sneeze" swelling an abnormal protuberance or localized enlargement bloat swelling of the rumen or intestinal tract of domestic animals caused by excessive gas become bloated or swollen or puff up; "The dead man's stomach was bloated" make bloated or swollen; "Hunger bloated the child's belly" bubo a lymph node that is inflamed and swollen because of plague or gonorrhea or tuberculosis anasarca generalized edema with accumulation of serum in subcutaneous connective tissue chemosis edema of the mucous membrane of the eyeball and eyelid lining papilledema swelling of the optic disc (where the optic nerve enters the eyeball); usually associated with an increase in intraocular pressure bunion a painful swelling of the bursa of the first joint of the big toe palsy a condition marked by uncontrollable tremor affect with palsy pyuria presence of white blood cells in the urine; symptom of urinary tract infection edema swelling from excessive accumulation of watery fluid in cells, tissues, or serous cavities cerebral edema swelling of the brain due to the uptake of water in the neuropile and white matter hematocele swelling caused by blood collecting in a body cavity (especially a swelling of the membrane covering the testis) hematocolpometra accumulation of blood in the vagina and uterus hematocolpos accumulation of menstrual blood in the vagina (usually due to an imperforate hymen) iridoncus swelling of the iris of the eye lymphogranuloma swelling of a lymph node oscheocele swelling of the scrotum tumescence tumidity resulting from the presence of blood or other fluid in the tissues tumidity slight swelling of an organ or part cephalhematoma a collection of blood under the scalp of a newborn; caused by pressure during birth hematoma a localized swelling filled with blood proud flesh the swollen tissue around a healing wound or ulcer hyperbilirubinemia abnormally high amounts of bile pigment (bilirubin) in the blood hyperbilirubinemia of the newborn a common disorder that is usually due to immaturity of the liver; usually subsides spontaneously hyperglycemia abnormally high blood sugar usually associated with diabetes hypoglycemia abnormally low blood sugar usually resulting from excessive insulin or a poor diet jaundice yellowing of the skin and the whites of the eyes caused by an accumulation of bile pigment (bilirubin) in the blood; can be a symptom of gallstones or liver infection or anemia affect with, or as if with, jaundice distort adversely; "Jealousy had jaundiced his judgment" jaundice of the newborn yellowish appearance in newborn infants; usually subsides spontaneously kernicterus an abnormal accumulation of bile pigment in the brain and other nerve tissue; causes yellow staining and tissue damage hydrothorax accumulation of fluid in the pleural cavity (the space between the lungs and the walls of the chest) often resulting from disease of the heart or kidneys hemothorax accumulation of blood in the pleural cavity (the space between the lungs and the walls of the chest) hyperemia increased blood in an organ or other body part pulmonary congestion congestion in the lungs enanthem eruption on a mucous membrane (as the inside of the mouth) occurring as a symptom of a disease exanthem eruption on the skin occurring as a symptom of a disease prickly heat obstruction of the sweat ducts during high heat and humidity numbness partial or total lack of sensation in a part of the body; a symptom of nerve damage or dysfunction ache a dull persistent (usually moderately intense) pain have a desire for something or someone who is not present; "She ached for a cigarette"; "I am pining for my lover" be the source of pain toothache an ache localized in or around a tooth aerodontalgia pain in the teeth that results from a change in air pressure (as in flying or mountain climbing) arthralgia pain in a joint or joints throe severe spasm of pain; "the throes of dying"; "the throes of childbirth" hard or painful trouble or struggle; "a country in the throes of economic collapse" paresthesia abnormal skin sensations (as tingling or tickling or itching or burning) usually associated with peripheral nerve damage formication hallucinated sensation that insects or snakes are crawling over the skin; a common side-effect of extensive use of cocaine or amphetamines Passion the suffering of Jesus at the Crucifixion backache an ache localized in the back causalgia a burning pain in a limb along the course of a peripheral nerve; usually associated with skin changes colic acute abdominal pain (especially in infants) chest pain pain in the chest chiralgia a pain in the hand that is not traumatic dysmenorrhea painful menstruation primary dysmenorrhea painful menstruation that is intrinsic to menstruation and not the result of a disease secondary dysmenorrhea painful menstruation that is caused by some specific disorder (as endometriosis) headache pain in the head caused by dilation of cerebral arteries or muscle contractions or a reaction to drugs glossalgia pain in the tongue hemorrhoid venous swelling external or internal to the anal sphincter stomachache an ache localized in the stomach or abdominal region earache an ache localized in the middle or inner ear histamine headache a painful recurring headache associated with the release of histamine from cells migraine a severe recurring vascular headache; occurs more frequently in women than men sick headache a headache accompanied by nausea sinus headache a headache resulting from congestion or infection in the paranasal sinuses tension headache a headache located at the back of the head; usually caused by body tension resulting from overwork or psychological stress lumbago backache affecting the lumbar region or lower back; can be caused by muscle strain or arthritis or vascular insufficiency or a ruptured intervertebral disc keratalgia pain in the cornea labor pain pain and discomfort associated with contractions of the uterus during labor mastalgia pain in the breast melagra rheumatic or myalgic pains in the arms or legs meralgia pain in the thigh metralgia pain in the uterus myalgia pain in a muscle or group of muscles nephralgia pain in the kidney (usually felt in the loins) neuralgia acute spasmodic pain along the course of one or more nerves odynophagia severe pain on swallowing due to a disorder of the esophagus orchidalgia pain in the testes photalgia pain in the eye resulting from exposure to bright light (often associated with albinism) pleurodynia pain in the chest caused by inflammation of the muscles between the ribs podalgia foot pain proctalgia pain in the rectum epidemic pleurodynia an acute infectious disease occurring in epidemic form and featuring paroxysms of pain (usually in the chest) trigeminal neuralgia intense paroxysmal neuralgia along the trigeminal nerve sciatica neuralgia along the sciatic nerve birth pangs a regularly recurrent spasm of pain that is characteristic of childbirth afterpains pains felt by a woman after her baby is born; associated with contractions of the uterus palilalia a pathological condition in which a word is rapidly and involuntarily repeated palmature an abnormality in which the fingers are webbed referred pain pain that is felt at a place in the body different from the injured or diseased part where the pain would be expected; "angina pectoris can cause referred pain in the left shoulder"; "pain in the right shoulder can be referred pain from gallbladder disease" renal colic sharp pain in the lower back that radiates into the groin; associated with the passage of a renal calculus through the ureter smart a kind of pain such as that caused by a wound or a burn or a sore capable of independent and apparently intelligent action; "smart weapons" showing mental alertness and calculation and resourcefulness quick and brisk; "I gave him a smart salute"; "we walked at a smart pace" painfully severe; "he gave the dog a smart blow" rebound tenderness pain felt when a hand pressing on the abdomen is suddenly released; a symptom of peritoneal inflammation thermalgesia pain caused by heat chafe soreness and warmth caused by friction; "he had a nasty chafe on his knee" warm by rubbing, as with the hands tear or wear off the skin or make sore by abrading; "This leash chafes the dog's neck" feel extreme irritation or anger; "He was chafing at her suggestion that he stay at home while she went on a vacation" become or make sore by or as if by rubbing ulalgia pain in the gums urodynia pain during urination postnasal drip chronic secretion of mucus from the rear of the nasal cavity into the nasopharynx papule a small inflamed elevation of skin that is nonsuppurative (as in chicken pox) papulovesicle a papule that changes into a blister pustule a small inflamed elevation of skin containing pus; a blister filled with pus pimple a small inflamed elevation of the skin; a pustule or papule; common symptom in acne pock a pustule in an eruptive disease cardiomegaly an abnormal enlargement of the heart; "mild cardiomegaly is common in athletes" heart murmur an abnormal sound of the heart; sometimes a sign of abnormal function of the heart valves systolic murmur a murmur heard during systole palpitation a rapid and irregular heart beat heartburn a painful burning sensation in the chest caused by gastroesophageal reflux (backflow from the stomach irritating the esophagus); symptomatic of an ulcer or a diaphragmatic hernia or other disorder gastroesophageal reflux reflux of stomach contents into the esophagus hepatojugular reflux a venous reflux occurring in congestive heart failure ureterorenal reflux a backflow of urine from the ureter into the renal pelvis vesicoureteral reflux a backflow of urine from the bladder into the ureter reflux an abnormal backward flow of body fluids hot flash sudden brief sensation of heat (associated with menopause and some mental disorders) indigestion a disorder of digestive function characterized by discomfort or heartburn or nausea amyxia a condition in which no mucus in produced carditis inflammation of the heart endocarditis inflammation of the endocardium and heart valves subacute bacterial endocarditis a chronic bacterial infection of the endocardium and heart valves; symptoms develop slowly myocardial inflammation inflammation of the myocardium (the muscular tissue of the heart) pancarditis inflammation of the entire heart (the epicardium and the myocardium and the endocardium) pericarditis inflammation of the pericardium catarrh inflammation of the nose and throat with increased production of mucus cellulitis an inflammation of body tissue (especially that below the skin) characterized by fever and swelling and redness and pain cervicitis inflammation of the uterine cervix cheilitis inflammation and cracking of the skin of the lips quartan a malarial fever that recurs every fourth day occurring every fourth day (especially the fever and weakness of malaria); "quartan malaria" cholangitis inflammation of the bile ducts cholecystitis inflammation of the gall bladder chorditis inflammation of the vocal cords inflammation of the spermatic cord colitis inflammation of the colon colpitis inflammation of the vagina colpocystitis inflammation of the vagina and bladder conjunctivitis inflammation of the conjunctiva of the eye corditis inflammation of the spermatic cord costochondritis inflammation at the junction of a rib and its cartilage dacryocystitis inflammation of the lacrimal sac causing obstruction of the tube draining tears into the nose diverticulitis inflammation of a diverticulum in the digestive tract (especially the colon); characterized by painful abdominal cramping and fever and constipation encephalitis inflammation of the brain usually caused by a virus; symptoms include headache and neck pain and drowsiness and nausea and fever (`phrenitis' is no longer in scientific use) encephalomyelitis inflammation of the brain and spinal cord endarteritis inflammation of the inner lining of an artery acute hemorrhagic encephalitis encephalitis that resembles apoplexy due to blood extravasation equine encephalitis encephalitis caused by a virus that is transmitted by a mosquito from an infected horse herpes simplex encephalitis common form of acute encephalitis caused by herpes simplex 1; usually affects the temporal and frontal lobes leukoencephalitis inflammation of the white matter of the brain meningoencephalitis inflammation of the brain and spinal cord and their meninges panencephalitis diffuse inflammation of the entire brain sleeping sickness an encephalitis that was epidemic between 1915 and 1926; symptoms include paralysis of the extrinsic eye muscle and extreme muscular weakness West Nile encephalitis encephalitis caused by the West Nile virus; can be fatal in humans and horses and birds subacute sclerosing panencephalitis a rare chronic progressive encephalitis caused by the measles virus and occurring primarily in children and young adults; death usually occurs within three years; characterized by primary measles infection before the age of two years rubella panencephalitis a rare loss of mental and physical skills in adolescents; associated with the rubella virus endocervicitis inflammation of the mucous lining of the uterine cervix enteritis inflammation of the intestine (especially the small intestine); usually characterized by diarrhea necrotizing enteritis enteritis characterized by bloody diarrhea and severe abdominal pain epicondylitis painful inflammation of the muscles and soft tissues around an epicondyle epididymitis painful inflammation of the epididymis epiglottitis inflammation of the epiglottis; characterized by fever and a severe sore throat and difficulty in swallowing episcleritis inflammation of the sclera of the eye esophagitis inflammation of the esophagus; often caused by gastroesophageal reflux fibrositis inflammation of white fibrous tissues (especially muscle sheaths) fibromyositis local inflammation of muscle and connective tissue folliculitis inflammation of a hair follicle funiculitis inflammation of a funiculus (especially an inflammation of the spermatic cord) gastritis inflammation of the lining of the stomach; nausea and loss of appetite and discomfort after eating acute gastritis gastritis caused by ingesting an irritant (as too much aspirin) chronic gastritis persistent gastritis can be a symptom of a gastric ulcer or pernicious anemia or stomach cancer or other disorders glossitis inflammation of the tongue acute glossitis glossitis resulting from injury or infection and characterized by swelling and pain chronic glossitis glossitis with atrophy of tongue tissue; sometimes accompanies pernicious anemia Moeller's glossitis a superficial form of glossitis marked by irregular red patches on the tongue and sensitivity to hot or spicy food hydrarthrosis inflammation and swelling of a movable joint because of excess synovial fluid ileitis inflammation of the ileum iridocyclitis inflammation of the iris and ciliary body of the eye iridokeratitis inflammation of the iris and cornea of the eye iritis inflammation of the iris jejunitis inflammation of the jejunum of the small intestine jejunoileitis inflammation of the jejunum and the ileum of the small intestine keratitis inflammation of the cornea causing watery painful eyes and blurred vision keratoconjunctivitis inflammation of the cornea and conjunctiva keratoiritis inflammation of the cornea and the iris of the eye keratoscleritis inflammation of the cornea and sclera of the eye labyrinthitis inflammation of the inner ear; can cause vertigo and vomiting laminitis inflammation of the laminated tissue that attaches the hoof to the foot of a horse laryngitis inflammation of the mucous membrane of the larynx; characterized by hoarseness or loss of voice and coughing laryngopharyngitis inflammation of the larynx and pharynx laryngotracheobronchitis inflammation of the larynx and trachea and bronchial passageways leptomeningitis inflammation of the leptomeninges lymphadenitis inflammation of lymph nodes lymphangitis inflammation of a lymph vessel mastitis inflammation of a breast (or udder) mastoiditis inflammation of the mastoid metritis inflammation of the lining of the uterus (of the endometrium) monoplegia paralysis of a single limb myelatelia any developmental defect of the spinal cord myelitis inflammation of the spinal cord myositis inflammation of muscle tissue myometritis inflammation of the myometrium trichinosis infestation by trichina larvae that are transmitted by eating inadequately cooked meat (especially pork); larvae migrate from the intestinal tract to the muscles where they become encysted neuritis inflammation of a nerve accompanied by pain and sometimes loss of function oophoritis inflammation of one or both ovaries orchitis inflammation of one or both testes; characterized by pain and swelling ophthalmoplegia paralysis of the motor nerves of the eye osteitis inflammation of a bone as a consequence of infection or trauma or degeneration osteomyelitis an inflammation of bone and bone marrow (usually caused by bacterial infection) otitis inflammation of the ear otitis externa inflammation of the external ear (including auricle and ear canal) otitis media inflammation of the middle ear; common in children ovaritis inflammation of the ovaries otorrhea discharge from the external ear ozena a chronic disease of the nose characterized by a foul-smelling nasal discharge and atrophy of nasal structures pancreatitis inflammation of the pancreas; usually marked by abdominal pain parametritis inflammation of connective tissue adjacent to the uterus parotitis inflammation of one or both parotid glands peritonitis inflammation of the peritoneum phalangitis inflammation of a finger or toe phlebitis inflammation of a vein (usually in the legs) phlebothrombosis thrombosis of a vein without prior inflammation of the vein; associated with sluggish blood flow (as in prolonged bedrest or pregnancy or surgery) or with rapid coagulation of the blood polyneuritis inflammation of many or all of the peripheral nerves (as in leprosy) retrobulbar neuritis inflammation of the optic nerve behind the eye; common in multiple sclerosis Guillain-Barre syndrome a form of peripheral polyneuritis characterized by pain and weakness and sometimes paralysis of the limbs; cause is unknown thrombophlebitis phlebitis in conjunction with the formation of a blood clot (thrombus) pneumonitis inflammation of the lungs; caused by a virus or an allergic reaction posthitis inflammation of the foreskin of the penis; usually caused by bacterial infection proctitis inflammation of the rectum; marked by bloody stools and a frequent urge to defecate; frequently associated with Crohn's disease or ulcerative colitis prostatitis inflammation of the prostate gland characterized by perineal pain and irregular urination and (if severe) chills and fever rachitis inflammation of the vertebral column radiculitis inflammation of the radicle of a nerve chorioretinitis inflammation of the choroid layer behind the retina retinitis inflammation of the retina rhinitis an inflammation of the mucous membrane lining the nose (usually associated with nasal discharge) sinusitis inflammation of one of the paranasal sinuses pansinusitis inflammation of all of the paranasal sinuses salpingitis inflammation of a Fallopian tube (usually the result of infection spreading from the vagina or uterus) or of a Eustachian tube scleritis inflammation of the sclera sialadenitis inflammation of the salivary glands splenitis inflammation of the spleen spondylitis inflammation of a spinal joint; characterized by pain and stiffness stomatitis inflammation of the mucous membrane of the mouth vesicular stomatitis a disease of horses, cattle, swine, and occasionally human beings; caused by the vesiculovirus synovitis inflammation of the synovial membrane that lines a synovial joint; results in pain and swelling tarsitis inflammation of the eyelid tendinitis inflammation of a tendon tennis elbow painful inflammation of the tendon at the outer border of the elbow resulting from overuse of lower arm muscles (as in twisting of the hand) tenosynovitis inflammation of a tendon and its enveloping sheath thyroiditis inflammation of the thyroid gland tonsillitis inflammation of the tonsils (especially the palatine tonsils) tracheitis inflammation of the trachea tracheobronchitis common respiratory infection characterized by inflammation of the trachea and the bronchi tympanitis inflammation of the inner ear ulitis inflammation of the gums ureteritis inflammation of the ureter uveitis inflammation of the uvea of the eye uvulitis inflammation of the uvula vaccinia a local infection induced in humans by inoculation with the virus causing cowpox in order to confer resistance to smallpox; normally lasts three weeks and leaves a pitted scar vaginitis inflammation of the vagina (usually associated with candidiasis) valvulitis inflammation of a valve (especially of a cardiac valve as a consequence of rheumatic fever) vasculitis inflammation of a blood vessel vasovesiculitis inflammation of the vas deferens and seminal vesicles; usually occurring with prostatitis vesiculitis inflammation of a seminal vesicle (usually in conjunction with prostatitis) vulvitis inflammation of the vulva vulvovaginitis inflammation of the vulva and the vagina cough a sudden noisy expulsion of air from the lungs that clears the air passages; a common symptom of upper respiratory infection or bronchitis or pneumonia or tuberculosis exhale abruptly, as when one has a chest cold or congestion; "The smoker coughs all day" hiccup (usually plural) the state of having reflex spasms of the diaphragm accompanied by a rapid closure of the glottis producing an audible sound; sometimes a symptom of indigestion; "how do you cure the hiccups?" breathe spasmodically, and make a sound; "When you have to hiccup, drink a glass of cold water" meningism symptoms that mimic those of meningitis but without inflammation of the meninges morning sickness nausea early in the day; a characteristic symptom in the early months of pregnancy queasiness a mild state of nausea charley horse a muscular cramp (especially in the thigh or calf) following vigorous exercise writer's cramp muscular spasms of thumb and forefinger while writing with a pen or pencil blepharospasm spasm of the eyelid muscle resulting in closure of the eye crick a painful muscle spasm especially in the neck or back (`rick' and `wrick' are British) twist (a body part) into a strained position; "crick your neck" myoclonus a clonic spasm of a muscle or muscle group opisthotonos severe spasm in which the back arches and the head bends back and heels flex toward the back twitch a sudden muscle spasm; especially one caused by a nervous condition make an uncontrolled, short, jerky motion; "his face is twitching" move or pull with a sudden motion tic a local and habitual twitching especially in the face blepharism condition in which a person blinks continuously atrial fibrillation fibrillation of the muscles of the atria of the heart bradycardia abnormally slow heartbeat heart block recurrent sudden attacks of unconsciousness caused by impaired conduction of the impulse that regulates the heartbeat premature ventricular contraction irregularity of cardiac rhythm; recurrent occurrences can be a precursor of ventricular fibrillation tachycardia abnormally rapid heartbeat (over 100 beats per minute) ventricular fibrillation fibrillation of heart muscles resulting in interference with rhythmic contractions of the ventricles and possibly leading to cardiac arrest fasciculation muscular twitching of contiguous groups of muscle fibers scar a mark left (usually on the skin) by the healing of injured tissue mark with a scar; "The skin disease scarred his face permanently" keloid raised pinkish scar tissue at the site of an injury; results from excessive tissue repair pockmark a scar or pit on the skin that is left by a pustule of smallpox or acne or other eruptive disease mark with or as if with pockmarks; "Her face was pockmarked by the disease" sword-cut a scar from a cut made by a sword vaccination the scar left following inoculation with a vaccine callosity an area of skin that is thick or hard from continual pressure or friction (as the sole of the foot) musca volitans spots before the eyes caused by opaque cell fragments in the vitreous humor and lens; "floaters seem to drift through the field of vision" hyperpyrexia extremely high fever (especially in children) dysplasia abnormal development (of organs or cells) or an abnormal structure resulting from such growth fibrous dysplasia of bone a disturbance in which bone that is undergoing lysis is replaced by an abnormal proliferation of fibrous tissue resulting in bone lesions or skin lesions Albright's disease fibrous dysplasia of bone affecting multiple bones monostotic fibrous dysplasia fibrous dysplasia of bone confined to a single bone hypertrophy abnormal enlargement of a body part or organ undergo hypertrophy; "muscles can hypertrophy when people take steroids" adenomegaly gland enlargement cor pulmonale enlargement of the right ventricle of the heart due to disease of the lungs or of the pulmonary blood vessels dactylomegaly abnormally large fingers or toes elephantiasis hypertrophy of certain body parts (usually legs and scrotum); the end state of the disease filariasis elephantiasis neuromatosa hypertrophy of a limb elephantiasis scroti swelling of the scrotum resulting from chronic lymphatic obstruction nevoid elephantiasis thickening of the skin (usually unilateral on an extremity) caused by congenital enlargement of lymph vessel and lymph vessel obstruction filariasis a disease caused by nematodes in the blood or tissues of the body causing blockage of lymphatic vessels splenomegaly an abnormal enlargement of the spleen giantism excessive size; usually caused by excessive secretion of growth hormone from the pituitary gland acromegaly enlargement of bones of hands and feet and face; often accompanied by headache and muscle pain and emotional disturbances; caused by overproduction of growth hormone by the anterior pituitary gland (due to a tumor) hyperplasia abnormal increase in number of cells benign prostatic hyperplasia enlarged prostate; appears to be part of the natural aging process hypoplasia underdevelopment of an organ because of a decrease in the number of cells anaplasia loss of structural differentiation within a cell or group of cells often with increased capacity for multiplication, as in a malignant tumor apnea transient cessation of respiration periodic apnea of the newborn irregular breathing of newborns; periods of rapid breathing followed by apnea; believed to be associated with sudden infant death syndrome dyspnea difficult or labored respiration orthopnea form of dyspnea in which the person can breathe comfortably only when standing or sitting erect; associated with asthma and emphysema and angina pectoris shortness of breath a dyspneic condition sleep apnea apnea that occurs during sleep cerebral hemorrhage bleeding from a ruptured blood vessel in the brain blood extravasation the leakage of blood from a vessel into tissues surrounding it; can occur in injuries or burns or allergic reactions hyphema bleeding into the interior chamber of the eye metrorrhagia bleeding from the uterus that is not due to menstruation; usually indicative of disease (as cervical cancer) nosebleed bleeding from the nose ulemorrhagia bleeding of the gums constipation irregular and infrequent or difficult evacuation of the bowels; can be a symptom of intestinal obstruction or diverticulitis dyschezia difficulty in defecating (usually as a consequence of long continued voluntary suppression of the urge to defecate) fecal impaction accumulation of hardened feces in the rectum or lower colon which the person cannot move obstipation severe constipation resulting from an obstruction in the intestines diarrhea frequent and watery bowel movements; can be a symptom of infection or food poisoning or colitis or a gastrointestinal tumor the shits obscene terms for diarrhea Montezuma's revenge diarrhea contracted in Mexico or Central America dizziness a reeling sensation; a feeling that you are about to fall wheeziness presence of abnormal high-pitched sound heard with a stethoscope when an airway is blocked (as in asthma or chronic bronchitis) withdrawal symptom any physical or psychological disturbance (as sweating or depression) experienced by a drug addict when deprived of the drug thrombus a blood clot formed within a blood vessel and remaining attached to its place of origin embolus an abnormal particle (e.g. an air bubble or part of a clot) circulating in the blood psychological state (psychology) a mental condition in which the qualities of a state are relatively constant even though the state itself may be dynamic; "a manic state" morale a state of individual psychological well-being based upon a sense of confidence and usefulness and purpose castration anxiety (psychoanalysis) anxiety resulting from real or imagined threats to your sexual functions; originally applied only to men but can in principle apply to women hypochondria chronic and abnormal anxiety about imaginary symptoms and ailments overanxiety excessive anxiety hallucinosis a mental state in which the person has continual hallucinations identity crisis distress and disorientation (especially in adolescence) resulting from conflicting pressures and uncertainty about one's self and one's role in society jitters extreme nervousness yips nervous tension that causes an athlete to fail (especially causes golfers to miss short putts); "to avoid the yips he changed his style of putting" delusions of grandeur a delusion (common in paranoia) that you are much greater and more powerful and influential than you really are delusions of persecution a delusion (common in paranoia) that others are out to get you and frustrate and embarrass you or inflict suffering on you; a complicated conspiracy is frequently imagined auditory hallucination illusory auditory perception of strange nonverbal sounds pink elephants any visual hallucination arising from heavy drinking pseudohallucination an image vivid enough to be a hallucination but recognized as unreal visual hallucination illusory visual perception zoopsia visual hallucination of animals; sometimes occurring in delirium tremens nihilistic delusion the delusion that things (or everything, including the self) do not exist; a sense that everything is unreal somatic delusion a delusion concerning the body image or parts of the body zoanthropy the delusion that you have assumed the form of an animal mental health the psychological state of someone who is functioning at a satisfactory level of emotional and behavioral adjustment mental soundness the healthy psychological state of someone with good judgment sanity normal or sound powers of mind lucidity a lucid state of mind; not confused mental illness any disease of the mind; the psychological state of someone who has emotional or behavioral problems serious enough to require psychiatric intervention anxiety disorder a cover term for a variety of mental disorders in which severe anxiety is a salient symptom generalized anxiety disorder an anxiety disorder characterized by chronic free-floating anxiety and such symptoms as tension or sweating or trembling or lightheadedness or irritability etc that has lasted for more than six months obsessive-compulsive disorder an anxiety disorder characterized by recurrent and persistent thoughts and feelings and repetitive, ritualized behaviors panic disorder an anxiety disorder characterized by unpredictable panic attacks; the attacks are usually severe but brief phobia an anxiety disorder characterized by extreme and irrational fear of simple things or social situations; "phobic disorder is a general term for all phobias" acarophobia a morbid fear of small insects and mites and worms agoraphobia a morbid fear of open spaces (as fear of being caught alone in some public place) androphobia a morbid fear of men arachnophobia a morbid fear of spiders gynophobia a morbid fear of women simple phobia any phobia (other than agoraphobia) associated with relatively simple well-defined stimuli acrophobia a morbid fear of great heights algophobia a morbid fear of pain aquaphobia a morbid fear of drowning astraphobia a morbid fear of thunder and lightning automysophobia a morbid fear of being dirty claustrophobia a morbid fear of being closed in a confined space cryophobia a morbid fear of freezing cyberphobia irrational fear of computers or technology hydrophobia a morbid fear of water a symptom of rabies in humans consisting of an aversion to swallowing liquids hypnophobia a morbid fear of falling asleep mysophobia a morbid fear of dirt or contamination neophobia a morbid fear of novelty nyctophobia a morbid fear of night or darkness phobophobia a morbid fear of developing a phobia phonophobia a morbid fear of sounds including your own voice photophobia a morbid fear of light pyrophobia a morbid fear of fire taphephobia a morbid fear of being buried alive thanatophobia a morbid fear of death triskaidekaphobia a morbid fear of the number 13 zoophobia a morbid fear of animals ailurophobia a morbid fear of cats cynophobia a morbid fear of dogs entomophobia a morbid fear of insects lepidophobia a morbid fear of snakes musophobia a morbid fear of mice social phobia any phobia (other than agoraphobia) associated with situations in which you are subject to criticism by others (as fear of eating in public or public speaking etc) satanophobia an abnormal fear of Satan school phobia a child's sudden fear of attending school traumatophobia a morbid fear of battle or physical injury xenophobia a fear of foreigners or strangers posttraumatic stress disorder an anxiety disorder associated with serious traumatic events and characterized by such symptoms as survivor guilt, reliving the trauma in dreams, numbness and lack of involvement with reality, or recurrent thoughts and images psychosomatic disorder a mental disorder that causes somatic symptoms conversion disorder a mental disorder characterized by the conversion of mental conflict into somatic forms (into paralysis or anesthesia having no apparent cause) glove anesthesia a mental disorder involving loss of sensitivity in the hand and wrist; "since no combination of nerves serve this area a glove anesthesia is clearly psychogenic in origin" delirium a usually brief state of excitement and mental confusion often accompanied by hallucinations delusional disorder any mental disorder in which delusions play a significant role encopresis involuntary defecation not attributable to physical defects or illness folie a deux the simultaneous occurrence of symptoms of a mental disorder (as delusions) in two persons who are closely related (as siblings or man and wife) personality disorder inflexible and maladaptive patterns of behavior maladjustment the condition of being unable to adapt properly to your environment with resulting emotional instability antisocial personality disorder a personality disorder characterized by amorality and lack of affect; capable of violent acts without guilt feelings (`psychopathic personality' was once widely used but was superseded by `sociopathic personality' to indicate the social aspects of the disorder, but now `antisocial personality disorder' is the preferred term) battle fatigue a mental disorder caused by stress of active warfare schizotypal personality characterized by symptoms similar to but less severe than schizophrenia affective disorder any mental disorder not caused by detectable organic abnormalities of the brain and in which a major disturbance of emotions is predominant depressive disorder a state of depression and anhedonia so severe as to require clinical intervention agitated depression a state of clinical depression in which the person exhibits irritability and restlessness anaclitic depression severe and progressive depression in infants who lose their mother and do not get a suitable substitute dysthymia mild chronic depression; "I thought she had just been in a bad mood for thirty years, but the doctor called it dysthymia" endogenous depression a state of depression for which there is no apparent precipitating cause exogenous depression an inappropriate state of depression that is precipitated by events in the person's life (to be distinguished from normal grief) major depressive episode (psychiatry) a state of depression with all the classic symptoms (anhedonia and lethargy and sleep disturbance and despondency and morbid thoughts and feelings of worthlessness and sometimes attempted suicide) but with no known organic dysfunction involutional depression a major depressive episode associated with the climacteric neurotic depression a term used for any state of depression that is not psychotic psychotic depression a state of depression so severe that the person loses contact with reality and suffers a variety of functional impairments retarded depression a state of clinical depression in which the individual is lethargic and slow to initiate action unipolar depression a major depressive episode that occurs without the manic phase that occurs in the classic form of bipolar disorder mass hysteria a condition in which a large group of people exhibit the same state of violent mental agitation megalomania a psychological state characterized by delusions of grandeur melancholia extreme depression characterized by tearful sadness and irrational fears bipolar disorder a mental disorder characterized by episodes of mania and depression cyclothymia a mild bipolar disorder that persists over a long time schizothymia resembling schizophrenia but remaining within the bounds of normality neurosis a mental or personality disturbance not attributable to any known neurological or organic dysfunction anxiety hysteria a form of hysteria having features of both conversion disorder and anxiety neurosis hysterocatalepsy hysteria with cataleptic symptoms anxiety neurosis characterized by diffuse anxiety and often somatic manifestations of fear split personality a relatively rare dissociative disorder in which the usual integrity of the personality breaks down and two or more independent personalities emerge insanity relatively permanent disorder of the mind lunacy obsolete terms for legal insanity dementia mental deterioration of organic or functional origin alcoholic dementia dementia observed during the last stages of severe chronic alcoholism; involves loss of memory for recent events although long term memory is intact presenile dementia dementia with onset before the age of 65 Alzheimer's disease a progressive form of presenile dementia that is similar to senile dementia except that it usually starts in the 40s or 50s; first symptoms are impaired memory which is followed by impaired thought and speech and finally complete helplessness Pick's disease a progressive form of presenile dementia found most often in middle-aged and elderly women and characterized by degeneration of the frontal and temporal lobes with loss of intellectual ability and transitory aphasia senile dementia dementia of the aged; results from degeneration of the brain in the absence of cerebrovascular disease rhinopathy any disease or malformation of the nose rhinophyma enlargement of the nose with dilation of follicles and redness and prominent vascularity of the skin; often associated with excessive consumption of alcohol Wernicke's encephalopathy inflammatory degenerative disease of the brain caused by thiamine deficiency that is usually associated with alcoholism irrationality the state of being irrational; lacking powers of understanding derangement a state of mental disturbance and disorientation craziness informal terms for insanity psychosis any severe mental disorder in which contact with reality is lost or highly distorted delirium tremens acute delirium caused by alcohol poisoning paranoia a psychological disorder characterized by delusions of persecution or grandeur schizophrenia any of several psychotic disorders characterized by distortions of reality and disturbances of thought and language and withdrawal from social contact borderline schizophrenia schizophrenia characterized by mild symptoms or by some preexisting tendency to schizophrenia catatonic schizophrenia a form of schizophrenia characterized by a tendency to remain in a fixed stuporous state for long periods; the catatonia may give way to short periods of extreme excitement hebephrenia a form of schizophrenia characterized by severe disintegration of personality including erratic speech and childish mannerisms and bizarre behavior; usually becomes evident during puberty; the most common diagnostic category in mental institutions paranoid schizophrenia a form of schizophrenia characterized by delusions (of persecution or grandeur or jealousy); symptoms may include anger and anxiety and aloofness and doubts about gender identity; unlike other types of schizophrenia the patients are usually presentable and (if delusions are not acted on) may function in an apparently normal manner acute schizophrenic episode schizophrenia of abrupt onset and relatively short duration (a few weeks or months) aphonia a disorder of the vocal organs that results in the loss of voice speech disorder a disorder of oral speech sprue a chronic disorder that occurs in tropical and non-tropical forms and in both children and adults; nutrients are not absorbed; symptoms include foul-smelling diarrhea and emaciation flaccid bladder a urinary bladder disorder resulting from interruption of the reflex arc normally associated with voiding urine; absence of bladder sensation and over-filling of the bladder and inability to urinate voluntarily neurogenic bladder a urinary bladder disorder caused by a lesion in the nervous system spastic bladder a urinary bladder disorder resulting from spinal cord lesion or multiple sclerosis or trauma; absence of bladder sensation and incontinence and interrupted voiding of urine cataphasia a speech disorder in which the same word is repeated several times in succession dysarthria impaired articulatory ability resulting from defects in the peripheral motor nerves or in the speech musculature dyslogia impaired ability to express ideas verbally; usually resulting from difficulties of reasoning (as in feeblemindedness or certain psychoses) dysphonia speech disorder attributable to a disorder of phonation lallation defective articulation of the `l' phoneme or the phoneme `r' is pronounced as `l' lambdacism speech defect involving excessive use or unusual pronunciation of the phoneme `l' lisp a speech defect that involves pronouncing `s' like voiceless `th' and `z' like voiced `th' speak with a lisp stammer a speech disorder involving hesitations and involuntary repetitions of certain sounds dither an excited state of agitation; "he was in a dither"; "there was a terrible flap about the theft" make a fuss; be agitated act nervously; be undecided; be uncertain slough of despond (formal) extreme depression low spirits a state of mild depression dumps an informal expression for a mildly depressed state; "in the dumps"; "have the mopes" cold sweat the physical condition of concurrent perspiration and chill; associated with fear red scare a period of general fear of communists areflexia absence of a reflex; a sign of possible nerve damage irritation the psychological state of being irritated or annoyed (pathology) abnormal sensitivity to stimulation; "any food produced irritation of the stomach" huff a state of irritation or annoyance inhale recreational drugs; "The addict was snorting cocaine almost every day"; "the kids were huffing glue" snit a state of agitated irritation; "he was in a snit" predicament a situation from which extrication is difficult especially an unpleasant or trying one; "finds himself in a most awkward predicament"; "the woeful plight of homeless people" hot water a dangerous or distressing predicament; "his views on race got him into political hot water" dog's breakfast a poor job; a mess; "they made a real dog's breakfast of that job" hard time a difficulty that can be overcome with effort; "we had a hard time getting here"; "analysts predicted rough sledding for handset makers" a term served in a maximum security prison race problem a social and political problem caused by conflict between races occupying the same or adjacent regions balance-of-payments problem an economic problem caused by payments for imports being greater than receipts for exports appro an informal British abbreviation of approval; "he accepted it on appro" acceptation acceptance as true or valid contentedness the state of being contented with your situation in life; "he relaxed in sleepy contentedness"; "they could read to their heart's content" acquiescence acceptance without protest discreteness the state of being several and distinct loneliness the state of being alone in solitary isolation hiddenness the state of being covert and hidden compartmentalization a mild state of dissociation dissociative disorder dissociation so severe that the usually integrated functions of consciousness and perception of self break down discontinuity lack of connection or continuity disjunction state of being disconnected separability the capability of being separated disjointedness lacking order or coherence coalition the state of being combined into one body osculation (mathematics) a contact of two curves (or two surfaces) at which they have a common tangent tangency the state of being tangent; having contact at a single point or along a line without crossing disassociation the state of being unconnected in memory or imagination; "I could not think of him in disassociation from his wife" betterment an improvement that adds to the value of a property or facility neglect the state of something that has been unused and neglected; "the house was in a terrible state of neglect" leave undone or leave out; "How could I miss that typo?"; "The workers on the conveyor belt miss one out of ten" fail to attend to; "he neglects his children" give little or no attention to; "Disregard the errors" reformation improvement (or an intended improvement) in the existing form or condition of institutions or practices etc.; intended to make a striking change for the better in social or political or religious affairs counterreformation a reformation intended to counter the results of a prior reformation maturity state of being mature; full development the date on which an obligation must be repaid adulthood the state (and responsibilities) of a person who has attained maturity the period of time in your life after your physical growth has stopped and you are fully developed parenthood the state of being a parent; "to everyone's surprise, parenthood reformed the man" ripeness the state of being ripe immaturity not having reached maturity post-maturity the state in which women have stopped ovulating callowness lacking and evidencing lack of experience of life prematureness the state of being premature adolescence in the state that someone is in between puberty and adulthood the time period between the beginning of puberty and adulthood childhood the state of a child between infancy and adolescence the time of person's life when they are a child infancy the earliest state of immaturity the early stage of growth or development encompassment including entirely biosafety level the level of safety from exposure to infectious agents; depends on work practices and safety equipment and facilities biosafety level 1 exposure only to infectious agents that do not ordinarily cause human disease biosafety level 2 exposure to infectious agents that can cause disease in humans but whose potential for transmission is limited biosafety level 3 exposure to infectious agents that can be transmitted by the respiratory route and which can cause serious infection biosafety level 4 exposure to exotic infectious agents that pose a high risk of life-threatening disease and can be transmitted as an aerosol and for which there is no vaccine or therapy rating standing or position on a scale ranking position on a scale in relation to others in status or rank or achievement A level the advanced level of a subject taken in school (usually two years after O level) General Certificate of Secondary Education the basic level of a subject taken in school college level the level of education that college students are assumed to have attained military rank rank in a military organization flag rank the rank of a flag officer archidiaconate office or position of an archdeacon dukedom the dignity or rank or position of a duke kingship the dignity or rank or position of a king princedom the dignity or rank or position of a prince salience the state of being salient low profile a state of low visibility in which public notice is avoided; "he was never one to keep a low profile" primacy the state of being first in importance eminence high status importance owing to marked superiority; "a scholar of great eminence" prestige a high standing achieved through success or influence or wealth etc.; "he wanted to achieve power and prestige" anonymity the state of being anonymous humbleness the state of being humble and unimportant nowhere an insignificant place; "he came out of nowhere" not anywhere; in or at or to no place; "I am going nowhere" oblivion the state of being disregarded or forgotten fame the state or quality of being widely honored and acclaimed favorable public reputation esteem the condition of being honored (esteemed or respected or well regarded); "it is held in esteem"; "a man who has earned high regard" disesteem the state in which esteem has been lost repute the state of being held in high esteem and honor black eye a bad reputation; "his behavior gave the whole family a black eye" infamy evil fame or public reputation a state of extreme dishonor; "a date which will live in infamy"- F.D.Roosevelt; "the name was a by-word of scorn and opprobrium throughout the city" notoriety the state of being known for some unfavorable act or quality disrepute the state of being held in low esteem; "your actions will bring discredit to your name"; "because of the scandal the school has fallen into disrepute" abasement a low or downcast state; "each confession brought her into an attitude of abasement"- H.L.Menchken degeneracy the state of being degenerate in mental or moral qualities obloquy state of disgrace resulting from public abuse odium state of disgrace resulting from detestable behavior ascendant position or state of being dominant or in control; "that idea was in the ascendant" most powerful or important or influential; "the economically ascendant class"; "D-day is considered the dominating event of the war in Europe" tending or directed upward; "rooted and ascendant strength like that of foliage"- John Ruskin predominance the state of being predominant over others dominion dominance or power through legal authority; "France held undisputed dominion over vast areas of Africa"; "the rule of Caesar" paramountcy the state of being paramount; the highest rank or authority raj British dominion over India (1757-1947) reign royal authority; the dominion of a monarch the period during which a monarch is sovereign; "during the reign of Henry VIII" a period during which something or somebody is dominant or powerful; "he was helpless under the reign of his egotism" have sovereign power; "Henry VIII reigned for a long time" monopoly exclusive control or possession of something; "They have no monopoly on intelligence" (economics) a market in which there are many buyers but only one seller; "a monopoly on silver"; "when you have a monopoly you can ask any price you like" monopsony (economics) a market in which goods or services are offered by several sellers but there is only one buyer oligopoly (economics) a market in which control over the supply of a commodity is in the hands of a small number of producers and each one can influence prices and affect competitors bane something causing misery or death; "the bane of my life" solace comfort in disappointment or misery coziness a state of warm snug comfort malaise physical discomfort (as mild sickness or depression) wellbeing a contented state of being happy and healthy and prosperous; "the town was finally on the upbeat after our recent troubles" fool's paradise an illusory state of wellbeing ill-being lack of prosperity or happiness or health living death a state of constant misery lack the state of needing something that is absent or unavailable; "there is a serious lack of insight into the problem"; "water is the critical deficiency in desert regions"; "for want of a nail the shoe was lost" mineral deficiency lack of a mineral micronutrient that is essential for normal nutrition or metabolism stringency a state occasioned by scarcity of money and a shortage of credit requisiteness the state of being absolutely required hurry a condition of urgency making it necessary to hurry; "in a hurry to lock the door" surfeit the state of being more than full indulge (one's appetite) to satiety supply or feed to surfeit acariasis infestation with itch mites ascariasis infestation of the human intestine with Ascaris roundworms coccidiosis (veterinary medicine) infestation with coccidia echinococcosis infestation with larval echinococci (tapeworms) helminthiasis infestation of the body with parasitic worms myiasis infestation of the body by the larvae of flies (usually through a wound or other opening) or any disease resulting from such infestation onchocerciasis infestation with slender threadlike roundworms (filaria) deposited under the skin by the bite of black fleas; when the eyes are involved it can result in blindness; common in Africa and tropical America opisthorchiasis infestation with flukes obtained from eating raw fish; common in eastern Asia pediculosis infestation with lice (Pediculus humanus) resulting in severe itching pediculosis capitis infestation of the scalp with lice pediculosis corporis infestation of body skin with lice pediculosis pubis infestation of the pubic hair by crab lice trombiculiasis infestation with chiggers trichuriasis infestation by a roundworm; common in tropical areas with poor sanitation blankness the state of being blank; void; emptiness nothingness the state of nonexistence thin air nowhere to be found in a giant void; "it vanished into thin air" vacancy being unoccupied nakedness the state of being without clothing or covering of any kind raw informal terms for nakedness; "in the raw"; "in the altogether"; "in his birthday suit" not treated with heat to prepare it for eating lacking training or experience; "the new men were eager to fight"; "raw recruits" brutally unfair or harsh; "received raw treatment from his friends"; "a raw deal" having the surface exposed and painful; "a raw wound" untempered and unrefined; "raw talent"; "raw beauty" not processed or refined; "raw sewage" undress partial or complete nakedness; "a state of undress" get undressed; "please don't undress in front of everybody!"; "She strips in front of strangers every night for a living" baldness the condition of having no hair on the top of the head alopecia loss of hair (especially on the head) or loss of wool or feathers; in humans it can result from heredity or hormonal imbalance or certain diseases or drugs and treatments (chemotherapy for cancer) alopecia areata patchy baldness male-patterned baldness loss of hair on the crown of the head dishabille the state of being carelessly or partially dressed shirtsleeves not wearing a jacket; "in your shirtsleeves" means you are not wearing anything over your shirt; "in hot weather they dined in their shirtsleeves" fire and brimstone (Old Testament) God's means of destroying sinners; "his sermons were full of fire and brimstone" omniscience the state of being omniscient; having infinite knowledge God's Wisdom the omniscience of a divine being omnipotence the state of being omnipotent; having unlimited power God's Will the omnipotence of a divine being couth (used facetiously) refinement (used facetiously) refined and well-mannered fare-thee-well state of perfection; the utmost degree; "they polished the furniture to a fare-thee-well" intactness the state of being unimpaired entirety the state of being total and complete; "he read the article in its entirety"; "appalled by the totality of the destruction" comprehensiveness completeness over a broad scope whole shebang everything available; usually preceded by `the'; "we saw the whole shebang"; "a hotdog with the works"; "we took on the whole caboodle"; "for $10 you get the full treatment" partialness the state of being only a part; not total; incomplete incompleteness the state of being crude and incomplete and imperfect; "the study was criticized for incompleteness of data but it stimulated further research"; "the rawness of his diary made it unpublishable" sketchiness incompleteness of details imperfection the state or an instance of being imperfect flaw an imperfection in a plan or theory or legal document that causes it to fail or that reduces its effectiveness defect or weakness in a person's character; "he had his flaws, but he was great nonetheless" add a flaw or blemish to; make imperfect or defective tragic flaw the character flaw or error of a tragic hero that leads to his downfall birth defect a defect that is present at birth hydrocephalus an abnormal condition in which cerebrospinal fluid collects in the ventricles of the brain; in infants it can cause abnormally rapid growth of the head and bulging fontanelles and a small face; in adults the symptoms are primarily neurological hydronephrosis accumulation of urine in the kidney because of an obstruction in the ureter abrachia the condition of having no arms amelia congenital absence of an arm or leg meromelia congenital absence of part of an arm or leg phocomelia an abnormality of development in which the upper part of an arm or leg is missing so the hands or feet are attached to the body like stumps; rare condition that results from taking thalidomide during pregnancy encephalocele protrusion of brain tissue through a congenital fissure in the skull familial hypercholesterolemia congenital disorder characterized by high levels of cholesterol and early development of atherosclerosis meningocele a congenital anomaly of the central nervous system in which a sac protruding from the brain or the spinal meninges contains cerebrospinal fluid (but no nerve tissue) myelomeningocele a congenital defect of the central nervous system in which a sac containing part of the spinal cord and its meninges protrude through a gap in the vertebral column; frequently accompanied by hydrocephalus and mental retardation plagiocephaly congenital malformation of the skull in which the main axis of the skull is oblique polysomy congenital defect of having one or more extra chromosomes in somatic cells hermaphroditism congenital condition in which external genitalia and internal sex organs have both male and female characteristics pseudohermaphroditism congenital condition in which a person has external genitalia of one sex and internal sex organs of the other sex progeria a rare abnormality marked by premature aging (grey hair and wrinkled skin and stooped posture) in a child scaphocephaly congenital malformation of the skull which is long and narrow; frequently accompanied by mental retardation valgus a deformity in which there is an abnormal displacement of part of a limb away from the midline of the body varus a deformity in which part of a limb is turned inward to an abnormal degree congenital heart defect a birth defect involving the heart septal defect a congenital abnormality in the septum between the left and right sides of the heart atrial septal defect an abnormal opening between the left and right atria of the heart ventricular septal defect a common congenital heart defect; an abnormal opening in the septum dividing the ventricles allows blood to pass directly from the left to the right ventricle; large openings may cause congestive heart failure tetralogy of Fallot a congenital heart defect producing cyanosis; characterized by four symptoms: pulmonary stenosis and ventricular septal defect and malposition of the aorta over both ventricles and hypertrophy of the right ventricle toxic shock syndrome resulting from a serious acute (sometimes fatal) infection associated with the presence of staphylococcus; characterized by fever and diarrhea and nausea and diffuse erythema and shock; occurs especially in menstruating women using highly absorbent tampons Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome syndrome associated with bacterial meningitis; marked by sudden high fever and skin discoloration and petechiae with hemorrhage into the adrenal glands and cardiovascular collapse Williams syndrome a rare congenital disorder associated with deletion of genetic material in chromosome 7; characterized by mental deficiency and some growth deficiency and elfin faces but an overly social personality and a remarkable gift for vocabulary Zollinger-Ellison syndrome syndrome consisting of intractable peptic ulceration with gastric hypersecretion and hyperacidity spina bifida a not uncommon congenital defect in which a vertebra is malformed; unless several vertebrae are affected or there is myelomeningocele there are few symptoms; can be diagnosed by amniocentesis spinocerebellar disorder any of several congenital disorders marked by degeneration of the cerebellum and spinal cord resulting in spasticity and ataxia polydactyly birth defect characterized by the presence of more than the normal number of fingers or toes syndactyly birth defect in which there is partial or total webbing connecting two or more fingers or toes tongue tie a congenital anomaly in which the mucous membrane under the tongue is too short limiting the mobility of the tongue defectiveness the state of being defective bugginess the state of having bugs lameness an imperfection or defectiveness; "a stylist noted for the lameness of his plots" disability of walking due to crippling of the legs or feet sickness defectiveness or unsoundness; "drugs have become a sickness they cannot cure"; "a great sickness of his judgment" good fortune an auspicious state resulting from favorable outcomes prosperity the condition of prospering; having good fortune an economic state of growth with rising profits and full employment big time the highest level of an occupation (especially in entertainment) pay dirt a profitable success; "the inventor worked for years before hitting pay dirt" ore that yields a substantial profit to the miner hard cheese bad luck victimization adversity resulting from being made a victim; "his victimization infuriated him" solvency the ability to meet maturing obligations as they come due insolvency the lack of financial resources bank failure the inability of a bank to meet its credit obligations crop failure the failure of crops to produce a marketable surplus dead duck something doomed to failure; "he finally admitted that the legislation was a dead duck"; "the idea of another TV channel is now a dead duck"; "as theories go, that's a dead duck" state of matter (chemistry) the three traditional states of matter are solids (fixed shape and volume) and liquids (fixed volume and shaped by the container) and gases (filling the container); "the solid state of water is called ice" gas the state of matter distinguished from the solid and liquid states by: relatively low density and viscosity; relatively great expansion and contraction with changes in pressure and temperature; the ability to diffuse readily; and the spontaneous tendency to become distributed uniformly throughout any container a fluid in the gaseous state having neither independent shape nor volume and being able to expand indefinitely attack with gas; subject to gas fumes; "The despot gassed the rebellious tribes" conceivableness the state of being conceivable achievability the state of being achievable potential the inherent capacity for coming into being existing in possibility; "a potential problem"; "possible uses of nuclear power" latency the state of being not yet evident or active prospect the possibility of future success; "his prospects as a writer are excellent" explore for useful or valuable things or substances, such as minerals search for something desirable; "prospect a job" inconceivability the state of being impossible to conceive unattainableness the state of being unattainable opportunity a possibility due to a favorable combination of circumstances; "the holiday gave us the opportunity to visit Washington"; "now is your chance" brass ring a rich opportunity or a prize; "he missed the brass ring at the Miami convention" day a period of opportunity; "he deserves his day in court"; "every dog has his day" some point or period in time; "it should arrive any day now"; "after that day she never trusted him again"; "those were the days"; "these days it is not unusual" the recurring hours when you are not sleeping (especially those when you are working); "my day began early this morning"; "it was a busy day on the stock exchange"; "she called it a day and went to bed" time for Earth to make a complete rotation on its axis; "two days later they left"; "they put on two performances every day"; "there are 30,000 passengers per day" a day assigned to a particular purpose or observance; "Mother's Day" the time after sunrise and before sunset while it is light outside; "the dawn turned night into day"; "it is easier to make the repairs in the daytime" the period of time taken by a particular planet (e.g. Mars) to make a complete rotation on its axis; "how long is a day on Jupiter?" an era of existence or influence; "in the day of the dinosaurs"; "in the days of the Roman Empire"; "in the days of sailing ships"; "he was a successful pianist in his day" fresh start an opportunity to start over without prejudice say the chance to speak; "let him have his say" indicate; "The clock says noon" communicate or express nonverbally; "What does this painting say?"; "Did his face say anything about how he felt?" recite or repeat a fixed text; "Say grace"; "She said her `Hail Mary'" utter aloud; "She said `Hello' to everyone in the office" state as one's opinion or judgement; declare; "I say let's forget this whole business" dejection a state of melancholy depression impurity the condition of being impure worthless or dangerous material that should be removed; "there were impurities in the water" dirtiness the state of containing dirty impurities the state of being unsanitary feculence something that is feculent putridity the state of being putrid financial condition the condition of (corporate or personal) finances economic condition the condition of the economy credit crunch a state in which there is a short supply of cash to lend to businesses and consumers and interest rates are high Great Depression the economic crisis beginning with the stock market crash in 1929 and continuing through the 1930s full employment the economic condition when everyone who wishes to work at the going wage rate for their type of labor is employed indebtedness an obligation to pay money to another party account payable a liability account showing how much is owed for goods and services purchased on credit; "the problem was to match receivables and payables in the same currency" scot and lot obligations of all kinds taken as a whole affluence abundant wealth; "they studied forerunners of richness or poverty"; "the richness all around unsettled him for he had expected to find poverty" lap of luxury in conditions of wealth and comfort; "he was raised in the lap of luxury" inherited wealth wealth that is inherited rather than earned mammon wealth regarded as an evil influence silver spoon the inherited wealth of established upper-class families; "he was born with a silver spoon in his mouth"; "she is the daughter of old money from Massachusetts" poverty the state of having little or no money and few or no material possessions destitution a state without friends or money or prospects indigence a state of extreme poverty or destitution; "their indigence appalled him"; "a general state of need exists among the homeless" impecuniousness a state of lacking money shakeout an economic condition that results in the elimination of marginally financed participants in an industry; "they glutted the market in order to cause a shakeout of their competitors" wage setter any economic condition or variable that serves to set wage rates sanitary condition the state of sanitation (clean or dirty) sanitariness the state of being conducive to health asepsis (of non-living objects) the state of being free of pathogenic organisms unsanitariness a state that is not conducive to health filth a state characterized by foul or disgusting dirt and refuse any substance considered disgustingly foul or unpleasant tilth the state of aggregation of soil and its condition for supporting plant growth spotlessness the state of being spotlessly clean spit and polish careful attention to order and appearance (as in the military) kilter in working order; "out of kilter"; "in good kilter" neatness the state of being neat and smart and trim shambles a condition of great disorder dirt the state of being covered with unclean things (of roads) not leveled or drained; unsuitable for all year travel befoulment the state of being polluted dinginess discoloration due to dirtiness dustiness the state of being covered with dust griminess the state of being grimy sordidness sordid dirtiness disorderliness a condition in which things are not in their expected places; "the files are in complete disorder" sloppiness a lack of order and tidiness; not cared for rummage a jumble of things to be given away search haphazardly; "We rummaged through the drawers" typicality the state of being that is typical atelectasis collapse of an expanded lung (especially in infants); also failure of pulmonary alveoli to expand at birth atypicality any state that is not typical anoxemia abnormally low oxygen content in arterial blood arrested development an abnormal state in which development has stopped prematurely coprolalia an uncontrollable use of obscene language; often accompanied by mental disorders aberrance a state or condition markedly different from the norm cyclopia a developmental abnormality in which there is only one eye chromosomal aberration any change in the normal structure or number of chromosomes; often results in physical or mental abnormalities monosomy chromosomal abnormality consisting of the absence of one chromosome from the normal diploid number trisomy chrosomal abnormality in which there is one more than the normal number of chromosomes in a cell spinal curvature an abnormal curvature of the vertebral column kyphosis an abnormal backward curve to the vertebral column lordosis an abnormal inward (forward) curvature of the vertebral column scoliosis an abnormal lateral curve to the vertebral column dowager's hump abnormal spinal curvature that results when osteoporosis causes the spine to collapse; seen most often in elderly women subnormality the state of being less than normal (especially with respect to intelligence) gynecomastia excessive development of the breasts in males; usually the result of hormonal imbalance or treatment with certain drugs (including some antihypertensives) cross-eye strabismus in which one or both eyes turn inward toward the nose dwarfism a genetic abnormality resulting in short stature pycnodysostosis a form of dwarfism accompanied by fragile bones and bad teeth lactose intolerance congenital disorder consisting of an inability to digest milk and milk products; absence or deficiency of lactase results in an inability to hydrolyze lactose lactosuria presence of lactose in the urine; can occur during pregnancy or lactation myoglobinuria the presence of myoglobin in the urine phenylketonuria a genetic disorder of metabolism; lack of the enzyme needed to turn phenylalanine into tyrosine results in an accumulation of phenylalanine in the body fluids which causes various degrees of mental deficiency porphyria a genetic abnormality of metabolism causing abdominal pains and mental confusion intestinal obstruction blockage of the intestine (especially the ileum) that prevents the contents of the intestine from passing to the lower bowel tamponade blockage or closure (as of a wound or body cavity) by (or as if by) a tampon (especially to stop bleeding) cardiac tamponade mechanical compression of the heart resulting from large amounts of fluid collecting in the pericardial space and limiting the heart's normal range of motion ateleiosis a form of infantilism characterized by physical underdevelopment but normal intelligence macrocephaly an abnormally large head; differs from hydrocephalus because there is no increased intracranial pressure and the overgrowth is symmetrical microbrachia abnormally small arms microcephaly an abnormally small head and underdeveloped brain pachycheilia an abnormal thickness of the lips phimosis an abnormal tightness of the foreskin preventing retraction over the glans alkali poisoning poisoning resulting from the ingestion of an alkali compound (as lye or ammonia) caffeinism poisoning resulting from excessive intake of caffeine containing products carbon monoxide poisoning a toxic condition that results from inhaling and absorbing carbon monoxide gas; "carbon monoxide combines with hemoglobin and displaces oxygen in the blood" cyanide poisoning poisoning due to ingesting or inhaling cyanide; common in smoke from fires and in industrial chemicals malathion poisoning a toxic condition caused by inhaling or ingesting the insecticide Malathion ergotism poisoning by ingestion of ergot-infected grain products; characterized by thirst and diarrhea and nausea and cramping and vomiting and abnormal cardiac rhythms; in severe cases it can cause seizures and gangrene of the limbs mercury poisoning a toxic condition caused by ingesting or inhaling mercury; acute mercury poisoning causes a metallic taste and vomiting and diarrhea and kidney problems that may lead to death Minamata disease a form of mercury poisoning among people who ate fish from mercury-contaminated waters of Minamata Bay off Japan in the 1950s; characterized by severe neurological degeneration naphthalene poisoning toxic condition resulting from inhaling or ingesting naphthalene nicotine poisoning toxic condition caused by the ingestion or inhalation of large amounts of nicotine ophidism poisoning by snake venom paraquat poisoning poisoning caused by ingestion of paraquat; characterized by progressive damage to the esophagus and liver and kidneys parathion poisoning a toxic condition resulting from inhalation or ingestion of the insecticide parathion; characterized by nausea and abdominal pains and headache and convulsions and sweating pesticide poisoning toxic condition resulting from ingesting or inhaling a pesticide salicylate poisoning poisoning caused by the excessive ingestion of salicylates (usually aspirin) milieu the environmental condition lotusland an idyllic realm of contentment and self-indulgence lap of the gods beyond human control or responsibility; "there is nothing more I can do; it's in the lap of the gods now" political arena a sphere of intense political activity province the proper sphere or extent of your activities; "it was his province to take care of himself" ecclesiastical province the district within the jurisdiction of an archbishop or a metropolitan or one of the territorial divisions of an ecclesiastical order; "the general of the Jesuits has several provinces under him" showcase a setting in which something can be displayed to best effect; "it was a showcase for democracy in Africa" environmental condition the state of the environment pollution undesirable state of the natural environment being contaminated with harmful substances as a consequence of human activities biodegradable pollution pollution that is rendered harmless by natural processes and so causes no permanent harm nonbiodegradable pollution pollution that accumulates in the environment and may appear in the food chain air pollution pollution of the atmosphere; "air pollution reduced the visibility" acid rain rain containing acids that form in the atmosphere when industrial gas emissions (especially sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides) combine with water industrial air pollution pollution resulting from an industrial plant discharging pollutants into the atmosphere miasma unhealthy vapors rising from the ground or other sources; "the miasma of the marshes"; "a miasma of cigar smoke" an unwholesome atmosphere; "the novel spun a miasma of death and decay" small-particle pollution air pollution caused by fine particles of soot (as from power plants or diesel engines) smog air pollution by a mixture of smoke and fog noise pollution annoying and potentially harmful environmental noise thermal pollution harm to lakes and rivers resulting from the release of excessive waste heat into them water pollution pollution of the water in rivers and lakes depopulation the condition of having reduced numbers of inhabitants (or no inhabitants at all) climate the weather in some location averaged over some long period of time; "the dank climate of southern Wales"; "plants from a cold clime travel best in winter" the prevailing psychological state; "the climate of opinion"; "the national mood had changed radically since the last election" meteorological conditions the prevailing environmental conditions as they influence the prediction of weather air mass a large body of air with uniform characteristics horizontally anticyclone (meteorology) winds spiraling outward from a high pressure center; circling clockwise in the northern hemisphere and counterclockwise in the southern fug (British informal) an airless smoky smelly atmosphere good weather weather suitable for outdoor activities mildness good weather with comfortable temperatures balminess the quality of weather that is deliciously mild and soothing; "the day's heat faded into balminess"; "the climate had the softness of the south of France" stillness calmness without winds lull a period of calm weather; "there was a lull in the storm" become quiet or less intensive; "the fighting lulled for a moment" calm by deception; "Don't let yourself be lulled into a false state of security" bad weather weather unsuitable for outdoor activities raw weather unpleasantly cold and damp weather tempestuousness a state of wild storminess choppiness used of the sea during inclement or stormy weather clear-air turbulence strong turbulence in an otherwise cloudless region that subjects aircraft to violent updrafts or downdrafts bleakness a bleak and desolate atmosphere; "the nakedness of the landscape" Zeitgeist the spirit of the time; the spirit characteristic of an age or generation unsusceptibility the state of not being susceptible; "unsusceptibility to rust" immunogenicity the property of eliciting an immune response active immunity a form of acquired immunity in which the body produces its own antibodies against disease-causing antigens passive immunity an impermanent form of acquired immunity in which antibodies against a disease are acquired naturally (as through the placenta to an unborn child) or artificially (as by injection of antiserum) autoimmunity production of antibodies against the tissues of your own body; produces autoimmune disease or hypersensitivity reactions acquired immunity immunity to a particular disease that is not innate but has been acquired during life; immunity can be acquired by the development of antibodies after an attack of an infectious disease or by a pregnant mother passing antibodies through the placenta to a fetus or by vaccination natural immunity immunity to disease that occurs as part of an individual's natural biologic makeup racial immunity natural immunity shared by all members of a particular race diplomatic immunity exemption from taxation or normal processes of law that is offered to diplomatic personnel in a foreign country indemnity legal exemption from liability for damages protection against future loss impunity exemption from punishment or loss grandfather clause an exemption based on circumstances existing prior to the adoption of some policy; used to enfranchise illiterate whites in south after the American Civil War susceptibility the state of being susceptible; easily affected taxability liability to taxation habitus person's predisposition to be affected by something (as a disease); "the consumptive habitus" food allergy allergic reaction to a substance ingested in food immediate allergy an allergic reaction that becomes apparent in a sensitized person only minutes after contact serum sickness a delayed allergic reaction to the injection of an antiserum caused by an antibody reaction to an antigen in the donor serum delayed allergy an allergic reaction that becomes apparent only hours after contact allergy hypersensitivity reaction to a particular allergen; symptoms can vary greatly in intensity cryesthesia hypersensitivity to cold hypersensitivity reaction an inappropriate and excessive reaction to an allergen (as pollen or dust or animal hair or certain foods); severity ranges from mild allergy to severe systemic reactions leading to anaphylactic shock anaphylaxis hypersensitivity reaction to the ingestion or injection of a substance (a protein or drug) resulting from prior contact with a substance allergic rhinitis rhinitis caused by an allergic reaction eosinophilia a symptom of allergic states; increased eosinophils in the blood hay fever a seasonal rhinitis resulting from an allergic reaction to pollen diathesis constitutional predisposition to a particular disease or abnormality reactivity ready susceptibility to chemical change suggestibility susceptibility or responsiveness to suggestion wetness the condition of containing or being covered by a liquid (especially water); "he confirmed the wetness of the swimming trunks" moisture wetness caused by water; "drops of wet gleamed on the window" humidity wetness in the atmosphere mugginess a state of warm humidity damp a slight wetness restrain or discourage; "the sudden bad news damped the joyous atmosphere" slightly wet; "clothes damp with perspiration"; "a moist breeze"; "eyes moist with tears" dankness unpleasant wetness rawness a chilly dampness; "the rawness of the midnight air" sogginess a heavy wetness dryness the condition of not containing or being covered by a liquid (especially water) drought a shortage of rainfall; "farmers most affected by the drought hope that there may yet be sufficient rain early in the growing season" a prolonged shortage; "when England defeated Pakistan it ended a ten-year drought" aridity a deficiency of moisture (especially when resulting from a permanent absence of rainfall) sereness a withered dryness xeroderma a mild form of ichthyosis characterized by abnormal dryness and roughness of the skin xeroderma pigmentosum a rare genetic condition characterized by an eruption of exposed skin occurring in childhood and photosensitivity with severe sunburn; inherited as a recessive autosomal trait in which DNA repair processes are defective so they are more likely to chromosome breaks and cancers when exposed to ultraviolet light xerophthalmia abnormal dryness of the conjunctiva and cornea of the eyes; may be due to a systemic deficiency of vitamin A xerostomia abnormal dryness of the mouth resulting from decreased secretion of saliva biosafety safety from exposure to infectious agents risklessness safety as a consequence of entailing no risk secureness the state of freedom from fear or danger collective security a system for international peace Pax Romana the Roman peace; the long period of peace enforced on states in the Roman Empire radioprotection protection against harmful effects of radiation cause of death the causal agent resulting in death; "heart disease is the biggest killer in the United States" clear and present danger a standard for judging when freedom of speech can be abridged; "no one has a right to shout `fire' in a crowded theater when there is no fire because such an action would pose a clear and present danger to public safety" hazardousness the state of being dangerous health hazard hazard to the health of those exposed to it biohazard hazard to humans or the environment resulting from biological agents or conditions moral hazard (economics) the lack of any incentive to guard against a risk when you are protected against it (as by insurance); "insurance companies are exposed to a moral hazard if the insured party is not honest" occupational hazard any condition of a job that can result in illness or injury sword of Damocles a constant and imminent peril; "the possibility hangs over their heads like the sword of Damocles" yellow peril the threat to Western civilization said to arise from the power of Asiatic peoples riskiness a state of danger involving risk insecureness the state of being exposed to risk or anxiety tonicity the elastic tension of living muscles, arteries, etc. that facilitate response to stimuli; "the doctor tested my tonicity" catatonia extreme tonus; muscular rigidity; a common symptom in catatonic schizophrenia muscular tonus normal tonicity of the muscles; "exercise improves muscle tone" myotonia abnormally long muscular contractions; slow relaxation of a muscle after a contraction acromyotonia myotonia of the extremities only; causes spastic deformity of the hand or foot myotonia congenita a mild, rare, congenital form of myotonia characterized by muscle stiffness atonicity lack of normal muscular tension or tonus fettle a state of fitness and good health; "in fine fettle" remove mold marks or sand from (a casting) soundness a state or condition free from damage or decay seaworthiness fitness to traverse the seas airworthiness fitness to fly; "the plane received a certificate of airworthiness" infirmity the state of being weak in health or body (especially from old age) asthenia an abnormal loss of strength cachexia any general reduction in vitality and strength of body and mind resulting from a debilitating chronic disease disability the condition of being unable to perform as a consequence of physical or mental unfitness; "reading disability"; "hearing impairment" disability of walking a disability that interferes with or prevents walking abasia inability to walk abasia trepidans abasia due to trembling of the legs atactic abasia abasia due to ataxia of the legs choreic abasia abasia related to abnormal movements of the legs paralytic abasia abasia related to paralysis of the leg muscles paroxysmal trepidant abasia abasia related to spasticity of the legs spastic abasia abasia due to spastic contractions of the leg muscles intermittent claudication lameness due to pain in leg muscles because the blood supply is inadequate; pain subsides with rest astasia inability to stand due to muscular incoordination sequela any abnormality following or resulting from a disease or injury or treatment; "paralysis is one of the sequelae of poliomyelitis" hearing impairment impairment of the sense of hearing deafness partial or complete loss of hearing conductive hearing loss hearing loss due to problems with the bones of the middle ear hyperacusis abnormal acuteness of hearing due to increased irritability of the sensory neural mechanism; characterized by intolerance for ordinary sound levels sensorineural hearing loss hearing loss due to failure of the auditory nerve tone deafness an inability to distinguish differences in pitch deaf-mutism congenital deafness that results in inability to speak mutism the condition of being unable or unwilling to speak; "her muteness was a consequence of her deafness" analgesia absence of the sense of pain without loss of consciousness dysomia impairment of the sense of smell anosmia absence of the sense of smell (as by damage to olfactory nasal tissue or the olfactory nerve or by obstruction of the nasal passages) hyposmia lessened sensitivity to odors visual impairment impairment of the sense of sight myopia (ophthalmology) eyesight abnormality resulting from the eye's faulty refractive ability; distant objects appear blurred anopia sightlessness (especially because of a structural defect in or the absence of an eye) hyperopia abnormal condition in which vision for distant objects is better than for near objects hemeralopia inability to see clearly in bright light hemianopia blindness in one half of the visual field of one or both eyes quadrantanopia blindness in one fourth of the visual field metamorphopsia a defect of vision in which objects appear to be distorted; usually due to a defect in the retina nyctalopia inability to see clearly in dim light; due to a deficiency of vitamin A or to a retinal disorder photoretinitis damage to the retina resulting from exposure of the eye to the sun without adequate protection presbyopia a reduced ability to focus on near objects caused by loss of elasticity of the crystalline lens after age 45 eye condition the condition of the optical properties of the eye anisometropia difference in the refractive power of the two eyes isometropia equality of refractive power in the two eyes snowblindness temporary blindness caused by exposure to sunlight reflected from snow or ice retinal detachment visual impairment resulting from the retina becoming separated from the choroid in the back of the eye; treated by photocoagulation scotoma an isolated area of diminished vision within the visual field annular scotoma a circular scotoma surrounding the center of the field of vision central scotoma a scotoma that involves the fixation point hemianopic scotoma a scotoma involving half of the visual field paracentral scotoma a scotoma that is adjacent to the fixation point scintillating scotoma a localized area of diminished vision edged by shimmering colored lights; in many people it indicates the onset of migraine tunnel vision visual impairment involving a loss of peripheral vision eyelessness blindness due to loss of the eyes figural blindness inability to see shapes and contours strabismus abnormal alignment of one or both eyes torticollis an unnatural condition in which the head leans to one side because the neck muscles on that side are contracted dysfunction (medicine) any disturbance in the functioning of an organ or body part or a disturbance in the functioning of a social group; "erectile dysfunction"; "sexual relationship dysfunction" paralysis loss of the ability to move a body part paresis a slight or partial paralysis paraparesis a slight paralysis or weakness of both legs metroptosis prolapse of the uterus nephroptosis prolapse of the kidney ptosis drooping of the upper eyelid caused by muscle paralysis and weakness brow ptosis sagging eyebrows prolapse the slipping or falling out of place of an organ (as the uterus) slip or fall out of place, as of body parts; "prolapsed rectum" paraplegia paralysis of the lower half of the body (most often as a result of trauma) hemiplegia paralysis of one side of the body quadriplegia paralysis of both arms and both legs hypoesthesia impairment of tactile sensitivity; decrease of sensitivity knock-knee an inward slant of the thigh pigeon toes disability in which the toes are turned inward; often associated with knock-knee bow leg outward curvature of the legs disrepair in need of repairs putrefaction a state of decay usually accompanied by an offensive odor disintegration a loss (or serious disruption) of organization in some system; "a disintegration of personality" rancidity the state of being rancid; having a rancid scent or flavor (as of old cooking oil) decrepitude a state of deterioration due to old age or long use wickedness absence of moral or spiritual values; "the powers of darkness" malady any unwholesome or desperate condition; "what maladies afflict our nation?" merchantability the state of being fit for market; ready to be bought or sold urinary hesitancy difficulty in beginning the flow of urine; associated with prostate enlargement in men and with narrowing of the urethral opening in women; may be caused by emotional stress in either men or women sarcoidosis a chronic disease of unknown cause marked by the formation of nodules in the lungs and liver and lymph glands and salivary glands morphea localized scleroderma scleroderma an autoimmune disease that affects the blood vessels and connective tissue; fibrous connective tissue is deposited in the skin thrombocytopenic purpura purpura associated with a reduction in circulating blood platelets which can result from a variety of factors sex-linked disorder any disease or abnormality that is determined by the sex hormones; "hemophilia is determined by a gene defect on an X chromosome" Turner's syndrome a chromosomal disorder in females who have only one X chromosome; marked by dwarfism and heart abnormalities and underdeveloped sex organs urinary tract infection any infection of any of the organs of the urinary tract pyelonephritis inflammation of the kidney and its pelvis caused by bacterial infection acute pyelonephritis pyelonephritis resulting from the spread of a bladder infection carotenemia excess carotene in the blood stream; can cause the skin to turn a pale yellow or red color chronic pyelonephritis pyelonephritis that develops slowly and can lead to renal failure if untreated; often associated with a kidney stone or with narrowing of the urinary passageways nongonococcal urethritis sexually transmitted urethritis (usually caused by chlamydia) rhinorrhea persistent watery mucus discharge from the nose (as in the common cold) rhinosporidiosis fungal infection of the nose; often acquired while swimming urethritis inflammation of the urethra; results in painful urination nonspecific urethritis inflammation of the urethra of unknown cause sodoku the form of ratbite fever occurring in the Far East steatorrhea the presence of greater than normal amounts of fat in the feces which are frothy and foul smelling and floating; a symptom of disorders of fat metabolism and malabsorption syndrome stridor a whistling sound when breathing (usually heard on inspiration); indicates obstruction of the trachea or larynx tinnitus a ringing or booming sensation in one or both ears; a symptom of an ear infection or Meniere's disease turgor (biology) the normal rigid state of fullness of a cell or blood vessel or capillary resulting from pressure of the contents against the wall or membrane shin splints painful inflammation of the muscles around the shins; frequent among runners hepatolenticular degeneration a rare inherited disorder of copper metabolism; copper accumulates in the liver and then in the red blood cells and brain homozygosity the state of being homozygous; having two identical alleles of the same gene heterozygosity the state of being heterozygous; having two different alleles of the same gene neotony the state resulting when juvenile characteristics are retained by the adults of a species polyvalence (toxicology) the state of being capable of counteracting more than one toxin or antigen or kind of microorganism (chemistry) the state of having a valence greater than two amphidiploidy the condition of being amphidiploid diploidy the condition of being diploid haploidy the condition of being haploid heteroploidy the condition of being heteroploid polyploidy the condition of being polyploid mosaicism the condition in which an organism has two or more cell populations that differ in genetic makeup kraurosis atrophy and shriveling of the skin or mucous membrane kraurosis vulvae kraurosis of the vulva; often a precancerous lesion oligospermia insufficient spermatozoa in the semen tenesmus painful spasm of the anal sphincter along with an urgent desire to defecate without the significant production of feces; associated with irritable bowel syndrome transsexualism condition in which a person identifies with a gender different from his or her physical gender trismus prolonged spasm of the jaw muscles uratemia presence of abnormal amounts of uric acid salts in the blood; symptom of gout uraturia presence of abnormally large amounts of uric acid in the urine; symptom of gout ureterocele prolapse of the end of the ureter into the bladder; may obstruct urine flow ureterostenosis stenosis of the ureter urethrocele prolapse of the urethra into the vagina uricaciduria presence of abnormal amounts of uric acid in the urine; symptom of gout urocele extravasation of urine into the scrotal sac uropathy any pathology of the urinary tract varicocele dilatation of the veins associated with the spermatic cord in the testes varicosis pathological condition of being varicose or having varicose veins varicosity varix or varicose condition in which a vein is swollen and tortuous varix abnormally enlarged or twisted blood vessel or lymphatic vessel viremia the presence of a virus in the blood stream; "viremia spread the smallpox virus to the internal organs" volvulus abnormal twisting of the intestines (usually in the area of the ileum or sigmoid colon) resulting in intestinal obstruction xanthopsia visual defect in which objects appear to have a yellowish hue; sometimes occurs in cases of jaundice exoneration the condition of being relieved from blame or obligation frizz the condition of being formed into small tight curls; "her hair was in a frizz" hiding the state of being hidden; "he went into hiding" hypertonia (of muscular tissue) the state of being hypertonic hypotonia (of muscular tissue) the state of being hypotonic hypertonicity (of a solution) the extent to which a solution has a higher osmotic pressure than some other hypotonicity (of a solution) the extent to which a solution has a lower osmotic pressure than some other leakiness the condition of permitting leaks or leakage; "the leakiness of the roof"; "the heart valve's leakiness"; "the leakiness of the boat made it dangerous to use" mechanization the condition of having a highly technical implementation paternity the state of being a father; "tests were conducted to determine paternity" prognathism the condition of being prognathous; the condition of having a projecting jaw utilization the state of having been made use of; "the rate of utilization" ylem (cosmology) the original matter that (according to the big bang theory) existed before the formation of the chemical elements dark matter (cosmology) a hypothetical form of matter that is believed to make up 90 percent of the universe; it is invisible (does not absorb or emit light) and does not collide with atomic particles but exerts gravitational force antimatter matter consisting of elementary particles that are the antiparticles of those making up normal substances micronutrient a substance needed only in small amounts for normal body function (e.g., vitamins or minerals) philosopher's stone hypothetical substance that the alchemists believed to be capable of changing base metals into gold phlogiston a hypothetical substance once believed to be present in all combustible materials and to be released during burning chyme a semiliquid mass of partially digested food that passes from the stomach through the pyloric sphincter into the duodenum glop any gummy shapeless matter; usually unpleasant adduct a compound formed by an addition reaction draw a limb towards the body; "adduct the thigh muscle" actinoid any of a series of radioactive elements with atomic numbers 89 through 103 having a radial form; "starfish are actinoid--that is, they are radially symmetrical" allergen any substance that can cause an allergy pyrogen any substance that can cause a rise in body temperature any substance characterized by its great flammability aldehyde any of a class of highly reactive chemical compounds; used in making resins and dyes and organic acids alkapton an acid formed as an intermediate product of the metabolism of tyrosine and phenylalanine antiknock any of various compounds that are added to gasoline to reduce engine knocking suppressing or eliminating engine knock in combustion engines; "antiknock properties"; "antiknock rating" ragweed pollen pollen of the ragweed plant is a common allergen atom (nontechnical usage) a tiny piece of anything (physics and chemistry) the smallest component of an element having the chemical properties of the element floccule a small loosely aggregated mass of flocculent material suspended in or precipitated from a liquid HAZMAT an abbreviation for `hazardous material' used on warning signs; "NO HAZMATS IN TUNNEL" mixture (chemistry) a substance consisting of two or more substances mixed together (not in fixed proportions and not with chemical bonding) alloy a mixture containing two or more metallic elements or metallic and nonmetallic elements usually fused together or dissolving into each other when molten; "brass is an alloy of zinc and copper" make an alloy of botulinum toxin any of several neurotoxins that are produced by the anaerobic bacterium Clostridium botulinum; causes muscle paralysis botulinum toxin A a neurotoxin (trade name Botox) that is used clinically in small quantities to treat strabismus and facial spasms and other neurological disorders characterized by abnormal muscle contractions; is also used by cosmetic surgeons to smooth frown lines temporarily colloid a mixture with properties between those of a solution and fine suspension dispersed phase (of colloids) a substance in the colloidal state dispersing phase (of colloids) a substance in which another is colloidally dispersed mechanical mixture a mixture whose components can be separated by mechanical means eutectic a mixture of substances having a minimum melting point aqueous solution a solution in water Ringer's solution an aqueous solution containing the chlorides of sodium and potassium and calcium that is isotonic to animal tissues; used to correct dehydration and (in physiological experiments) as a medium for in vitro preparations saline solution an isotonic solution of sodium chloride and distilled water polyelectrolyte an electrolyte of high molecular weight hydrogel a colloidal gel in which water is the dispersion medium hydrocolloid a substance that forms a gel with water slurry a suspension of insoluble particles (as plaster of Paris or lime or clay etc.) usually in water resuspension a renewed suspension of insoluble particles after they have been precipitated precipitate a precipitated solid substance in suspension or after settling or filtering separate as a fine suspension of solid particles hurl or throw violently; "The bridge broke and precipitated the train into the river below" bring about abruptly; "The crisis precipitated by Russia's revolution" fall vertically, sharply, or headlong; "Our economy precipitated into complete ruin" fall from clouds; "rain, snow and sleet were falling"; "Vesuvius precipitated its fiery, destructive rage on Herculaneum" sludge the precipitate produced by sewage treatment any thick, viscous matter domoic acid a neurotoxin that is deadly for humans; found in various marine algae acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene any of a class of composite plastics used to make car bodies and cases for computers and other appliances Mylar a thin polyester film pina cloth a fine cloth made from pineapple fibers Plasticine a synthetic material resembling clay but remaining soft; used as a substitute for clay or wax in modeling (especially in schools) plastic generic name for certain synthetic or semisynthetic materials that can be molded or extruded into objects or films or filaments or used for making e.g. coatings and adhesives capable of being influenced or formed; "the plastic minds of children"; "a pliant nature" plasticizer a substance added to plastics or other materials to make them more pliable thermoplastic a material that softens when heated and hardens again when cooled having the property of softening or fusing when heated and of hardening and becoming rigid again when cooled; "thermoplastic materials can be remelted and cooled time after time without undergoing any appreciable chemical change" saran any of various thermoplastic resins used to make things polymethyl methacrylate a transparent plastic used as a substitute for glass Lucite a transparent thermoplastic acrylic resin Plexiglas a light transparent weather resistant thermoplastic polyethylene a lightweight thermoplastic; used especially in packaging and insulation acetyl the organic group of acetic acid (CH3CO-) acyl any group or radical of the form RCO- where R is an organic group; "an example of the acyl group is the acetyl group" alcohol group the chemical group -OH aldehyde group the chemical group -CHO polyvinyl acetate a vinyl polymer used especially in paints or adhesives polyvinyl chloride a polymer of vinyl chloride used instead of rubber in electric cables styrene a colorless oily liquid; the monomer for polystyrene polystyrene a polymer of styrene; a rigid transparent thermoplastic; "expanded polystyrene looks like a rigid white foam and is used as packing or insulation" Styrofoam a light resilient foam of polystyrene thermosetting compositions a material that hardens when heated and cannot be remolded Bakelite a thermosetting plastic used as electric insulators and for making plastic ware and telephone receivers etc. Teflon a material used to coat cooking utensils and in industrial applications where sticking is to be avoided Vinylite any of various vinyl resins raw material material suitable for manufacture or use or finishing feedstock the raw material that is required for some industrial process sorbate a material that has been or is capable of being taken up by another substance by either absorption or adsorption sorbent a material that sorbs another substance; i.e. that has the capacity or tendency to take it up by either absorption or adsorption absorbent material a material having capacity or tendency to absorb another substance absorbate a material that has been or is capable of being absorbed absorber (physics) material in a nuclear reactor that absorbs radiation absorbent cotton cotton made absorbent by removal of the natural wax absorption indicator an indicator used in reactions that involve precipitation adsorbent a material having capacity or tendency to adsorb another substance having capacity or tendency to adsorb or cause to accumulate on a surface adsorbate a material that has been or is capable of being adsorbed acaricide a chemical agent used to kill mites acaroid resin an alcohol-soluble resin from Australian trees; used in varnishes and in manufacturing paper acetic acid a colorless pungent liquid widely used in manufacturing plastics and pharmaceuticals acetin any of three liquid acetates that are formed when acetic acid and glycerin are heated together acetum a dilute solution of acetic acid that is used as a solvent (e.g. for a drug) acetate a salt or ester of acetic acid dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane an insecticide that is also toxic to animals and humans; banned in the United States since 1972 larvacide an insecticide that kills the larvae of insects lead arsenate a poisonous white solid (Pb3[AsO4]2) used as an insecticide tetraethyl lead a clear oily poisonous liquid added to gasoline to prevent knocking acetone the simplest ketone; a highly flammable liquid widely used as an organic solvent and as material for making plastics acetylene a colorless flammable gas used chiefly in welding and in organic synthesis Agent Orange a herbicide used in the Vietnam War to defoliate forest areas alicyclic compound an aliphatic compound that contains a ring of atoms aliphatic compound organic compound that is an alkane or alkene or alkyne or their derivative alkylbenzene organic compound that has an alkyl group bound to a benzene ring alkyl halide organic compound in which halogen atoms have been substituted for hydrogen atoms in an alkane amino acid organic compounds containing an amino group and a carboxylic acid group; "proteins are composed of various proportions of about 20 common amino acids" alanine a crystalline amino acid that occurs in many proteins argil a white clay (especially a white clay used by potters) arsenical a pesticide or drug containing arsenic relating to or containing arsenic; "arsenic vapor" asparagine a crystalline amino acid found in proteins and in many plants (e.g., asparagus) aspartic acid a crystalline amino acid found in proteins and occurring naturally in sugar beets and sugar cane canavanine an amino acid found in the jack bean chlorobenzene a colorless volatile flammable liquid with an almond odor that is made from chlorine and benzene; used as a solvent and in the production of phenol and DDT and other organic compounds chlorofluorocarbon a fluorocarbon with chlorine; formerly used as a refrigerant and as a propellant in aerosol cans; "the chlorine in CFCs causes depletion of atmospheric ozone" chlorobenzylidenemalononitrile a tear gas that is stronger than CN gas but wears off faster; can be deployed by grenades or cluster bombs; can cause skin burns and fatal pulmonary edema chloroacetophenone a tear gas that is weaker than CS gas but lasts longer citrate a salt or ester of citric acid cause to form a salt or ester of citric acid citrulline an amino acid that does not occur in proteins but is an intermediate in the conversion of ornithine to arginine cysteine an amino acid containing sulfur that is found in most proteins; oxidizes on exposure to air to form cystine cystine a crystalline amino acid found in proteins (especially keratin); discovered in bladder stones diamagnet a substance that exhibits diamagnetism diamine any organic compound containing two amino groups dopa amino acid that is formed in the liver and converted into dopamine in the brain L-dopa the levorotatory form of dopa (trade names Bendopa and Brocadopa and Larodopa); as a drug it is used to treat Parkinson's disease endonuclease a nuclease that cleaves nucleic acids at interior bonds and so produces fragments of various sizes enol an organic compound that contains a hydroxyl group bonded to a carbon atom which in turn is doubly bonded to another carbon atom essential amino acid an amino acid that is required by animals but that they cannot synthesize; must be supplied in the diet exonuclease a nuclease that releases one nucleotide at a time (serially) beginning at one of a nucleic acid gamma aminobutyric acid an amino acid that is found in the central nervous system; acts as an inhibitory neurotransmitter glutamic acid an amino acid occurring in proteins; important in the nitrogen metabolism of plants; used in monosodium glutamate to enhance the flavor of meats glutamine a crystalline amino acid occurring in proteins; important in protein metabolism glutathione peroxidase an enzyme in the body that is a powerful scavenger of free radicals glycine the simplest amino acid found in proteins and the principal amino acid in sugar cane hydroxyproline a crystalline amino acid obtained from gelatin or collagen iodoamino acid an amino acid with iodine added ornithine an amino acid that does not occur in proteins but is important in the formation of urea acid-base indicator an indicator that changes color on going from acidic to basic solutions alpha-linolenic acid a polyunsaturated fatty acid with 18 carbon atoms; the only omega-3 fatty acid found in vegetable products; it is most abundant in canola oil; a fatty acid essential for nutrition alpha-naphthol an isomer of naphthol used in dyes alpha-naphthol test biochemical indicator of the presence of carbohydrates in a solution; if carbohydrates are present a violet ring is formed by reaction with alpha-naphthol in the presence of sulfuric acid aromatic compound a hydrocarbon containing one or more benzene rings that are characteristic of the benzene series of compounds arsenate a salt or ester of arsenic acid arsenic acid an acid formed from arsenic pentoxide arsenide a compound of arsenic with a more positive element cerotic acid a white solid fatty acid found in waxes (such as beeswax) chlorate any salt of chloric acid chloric acid (HClO3) a strong unstable acid with an acrid odor found in chlorate salts chlorous acid (HClO2) a strongly oxidizing acid; known only in solution monobasic acid an acid containing only one replaceable hydrogen atom per molecule dibasic acid an acid containing two replaceable hydrogen atoms per molecule dibasic salt a salt derived by replacing two hydrogen atoms per molecule tribasic acid an acid containing three replaceable hydrogen atoms per molecule tritium a radioactive isotope of hydrogen; atoms of tritium have three times the mass of ordinary hydrogen atoms tetrabasic acid an acid containing four replaceable hydrogen atoms per molecule fulminic acid (CNOH) an unstable acid occurring mainly in the form of explosive salts and esters that is isomeric with cyanic acid gamma acid a crystalline acid used to make azo dyes hexanedioic acid a carboxylic acid used in the manufacture of nylon HMG-CoA reductase a liver enzyme that is responsible for producing cholesterol horseradish peroxidase an enzyme used in immunohistochemistry to label antigens and their antibodies hydrazoic acid a colorless explosive liquid that is volatile and poisonous and foul-smelling hydriodic acid (HI) a colorless or yellow aqueous solution of hydrogen iodide; "hydriodic acid is a strong acid" hydrochlorofluorocarbon a fluorocarbon that is replacing chlorofluorocarbon as a refrigerant and propellant in aerosol cans; considered to be somewhat less destructive to the atmosphere hydrogen cyanide a highly poisonous gas or volatile liquid that smells like bitter almonds; becomes a gas at around 90 degree Fahrenheit and is most dangerous when inhaled; the anhydride of hydrocyanic acid; used in manufacturing hydrocyanic acid a solution of hydrogen cyanide in water; weak solutions are used in fumigating and in the synthesis of organic compounds hydrolysate a product of hydrolysis hydroxy acid any acid that has hydroxyl groups in addition to the hydroxyl group in the acid itself hydroxybenzoic acid a crystalline derivative of benzoic acid hypochlorite any salt or ester of hypochlorous acid hyponitrous acid an explosive white crystalline weak acid (H2N2O2) hypophosphoric acid a crystalline tetrabasic acid (H4P2O6) hypophosphorous acid a clear or yellow monobasic acid (H3PO2) juniperic acid a crystalline acid found in the exudations of some conifers lysergic acid a crystalline acid often used in medical research; obtained from ergotic alkaloids manganic acid a dibasic acid (H2MnO4) found only in solution and in manganate salts metaphosphoric acid a glassy solid acid ([HPO3]n) often used as a dehydrating agent polyphosphoric acid a series of oxyacids of phosphorus pyrogallol a toxic white lustrous crystalline phenol used to treat certain skin diseases and as a photographic developer pyrophosphoric acid a solid acid formed by reactions of orthophosphoric acid pyrophosphate a salt or ester of pyrophosphoric acid methacrylic acid an unsaturated acid (C4H6O2) used to make resins and plastics mucic acid a solid acid (C6H10O8) found in milk or sugar selenic acid a strong acid (H2SeO4) analogous to sulfuric acid suberic acid a dicarboxylic acid found in cork succinic acid a dicarboxylic acid (C4H6O4) active in metabolic processes sulfonate a salt of sulphonic acid sulfonic acid an acid derived from sulphuric acid titanic acid a white weak acid that is a hydrated form of titanium dioxide titanium dioxide a white powder used as a pigment for its high covering power and durability adulterant any substance that lessens the purity or effectiveness of a substance; "it is necessary to remove the adulterants before use" alkyl any of a series of univalent groups of the general formula CnH2n+1 derived from aliphatic hydrocarbons allyl the univalent unsaturated organic radical C3H5; derived from propylene amino the radical -NH2 pertaining to or containing any of a group of organic compounds of nitrogen derived from ammonia aminomethane a methyl with the hydrogen atom replaced by an amino radical amyl a hydrocarbon radical that occurs in many organic compounds anionic compound a compound characterized by an active anion anionic detergent a class of synthetic detergents in which the molecules do not ionize in aqueous solutions base metal a metal that is common and not considered precious; "lead, iron, copper, tin, and zinc are base metals" binary compound chemical compound composed of only two elements chelate a heterocyclic compound having a metal ion attached by coordinate bonds to at least two nonmetal ions form a chelate, in chemistry having or resembling chelae or claws relating to or characterized by chelation isotope one of two or more atoms with the same atomic number but with different numbers of neutrons radioisotope a radioactive isotope of an element; produced either naturally or artificially halon a compound in which the hydrogen atoms of a hydrocarbon have been replaced by bromine and other halogen atoms; very stable; used in fire extinguishers although it is thought to release bromine that depletes the ozone layer bromoform colorless liquid haloform CHBr3 fluoroform colorless gas haloform CHF3 (similar to chloroform) haloform compounds with the formula CHX3, where X is a halogen atom azido group the univalent group N3- derived from hydrazoic acid azo group the bivalent group -N=N- united to two hydrocarbon groups fullerene a form of carbon having a large molecule consisting of an empty cage of sixty or more carbon atoms buckminsterfullerene a spheroidal fullerene; the first known example of a fullerene carbon nanotube a fullerene molecule having a cylindrical or toroidal shape benzyl the univalent radical derived from toluene benzoyl group the univalent radical derived from benzoic acid chemical element any of the more than 100 known substances (of which 92 occur naturally) that cannot be separated into simpler substances and that singly or in combination constitute all matter allotrope a structurally different form of an element; "graphite and diamond are allotropes of carbon" transuranic element any element having an atomic number greater than 92 (which is the atomic number of uranium); all are radioactive noble gas any of the chemically inert gaseous elements of the helium group in the periodic table helium group the series of inert gases rare earth any element of the lanthanide series (atomic numbers 57 through 71) terbium metal a separate group of related lanthanides, including terbium, europium, gadolinium, and sometimes dysprosium actinide series (chemistry) a series of 15 radioactive elements with increasing atomic numbers from actinium to lawrencium lanthanide series the rare-earth elements with atomic numbers 57 through 71; having properties similar to lanthanum metallic element any of several chemical elements that are usually shiny solids that conduct heat or electricity and can be formed into sheets etc. noble metal any metal that is resistant to corrosion or oxidation nonmetal a chemical element lacking typical metallic properties transactinide any of the artificially produced elements with atomic numbers greater than 103 of or belonging to the elements with atomic numbers greater than 103 metallized dye acid dye in which the negative ion contains a chelated metal atom actinium a radioactive element of the actinide series; found in uranium ores aluminum a silvery ductile metallic element found primarily in bauxite americium a radioactive transuranic metallic element; discovered by bombarding uranium with helium atoms antimony a metallic element having four allotropic forms; used in a wide variety of alloys; found in stibnite argon a colorless and odorless inert gas; one of the six inert gases; comprises approximately 1% of the earth's atmosphere arsenic a very poisonous metallic element that has three allotropic forms; arsenic and arsenic compounds are used as herbicides and insecticides and various alloys; found in arsenopyrite and orpiment and realgar a white powdered poisonous trioxide of arsenic; used in manufacturing glass and as a pesticide (rat poison) and weed killer astatine a highly unstable radioactive element (the heaviest of the halogen series); a decay product of uranium and thorium atrazine a synthetic compound derived from triazine that is widely used as an agricultural herbicide; "atrazine is thought to cause cancer and is banned in some European countries" barium a soft silvery metallic element of the alkali earth group; found in barite baryta any of several compounds of barium barium hydroxide white poisonous crystals; made by dissolving barium oxide in water barium monoxide an oxide of barium; a whitish toxic powder barium dioxide a white toxic powder obtained by heating barium oxide in air base pair one of the pairs of chemical bases joined by hydrogen bonds that connect the complementary strands of a DNA molecule or of an RNA molecule that has two strands; the base pairs are adenine with thymine and guanine with cytosine in DNA and adenine with uracil and guanine with cytosine in RNA berkelium a radioactive transuranic element; discovered by bombarding americium with helium beryllium a light strong brittle grey toxic bivalent metallic element bismuth a heavy brittle diamagnetic trivalent metallic element (resembles arsenic and antimony chemically); usually recovered as a by-product from ores of other metals bohrium a transuranic element boron a trivalent metalloid element; occurs both in a hard black crystal and in the form of a yellow or brown powder bromine a nonmetallic heavy volatile corrosive dark brown liquid element belonging to the halogens; found in sea water cadmium a soft bluish-white ductile malleable toxic bivalent metallic element; occurs in association with zinc ores calcium a white metallic element that burns with a brilliant light; the fifth most abundant element in the earth's crust; an important component of most plants and animals californium a radioactive transuranic element; discovered by bombarding curium with alpha particles carbon atom an atom of carbon radiocarbon a radioactive isotope of carbon cerium a ductile grey metallic element of the lanthanide series; used in lighter flints; the most abundant of the rare-earth group cesium a soft silver-white ductile metallic element (liquid at normal temperatures); the most electropositive and alkaline metal cesium 137 a radioactive isotope of cesium used in radiation therapy chlorine a common nonmetallic element belonging to the halogens; best known as a heavy yellow irritating toxic gas; used to purify water and as a bleaching agent and disinfectant; occurs naturally only as a salt (as in sea water) radiochlorine a radioactive isotope of chlorine chromium a hard brittle multivalent metallic element; resistant to corrosion and tarnishing cobalt a hard ferromagnetic silver-white bivalent or trivalent metallic element; a trace element in plant and animal nutrition cobalt 60 a radioactive isotope of cobalt with mass number 60; a source of exceptionally intense gamma rays; used in radiation therapy curium a radioactive transuranic metallic element; produced by bombarding plutonium with helium nuclei darmstadtium a radioactive transuranic element dubnium a transuranic element dysprosium a trivalent metallic element of the rare earth group; forms compounds that are highly magnetic einsteinium a radioactive transuranic element produced by bombarding plutonium with neutrons erbium a trivalent metallic element of the rare earth group; occurs with yttrium europium a bivalent and trivalent metallic element of the rare earth group fermium a radioactive transuranic metallic element produced by bombarding plutonium with neutrons fluorine a nonmetallic univalent element belonging to the halogens; usually a yellow irritating toxic flammable gas; a powerful oxidizing agent; recovered from fluorite or cryolite or fluorapatite francium a radioactive element of the alkali-metal group discovered as a disintegration product of actinium gadolinium a ductile silvery-white ductile ferromagnetic trivalent metallic element of the rare earth group gallium a rare silvery (usually trivalent) metallic element; brittle at low temperatures but liquid above room temperature; occurs in trace amounts in bauxite and zinc ores germanium a brittle grey crystalline element that is a semiconducting metalloid (resembling silicon) used in transistors; occurs in germanite and argyrodite 18-karat gold an alloy that contains 75 per cent gold 22-karat gold an alloy that contains 87 per cent gold 24-karat gold 100 per cent gold hafnium a grey tetravalent metallic element that resembles zirconium chemically and is found in zirconium minerals; used in filaments for its ready emission of electrons hassium a radioactive transuranic element helium a very light colorless element that is one of the six inert gasses; the most difficult gas to liquefy; occurs in economically extractable amounts in certain natural gases (as those found in Texas and Kansas) holmium a trivalent metallic element of the rare earth group; occurs together with yttrium; forms highly magnetic compounds hydrogen a nonmetallic univalent element that is normally a colorless and odorless highly flammable diatomic gas; the simplest and lightest and most abundant element in the universe hydrogen atom an atom of hydrogen acidic hydrogen a hydrogen atom in an acid that forms a positive ion when the acid dissociates deuterium an isotope of hydrogen which has one neutron (as opposed to zero neutrons in hydrogen) indium a rare soft silvery metallic element; occurs in small quantities in sphalerite iodine a nonmetallic element belonging to the halogens; used especially in medicine and photography and in dyes; occurs naturally only in combination in small quantities (as in sea water or rocks) iodine-131 heavy radioactive isotope of iodine with a half-life of 8 days; used in a sodium salt to diagnose thyroid disease and to treat goiter iodine-125 light radioactive isotope of iodine with a half-life of 60 days; used as a tracer in thyroid studies and as a treatment for hyperthyroidism iridium a heavy brittle metallic element of the platinum group; used in alloys; occurs in natural alloys with platinum or osmium krypton a colorless element that is one of the six inert gasses; occurs in trace amounts in air lanthanum a white soft metallic element that tarnishes readily; occurs in rare earth minerals and is usually classified as a rare earth lawrencium a radioactive transuranic element synthesized from californium lithium a soft silver-white univalent element of the alkali metal group; the lightest metal known; occurs in several minerals lutetium a trivalent metallic element of the rare earth group; usually occurs in association with yttrium magnesium a light silver-white ductile bivalent metallic element; in pure form it burns with brilliant white flame; occurs naturally only in combination (as in magnesite and dolomite and carnallite and spinel and olivine) manganese a hard brittle grey polyvalent metallic element that resembles iron but is not magnetic; used in making steel; occurs in many minerals meitnerium a radioactive transuranic element mendelevium a radioactive transuranic element synthesized by bombarding einsteinium with alpha particles (Md is the current symbol for mendelevium but Mv was formerly the symbol) molybdenum a polyvalent metallic element that resembles chromium and tungsten in its properties; used to strengthen and harden steel neodymium a yellow trivalent metallic element of the rare earth group; occurs in monazite and bastnasite in association with cerium and lanthanum and praseodymium neon a colorless odorless gaseous element that give a red glow in a vacuum tube; one of the six inert gasses; occurs in the air in small amounts neptunium a radioactive transuranic metallic element; found in trace amounts in uranium ores; a by-product of the production of plutonium niobium a soft grey ductile metallic element used in alloys; occurs in niobite; formerly called columbium columbium a former name for niobium nitrogen a common nonmetallic element that is normally a colorless odorless tasteless inert diatomic gas; constitutes 78 percent of the atmosphere by volume; a constituent of all living tissues azote an obsolete name for nitrogen nobelium a radioactive transuranic element synthesized by bombarding curium with carbon ions; 7 isotopes are known osmium a hard brittle blue-grey or blue-black metallic element that is one of the platinum metals; the heaviest metal known oxygen a nonmetallic bivalent element that is normally a colorless odorless tasteless nonflammable diatomic gas; constitutes 21 percent of the atmosphere by volume; the most abundant element in the earth's crust liquid oxygen a bluish translucent magnetic liquid obtained by compressing gaseous oxygen and then cooling it below its boiling point; used as an oxidizer in rocket propellants palladium a silver-white metallic element of the platinum group that resembles platinum; occurs in some copper and nickel ores; does not tarnish at ordinary temperatures and is used (alloyed with gold) in jewelry phosphor a synthetic substance that is fluorescent or phosphorescent; used to coat the screens of cathode ray tubes phosphorus a multivalent nonmetallic element of the nitrogen family that occurs commonly in inorganic phosphate rocks and as organic phosphates in all living cells; is highly reactive and occurs in several allotropic forms platinum a heavy precious metallic element; grey-white and resistant to corroding; occurs in some nickel and copper ores and is also found native in some deposits plutonium a solid silvery grey radioactive transuranic element whose atoms can be split when bombarded with neutrons; found in minute quantities in uranium ores but is usually synthesized in nuclear reactors; 13 isotopes are known with the most important being plutonium 239 plutonium 239 a highly fissionable isotope of plutonium that is used in atomic weapons and as a reactor fuel; produced by irradiating uranium 238 with slow electrons weapons plutonium plutonium 239 that is recovered when nuclear weapons are disassembled; it is stored in plutonium pits polonium a radioactive metallic element that is similar to tellurium and bismuth; occurs in uranium ores but can be produced by bombarding bismuth with neutrons in a nuclear reactor potassium a light soft silver-white metallic element of the alkali metal group; oxidizes rapidly in air and reacts violently with water; is abundant in nature in combined forms occurring in sea water and in carnallite and kainite and sylvite praseodymium a soft yellowish-white trivalent metallic element of the rare earth group; can be recovered from bastnasite or monazite by an ion-exchange process promethium a soft silvery metallic element of the rare earth group having no stable isotope; was discovered in radioactive form as a fission product of uranium protactinium a short-lived radioactive metallic element formed from uranium and disintegrating into actinium and then into lead radium an intensely radioactive metallic element that occurs in minute amounts in uranium ores radon a radioactive gaseous element formed by the disintegration of radium; the heaviest of the inert gasses; occurs naturally (especially in areas over granite) and is considered a hazard to health rhenium a rare heavy polyvalent metallic element that resembles manganese chemically and is used in some alloys; is obtained as a by-product in refining molybdenum rhodium a white hard metallic element that is one of the platinum group and is found in platinum ores; used in alloys with platinum roentgenium a radioactive transuranic element rubidium a soft silvery metallic element of the alkali metal group; burns in air and reacts violently in water; occurs in carnallite and lepidolite and pollucite ruthenium a rare polyvalent metallic element of the platinum group; it is found associated with platinum rutherfordium a radioactive transuranic element which has been synthesized samarium a grey lustrous metallic element of the rare earth group; is used in special alloys; occurs in monazite and bastnasite scandium a white trivalent metallic element; sometimes classified in the rare earth group; occurs in the Scandinavian mineral thortveitite seaborgium a transuranic element selenium a toxic nonmetallic element related to sulfur and tellurium; occurs in several allotropic forms; a stable grey metallike allotrope conducts electricity better in the light than in the dark and is used in photocells; occurs in sulfide ores (as pyrite) silicon a tetravalent nonmetallic element; next to oxygen it is the most abundant element in the earth's crust; occurs in clay and feldspar and granite and quartz and sand; used as a semiconductor in transistors sodium a silvery soft waxy metallic element of the alkali metal group; occurs abundantly in natural compounds (especially in salt water); burns with a yellow flame and reacts violently in water; occurs in sea water and in the mineral halite (rock salt) strontium a soft silver-white or yellowish metallic element of the alkali metal group; turns yellow in air; occurs in celestite and strontianite strontium 90 a radioactive isotope of strontium (with the mass number 90) that is present in the fallout from nuclear explosions; can be assimilated like calcium into bones sulfur an abundant tasteless odorless multivalent nonmetallic element; best known in yellow crystals; occurs in many sulphide and sulphate minerals and even in native form (especially in volcanic regions) tantalum a hard grey lustrous metallic element that is highly resistant to corrosion; occurs in niobite and fergusonite and tantalite taurine a colorless crystalline substance obtained from the bile of mammals of or relating to or resembling a bull technetium a crystalline metallic element not found in nature; occurs as one of the fission products of uranium tellurium a brittle silver-white metalloid element that is related to selenium and sulfur; it is used in alloys and as a semiconductor; occurs mainly as tellurides in ores of copper and nickel and silver and gold terbium a metallic element of the rare earth group; used in lasers; occurs in apatite and monazite and xenotime and ytterbite thallium a soft grey malleable metallic element that resembles tin but discolors on exposure to air; it is highly toxic and is used in rodent and insect poisons; occurs in zinc blende and some iron ores thorium a soft silvery-white tetravalent radioactive metallic element; isotope 232 is used as a power source in nuclear reactors; occurs in thorite and in monazite sands thorium-228 radioactive isotope of thorium with mass number 228 thulium a soft silvery metallic element of the rare earth group; isotope 170 emits X-rays and is used in small portable X-ray machines; it occurs in monazite and apatite and xenotime titanium a light strong grey lustrous corrosion-resistant metallic element used in strong lightweight alloys (as for airplane parts); the main sources are rutile and ilmenite tungsten a heavy grey-white metallic element; the pure form is used mainly in electrical applications; it is found in several ores including wolframite and scheelite ununbium a radioactive transuranic element ununhexium a radioactive transuranic element ununpentium a radioactive transuranic element ununquadium a radioactive transuranic element ununtrium a radioactive transuranic element uranium a heavy toxic silvery-white radioactive metallic element; occurs in many isotopes; used for nuclear fuels and nuclear weapons uranium 235 a uranium isotope with mass number 235; capable of sustaining chain reactions uranium 238 the commonest isotope of uranium; it is not fissionable but when irradiated with neutrons it produces fissionable plutonium 239 vanadium a soft silvery white toxic metallic element used in steel alloys; it occurs in several complex minerals including carnotite and vanadinite xenon a colorless odorless inert gaseous element occurring in the earth's atmosphere in trace amounts ytterbium a soft silvery metallic element; a rare earth of the lanthanide series; it occurs in gadolinite and monazite and xenotime yttrium a silvery metallic element that is common in rare-earth minerals; used in magnesium and aluminum alloys zinc a bluish-white lustrous metallic element; brittle at ordinary temperatures but malleable when heated; used in a wide variety of alloys and in galvanizing iron; it occurs naturally as zinc sulphide in zinc blende coat or cover with zinc zirconium a lustrous grey strong metallic element resembling titanium; it is used in nuclear reactors as a neutron absorber; it occurs in baddeleyite but is obtained chiefly from zircon mineral solid homogeneous inorganic substances occurring in nature having a definite chemical composition composed of matter other than plant or animal; "the inorganic mineral world" relating to minerals; "mineral elements"; "mineral deposits" ader wax a waxy mineral that is a mixture of hydrocarbons and occurs in association with petroleum; some varieties are used in making ceresin and candles amblygonite a white or grey mineral consisting of lithium aluminum phosphate; a source of lithium amphibole a mineral or mineral variety belonging to the amphibole group amphibole group a group of minerals with similar crystal structures containing a silicate chain and combinations of chiefly sodium and calcium and magnesium and iron and aluminum amphibolite a metamorphic rock composed chiefly of amphibole and plagioclase apatite a common complex mineral consisting of calcium fluoride phosphate or calcium chloride phosphate; a source of phosphorus aragonite a mineral form of crystalline calcium carbonate; dimorphic with calcite argentite a valuable silver ore consisting of silver sulfide (Ag2S) argillite a sedimentary rock differing from shale in being bound by silica and from slate in having no slate cleavages argyrodite a rare steel-grey mineral consisting of silver and germanium and sulfur arsenopyrite a silver-white or grey ore of arsenic asphalt a dark bituminous substance found in natural beds and as residue from petroleum distillation; consists mainly of hydrocarbons mixed asphalt and crushed gravel or sand; used especially for paving but also for roofing cover with tar or asphalt; "asphalt the driveway" augite dark-green to black glassy mineral of the pyroxene group containing large amounts of aluminum and iron and magnesium azurite blue carbonate of copper; blue malachite baddeleyite a mineral consisting of zirconium oxide bastnasite a yellow-to-brown mineral that is a source of rare earth elements bauxite a clay-like mineral; the chief ore of aluminum; composed of aluminum oxides and aluminum hydroxides; used as an abrasive and catalyst beryl the chief source of beryllium; colored transparent varieties are valued as gems biotite dark brown to black mica found in igneous and metamorphic rock bone black black substance containing char in the form of carbonized bone; used as a black pigment borax an ore of boron consisting of hydrated sodium borate; used as a flux or cleansing agent bornite a mineral consisting of sulfides of copper and iron that is found in copper deposits carnallite a white or reddish mineral consisting of hydrous chlorides of potassium and magnesium; used as a fertilizer and as a source of potassium and magnesium carnotite a yellow radioactive mineral; an ore of uranium and radium and vanadium caspase any of a group of proteases that mediate apoptosis cassiterite a hard heavy dark mineral that is the chief source of tin celestite a mineral consisting of strontium sulphate cerussite a mineral consisting of lead carbonate that is an important source of lead chalcocite a heavy grey mineral that is an ore of copper chalcopyrite a yellow copper ore (CuFeS2) made up of copper and iron sulfide china clay a fine usually white clay formed by the weathering of aluminous minerals (as feldspar); used in ceramics and as an absorbent and as a filler (e.g., in paper) chlorite a generally green or black mineral; it occurs as a constituent of many rocks typically in the form of a flat crystal chromite a brownish-black mineral; the major source of chromium chromogen a compound that can be converted to a pigment chrysoberyl a rare hard yellow green mineral consisting of beryllium aluminate in crystal form; used as a gemstone cobalt blue greenish-blue pigment consisting essentially of cobalt oxide and alumina cobaltite a rare silvery-white mineral; important ore of cobalt sodium chloride a white crystalline solid consisting mainly of sodium chloride (NaCl) halite naturally occurring crystalline sodium chloride columbite-tantalite a valuable black mineral combining niobite and tantalite; used in cell phones and computer chips cordierite a blue mineral of magnesium and iron and aluminum and silicon and oxygen; often used as a gemstone corundom very hard mineral used as an abrasive cristobalite a white mineral consisting of silica; found in volcanic rocks crocolite a rare lead chromite mineral that forms bright orange crystals cryolite a white mineral consisting of fluorides of aluminum and sodium; a source of fluorine cuprite a mineral consisting of cuprous oxide that is a source of copper cutin (biochemistry) a waxy transparent material that occurs in the cuticle of plants and consists of highly polymerized esters of fatty acids damourite a variety of muscovite dolomite a light colored mineral consisting of calcium magnesium carbonate; a source of magnesium; used as a ceramic and as fertilizer a kind of sedimentary rock resembling marble or limestone but rich in magnesium carbonate earth color a colored mineral used as a pigment emery a hard grey-black mineral consisting of corundum and either hematite or magnetite; used as an abrasive (especially as a coating on paper) emulsifier a surface-active agent that promotes the formation of an emulsion erythrite a reddish mineral consisting of hydrated cobalt arsenate in monoclinic crystalline form and used in coloring glass; usually found in veins bearing cobalt and arsenic fergusonite a dark mineral consisting of oxides of yttrium and erbium and tantalum and other minerals fluorapatite a form of apatite in which fluorine predominates over chlorine fluorite a soft mineral (calcium fluoride) that is fluorescent in ultraviolet light; chief source of fluorine gadolinite a mineral that is a source of rare earths; consists of silicates of iron and beryllium and cerium and yttrium and erbium galena soft blue-grey mineral; lead sulfide; a major source of lead garnet any of a group of hard glassy minerals (silicates of various metals) used as gemstones and as an abrasive garnierite a green mineral consisting of hydrated nickel magnesium silicate; a source of nickel almandite a deep red garnet consisting of iron aluminum silicate germanite a rare reddish-grey mineral consisting of a copper iron germanium sulfide gesso gypsum or plaster of Paris spread on a surface to make it suitable for painting or gilding (or a surface so prepared) gibbsite white crystalline mineral consisting of aluminum hydroxide; a constituent of bauxite and a source of alumina glauconite a green mineral consisting of hydrated silicate of potassium or iron or magnesium or aluminum; found in greensand goethite a red or yellow or brown mineral; an oxide of iron that is a common constituent of rust greaves the residue that remains after animal fat has been rendered greenockite ore of cadmium; a rare yellowish mineral consisting of cadmium sulphide in crystalline form gypsum a common white or colorless mineral (hydrated calcium sulphate) used to make cements and plasters (especially plaster of Paris) hausmannite a mineral consisting of manganese tetroxide; a source of manganese heavy spar a white or colorless mineral (BaSO4); the main source of barium hemimorphite a white mineral; a common ore of zinc ilmenite a weakly magnetic black mineral found in metamorphic and plutonic rocks; an iron titanium oxide in crystalline form; a source of titanium jadeite a hard green mineral consisting of sodium aluminum silicate in monoclinic crystalline form; a source of jade; found principally in Burma kainite a white mineral consisting of magnesium sulphate and potassium chloride; a source of potassium salts; used as a fertilizer kaolinite a mineral consisting of aluminum silicate; main source of kaolin kernite a light soft mineral consisting of hydrated sodium borate in crystalline form; an important source of boron kieserite a white mineral consisting of hydrous magnesium sulfate often found in salt mines kyanite a grey or greenish-blue mineral consisting of aluminum silicate in crystalline form; occurs in metaphoric rock, used as a refractory lactate a salt or ester of lactic acid langbeinite a mineral consisting of potassium magnesium double sulphate; used as a fertilizer lecithin a yellow phospholipid essential for the metabolism of fats; found in egg yolk and in many plant and animal cells; used commercially as an emulsifier lepidolite a mineral of the mica group; an important source of lithium lepidomelane a mica that is a biotite containing iron magnesite a white mineral consisting of magnesium carbonate; a source of magnesium malachite a green or blue mineral used as an ore of copper and for making ornamental objects maltha a thick black tar intermediate between petroleum and asphalt manganese tetroxide an oxide of manganese found naturally as hausmannite manganite a black mineral consisting of basic manganese oxide; a source of manganese marl a loose and crumbling earthy deposit consisting mainly of calcite or dolomite; used as a fertilizer for soils deficient in lime mica any of various minerals consisting of hydrous silicates of aluminum or potassium etc. that crystallize in forms that allow perfect cleavage into very thin leaves; used as dielectrics because of their resistance to electricity millerite a yellow mineral consisting of nickel sulfide; a minor source of nickel molecule (physics and chemistry) the simplest structural unit of an element or compound molybdenite a mineral resembling graphite that is valued as the chief source of molybdenum and its compounds monazite a reddish-brown mineral containing rare earth metals; an important source of thorium and cerium monomer a simple compound whose molecules can join together to form polymers muscovite a colorless or pale brown mica with potassium nepheline a whitish mineral consisting of sodium aluminum silicate or potassium aluminum silicate in crystalline form; used in the manufacture of ceramics and enamels nephelinite an igneous rock consisting of nepheline and pyroxene nephrite an amphibole mineral consisting of calcium magnesium silicate in monoclinic crystalline form; a source of jade that is less valuable than from jadeite; once believed to cure kidney disorders niobite a black mineral that is an ore of niobium and tantalum nitrocalcite the mineral form of calcium nitrate olivine a mineral consisting of magnesium iron silicate; a source of magnesium olivenite rare green to black mineral consisting of hydrated copper arsenate that is found in copper deposits ozonide any of a class of unstable chemical compounds resulting from the addition of ozone to a double bond in an unsaturated compound perchlorate a salt of perchloric acid perchloric acid a powerful oxidizing agent; forms perchlorates proline an amino acid that is found in many proteins (especially collagen) butane occurs in natural gas; used in the manufacture of rubber and fuels coal gas gaseous mixture produced by distillation of bituminous coal and used for heating and lighting town gas coal gas manufactured for domestic and industrial use diesel oil a heavy mineral oil used as fuel in diesel engines derv diesel oil used in cars and lorries with diesel engines; from d(iesel) e(ngine) r(oad) v(ehicle) fossil fuel fuel consisting of the remains of organisms preserved in rocks in the earth's crust with high carbon and hydrogen content fuel oil a petroleum product used for fuel gasohol a gasoline substitute consisting of 90% gasoline and 10% grain alcohol from corn gasoline a volatile flammable mixture of hydrocarbons (hexane and heptane and octane etc.) derived from petroleum; used mainly as a fuel in internal-combustion engines leaded gasoline gasoline treated with a lead compound to reduce motor knocks; "combustion of leaded gasoline released lead into the air where it could cause lead poisoning" illuminant something that can serve as a source of light kerosene a flammable hydrocarbon oil used as fuel in lamps and heaters methanol a light volatile flammable poisonous liquid alcohol; used as an antifreeze and solvent and fuel and as a denaturant for ethyl alcohol nuclear fuel fuel (such as uranium) that can be used in nuclear reactors as a source of electricity opal a translucent mineral consisting of hydrated silica of variable color; some varieties are used as gemstones oroide alloy of copper and tin and zinc; used in imitation gold jewelry orpiment a yellow mineral occurring in conjunction with realgar; an ore of arsenic osmiridium a hard and corrosion resistant mineral that is a natural alloy of osmium and iridium (usually containing small amounts of rhodium and platinum); used in needles and pen nibs etc. paragonite a colorless or pale brown mica with sodium paraldehyde a colorless liquid (a cyclic trimer of acetaldehyde) that is used as a sedative and a solvent peat partially carbonized vegetable matter saturated with water; can be used as a fuel when dried pentlandite a mineral (iron and nickel sulphide) that is the chief ore of nickel triose any monosaccharide sugar containing three atoms of carbon per molecule tetrose any monosaccharide sugar containing four atoms of carbon per molecule pentose any monosaccharide sugar containing five atoms of carbon per molecule hexose a monosaccharide that contains six carbon atoms per molecule pentoxide an oxide containing five atoms of oxygen in the molecule peptone any of various water-soluble compounds that form by hydrolysis in the digestion of proteins to amino acids periclase a white solid mineral that occurs naturally as periclase; a source of magnesium phlogopite a brown form of mica consisting of hydrous silicate of potassium and magnesium and aluminum pinite grey or green or brown mineral similar to mica and containing aluminum and potassium sulphates pollucite a rare mineral that is an important source of cesium quaternary ammonium compound a compound derived from ammonium with hydrogen atoms replaced by organic groups; used as surface-active agents, disinfectants, and in drugs proenzyme any of a group of compounds that are inactive precursors of enzymes and require some change (such as the hydrolysis of a fragment that masks an active enzyme) to become active propane colorless gas found in natural gas and petroleum; used as a fuel propellant any substance that propels tending to or capable of propelling; "propellant fuel for submarines"; "the faster a jet plane goes the greater its propulsive efficiency"; "universities...the seats of propulsive thought" rocket fuel an explosive charge that propels a rocket propylthiouracil a crystalline compound used as an antithyroid drug in the treatment of goiter psilomelane a mineral consisting of hydrated basic oxide of manganese and barium; a source of manganese pyridine a toxic colorless flammable liquid organic base with a disagreeable odor; usually derived from coal pyrite a common mineral (iron disulfide) that has a pale yellow color pyrites any of various metallic-looking sulfides (of which pyrite is the commonest) pyrolusite a mineral consisting of manganese dioxide; an important source of manganese pyromorphite a mineral consisting of lead chloride and phosphate; a minor source of lead pyrophyllite a white or greenish aluminum silicate mineral (resembles talc) pyroxene any of a group of crystalline silicate mineral common in igneous and metamorphic rocks pyrrhotite a brownish iron sulfide mineral (FeS) having weak magnetic properties quartz a hard glossy mineral consisting of silicon dioxide in crystal form; present in most rocks (especially sandstone and granite); yellow sand is quartz with iron oxide impurities quartzite hard metamorphic rock consisting essentially of interlocking quartz crystals rock crystal a clear quartz used in making electronic and optical equipment rhinestone an imitation diamond made from rock crystal or glass or paste cairngorm a smoky yellow or brown quartz rag paper paper made partly or wholly from rags reactant a chemical substance that is present at the start of a chemical reaction realgar a rare soft orange mineral consisting of arsenic sulphide; an important ore of arsenic red clay clay whose redness results from iron oxide red fire combustible material (usually salts of lithium or strontium) that burns bright red; used in flares and fireworks regosol a type of soil consisting of unconsolidated material from freshly deposited alluvium or sand regur a rich black loam of India residual soil the soil that is remaining after the soluble elements have been dissolved topsoil the layer of soil on the surface subsoil the layer of soil between the topsoil and bedrock resinoid a plastic containing resins rhodochrosite a mineral consisting of manganese carbonate; a source of manganese rhodonite a pink or red mineral consisting of crystalline manganese silicate; used as an ornamental stone ribose a pentose sugar important as a component of ribonucleic acid ricin a toxic protein extracted from castor beans; used as a chemical reagent; can be used as a bioweapon; "one milligram of ricin can kill an adult" road metal broken rock used for repairing or making roads arenaceous rock a sedimentary rock composed of sand argillaceous rock a sedimentary rock formed from clay deposits rudaceous rock a sedimentary rock formed of coarse-grained material breccia a rudaceous rock consisting of sharp fragments embedded in clay or sand sedimentary rock rock formed from consolidated clay sediments sial the granitelike rocks that form the outermost layer of the earth's crust; rich in silicon and aluminum sima rock that form the continuous lower layer of the earth's crust; rich in silicon and magnesium marlite metamorphic rock with approximately the same composition as marl metamorphic rock rock altered by pressure and heat gravel rock fragments and pebbles cover with gravel; "We gravelled the driveway" hornfels a fine-grained metamorphic rock formed by the action of heat on clay rocks bank gravel gravel as found in natural deposits caliche nitrate-bearing rock or gravel of the sodium nitrate deposits of Chile and Peru crust or layer of hard subsoil encrusted with calcium-carbonate occurring in arid or semiarid regions cabochon a highly polished gem that is cut convexly but without facets pumice a light glass formed on the surface of some lavas; used as an abrasive rub with pumice, in order to clean or to smoothen grit a hard coarse-grained siliceous sandstone clench together; "grit one's teeth" cover with a grit; "grit roads" animal product a product made from animal material ambergris waxy substance secreted by the sperm whale and found floating at sea or washed ashore; used in perfume lac resinlike substance secreted by certain lac insects; used in e.g. varnishes and sealing wax garnet lac lac refined by treating with solvent; garnet-colored gum-lac an inferior lac produced by lac insects in Madagascar mosaic gold a yellow pigment sometimes suspended in lacquer stick lac lac in its natural state as scraped off twigs and dried seed lac granular material obtained from stick lac by crushing and washing Sonora lac resembling lac; secreted by a scale living on twigs of certain Mexican shrubs; used locally as medicine adhesive material a substance that unites or bonds surfaces together birdlime a sticky adhesive that is smeared on small branches to capture small birds spread birdlime on branches to catch birds glue cement consisting of a sticky substance that is used as an adhesive be fixed as if by glue; "His eyes were glued on her" join or attach with or as if with glue; "paste the sign on the wall"; "cut and paste the sentence in the text" animal glue a protein gelatin obtained by boiling e.g. skins and hoofs of cattle and horses casein glue made from casein; used for e.g. plywood and cabinetwork Crazy Glue a commercial brand of epoxy glue fish glue gelatinous substance obtained by boiling skins fins and bones of fish marine glue glue that is not water soluble putty a dough-like mixture of whiting and boiled linseed oil; used especially to patch woodwork or secure panes of glass apply putty in order to fix or fill; "putty the window sash" iron putty a cement resembling putty; made by mixing ferric oxide and boiled linseed oil; is acid resistant red-lead putty a cement resembling putty; made by mixing white and red lead in boiled linseed oil; used as luting on pipe fittings spirit gum an adhesive solution made of gum and ether and used to attach false hair to skin cement something that hardens to act as adhesive material a building material that is a powder made of a mixture of calcined limestone and clay; used with water and sand or gravel to make concrete and mortar concrete pavement is sometimes referred to as cement; "they stood on the grey cement beside the pool" any of various materials used by dentists to fill cavities in teeth make fast as if with cement; "We cemented our friendship" bind or join with or as if with cement cover or coat with cement paste an adhesive made from water and flour or starch; used on paper and paperboard any mixture of a soft and malleable consistency a hard, brilliant lead glass that is used in making artificial jewelry cover the surface of; "paste the wall with burlap" hit with the fists; "He pasted his opponent" rubber cement an adhesive made by dissolving unvulcanized rubber in a solvent like benzene or naphtha sealing material any substance used to seal joints or fill cracks in a porous surface sealant a kind of sealing material that is used to form a hard coating on a porous surface (as a coat of paint or varnish used to size a surface) purine a colorless crystalline organic base containing nitrogen; the parent compound of various biologically important substances any of several bases that are derivatives of purine adenine (biochemistry) purine base found in DNA and RNA; pairs with thymine in DNA and with uracil in RNA adenosine (biochemistry) a nucleoside that is a structural component of nucleic acids; it is present in all living cells in a combined form as a constituent of DNA and RNA and ADP and ATP and AMP adenosine deaminase an enzyme found in mammals that can catalyze the deamination of adenosine into inosine and ammonia; "ADA deficiency can lead to one form of severe combined immunodeficiency disease"; "the gene encoding ADA was one of the earlier human genes to be isolated and cloned for study" adenosine monophosphate a nucleotide found in muscle cells and important in metabolism; reversibly convertible to ADP and ATP adenosine diphosphate an ester of adenosine that is converted to ATP for energy storage adenosine triphosphate a nucleotide derived from adenosine that occurs in muscle tissue; the major source of energy for cellular reactions agate an impure form of quartz consisting of banded chalcedony; used as a gemstone and for making mortars and pestles moss agate an agate resembling moss with brown, black, or green markings Alar a chemical sprayed on fruit trees to regulate their growth so the entire crop can be harvested at one time ethyl alcohol the intoxicating agent in fermented and distilled liquors; used pure or denatured as a solvent or in medicines and colognes and cleaning solutions and rocket fuel; proposed as a renewable clean-burning additive to gasoline spirits of wine rectified ethyl alcohol absolute alcohol pure ethyl alcohol (containing no more than 1% water) isopropyl alcohol alcohol used as antifreeze or a solvent denaturant any substance that serves as a denaturing agent denatured alcohol ethyl alcohol that is unfit for drinking but is still useful for other purposes ethyl the univalent hydrocarbon radical C2H5 derived from ethane by the removal of one hydrogen atom aldohexose a monosaccharide sugar having six carbon atoms and an aldehyde group aldose a monosaccharide sugar that contains the aldehyde group or is hemiacetal acetal any organic compound formed by adding alcohol molecules to aldehyde molecules acetaldol unsaturated aldol acetaldehyde a colorless volatile water-soluble liquid aldehyde used chiefly in the manufacture of acetic acid and perfumes and drugs acetamide a colorless solid amide of acetic acid used as a solvent and in the synthesis of organic compounds acrylamide a white crystalline amide of propenoic acid can damage the nervous system and is carcinogenic in laboratory animals; "they claimed that acrylamide is produced when certain carbohydrates are baked or fried at high temperatures" agglomerate volcanic rock consisting of large fragments fused together form into one cluster clustered together but not coherent; "an agglomerated flower head" aldol an oily colorless liquid obtained by the condensation of two molecules of acetaldehyde; contains an alcohol group (-OH) and an aldehyde group (-CHO) alkali a mixture of soluble salts found in arid soils and some bodies of water; detrimental to agriculture alkali metal any of the monovalent metals of group I of the periodic table (lithium or sodium or potassium or rubidium or cesium or francium); "the hydroxides of the alkali metals are strongly alkaline" alkaline earth any of the bivalent metals of group II of the periodic table (calcium or strontium or barium or magnesium or beryllium) alkaloid natural bases containing nitrogen found in plants alkene any unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbon alkylbenzenesulfonate sulfonate of alkyl benzene cinchonine an alkaloid derivative of the bark of cinchona trees that is used as an antimalarial drug ephedrine white odorless powdered or crystalline alkaloid from plants of the genus Ephedra (especially Ephedra sinica) or made synthetically; used as a bronchodilator to treat bronchitis and asthma ergonovine an alkaloid derived from ergot (trade name Ergotrate Maleate) that is less toxic than ergot; induces muscular contraction of the uterus and is administered after childbirth or abortion ergotamine an alkaloid derived from ergot that is less toxic than ergot; causes constriction of blood vessels and is used to treat migraine pseudoephedrine poisonous crystalline alkaloid occurring with ephedrine and isomorphic with it epsilon toxin a bacterial toxin produced by clostridium perfringens; causes intense abdominal cramps and diarrhea that begins 8-22 hours after consumption of foods containing large numbers of these bacteria aflatoxin a potent carcinogen from the fungus Aspergillus; can be produced and stored for use as a bioweapon nicotine an alkaloid poison that occurs in tobacco; used in medicine and as an insecticide strychnine an alkaloid plant toxin extracted chiefly from nux vomica; formerly used as a stimulant brucine a bitter alkaloid poison resembling strychnine and extracted from nux vomica Turkish tobacco a dark aromatic tobacco of eastern Europe that is used in cigarettes latakia aromatic Turkish tobacco alexandrite a green variety of chrysoberyl used as a gemstone alloy iron cast iron containing alloying elements (usually nickel or chromium or copper or molybdenum) to increase the strength or facilitate heat treatment alloy steel steel who characteristics are determined by the addition of other elements in addition to carbon Alnico trade name for an alloy used to make high-energy permanent magnets; contains aluminum and iron and nickel plus cobalt or copper or titanium fusible metal an alloy with a low melting point and used as solder and in safety plugs and sprinkler fuses gunmetal a type of bronze used for parts subject to wear or corrosion (especially corrosion by sea water) phosphor bronze a corrosion-resistant bronze containing phosphorus; used in bearings and gears cupronickel a 60/40 alloy of copper and nickel electrum an alloy of gold and silver pewter any of various alloys of tin with small amounts of other metals (especially lead) pinchbeck an alloy of copper and zinc that is used in cheap jewelry to imitate gold serving as an imitation or substitute; "pinchbeck heroism" pot metal an alloy of copper and lead used especially for making large pots cast iron used for making cooking wares hard solder solder that contains copper; melts at a relatively high temperature; used for brazing silver solder a solder that contains silver soft solder solder that melts at a relatively low temperature solder an alloy (usually of lead and tin) used when melted to join two metal surfaces join or fuse with solder; "solder these two pipes together" gold dust the particles and flakes (and sometimes small nuggets) of gold obtained in placer mining white gold a pale alloy of gold usually with platinum or nickel or palladium Monel metal an alloy of nickel and copper and other metals (such as iron and/or manganese and/or aluminum) type metal an alloy of tin and lead and antimony used to make printing type white metal an alloy (often of lead or tin base) used for bearings alluvial soil a fine-grained fertile soil deposited by water flowing over flood plains or in river beds allyl alcohol an unsaturated primary alcohol present in wood spirit; use to make resins and plasticizers and pharmaceuticals allyl resin a resin derived from allyl alcohol that hardens when cured; used as an adhesive alpha-beta brass a brass that has more zinc and is stronger than alpha brass; used in making castings and hot-worked products alpha brass an alloy of brass and zinc; used mainly for cold working alpha bronze an alloy of copper and tin that can be worked alpha iron a magnetic allotrope of iron; stable below 906 degrees centigrade alpha-tocopheral a potent form of vitamin E obtained from germ oils or by synthesis carotenoid any of a class of highly unsaturated yellow to red pigments occurring in plants and animals carotene yellow or orange-red fat-soluble pigments in plants lycopene carotenoid that makes tomatoes red; may lower the risk of prostate cancer beta-carotene an isomer of carotene that is found in dark green and dark yellow fruits and vegetables xanthophyll yellow carotenoid pigments in plants and animal fats and egg yolks zeaxanthin yellow carotenoid (isomeric with lutein and occurs widely with it) that is the main pigment in yellow Indian corn betaine a sweet tasting alkaloid that occurs in sugar beets beta iron an allotrope of iron that is the same as alpha iron except that it is nonmagnetic; stable between 768 and 906 degrees centigrade gamma iron a nonmagnetic allotrope of iron that is the basis of austenite; stable between 906 and 1403 degrees centigrade delta iron an allotrope of iron that is stable between 1403 degrees centigrade and the melting point (= 1532 degrees) amethyst a transparent purple variety of quartz; used as a gemstone of a moderate purple color amygdaloid volcanic rock in which rounded cavities formed by expanding gas have subsequently become filled with mineral deposits aluminum bronze an alloy of copper and aluminum with high tensile strength and resistance to corrosion activator (biology) any agency bringing about activation; a molecule that increases the activity of an enzyme or a protein that increases the production of a gene product in DNA transcription activating agent (mineral extraction) a surface-active chemical used in flotation process to increase the attraction to a specific mineral biocatalyst a biochemical catalyst such as an enzyme sensitizer (chemistry) a substance other than a catalyst that facilitates the start of a catalytic reaction amide any organic compound containing the group -CONH2 inhibitor a substance that retards or stops an activity antioxidant substance that inhibits oxidation or inhibits reactions promoted by oxygen or peroxides rust inhibitor antioxidant that inhibits the formation of rust anticatalyst (chemistry) a substance that retards a chemical reaction or diminishes the activity of a catalyst actinolite a green mineral of the amphibole group; calcium magnesium iron silicate andesite a dark grey volcanic rock anthophyllite a dark brown mineral of the amphibole group; magnesium iron silicate asbestos a fibrous amphibole; used for making fireproof articles; inhaling fibers can cause asbestosis or lung cancer chrysotile a grey or green fibrous mineral; an important source of commercial asbestos tremolite a white or pale green mineral (calcium magnesium silicate) of the amphibole group used as a form of asbestos hornblende a green to black mineral of the amphibole group; consists of silicates of calcium and sodium and magnesium and iron aphanite fine-grained homogeneous rock (such as basalt) containing minerals undetectable by the naked eye aplite light-colored and fine-grained granitic rock consisting chiefly of quartz and feldspars afterdamp a toxic mixture of gases (including carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide and nitrogen) after an explosion of firedamp in a mine dacite a grey volcanic rock containing plagioclase and quartz and other crystalline minerals firedamp a mixture of gases (mostly methane) that form in coal mines and become explosive when mixed with air heavy water water containing a substantial proportion of deuterium atoms, used in nuclear reactors organic compound any compound of carbon and another element or a radical protein any of a large group of nitrogenous organic compounds that are essential constituents of living cells; consist of polymers of amino acids; essential in the diet of animals for growth and for repair of tissues; can be obtained from meat and eggs and milk and legumes; "a diet high in protein" recombinant protein a protein derived from recombinant DNA actomyosin a protein complex in muscle fibers; composed of myosin and actin; shortens when stimulated and causes muscle contractions aleurone granular protein in outermost layer of endosperm of many seeds or cereal grains amyloid (pathology) a waxy translucent complex protein resembling starch that results from degeneration of tissue a non-nitrogenous food substance consisting chiefly of starch; any substance resembling starch apoenzyme a protein that combines with a coenzyme to form an active enzyme beta-naphthol an isomer of naphthol used in rubber as an antioxidant chondrin a substance that resembles gelatin and is obtained by boiling cartilage in water mucin a nitrogenous substance found in mucous secretions; a lubricant that protects body surfaces conjugated protein a protein complex combining amino acids with other substances actin one of the proteins into which actomyosin can be split; can exist in either a globular or a fibrous form albumin a simple water-soluble protein found in many animal tissues and liquids lactalbumin albumin occurring in milk serum albumin albumin occurring in blood serum; serves to maintain the somatic pressure of the blood alpha globulin a globulin in blood plasma or serum that is alkaline and has great electrophoretic mobility serum globulin globulins occurring in blood serum and containing most of the antibodies of the blood C-reactive protein a byproduct of inflammation; a globulin that is found in the blood in some cases of acute inflammation keratin a fibrous scleroprotein that occurs in the outer layer of the skin and in horny tissues such as hair, feathers, nails, and hooves chitin a tough semitransparent horny substance; the principal component of the exoskeletons of arthropods and the cell walls of certain fungi enzyme any of several complex proteins that are produced by cells and act as catalysts in specific biochemical reactions fibrin a white insoluble fibrous protein formed by the action of thrombin on fibrinogen when blood clots; it forms a network that traps red cells and platelets filaggrin the main protein of the keratohyalin granules; "the specific target of the immune response in rheumatoid arthritis is filaggrin" growth factor a protein that is involved in cell differentiation and growth nerve growth factor a protein that is involved in the growth of peripheral nerve cells haptoglobin a protein in plasma that binds free hemoglobin and removes it (as from wounds) iodoprotein a protein that contains iodine nucleoprotein any of several substances found in the nuclei of all living cells; consists of a protein bound to a nucleic acid opsin retinal protein formed by the action of light on rhodopsin phosphoprotein containing chemically bound phosphoric acid casein a milk protein used in making e.g. plastics and adhesives amylase any of a group of proteins found in saliva and pancreatic juice and parts of plants; help convert starch to sugar angiotensin converting enzyme proteolytic enzyme that converts angiotensin I into angiotensin II cholinesterase an enzyme that hydrolyses acetylcholine (into choline and acetic acid) coagulase an enzyme that induces coagulation collagenase any enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of collagen and gelatin plasma protein any of the proteins in blood plasma prostate specific antigen a protein manufactured exclusively by the prostate gland; PSA is produced for the ejaculate where it liquifies the semen and allows sperm cells to swim freely; elevated levels of PSA in blood serum are associated with benign prostatic hyperplasia and prostate cancer proteome the full complement of proteins produced by a particular genome simple protein a protein that yields only amino acids when hydrolyzed thrombin an enzyme that acts on fibrinogen in blood causing it to clot tumor necrosis factor a proinflammatory cytokine that is produced by white blood cells (monocytes and macrophages); has an antineoplastic effect but causes inflammation (as in rheumatoid arthritis) catalase enzyme found in most plant and animal cells that functions as an oxidative catalyst; decomposes hydrogen peroxide into oxygen and water cyclooxygenase either of two related enzymes that control the production of prostaglandins and are blocked by aspirin cyclooxygenase-1 an enzyme that regulates prostaglandins that are important for the health of the stomach lining and kidneys; "an unfortunate side effect of NSAIDs is that they block Cox-1" cyclooxygenase-2 an enzyme that makes prostaglandins that cause inflammation and pain and fever; "the beneficial effects of NSAIDs result from their ability to block Cox-2" ptyalin an amylase secreted in saliva rennet a substance that curdles milk in making cheese and junket ferment a substance capable of bringing about fermentation cause to undergo fermentation; "We ferment the grapes for a very long time to achieve high alcohol content"; "The vintner worked the wine in big oak vats" work up into agitation or excitement; "This religion is fermenting Africa" be in an agitated or excited state; "The Middle East is fermenting"; "Her mind ferments" amine a compound derived from ammonia by replacing hydrogen atoms by univalent hydrocarbon radicals azadirachtin insecticide carboxylic acid an organic acid characterized by one or more carboxyl groups saccharic acid a white dicarboxylic acid formed from oxidation of sugar or starch sebacic acid a dicarboxylic acid used to make resins sorbic acid a white crystalline carboxylic acid used as a preservative valeric acid a clear liquid carboxylic acid used in perfumes and drugs fatty acid any of a class of aliphatic monocarboxylic acids that form part of a lipid molecule and can be derived from fat by hydrolysis; fatty acids are simple molecules built around a series of carbon atoms linked together in a chain of 12 to 22 carbon atoms saturated fatty acid a fatty acid whose carbon chain cannot absorb any more hydrogen atoms; found chiefly in animal fats unsaturated fatty acid a fatty acid whose carbon chain can absorb additional hydrogen atoms trans fatty acid a fatty acid that has been produced by hydrogenating an unsaturated fatty acid (and so changing its shape); found in processed foods such as margarine and fried foods and puddings and commercially baked goods and partially hydrogenated vegetable oils monounsaturated fatty acid an unsaturated fatty acid whose carbon chain has one double or triple valence bond per molecule; found chiefly in olive oil and chicken and almonds polyunsaturated fatty acid an unsaturated fatty acid whose carbon chain has more than one double or triple valence bond per molecule; found chiefly in fish and corn and soybean oil and safflower oil omega-3 fatty acid a polyunsaturated fatty acid whose carbon chain has its first double valence bond three carbons from the beginning omega-6 fatty acid a polyunsaturated fatty acid whose carbon chain has its first double valence bond six carbons from the beginning margaric acid a colorless crystalline synthetic fatty acid ricinoleic acid an oily fatty acid found in castor oil and used in soap fibrinopeptide peptide released from the amino end of fibrinogen by the action of thrombin to form fibrin during clotting of the blood polypeptide a peptide containing 10 to more than 100 amino acids peptide amide combining the amino group of one amino acid with the carboxyl group of another; usually obtained by partial hydrolysis of protein aminobenzoic acid a derivative of benzoic acid amino plastic a plastic (synthetic resin) made from amino compounds; used as an adhesive and as a coating for paper and textiles ammonia a pungent gas compounded of nitrogen and hydrogen (NH3) ammine a complex inorganic compound that contains ammonia molecules ammonia water a water solution of ammonia ammoniac the aromatic gum of the ammoniac plant pertaining to or containing or similar to ammonia ammonium the ion NH4 derived from ammonia; behaves in many respects like an alkali metal ion ammonium carbamate a salt of carbamic acid that is used as a nitrogen fertilizer ammonium carbonate a carbonate of ammonium; used in the manufacture of smelling salts and baking powder and ammonium compounds ammonium chloride a white salt used in dry cells amyl alcohol a mixture of 2 or more isomeric alcohols; used as a solvent and in organic synthesis phytohormone (botany) a plant product that acts like a hormone auxin a plant hormone that promotes root formation and bud growth gibberellin a plant hormone isolated from a fungus; used in promoting plant growth gibberellic acid a crystalline acid associated with gibberellin kinin any of a class of plant hormones that promote cell division and delay the senescence of leaves steroid hormone any hormone affecting the development and growth of sex organs corticosterone secreted by the adrenal cortex; involved in regulating water and electrolyte balance in the body progesterone a steroid hormone (trade name Lipo-Lutin) produced in the ovary; prepares and maintains the uterus for pregnancy megestrol a synthetic progestational compound used to treat endometrial carcinoma norethindrone a synthetic progestational hormone (trade name Norlutin) used in oral contraceptives and to treat endometriosis norethynodrel a progesterone derivative used in oral contraceptives and in the control of menstruation and the treatment of abnormal uterine bleeding norgestrel synthetic progestin used in oral contraceptives medroxyprogesterone a progestin compound (trade name Provera) used to treat menstrual disorders progestin any of a group of steroid hormones that have the effect of progesterone androgen male sex hormone that is produced in the testes and responsible for typical male sexual characteristics adrenosterone a steroid having androgenic activity; obtained from the cortex of the adrenal gland androsterone an androgenic hormone that is less active than testosterone methyltestosterone an androgenic compound contained in drugs that are used to treat testosterone deficiency and female breast cancer and to stimulate growth and weight gain nandrolone an androgen (trade names Durabolin or Kabolin) that is used to treat testosterone deficiency or breast cancer or osteoporosis testosterone a potent androgenic hormone produced chiefly by the testes; responsible for the development of male secondary sex characteristics follicle-stimulating hormone a gonadotropic hormone that is secreted by the anterior pituitary and stimulates growth of Graafian follicles in female mammals, and activates the cells in male mammals that form sperm human chorionic gonadotropin hormone produced early in pregnancy by the placenta; detection in the urine and serum is the basis for one kind of pregnancy test luteinizing hormone a gonadotropic hormone that is secreted by the anterior pituitary; stimulates ovulation in female mammals and stimulates androgen release in male mammals prolactin gonadotropic hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary; in females it stimulates growth of the mammary glands and lactation after parturition estrogen a general term for female steroid sex hormones that are secreted by the ovary and responsible for typical female sexual characteristics diethylstilbestrol a potent estrogen used in medicine and in feed for livestock and poultry estradiol the most powerful female hormone that occurs naturally; synthesized and used to treat estrogen deficiency and breast cancer estriol a naturally occurring estrogenic hormone; a synthetic form is used to treat estrogen deficiency estrone a naturally occurring weak estrogenic hormone secreted by the mammalian ovary; synthesized (trade name Estronol) and used to treat estrogen deficiency hexestrol estrogen compound used to treat menstrual irregularities and menopausal symptoms and to prevent pregnancy mestranol a synthetic form of estrogen used in combination with a progestin in oral contraceptives corticosteroid a steroid hormone produced by the adrenal cortex or synthesized; administered as drugs they reduce swelling and decrease the body's immune response; "adrenal cortical steroids are used to treat many different conditions" mineralocorticoid hormone that is one of the steroids of the adrenal cortex that influences the metabolism of sodium and potassium glucocorticoid a steroid hormone that is produced by the adrenal cortex of animals; affects functioning of gonads and has anti-inflammatory activity glucosamine an amino derivative of glucose that is a component of many polysaccharides aldosterone a corticosteroid hormone that is secreted by the cortex of the adrenal gland; regulates salt (sodium and potassium) and water balance hydrocortisone an adrenal-cortex hormone (trade names Hydrocortone or Cortef) that is active in carbohydrate and protein metabolism cortisone a corticosteroid hormone (trade name Cortone Acetate) normally produced by the adrenal cortex; is converted to hydrocortisone prednisolone a glucocorticoid (trade names Pediapred or Prelone) used to treat inflammatory conditions prednisone a dehydrogenated analogue of cortisol (trade names Orasone or Deltasone or Liquid Pred or Meticorten); used as an anti-inflammatory drug in the treatment of arthritis and as an immunosuppressant dexamethasone a corticosteroid drug (trade names Decadron or Dexamethasone Intensol or Dexone or Hexadrol or Oradexon) used to treat allergies or inflammation spironolactone a synthetic corticosteroid (trade name Aldactone) used to treat hypertension acid dye dye in which the chromophore is part of a negative ion aniline oily poisonous liquid amine obtained from nitrobenzene and used to make dyes and plastics and medicines alizarin yellow any of various yellow dyes; not related chemically to alizarin but applied in the same manner aniline dye any of many dyes made from aniline animal oil any oil obtained from animal substances drying oil an oil that hardens in air due to oxidation and is often used as a paint or varnish base animal material material derived from animals animal pigment pigment occurring in animals arsine a poisonous colorless flammable gas used in organic synthesis and to dope transistors and as a poison gas in warfare bilirubin an orange-yellow pigment in the bile that forms as a product of hemoglobin; excess amounts in the blood produce the yellow appearance observed in jaundice urobilin brown bile pigment formed from urobilinogens and found in feces and in small amounts in urine urobilinogen a chromogen formed in the intestine from the breakdown of bilirubin; yields urobilins on oxidation; some is excreted in the feces and some is resorbed and excreted in bile or urine luciferin pigment occurring in luminescent organisms (as fireflies); emits heatless light when undergoing oxidation melanin insoluble pigments that account for the color of e.g. skin and scales and feathers ivory a hard smooth ivory colored dentine that makes up most of the tusks of elephants and walruses whalebone a horny material from the upper jaws of certain whales; used as the ribs of fans or as stays in corsets mother-of-pearl the iridescent internal layer of a mollusk shell animal skin the outer covering of an animal parchment skin of a sheep or goat prepared for writing on a superior paper resembling sheepskin vellum fine parchment prepared from the skin of a young animal e.g. a calf or lamb a heavy creamy-colored paper resembling parchment goatskin the hide of a goat rawhide untanned hide especially of cattle; cut in strips it is used for whips and ropes leather an animal skin made smooth and flexible by removing the hair and then tanning whip with a leather strap ooze leather a very soft leather made from the skins of calves and having a suede finish on the flesh side Russia leather a smooth leather tanned with willow, birch, or oak, and scented on the flesh side with birch oil caffeine a bitter alkaloid found in coffee and tea that is responsible for their stimulating effects white leather a leather that has been treated with alum and/or salt wash leather piece of chamois used for cleaning and polishing cordovan a fine leather originally made in Cordoba, Spain crushed leather leather that has had its grain pattern accentuated deerskin leather from the hide of a deer glove leather leather suitable for making gloves horsehide leather from the hide of a horse morocco a soft pebble-grained leather made from goatskin; used for shoes and book bindings etc. patent leather leather with a hard glossy surface pigskin leather from the skin of swine sheepskin tanned skin of a sheep with the fleece left on; used for clothing Golden Fleece in Greek mythology, a fleece of gold owned by the king of Colchis and guarded in a sacred grove by a dragon; recovered by Jason and the Argonauts shoe leather leather used to make shoes suede leather with a napped surface astrakhan the fur of young lambs lambskin the skin of a lamb with the wool still on hudson seal muskrat fur dressed to simulate sealskin antifreeze a liquid added to the water in a cooling system to lower its freezing point nitric acid acid used especially in the production of fertilizers and explosives and rocket fuels nitrous acid an unstable inorganic acid known only in solution and as nitrite salts nitrogen oxide any of several oxides of nitrogen formed by the action of nitric acid on oxidizable materials; present in car exhausts nitrogen dioxide a highly poisonous brown gas (NO2) nitric oxide a poisonous red-brown gas (NO) anhydride a compound formed from one or more other compounds in a reaction resulting in removal of water aqua regia a yellow fuming corrosive mixture of nitric and hydrochloric acid that dissolves metals (including gold) aquamarine a transparent variety of beryl that is blue green in color arginine a bitter tasting amino acid found in proteins and necessary for nutrition; its absence from the diet leads to a reduced production of spermatozoa aromatic hydrocarbon a hydrocarbon that contains one or more benzene rings that are characteristic of the benzene series of organic compounds artificial blood a liquid that can carry large amounts of oxygen and can serve as a temporary substitute for blood acetic anhydride a compound that is needed in order to refine opium into heroin phthalic anhydride a white cyclic anhydride art paper a high-quality paper (usually having a filler of china clay) asafetida the brownish gum resin of various plants; has strong taste and odor; formerly used as an antispasmodic fly ash fine solid particles of ash that are carried into the air when fuel is combusted mineral wool a light fibrous material used as an insulator austenite a solid solution of ferric carbide or carbon in iron; cools to form pearlite or martensite austenitic steel steel that has enough nickel and chromium or manganese to retain austenite at atmospheric temperatures axle grease a thick heavy grease used to lubricate axles azide a chemical compound containing the azido group combined with an element or radical hydrazoite a salt of hydrazoic acid azo dye any dye containing one or more azo groups congo red a red-brown azo dye especially as a chemical pH indicator (congo red is red in basic and blue in acidic solutions) gentian violet a green crystal (violet in water) used as a dye or stain or bactericide or fungicide or anthelmintic or burn treatment thiazine a compound made up of a ring of four carbon atoms and one sulfur atom and one nitrogen atom methylene blue a dark green dye used as a stain, an antiseptic, a chemical indicator, and an antidote in cyanide poisoning methyl orange an azo dye used as an acid-base indicator; used for titrations involving weak bases phenothiazine a compound used primarily in veterinary medicine to rid farm animals of internal parasites diazonium the univalent cation R-N:N- (where R is an aromatic hydrocarbon); found in salts that are used in manufacturing azo dyes Babbitt metal an alloy of tin with some copper and antimony; a lining for bearings that reduces friction bactericide any chemical agent that destroys bacteria bagasse the dry dusty pulp that remains after juice is extracted from sugar cane or similar plants baking powder any of various powdered mixtures used in baking as a substitute for yeast banana oil a liquid ester derived from amyl alcohol; has the odor of bananas barbituric acid a white crystalline acid derived from pyrimidine; used in preparing barbiturate drugs barium sulphate a white insoluble radiopaque powder used as a pigment basalt the commonest type of solidified lava; a dense dark grey fine-grained igneous rock that is composed chiefly of plagioclase feldspar and pyroxene basic dye a dye that is considered to be a base because the chromophore is part of a positive ion basic iron pig iron containing a high percentage of phosphorus; used in making steel by a process that removes the phosphorus basic slag slag produced in making steel; low in silica but having large amounts of calcium phosphate; useful as fertilizer bath water water used for a bath battery acid dilute sulfuric acid used in storage batteries bearing brass a brass bushing or a lining for a bearing beebread a mixture of nectar and pollen prepared by worker bees and fed to larvae royal jelly a secretion of the pharyngeal glands of bees that is fed to very young larvae and to bees destined to be queens beef tallow tallow obtained from a bovine animal bell metal bronze with 3 or 4 parts copper to 1 part tin; used in making bells benzene a colorless liquid hydrocarbon; highly flammable; carcinogenic; the simplest of the aromatic compounds benzene formula a closed chain of 6 carbon atoms with hydrogen atoms attached benzoate any salt or ester of benzoic acid benzoate of soda a white crystalline salt used as a food preservative and antiseptic benzoic acid a white crystalline solid occurring in many resins benzoyl peroxide a white crystalline peroxide used in bleaching (flour or oils or fats) and as a catalyst for free radical reactions beryllium bronze a copper-base alloy containing beryllium bicarbonate a salt of carbonic acid (containing the anion HCO3) in which one hydrogen atom has been replaced; an acid carbonate bicarbonate of soda a white soluble compound (NaHCO3) used in effervescent drinks and in baking powders and as an antacid bimetal material made by bonding together sheets of two different metals formed of two different metals or alloys; especially in sheets bonded together binder's board a cardboard used by bookbinders to make covers for books bitter principle any one of several hundred compounds having a bitter taste; not admitting of chemical classification black opal a dark colored opal with internal reflections of green or red active agent chemical agent capable of activity Alka-seltzer a commercial antacid that contains aspirin; tablets dissolve in water to give an effervescent solution Brioschi an antacid Bromo-seltzer an antacid lansoprazole antacid (trade name Prevacid) that suppresses acid secretion in the stomach Maalox an antacid Mylanta an antacid omeprazole antacid (trade name Prilosec) that suppresses acid secretion in the stomach Pepto-bismal an antacid Rolaids an antacid Tums an antacid antacid an agent that counteracts or neutralizes acidity (especially in the stomach) acting to neutralize acid (especially in the stomach) reagent a chemical agent for use in chemical reactions bacteriostat a chemical or biological material that inhibits bacterial growth bleaching agent an agent that makes things white or colorless chemical agent an agent that produces chemical reactions desiccant a substance that promotes drying (e.g., calcium oxide absorbs water and is used to remove moisture) oxidant a substance that oxidizes another substance reducing agent a substance capable of bringing about the reduction of another substance as it itself is oxidized; used in photography to lessen the density of a negative or print by oxidizing some of the loose silver bleaching clay an adsorbent clay that will remove coloring from oils mud pie a mass of mud that a child has molded into the shape of pie bleaching powder a white powder comprised of calcium hydroxide and chloride and hypochlorite and used to bleach and/or disinfect bleach liquor a solution containing bleaching agents that is used to bleach textiles or paper pulp hydrogen peroxide a viscous liquid with strong oxidizing properties; a powerful bleaching agent; also used (in aqueous solutions) as a mild disinfectant and (in strong concentrations) as an oxidant in rocket fuels blister copper an impure form of copper having a black blistered surface bloodstone green chalcedony with red spots that resemble blood blotting paper absorbent paper used to dry ink blow gas the gas leaving a generator during a blow period blubber an insulating layer of fat under the skin of whales and other large marine mammals; used as a source of oil utter while crying blueprint paper sensitized paper used to make blueprints blue vitriol hydrated blue crystalline form of copper sulfate bog soil poorly drained soils on top of peat and under marsh or swamp vegetation bone ash ash left when bones burn; high in calcium phosphate; used as fertilizer and in bone china bonemeal fertilizer made of ground bones neem cake residue after oil is pressed from neem seeds bone fat fatty matter in bones extracted with solvents or by boiling or steaming; used chiefly in candles and cheap soaps and in lubricating greases bone oil dark-colored ill-smelling oil obtained by carbonizing bone; used especially in sheep dips and in denaturing alcohol the liquid portion of bone fat; used as a lubricant and in leather manufacture borate a salt or ester of boric acid boric acid any of various acids containing boron and oxygen a white or colorless slightly acid solid that is soluble in water and ethanol; used in the manufacture of glass and paper and adhesives and in detergents and as a flux in welding; also used as an antiseptic and food preservative boron trifluoride a pungent colorless gas borosilicate a salt of boric and silicic acids bouncing putty a soft elastic silicone polymer that increases in elasticity with the application of force; used in the center of golf balls and as shock-absorbent padding box calf black calfskin leather tanned with chromium salts brewer's yeast yeast used in fermenting beer bottom fermenting yeast brewer's yeast used in bottom fermentation of lager top fermenting yeast brewer's yeast used in top fermentation of ale bricks and mortar building material consisting of bricks laid with mortar between them brushwood the wood from bushes or small branches; "they built a fire of brushwood" brimstone an old name for sulfur Britannia metal an alloy similar to pewter bromic acid an unstable acid used as an oxidizing agent bromide any of the salts of hydrobromic acid; formerly used as a sedative but now generally replaced by safer drugs buffer solution a solution containing a buffer starting buffer buffer solution at the start of a reaction phosphate buffer solution a solution containing a phosphate buffer building material material used for constructing buildings lagging insulation used to wrap around pipes or boilers or laid in attics to prevent loss of heat butylene any of three isomeric hydrocarbons C4H8; all used in making synthetic rubbers isobutylene used also in making gasoline components polybutylene a polymer of butylene; used in lubricants and synthetic rubber animal fat any fat obtained from animals; "animal fat is high in saturated fatty acids" butterfat the fatty substance of milk from which butter is made cabinet wood moderately dense wood used for cabinetwork; "teak and other heavy cabinet wood" butanone colorless soluble flammable liquid ketone used as a solvent for resins and as a paint remover and in lacquers and cements and adhesives and cleaning fluids and celluloid butyl alcohol a flammable alcohol derived from butanes and used for solvents butyric acid an unpleasant smelling fatty acid found especially in butter butyrin any of three glycerides of butyric acid tributyrin a bitter oily triglyceride of butyric acid; a form of butyrin cacodyl the univalent group derived from arsine a poisonous oily liquid with a garlicky odor composed of 2 cacodyl groups; undergoes spontaneous combustion in dry air calcium carbide a grey salt of calcium (CaC) used in making acetylene calcium-cyanamide a compound used as a fertilizer and as a source of nitrogen compounds calcium hypochlorite any hypochlorite of calcium; used as a bleaching agent calcium lactate a white crystalline salt made by the action of lactic acid on calcium carbonate; used in foods (as a baking powder) and given medically as a source of calcium calcium nitrate a deliquescent salt that is soluble in water; sometimes used as a source of nitrogen in fertilizers calcium oxide a white crystalline oxide used in the production of calcium hydroxide calcium phosphate a phosphate of calcium; a main constituent of animal bones calcium stearate an insoluble calcium salt of stearic acid and palmitic acid; it is formed when soap is mixed with water that contains calcium ions and is the scum produced in regions of hard water carbonyl a compound containing metal combined with carbon monoxide relating to or containing the carbonyl group carbonyl group the bivalent radical CO carboxyl the univalent radical -COOH; present in and characteristic of organic acids relating to or containing the carboxyl group or carboxyl radical camphor a resin obtained from the camphor tree; used in making celluloid and liniment camphor oil oil distilled from camphor resin candelilla wax a hard brown wax that occurs as a coating on candelilla shrubs cannabin a resin obtained from the hemp plant; thought to be the active narcotic agent in marijuana cannel coal a bituminous coal that burns with a luminous flame capric acid a fatty acid found in animal oils and fats; has an unpleasant smell resembling goats caproic acid a fatty acid found in animal oils and fats or made synthetically; smells like goats caprylic acid a fatty acid having a rancid taste; found in butter and other fats and oils carbamate a salt (or ester) of carbamic acid carbamic acid an acid that is known only by virtue of its salts (as ammonium carbamate) or its esters (as urethane) carbide a binary compound of carbon with a more electropositive element carbohydrate an essential structural component of living cells and source of energy for animals; includes simple sugars with small molecules as well as macromolecular substances; are classified according to the number of monosaccharide groups they contain Carboloy an alloy based on tungsten with cobalt or nickel as a binder; used in making metal-cutting tools carbon black a black colloidal substance consisting wholly or principally of amorphous carbon and used to make pigments and ink carcinogen any substance that produces cancer cellulose a polysaccharide that is the chief constituent of all plant tissues and fibers carboxymethyl cellulose an acid derivative of cellulose diethylaminoethyl cellulose used for chromatography cartridge brass an alloy of copper and zinc (containing about 30% zinc) that is wrought into cartridges or tubing case-hardened steel steel with a surface that is much harder than the interior metal cellulose ester any ester of cellulose with an acid cellulose nitrate a nitric acid ester; used in lacquers and explosives collodion a colorless syrupy solution of pyroxylin in ether and alcohol; used as a coating for wounds or photographic films pyrocellulose nitrocellulose containing less nitrogen than guncotton; used in making smokeless powder pyroxylin highly flammable nitrocellulose used in making collodion and plastics and lacquers glycogen one form in which body fuel is stored; stored primarily in the liver and broken down into glucose when needed by the body inulin used to manufacture fructose and in assessing kidney function carbolic acid a toxic white soluble crystalline acidic derivative of benzene; used in manufacturing and as a disinfectant and antiseptic; poisonous if taken internally activated carbon powdered or granular carbon used for purifying by adsorption; given orally (as a slurry) it is an antidote for some kinds of poisons graphite used as a lubricant and as a moderator in nuclear reactors carbon dioxide a heavy odorless colorless gas formed during respiration and by the decomposition of organic substances; absorbed from the air by plants in photosynthesis chokedamp the atmosphere in a mine following an explosion; high in carbon dioxide and incapable of supporting life carbon disulfide a toxic colorless flammable liquid (CS2); used in the manufacture of rayon and cellophane and carbon tetrachloride and as a solvent for rubber carbon monoxide an odorless very poisonous gas that is a product of incomplete combustion of carbon carbon paper a thin paper coated on one side with a dark waxy substance (often containing carbon); used to transfer characters from the original to an under sheet of paper carbon tetrachloride a colorless nonflammable liquid used as a solvent for fats and oils; because of its toxicity its use as a cleaning fluid or fire extinguisher has declined carbon tetrahalide compounds composed of 1 carbon and 4 halogen molecules carbonate a salt or ester of carbonic acid (containing the anion CO3) treat with carbon dioxide; "Carbonated soft drinks" turn into a carbonate fulminate a salt or ester of fulminic acid cause to explode violently and with loud noise come on suddenly and intensely; "the disease fulminated" criticize severely; "He fulminated against the Republicans' plan to cut Medicare"; "She railed against the bad social policies" mercury fulminate a fulminate that when dry explodes violently if struck or heated; used in detonators and blasting caps and percussion caps carbonic acid a weak acid known only in solution; formed when carbon dioxide combines with water abrasive a substance that abrades or wears down causing abrasion carborundum an abrasive composed of silicon carbide crystals cardboard a stiff moderately thick paper without substance; "cardboard caricatures of historical figures" cartridge paper paper for making cartridge cases thick white paper for pencil and ink drawings cocarboxylase a coenzyme important in respiration in the Krebs cycle coenzyme a small molecule (not a protein but sometimes a vitamin) essential for the activity of some enzymes coenzyme A a coenzyme present in all living cells; essential to metabolism of carbohydrates and fats and some amino acids cofactor a substance (as a coenzyme) that must join with another to produce a given result corrugated board cardboard with corrugations (can be glued to flat cardboard on one or both sides) paperboard a cardboard suitable for making posters pasteboard stiff cardboard made by pasting together layers of paper millboard stout pasteboard used to bind books strawboard a coarse yellow cardboard made of straw pulp carnelian a translucent red or orange variety of chalcedony carrageenin a colloidal extract from carrageen seaweed and other red algae ingot iron iron of high purity cast iron an alloy of iron containing so much carbon that it is brittle and so cannot be wrought but must be shaped by casting wrought iron iron having a low carbon content that is tough and malleable and so can be forged and welded stainless steel steel containing chromium that makes it resistant to corrosion carbon steel steel whose characteristics are determined by the amount of carbon it contains crucible steel steel made by the mixture of molten wrought iron, charcoal, and other substances in a crucible Damascus steel a hard resilient steel often decorated and used for sword blades steel wool a mass of woven steel fibers used as an abrasive cationic detergent a class of synthetic detergents in which the surface-active part of the molecule is the cation cat's eye any of various gems (as chrysoberyl or chalcedony) that reflect light when cut in a rounded shape cellulosic a plastic made from cellulose (or a derivative of cellulose) reinforced concrete concrete with metal and/or mesh added to provide extra support against stresses hydraulic cement a cement that hardens under water; made by heating limestone and clay in a kiln and pulverizing the result cementite a chemical compound that is a constituent of steel and cast iron; very hard and brittle ceresin a white wax extracted from ozokerite cerulean blue light greenish-blue pigment consisting essentially of oxides of cobalt and tin cetrimide a cationic detergent that is a powerful disinfectant chad a small piece of paper that is supposed to be removed when a hole is punched in a card or paper tape chalcedony a milky or greyish translucent to transparent quartz chamosite a greenish grey or black silicate of iron and aluminum chemical material produced by or used in a reaction involving changes in atoms or molecules relating to or used in chemistry; "chemical engineer"; "chemical balance" of or made from or using substances produced by or used in reactions involving atomic or molecular changes; "chemical fertilizer" neurochemical any organic substance that occurs in neural activity neurotransmitter a neurochemical that transmits nerve impulses across a synapse monoamine neurotransmitter a monoamine that is functionally important in neural transmission catecholamine any of a group of chemicals including epinephrine and norepinephrine that are produced in the medulla of the adrenal gland chromophore the chemical group that gives color to a molecule serotonin a neurotransmitter involved in e.g. sleep and depression and memory acetylcholine a neurotransmitter that is a derivative of choline; released at the ends of nerve fibers in the somatic and parasympathetic nervous systems acyl anhydrides organic compounds that react with water to form an acid acyl halide organic compounds containing the group -COX where X is a halogen atom acetyl chloride colorless liquid acyl chloride (CH3COCl) that has a pungent odor endorphin a neurochemical occurring naturally in the brain and having analgesic properties beta endorphin an endorphin produced by the pituitary gland that suppresses pain enkephalin an endorphin having opiate qualities that occurs in the brain and spinal cord and elsewhere cheoplastic metal any alloy that fuses at low temperatures and can be used molding artificial teeth chernozemic soil a rich black loam of Russia chisel steel steel used in making chisels chlorine dioxide an explosive gas (ClO2) used chiefly in bleaching paper or starch or soap or flour and in water purification chlorine water an aqueous solution of chlorine used as a bleaching agent chloropicrin a heavy colorless insoluble liquid compound that causes tears and vomiting; used as a pesticide and as tear gas nitrochloromethane gaseous form of chloropicrin used as tear gas chlorpyrifos a common organophosphate insecticide choline a B-complex vitamin that is a constituent of lecithin; essential in the metabolism of fat chrome another word for chromium when it is used in dyes or pigments treat with a chromium compound plate with chromium; "chrome bathroom fixtures" chrome-nickel steel Elinvar is a trademark for a kind of steel used for watch springs because its elasticity is constant over a wide range of temperatures chrome-tungsten steel a steel alloy made with chromium and tungsten Windsor green a light chrome green pigment Hooker's green green pigment consisting of Prussian blue mixed with gamboge chrome yellow any of several yellow pigments consisting of normal lead chromate and other lead compounds chromic acid an unstable acid known only in solution and as chromate salts chromate any salt or ester of chromic acid lead chromate a poisonous chromate of lead used as a pigment in paint chrysolite a brown or yellow-green olivine found in igneous and metamorphic rocks and used as a gemstone chrysoprase a green variety of chalcedony valued as a gemstone chylomicron a microscopic particle of triglycerides produced in the intestines during digestion; in the bloodstream they release their fatty acids into the blood cigarette paper a strong tissue paper that burns evenly and is sufficiently porous to control the burning of the tobacco in a cigarette cinder pig pig iron containing a substantial proportion of slag citric acid a weak water-soluble acid found in many fruits (especially citrus fruits); used as a flavoring agent citrine semiprecious yellow quartz resembling topaz clay a very fine-grained soil that is plastic when moist but hard when fired pipeclay fine white clay used in making tobacco pipes and pottery and in whitening leather bentonite an absorbent aluminum silicate clay formed from volcanic ash fireclay a heat-resistant clay Kitty Litter granulated clay; placed in a container where it absorbs the waste products of a cat or dog potter's clay clay that does not contain any iron; used in making pottery or for modeling claystone fine-grained rock consisting of compacted clay particles clunch hardened clay coal fossil fuel consisting of carbonized vegetable matter deposited in the Carboniferous period take in coal; "The big ship coaled" supply with coal anthracite a hard natural coal that burns slowly and gives intense heat bituminous coal rich in tarry hydrocarbons; burns readily with a smoky yellow flame lignite intermediate between peat and bituminous coal sea coal pulverized bituminous coal; used as a foundry facing steam coal coal suitable for use under steam boilers Clorox a commercial bleaching agent coagulant an agent that produces coagulation cod-liver oil an oil obtained from the livers of cod and similar fishes; taken orally as a source of vitamins A and D cod oil an inferior cod-liver oil that is used in leather manufacturing codon a specific sequence of three adjacent nucleotides on a strand of DNA or RNA that specifies the genetic code information for synthesizing a particular amino acid coin silver a silver of the degree of purity established for making legal silver coins combustible a substance that can be burned to provide heat or power capable of igniting and burning complementary DNA single-stranded DNA that is complementary to messenger RNA or DNA that has been synthesized from messenger RNA by reverse transcriptase provirus cDNA copy of the RNA genome of a retrovirus; the genetic material of a virus as incorporated into and able to replicate with the genome of a host cell dscDNA double-stranded cDNA episome DNA that is not incorporated into the genome but is replicated together with the genome (especially in bacterial cells) composite material strong lightweight material developed in the laboratory; fibers of more than one kind are bonded together chemically hydrochloride a complex consisting of an organic base in association with hydrogen chloride compost a mixture of decaying vegetation and manure; used as a fertilizer convert to compost; "compost organic debris" computer paper paper folded to permit continuous printing controlled by a computer concrete a strong hard building material composed of sand and gravel and cement and water form into a solid mass; coalesce cover with cement; "concrete the walls" capable of being perceived by the senses; not abstract or imaginary; "concrete objects such as trees" formed by the coalescence of particles conjugate solution a mixture of two partially miscible liquids A and B produces two conjugate solutions: one of A in B and another of B in A conima a gum resin from the poison hemlock, Conium maculatum constantan an alloy of copper and nickel with high electrical resistance and a low temperature coefficient; used as resistance wire construction paper paper suitable for drawing and making cutouts semiconductor a substance as germanium or silicon whose electrical conductivity is intermediate between that of a metal and an insulator; its conductivity increases with temperature and in the presence of impurities insulator a material such as glass or porcelain with negligible electrical or thermal conductivity glass wool glass fibers spun and massed into bundles resembling wool contaminant a substance that contaminates coolant a fluid agent (gas or liquid) that produces cooling; especially one used to cool a system by transferring heat away from one part to another; "he added more coolant to the car's radiator"; "the atomic reactor used a gas coolant"; "lathe operators use an emulsion of oil and water as a coolant for the cutting tool" copper-base alloy any alloy whose principal component is copper copper oxide an oxide of copper copper sulfate a copper salt made by the action of sulfuric acid on copper oxide corkboard a heat-insulating building material consisting of cork granules that are made into sheets by compressing and baking phellem (botany) outer tissue of bark; a protective layer of dead cells corrosive a substance having the tendency to cause corrosion (such a strong acids or alkali) spitefully sarcastic; "corrosive cristism" alumina any of various forms of aluminum oxide occurring naturally as corundum aluminate a compound of alumina and a metallic oxide aluminum hydroxide white crystalline compound that occurs naturally as the mineral gibbsite alundum a substance made of fused alumina cottonseed cake the solid matter remaining after oil has been pressed from cottonseeds coumarone-indene resin a thermoplastic resin obtained by polymerization of indene and coumarone; used in coatings and paint and asphalt tile indene a colorless liquid hydrocarbon extracted from petroleum or coal tar and used in making synthetic resins covering material a material used by builders to cover surfaces creatine an amino acid that does not occur in proteins but is found in the muscle tissue of vertebrates both in the free form and as phosphocreatine; supplies energy for muscle contraction creosol a colorless to yellow aromatic liquid that is a constituent of creosote creosote a dark oily liquid obtained by distillation of coal tar; used as a preservative for wood a colorless or yellowish oily liquid obtained by distillation of wood tar; used as an antiseptic treat with creosote; "creosoted wood" cresol any of three poisonous colorless isomeric phenols; derived from coal or wood tar; used as a disinfectant cryogen a liquid that boils at below -160 C and is used as a refrigerant cyanamide a weak soluble dibasic acid (the parent acid of cyanamide salts) cyanic acid a colorless poisonous volatile liquid acid that hydrolyzes readily to ammonia and carbon dioxide cyanide an extremely poisonous salt of hydrocyanic acid sodium cyanide a white poisonous salt (NaCN) used in electroplating cyanogen a colorless toxic gas with a pungent almond odor; has been used in chemical warfare cyano group the monovalent group -CN in a chemical compound nitrile any of a class of organic compounds containing the cyano radical -CN cyanohydrin any organic compound in which the cyano radical -CN and the hydroxyl radical -OH are attached to the same carbon atom cyanuric acid a trimer of cyanic acid cyclohexanol a colorless oily alcohol that smells like camphor cyclohexanol phthalate the cyclohexanol ester of phthalic acid cymene any of three isotopes of a colorless aromatic liquid hydrocarbon occurring in the volatile oil of cumin and thyme and used in the manufacture of synthetic resins cytokine any of various protein molecules secreted by cells of the immune system that serve to regulate the immune system cytolysin a substance that partly or completely destroys animal cells cytosine a base found in DNA and RNA and derived from pyrimidine; pairs with guanine decarboxylase any of the enzymes that hydrolize the carboxyl group defoliant a chemical that is sprayed on plants and causes their leaves to fall off de-iodinase an enzyme that removes the iodine radical demantoid a green andradite used as a gemstone andradite a garnet consisting of calcium iron silicate and having any color ranging from yellow and green to brown and black; used as gemstone deoxyadenosine monophosphate one of the four nucleotides used in building DNA; all four nucleotides have a common phosphate group and a sugar (ribose) deoxycytidine monophosphate one of the four nucleotides used in building DNA; all four nucleotides have a common phosphate group and a sugar (ribose) deoxyguanosine monophosphate one of the four nucleotides used in building DNA; all four nucleotides have a common phosphate group and a sugar (ribose) deoxythymidine monophosphate one of the four nucleotides used in building DNA; all four nucleotides have a common phosphate group and a sugar (ribose) deoxyribonucleic acid (biochemistry) a long linear polymer found in the nucleus of a cell and formed from nucleotides and shaped like a double helix; associated with the transmission of genetic information; "DNA is the king of molecules" exon sequence of a gene's DNA that transcribes into protein structures; "exons are interspersed with introns" intron sequence of a eukaryotic gene's DNA that is not translated into a protein junk DNA stretches of DNA that do not code for genes; "most of the genome consists of junk DNA" recombinant deoxyribonucleic acid genetically engineered DNA made by recombining fragments of DNA from different organisms sticky end an end of DNA in which one strand of the double helix extends a few units beyond the other transposon a segment of DNA that can become integrated at many different sites along a chromosome (especially a segment of bacterial DNA that can be translocated as a whole) ribonuclease a transferase that catalyzes the hydrolysis of ribonucleic acid ribonucleic acid (biochemistry) a long linear polymer of nucleotides found in the nucleus but mainly in the cytoplasm of a cell where it is associated with microsomes; it transmits genetic information from DNA to the cytoplasm and controls certain chemical processes in the cell; "ribonucleic acid is the genetic material of some viruses" messenger RNA the template for protein synthesis; the form of RNA that carries information from DNA in the nucleus to the ribosome sites of protein synthesis in the cell nuclear RNA ribonucleic acid found in the nucleolus of the cell transfer RNA RNA molecules present in the cell (in at least 20 varieties, each variety capable of combining with a specific amino acid) that attach the correct amino acid to the protein chain that is being synthesized at the ribosome of the cell (according to directions coded in the mRNA) deoxyribose a sugar that is a constituent of nucleic acids dental gold an alloy of gold used in dentistry desert soil a type of soil that develops in arid climates dew water that has condensed on a cool surface overnight from water vapor in the air; "in the morning the grass was wet with dew" dextrin any of various polysaccharides obtained by hydrolysis of starch; a tasteless and odorless gummy substance that is used as a thickening agent and in adhesives and in dietary supplements digestive any substance that promotes digestion relating to or having the power to cause or promote digestion; "digestive juices"; "a digestive enzyme"; "digestive ferment" mono-iodotyrosine tyrosine with one iodine atom added di-iodotyrosine tyrosine with two iodine atoms added iodotyrosine tyrosine with iodine added iodothyronine thyronine with iodine added tri-iodothyronine thyronine with three iodine atoms added dilutant a diluting agent dimer a compound whose molecules are composed of two identical monomers dimethylglyoxime a compound used in analysis as a precipitant for palladium or nickel dimpled chad a chad that has been punched or dimpled but all four corners are still attached diol any of a class of alcohols having 2 hydroxyl groups in each molecule dioxide an oxide containing two atoms of oxygen in the molecule dioxin any of several toxic or carcinogenic hydrocarbons that occur as impurities in herbicides disaccharidase an enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of disaccharides into monosaccharides disaccharide any of a variety of carbohydrates that yield two monosaccharide molecules on complete hydrolysis dishwater water in which dishes and cooking utensils are washed distillate a purified liquid produced by condensation from a vapor during distilling; the product of distilling distilled water water that has been purified by distillation dressed ore the desired mineral that is left after impurities have been removed from mined ore driftwood wood that is floating or that has been washed ashore drill steel carbon steel used for rock drills and dowels docosahexaenoic acid an omega-3 fatty acid with 22 carbon atoms; found in fish (especially tuna and bluefish) dopamine a monoamine neurotransmitter found in the brain and essential for the normal functioning of the central nervous system; as a drug (trade names Dopastat and Intropin) it is used to treat shock and hypotension dottle the residue of partially burnt tobacco left caked in the bowl of a pipe after smoking dragon's blood a dark red resinous substance derived from various trees and used in photoengraving drawing paper paper that is specially prepared for use in drafting drilling mud a mixture of clays and chemicals and water; pumped down the drill pipe to lubricate and cool the drilling bit and to flush out the cuttings and to strengthen the sides of the hole dubbin tallow mixed with oil; used to make leather soft and waterproof Duralumin an aluminum-based alloy particulate a small discrete mass of solid or liquid matter that remains individually dispersed in gas or liquid emissions (usually considered to be an atmospheric pollutant) composed of distinct particles chalk dust dust resulting from writing with a piece of chalk; "chalk dust covered the teacher's hands" dust fine powdery material such as dry earth or pollen that can be blown about in the air; "the furniture was covered with dust" free microscopic particles of solid material; "astronomers say that the empty space between planets actually contains measurable amounts of dust" remove the dust from; "dust the cabinets" rub the dust over a surface so as to blur the outlines of a shape; "The artist dusted the charcoal drawing down to a faint image" cover with a light dusting of a substance; "dust the bread with flour" elaidic acid a monounsaturated fatty acid that has the same structure as oleic acid except that it is a trans fatty acid; the major trans fatty acid in margarine and fried foods elastomer any of various elastic materials that resemble rubber (resumes its original shape when a deforming force is removed) hot air air that has been heated and tends to rise halitosis offensive breath halitus exhaled breath compressed gas gas at a high pressure that can be used as a propellant compressed air air at a pressure greater than that of the atmosphere; "compressed air is often used to power machines" earth the loose soft material that makes up a large part of the land surface; "they dug into the earth outside the church" once thought to be one of four elements composing the universe (Empedocles) connect to the earth; "earth the circuit" hide in the earth like a hunted animal diatomaceous earth a light soil consisting of siliceous diatom remains and often used as a filtering material sienna an earth color containing ferric oxides; used as a pigment bister a water-soluble brownish-yellow pigment made by boiling wood soot burnt sienna a reddish-brown pigment produced by roasting sienna raw sienna a yellowish-brown pigment made from untreated sienna sinopis a red ocher formerly used as a pigment yellow ocher pigment consisting of a limonite mixed with clay and silica saprolite a deposit of clay and disintegrating rock that is found in its original place soil the part of the earth's surface consisting of humus and disintegrated rock soil conditioner a chemical substance used to improve the structure of the soil and increase its porosity; "gypsum can be used as a soil conditioner" holy water water that has been blessed by a priest for use in symbolic purification pheromone a chemical substance secreted externally by some animals (especially insects) that influences the physiology or behavior of other animals of the same species ground water underground water that is held in the soil and in pervious rocks eicosapentaenoic acid an omega-3 fatty acid with 20 carbon atoms; found in fish (especially tuna and bluefish) eleostearic acid a crystalline unsaturated fatty acid electrolyte a solution that conducts electricity; "the proper amount and distribution of electrolytes in the body is essential for health" eluate a liquid solution that results from elution Fehling's solution a liquid solution of copper sulfate and potassium tartrate and sodium hydroxide that is used to test for sugar in the urine; solution turns reddish when sugar is present formalin a 10% solution of formaldehyde in water; used as a disinfectant or to preserve biological specimens pancreatin extract from the pancreas of animals that contains pancreatic enzymes; used to treat pancreatitis and other conditions involving insufficient pancreatic secretions isotonic solution a solution having the same osmotic pressure as blood elastase a pancreatic enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of elastin emery cloth cloth covered with powdered emery emery paper stiff paper coated with powdered emery or sand emery stone a mixture of emery dust and a binder; can be molded into grindstones enterokinase enzyme in the intestinal juice that converts inactive trypsinogen into active trypsin erythropoietin a glycoprotein secreted by the kidneys that stimulates the production of red blood cells ester organic compound formed by reaction between an acid and an alcohol with elimination of water ethane a colorless odorless alkane gas used as fuel ethyl acetate a fragrant colorless flammable volatile liquid ester made from ethanol and acetic acid; used in flavorings and perfumes and as a solvent for plastics ethylene a flammable colorless gaseous alkene; obtained from petroleum and natural gas and used in manufacturing many other chemicals; sometimes used as an anesthetic trichloroethylene a heavy colorless highly toxic liquid used as a solvent to clean electronic components and for dry cleaning and as a fumigant; causes cancer and liver and lung damage ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid a complex molecule used medically to chelate metal ions in cases of lead or heavy metal poisoning ethylene glycol a sweet but poisonous syrupy liquid used as an antifreeze and solvent propylene glycol a sweet colorless, viscous, hygroscopic liquid used as an antifreeze and in brake fluid and also as a humectant in cosmetics and personal care items although it can be absorbed through the skin with harmful effects euphorbium an acrid brown gum resin now used mainly in veterinary medicine emmenagogue any agent that promotes menstrual discharge eutectoid steel a steel that contains 0.9% carbon (the eutectic point); a carbon steel with 0.9% carbon is pure pearlite exudate a substance that oozes out from plant pores transudate a substance that transudes high explosive a powerful chemical explosive that produces gas at a very high rate low explosive an explosive with a low rate of combustion effluvium a foul-smelling outflow or vapor (especially a gaseous waste) rheum a watery discharge from the mucous membranes (especially from the eyes or nose) vaginal discharge discharge of secretions from the cervical glands of the vagina; normally clear or white body waste waste matter (as urine or sweat but especially feces) discharged from the body fecal matter solid excretory product evacuated from the bowels crap obscene terms for feces pigeon droppings droppings of pigeons droppings fecal matter of animals cow pie fecal matter of a cow meconium thick dark green mucoid material that is the first feces of a newborn child melena abnormally dark tarry feces containing blood (usually from gastrointestinal bleeding) fecula excreta (especially of insects) human waste the body wastes of human beings urine liquid excretory product; "there was blood in his urine"; "the child had to make water" detritus loose material (stone fragments and silt etc) that is worn away from rocks sewage waste matter carried away in sewers or drains effluent water mixed with waste matter that is flowing outward pollutant waste matter that contaminates the water or air or soil rubbish worthless material that is to be disposed of attack strongly scrap metal discarded metal suitable for reprocessing; "he finally sold the car for scrap metal" debris the remains of something that has been destroyed or broken up toxic waste poisonous waste materials; can cause injury (especially by chemical means) fallout the radioactive particles that settle to the ground after a nuclear explosion fencing material material for building fences ferrite a solid solution in which alpha iron is the solvent fertilizer any substance such as manure or a mixture of nitrates used to make soil more fertile gallamine neuromuscular blocking agent (trade name Flaxedil) used as a muscle relaxant in the administration of anesthesia organic a fertilizer that is derived from animal or vegetable matter involving or affecting physiology or bodily organs; "an organic disease" simple and healthful and close to nature; "an organic lifestyle" relating or belonging to the class of chemical compounds having a carbon basis; "hydrocarbons are organic compounds" being or relating to or derived from or having properties characteristic of living organisms; "organic life"; "organic growth"; "organic remains found in rock" of or relating to foodstuff grown or raised without synthetic fertilizers or pesticides or hormones; "organic eggs"; "organic vegetables"; "organic chicken" soldering flux flux applied to surfaces that are to be joined by soldering; flux cleans the surfaces and results in a better bond foryml (chemistry) the negative univalent acyl radical CHO that occurs in aldehydes sodium nitrate (NaNO3) used especially as a fertilizer and explosive pearl ash an impure form of potassium carbonate potassium bicarbonate a crystalline salt (KHCO3) that is used in baking powder and as an antacid potassium chloride salt of potassium (KCl) (trade names K-Dur 20, Kaochlor and K-lor and Klorvess and K-lyte); taken in tablet form to treat potassium deficiency potassium nitrate (KNO3) used especially as a fertilizer and explosive potassium bromide a white crystalline salt (KBr) used as a sedative and in photography potassium carbonate a white salt (K2CO3) that is basic in solution; used to make glass and cleansing agents potassium chlorate a white salt (KClO3) used in matches, fireworks, and explosives; also used as a disinfectant and bleaching agent potassium cyanide a poisonous salt (KCN) used in electroplating and in photography potassium dichromate an orange-red salt used in making dyes and in photography potassium iodide a crystalline salt in organic synthesis and in making photographic emulsions and in iodized table salt producer gas a gas made of carbon monoxide and hydrogen and nitrogen; made by passing air over hot coke proprionamide the amide of propionic acid (C2H5CONH2) propionic acid a liquid fatty acid found in milk and sweat and in fuel distillates pudding stone a composite rock made up of particles of varying size putrescine a colorless crystalline ptomaine with a foul odor that is produced in decaying animal matter pyroligneous acid a red-brown liquid formed in distillation of wood which contains acetic acid, methanol, acetone, wood oils, and tars manure any animal or plant material used to fertilize land especially animal excreta usually with litter material spread manure, as for fertilization chicken manure chicken excreta used as fertilizer cow manure cow excreta used as fertilizer green manure a growing crop that is plowed under to enrich soil horse manure horse excreta used as fertilizer night soil human excreta used as fertilizer facial tissue tissue paper suitable for use on the face fat a soft greasy substance occurring in organic tissue and consisting of a mixture of lipids (mostly triglycerides); "pizza has too much fat" having an (over)abundance of flesh; "he hadn't remembered how fat she was" marked by great fruitfulness; "fertile farmland"; "a fat land"; "a productive vineyard"; "rich soil" lucrative; "a juicy contract"; "a nice fat job" having a relatively large diameter; "a fat rope" leaf fat fat lining the abdomen and kidneys in hogs which is used to make lard feldspar any of a group of hard crystalline minerals that consist of aluminum silicates of potassium or sodium or calcium or barium orthoclase a white or colored monoclinic feldspar plagioclase any of a series of triclinic feldspars that form rocks albite a widely distributed feldspar that forms rocks anorthite rare plagioclastic feldspar occurring in many igneous rocks ferric oxide a red oxide of iron ferricyanic acid a brown unstable acid formed from ferricyanide ferricyanide salt of ferricyanic acid obtained by oxidation of a ferrocyanide ferritin a protein containing 20% iron that is found in the intestines and liver and spleen; it is one of the chief forms in which iron is stored in the body ferrocerium a pyrophoric alloy of iron with cerium; used for lighter flints ferrocyanic acid a white unstable acid formed from ferrocyanide salts ferrocyanide salt of ferrocyanic acid usually obtained by a reaction of a cyanide with iron sulphate fiberglass a covering material made of glass fibers in resins fish meal ground dried fish used as fertilizer and as feed for domestic livestock buntal fine white Philippine fiber from stalks of unopened leaves of talipot palms; used in making hats fibril a very slender natural or synthetic fiber fieldstone stone that occurs naturally in fields; often used as building material filter paper a porous unsized paper used for filtering filtrate the product of filtration; a gas or liquid that has been passed through a filter firelighter (a piece of) a substance that burns easily and can be used to start a coal or coke fire fire opal an opal with flaming orange and yellow and red colors fish-liver oil a fatty oil obtained from the livers of various fish fixing agent a chemical compound that sets or fixes something (as a dye or a photographic image) flavone a colorless crystalline compound that is part of a number of white or yellow plant pigments flavonoid any of a large class of plant pigments having a chemical structure based on or similar to flavone flyspeck a tiny dark speck made by the excrement of a fly long-staple cotton cotton with relatively long fibers short-staple cotton cotton with relatively short fibers chert variety of silica containing microcrystalline quartz taconite a variety of chert containing magnetite and hematite; mined as a low-grade iron ore flavin a ketone that forms the nucleus of certain natural yellow pigments like riboflavin flint a hard kind of stone; a form of silica more opaque than chalcedony flintstone pebbles of flint used in masonry construction flooring building material used in laying floors floor wax a preparation containing wax and used to polish and preserve the finish of floors fluoride a salt of hydrofluoric acid fluoroboric acid an acid of fluorine and boron fluoroboride a salt of fluoroboric acid fluorocarbon a halocarbon in which some hydrogen atoms have been replaced by fluorine; used in refrigerators and aerosols fluorocarbon plastic a plastic made with fluorocarbon fluosilicate salt of fluosilicic acid fluosilicic acid an unstable poisonous corrosive acid known primarily in the form of its salts flypaper paper that is poisoned or coated with a sticky substance to kill flies foam rubber spongy rubber; made by introducing air bubbles before vulcanization and used for cushioning or upholstery formaldehyde a colorless poisonous gas; made by the oxidation of methanol formic acid a colorless pungent fuming vesicatory liquid acid HCOOH found naturally in ants and many plants or made catalytically from carbon monoxide and steam; used in finishing textiles and paper and in the manufacture of insecticides and fumigants frankincense an aromatic gum resin obtained from various Arabian or East African trees; formerly valued for worship and for embalming and fumigation free radical an atom or group of atoms with at least one unpaired electron; in the body it is usually an oxygen molecule that has lost an electron and will stabilize itself by stealing an electron from a nearby molecule; "in the body free radicals are high-energy particles that ricochet wildly and damage cells" freezing mixture a mixture of substances (usually salt and ice) to obtain a temperature below the freezing point of water Freon any one or more chlorofluorocarbons (or related compounds) that are used as an aerosol propellant, organic solvent, or refrigerant fructose a simple sugar found in honey and in many ripe fruits fuel a substance that can be consumed to produce energy; "more fuel is needed during the winter months"; "they developed alternative fuels for aircraft" stimulate; "fuel the debate on creationism" take in fuel, as of a ship; "The tanker fueled in Bahrain" provide with a combustible substance that provides energy; "fuel aircraft, ships, and cars" provide with fuel; "Oil fires the furnace" fuller's earth an absorbent soil resembling clay; used in fulling (shrinking and thickening) woolen cloth and as an adsorbent fulvic acid a yellow to yellow-brown humic substance that is soluble in water under all pH conditions; "they measured the fluvial fulvic acid" fumaric acid a colorless crystalline acid with a fruity taste; used in making polyester resins fumigant a chemical substance used in fumigation furan a colorless toxic flammable liquid used in the synthesis of nylon furfural a liquid aldehyde with a penetrating odor; made from plant hulls and corncobs; used in making furan and as a solvent galactagogue agent that induces milk secretion galactose a simple sugar found in lactose galbanum a bitter aromatic gum resin that resembles asafetida gallic acid a colorless crystalline acid obtained from tannin galvanized iron iron that is coated with zinc to protect it from rust greenhouse gas a gas that contributes to the greenhouse effect by absorbing infrared radiation liquefied petroleum gas hydrocarbon gases, usually propane or butane, kept under pressure water gas a mixture of hydrogen and carbon monoxide with small amounts of other gases; made by blowing steam over hot coke or coal ghatti an Indian gum from the dhawa tree; used as a substitute for gum arabic kraft strong wrapping paper made from pulp processed with a sulfur solution butcher paper a strong wrapping paper that resists penetration by blood or meat fluids gift wrap attractive wrapping paper suitable for wrapping gifts gilding metal a brass that is rich in copper; used to make articles that were to be gilded gilgai soil soil in the melon holes of Australia natural glass magma of any composition that cooled very rapidly quartz glass colorless glass made of almost pure silica opal glass a milky white translucent or opaque glass optical glass clear homogeneous glass of known refractive index; used to make lenses optical crown optical glass of low dispersion and low refractive index optical flint optical glass of high dispersion and high refractive index crown glass a glass blown into a globe which is later flattened and spun to form a disk tektite thought to derive from meteorites volcanic glass a kind of natural glass produced when molten lava cools very rapidly obsidian acid or granitic glass formed by the rapid cooling of lava without crystallization; usually dark, but transparent in thin pieces pitchstone dark acid granitic glass tachylite a basic or basalt glass soft glass glass having a relatively low softening point ground glass glass that diffuses light due to a rough surface produced by abrasion or etching particulate glass made by grinding and used as an abrasive lead glass glass containing lead oxide; has a high refractive index safety glass glass made with plates of plastic or resin or other material between two sheets of glass to prevent shattering soluble glass a viscous glass consisting of sodium silicate in solution; used as a cement or as a protective coating and to preserve eggs stained glass glass that has been colored in some way; used for church windows Tiffany glass a kind of opalescent colored glass that was used in the early 1900s for stained-glass windows and lamps wire glass a glass that contains a layer of wire netting in it twins (mineralogy) two interwoven crystals that are mirror images on each other enamine an amine containing the double bond linkage -C=C-N- enantiomorph either one of a pair of compounds (crystals or molecules) that are mirror images on each other but are not identical exotherm a compound that gives off heat during its formation and absorbs heat during its decomposition glucose a monosaccharide sugar that has several forms; an important source of physiological energy dextrose an isomer of glucose that is found in honey and sweet fruits blood sugar glucose in the bloodstream glutamate a salt or ester of glutamic acid glutamic oxalacetic transaminase an enzyme involved in transamination glyceraldehyde a sweet crystalline aldehyde formed by the breakdown of sugars glyceric acid a syrupy acid obtained by oxidation of glycerol or glyceraldehyde glyceride an ester of glycerol and fatty acids that occurs naturally as fats and fatty oils; "fresh fats contain glycerides of fatty acids and very little free acid" triglyceride glyceride occurring naturally in animal and vegetable tissues; it consists of three individual fatty acids bound together in a single large molecule; an important energy source forming much of the fat stored by the body glycerol a sweet syrupy trihydroxy alcohol obtained by saponification of fats and oils glycerinated gelatin a gelatinous preparation made from gelatin and glycerin and water; used as a base for ointments and suppositories glycerin jelly a mixture of glycerin and gelatin that is used in histology for mounting specimens glycerite a medicine made by mixing a substance in glycerin glycerogelatin a medicated skin preparation made from glycerin and glycerinated gelatin glyceryl a trivalent radical derived from glycerol by removing the three hydroxyl radicals nitroglycerin a heavy yellow poisonous oily explosive liquid obtained by nitrating glycerol; used in making explosives and medically as a vasodilator (trade names Nitrospan and Nitrostat) glyceryl ester an ester of glycerol glycoside a group of compounds derived from monosaccharides amygdalin a bitter cyanogenic glucoside extracted from the seeds of apricots and plums and bitter almonds laetrile a substance derived from amygdalin; publicized as an antineoplastic drug although there is no supporting evidence glucoside a glycoside derived from glucose saponin any of various plant glucosides that form soapy lathers when mixed and agitated with water; used in detergents and foaming agents and emulsifiers glycolic acid a translucent crystalline compound found in sugar cane and sugar beets and unripe grapes glycoprotein a conjugated protein having a carbohydrate component cluster of differentiation 4 a glycoprotein that is found primarily on the surface of helper T cells; "CD4 is a receptor for HIV in humans" cluster of differentiation 8 a membrane glycoprotein that is found primarily on the surface of cytotoxic T cells hemoprotein a conjugated protein linked to a compound of iron and porphyrin lectin any of several plant glycoproteins that act like specific antibodies but are not antibodies in that they are not evoked by an antigenic stimulus gneiss a laminated metamorphic rock similar to granite schist any metamorphic rock that can be split into thin layers goitrogen any substance (such as thiouracil) that induces the formation of a goiter goldstone aventurine spangled densely with fine gold-colored particles gondang wax a hard cream-colored wax obtained from a Javanese fig tree goose grease grease derived from geese graph paper paper that has lines to permit drawing graphs granular pearlite if steel or iron cool very slowly the cementite may occur in globules instead of in layers lubricant a substance capable of reducing friction by making surfaces smooth or slippery grease a thick fatty oil (especially one used to lubricate machinery) lubricate with grease; "grease the wheels" greaseproof paper paper that is impermeable to oil or grease; used in cooking Greek fire a mixture used by Byzantine Greeks that was often shot at adversaries; catches fire when wetted green gold a gold alloy (at least 14 karat gold with silver or silver and cadmium) that has a green appearance greisen a granitic rock composed of quartz and mica groundmass (geology) the matrix of fine-grained crystalline material in which larger crystals are embedded grid metal a kind of hard lead that is used for grids in storage batteries grout a thin mortar that can be poured and used to fill cracks in masonry or brickwork bind with grout; "grout the bathtub" guanine a purine base found in DNA and RNA; pairs with cytosine guano the excrement of sea birds; used as fertilizer guinea gold 22-karat gold from which guinea coins were made gunite a mixture of cement and sand and water that is sprayed on a surface under pneumatic pressure essential oil an oil having the odor or flavor of the plant from which it comes; used in perfume and flavorings attar essential oil or perfume obtained from flowers attar of roses a volatile fragrant oil obtained from fresh roses by steam distillation clove oil essential oil obtained from cloves and used to flavor medicines costus oil a yellow volatile essential oil obtained from costusroot; used in perfumes eucalyptus oil an essential oil obtained from the leaves of eucalypts turpentine volatile liquid distilled from turpentine oleoresin; used as paint thinner and solvent and medicinally obtained from conifers (especially pines) wormwood oil a dark bitter oil obtained from wormwood leaves; flavors absinthe liqueurs linalool a colorless fragrant liquid found in many essential oils resin any of a class of solid or semisolid viscous substances obtained either as exudations from certain plants or prepared by polymerization of simple molecules natural resin a plant exudate urea-formaldehyde resin a clear thermosetting resin made from urea and formaldehyde and used in electrical fittings, adhesives, and finishes copal a brittle aromatic resin used in varnishes copalite partly mineralized copal dug from the ground congo copal copal found usually as a fossil dammar any of various hard resins from trees of the family Dipterocarpaceae and of the genus Agathis; especially the amboyna pine Zanzibar copal a hard copal derived from an African tree colophony translucent brittle substance produced from pine oleoresin; used especially in varnishes and inks and on the bows of stringed instruments oleoresin a naturally occurring mixture of a resin and an essential oil; obtained from certain plants balm any of various aromatic resinous substances used for healing and soothing balm of Gilead a fragrant oleoresin Canada balsam yellow transparent exudate of the balsam fir; used as a transparent cement in optical devices (especially in microscopy) and as a mounting medium Chian turpentine a turpentine exuded by the terebinth copaiba an oleoresin used in varnishes and ointments gum resin a mixture of resin and gum benzoin gum resin used especially in treating skin irritation benzofuran a colorless oily compound extracted from coal tar and used in manufacturing synthetic resins bdellium aromatic gum resin; similar to myrrh gum any of various substances (soluble in water) that exude from certain plants; they are gelatinous when moist but harden on drying exude or form gum; "these trees gum in the Spring" become sticky cover, fill, fix or smear with or as if with gum; "if you gum the tape it is stronger" culture medium (bacteriology) a nutrient substance (solid or liquid) that is used to cultivate micro-organisms contrast medium a substance that is opaque to x-rays; when administered it allows a radiologist to examine the organ or tissue it fills agar a colloidal extract of algae; used especially in culture media and as a gelling agent in foods any culture medium that uses agar as the gelling agent blood agar a culture medium containing whole blood as the nutrient algin a gum used especially as a thickener or emulsifier cherry-tree gum exudation from trees of the Prunus genus; resembles gum arabic chicle gum-like substance from the sapodilla guar gum a gum from seeds of the guar plant; used to thicken foods and as sizing for paper and cloth gum arabic gum from an acacia tree; used as a thickener (especially in candies and pharmaceuticals) Senegal gum gum arabic from the vicinity of the Senegal river gum butea dried juice of the dhak tree; used as an astringent mesquite gum a gum obtained from mesquite pods; resembles gum arabic mucilage a gelatinous substance secreted by plants sterculia gum exudate of an Asian tree; used for finishing textiles and to thicken foodstuffs and cosmetics synthetic a compound made artificially by chemical reactions of a proposition whose truth value is determined by observation or facts; "`all men are arrogant' is a synthetic proposition" systematic combining of root and modifying elements into single words involving or of the nature of synthesis (combining separate elements to form a coherent whole) as opposed to analysis; "limnology is essentially a synthetic science composed of elements...that extend well beyond the limits of biology"- P.S.Welch not genuine or natural; "counterfeit rhetoric that flourishes when passions are synthetic"- George Will synthetic resin a resin having a polymeric structure; especially a resin in the raw state; used chiefly in plastics alkyd a durable synthetic resin widely used in adhesives and paints phenolic resin a thermosetting resin epoxy a thermosetting resin; used chiefly in strong adhesives and coatings and laminates glue with epoxy; "epoxy the shards" copolymer a polymer consisting of two or more different monomers polyurethane any of various polymers containing the urethane radical; a wide variety of synthetic forms are made and used as adhesives or plastics or paints or rubber polyfoam a foam made by adding water to polyurethane plastics cinnamon stone a garnet ranging in color from yellow to brown gutta-percha a whitish rubber derived from the coagulated milky latex of gutta-percha trees; used for insulation of electrical cables terra alba finely pulverized gypsum used especially as a pigment gummite a gummy orange mixture of uranium oxides and silicates occurring naturally in the hydration and oxidation of pitchblende halibut-liver oil a fatty oil from halibut livers that is used as a source of vitamin A halide a salt of any halogen acid halocarbon one of various compounds of carbon and any of the halogens halogen any of five related nonmetallic elements (fluorine or chlorine or bromine or iodine or astatine) that are all monovalent and readily form negative ions hanging chad a chad that is incompletely removed and hanging by one corner hard lead unrefined lead that is hard because of the impurities it contains a lead alloy that contains about 5% antimony hard steel steel with more than 0.3% carbon hard water water that contains mineral salts (as calcium and magnesium ions) that limit the formation of lather with soap harlequin opal a reddish opal with small patches of brilliant color hematite the principal form of iron ore; consists of ferric oxide in crystalline form; occurs in a red earthy form hemiacetal an organic compound usually formed as an intermediate product in the preparation of acetals from aldehydes or ketones hemolysin any substance that can cause lysis (destruction) of erythrocytes (red blood cells) and the release of their hemoglobin hemp a plant fiber heptane a colorless volatile highly flammable liquid obtained from petroleum and used as an anesthetic or a solvent or in determining octane ratings herbicide a chemical agent that destroys plants or inhibits their growth hexane a colorless flammable liquid alkane derived from petroleum and used as a solvent high brass brass with 35% zinc high-density lipoprotein a lipoprotein that transports cholesterol in the blood; composed of a high proportion of protein and relatively little cholesterol; high levels are thought to be associated with decreased risk of coronary heart disease and atherosclerosis high-level radioactive waste radioactive waste that left in a nuclear reactor after the nuclear fuel has been consumed high-speed steel an alloy steel that remains hard at a red heat; used to make metal-cutting tools hip tile a tile shaped so as to cover the hip of a hip roof histidine an essential amino acid found in proteins that is important for the growth and repair of tissue histaminase enzyme that acts as a catalyst in converting histidine to histamine homogenate material that has been homogenized (especially tissue that has been ground and mixed); "liver homogenate" humectant any substance that is added to another substance to keep it moist humus partially decomposed organic matter; the organic component of soil humate material that is high in humic acids humic acid a dark brown humic substance that is soluble in water only at pH values greater than 2; "the half-life of humic acid is measured in centuries" humic substance an organic residue of decaying organic matter humin a black humic substance that is not soluble in water hyaline a glassy translucent substance that occurs in hyaline cartilage or in certain skin conditions resembling glass in transparency or translucency; "the morning is as clear as diamond or as hyaline"-Sacheverell Sitwell hyaluronic acid a viscous mucopolysaccharide found in the connective tissue space and the synovial fluid of movable joints and the humors of the eye; a cementing and protective substance hyaluronidase an enzyme (trade name Hyazyme) that splits hyaluronic acid and so lowers its viscosity and increases the permeability of connective tissue and the absorption of fluids hydrate any compound that contains water of crystallization cause to be hydrated; add water or moisture to; "hydrate your skin" become hydrated and combine with water supply water or liquid to in order to maintain a healthy balance; "the bicyclists must be hydrated frequently" hydrazine a colorless fuming corrosive liquid; a powerful reducing agent; used chiefly in rocket fuels hydride any binary compound formed by the union of hydrogen and other elements hydrobromic acid an aqueous solution of hydrogen bromide that is a strong liquid acid hydrocarbon an organic compound containing only carbon and hydrogen bitumen any of various naturally occurring impure mixtures of hydrocarbons coal tar a tar formed from distillation of bituminous coal; coal tar can be further distilled to give various aromatic compounds butadiene a gaseous hydrocarbon C4H6; used in making synthetic rubbers chloroprene derivative of butadiene used in making neoprene by polymerization hydrochloric acid an aqueous solution of hydrogen chloride; a strongly corrosive acid hydrofluorocarbon a fluorocarbon emitted as a by-product of industrial manufacturing hydrogen bromide a colorless gas that yields hydrobromic acid in solution with water hydrogen chloride a colorless corrosive gas (HCl) hydrogen fluoride a colorless poisonous corrosive liquid made by the action of sulphuric acid on calcium fluoride; solutions in water are hydrofluoric acid hydrofluoric acid a weak poisonous liquid acid; formed by solution of hydrogen fluoride in water hydrogen iodide a colorless gas that yields hydroiodic acid in aqueous solution hydroiodic acid an acid formed by aqueous solution of hydrogen iodide hydrogen sulfide a sulfide having the unpleasant smell of rotten eggs hyper-eutectoid steel a steel that contains more than 0.9% carbon hypnagogue an agent that induces drowsiness or sleep hypo a compound used as a fixing agent in photographic developing hypochlorous acid a weak unstable acid known only in solution and in its salts; used as a bleaching agent and as an oxidizing agent hypo-eutectoid steel a steel that contains less that 0.9% carbon hypoglycemic agent any of various agents that decrease the level of glucose in the blood and are used in the treatment of diabetes mellitus hydrazo group the bivalent group -HNNH- derived from hydrazine hydroxide a chemical compound containing the hydroxyl group a compound of an oxide with water hydroxyl the monovalent group -OH in such compounds as bases and some acids and alcohols hydroxide ion the anion OH having one oxygen and one hydrogen atom hydroxymethyl a methyl with hydroxide replacing the hydrogen atoms black ice a thin coating of ice (as from freezing mist) on a road or sidewalk; nearly invisible but very hazardous hailstone small pellet of ice that falls during a hailstorm icicle ice resembling a pendent spear, formed by the freezing of dripping water Iceland spar a transparent calcite found in Iceland and used in polarizing microscopes identification particle a tiny particle of material that can be added to a product to indicate the source of manufacture Inconel a nickel-base alloy with chromium and iron; used in gas-turbine blades ideal gas a hypothetical gas with molecules of negligible size that exert no intermolecular forces imidazole an organic base C3H4N2; a histamine inhibitor indelible ink ink that cannot be erased or washed away India ink a black liquid ink used for printing or writing or drawing indurated clay hardened clay magnetic ink an ink that contains particles of a magnetic substance whose presence can be detected by magnetic sensors printer's ink a semisolid quick drying ink made especially for use in printing writing ink any permanent or washable ink used with pens indoleacetic acid a plant hormone promoting elongation of stems and roots indolebutyric acid a synthetic plant hormone promoting elongation of stems and roots inducer an agent capable of activating specific genes ivory black a black pigment made from grinding burnt ivory in oil inoculant a substance (a virus or toxin or immune serum) that is introduced into the body to produce or increase immunity to a particular disease inorganic compound any compound that does not contain carbon inosine a nucleoside that is formed by the deamination of adenosine; used in kidney transplantation to provide a temporary source of sugar inositol an optically inactive alcohol that is a component of the vitamin B complex insecticide a chemical used to kill insects insectifuge a chemical substance that repels insects insulant insulating material that reduces or prevents the transmission of heat or sound or electricity interleukin any of several lymphokines that promote macrophages and killer T cells and B cells and other components of the immune system intermediate a substance formed during a chemical process before the desired product is obtained lying between two extremes in time or space or state; "going from sitting to standing without intermediate pushes with the hands"; "intermediate stages in a process"; "intermediate stops on the route"; "an intermediate range plane" Invar an alloy of iron and nickel having a low coefficient of thermal expansion; used in tuning forks and measuring tapes and other instruments invertase an enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of sucrose into glucose and fructose invert sugar a mixture of equal parts of glucose and fructose resulting from the hydrolysis of sucrose; found naturally in fruits; sweeter than glucose Javelle water an aqueous solution of sodium hypochlorite iodic acid a soluble crystalline acid; used as a reagent and disinfectant iodide a salt or ester of hydriodic acid iodocompound a compound containing the covalent iodine radical thyroprotein a preparation made from iodinated protein and having an action similar to thyroxine thyroglobulin an iodine containing protein that is obtained from the thyroid gland and exhibits the general properties of the globulins iron blue any of various blue pigments slightly purplish or bluish dark grey Payne's grey any pigment that produces a greyish to dark greyish blue iron disulfide a compound containing two atoms of sulfur combined with iron iron ore an ore from which iron can be extracted iron perchloride a highly toxic chemical used to engrave metal plates and electronic circuits isocyanate a salt or ester of isocyanic acid isocyanic acid an acid known only in the form of its esters isoleucine an essential amino acid found in proteins; isomeric with leucine isomer a compound that exists in forms having different arrangements of atoms but the same molecular weight isomerase an enzyme that catalyzes its substrate to an isomeric form itaconic acid a crystalline carboxylic acid; occurs in some fermentations of sugars jade a semiprecious gemstone that takes a high polish; is usually green but sometimes whitish; consists of jadeite or nephrite of something having the color of jade; especially varying from bluish green to yellowish green Japan wax a yellow wax obtained from sumac berries; used in polishes jargoon a colorless (or pale yellow or smoky) variety of zircon jasper an opaque form of quartz; red or yellow or brown or dark green in color; used for ornamentation or as a gemstone joss stick a slender stick of incense burned before a joss by the Chinese jute a plant fiber used in making rope or sacks red silk cotton a plant fiber from the red silk-cotton tree of eastern India; inferior to kapok paraffin (British usage) kerosine from crude petroleum; used for candles and for preservative or waterproof coatings keratohyalin hyaline in the large granules of the stratum granulosum ketone any of a class of organic compounds having a carbonyl group linked to a carbon atom in each of two hydrocarbon radicals ketone body a ketone that is an intermediate product of the breakdown of fats in the body; any of three compounds (acetoacetic acid, acetone, and/or beta-hydroxybutyric acid) found in excess in blood and urine of persons with metabolic disorders ketone group a group having the characteristic properties of ketones acetoacetic acid unstable acid found in abnormal amounts in the blood and urine in some cases of impaired metabolism (as diabetes mellitus or starvation) beta-hydroxybutyric acid beta derivative of hydroxybutyric acid that is found in the blood and urine in some cases of impaired metabolism hydroxybutyric acid hydroxy derivative of butyric acid ketohexose a monosaccharide having six carbon atoms and a ketone group ketose any monosaccharide sugar that contains a ketone group or its hemiacetal kinase an enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of a proenzyme to an active enzyme Kleenex a piece of soft absorbent paper (usually two or more thin layers) used as a disposable handkerchief kunzite a pinkish lilac crystal form of the mineral spodumene that is used as a gemstone Kwell a preparation of lindane (trade name Kwell) that is used to kill lice and itch mites; available in cream or shampoo lactase any of a group of enzymes (trade name Lactaid) that hydrolyze lactose to glucose and galactose lactic acid a clear odorless hygroscopic syrupy carboxylic acid found in sour milk and in many fruits lactifuge any agent that reduces milk secretion (as given to a woman who is not breast feeding) lactogen any agent that enhances milk production lactose a sugar comprising one glucose molecule linked to a galactose molecule; occurs only in milk; "cow's milk contains about 4.7% lactose" lamellar mixture a mixture in which substances occur in distinct layers lapis lazuli an azure blue semiprecious stone lard oil oil consisting chiefly of olein that is expressed from lard and used especially as a lubricant, cutting oil or illuminant larvicide a chemical used to kill larval pests laterite a red soil produced by rock decay; contains insoluble deposits of ferric and aluminum oxides lath and plaster a building material consisting of thin strips of wood that provide a foundation for a coat of plaster lauric acid a crystalline fatty acid occurring as glycerides in natural fats and oils (especially coconut oil and palm-kernel oil) lauryl alcohol a colorless insoluble solid alcohol used to make detergents and pharmaceuticals latten brass (or a yellow alloy resembling brass) that was hammered into thin sheets; formerly used for church utensils lava rock that in its molten form (as magma) issues from volcanos; lava is what magma is called when it reaches the surface tuff hard volcanic rock composed of compacted volcanic ash tufa a soft porous rock consisting of calcium carbonate deposited from springs rich in lime aa a dry form of lava resembling clinkers pahoehoe freely flowing lava pillow lava lava that hardened in rounded shapes suggestive of pillows; believed to result from underwater eruptions magma molten rock in the earth's crust igneous rock rock formed by the solidification of molten magma adesite dark greyish extrusive rock batholith large mass of intrusive igneous rock believed to have solidified deep within the earth diorite a granular crystalline intrusive rock gabbro one of a family of granular intrusive rocks pegmatite a form of igneous rock consisting of extremely coarse granite resulting from the crystallization of magma rich in rare elements peridotite a dark coarse-grained igneous rock consisting principally of olivine kimberlite a rare type of peridotite that sometimes contains diamonds; found in South Africa and Siberia rhyolite very acid volcanic rock volcanic rock extrusive igneous rock solidified near or on the surface of the Earth leaded bronze bronze to which 1-4% lead is added lead ore ore containing lead massicot the mineral form of lead monoxide; in the form of yellow powder it is used as a pigment leaf mold soil composed mainly of decaying leaves ledger paper a durable writing paper used in record books and business ledgers lepidocrocite a red to reddish brown mineral consisting of iron oxide hydroxide; often found in iron ores together with goethite laid paper writing paper having a watermark of fine lines running across the grain wove paper writing paper having a very faint mesh pattern letter paper writing paper for use in writing correspondence lindane a white crystalline powder used as an agricultural insecticide leucine a white crystalline amino acid occurring in proteins that is essential for nutrition; obtained by the hydrolysis of most dietary proteins lignin a complex polymer; the chief constituent of wood other than carbohydrates; binds to cellulose fibers to harden and strengthen cell walls of plants calcite a common mineral consisting of crystallized calcium carbonate; a major constituent of limestone calcium hydroxide a caustic substance produced by heating limestone limestone a sedimentary rock consisting mainly of calcium that was deposited by the remains of marine animals rottenstone a weathered and decomposed siliceous limestone; in powdered form it is used in polishing calcium bicarbonate a bicarbonate that is a major cause of hard water calcium carbonate a salt found in nature as chalk or calcite or aragonite or limestone limewater solution of calcium hydroxide in water used as an antacid calcium chloride a deliquescent salt; used in de-icing and as a drying agent calcium hydride a saltlike binary compound (CaH2) used as a reducing agent and source of hydrogen calcium sulphate a white salt (CaSO4) limonene a liquid terpene with a lemon odor; found in lemons and oranges and other essential oils limonite a widely occurring iron oxide ore; a mixture of goethite and hematite and lepidocrocite linoleic acid a liquid polyunsaturated fatty acid abundant in plant fats and oils; a fatty acid essential for nutrition; used to make soap linolenic acid a liquid polyunsaturated fatty acid that occurs in some plant oils; an essential fatty acid linoleum a floor covering linuron a herbicide that kills weeds without harming vegetables lipase an enzyme secreted in the digestive tract that catalyzes the breakdown of fats into individual fatty acids that can be absorbed into the bloodstream lipid an oily organic compound insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvents; essential structural component of living cells (along with proteins and carbohydrates) lipoprotein a conjugated protein having a lipid component; the principal means for transporting lipids in the blood fluid continuous amorphous matter that tends to flow and to conform to the outline of its container: a liquid or a gas a substance that is fluid at room temperature and pressure subject to change; variable; "a fluid situation fraught with uncertainty"; "everything was unstable following the coup" affording change (especially in social status); "Britain is not a truly fluid society"; "upwardly mobile" in cash or easily convertible to cash; "liquid (or fluid) assets" characteristic of a fluid; capable of flowing and easily changing shape grume a thick viscous liquid ichor (Greek mythology) the rarified fluid said to flow in the veins of the Gods liquid nitrogen nitrogen in a liquid state liquid air air in a liquid state liquid bleach a solution containing bleaching agents; used for laundry liquid crystal a liquid exhibiting properties of a crystal that are not shown by ordinary liquids litmus a coloring material (obtained from lichens) that turns red in acid solutions and blue in alkaline solutions; used as a very rough acid-base indicator litmus paper unsized paper treated with litmus for use as an acid-base indicator lithia water mineral water containing lithium salts lithium carbonate a white powder (LiCO3) used in manufacturing glass and ceramics and as a drug; the drug (trade names Lithane or Lithonate or Eskalith) is used to treat some forms of depression and manic episodes of manic-depressive disorder loam a rich soil consisting of a mixture of sand and clay and decaying organic materials lodestone a permanent magnet consisting of magnetite that possess polarity and has the power to attract as well as to be attracted magnetically loess a fine-grained unstratified accumulation of clay and silt deposited by the wind low brass brass with 30% (or less) zinc low-density lipoprotein a lipoprotein that transports cholesterol in the blood; composed of moderate amount of protein and a large amount of cholesterol; high levels are thought to be associated with increased risk of coronary heart disease and atherosclerosis low-level radioactive waste (medicine) radioactive waste consisting of objects that have been briefly exposed to radioactivity (as in certain medical tests) lumber the wood of trees cut and prepared for use as building material move heavily or clumsily; "The heavy man lumbered across the room" lye a strong solution of sodium or potassium hydroxide lymphokine a cytokine secreted by helper T cells in response to stimulation by antigens and that acts on other cells of the immune system (as by activating macrophages) lysine an essential amino acid found in proteins; occurs especially in gelatin and casein Lysol a clear oily brown solution of cresols in soap; used as an antiseptic and disinfectant lysozyme an enzyme found in saliva and sweat and tears that destroys the cell walls of certain bacteria Mace (trademark) a liquid that temporarily disables a person; prepared as an aerosol and sprayed in the face, it irritates the eyes and causes dizziness and immobilization macromolecule any very large complex molecule; found only in plants and animals magnesium bicarbonate a bicarbonate that is a major cause of hard water magnesium carbonate a very white crystalline salt that occurs naturally as magnesite or as dolomite magnesium hydroxide a white crystalline powder used chiefly in medicines magnesium nitride a nitride containing nitrogen and magnesium magnesium sulfate a salt of magnesium magnetite an oxide of iron that is strongly attracted by magnets Malathion a yellow insecticide used as a dust or spray to control garden pests and house flies and mites maleate a salt or ester of maleic acid; used as a nontricyclic antidepressant drug for psychomotor activation maleic acid a colorless crystalline compound found in unripe fruit (such as apples or tomatoes or cherries) and used mainly to make polyester resins maltose a white crystalline sugar formed during the digestion of starches manifold paper a lightweight paper used with carbon paper to make multiple copies; "an original and two manifolds" manila a strong paper or thin cardboard with a smooth light brown finish made from e.g. Manila hemp manganese bronze a brass with from 1-4% manganese to harden it manganese steel a steel with a relatively large component (10-14%) of manganese; highly resistant to wear and shock manganate a salt of manganic acid containing manganese as its anion Manila hemp a kind of hemp obtained from the abaca plant in the Philippines maple sugar sugar made from the sap of the sugar maple tree verd antique a dark green impure marble marking ink an indelible ink for marking clothes or linens etc. marsh gas methane gas produced when vegetation decomposes in water martensite a solid solution of carbon in alpha-iron that is formed when steel is cooled so rapidly that the change from austenite to pearlite is suppressed; responsible for the hardness of quenched steel matte a mixture of sulfides that forms when sulfide metal ores are smelted medium steel steel with 0.15-0.3% carbon megilp a medium for oil-paints; linseed oil mixed with mastic varnish or turpentine melamine a white crystalline organic base; used mainly in making melamine resins melamine resin a thermosetting resin formed from melamine and an aldehyde; used in molded products, adhesives, and coatings meltwater melted snow or ice menhaden oil a fatty oil obtained from the menhaden fish and used in paint and ink and in treating leather menstruum (archaic) a solvent mercuric chloride a white poisonous soluble crystalline sublimate of mercury; used as a pesticide or antiseptic or wood preservative calomel a tasteless colorless powder used medicinally as a cathartic message pad a pad of paper on which messages can be written methane a colorless odorless gas used as a fuel methane series a series of non-aromatic saturated hydrocarbons with the general formula CnH(2n+2) methyl bromide a poisonous gas or liquid (CH3Br) used to fumigate rodents, worms, etc. methylated spirit ethyl alcohol denatured with methyl alcohol to prevent its use as an alcoholic beverage methylene group the bivalent radical CH2 derived from methane methyl the univalent radical CH3- derived from methane methionine a crystalline amino acid containing sulfur; found in most proteins and essential for nutrition methyl salicylate a liquid ester with a strong odor of wintergreen; applied externally for minor muscle and joint pain Microtaggant (trademark) a microscopic and traceable identification particle used to trace explosives or other hazardous materials or to prevent counterfeiting mild steel steel with less than 0.15% carbon mine pig pig iron made entirely from ore mineral oil a distillate of petroleum (especially one used medicinally as a laxative or stool softener) misch metal a pyrophoric alloy made from a mixture of rare-earth metals mitogen an agent that triggers mitosis motor oil oil used to lubricate the moving parts of a motor molybdenum steel steel containing 10-15% molybdenum; properties are similar to tungsten steel monoamine a molecule containing one amine group (especially one that is a neurotransmitter) monoamine oxidase an enzyme that catalyzes the oxidation of many body compounds (e.g., epinephrine and norepinephrine and serotonin) monohydrate a hydrate that contains one molecule of water per molecule of the compound monosaccharide a sugar (like sucrose or fructose) that does not hydrolyse to give other sugars; the simplest group of carbohydrates monoxide an oxide containing just one atom of oxygen in the molecule montan wax a hard wax obtained from lignite moonstone a transparent or translucent gemstone with a pearly luster; some specimens are orthoclase feldspar and others are plagioclase feldspar mordant a substance used to treat leather or other materials before dyeing; aids in dyeing process chrome alum a violet-colored salt used in hide tanning and as a mordant in dyeing tartar emetic a poisonous colorless salt used as a mordant and in medicine tartrate a salt or ester of tartaric acid bitartrate an acid tartrate; a hydrogen tartrate morganite a kind of pink beryl used as a gemstone mucoid any of several glycoproteins similar to mucin relating to or resembling mucus; "a mucoid substance" mucopolysaccharide complex polysaccharides containing an amino group; occur chiefly as components of connective tissue sapropel sludge (rich in organic matter) that accumulates at the bottom of lakes or oceans muriatic acid a former name for hydrochloric acid music paper paper with lines appropriate for writing music mustard gas a toxic war gas with sulfide based compounds that raises blisters and attacks the eyes and lungs; there is no known antidote muton the smallest unit of DNA where a mutation can occur nitrogen mustard a toxic compound resembling mustard gas in structure; important in cancer treatment mutton tallow tallow from the body of a mature sheep myelin a white fatty substance that forms a medullary sheath around the axis cylinder of some nerve fibers myristic acid a saturated fatty acid occurring naturally in animal and vegetable fats napalm gasoline jelled with aluminum soaps; highly incendiary liquid used in fire bombs and flamethrowers naphtha any of various volatile flammable liquid hydrocarbon mixtures; used chiefly as solvents naphthalene a white crystalline strong-smelling hydrocarbon made from coal tar or petroleum and used in organic synthesis and as a fumigant in mothballs naphthol either of two phenols derived from naphthalene man-made fiber fiber created from natural materials or by chemical processes natural fiber fiber derived from plants or animals animal fiber fiber derived from animals plant fiber fiber derived from plants natural gas a fossil fuel in the gaseous state; used for cooking and heating homes naval brass alpha-beta brass containing tin; resistant to sea water; Admiralty Metal is a trademark neat's-foot oil a pale yellow oil made from the feet and legs of cattle; used as a dressing for leather nerve gas a toxic gas that is inhaled or absorbed through the skin and has harmful effects on the nervous and respiratory system VX gas a highly lethal nerve agent used in chemical warfare; a toxic liquid that penetrates the skin or lungs to disrupt the nervous system and stop respiration; in combat VX gas is deployed by detonating a container over the target area and can persist in the environment up to several weeks after release; "VX gas is one of those things we wish we could disinvent" sarin a highly toxic chemical nerve agent that inhibits the activity of cholinesterase neuromuscular blocking agent a substance that interferes with the neural transmission between motor neurons and skeletal muscles Nichrome an alloy of nickel and chromium with high electrical resistance and an ability to withstand high temperatures; used for resistance heating elements nickel-base alloy an alloy whose main constituent is nickel nickel bronze a bronze containing up to 30% nickel nickel silver a silver-white alloy containing copper and zinc and nickel nickel steel an alloy steel containing nickel nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide a coenzyme present in most living cells and derived from the B vitamin nicotinic acid; serves as a reductant in various metabolic processes nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate a coenzyme similar to NAD and present in most living cells but serves as a reductant in different metabolic processes Ni-hard cast iron to which nickel has been added to make it resist abrasion Ni-resist cast iron consisting of graphite in a matrix of austenite nitride a compound containing nitrogen and a more electropositive element (such as phosphorus or a metal) nitrobenzene a poisonous oily water-soluble liquid used as a solvent and in the manufacture of aniline nitrofuran derivative of furan used to inhibit bacterial growth nitrogenase an enzyme of nitrogen-fixing microorganisms that catalyzes the conversion of nitrogen to ammonia nuclease general term for enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of nucleic acid by cleaving chains of nucleotides into smaller units nucleic acid (biochemistry) any of various macromolecules composed of nucleotide chains that are vital constituents of all living cells nucleoside a glycoside formed by partial hydrolysis of a nucleic acid nucleotide a phosphoric ester of a nucleoside; the basic structural unit of nucleic acids (DNA or RNA) nurse log a large decomposing tree trunk that has fallen, usually in a forest; the decaying wood provides moisture and nutrients for a variety of insects and plants cellulose acetate an ester of acetic acid; used in fibers and fabrics; photographic films and varnishes cellulose triacetate cellulose acetate that is relatively slow to burn; used instead of celluloid for motion-picture film celluloid highly flammable substance made from cellulose nitrate and camphor; used in e.g. motion-picture and X-ray film; its use has decreased with the development of nonflammable thermoplastics artificial as if portrayed in a film; "a novel with flat celluloid characters" cellulose xanthate a cellulose ester obtained by treating cellulose with caustic soda acrylic fiber polymerized from acrylonitrile polyamide a polymer containing repeated amide groups polynucleotide (biochemistry) a linear polymer whose molecule is composed of many nucleotide units constituting a section of a nucleic acid molecule oakum loose hemp or jute fiber obtained by unravelling old ropes; when impregnated with tar it was used to caulk seams and pack joints in wooden ships octane any isomeric saturated hydrocarbon found in petroleum and used as a fuel and solvent fixed oil nonvolatile animal or plant oil fusel oil a mixture of amyl alcohols and propanol and butanol formed from distillation of fermented liquors gas oil an oil formed through distillation of petroleum of intermediate boiling range and viscosity stand oil a thick oil comprised of linseed, tung, or soya oils which have been heated to over 300 C neroli oil an odoriferous yellow oil found in orange flowers and used in perfumery and as a flavoring tall oil an oil derived from wood pulp and used in making soaps or lubricants oil-hardened steel steel that is quenched in oil oilpaper paper that has been made translucent and waterproof by soaking in oil oleic acid a colorless oily liquid occurring as a glyceride; it is the major fatty acid in olive oil and canola oil; used in making soap and cosmetics and ointments and lubricating oils oleo oil obtained from beef fat; used in making margarine and soap and in lubrication oleoresin capiscum an oleoresin extracted from the capsicum pepper plant oligosaccharide any of the carbohydrates that yield only a few monosaccharide molecules on complete hydrolysis oligonucleotide (biochemistry) a polynucleotide whose molecules contain relatively few nucleotides onionskin a thin strong lightweight translucent paper used especially for making carbon copies india paper a thin tough opaque paper used in fine books onyx a chalcedony with alternating black and white bands; used in making cameos opaque gem a gemstone that is opaque opopanax an odorous gum resin formerly used in medicines organophosphate an insecticide that interferes with an insect's nervous system organophosphate nerve agent any of a series of nerve agents containing organophosphate compounds first synthesized by German chemists in 1936; in World War II the Germans tested them in concentration camps but not on the battlefield; Iraq is alleged to have used them against Iran and against the Kurds ormolu brass that looks like gold; used to decorate furniture oxalacetate a salt or ester of oxalacetic acid oxalacetic acid an acid formed by oxidation of maleic acid (as in metabolism of fats and carbohydrates) oxalate a salt or ester of oxalic acid oxalic acid a toxic colorless crystalline organic acid found in oxalis and other plants; used as a bleach and rust remover and in chemical analysis oxidase any of the enzymes that catalyze biological oxidation oxidation-reduction indicator an indicator that shows a reversible color change between oxidized and reduced forms oxide any compound of oxygen with another element or a radical oxidoreductase an enzyme that catalyzes oxidation-reduction oxime any compound containing the group -C=NOH oxyacetylene a mixture of oxygen and acetylene; used to create high temperatures for cutting or welding metals oxyacid any acid that contains oxygen periodic acid any acid of iodine that contains oxygen oxygenase an oxidoreductase that catalyzes the incorporation of molecular oxygen ozone a colorless gas (O3) soluble in alkalis and cold water; a strong oxidizing agent; can be produced by electric discharge in oxygen or by the action of ultraviolet radiation on oxygen in the stratosphere (where it acts as a screen for ultraviolet radiation) palmitic acid a saturated fatty acid that is the major fat in meat and dairy products palmitin an ester of glycerol and palmitic acid pantothenic acid a vitamin of the vitamin B complex that performs an important role in the oxidation of fats and carbohydrates and certain amino acids; occurs in many foods papain a proteolytic enzyme obtained from the unripe papaya; used as a meat tenderizer para aminobenzoic acid a metabolic acid found in yeast and liver cells; used to make dyes and drugs and sun blockers paraquat a poisonous yellow solid used in solution as a herbicide paper tape a long narrow strip of paper paper toweling absorbent paper used as toweling papier-mache a substance made from paper pulp that can be molded when wet and painted when dry rice paper a thin delicate material resembling paper; made from the rice-paper tree roofing paper a heavy paper impregnated with tar and used as part of a roof for waterproofing ola leaf or strip from a leaf of the talipot palm used in India for writing paper ticker tape a continuous thin ribbon of paper on which stock quotes are written packing material any material used especially to protect something excelsior thin curly wood shavings used for packing or stuffing pantile a roofing tile with a S-shape; laid so that curves overlap blacktop a black bituminous material used for paving roads or other areas; usually spread over crushed rock coat with blacktop; "blacktop the driveway" macadam broken stone used in macadamized roadways parget plaster used to coat outer walls and line chimneys apply ornamental plaster to pearlite a lamellar mixture of cementite and ferrite formed during the cooling of austenite; a constituent of steel and cast iron pectic acid a complex acid that occurs in ripe fruit and some vegetables pectin any of various water-soluble colloidal carbohydrates that occur in ripe fruit and vegetables; used in making fruit jellies and jams pediculicide a chemical agent that kills lice penicillinase enzyme produced by certain bacteria that inactivates penicillin and results in resistance to that antibiotic pepsin an enzyme produced in the stomach that splits proteins into peptones pepsinogen precursor of pepsin; stored in the stomach walls and converted to pepsin by hydrochloric acid in the stomach perboric acid a form of boric acid perfluorocarbon a powerful greenhouse gas emitted during the production of aluminum Permalloy an 80/20 alloy of nickel and iron; easily magnetized and demagnetized permanganate a dark purple salt of permanganic acid; in water solution it is used as a disinfectant and antiseptic permanganic acid an unstable purple acid (HMnO4) known only in solution or of permanganate salts peroxidase any of a group of enzymes (occurring especially in plant cells) that catalyze the oxidation of a compound by a peroxide peridot a pale green variety of chrysolite; used as a gemstone peroxide an inorganic compound containing the divalent ion -O-O- bleach with peroxide; "She must peroxide her hair-it looks unnaturally blond" pesticide a chemical used to kill pests (as rodents or insects) petrochemical any compound obtained from petroleum or natural gas petroleum a dark oil consisting mainly of hydrocarbons residual oil oil products that remain after petroleum has been distilled petrolatum a semisolid mixture of hydrocarbons obtained from petroleum; used in medicinal ointments and for lubrication phenolic plastic a plastic consisting of phenolic resins phenylalanine an essential amino acid found in proteins and needed for growth of children and for protein metabolism in children and adults; abundant in milk and eggs; it is normally converted to tyrosine in the human body phosgene a colorless poisonous gas that smells like new-mown hay; used in chemical warfare phosphatase any of a group of enzymes that act as a catalyst in the hydrolysis of organic phosphates phosphine a colorless gas with a strong fishy smell; used as a pesticide phosphocreatine an organic compound of creatine and phosphoric acid; found in the muscles of vertebrates where its hydrolysis releases energy for muscular contraction phospholipid any of various compounds composed of fatty acids and phosphoric acid and a nitrogenous base; an important constituent of membranes phosphoric acid an acid used in fertilizers and soaps: H3PO4 phthalic acid a colorless acid used to make dyes and perfumes phytochemical a chemical substance obtained from plants that is biologically active but not nutritive picric acid a yellow toxic highly explosive strong acid; used in high explosives and as a dye and in chemical reactions pig iron crude iron tapped from a blast furnace pig lead lead that is cast in pigs plasmin an enzyme that dissolves the fibrin of blood clots plasminogen an inactive form of plasmin that occurs in plasma and is converted to plasmin by organic solvents plasminogen activator protease produced in the kidney that converts plasminogen to plasmin and so initiates fibrinolysis platinum black a fine black powder of platinum; used as a catalyst in chemical reactions polymerase an enzyme that catalyzes the formation of new DNA and RNA from an existing strand of DNA or RNA DNA polymerase the enzyme responsible for DNA replication transcriptase the enzyme that copies DNA into RNA reverse transcriptase a polymerase that catalyzes the formation of DNA using RNA as a template; found especially in retroviruses coloring material any material used for its color; "she used a different color for the trim" dye a usually soluble substance for staining or coloring e.g. fabrics or hair color with dye; "Please dye these shoes" argent a metal tincture used in heraldry to give a silvery appearance of lustrous grey; covered with or tinged with the color of silver; "silvery hair" alizarin an orange-red crystalline compound used in making red pigments and in dyeing alizarin carmine any of various acid dyes; used for dyeing wool scarlet red bromophenol blue a dye used as an acid-base indicator bromothymol blue a dye used as an acid-base indicator cochineal a red dyestuff consisting of dried bodies of female cochineal insects cyanine dye any of a class of dyes containing a -CH= group linking two heterocyclic rings containing nitrogen; used as sensitizers in photography direct dye dye with a high affinity for cellulose fibers (cotton or rayon etc.) eosin a red fluorescent dye resulting from the action of bromine on fluorescein; used in cosmetics and as a biological stain for studying cell structures fluorescein a yellow dye that is visible even when highly diluted; used as an absorption indicator when silver nitrate solution is added to sodium chloride in order to precipitate silver chloride (turns pink when no chloride ions are left in solution and negative fluorescein ions are then absorbed) fluorescein isothiocyanate a fluorochrome commonly conjugated with antibodies for use in indirect immunofluorescence fluorochrome any of various fluorescent substances used in fluorescence microscopy to stain specimens hair dye a dye for coloring the hair hematochrome a reddish coloring material found in some algae henna a reddish brown dye used especially on hair apply henna to one's hair; "She hennas her hair every month" Kendal green a green dye, often used to color cloth, which is obtained from the woad plant lac dye scarlet dye like cochineal; extracted with alkali from stick lac lead acetate a poisonous white solid (Pb[CH3CO]2) used in dyeing cotton and in making enamels and varnishes orchil a purplish dye obtained from orchil lichens phenol any of a class of weakly acidic organic compounds; molecule contains one or more hydroxyl groups pigment dry coloring material (especially a powder to be mixed with a liquid to produce paint, etc.) any substance whose presence in plant or animal tissues produces a characteristic color color or dye with a pigment; "pigment a photograph" acquire pigment; become colored or imbued bole a soft oily clay used as a pigment (especially a reddish brown pigment) pine tar a dark viscous substance obtained from the destructive distillation of pine wood pisang wax a wax obtained from the leaves of a plantain plant material material derived from plants plant product a product made from plant material plaster of Paris any of several gypsum cements; a white powder (a form of calcium sulphate) that forms a paste when mixed with water and hardens into a solid; used in making molds and sculptures and casts for broken limbs puddle a mixture of wet clay and sand that can be used to line a pond and that is impervious to water when dry make a puddle by splashing water mess around, as in a liquid or paste; "The children are having fun puddling in paint" work a wet mixture, such as concrete or mud dip into mud before planting; "puddle young plants" subject to puddling or form by puddling; "puddle iron" wade or dabble in a puddle; "The ducks and geese puddled in the backyard" podzol a soil that develops in temperate to cold moist climates under coniferous or heath vegetation; an organic mat over a grey leached layer poison gas a gas that is poisonous to breath or contact; used in chemical warfare polyester fiber a quick-drying resilient synthetic fiber consisting primarily of polyester polysaccharide any of a class of carbohydrates whose molecules contain chains of monosaccharide molecules polymer a naturally occurring or synthetic compound consisting of large molecules made up of a linked series of repeated simple monomers polyphosphate a salt or ester of polyphosphoric acid polyunsaturated fat a class of fats having long carbon chains with many double bonds unsaturated with hydrogen atoms; used in some margarines; supposedly associated with low blood cholesterol potassium ferrocyanide a cyanide compound that is prepared by the reaction of potassium cyanide with ferrous salts; commonly used by gardeners potassium permanganate a poisonous salt that forms dark purple crystals and is purple-red when dissolved in water; used as an oxidizing and bleaching agent and as a disinfectant and antiseptic sandstone a sedimentary rock consisting of sand consolidated with some cement (clay or quartz etc.) bluestone bluish-grey sandstone used for paving and building greensand an olive-green sandstone containing glauconite polypropylene a polymer of propylene used as a thermoplastic molding material polyvinyl-formaldehyde a polymer of vinyl formaldehyde porphyry any igneous rock with crystals embedded in a finer groundmass of minerals porpoise oil a yellow fatty oil obtained from porpoises and used as a fine lubricant dolphin oil an unsaturated fatty oil obtained from dolphins and used as a fine lubricant potash a potassium compound often used in agriculture and industry prairie soil a type of soil occurring under grasses in temperate climates precipitant an agent that causes a precipitate to form preservative a chemical compound that is added to protect against decay or decomposition tending or having the power to preserve; "timbers should be treated with a preservative substance" percolate the product of percolation pass through; "Water permeates sand easily" cause (a solvent) to pass through a permeable substance in order to extract a soluble constituent prepare in a percolator; "percolate coffee" spread gradually; "Light percolated into our house in the morning" propanal a colorless liquid aldehyde propanol a clear colorless volatile liquid (alcohol) used as a solvent and antiseptic propenal a pungent colorless unsaturated liquid aldehyde made from propene propenoate a salt or ester of propenoic acid propenoic acid an unsaturated liquid carboxylic acid used in the manufacture of acrylic resins propenonitrile a colorless liquid unsaturated nitrile made from propene propylene a flammable gas obtained by cracking petroleum; used in organic synthesis propyl the monovalent organic group C3H7- obtained from propane protease any enzyme that catalyzes the splitting of proteins into smaller peptide fractions and amino acids by a process known as proteolysis Pyrex a borosilicate glass with a low coefficient of expansion; used for heat-resistant glassware in cooking and chemistry pyrimidine a heterocyclic organic compound with a penetrating odor any of several basic compounds derived from pyrimidine pyrope a deep red garnet used as a gemstone pyrophoric alloy an alloy that emits sparks when struck or scratched with steel; used in lighter flints pyruvic acid a colorless acid formed as an important intermediate in metabolism or fermentation quenched steel steel that has been hardened by immersing it in water or oil to cool it quercitron a yellow dye made from the bark of the quercitron oak tree quinone any of a class of aromatic yellow compounds including several that are biologically important as coenzymes or acceptors or vitamins; used in making dyes radiopaque dye dye that does not allow the passage of X rays or other radiation; used to outline certain organs during X-ray examination rhodolite a red or pink variety of garnet used as a gemstone safranine any of a class of chiefly red organic dyes pheno-safranine a purplish red water-soluble dye used in microscopy vat dye a water-insoluble dye that is applied by reducing the dye to an alkaline form, applying the dye, then regenerating the insoluble dye by oxidation in the material; used for dyeing cotton radioactive material material that is radioactive radioactive waste useless radioactive materials that are left after some laboratory or commercial process is completed raffinose a trisaccharide that occurs in sugar beets and cotton seeds and certain cereals raveling a bit of fiber that has become separated from woven fabric red brass brass with enough copper to give it a reddish tint; used for plumbing pipe and other brass hardware and in cheap jewelry red lead a reddish oxide of lead (Pb3O4) used as a pigment in paints and in glass and ceramics red tide seawater that is discolored by large numbers of certain dinoflagellates that produce saxitoxin reductase an enzyme that catalyses the biochemical reduction of some specified substance refrigerant any substance used to provide cooling (as in a refrigerator) causing cooling or freezing; "a refrigerant substance such as ice or solid carbon dioxide" renin a proteolytic enzyme secreted by the kidneys; catalyzes the formation of angiotensin and thus affects blood pressure rennin an enzyme that occurs in gastric juice; causes milk to coagulate residue matter that remains after something has been removed resorcinol a crystalline phenol obtained from various resins; used in ointments for acne and in dandruff shampoos restriction endonuclease any of the enzymes that cut nucleic acid at specific restriction sites and produce restriction fragments; obtained from bacteria (where they cripple viral invaders); used in recombinant DNA technology retinene either of two yellow to red retinal pigments formed from rhodopsin by the action of light ridge tile a decorative tile that is bent in cross section; used to cover the ridge of a roof roofing material building material used in constructing roofs rose quartz a translucent rose-red variety of quartz used for ornaments latex a milky exudate from certain plants that coagulates on exposure to air crepe rubber crude natural rubber; used mainly for shoe soles silicone rubber made from silicone elastomers; retains flexibility resilience and tensile strength over a wide temperature range cold rubber a rubber made at low temperatures (5 degrees Centigrade) which is tougher than conventional rubber and is often used in car tires neoprene a synthetic rubber that is resistant to oils and aging; used in waterproof products hard rubber a hard nonresilient rubber formed by vulcanizing natural rubber Para rubber a type of natural rubber obtained from tropical South American trees buna made by polymerizing butadiene butyl rubber synthetic rubber made by polymerizing isobutylene butyl a hydrocarbon radical (C4H9) ruddle a red iron ore used in dyeing and marking redden as if with a red ocher color rutile a mineral consisting of titanium dioxide in crystalline form; occurs in metamorphic and plutonic rocks and is a major source of titanium condensate a product of condensation seawater water containing salts; "the water in the ocean is all saltwater" evaporite the sediment that is left after the evaporation of seawater fresh water water that is not salty Rochelle salt a double salt used in Seidlitz powder; acts as a cathartic Seidlitz powder an effervescing salt containing sodium bicarbonate and Rochelle salt and tartaric acid; used as a cathartic salicylate a salt of salicylic acid (included in several commonly used drugs) salicylic acid a white crystalline substance with a bitter aftertaste; used as a fungicide or in making aspirin or dyes or perfumes salmon oil a fatty oil obtained from the wastes in canning salmon; used in making soap and dressing leather salol a white powder with a pleasant taste and odor; used to absorb light in sun tan lotions or as a preservative or an antiseptic or a coating for pills in which the medicine is intended for enteric release double salt a solution of two simple salts that forms a single substance on crystallization parathion a colorless and odorless toxic oil used as an insecticide Paris green a toxic double salt of copper arsenate and copper acetate rotenone a white crystalline insecticide that has low toxicity for mammals; is used in home gardens; extracted from the roots of derris and cube samarskite a complex black mineral occurring in pegmatites sapphirine a rare light blue or green mineral; consists of aluminum and magnesium silicate and occurs as small grains in some metamorphic rocks made of or resembling sapphire bile salt a salt of bile acid and a base; functions as an emulsifier of lipids and fatty acids Glauber's salt (Na2SO4.10H2O) a colorless salt used as a cathartic cream of tartar a salt used especially in baking powder sodium chlorate a colorless salt (NaClO3) used as a weed killer and an antiseptic dichromic acid the hypothetical acid (H2Cr2O7) from which dichromates are derived; known only in solution and in the form of dichromate salts bichromate a salt of the hypothetical dichromic acid sodium dichromate a red-orange salt used as a mordant ammonium nitrate used as an explosive and fertilizer and rocket propellant silver nitrate a nitrate used in making photographic emulsions; also used in medicine as a cautery and as a topical antibacterial agent lunar caustic silver nitrate fused into sticks and formerly used as a caustic caustic any chemical substance that burns or destroys living tissue of a substance, especially a strong acid; capable of destroying or eating away by chemical action caulk a waterproof filler and sealant that is used in building and repair to make watertight seal with caulking; "caulk the window" sodium hydroxide a strongly alkaline caustic used in manufacturing soap and paper and aluminum and various sodium compounds silver bromide a bromide that darkens when exposed to light; used in making photographic emulsions silver iodide an iodide that is used in photography, in seeding clouds to make rain, and in medicine nitrate any compound containing the nitrate group (such as a salt or ester of nitric acid) treat with nitric acid, so as to change an organic compound into a nitrate; "nitroglycerin is obtained by nitrating glycerol" nitro group the group -NO3 nitrite the radical -NO2 or any compound containing it (such as a salt or ester of nitrous acid) sodium nitrite nitrite used to preserve and color food especially in meat and fish products; implicated in the formation of suspected carcinogens gunpowder a mixture of potassium nitrate, charcoal, and sulfur in a 75:15:10 ratio which is used in gunnery, time fuses, and fireworks smokeless powder an explosive (trade name Ballistite) that burns with relatively little smoke; contains pyrocellulose and is used as a propellant microcosmic salt a white salt present in urine and used to test for metal oxides chloride any salt of hydrochloric acid (containing the chloride ion) any compound containing a chlorine atom trichloride any compound containing three chlorine atoms in each molecule nitrogen trichloride a yellow pungent volatile oil (trade name Agene) formerly used for bleaching and aging flour dichloride a compound containing two chlorine atoms per molecule perchloride a chloride containing an unusually high proportion of chlorine aluminum chloride a chloride used as a wood preservative or catalyst methylene chloride a nonflammable liquid used as a solvent and paint remover and refrigerant obidoxime chloride a chloride used as an antidote for nerve gases such as sarin or VX silver chloride a chloride used chiefly in the manufacture of photographic emulsions stannic chloride a colorless caustic liquid made by treating tin with chlorine stannous fluoride a white powder that is used to fluoridate toothpaste starch a commercial preparation of starch that is used to stiffen textile fabrics in laundering a complex carbohydrate found chiefly in seeds, fruits, tubers, roots and stem pith of plants, notably in corn, potatoes, wheat, and rice; an important foodstuff and used otherwise especially in adhesives and as fillers and stiffeners for paper and textiles stiffen with starch; "starch clothes" sand a loose material consisting of grains of rock or coral sangapenum a variety of gum water sapphire a deep blue cordierite often used as a gemstone sarcosine a sweetish crystalline amino acid sard a deep orange-red variety of chalcedony sardine oil oil obtained from sardines and used chiefly as a lubricant and in soap sardonyx an onyx characterized by parallel layers of sard and a different colored mineral sawdust fine particles of wood made by sawing wood saw log log large enough to be sawed into boards saxitoxin a powerful neurotoxin produced by certain dinoflagellates found in red tides; it can accumulate in mollusks that feed on the dinoflagellates and cause food poisoning to humans scale wax partly refined paraffin wax scheelite a mineral used as an ore of tungsten schorl black tourmaline scrap iron iron to be melted again and reworked notepad a pad of paper for keeping notes scratch pad pad for preliminary or hasty writing or notes or sketches etc; "scribbling block" is a British term seal oil a pale yellow to red-brown fatty oil obtained from seal blubber; used in making soap and dressing leather and as a lubricant secretase a set of enzymes believed to snip pieces off a longer protein producing fragments of amyloid protein that bunch up and create amyloid protein plaques in brain tissue (the pathological hallmark of Alzheimer's) sedimentary clay clay soil formed by sedimentary deposits sepia rich brown pigment prepared from the ink of cuttlefishes serine a sweetish crystalline amino acid involved in the synthesis by the body of cysteine globulin a family of proteins found in blood and milk and muscle and in plant seed gamma globulin a plasma protein containing the immunoglobulins that are responsible for immune responses myosin the commonest protein in muscle; a globulin that combines with actin to form actomyosin coagulation factor any of the factors in the blood whose actions are essential for blood coagulation fibrinogen a protein present in blood plasma; converts to fibrin when blood clots releasing factor a substance produced by the hypothalamus that is capable of accelerating the secretion of a given hormone by the anterior pituitary gland growth hormone-releasing factor a releasing factor that accelerates the secretion of growth hormone by the anterior pituitary body intrinsic factor a substance produced by the mucosa of the stomach and intestines that is essential for the absorption of vitamin B12; "lack of intrinsic factor can result in pernicious anemia" platelet tiny bits of protoplasm found in vertebrate blood; essential for blood clotting porphyrin any of various pigments distributed widely in living tissues hemoglobin a hemoprotein composed of globin and heme that gives red blood cells their characteristic color; function primarily to transport oxygen from the lungs to the body tissues; "fish have simpler hemoglobin than mammals" myoglobin a hemoprotein that receives oxygen from hemoglobin and stores it in the tissues until needed oxyhemoglobin the bright red hemoglobin that is a combination of hemoglobin and oxygen from the lungs; "oxyhemoglobin transports oxygen to the cells of the body" heme a complex red organic pigment containing iron and other atoms to which oxygen binds hemin a reddish-brown chloride of heme; produced from hemoglobin in laboratory tests for the presence of blood heterocyclic compound a compound containing a heterocyclic ring cytochrome (biochemistry) a class of hemoprotein whose principal biological function is electron transfer (especially in cellular respiration) cytochrome c the most abundant and stable cytochrome; involved in energy transfer globin a colorless protein obtained by removing heme from hemoglobin; the oxygen carrying compound in red blood cells glutelin a simple protein found in the seeds of cereals histone a simple protein containing mainly basic amino acids; present in cell nuclei in association with nucleic acids prolamine a simple protein found in plants protamine a simple protein found in fish sperm; rich in arginine; simpler in composition than globulin or albumin; counteracts the anticoagulant effect of heparin scleroprotein a simple protein found in horny and cartilaginous tissues and in the lens of the eye hemosiderin a granular brown substance composed of ferric oxide; left from the breakdown of hemoglobin; can be a sign of disturbed iron metabolism antibody any of a large variety of proteins normally present in the body or produced in response to an antigen which it neutralizes, thus producing an immune response autoantibody an antibody acting against tissues of the organism that produces it precipitin an antibody that causes precipitation when it unites with its antigen ABO antibodies blood type antibodies Rh antibody rhesus factor antibody antitoxin an antibody that can neutralize a specific toxin antivenin an antitoxin that counteracts the effects of venom from the bite of a snake or insect or other animal tetanus antitoxin antitoxin given for short-term immunization against tetanus in cases of possible exposure to the tetanus bacillus toxin antitoxin a mixture of toxin and antitoxin used to immunize against a disease agglutinin an antibody that causes agglutination of a specific antigen isoagglutinin an antibody produced by one individual that causes agglutination of red blood cells in other individuals of the same species agglutinogen any substance that acts as an antigen to cause agglutinin production isoagglutinogen an antigen capable of causing the production of (or reacting with) an isoagglutinin heterophil antibody an antibody found in the blood of someone suffering from infectious mononucleosis isoantibody an antibody that occurs naturally against foreign tissues from a person of the same species lysin any substance (such as an antibody) or agent that can cause lysis monoclonal antibody any of a class of antibodies produced in the laboratory by a single clone of cells or a cell line and consisting of identical antibody molecules opsonin an antibody in blood serum that attaches to invading microorganisms and other antigens to make them more susceptible to the action of phagocytes immunoglobulin a class of proteins produced in lymph tissue in vertebrates and that function as antibodies in the immune response immunoglobulin A one of the most common of the five major classes of immunoglobulins; the chief antibody in the membranes of the gastrointestinal and respiratory tracts immunoglobulin D one of the five major classes of immunoglobulins; present in blood serum in small amounts immunoglobulin E one of the five major classes of immunoglobulins; present primarily in the skin and mucous membranes reagin an immunoglobulin E that is formed as an antibody against allergens (such as pollen); attaches to cell membranes causing the release of histamine and other substances responsible for the local inflammation characteristic of an allergy immunoglobulin G one of the five major classes of immunoglobulins; the main antibody defense against bacteria immunoglobulin M one of the five major classes of immunoglobulins; involved in fighting blood infections and in triggering production of immunoglobulin G tetanus immunoglobulin sterile solution of globulins derived from the blood plasma of a person who has been immunized for tetanus; provides short-term immunization against tetanus in cases of possible exposure to the tetanus bacillus chemical irritant a substance producing irritation capsaicin colorless pungent crystalline compound derived from capsicum; source of the hotness of hot peppers of the genus Capsicum such as chili and cayenne and jalapeno gingerol derived from ginger; source of the hotness of ginger piperin derived from pepper (especially black pepper); source of the hotness of black and white pepper isothiocyanate a family of compounds derived from horseradish and radishes and onions and mustards; source of the hotness of those plants and preparations fetoprotein any of several antigens that occur naturally in the fetus and sometimes in adults with cancer alpha fetoprotein an abnormally large amount of this fetoprotein in the fetus can signal an abnormality of the neural tube (as spina bifida or anencephaly) toxin a poisonous substance produced during the metabolism and growth of certain microorganisms and some higher plant and animal species anatoxin a bacterial toxin that has been weakened until it is no longer toxic but is strong enough to induce the formation of antibodies and immunity to the specific disease caused by the toxin; "diphtheria toxoid" animal toxin a toxin resembling bacterial toxins in its antigenic properties that is found in the fluids of certain animals bacterial toxin any endotoxin or exotoxin formed in or elaborated by bacterial cells botulin potent bacterial toxin produced by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum that causes botulism; can be used as a bioweapon cytotoxin any substance that has a toxic effect on cells endotoxin a toxin that is confined inside the microorganisms and is released only when the microorganisms are broken down or die enterotoxin a cytotoxin specific for the cells of the intestinal mucosa exotoxin a toxin that is secreted by microorganisms into the surrounding medium mephitis a poisonous or foul smelling gas emitted from the earth hepatotoxin any toxin that affects the liver nephrotoxin any toxin that affects the kidneys neurotoxin any toxin that affects neural tissues mycotoxin a toxin produced by a fungus plant toxin any substance produced by plants that is similar in its properties to extracellular bacterial toxin venom toxin secreted by animals; secreted by certain snakes and poisonous insects (e.g., spiders and scorpions) kokoi venom a potent neurotoxin found in a particular frog snake venom venom secreted by certain snakes antigen any substance (as a toxin or enzyme) that stimulates an immune response in the body (especially the production of antibodies) antigenic determinant the site on the surface of an antigen molecule to which an antibody attaches itself rhesus factor a blood group antigen possessed by Rh-positive people; if an Rh-negative person receives a blood transfusion from an Rh-positive person it can result in hemolysis and anemia sap a watery solution of sugars, salts, and minerals that circulates through the vascular system of a plant excavate the earth beneath scabicide a drug that destroys the itch mite that causes scabies sewer gas foul-smelling gas that forms in sewers shale a sedimentary rock formed by the deposition of successive layers of clay humic shale shale that is rich in humic acids oil shale shale from which oil can be obtained by heating shale oil oil extracted from oil shale by heating shark oil a fatty yellow to brown oil obtained from the livers of sharks; used for dressing leather and as a source of vitamin A sheep dip a liquid mixture containing pesticides in which sheep are dipped to kill parasites Shetland wool a wool obtained from sheep of the Shetland islands shoe polish a substance used to produce a shiny protective surface on footwear shot metal an alloy that is 98% lead and 2% arsenic; used in making small shot silicic acid a jellylike substance (hydrated silica) silicate a salt or ester derived from silicic acid silicide any of various compounds of silicon with a more electropositive element or radical silicon carbide an extremely hard blue-black crystalline compound (SiC) used as an abrasive and a heat refractory material; crystals of silicon carbide can be used as semiconductors silicone any of a large class of siloxanes that are unusually stable over a wide range of temperatures; used in lubricants and adhesives and coatings and synthetic rubber and electrical insulation silicone resin a polymeric silicone compound siloxane any of a large class of compounds that have alternate silicon and oxygen atoms silex a pure form of finely ground silica silica a white or colorless vitreous insoluble solid (SiO2); various forms occur widely in the earth's crust as quartz or cristobalite or tridymite or lechatelierite silica gel a porous form of silica that is highly absorbent silicon bronze a bronze with 2-3% silicon that is resistant to corrosion silt mud or clay or small rocks deposited by a river or lake siltstone a fine-grained sandstone of consolidated silt silvex a herbicide that is effective in controlling woody plants but is toxic to animals simazine a herbicide used to control weeds (especially among crops) Simoniz a brand of car polish ski wax wax used on the bottom of skis slag the scum formed by oxidation at the surface of molten metals convert into slag smaltite a grey mineral consisting of cobalt arsenide and nickel; an important source of cobalt and nickel slush partially melted snow smelling salts a pungent preparation of ammonium carbonate and perfume; sniffed as a stimulant to relieve faintness snake oil (medicine) any of various liquids sold as medicine (as by a travelling medicine show) but medically worthless corn snow granular snow formed by alternate thawing and freezing soapstone a soft heavy compact variety of talc having a soapy feel; used to make hearths and tabletops and ornaments soda lime a mixture of sodium and calcium hydroxides; absorbs liquids and gases sodalite a vitreous mineral consisting of sodium aluminum silicate and sodium chloride in crystalline form; occurs in igneous rocks sodium carbonate a sodium salt of carbonic acid; used in making soap powders and glass and paper sodium carboxymethyl cellulose a gummy substance that is a sodium salt of carboxymethyl cellulose; used as a thickening or emulsifying agent sodium fluoride a colorless crystalline salt of sodium (NaF) used in fluoridation of water and to prevent tooth decay sodium hydride a flammable grey crystalline binary compound (NaH) sodium hypochlorite an unstable salt (NaOCl) used as a bleaching agent and disinfectant sodium iodide a crystalline salt used like potassium iodide sodium lauryl sulphate a caustic detergent useful for removing grease; although commonly included in personal care items (shampoos and toothpastes etc.) it can irritate skin and should not be swallowed sodium pyrophosphate a sodium salt of pyrophosphoric acid used as a builder in soaps and detergents sodium sulphate a solid white bitter salt used in manufacturing glass and paper and dyes and pharmaceuticals sodium tripolyphosphate a sodium salt of triphosphoric acid used as a builder in soaps and detergents sodium phosphate phosphate of sodium; used as a laxative to cleanse the bowels soft water water that is not hard (does not contain mineral salts that interfere with the formation of lather with soap) dry ice solidified carbon dioxide; dry ice sublimates at -78.5 C and is used mainly as a refrigerant solvent a liquid substance capable of dissolving other substances; "the solvent does not change its state in forming a solution" capable of meeting financial obligations solute the dissolved matter in a solution; the component of a solution that changes its state solvate a compound formed by solvation (the combination of solvent molecules with molecules or ions of the solute) undergo solvation or convert into a solvate cause a solvation in (a substance) solvating agent an agent that converts something into a solvate viricide an agent (physical or chemical) that inactivates or destroys viruses alkahest hypothetical universal solvent once sought by alchemists spackle powder (containing gypsum plaster and glue) that when mixed with water forms a plastic paste used to fill cracks and holes in plaster sparkle metal matte that has 74 percent copper spiegeleisen pig iron containing manganese; used as a deoxidizing agent and to raise the manganese content in making steel spelter impure zinc containing about three percent lead and other impurities (especially in the form of ingots) sperm oil an animal oil found in the blubber of the sperm whale stacte (Old Testament) one of several sweet-smelling spices used in incense staphylococcal enterotoxin a soluble exotoxin produced by some strains of staphylococcus; a cause of food poisoning staphylococcal enterotoxin B a form of staphylococcal enterotoxin that has been used as an incapacitating agent in biological warfare spinel a hard glassy mineral consisting of an oxide of magnesium and aluminum; occurs in various colors that are used as gemstones spinel ruby a spinel used as a gemstone (usually dark red) almandine a purple variety of the ruby spinel balas a pale rose-colored variety of the ruby spinel Ceylonite a dark-colored spinel containing iron rubicelle a yellow or orange variety of ruby spinel solid solution a homogeneous solid that can exist over a range of component chemicals; a constituent of alloys that is formed when atoms of an element are incorporated into the crystals of a metal spirits of ammonia a solution of ammonium carbonate in ammonia water and alcohol spodumene a pyroxene mineral consisting of lithium aluminum silicate; a source of lithium hiddenite a green transparent form of the mineral spodumene used as a gemstone stachyose a tetrasaccharide found in the tubers of the Chinese artichoke counterstain a stain of contrasting color that is used when the principal stain does not show the structure clearly Gram's solution a solution used in staining bacteria by Gram's method; consists of one part iodine and two parts potassium iodide and 300 parts water stannite a dark grey mineral with a metallic luster that is a source of tin star sapphire a sapphire that when cut shows a starlike figure in reflected light because of its crystalline structure cornstarch starch prepared from the grains of corn; used in cooking as a thickener sago powdery starch from certain sago palms; used in Asia as a food thickener and textile stiffener pearl sago sago ground into small round grains Otaheite arrowroot a starch obtained from the root of the pia steam water at boiling temperature diffused in the atmosphere cook something by letting steam pass over it; "just steam the vegetables" clean by means of steaming; "steam-clean the upholstered sofa" get very angry; "her indifference to his amorous advances really steamed the young man" rise as vapor emit steam; "The rain forest was literally steaming" live steam steam coming from a boiler at full pressure water vapor water in a vaporous form diffused in the atmosphere but below boiling temperature vapor a visible suspension in the air of particles of some substance softener a substance added to another to make it less hard water softener a substance (such as sodium chloride) that lessens the hardness of water by replacing calcium and magnesium ions with sodium ions and so gives the water more efficient sudsing power soman a nerve agent easily absorbed into the body; a lethal cholinesterase inhibitor that is highly toxic when inhaled sea spray spray from ocean waves spindrift spray blown up from the surface of the sea stearic acid a waxy saturated fatty acid; occurs widely as a glyceride in animal and vegetable fats stearin an ester of glycerol and stearic acid Stellite a very hard alloy of cobalt and chromium with cobalt as the principal ingredient; used to make cutting tools and for surfaces subject to heavy wear sterling silver a silver alloy with no more than 7.5% copper sternutator a chemical substance that causes sneezing and coughing and crying; "police used a sternutatory to subdue the mob" steroid any of several fat-soluble organic compounds having as a basis 17 carbon atoms in four rings; many have important physiological effects nonsteroid an organic compound that does no contain a steroid ketosteroid a steroid containing a ketone group sterol any of a group of natural steroid alcohols derived from plants or animals; they are waxy insoluble substances cholesterol an animal sterol that is normally synthesized by the liver; the most abundant steroid in animal tissues HDL cholesterol the cholesterol in high-density lipoproteins; the `good' cholesterol; a high level in the blood is thought to lower the risk of coronary artery disease LDL cholesterol the cholesterol in low-density lipoproteins; the `bad' cholesterol; a high level in the blood is thought to be related to various pathogenic conditions oxidized LDL cholesterol LDL cholesterol that has been bombarded by free radicals; it is thought to cause atherosclerosis ergosterol a plant sterol that is converted into vitamin D by ultraviolet radiation bile acid any of the steroid acids generated in the liver and stored with bile cholic acid an insoluble crystalline acid present in bile cardiac glycoside obtained from a number of plants and used to stimulate the heart in cases of heart failure digitalis a powerful cardiac stimulant obtained from foxglove render a substance similar to stucco but exclusively applied to masonry walls cause to become; "The shot rendered her immobile" pass down; "render a verdict"; "deliver a judgment" coat with plastic or cement; "render the brick walls in the den" give or supply; "The cow brings in 5 liters of milk"; "This year's crop yielded 1,000 bushels of corn"; "The estate renders some revenue for the family" give back; "render money" make over as a return; "They had to render the estate" stibnite a soft grey mineral; the chief ore of antimony sticks and stone a general term for building materials wattle and daub building material consisting of interwoven rods and twigs covered with clay stiffener material used for stiffening something streptodornase an enzyme produced by some hemolytic strains of streptococcus that dissolves fibrinous secretions from infections; used medicinally (often in combination with streptokinase) streptokinase an enzyme produced by some strains of streptococcus that can liquefy blood clots by converting plasminogen to plasmin; used medicinally in some cases of myocardial infarction and pulmonary embolism streptolysin any of several hemolysins derived from strains of streptococcus strophanthin a bitter and very toxic glycoside derived from plants of the genus Strophanthus; in moderate doses it is a cardiac stimulant but in larger doses it is a powerful poison; used in Africa as an arrow poison strontianite a mineral consisting of strontium carbonate stucco a plaster now made mostly from Portland cement and sand and lime; applied while soft to cover exterior walls or surfaces coat with stucco; "stucco the ceiling" decorate with stucco work; "stuccoed ceilings" sublimate the product of vaporization of a solid direct energy or urges into useful activities made pure tallow obtained from suet and used in making soap, candles and lubricants vegetable tallow a waxy fat obtained from certain plants (e.g. bayberry) and used as tallow sucrose a complex carbohydrate found in many plants and used as a sweetening agent jaggery unrefined brown sugar made from palm sap structural iron iron that has been cast or worked in structural shapes structural steel a strong steel that is rolled into shapes that are used in construction sulfanilic acid a crystalline acid made from aniline and used as a dye sulfate a salt or ester of sulphuric acid convert into a sulfate sulfide a compound of sulphur and some other element that is more electropositive sulfur oxide any of several oxides of sulphur sulfur dioxide a colorless toxic gas (SO2) that occurs in the gases from volcanoes; used in many manufacturing processes and present in industrial emissions; causes acid rain sulfur hexafluoride a colorless gas that is soluble in alcohol and ether; a powerful greenhouse gas widely used in the electrical utility industry sunstone a translucent quartz spangled with bits of mica or other minerals superoxide the univalent anion O2-; "much of the O2 supporting cellular respiration is reduced to the superoxide anion O2-" a metallic oxide containing the univalent anion O2- superoxide dismutase an enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of superoxide into hydrogen peroxide and oxygen; "oxygen free radicals are normally removed in our bodies by the superoxide dismutase enzymes" surgical spirit methylated spirit used in the practice of medicine (especially for cleansing the skin before injections or before surgery) Swedish iron wrought iron of high purity made in Sweden swinging chad a chad that is incompletely removed and still attached at two corners sylvanite a silver-white mineral consisting of silver gold telluride; a source of gold in Australia and America sylvite a mineral consisting of native potassium chloride; an important ore of potassium that is found in sedimentary beds tabun the first known nerve agent, synthesized by German chemists in 1936; a highly toxic combustible liquid that is soluble in organic solvents and is used as a nerve gas in chemical warfare talc a fine grained mineral having a soft soapy feel and consisting of hydrated magnesium silicate; used in a variety of products including talcum powder apply talcum powder to (one's body) French chalk a soft white compact talc used to mark cloth or to remove grease stains rensselaerite a kind of soft talc; sometimes used as wood filler tallow oil an animal oil obtained by pressing tallow; used as a lubricant tannin any of various complex phenolic substances of plant origin; used in tanning and in medicine catechin a tannic acid that is extracted from black catechu as a white crystalline substance tantalite a mineral consisting of tantalum oxide of iron and manganese that occurs with niobite or in coarse granite; an ore of tantalum tartaric acid an acid found in many fruits; used in soft drinks and confectionery and baking powder racemic acid the optically inactive form of tartaric acid that is often found in grape juice tear gas a gas that makes the eyes fill with tears but does not damage them; used in dispersing crowds telluride any binary compound of tellurium with other more electropositive elements telomerase an enzyme in eukaryotic cells that can add telomeres to the ends of chromosomes after they divide tenderizer a substance (as the plant enzyme papain) applied to meat to make it tender terpene an unsaturated hydrocarbon obtained from plants tetrachloride any compound that contains four chlorine atoms per molecule tetrafluoroethylene a flammable gaseous fluorocarbon used in making plastics (polytetrafluoroethylene resins) tetrahalide any halide containing four halogen atoms in its molecules tetrasaccharide any of a variety of carbohydrates that yield four monosaccharide molecules on complete hydrolysis tetrodotoxin a powerful neurotoxin found in the ovaries of pufferfish tetroxide an oxide containing four atoms of oxygen in the molecule tetryl a yellow crystalline explosive solid that is used in detonators thiouracil depresses the function of the thyroid gland thiocyanate a salt of thiocyanic acid; formed when alkaline cyanides are fused with sulfur thiocyanic acid an unstable acid that can be obtained by distilling a thiocyanate salt thorite a radioactive mineral consisting of thorium silicate; it is a source of thorium that is found in coarse granite thortveitite a mineral consisting of scandium yttrium silicate; a source of scandium threonine a colorless crystalline amino acid found in protein; occurs in the hydrolysates of certain proteins; an essential component of human nutrition prothrombin a protein in blood plasma that is the inactive precursor of thrombin thromboplastin an enzyme liberated from blood platelets that converts prothrombin into thrombin as blood starts to clot calcium ion ion of calcium; a factor in the clotting of blood proaccelerin a coagulation factor proconvertin a coagulation factor formed in the kidney under the influence of vitamin K antihemophilic factor a coagulation factor (trade name Hemofil) whose absence is associated with hemophilia A Christmas factor coagulation factor whose absence is associated with hemophilia B prothrombinase coagulation factor that is converted to an enzyme that converts prothrombin to thrombin in a reaction that depends on calcium ions and other coagulation factors plasma thromboplastin antecedent coagulation factor whose deficiency results in a hemorrhagic tendency Hageman factor coagulation factor whose deficiency results in prolongation of clotting time of venous blood fibrinase in the clotting of blood thrombin catalyzes factor XIII into its active form (fibrinase) which causes fibrin to form a stable clot thymine a base found in DNA (but not in RNA) and derived from pyrimidine; pairs with adenine deoxyadenosine a nucleoside component of DNA; composed of adenosine and deoxyribose deoxycytidine a nucleoside component of DNA; composed of cytosine and deoxyribose deoxyguanosine a nucleoside component of DNA; composed of guanine and deoxyribose deoxythymidine a nucleoside component of DNA; composed of thymine and deoxyribose thymol a colorless crystalline solid used in perfume or preserving biological specimens or in embalming or medically as a fungicide or antiseptic melanocyte-stimulating hormone a hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary gland that controls the degree of pigmentation in melanocytes thyrotropin anterior pituitary hormone that stimulates the function of the thyroid gland thyrotropin-releasing hormone hormone released by the hypothalamus that controls the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone from the anterior pituitary thyronine a phenolic amino acid of which thyroxine is a derivative till unstratified soil deposited by a glacier; consists of sand and clay and gravel and boulders mixed together work land as by ploughing, harrowing, and manuring, in order to make it ready for cultivation; "till the soil" toilet tissue a soft thin absorbent paper for use in toilets toilet roll a roll of toilet paper toluene a colorless flammable liquid obtained from petroleum or coal tar; used as a solvent for gums and lacquers and in high-octane fuels toluic acid an isomeric acid derived from toluene tombac an alloy of copper and zinc (and sometimes arsenic) used to imitate gold in cheap jewelry and for gilding tool steel alloy steel that is suitable for making tools; is hard and tough and can retain a cutting edge topaz a mineral (fluosilicate of aluminum) that occurs in crystals of various colors and is used as a gemstone a yellow quartz tourmaline a mineral that is a complex borosilicate and hydroxide of aluminum containing iron and magnesium and calcium and lithium and sodium; it is usually black but occurs in transparent colored forms that are used as gemstones trace element an element that occurs at very small quantities in the body but is nonetheless important for many biological processes tracing paper a semitransparent paper that is used for tracing drawings tragacanth a gum used in pharmacy, adhesives, and textile printing transaminase a class of transferases that catalyze transamination (that transfer an amino group from an amino acid to another compound) transferase any of various enzymes that move a chemical group from one compound to another compound transfer paper a paper that is coated with a preparation for transferring a design to another surface transferrin a globulin in blood plasma that carries iron transparent gem a gemstone having the property of transmitting light without serious diffusion transparent substance a material having the property of admitting light diffusely; a partly transparent material triamcinolone a synthetic corticosteroid (trade names Aristocort or Aristopak or Kenalog) used as an anti-inflammatory agent triazine any of three isomeric compounds having three carbon and three nitrogen atoms in a six-membered ring tri-chad a chad that is incompletely removed and still attached at three corners trichloroacetic acid a strong acid made by chlorinating acetic acid margarin a glyceryl ester of margaric acid tridymite a mineral form of silica triolein a naturally occurring glyceride of oleic acid that is found in fats and oils trimer a polymer (or a molecule of a polymer) consisting of three identical monomers trioxide an oxide containing three atoms of oxygen in the molecule tripalmitin a triglyceride of palmitic acid triphosphopyridine a pyridine ring with three phosphorus groups triphosphopyridine nucleotide a coenzyme of several enzymes triphosphoric acid an acid that is a partial anhydride of three molecules of phosphoric acid; known chiefly in the form of its salts and esters trisaccharide any of a variety of carbohydrates that yield three monosaccharide molecules on complete hydrolysis trisodium phosphate the tertiary phosphate of sodium used as a builder in soaps and detergents tristearin a triglyceride of stearic acid trypsin an enzyme of pancreatic origin; catalyzes the hydrolysis of proteins to smaller polypeptide units trypsinogen inactive precursor of trypsin; a substance secreted by the pancreas and converted to active trypsin by enterokinase in the small intestine tryptophan an amino acid that occurs in proteins; is essential for growth and normal metabolism; a precursor of niacin tuna oil an oil obtained from tuna tundra soil a black mucky soil with a frozen subsoil that is characteristic of Arctic and subarctic regions tungsten steel a very hard heat-resistant steel containing tungsten tungstate a salt of tungstic acid tungstic acid an oxyacid of tungsten (often polymeric in nature) formed by neutralizing alkaline tungstate solutions turquoise a blue to grey green mineral consisting of copper aluminum phosphate; "blue turquoise is valued as a gemstone" typewriter paper writing paper suitable for use in a typewriter tyramine amino acid derived from tyrosine; has a sympathomimetic action; found in chocolate and cola drinks and ripe cheese and beer; "patients taking MAOIs should avoid foods containing tyramine" tyrosine an amino acid found in most proteins; a precursor of several hormones ubiquinone any of several quinones found in living cells and that function as coenzymes that transfer electrons from one molecule to another in cell respiration French blue ultramarine pigment prepared artificially umber an earth pigment of the color of any of various natural brown earth pigments raw umber greenish brown pigment burnt umber dark brown pigment obtained by heating umber undecylenic acid an acid that is a component of perspiration unleaded gasoline gasoline that has not been treated with a lead compound urease an enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of urea into carbon dioxide and ammonia; is present in intestinal bacteria urethane an ester of carbamic acid uracil a base containing nitrogen that is found in RNA (but not in DNA) and derived from pyrimidine; pairs with adenine uraninite a mineral consisting of uranium oxide and trace amounts of radium and thorium and polonium and lead and helium; uraninite in massive form is called pitchblende which is the chief uranium ore uranium ore any ore from which uranium can be extracted uranyl the bivalent radical UO2 which forms salts with acids uranyl nitrate a yellow salt obtained by the reaction of uranium salts with nitric acid uranyl oxalate a salt obtained by the reaction of uranium salts with oxalic acid urea the chief solid component of mammalian urine; synthesized from ammonia and carbon dioxide and used as fertilizer and in animal feed and in plastics uric acid a white tasteless odorless crystalline product of protein metabolism; found in the blood and urine urate a salt of uric acid tophus a deposit of urates around a joint or in the external ear; diagnostic of advanced or chronic gout valine an essential amino acid found in proteins; important for growth in children and nitrogen balance in adults linseed the seed of flax used as a source of oil linseed oil a drying oil extracted from flax seed and used in making such things as oil paints tung oil a yellow oil obtained from the seeds of the tung tree chaulmoogra oil an oil from chaulmoogra trees; used in treatment of skin diseases and leprosy vanadate a salt or ester of vanadic acid; an anion containing pentavalent vanadium vanadinite a mineral consisting of chloride and vanadate of lead; a source of vanadium vanadium pentoxide any of various oxyacids of vanadium; known mostly in the form of its salts vanadium steel steel alloyed with vanadium for greater strength and high-temperature stability vermiculite any of a group of yellow or brown hydrous silicate minerals having a micaceous structure very low density lipoprotein large lipoproteins rich in triglycerides; VLDLs circulate through the blood giving up their triglycerides to fat and muscle tissue until the VLDL remnants are modified and converted into LDL vesuvianite a green or yellow or brown mineral consisting of a hydrated silicate; it occurs as crystals in limestone and is used a gemstone vinyl shiny and tough and flexible plastic; used especially for floor coverings a univalent chemical radical derived from ethylene vinyl polymer a thermoplastic derived by polymerization from compounds containing the vinyl group iodopsin a violet photopigment in the retinal cones of the eyes of most vertebrates; plays a role in daylight vision visual purple a red photopigment in the retinal rods of vertebrates; dissociates into retinene by light photopigment a special pigment found in the rods and cones of the retina vitamin any of a group of organic substances essential in small quantities to normal metabolism fat-soluble vitamin any vitamin that is soluble in fats water-soluble vitamin any vitamin that is soluble in water vitamin A any of several fat-soluble vitamins essential for normal vision; prevents night blindness or inflammation or dryness of the eyes vitamin A1 an unsaturated alcohol that occurs in marine fish-liver oils and is synthesized biologically from carotene vitamin A2 a viscous alcohol that is less active in mammals than is vitamin A1 provitamin vitamin precursor; a substance that is converted into a vitamin in animal tissues provitamin A an orange isomer of an unsaturated hydrocarbon found in many plants; is converted into vitamin A in the liver B-complex vitamin originally thought to be a single vitamin but now separated into several B vitamins vitamin B1 a B vitamin that prevents beriberi; maintains appetite and growth vitamin B12 a B vitamin that is used to treat pernicious anemia vitamin B2 a B vitamin that prevents skin lesions and weight loss vitamin B6 a B vitamin that is essential for metabolism of amino acids and starch vitamin Bc a B vitamin that is essential for cell growth and reproduction niacin a B vitamin essential for the normal function of the nervous system and the gastrointestinal tract vitamin D a fat-soluble vitamin that prevents rickets vitamin E a fat-soluble vitamin that is essential for normal reproduction; an important antioxidant that neutralizes free radicals in the body biotin a B vitamin that aids in body growth vitamin K a fat-soluble vitamin that helps in the clotting of blood vitamin K1 a form of vitamin K vitamin K3 a form of vitamin K vitamin P a vitamin that maintains the resistance of cell and capillary walls to permeation vitamin C a vitamin found in fresh fruits (especially citrus fruits) and vegetables; prevents scurvy vitriol (H2SO4) a highly corrosive acid made from sulfur dioxide; widely used in the chemical industry subject to bitter verbal abuse expose to the effects of vitriol or injure with vitriol volatile a volatile substance; a substance that changes readily from solid or liquid to a vapor; "it was heated to evaporate the volatiles" tending to vary often or widely; "volatile stocks"; "volatile emotions" evaporating readily at normal temperatures and pressures; "volatile oils"; "volatile solvents" wallpaper a decorative paper for the walls of rooms cover with wallpaper waste paper paper discarded after use water of crystallization the water present in hydrated compounds wax any of various substances of either mineral origin or plant or animal origin; they are solid at normal temperatures and insoluble in water go up or advance; "Sales were climbing after prices were lowered" increase in phase; "the moon is waxing" cover with wax; "wax the car" beeswax a yellow to brown wax secreted by honeybees to build honeycombs cover with beeswax; "Chris beeswaxed the kitchen table" Ghedda wax wax from Indian and African bees cerumen a soft yellow wax secreted by glands in the ear canal spermaceti a white waxy substance from oil of the sperm whale vegetable wax a waxy substance obtained from plants (especially from the trunks of certain palms) shellac wax a hard wax separated from shellac by its insolubility in alcohol cadaverine a colorless toxic ptomaine with an unpleasant odor formed during the putrefaction of animal tissue cadmium sulfide a yellow sulfide used chiefly as a pigment cadmium yellow pigment of cadmium sulfide and barium sulfate varying in hue from lemon yellow to orange cadmium yellow pale pale-hued cadmium yellow pigment cadmium orange orange-hued cadmium yellow pigment zinc cadmium sulfide cadmium sulfide containing zinc wax paper paper that has been waterproofed by treatment with wax or paraffin wetting agent a chemical agent capable of reducing the surface tension of a liquid in which it is dissolved whale oil a white to brown oil obtained from whale blubber; formerly used as an illuminant white lead a poisonous white pigment that contains lead wiesenboden a dark meadow soil rich in organic material; developed through poor drainage in humid grassy or sedge regions dyewood any wood from which dye is obtained hardwood the wood of broad-leaved dicotyledonous trees (as distinguished from the wood of conifers) softwood wood that is easy to saw (from conifers such as pine or fir) pulpwood softwood used to make paper raw wood wood that is not finished or painted firewood wood used for fuel; "they collected and cut their own firewood" cordwood firewood cut and stacked in cords; wood sold by the cord Yule log large log traditionally burned at Christmas pine knot a joint of pine wood used for fuel igniter a substance used to ignite or kindle a fire kindling material for starting a fire punk substance that smolders when ignited; used to light fuses (especially fireworks) chipboard a cheap hard material made from wood chips that are pressed together and bound with synthetic resin knothole a hole in a board where a knot came out clapboard a long thin board with one edge thicker than the other; used as siding by lapping one board over the board below cover with clapboards wolframite a mineral consisting of iron and manganese tungstate in crystalline form; the principal ore of tungsten; found in quartz veins associated with granitic rocks wollastonite a white or greyish mineral typically found in metamorphic limestone; a silicate of calcium wood pulp wood that has been ground to a pulp; used in making cellulose products (as rayon or paper) wood sugar a sugar extracted from wood or straw; used in foods for diabetics Wood's metal a fusible alloy that is half bismuth plus lead, tin, and cadmium; melts at about 160 degrees Fahrenheit wood tar any tar obtained by the destructive distillation of wood raw wool wool in its natural condition; not refined or processed shoddy reclaimed wool fiber virgin wool wool not used before; wool not processed or woven before wrapping paper a tough paper used for wrapping writing paper paper material made into thin sheets that are sized to take ink; used for writing correspondence and manuscripts wool oil any oil used to oil wool before spinning wulfenite a yellow to orange or brown mineral used as a molybdenum ore wurtzite a brownish-black mineral consisting of zinc sulfide xenotime a brown-to-yellow mineral that is a phosphate of yttrium in crystalline form xylene a colorless flammable volatile liquid hydrocarbon used as a solvent yellowcake an impure mixture of uranium oxides obtained during the processing of uranium ore zeolite any of a family of glassy minerals analogous to feldspar containing hydrated aluminum silicates of calcium or sodium or potassium; formed in cavities in lava flows and in plutonic rocks chabazite a group of minerals of the zeolite family consisting of a hydrous silicate of calcium and aluminum heulandite a group of minerals of the zeolite family consisting of a hydrous aluminum silicate of sodium and calcium natrolite a group of minerals of the zeolite family consisting of a hydrous silicate of sodium and aluminum phillipsite a group of white or reddish crystalline minerals of the zeolite family consisting of a hydrous silicate of calcium and potassium and aluminum zinc blende an ore that is the chief source of zinc; consists largely of zinc sulfide in crystalline form zinc oxide oxide of zinc; a white powder used as a pigment or in cosmetics or glass or inks and in zinc ointment zinc sulfate a colorless water-soluble powder; used as a mordant or to preserve wood or for the electrodeposition of zinc zinc sulfide a yellow to white crystalline fluorescent compound that occurs naturally as sphalerite or wurtzite and is used as a luminous pigment zinc white a white pigment used in house paints; consists of zinc oxide zinkenite a steel grey metallic mineral (a sulphide of lead and antimony) zinnwaldite a mica containing iron and lithium zircon a common mineral occurring in small crystals; chief source of zirconium; used as a refractory when opaque and as a gem when transparent zirconium oxide a white crystalline oxide; used in refractories and in insulation and abrasives and enamels and glazes zymase a complex of enzymes that cause glycolysis; originally found in yeast but also present in higher organisms essence any substance possessing to a high degree the predominant properties of a plant or drug or other natural product from which it is extracted ligand a substance (an atom or molecule or radical or ion) that forms a complex around a central atom imide any of a class of organic compounds that contain the divalent radical -CONHCO- metabolite any substance involved in metabolism (either as a product of metabolism or as necessary for metabolism) vegetable matter matter produced by plants or growing in the manner of a plant anabolic steroid any of a group of synthetic steroid hormones used to stimulate muscle and bone growth; more than 100 have been developed and each requires a prescription to be used legally in the United States; sometimes used illicitly by athletes to increase their strength pregnanediol a compound found in women's urine during certain phases of the menstrual cycle and in the urine of pregnant women tubocurarine a toxic alkaloid found in certain tropical South American trees that is a powerful relaxant for striated muscles; "curare acts by blocking cholinergic transmission at the myoneural junction" tuberculin a sterile liquid containing a purified protein derivative of the tuberculosis bacterium; used in the diagnosis of tuberculosis vesicant a chemical agent that causes blistering (especially mustard gas) vernix a white cheeselike protective material that covers the skin of a fetus wad a small mass of soft material; "he used a wad of cotton to wipe the counter" xanthate a salt or ester of xanthic acid xanthic acid any of a class of unstable organic acids containing sulphur xanthine crystalline oxidation product of the metabolism of nucleoproteins; precursor of uric acid; found in many organs and in urine time period an amount of time; "a time period of 30 years"; "hastened the period of time of his recovery"; "Picasso's blue period" trial period a period of time during which someone or something is tested time frame a time period during which something occurs or is expected to occur; "an agreement can be reached in a reasonably short time frame" geological time the time of the physical formation and development of the earth (especially prior to human history) biological time the time of various biological processes cosmic time the time covered by the physical formation and development of the universe civil time the official time in a local region (adjusted for location around the Earth); established by law or custom daylight-saving time time during which clocks are set one hour ahead of local standard time; widely adopted during summer to provide extra daylight in the evenings hours an indefinite period of time; "they talked for hours" a period of time assigned for work; "they work long hours" downtime a period of time when something (as a machine or factory) is not operating (especially as a result of malfunctions) uptime a period of time when something (as a machine or factory) is functioning and available for use 24/7 uptime is 24 hours a day 7 days a week work time a time period when you are required to work time off a time period when you are not required to work; "he requested time off to attend his grandmother's funeral" face time work time spent at the location of or in the presence of other people; "instead of working on the problem at home he devoted face time to it at the office" compensatory time time off that is granted to a worker as compensation for working overtime travel time a period of time spent traveling; "workers were not paid for their travel time between home and factory" now the momentary present; "Now is a good time to do it"; "it worked up to right now" used to preface a command or reproof or request; "now hear this!"; "now pay attention" at the present moment; "goods now on sale"; "the now-aging dictator"; "they are now abroad"; "he is busy at present writing a new novel"; "it could happen any time now" in the historical present; at this point in the narration of a series of past events; "President Kennedy now calls in the National Guard"; "Washington now decides to cross the Delaware"; "the ship is now listing to port" in the immediate past; "told me just now" (prefatory or transitional) indicates a change of subject or activity; "Now the next problem is..." here and now at this time; "the disappointments of the here and now"; "she is studying at the moment" times a more or less definite period of time now or previously present; "it was a sign of the times" modern times the circumstances and ideas of the present age; "in modern times like these" Roman times the time period during which Rome dominated Europe yore time long past bygone past events to be put aside; "let bygones be bygones" well in the past; former; "bygone days"; "dreams of foregone times"; "sweet memories of gone summers"; "relics of a departed era" old past times (especially in the phrase `in days of old') skilled through long experience; "an old offender"; "the older soldiers" of long duration; not new; "old tradition"; "old house"; "old wine"; "old country"; "old friendships"; "old money" (used especially of persons) having lived for a relatively long time or attained a specific age; "his mother is very old"; "a ripe old age"; "how old are you?" kingdom come the end of time; "you can wet the bed till kingdom come, for all I care" the next world; "he nearly blew us to kingdom come" musical time (music) the beat of musical rhythm Elizabethan age a period in British history during the reign of Elizabeth I in the 16th century; an age marked by literary achievement and domestic prosperity Victorian age a period in British history during the reign of Queen Victoria in the 19th century; her character and moral standards restored the prestige of the British monarchy but gave the era a prudish reputation hard times a time of difficulty incarnation time passed in a particular bodily form; "he believes that his life will be better in his next incarnation" continuum a continuous nonspatial whole or extent or succession in which no part or portion is distinct or distinguishable from adjacent parts Phanerozoic the period from about 540 million years ago until the present, a period when abundant life existed Cenozoic approximately the last 63 million years of or relating to or denoting the Cenozoic era Quaternary last 2 million years Holocene approximately the last 10,000 years Pleistocene from two million to 11 thousand years ago; extensive glaciation of the northern hemisphere; the time of human evolution Tertiary from 63 million to 2 million years ago Pliocene from 13 million to 2 million years ago; growth of mountains; cooling of climate; more and larger mammals Miocene from 25 million to 13 million years ago; appearance of grazing mammals Oligocene from 40 million to 25 million years ago; appearance of sabertoothed cats Eocene from 58 million to 40 million years ago; presence of modern mammals Paleocene from 63 million to 58 million years ago; appearance of birds and earliest mammals Mesozoic from 230 million to 63 million years ago of or relating to or denoting the Mesozoic era Cretaceous from 135 million to 63 million years ago; end of the age of reptiles; appearance of modern insects and flowering plants of or relating to or denoting the third period of the Mesozoic era Jurassic from 190 million to 135 million years ago; dinosaurs; conifers of or relating to or denoting the second period of the Mesozoic era Triassic from 230 million to 190 million years ago; dinosaurs, marine reptiles; volcanic activity of or relating to or denoting the first period of the Mesozoic era Paleozoic from 544 million to about 230 million years ago of or relating to or denoting the Paleozoic era Permian from 280 million to 230 million years ago; reptiles Carboniferous from 345 million to 280 million years ago Devonian from 405 million to 345 million years ago; preponderance of fishes and appearance of amphibians and ammonites Silurian from 425 million to 405 million years ago; first air-breathing animals Ordovician from 500 million to 425 million years ago; conodonts and ostracods and algae and seaweeds Cambrian from 544 million to about 500 million years ago; marine invertebrates Precambrian the eon following the Hadean time and preceding the Phanerozoic eon; from about 3,800 million years ago until 544 million years ago Proterozoic from 2,500 to 544 million years ago; bacteria and fungi; primitive multicellular organisms Archean the time from 3,800 million years to 2,500 million years ago; earth's crust formed; unicellular organisms are earliest forms of life Hadean the earliest eon in the history of the Earth from the first accretion of planetary material (around 4,600 million years ago) until the date of the oldest known rocks (about 3,800 million years ago); no evidence of life of or relating to or characteristic of Hades or Tartarus clock time a reading of a point in time as given by a clock; "do you know what time it is?"; "the time is 10 o'clock" Greenwich Mean Time the local time at the 0 meridian passing through Greenwich, England; it is the same everywhere coordinated universal time Greenwich Mean Time updated with leap seconds Earth-received time the coordinated universal time when an event is received on Earth one-way light time the elapsed time it takes for light (or radio signals) to travel between the Earth and a celestial object round-trip light time the elapsed time it takes for a signal to travel from Earth to a spacecraft (or other body) and back to the starting point elapsed time the time that elapses while some event is occurring transmission time the coordinated universal time when a transmission is sent from Earth to a spacecraft or other celestial body spacecraft event time the coordinated universal time on board the spacecraft; "SCET = TRM + OWLT" spacecraft clock time the clock time given by a clock carried on board a spacecraft Atlantic Time standard time in the 4th time zone west of Greenwich, reckoned at the 60th meridian; used in Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands and Bermuda and the Canadian Maritime Provinces Eastern Time standard time in the 5th time zone west of Greenwich, reckoned at the 75th meridian; used in the eastern United States Central Time standard time in the 6th time zone west of Greenwich, reckoned at the 90th meridian; used in the central United States Mountain Time standard time in the 7th time zone west of Greenwich, reckoned at the 105th meridian west; used in the mountain states of the United States Pacific Time standard time in the 8th time zone west of Greenwich, reckoned at the 120th meridian west; used in far western states of the United States Alaska Standard Time standard time in the 9th time zone west of Greenwich, reckoned at the 135th meridian west; used in Hawaii and most of Alaska Hawaii Time standard time in the 10th time zone west of Greenwich, reckoned at the 150th meridian west; used in Hawaii and the western Aleutian Islands Bering Time standard time in the 11th time zone west of Greenwich, reckoned at the 165th meridian west; used in the Midway Islands clocking the time taken to traverse a measured course; "it was a world record clocking" longueur a period of dullness or boredom (especially in a work of literature or performing art) residence time the period of time spent in a particular place time scale an arrangement of events used as a measure of duration; "on the geological time scale mankind has existed but for a brief moment" extended time scale (simulation) the time scale used in data processing when the time-scale factor is greater than one fast time scale (simulation) the time scale used in data processing when the time-scale factor is less than one time being the present occasion; "for the nonce" biological clock an innate mechanism in living organisms that controls the periodicity of many physiological functions circadian rhythm a daily cycle of activity observed in many living organisms fourth dimension the fourth coordinate that is required (along with three spatial dimensions) to specify a physical event workweek hours or days of work in a calendar week; "they worked a 40-hour week" week a period of seven consecutive days starting on Sunday any period of seven consecutive days; "it rained for a week" midweek the middle of a week in the middle of the week workday the amount of time that a worker must work for an agreed daily wage; "they work an 8-hour day" a day on which work is done rest day a day set aside for rest overtime work done in addition to regular working hours playing time beyond regulation, to break a tie beyond the regular time; "she often has to work overtime" spare time time available for hobbies and other activities that you enjoy day off a day when you are not required to work; "Thursday is his day off" half-term a short vacation about halfway through a school term; "he came to visit at half-term" vac informal term for vacation half-holiday a day on which half is free from work or duty playtime time for play or diversion field day a day devoted to an outdoor social gathering a time of unusual pleasure and success a day for outdoor athletic competition (military) a day for military exercises and display honeymoon a holiday taken by a newly married couple the early (usually calm and harmonious) period of a relationship; business or political spend a holiday after one's marriage; "they plan to honeymoon in Hawai'i" paid vacation a vacation from work by an employee with pay granted furlough a temporary leave of absence from military duty grant a leave to; "The prisoner was furloughed for the weekend to visit her children" dismiss, usually for economic reasons; "She was laid off together with hundreds of other workers when the company downsized" compassionate leave (military) leave granted in an emergency such as family sickness or death sabbatical a leave usually taken every seventh year of or relating to sabbatical leave; "sabbatical research project" of or relating to the Sabbath; "Friday is a sabbatical day for Muslims" sabbatical year a sabbatical leave lasting one year shore leave leave granted to a sailor or naval officer sick leave a leave of absence from work because of illness terminal leave final leave before discharge from military service days the time during which someone's life continues; "the monarch's last days"; "in his final years" millennium a span of 1000 years the 1000th anniversary (or the celebration of it) (New Testament) in Revelations it is foretold that those faithful to Jesus will reign with Jesus over the earth for a thousand years; the meaning of these words have been much debated; some denominations (e.g. Jehovah's Witnesses) expect it to be a thousand years of justice and peace and happiness bimillennium a span of 2000 years the 2000th anniversary (or the celebration of it) shelf life the length of time a packaged food or drug will last without deteriorating life expectancy an expected time to live as calculated on the basis of statistical probabilities puerperium time period following childbirth when the mother's uterus shrinks and the other functional and anatomic changes of pregnancy are resolved; "a perinatologist cared for her during the puerperium" incipiency beginning to exist or to be apparent; "he placed the incipience of democratic faith at around 1850"; "it is designed to arrest monopolies in their incipiency" afterlife life after death time of life a period of time during which a person is normally in a particular life state summer the period of finest development, happiness, or beauty; "the golden summer of his life" the warmest season of the year; in the northern hemisphere it extends from the summer solstice to the autumnal equinox; "they spent a lazy summer at the shore" spend the summer; "We summered in Kashmir" neonatal period the first 28 days of life anal stage (psychoanalysis) the second sexual and social stage of a child's development during which bowel control is learned genital stage (psychoanalysis) the fifth sexual and social stage in a person's development occurring during adolescence; interest focuses on sexual activity latency stage (psychoanalysis) the fourth period (from about age 5 or 6 until puberty) during which sexual interests are supposed to be sublimated into other activities oral stage (psychoanalysis) the first sexual and social stage of an infant's development; the mouth is the focus of the libido and satisfaction comes from suckling and chewing and biting phallic stage (psychoanalysis) the third stage in a child's development when awareness of and manipulation of the genitals is supposed to be a primary source of pleasure girlhood the childhood of a girl boyhood the childhood of a boy schooldays the time of life when you are going to school prepuberty a period of two years immediately prior to the onset of puberty when growth and changes leading to sexual maturity occur puberty the time of life when sex glands become functional twenties the time of life between 20 and 30 the decade from 1920 to 1929 1900s the decade from 1900 to 1909 1530s the decade from 1530 to 1539 1820s the decade from 1820 to 1829 thirties the time of life between 30 and 40 the decade from 1930 to 1939 1830s the decade from 1830 to 1839 forties the time of life between 40 and 50 the decade from 1940 to 1949 1840s the decade from 1840 to 1849 fifties the time of life between 50 and 60 the decade from 1950 to 1959 1850s the decade from 1850 to 1859 1750s the decade from 1750 to 1759 sixties the time of life between 60 and 70 the decade from 1960 to 1969 1860s the decade from 1860 to 1869 1760s the decade from 1760 to 1769 golden years the time of life after retirement from active work seventies the time of life between 70 and 80 the decade from 1970 to 1979 1870s the decade from 1870 to 1879 1770s the decade from 1770 to 1779 eighties the time of life between 80 and 90 the decade from 1980 to 1989 the decade from 1880 to 1889 1780s the decade from 1780 to 1789 nineties the time of life between 90 and 100 the decade from 1990 to 1999 the decade from 1890 to 1899 1790s the decade from 1790 to 1799 age of consent the minimum age for marrying without parental consent or the minimum age for consensual sexual relations; intercourse at an earlier age can result in a charge of assault or statutory rape; the age differs in different states of the Union drinking age the age at which is legal for a person to buy alcoholic beverages voting age the age at which a person is old enough to vote in public elections middle age the time of life between youth and old age (e.g., between 40 and 60 years of age) old age a late time of life; "old age is not for sissies"; "he's showing his years"; "age hasn't slowed him down at all"; "a beard white with eld"; "on the brink of geezerhood" dotage mental infirmity as a consequence of old age; sometimes shown by foolish infatuations menopause the time in a woman's life in which the menstrual cycle ends climacteric a period in a man's life corresponding to menopause time unit a unit for measuring time periods tomorrow the day after today; "what are our tasks for tomorrow?" the near future; "tomorrow's world"; "everyone hopes for a better tomorrow" the next day, the day after, following the present day today the day that includes the present moment (as opposed to yesterday or tomorrow); "Today is beautiful"; "did you see today's newspaper?" the present time or age; "the world of today"; "today we have computers" on this day as distinct from yesterday or tomorrow; "I can't meet with you today" yesterday the day immediately before today; "it was in yesterday's newspapers" the recent past; "yesterday's solutions are not good enough"; "we shared many yesterdays" on the day preceding today; "yesterday the weather was beautiful" in the recent past; only a short time ago; "I was not born yesterday!" morrow the next day; "whenever he arrives she leaves on the morrow" eve the day before; "he always arrives on the eve of her departure" the period immediately before something; "on the eve of the French Revolution" mean time (astronomy) time based on the motion of the mean sun (an imaginary sun moving uniformly along the celestial equator) terrestrial time (astronomy) a measure of time defined by Earth's orbital motion; terrestrial time is mean solar time corrected for the irregularities of the Earth's motions calendar day a day reckoned from midnight to midnight Admission Day in some states of the United States: a legal holiday commemorating the day the state was admitted to the Union Arbor Day a day designated for planting trees Cinco de Mayo the fifth of May which is observed in Mexico and Mexican-American communities in the United States to commemorate the Mexican victory over the French in the Battle of Puebla in 1862 commencement day the day on which university degrees are conferred November 5 anniversary of the discovery of the Gunpowder Plot Guy Fawkes Day day for the celebration of the discovery of the Gunpowder Plot Bonfire Night effigies of Guy Fawkes are burned on this night Inauguration Day the day designated for inauguration of the United States President leap day the name of the day that is added during a leap year future date a particular day in the future that is specified as the time something will happen rain date an alternative date set for some outdoor event in case it rains on the appointed date; "the rain date for the picnic will be the following Sunday" sell-by date a date stamped on perishable produce indicating the date by which it should be sold quarter day a Christian holy day; one of four specified days when certain payments are due fast day a day designated for fasting major fast day one of two major fast days on the Jewish calendar minor fast day one of five minor fast days on the Jewish calendar feast day a day designated for feasting Succoth a major Jewish festival beginning on the eve of the 15th of Tishri and commemorating the shelter of the Israelites during their 40 years in the wilderness religious festival a festival having religious significance D-day date of the Allied landing in France, World War II V-day the day of a victory V-E Day the date of Allied victory in Europe, World War II V-J Day the date of Allied victory over Japan, World War II day of the week any one of the seven days in a week weekday any day except Sunday (and sometimes except Saturday) Monday the second day of the week; the first working day Tuesday the third day of the week; the second working day Wednesday the fourth day of the week; the third working day Thursday the fifth day of the week; the fourth working day Friday the sixth day of the week; the fifth working day Saturday the seventh and last day of the week; observed as the Sabbath by Jews and some Christians Sabbath a day of rest and worship: Sunday for most Christians; Saturday for the Jews and a few Christians; Friday for Muslims morning the time period between dawn and noon; "I spent the morning running errands" noon the middle of the day mealtime the hour at which a meal is habitually or customarily eaten breakfast time the customary or habitual hour for eating breakfast lunchtime the customary or habitual hour for eating lunch; "he observed a regular lunchtime" dinnertime the customary or habitual hour for the evening meal afternoon the part of the day between noon and evening; "he spent a quiet afternoon in the park" midafternoon the middle part of the afternoon evening the latter part of the day (the period of decreasing daylight from late afternoon until nightfall); "he enjoyed the evening light across the lake" the early part of night (from dinner until bedtime) spent in a special way; "an evening at the opera" a later concluding time period; "it was the evening of the Roman Empire" guest night an evening when members of a club or college can bring their friends as guests prime time the hours between 7 and 11 p.m. when the largest tv audience is available weeknight any night of the week except Saturday or Sunday late-night hour the latter part of night midnight 12 o'clock at night; the middle of the night; "young children should not be allowed to stay up until midnight" small hours the hours just after midnight bedtime the time you go to bed lights-out a prescribed bedtime closing time the regular time of day when an establishment closes to the public early-morning hour an hour early in the morning week from Monday a time period of a week or more; "a week from Monday will be too soon!" fortnight a period of fourteen consecutive days; "most major tennis tournaments last a fortnight" weekend a time period usually extending from Friday night through Sunday; more loosely defined as any period of successive days including one and only one Sunday spend the weekend rag day a day on which university students hold a rag red-letter day a memorably happy or noteworthy day (from the custom of marking holy days in red on church calendars) Judgment Day (New Testament) day at the end of time following Armageddon when God will decree the fates of all individual humans according to the good and evil of their earthly lives off-day a day when things go poorly; "I guess this is one of my off-days" access time (computer science) the interval between the time data is requested by the system and the time the data is provided by the drive; "access time is the sum of seek time and rotational latency and command processing overhead" payday the day on which you receive pay for your work polling day the day appointed for an election; in the United States it is the 1st Tuesday after the 1st Monday in November church year the year in the ecclesiastical calendar; especially feast days and special seasons timekeeping the act or process of determining the time Roman calendar the lunar calendar in use in ancient Rome; replaced by the Julian calendar in 46 BC ides in the Roman calendar: the 15th of March or May or July or October or the 13th of any other month market day a fixed day for holding a public market Gregorian calendar the solar calendar now in general use, introduced by Gregory XIII in 1582 to correct an error in the Julian calendar by suppressing 10 days, making Oct 5 be called Oct 15, and providing that only centenary years divisible by 400 should be leap years; it was adopted by Great Britain and the American colonies in 1752 Julian calendar the solar calendar introduced in Rome in 46 b.c. by Julius Caesar and slightly modified by Augustus, establishing the 12-month year of 365 days with each 4th year having 366 days and the months having 31 or 30 days except for February Revolutionary calendar the calendar adopted by the first French Republic in 1793 and abandoned in 1805; dates were calculated from Sept. 22, 1792 Revolutionary calendar month a month in the Revolutionary calendar Vendemiaire first month of the Revolutionary calendar (September and October); the month of the grape harvest Brumaire second month of the Revolutionary calendar (October and November); the month of mist Frimaire third month of the Revolutionary calendar (November and December); the frosty month Nivose fourth month of the Revolutionary calendar (December and January); the snowy month Pluviose fifth month of the Revolutionary calendar (January and February); the rainy month Ventose sixth month of the Revolutionary calendar (February and March); the windy month Germinal seventh month of the Revolutionary calendar (March and April); the month of buds Floreal eighth month of the Revolutionary calendar (April and May); the month of flowers Prairial ninth month of the Revolutionary calendar (May and June); the month of meadows Messidor tenth month of the Revolutionary calendar (June and July); the month of harvest Thermidor eleventh month of the Revolutionary calendar (July and August); the month of heat Fructidor twelfth month of the Revolutionary calendar (August and September); the month of fruit Jewish calendar (Judaism) the calendar used by the Jews; dates from 3761 BC (the assumed date of the Creation of the world); a lunar year of 354 days is adjusted to the solar year by periodic leap years lunar calendar a calendar based on lunar cycles lunisolar calendar a calendar based on both lunar and solar cycles solar calendar a calendar based on solar cycles Islamic calendar the lunar calendar used by Muslims; dates from 622 AD (the year of the Hegira); the beginning of the Muslim year retrogresses through the solar year completing the cycle every 32 years Hindu calendar the lunisolar calendar governing the religious life of Hindus; an extra month is inserted after every month in which there are two new moons (once every three years) deadline the point in time at which something must be completed arrival time the time at which a public conveyance is scheduled to arrive at a given destination departure time the time at which a public conveyance is scheduled to depart from a given point of origin Holy Week the week before Easter Holy Year (Roman Catholic Church) a period of remission from sin (usually granted every 25 years) church calendar a calendar of the Christian year indicating the dates of fasts and festivals Walpurgis Night eve of May Day New Year's Eve the last day of the year New Year's Day the first day of the year New Year the calendar year just begun Martin Luther King Jr's Birthday observed on the Monday closest to January 15 Robert E Lee's Birthday celebrated in southern United States Hogmanay New Year's Eve in Scotland Rosh Hashanah (Judaism) a solemn Jewish feast day celebrated on the 1st or 1st and 2nd of Tishri; noted for the blowing of the shofar Rosh Hodesh (Judaism) the beginning of each month in the Jewish calendar; marked by a special liturgy Tet the New Year in Vietnam; observed for three days after the first full moon after January 20th holiday a day on which work is suspended by law or custom; "no mail is delivered on federal holidays"; "it's a good thing that New Year's was a holiday because everyone had a hangover" religious holiday a day specified for religious observance High Holy Day Jewish holy days observed with particular solemnity Christian holy day a religious holiday for Christians Jewish holy day a religious holiday for Jews holy day of obligation a day when Catholics must attend Mass and refrain from servile work, and Episcopalians must take Communion movable feast a religious holiday that falls on different dates in different years Yom Kippur (Judaism) a solemn and major fast day on the Jewish calendar; 10th of Tishri; its observance is one of the requirements of the Mosaic law Saint Agnes's Eve a Christian holy day Martinmas the feast of Saint Martin; a quarter day in Scotland Indian summer a period of unusually warm weather in the autumn Michaelmas honoring the archangel Michael; a quarter day in England, Wales, and Ireland Michaelmastide the season of Michaelmas Candlemas feast day commemorating the presentation of Christ in the temple; a quarter day in Scotland Groundhog Day if the ground hog emerges and sees his shadow on this day, there will be 6 more weeks of winter Lincoln's Birthday the day on which President Abraham Lincoln is remembered Valentine Day a day for the exchange of tokens of affection Washington's Birthday the day on which George Washington is remembered Presidents' Day the third Monday in February; commemorates both presidents Lincoln and Washington Texas Independence Day Texans celebrate the anniversary of Texas' declaration of independence from Mexico in 1836 St Patrick's Day a day observed by the Irish to commemorate the patron saint of Ireland Easter a Christian celebration of the Resurrection of Christ; celebrated on the Sunday following the first full moon after the vernal equinox Easter Sunday the day (in March or April) on which the festival of Easter is celebrated April Fools' the first day of April which is celebrated by playing practical jokes Pan American Day a day celebrating political and economic unity among American countries Patriot's Day the 3rd Monday in April; Massachusetts and Maine celebrate the battle of Lexington and Concord in 1775 May Day observed in many countries to celebrate the coming of spring; observed in Russia and related countries in honor of labor Mother's Day second Sunday in May Armed Forces Day the 3rd Saturday in May Memorial Day legal holiday in the United States, last Monday in May; commemorates the members of the United States armed forces who were killed in war Jefferson Davis' Birthday celebrated in southern United States Flag Day commemorating the adoption of the United States flag in 1777 Father's Day US: third Sunday in June Independence Day a legal holiday in the United States Lammas commemorates Saint Peter's miraculous deliverance from prison; a quarter day in Scotland; a harvest festival in England Lammastide the season of Lammas Labor Day first Monday in September in the United States and Canada Citizenship Day celebrated in the United States American Indian Day US: the 4th Friday in September Columbus Day a legal holiday commemorating the discovery of America by Christopher Columbus United Nations Day a day for celebrating the founding of the United Nations Halloween the evening before All Saints' Day; often devoted to pranks played by young people Pasch the Christian festival of Easter the Jewish feast of the Passover Eastertide the Easter season Palm Sunday Sunday before Easter Passion Sunday second Sunday before Easter Good Friday Friday before Easter Low Sunday the Sunday following Easter Holy Saturday the Saturday before Easter; the last day of Lent Holy Innocents' Day December 28, commemorating Herod's slaughter of the children of Bethlehem Septuagesima the 3rd Sunday before Lent (or the 9th before Easter) Quinquagesima the Sunday before Ash Wednesday (the beginning of Lent) Quadragesima the first Sunday in Lent Trinity Sunday eighth Sunday after Easter Rogation Day one of the three days before Ascension Day; observed by some Christians as days of supplication Solemnity of Mary (Roman Catholic Church) a holy day of obligation Circumcision (Roman Catholic Church and Anglican Church) feast day celebrating the circumcision of Jesus; celebrated on January 1st Maundy Thursday the Thursday before Easter; commemorates the Last Supper Saints Peter and Paul first celebrated in the 3rd century Dormition celebration in the Eastern Orthodox Church of the Virgin Mary's being taken up into heaven when her earthly life ended; corresponds to the Assumption in the Roman Catholic Church and is also celebrated on August 15th Epiphany twelve days after Christmas; celebrates the visit of the three wise men to the infant Jesus Twelfthtide the season of Epiphany Twelfth night eve of Twelfth day; evening of January 5 All Saints' Day a Christian feast day honoring all the saints; first observed in 835 Allhallowtide the season of All Saints' Day All Souls' Day a day of supplication for all the souls in purgatory Ash Wednesday the 7th Wednesday before Easter; the first day of Lent; the day following Mardi Gras (`Fat Tuesday'); a day of fasting and repentance Ember Day a day set aside for fasting and prayer Passover (Judaism) a Jewish festival (traditionally 8 days from Nissan 15) celebrating the exodus of the Israelites from Egypt Christmas a Christian holiday celebrating the birth of Christ; a quarter day in England, Wales, and Ireland period extending from Dec. 24 to Jan. 6 Christmas Eve the day before Christmas Boxing Day first weekday after Christmas Purim (Judaism) a Jewish holy day commemorating their deliverance from massacre by Haman Shavous (Judaism) Jewish holy day celebrated on the sixth of Sivan to celebrate Moses receiving the Ten Commandments Shimchath Torah (Judaism) a Jewish holy day celebrated on the 22nd or 23rd of Tishri to celebrate the completion of the annual cycle of readings of the Torah Tishah b'Av (Judaism) a major fast day on the Jewish calendar commemorating the destruction of the temples in Jerusalem Fast of Gedaliah (Judaism) a minor fast day on Tishri 3 that commemorates the killing of the Jewish governor of Judah Fast of Tevet (Judaism) a minor fast day on Tevet 10 commemorates the beginning of the siege of Jerusalem and has also been proclaimed a memorial day for the six million Jews who died in the Holocaust Fast of Esther (Judaism) a minor fast day on Adar 13 commemorates three days that Esther fasted before approaching the Persian king on behalf of the Jewish people; the fast is connected with Purim Fast of the Firstborn (Judaism) a minor fast day on Nissan 14 that is observed only by firstborn males; it is observed on the day before Passover Fast of Tammuz (Judaism) a minor fast day on Tammuz 17 when the walls of Jerusalem were breached Hanukkah (Judaism) an eight-day Jewish holiday commemorating the rededication of the Temple of Jerusalem in 165 BC Lag b'Omer (Judaism) Jewish holy day; the 33rd day after the 2nd day of Passover; the 18th day of Iyar legal holiday authorized by law and limiting work or official business bank holiday any of several weekdays when banks are closed; a legal holiday in Britain Commonwealth Day British, anniversary of Queen Victoria's birth Dominion Day a legal holiday in Canada commemorating receiving Dominion status in 1867 Bastille Day a legal holiday in France celebrating the storming of the Paris bastille in 1789 Remembrance Day the Sunday nearest to November 11 when those who died in World War I and World War II are commemorated Veterans Day a legal holiday in the United States; formerly Armistice Day but called Veterans' Day since 1954 Thanksgiving fourth Thursday in November in the United States; second Monday in October in Canada; commemorates a feast held in 1621 by the Pilgrims and the Wampanoag Victoria Day a public holiday in Canada on the Monday on or before May 24th year the period of time that it takes for a planet (as, e.g., Earth or Mars) to make a complete revolution around the sun; "a Martian year takes 687 of our days" a period of time containing 365 (or 366) days; "she is 4 years old"; "in the year 1920" a period of time occupying a regular part of a calendar year that is used for some particular activity; "a school year" anomalistic year time of the earth's revolution from perihelion to perihelion again; 365 days and 6 hr and 13 min and 53.1 sec year-end the end of a calendar year; "he had to unload the merchandise before the year-end" taking place at the close of a fiscal year; "year-end audit" common year a year that is not a leap year leap year a calendar year with an extra day added in February off year a year in which no major political elections are held a year in which productivity is low or inferior calendar year the year (reckoned from January 1 to December 31) according to Gregorian calendar solar year the time for the earth to make one revolution around the sun, measured between two vernal equinoxes lunar year a period of 12 lunar months fiscal year any accounting period of 12 months school year the period of time each year when the school is open and people are studying annum (Latin) year; "per annum" semester half a year; a period of 6 months one of two divisions of an academic year bimester a period of 2 months Olympiad one of the four-year intervals between Olympic Games; used to reckon time in ancient Greece for twelve centuries beginning in 776 BC decade a period of 10 years century a period of 100 years quadrennium a period of four years quinquennium a period of five years quattrocento the 15th century in Italian art and literature twentieth century the century from 1901 to 2000 half-century a period of 50 years quarter-century a period of 25 years month a time unit of approximately 30 days; "he was given a month to pay the bill" phase of the moon a time when the Moon presents a particular recurring appearance new moon the time at which the Moon appears as a narrow waxing crescent first quarter the first fourth of the Moon's period of revolution around the Earth last quarter the last fourth of the Moon's period of revolution around the Earth full moon the time when the Moon is fully illuminated; "the moon is at the full" harvest moon the full moon nearest the September equinox lunar month the period between successive new moons (29.531 days) anomalistic month period between successive perigees; approximately 27.5546 days sidereal time measured by the diurnal motion of stars sidereal day the time for one complete rotation of the earth relative to a particular star, about 4 minutes shorter than a mean solar day lunar day the period of time taken for the moon to make one full rotation on its axis (about 27.3 sidereal days) sidereal year the time for the earth to make one complete revolution around the sun, relative to the fixed stars sidereal hour 1/24 of a sidereal day sidereal month period between successive conjunctions with a star, 27.322 days solar month one-twelfth of a solar or tropical year calendar month one of the twelve divisions of the calendar year; "he paid the bill last month" Gregorian calendar month a month in the Gregorian calendar January the first month of the year; begins 10 days after the winter solstice mid-January the middle part of January February the month following January and preceding March mid-February the middle part of February March the month following February and preceding April mid-March the middle part of March April the month following March and preceding May mid-April the middle part of April May the month following April and preceding June mid-May the middle part of May June the month following May and preceding July mid-June the middle part of June July the month following June and preceding August mid-July the middle part of July August the month following July and preceding September mid-August the middle part of August September the month following August and preceding October mid-September the middle part of September October the month following September and preceding November mid-October the middle part of October November the month following October and preceding December mid-November the middle part of November December the last (12th) month of the year mid-December the middle part of December Jewish calendar month a month in the Jewish calendar Tishri the first month of the civil year; the seventh month of the ecclesiastical year in the Jewish calendar (in September and October) Heshvan the second month of the civil year; the eighth month of the ecclesiastical year in the Jewish calendar (in October and November) Kislev the third month of the civil year; the ninth month of the ecclesiastical year in the Jewish calendar (in November and December) Tebet the fourth month of the civil year; the tenth month of the ecclesiastical year (in December and January) Shebat the fifth month of the civil year: the eleventh month of the ecclesiastical year in the Jewish calendar (in January and February) Adar the sixth month of the civil year; the twelfth month of the ecclesiastic year in the Jewish calendar (in February and March) Veadar included seven times in every 19 years Nisan the seventh month of the civil year; the first month of the ecclesiastic year (in March and April) Iyar the eighth month of the civil year; the second month of the ecclesiastical year (in April and May) Sivan the ninth month of the civil year; the third month of the ecclesiastical year in the Jewish calendar (in May and June) Tammuz the tenth month of the civil year; the fourth month of the ecclesiastic year (in June and July) Ab the eleventh month of the civil year; the fifth month of the ecclesiastical year in the Jewish calendar (in July and August) Elul the twelfth month of the civil year; the sixth month of the ecclesiastical year in the Jewish calendar (in August and September) Islamic calendar month any lunar month in the Muslim calendar Muharram the first month of the Islamic calendar Safar the second month of the Islamic calendar Rabi I the third month of the Islamic calendar Rabi II the fourth month of the Islamic calendar Jumada I the fifth month of the Islamic calendar Jumada II the sixth month of the Islamic calendar Rajab the seventh month of the Islamic calendar Sha'ban the eighth month of the Islamic calendar Id al-Fitr a Muslim day of feasting at the end of Ramadan Shawwal the tenth month of the Islamic calendar Dhu'l-Qa'dah the eleventh month of the Islamic calendar Dhu'l-Hijja the twelfth month of the Islamic calendar and the season of the hajj; has one extra day in leap years Id al-Adha the 10th day of Dhu'l-Hijja; all Muslims attend a service in the mosques and those who are not pilgrims perform a ritual slaughter of a sheep (commemorating God's ransom of Abraham's son from sacrifice) and give at least a third of the meat to charity Hindu calendar month any lunisolar month in the Hindu calendar Chait the first Hindu calendar month (corresponding to March in the Gregorian calendar) Ramanavami Hindu lunar holiday (on the 9th day of Caitra) to celebrate the birth of Rama Baisakh the second month of the Hindu calendar Jeth the third month of the Hindu calendar Asarh the fourth month of the Hindu calendar Sawan the fifth month of the Hindu calendar Bhadon the sixth month of the Hindu calendar Asin the seventh month of the Hindu calendar Kartik the eighth month of the Hindu calendar Aghan the ninth month of the Hindu calendar Pus the tenth month of the Hindu calendar Magh the eleventh month of the Hindu calendar; corresponds to January in the Gregorian calendar Mesasamkranti Hindu solar holiday at the beginning of the new astrological year when the sun enters the constellation Aries Phagun the twelfth month of the Hindu calendar saint's day a day commemorating a saint name day the feast day of a saint whose name one bears solstice either of the two times of the year when the sun is at its greatest distance from the celestial equator summer solstice June 21, when the sun is at its northernmost point Midsummer Day a quarter day in England, Wales, and Ireland Midsummer Eve the night before Midsummer Day school day any day on which school is in session; "go to bed early because tomorrow is a school day" speech day an annual day in the schools when speeches are made and prizes are distributed washday a day set aside for doing household laundry wedding day the day of a wedding wedding night the night after the wedding when bride and groom sleep together winter solstice December 22, when the sun is at its southernmost point equinox either of two times of the year when the sun crosses the plane of the earth's equator and day and night are of equal length Noruz (Persian) the new year holiday in Iran and Azerbaijan and Afghanistan and Pakistan and parts of India and among the Kurds; comes at the vernal equinox time limit a time period within which something must be done or completed prison term the period of time a prisoner is imprisoned; "he served a prison term of 15 months"; "his sentence was 5 to 10 years"; "he is doing time in the county jail" life sentence a prison term lasting as long as the prisoner lives; "he got life for killing the guard" school term the time during which a school holds classes; "they had to shorten the school term" summer school an academic session during the summer; usually for remedial or supplementary study midterm middle of an academic term or a political term in office the middle of the gestation period trimester one of three divisions of an academic year a period of three months; especially one of the three three-month periods into which human pregnancy is divided first trimester time period extending from the first day of the last menstrual period through 12 weeks of gestation second trimester time period extending from the 13th to the 27th week of gestation third trimester time period extending from the 28th week of gestation until delivery refractory period (neurology) the time after a neuron fires or a muscle fiber contracts during which a stimulus will not evoke a response half-hour a half of an hour quarter-hour a quarter of an hour happy hour the time of day when a bar sells alcoholic drinks at a reduced price rush hour the times at the beginning and end of the working day when many people are traveling to or from work zero hour the time set for the start of an action or operation canonical hour (Roman Catholic Church) one of seven specified times for prayer matins the first canonical hour; at daybreak terce the third canonical hour; about 9 a.m. sext the fourth of the seven canonical hours; about noon nones the fifth of the seven canonical hours; about 3 p.m. vespers the sixth of the seven canonical hours of the divine office; early evening; now often made a public service on Sundays compline last of the seven canonical hours just before retiring man hour a time unit used in industry for measuring work silly season a time usually late summer characterized by exaggerated news stories about frivolous matters for want of real news Golden Age (classical mythology) the first and best age of the world, a time of ideal happiness, prosperity, and innocence; by extension, any flourishing and outstanding period silver age (classical mythology) the second age of the world, characterized by opulence and irreligion; by extension, a period secondary in achievement to a golden age bronze age (classical mythology) the third age of the world, marked by war and violence Bronze Age (archeology) a period between the Stone and Iron Ages, characterized by the manufacture and use of bronze tools and weapons iron age (classical mythology) the last and worst age of the world Iron Age (archeology) the period following the Bronze Age; characterized by rapid spread of iron tools and weapons Stone Age (archeology) the earliest known period of human culture, characterized by the use of stone implements Eolithic Age the earliest part of the Stone Age marked by the earliest signs of human culture Paleolithic Age second part of the Stone Age beginning about 750,000 to 500,000 years BC and lasting until the end of the last ice age about 8,500 years BC Lower Paleolithic the oldest part of the Paleolithic Age with the emergence of the hand ax; ended about 120,000 years ago Middle Paleolithic the time period of Neanderthal man; ended about 35,000 years BC Upper Paleolithic the time period during which only modern Homo sapiens was known to have existed; ended about 10,000 years BC Mesolithic Age middle part of the Stone Age beginning about 15,000 years ago Neolithic Age latest part of the Stone Age beginning about 10,000 BC in the Middle East (but later elsewhere) great year time required for one complete cycle of the precession of the equinoxes, about 25,800 years regulation time (sports) the normal prescribed duration of a game; "the game was finished in regulation time" extra innings overtime play until one team is ahead at the end of an inning; e.g. baseball overtime period a period of overtime play to resolve a tie; e.g. basketball tiebreaker overtime play in order to break a tie; e.g. tennis and soccer sudden death (sports) overtime in which play is stopped as soon as one contestant scores; e.g. football and golf leap second a second (as measured by an atomic clock) added to or subtracted from Greenwich Mean Time in order to compensate for slowing in the Earth's rotation attosecond one quintillionth (10^-18) of a second; one thousandth of a femtosecond femtosecond one quadrillionth (10^-15) of a second; one thousandth of a picosecond picosecond one trillionth (10^-12) of a second; one thousandth of a nanosecond nanosecond one billionth (10^-9) of a second; one thousandth of a microsecond microsecond one millionth (10^-6) of a second; one thousandth of a millisecond millisecond one thousandth (10^-3) of a second season one of the natural periods into which the year is divided by the equinoxes and solstices or atmospheric conditions; "the regular sequence of the seasons" a recurrent time marked by major holidays; "it was the Christmas season" a period of the year marked by special events or activities in some field; "he celebrated his 10th season with the ballet company"; "she always looked forward to the avocado season" make fit; "This trip will season even the hardiest traveller" lend flavor to; "Season the chicken breast after roasting it" dog days the hot period between early July and early September; a period of inactivity winter the coldest season of the year; in the northern hemisphere it extends from the winter solstice to the vernal equinox spend the winter; "We wintered on the Riviera"; "Shackleton's men overwintered on Elephant Island" midwinter the middle of winter growing season the season during which a crop grows best seedtime the time during which seeds should be planted any time of new development holiday season a time when many people take holidays high season the season when travel is most active and rates are highest; "they traveled to Europe in high season" off-season the season when travel is least active and rates are lowest rainy season one of the two seasons in tropical climates dry season one of the two seasons in tropical climates preseason a period prior to the beginning of the regular season which is devoted to training and preparation spring training preseason training during the spring baseball season the season when baseball is played triple-crown season a season of baseball during which a player wins the triple crown basketball season the season when basketball is played exhibition season the time before the regular games begin when football or baseball teams play practice games fishing season the season during which it is legal to catch fish football season the season when football is played hockey season the season when hockey is played hunting season the season during which it is legal to kill a particular species social season the season for major social events theatrical season the season when new plays are produced Advent the season including the four Sundays preceding Christmas Advent Sunday the first of the four Sundays during Advent Shrovetide immediately preceding Lent Lent a period of 40 weekdays from Ash Wednesday to Holy Saturday Pentecost seventh Sunday after Easter; commemorates the emanation of the Holy Spirit to the Apostles; a quarter day in Scotland Whitmonday the day after Whitsunday; a legal holiday in England and Wales and Ireland Whit-Tuesday the day after Whitmonday Whitsun Christian holiday; the week beginning on Whitsunday (especially the first 3 days) long time a prolonged period of time; "we've known each other for ages"; "I haven't been there for years and years" month of Sundays a time perceived as long; "I hadn't seen him in a month of Sundays" long run a period of time sufficient for factors to work themselves out; "in the long run we will win"; "in the long run we will all be dead"; "he performed well over the long haul" blue moon a long time; "something that happens once in blue moon almost never happens" year dot as long ago as anyone can remember; "he has been a conductor since the year dot" eleventh hour the latest possible moment; "money became available at the eleventh hour"; "at the last minute the government changed the rules" moment of truth a crucial moment on which much depends the moment in a bullfight when the matador kills the bull high time the latest possible moment; "it is high time you went to work" psychological moment the most appropriate time for achieving a desired effect wee a short time; "bide a wee" very early; "the wee hours of the morning" while a period of indeterminate length (usually short) marked by some action or condition; "he was here for a little while"; "I need to rest for a piece"; "a spell of good weather"; "a patch of bad weather" cold spell a spell of cold weather hot spell a spell of hot weather blink of an eye a very short time (as the time it takes the eye to blink or the heart to beat); "if I had the chance I'd do it in a flash" ephemera something transitory; lasting a day era a major division of geological time; an era is usually divided into two or more periods a period marked by distinctive character or reckoned from a fixed point or event epoch a unit of geological time that is a subdivision of a period and is itself divided into ages (astronomy) an arbitrarily fixed date that is the point in time relative to which information (as coordinates of a celestial body) is recorded Caliphate the era of Islam's ascendancy from the death of Mohammed until the 13th century; some Moslems still maintain that the Moslem world must always have a calif as head of the community; "their goal was to reestablish the Caliphate" Christian era the time period beginning with the supposed year of Christ's birth year of grace any year of the Christian era Y2K the year 2000 in the Gregorian calendar anniversary the date on which an event occurred in some previous year (or the celebration of it) birthday an anniversary of the day on which a person was born (or the celebration of it) the date on which a person was born jubilee a special anniversary (or the celebration of it) diamond jubilee an anniversary celebrating the passage of 60 years silver jubilee an anniversary celebrating the passage of 25 years wedding anniversary the anniversary of the day on which you were married (or the celebration of it) silver wedding anniversary the 25th wedding anniversary golden wedding anniversary the 50th wedding anniversary diamond wedding anniversary the 60th wedding anniversary semicentennial the 50th anniversary (or the celebration of it) of or relating to or marking the 50th anniversary centennial the 100th anniversary (or the celebration of it) of or relating to or completing a period of 100 years; "centennial celebration" sesquicentennial the 150th anniversary (or the celebration of it) bicentennial the 200th anniversary (or the celebration of it) of or relating to or completing a period of 200 years; "bicentennial celebration" tercentennial the 300th anniversary (or the celebration of it) quatercentennial the 400th anniversary (or the celebration of it) quincentennial the 500th anniversary (or the celebration of it) of or relating to a 500th anniversary; "the quincentennial celebration of the founding of the city" time immemorial the distant past beyond memory auld langsyne past times remembered with nostalgia by-and-by an indefinite time in the future; "he'll get around to it in the sweet by-and-by" golden age any period (sometimes imaginary) of great peace and prosperity and happiness a time period when some activity or skill was at its peak; "it was the golden age of cinema" historic period an era of history having some distinctive feature; "we live in a litigious age" prehistory the time during the development of human culture before the appearance of the written word modern era the present or recent times information age a period beginning in the last quarter of the 20th century when information became easily accessible through publications and through the manipulation of information by computers and computer networks ice age any period of time during which glaciers covered a large part of the earth's surface; "the most recent ice age was during the Pleistocene" Jazz Age the 1920s in the United States characterized in the novels of F. Scott Fitzgerald as a period of wealth, youthful exuberance, and carefree hedonism chukker (polo) one of six divisions into which a polo match is divided inning (baseball) one of nine divisions of play during which each team has a turn at bat playing period (in games or plays or other performances) the time during which play proceeds; "rain stopped play in the 4th inning" first period the first division into which the play of a game is divided second period the second division into which the play of a game is divided final period the final division into which the play of a game is divided half one of two divisions into which some games or performances are divided: the two divisions are separated by an interval (of siblings) related through one parent only; "a half brother"; "half sister" partially or to the extent of a half; "he was half hidden by the bushes" first half the first of two halves of play second half the second of two halves of play over (cricket) the division of play during which six balls are bowled at the batsman by one player from the other team from the same end of the pitch throughout a period of time; "stay over the weekend" at or to a point across intervening space etc.; "come over and see us some time"; "over there" throughout an area; "he is known the world over" beyond the top or upper surface or edge; forward from an upright position; "a roof that hangs over" maiden over (cricket) an over in which no runs are scored Baroque the historic period from about 1600 until 1750 when the baroque style of art, architecture, and music flourished in Europe Middle Ages the period of history between classical antiquity and the Italian Renaissance Renaissance the period of European history at the close of the Middle Ages and the rise of the modern world; a cultural rebirth from the 14th through the middle of the 17th centuries Italian Renaissance the early period when Italy was the center of the Renaissance Industrial Revolution the transformation from an agricultural to an industrial nation Reign of Terror the historic period (1793-94) during the French Revolution when thousands were executed; "the Reign of the Bourbons ended and the Reign of Terror began" reign of terror any period of brutal suppression thought to resemble the Reign of Terror in France turn of the century the period from about ten years before to ten years after a new century Harlem Renaissance a period in the 1920s when African-American achievements in art and music and literature flourished Reconstruction the period after the American Civil War when the southern states were reorganized and reintegrated into the Union; 1865-1877 print run the period that presses run to produce an issue of a newspaper run-time (computer science) the length of time it takes to execute a software program the time at which a (software or multimedia) program is run split run a print run of a newspaper during which some articles or advertisements are changed to produce a different edition space age the age beginning with the first space travel; from 1957 to the present tonight the present or immediately coming night during the night of the present day; "drop by tonight" manana an indefinite time in the future common time a time signature indicating four beats to the bar duple time musical time with two beats in each bar triple time musical time with three beats in each bar tempo (music) the speed at which a composition is to be played the rate of some repeating event in time in the correct rhythm; "the dancers moved in time with the music" without being tardy; "we made it to the party in time" accelerando a gradually increasing tempo of music; "my ear will not accept such violent accelerandos" (music) gradually increasing in tempo with increasing speed; "here you must play accelerando" allegro con spirito lively with spirit meno mosso played at reduced speed; less rapid rubato a flexible tempo; not strictly on the beat terminus a quo earliest limiting point stopping point the temporal end; the concluding time; "the stopping point of each round was signaled by a bell"; "the market was up at the finish"; "they were playing better at the close of the season" cease (`cease' is a noun only in the phrase `without cease') end fin de siecle the end of a century, especially the 19th century relating to or characteristic of the end of a century (especially the end of the 19th century); "fin de siecle art" last gasp the point of death or exhaustion or completion; "the last gasp of the cold war" terminus ad quem final or latest limiting point seek time (computer science) the time it takes for a read/write head to move to a specific data track track-to-track seek time (computer science) the time it takes for a read/write head to move to an adjacent data track time interval a definite length of time marked off by two instants time slot a time assigned on a schedule or agenda; "the TV program has a new time slot"; "an aircraft landing slot" lunitidal interval interval between the moon's transit of a particular meridian and the next high tide at that meridian lapse a break or intermission in the occurrence of something; "a lapse of three weeks between letters" drop to a lower level, as in one's morals or standards end, at least for a long time; "The correspondence lapsed" let slip; "He lapsed his membership" dead air an inadvertent interruption in a broadcast during which there is no sound halftime an intermission between the first and second half of a game entr'acte the interlude between two acts of a play interim the time between one event, process, or period and another; "meanwhile the socialists are running the government" serving during an intermediate interval of time; "an interim agreement" latent period the time that elapses before the presence of a disease is manifested by symptoms reaction time the time that elapses between a stimulus and the response to it interregnum the time between two reigns, governments, etc. beauty sleep sleep before midnight time-out a brief suspension of play; "each team has two time-outs left" letup a pause during which things are calm or activities are diminished; "there was never a letup in the noise" half life the time required for something to fall to half its initial value (in particular, the time for half the atoms in a radioactive substance to disintegrate) relaxation time the time constant of an exponential return of a system to equilibrium after a disturbance centripetal acceleration the acceleration toward the center that holds a satellite in elliptical orbit attrition rate the rate of shrinkage in size or number birthrate the ratio of live births in an area to the population of that area; expressed per 1000 population per year bits per second (computer science) the rate at which data is transferred (as by a modem) crime rate the ratio of crimes in an area to the population of that area; expressed per 1000 population per year data rate the rate at which circuits or other devices operate when handling digital information deathrate the ratio of deaths in an area to the population of that area; expressed per 1000 per year dose rate the quantity of radiation absorbed per unit time erythrocyte sedimentation rate the rate at which red blood cells settle out in a tube of blood under standardized conditions; a high rate usually indicates the presence of inflammation cardiac output the amount of blood pumped out by the ventricles in a given period of time; "a resting adult has a cardiac output of about three quarts a minute" gigahertz 1,000,000,000 periods per second growth rate the rate of increase in size per unit time hertz the unit of frequency; one hertz has a periodic interval of one second (named for Heinrich Rudolph Hertz) inflation rate the rate of change of prices (as indicated by a price index) calculated on a monthly or annual basis kilohertz one thousand periods per second kilometers per hour the ratio of the distance traveled (in kilometers) to the time spent traveling (in hours) megahertz one million periods per second terahertz one trillion periods per second metabolic rate rate of metabolism; the amount of energy expended in a give period miles per hour the ratio of the distance traveled (in miles) to the time spent traveling (in hours) a speedometer reading for the momentary rate of travel femoral pulse pulse of the femoral artery (felt in the groin) radial pulse pulse of the radial artery (felt in the wrist) rate of return the amount returned per unit of time expressed as a percentage of the cost return on invested capital (corporate finance) the amount, expressed as a percentage, that is earned on a company's total capital calculated by dividing the total capital into earnings before interest, taxes, or dividends are paid respiratory rate the rate at which a person inhales and exhales; usually measured to obtain a quick evaluation of a person's health revolutions per minute rate of revolution of a motor; "the engine was doing 6000 revs" sampling rate (telecommunication) the frequency of sampling per unit time Nyquist rate (telecommunication) the lowest sampling rate that will permit accurate reconstruction of a sampled analog signal solar constant the rate at which radiant solar energy is received at the outer layer of the earth's atmosphere quick time a normal marching pace of 120 steps per minute airspeed the speed of an aircraft relative to the air in which it is flying escape velocity the minimum velocity needed to escape a gravitational field groundspeed the speed of an aircraft relative to the ground hypervelocity excessive velocity; "the meteorites struck the earth with hypervelocity impacts" muzzle velocity the velocity of a projectile as it leaves the muzzle of a gun peculiar velocity velocity with respect to the local standard of rest radial velocity velocity along the line of sight toward or away from the observer speed of light the speed at which light travels in a vacuum; the constancy and universality of the speed of light is recognized by defining it to be exactly 299,792,458 meters per second steerageway (nautical) the minimum rate of motion needed for a vessel to be maneuvered terminal velocity the constant maximum velocity reached by a body falling through the atmosphere under the attraction of gravity count per minute frequency per minute sampling frequency (telecommunication) the frequency of sampling a continuously varying signal Nyquist frequency (telecommunication) twice the maximum frequency occurring in the transmitted signal infant deathrate the death rate during the first year of life neonatal mortality the death rate during the first 28 days of life words per minute the rate at which words are produced (as in speaking or typing) beats per minute the pace of music measured by the number of beats occurring in 60 seconds channel capacity the maximum data rate that can be attained over a given channel neutron flux the rate of flow of neutrons; the number of neutrons passing through a unit area in unit time radiant flux the rate of flow of radiant energy (electromagnetic waves) luminous flux the rate of flow of light energy menstrual cycle a recurring cycle (beginning at menarche and ending at menopause) in which the endometrial lining of the uterus prepares for pregnancy; if pregnancy does not occur the lining is shed at menstruation; "the average menstrual cycle is 28 days" fertile period the time in the menstrual cycle when fertilization is most likely to be possible (7 days before to 7 days after ovulation) menstrual phase the phase of the menstrual cycle during which the lining of the uterus is shed (the first day of menstrual flow is considered day 1 of the menstrual cycle) musth an annual phase of heightened sexual excitement in the males of certain large mammals (especially elephants); is associated with discharge from a gland between the eye and ear; "the frenzied elephant was in musth" secretory phase the second half of the menstrual cycle after ovulation; the corpus luteum secretes progesterone which prepares the endometrium for the implantation of an embryo; if fertilization does not occur then menstrual flow begins lead time the time interval between the initiation and the completion of a production process; "the lead times for many publications can vary tremendously"; "planning is an area where lead time can be reduced" orbit period the time it takes to complete one full orbit around a celestial body; "the orbit period depends on the altitude of the satellite" multistage occurring in more than one stage episcopate the term of office of a bishop dogwatch either of two short watches: from 4-6 pm or 6-8 pm split shift a working shift divided into two periods of time with several hours in between peacetime a period of time during which there is no war wartime a period of time during which there is armed conflict graveyard watch a watch during the night (as from midnight to 8 a.m.) indiction a 15-year cycle used as a chronological unit in ancient Rome and adopted in some medieval kingdoms Depression a period during the 1930s when there was a worldwide economic depression and mass unemployment incubation period the period between infection and the appearance of symptoms of the disease rainy day a (future) time of financial need; "I am saving for a rainy day" Regency the period from 1811-1820 when the Prince of Wales was regent during George III's periods of insanity running time the length of time that a movie or tv show runs show time the point in time at which an entertainment (a movie or television show etc.) is scheduled to begin safe period that time during a woman's menstrual cycle during which conception is least likely to occur (usually immediately before of after menstruation) then that time; that moment; "we will arrive before then"; "we were friends from then on" subsequently or soon afterward (often used as sentence connectors); "then he left"; "go left first, then right"; "first came lightning, then thunder"; "we watched the late movie and then went to bed"; "and so home and to bed" at that time; "I was young then"; "prices were lower back then"; "science as it was then taught" in that case or as a consequence; "if he didn't take it, then who did?"; "keep it then if you want to"; "the case, then, is closed"; "you've made up your mind then?"; "then you'll be rich" shiva (Judaism) a period of seven days of mourning after the death of close relative; "the family is sitting shiva" clotting time the time it takes for a sample of blood to clot; used to diagnose some clotting disorders rotational latency (computer science) the time it takes for a specific block of data on a data track to rotate around to the read/write head processing time the time it takes to complete a prescribed procedure; "they increased output by decreasing processing time" command processing overhead time (computer science) the processing time required by a device prior to the execution of a command Great Schism the period from 1378 to 1417 during which there were two papacies in the Roman Catholic Church, one in Rome and one in Avignon question time a period during a parliamentary session when members of British Parliament may ask questions of the ministers real time (computer science) the time it takes for a process under computer control to occur the actual time that it takes a process to occur; "information is updated in real time" usance the period of time permitted by commercial usage for the payment of a bill of exchange (especially a foreign bill of exchange) 9/11 the day in 2001 when Arab suicide bombers hijacked United States airliners and used them as bombs breathe draw air into, and expel out of, the lungs; "I can breathe better when the air is clean"; "The patient is respiring" reach full flavor by absorbing air and being let to stand after having been uncorked; "This rare Bordeaux must be allowed to breathe for at least 2 hours" manifest or evince; "She breathes the Christian spirit" utter or tell; "not breathe a word" impart as if by breathing; "He breathed new life into the old house" be alive; "Every creature that breathes" allow the passage of air through; "Our new synthetic fabric breathes and is perfect for summer wear" respire undergo the biomedical and metabolic processes of respiration by taking up oxygen and producing carbon monoxide breathe easily again, as after exertion or anxiety hyperventilate breathe excessively hard and fast; "The mountain climber started to hyperventilate" produce hyperventilation in; "The nurses had to hyperventilate the patient" burp expel gas from the stomach; "Please don't burp at the table" exhale expel air; "Exhale when you lift the weight" give out (breath or an odor); "The chimney exhales a thick smoke" inhale draw in (air); "Inhale deeply"; "inhale the fresh mountain air"; "The patient has trouble inspiring"; "The lung cancer patient cannot inspire air very well" draw deep into the lungs in by breathing; "Clinton smoked marijuana but never inhaled" expectorate discharge (phlegm or sputum) from the lungs and out of the mouth clear out the chest and lungs; "This drug expectorates quickly" snort make a snorting sound by exhaling hard; "The critic snorted contemptuously" indicate contempt by breathing noisily and forcefully through the nose; "she snorted her disapproval of the proposed bridegroom" insufflate blow or breathe hard on or into treat by blowing a powder or vapor into a bodily cavity breathe or blow onto as a ritual or sacramental act, especially so as to symbolize the action of the Holy Spirit palpebrate wink or blink, especially repeatedly having eyelids desquamate peel off in scales; "dry skin desquamates" fibrillate make fine, irregular, rapid twitching movements; "His heart fibrillated and he died" move involuntarily move in an uncontrolled manner act involuntarily act in an uncontrolled manner fall over backwards try very hard to please someone; "She falls over backwards when she sees her mother-in-law" presume take liberties or act with too much confidence constitute reasonable evidence for; "A restaurant bill presumes the consumption of food" vulgarize act in a vulgar manner; "The drunkard tends to vulgarize" optimize act as an optimist and take a sunny view of the world modify to achieve maximum efficiency in storage capacity or time or cost; "optimize a computer program" make optimal; get the most out of; use best; "optimize your resources" make act in a certain way so as to acquire; "make friends"; "make enemies" eliminate urine; "Again, the cat had made on the expensive rug" behave in a certain way; "make merry" give certain properties to something; "get someone mad"; "She made us look silly"; "He made a fool of himself at the meeting"; "Don't make this into a big deal"; "This invention will make you a millionaire"; "Make yourself clear" put in order or neaten; "make the bed"; "make up a room" develop into; "He will make a splendid father!" change from one form into another; "make water into wine"; "make lead into gold"; "make clay into bricks" favor the development of; "Practice makes the winner" cause to be enjoyable or pleasurable; "make my day" calculate as being; "I make the height about 100 feet" consider as being; "It wasn't the problem some people made it" represent fictitiously, as in a play, or pretend to be or act like; "She makes like an actress" assure the success of; "A good review by this critic will make your play!" make or cause to be or to become; "make a mess in one's office"; "create a furor" compel or make somebody or something to act in a certain way; "People cannot be made to integrate just by passing a law!"; "Heat makes you sweat" make by shaping or bringing together constituents; "make a dress"; "make a cake"; "make a wall of stones" gather and light the materials for; "make a fire" perform or carry out; "make a decision"; "make a move"; "make advances"; "make a phone call" reach in time; "We barely made the plane" proceed along a path; "work one's way through the crowd"; "make one's way into the forest" appear to begin an activity; "He made to speak but said nothing in the end"; "She made as if to say hello to us" engage in; "make love, not war"; "make an effort"; "do research"; "do nothing"; "make revolution" carry out or commit; "make a mistake"; "commit a faux-pas" form by assembling individuals or constituents; "Make a quorum" constitute the essence of; "Clothes make the man" amount to; "This salary increase makes no difference to my standard of living" be or be capable of being changed or made into; "He makes a great host"; "He will make a fine father" add up to; "four and four make eight" be suitable for; "Wood makes good furniture" undergo fabrication or creation; "This wool makes into a nice sweater" swagger act in an arrogant, overly self-assured, or conceited manner romanticize act in a romantic way make romantic in style; "The designer romanticized the little black dress" interpret romantically; "Don't romanticize this uninteresting and hard work!" sentimentalise act in a sentimental way or indulge in sentimental thoughts or expression bungle spoil by behaving clumsily or foolishly; "I bungled it!" stooge act as a stooge, in a compliant or subordinate manner; "He stooged for the flamboyant Senator" act as the stooge; "His role was to stooge for the popular comedian" cruise in slow or routine flights shake move with or as if with a tremor; "his hands shook" undermine or cause to waver; "my faith has been shaken"; "The bad news shook her hopes" bring to a specified condition by or as if by shaking; "He was shaken from his dreams"; "shake the salt out of the salt shaker" shake (a body part) to communicate a greeting, feeling, or cognitive state; "shake one's head"; "She shook her finger at the naughty students"; "The old enemies shook hands"; "Don't shake your fist at me!" move or cause to move back and forth; "The chemist shook the flask vigorously"; "My hands were shaking" get rid of; "I couldn't shake the car that was following me" shiver shake, as from cold; "The children are shivering--turn on the heat!" be active be in a state of action; "she is always moving" snooze sleep lightly or for a short period of time oversleep sleep longer than intended sleep late sleep later than usual or customary; "On Sundays, I sleep in" hibernate sleep during winter; "Bears must eat a lot of food before they hibernate in their caves" be in an inactive or dormant state estivate sleep during summer; "certain animals estivate" drowse be on the verge of sleeping; "The students were drowsing in the 8 AM class" zonk out fall asleep fast, as when one is extremely tired; "after the long drive, we zonked out and slept for 10 hours" lose consciousness due to a sudden trauma, for example fall asleep change from a waking to a sleeping state; "he always falls asleep during lectures" bed down go to bed; "We bedded down at midnight" doss sleep in a convenient place; "You can crash here, though it's not very comfortable" go to bed prepare for sleep; "I usually turn in at midnight"; "He goes to bed at the crack of dawn" get up get up and out of bed; "I get up at 7 A.M. every day"; "They rose early"; "He uprose at night" cause to rise; "The sergeant got us up at 2 A.M." wake up stop sleeping; "She woke up to the sound of the alarm clock" awaken cause to become awake or conscious; "He was roused by the drunken men in the street"; "Please wake me at 6 AM." make aware; "They were awakened to the sad facts" reawaken awaken once again cause to sleep make fall asleep; "The soft music caused us to fall asleep" ulcerate affect with an ulcer; "Her stomach was ulcerated" undergo ulceration; "Her stomach ulcerated" stay up not go to bed; "Don't stay up so late--you have to go to work tomorrow"; "We sat up all night to watch the election" keep up prevent from going to bed at night; "The anticipation of the trip kept the children up all night"; "I kept myself up all night studying for the exam" keep informed; "He kept up on his country's foreign policies" maintain a required pace or level; "He could not keep up and dropped out of the race" hypnotize induce hypnosis in anesthetize administer an anesthetic drug to; "The patient must be anesthetized before the operation"; "anesthetize the gum before extracting the teeth" etherize anesthetize with ether cocainize anesthetize with cocaine bring to return to consciousness; "These pictures bring back sad memories" sedate cause to be calm or quiet as by administering a sedative to; "The patient must be sedated before the operation" characterized by dignity and propriety stimulate cause to be alert and energetic; "Coffee and tea stimulate me"; "This herbal infusion doesn't stimulate" act as a stimulant; "The book stimulated her imagination"; "This play stimulates" stir the feelings, emotions, or peace of; "These stories shook the community"; "the civil war shook the country" stir feelings in; "stimulate my appetite"; "excite the audience"; "stir emotions" de-energize deprive of energy cathect inject with libidinal energy perk up gain or regain energy; "I picked up after a nap" come to return to consciousness; "The patient came to quickly"; "She revived after the doctor gave her an injection" attain; "The horse finally struck a pace" animate give new life or energy to; "A hot soup will revive me"; "This will renovate my spirits"; "This treatment repaired my health" endowed with animal life as distinguished from plant life; "we are animate beings" belonging to the class of nouns that denote living beings; "the word `dog' is animate" refresh make fresh again make (to feel) fresh; "The cool water refreshed us" freshen become or make oneself fresh again; "She freshened up after the tennis game" wash up wash one's face and hands; "She freshened up in the bathroom" be carried somewhere by water or as if by water; "The body washed up on the beach" wash dishes; "I cook and my husband washes up after dinner" carry somewhere (of water or current or waves); "The tide washed up the corpse" relax cause to feel relaxed; "A hot bath always relaxes me" become less tense, rest, or take one's ease; "He relaxed in the hot tub"; "Let's all relax after a hard day's work" make less taut; "relax the tension on the rope" become less severe or strict; "The rules relaxed after the new director arrived" make less severe or strict; "The government relaxed the curfew after most of the rebels were caught" become less tense, less formal, or less restrained, and assume a friendlier manner; "our new colleague relaxed when he saw that we were a friendly group" unbend release from mental strain, tension, or formality; "unbend the mind from absorbing too much information" free from flexure; "unbend a bow" unfasten, as a sail, from a spar or a stay vege out engage in passive relaxation; "After a hard day's work, I vegetate in front of the television" sit back settle into a comfortable sitting position limber up make one's body limber or suppler by stretching, as if to prepare for strenuous physical activity spread-eagle stretch out completely; "They spread-eagled him across the floor" defeat disastrously stand with arms and legs spread out execute a spread eagle on skates, with arms and legs stretched out stretch over; "His residences spread-eagle the entire county" with arms and legs stretched out and apart; "lay spread-eagle on the floor" exsert thrust or extend out; "He held out his hand"; "point a finger"; "extend a hand"; "the bee exserted its sting" hyperextend extend a joint beyond its normal range; "Don't hyperextend your elbow" invigorate impart vigor, strength, or vitality to; "Exercise is invigorating" grin to draw back the lips and reveal the teeth, in a smile, grimace, or snarl bellylaugh laugh a deep, hearty laugh break up laugh unrestrainedly cause to separate; "break up kidney stones"; "disperse particles" break or cause to break into pieces; "The plate fragmented" come apart; "the group broke up" break down collapse due to fatigue, an illness, or a sudden attack make ineffective; "Martin Luther King tried to break down racial discrimination" cause to fall or collapse lose control of one's emotions; "When she heard that she had not passed the exam, she lost it completely"; "When her baby died, she snapped" drop like flies rapidly collapse, die, or drop out in large numbers; "the contestants dropped like flies when the thermometer hit one hundred degrees" fall over fall forward and down; "The old woman went over without a sound" chuckle laugh quietly or with restraint convulse be overcome with laughter make someone convulse with laughter; "The comedian convulsed the crowd" contract involuntarily, as in a spasm; "The muscles in her face convulsed" cause to contract; "The spasm convulses her facial muscles" shake uncontrollably; "earthquakes convulsed the countryside" move or stir about violently; "The feverish patient thrashed around in his bed" cachinnate laugh loudly and in an unrestrained way glower look at with a fixed gaze; "The girl glared at the man who tried to make a pass at her" scowl frown with displeasure clap clap one's hands together; "The children were clapping to the music" strike together so as to produce a sharp percussive noise; "clap two boards together" strike with the flat of the hand; usually in a friendly way, as in encouragement or greeting put quickly or forcibly; "The judge clapped him in jail" strike the air in flight; "the wings of the birds clapped loudly" cause to strike the air in flight; "The big bird clapped its wings" screw up twist into a strained configuration; "screw up one's face" screw or turn higher clear the throat clear mucus or food from one's throat; "he cleared his throat before he started to speak" foment bathe with warm water or medicated lotions; "His legs should be fomented" cleanse clean one's body or parts thereof, as by washing; "clean up before you see your grandparents"; "clean your fingernails before dinner" purge of an ideology, bad thoughts, or sins; "Purgatory is supposed to cleanse you from your sins" sponge down wash with a sponge clean with a sponge, by rubbing epilate remove body hair; "epilate her legs" gauffer make wavy with a heated goffering iron; "goffer the trim of the dress" perm give a permanent wave to; "She perms her hair" clean up make oneself clean, presentable or neat; "Clean up before you go to the party" dispose of; "settle the bills" make a big profit; often in a short period of time; "The investor really cleaned up when the stock market went up" make up apply make-up or cosmetics to one's face to appear prettier; "She makes herself up every morning" devise or compose; "This designer makes up our Spring collections" make up work that was missed due to absence at a later point; "I have to make up a French exam"; "Can I catch up with the material or is it too late?" doll up use special care in dressing, making-up, etc.; "She dolled herself up for the night out with her friends" spruce up dress and groom with particular care, as for a special occasion; "He spruced up for the party" make neat, smart, or trim; "Spruce up your house for Spring"; "titivate the child" preen dress or groom with elaborate care; "She likes to dress when going to the opera" pride or congratulate (oneself) for an achievement clean with one's bill; "The birds preened" prank dress up showily; "He pranked himself out in his best clothes" dress or decorate showily or gaudily; "Roses were pranking the lawn" tart up dress up in a cheap and provocative way decorate in a cheap and flashy way; "the small-town bar was all tarted up" overdress put on special clothes to appear particularly appealing and attractive; "She never dresses up, even when she goes to the opera"; "The young girls were all fancied up for the party" dress too warmly; "You should not overclothe the child--she will be too hot" enrobe adorn with a robe provide with a coating; "enrobe the nuts with chocolate" prim dress primly contract one's lips; "She primmed her lips after every bite of food" assume a prim appearance; "They mince and prim" bedizen dress up garishly and tastelessly decorate tastelessly dress down dress informally and casually; "On Fridays, employees can underdress" prink dress very carefully and in a finicky manner reduce take off weight narrow or limit; "reduce the influx of foreigners" cook until very little liquid is left; "The cook reduced the sauce by boiling it for a long time" be the essential element; "The proposal boils down to a compromise" make smaller; "reduce an image" make less complex; "reduce a problem to a single question" cut down on; make a reduction in; "reduce your daily fat intake"; "The employer wants to cut back health benefits" destress and thus weaken a sound when pronouncing it reposition (a broken bone after surgery) back to its normal site undergo meiosis; "The cells reduce" lower in grade or rank or force somebody into an undignified situation; "She reduced her niece to a servant" simplify the form of a mathematical equation of expression by substituting one term for another lessen and make more modest; "reduce one's standard of living" bring to humbler or weaker state or condition; "He reduced the population to slavery" sweat off lose weight by sweating; "I sweated off 3 pounds in the sauna" bundle up dress warmly; "Mother bundled up the children for the long way to school" try on put on a garment in order to see whether it fits and looks nice; "Try on this sweater to see how it looks" underdress dress without sufficient warmth; "She was underdressed for the hiking trip and suffered hypothermia" peel off take off, as with some difficulty; "He peeled off his blood-soaked shirt" come off in flakes or thin small pieces; "The paint in my house is peeling off" peel off the outer layer of something leave a formation take off remove clothes; "take off your shirt--it's very hot in here" take away or remove; "Take that weight off me!" prove fatal; "The disease took off" mimic or imitate in an amusing or satirical manner; "This song takes off from a famous aria" depart from the ground; "The plane took off two hours late" take time off from work; stop working temporarily slip on put on with ease or speed; "slip into something more comfortable after work"; "slip on one's shoes" slip off take off with ease or speed; "She slipped off her jacket" cross-dress dress in the clothes of the other sex dandify dress like a dandy inseminate introduce semen into (a female) place seeds in or on (the ground); "sow the ground with sunflower seeds" stratify render fertile and preserve by placing between layers of earth or sand; "stratify seeds" form layers or strata; "The rock stratifies" form, arrange, or deposit in layers; "The fish are stratified in barrels"; "The rock was stratified by the force of the water"; "A statistician stratifies the list of names according to the addresses" divide society into social classes or castes; "Income distribution often stratifies a society" develop different social levels, classes, or castes; "Society stratifies when the income gap widens" quicken show signs of life; "the fetus quickened" give life or energy to; "The cold water invigorated him" impregnate make pregnant; "He impregnated his wife again" fertilize and cause to grow; "the egg was impregnated" infuse or fill completely; "Impregnate the cloth with alcohol" fill, as with a certain quality; "The heavy traffic tinctures the air with carbon monoxide" inoculate impregnate with the virus or germ of a disease in order to render immune insert a bud for propagation introduce a microorganism into introduce an idea or attitude into the mind of; "My teachers inoculated me with their beliefs" cross-fertilize cause to undergo cross-fertilization; "Mendel cross-fertilized different kinds of beans" undergo cross-fertilization; become fertile pollinate fertilize by transfering pollen conceive become pregnant; undergo conception; "She cannot conceive"; "My daughter was conceived in Christmas Day" beget make (offspring) by reproduction; "Abraham begot Isaac"; "John fathered four daughters" ejaculate eject semen reproduce have offspring or produce more individuals of a given animal or plant; "The Bible tells people to procreate"; "These bacteria reproduce" make a copy or equivalent of; "reproduce the painting" recreate a sound, image, idea, mood, atmosphere, etc.; "this DVD player reproduces the sound of the piano very well"; "He reproduced the feeling of sadness in the portrait" propagate multiply sexually or asexually cause to propagate, as by grafting or layering transmit or cause to broaden or spread; "This great civilization was propagated throughout the land" transmit; "propagate sound or light through air" travel through the air; "sound and light propagate in this medium" transmit from one generation to the next; "propagate these characteristics" vegetate propagate asexually; "The bacterial growth vegetated along" grow or spread abnormally; "warts and polyps can vegetate if not removed" grow like a plant; "This fungus usually vegetates vigorously" produce vegetation; "The fields vegetate vigorously" establish vegetation on; "They vegetated the hills behind their house" lead a passive existence without using one's body or mind fructify bear fruit; "the apple trees fructify" make productive or fruitful; "The earth that he fructified" become productive or fruitful; "The seeds fructified" pullulate breed freely and abundantly become abundant; increase rapidly give birth cause to be born; "My wife had twins yesterday!" create or produce an idea; "Marx and Engels gave birth to communism" lie in be in confinement for childbirth whelp give birth to (a puppy); "the dog whelped" calve give birth to (a calf); "the whales calve at this time of year" release ice; "The icebergs and glaciers calve" have a bun in the oven be pregnant with; "She is bearing his child"; "The are expecting another child in January"; "I am carrying his child" expect look forward to the birth of a child; "She is expecting in March" consider reasonable or due; "I'm expecting a full explanation as to why these files were destroyed" regard something as probable or likely; "The meteorologists are expecting rain for tomorrow" look forward to the probable occurrence of; "We were expecting a visit from our relatives"; "She is looking to a promotion"; "he is waiting to be drafted" carry to term carry out a pregnancy; "She decided to carry the child to term, even though the foetus was shown to be defective" miscarry suffer a miscarriage alter remove the ovaries of; "Is your cat spayed?" make an alteration to; "This dress needs to be altered" defeminize remove the ovaries of (female mammals such as cats) emasculate remove the testicles of a male animal deprive of strength or vigor; "The Senate emasculated the law" caponize convert a cock into a capon geld cut off the testicles (of male animals such as horses); "the vet gelded the young horse" vasectomize remove the vas deferens; "many men choose to be vasectomized as a form of safe birth control" sterilize make infertile; "in some countries, people with genetically transmissible disabilites are sterilized" make free from bacteria face-lift perform cosmetic surgery on someone's face trephine operate on with a trephine menstruate undergo menstruation; "She started menstruating at the age of 11" ovulate produce and discharge eggs; "women ovulate about once every month" antisepticize disinfect with an antiseptic; "The animals were antisepticized by the veterinarian before the operation" irritate excite to an abnormal condition, or chafe or inflame; "Aspirin irritates my stomach" excite to some characteristic action or condition, such as motion, contraction, or nervous impulse, by the application of a stimulus; "irritate the glands of a leaf" inflame become inflamed; get sore; "His throat inflamed" cause inflammation in; "The repetitive motion inflamed her joint" arouse or excite feelings and passions; "The ostentatious way of living of the rich ignites the hatred of the poor"; "The refugees' fate stirred up compassion around the world"; "Wake old feelings of hatred" soothe cause to feel better; "the medicine soothes the pain of the inflammation" relieve provide physical relief, as from pain; "This pill will relieve your headaches" alleviate or remove (pressure or stress) or make less oppressive; "relieve the pressure and the stress"; "lighten the burden of caring for her elderly parents" take by stealing; "The thief relieved me of $100" free from a burden, evil, or distress hurt give trouble or pain to; "This exercise will hurt your back" cause damage or affect negatively; "Our business was hurt by the new competition" hurt the feelings of; "She hurt me when she did not include me among her guests"; "This remark really bruised my ego" feel physical pain; "Were you hurting after the accident?" damaged; used of inanimate objects or their value suffering from physical injury especially that suffered in battle; "nursing his wounded arm"; "ambulances...for the hurt men and women" indispose cause to feel unwell; "She was indisposed" make unwilling suffer feel pain or be in pain undergo (as of injuries and illnesses); "She suffered a fracture in the accident"; "He had an insulin shock after eating three candy bars"; "She got a bruise on her leg"; "He got his arm broken in the scuffle" feel unwell or uncomfortable; "She is suffering from the hot weather" get worse; "His grades suffered" be set at a disadvantage; "This author really suffers in translation"; "The painting loses something in this light" experience (emotional) pain; "Every time her husband gets drunk, she suffers" undergo or be subjected to; "He suffered the penalty"; "Many saints suffered martyrdom" undergo or suffer; "meet a violent death"; "suffer a terrible fate" be given to; "She suffers from a tendency to talk too much" have suffer from; be ill with; "She has arthritis" undergo; "The stocks had a fast run-up" have or possess, either in a concrete or an abstract sense; "She has $1,000 in the bank"; "He has got two beautiful daughters"; "She holds a Master's degree from Harvard" have left; "I have two years left"; "I don't have any money left"; "They have two more years before they retire" achieve a point or goal; "Nicklaus had a 70"; "The Brazilian team got 4 goals"; "She made 29 points that day" have a personal or business relationship with someone; "have a postdoc"; "have an assistant"; "have a lover" have as a feature; "This restaurant features the most famous chefs in France" be confronted with; "What do we have here?"; "Now we have a fine mess" be well be healthy; feel good; "She has not been well lately" wail cry weakly or softly; "she wailed with pain" bawl cry loudly; "Don't bawl in public!" shout loudly and without restraint superfetate conceive when a fetus is already present in the uterus exude release (a liquid) in drops or small quantities; "exude sweat through the pores" make apparent by one's mood or behavior; "She exudes great confidence" distill give off (a liquid); "The doctor distilled a few drops of disinfectant onto the wound" undergo the process of distillation extract by the process of distillation; "distill the essence of this compound" reek be wet with sweat or blood, as of one's face smell badly and offensively; "The building reeks of smoke" give off smoke, fumes, warm vapour, steam, etc.; "Marshes reeking in the sun" transpire give off (water) through the skin come about, happen, or occur; "Several important events transpired last week" come to light; become known; "It transpired that she had worked as spy in East Germany" exude water vapor; "plants transpire" pass through the tissue or substance or its pores or interstices, as of gas extravasate geology: cause molten material, such as lava, to pour forth force out or cause to escape from a proper vessel or channel secrete generate and separate from cells or bodily fluids; "secrete digestive juices"; "release a hormone into the blood stream" place out of sight; keep secret; "The money was secreted from his children" swelter suffer from intense heat; "we were sweltering at the beach" be uncomfortably hot injure cause injuries or bodily harm to concuss injure the brain; sustain a concussion shake violently disagree with not be very easily digestible; "Spicy food disagrees with some people" urinate pass after the manner of urine; "The sick men urinated blood" wet make one's bed or clothes wet by urinating; "This eight year old boy still wets his bed" cause to become wet; "Wet your face" consisting of or trading in alcoholic liquor; "a wet cargo"; "a wet canteen" covered or soaked with a liquid such as water; "a wet bathing suit"; "wet sidewalks"; "wet weather" producing or secreting milk; "a wet nurse"; "a wet cow"; "lactating cows" supporting or permitting the legal production and sale of alcoholic beverages; "a wet candidate running on a wet platform"; "a wet county" containing moisture or volatile components; "wet paint" stale urinate, of cattle and horses lacking freshness, palatability, or showing deterioration from age; "stale bread"; "the beer was stale" excrete eliminate from the body; "Pass a kidney stone" evacuate excrete or discharge from the body empty completely; "evacuate the bottle" create a vacuum in (a bulb, flask, reaction vessel) move out of an unsafe location into safety; "After the earthquake, residents were evacuated" move people from their homes or country dung defecate; used of animals fertilize or dress with dung; "you must dung the land" constipate cause to be constipated; "These foods tend to constipate you" obstipate constipate severely shed blood lose blood from one's body kill violently; "They will never stop shedding the blood of their enemies" overtire tire excessively spew eject or send out in large quantities, also metaphorical; "the volcano spews out molten rocks every day"; "The editors of the paper spew out hostile articles about the Presidential candidate" keep down manage not to throw up gnash grind together, of teeth ail be ill or unwell correct treat a defect; "The new contact lenses will correct for his myopia" make right or correct; "Correct the mistakes"; "rectify the calculation" free from error; especially conforming to fact or truth; "the correct answer"; "the correct version"; "the right answer"; "took the right road"; "the right decision" socially right or correct; "it isn't right to leave the party without saying goodbye"; "correct behavior" in accord with accepted standards of usage or procedure; "what's the right word for this?"; "the right way to open oysters" irrigate supply with a constant flow or sprinkling of some liquid, for the purpose of cooling, cleansing, or disinfecting; "irrigate the wound" iodize treat with iodine so as to prevent infection; "iodize a wound" treat with iodine; "iodize salt" vet provide veterinary care for provide (a person) with medical care examine carefully; "Someone should vet this report before it goes out" work as a veterinarian; "She vetted for the farms in the area for many years" manipulate treat manually, as with massage, for therapeutic purposed hold something in one's hands and move it maintain influence over (others or oneself) skillfully, usually to one's advantage; "She manipulates her boss"; "She is a very controlling mother and doesn't let her children grow up"; "The teacher knew how to keep the class in line"; "she keeps in line" influence or control shrewdly or deviously; "He manipulated public opinion in his favor" administer give or apply (medications) perform (a church sacrament) ritually; "administer the last unction" work in an administrative capacity; supervise or be in charge of; "administer a program"; "she administers the funds" direct the taking of; "administer an exam"; "administer an oath" transfuse give a transfusion (e.g., of blood) to pour out of one vessel into another digitalize administer digitalis such that the patient benefits maximally without getting adverse effects bring around provide a cure for, make healthy again; "The treatment cured the boy's acne"; "The quack pretended to heal patients but never managed to" help improve the condition of; "These pills will help the patient" improve; change for the better; "New slipcovers will help the old living room furniture" give help or assistance; be of service; "Everyone helped out during the earthquake"; "Can you help me carry this table?"; "She never helps around the house" contribute to the furtherance of; "This money will help the development of literacy in developing countries" be of use; "This will help to prevent accidents" ligate bind with a bandage or ligature; "ligate the artery" bind chemically; "The enzyme ligated" join letters in a ligature when writing operate on perform surgery on; "The doctors operated on the patient but failed to save his life" venesect practice venesection medicate treat medicinally, treat with medicine impregnate with a medicinal substance overdose dose too heavily; "The rock star overdosed and was found dead in his hotel room" narcotize administer narcotics to anoint administer an oil or ointment to; often in a religious ceremony of blessing choose by or as if by divine intervention; "She was anointed the head of the Christian fundamentalist group" bleed draw blood; "In the old days, doctors routinely bled patients as part of the treatment" drain of liquid or steam; "bleed the radiators"; "the mechanic bled the engine" get or extort (money or other possessions) from someone; "They bled me dry--I have nothing left!" inject give an injection to; "We injected the glucose into the patient's vein" to introduce (a new aspect or element); "He injected new life into the performance" feed intravenously take by injection; "inject heroin" force or drive (a fluid or gas) into by piercing; "inject hydrogen into the balloon" infuse introduce into the body through a vein, for therapeutic purposes; "Some physiologists infuses sugar solutions into the veins of animals" undergo the process of infusion; "the mint tea is infusing" immunize perform vaccinations or produce immunity in by inoculation; "We vaccinate against scarlet fever"; "The nurse vaccinated the children in the school" law: grant immunity from prosecution sicken get sick; "She fell sick last Friday, and now she is in the hospital" make sick or ill; "This kind of food sickens me" upset and make nauseated; "The smell of the food turned the pregnant woman's stomach"; "The mold on the food sickened the diners" wan become pale and sickly lacking vitality as from weariness or illness or unhappiness; "a wan smile" catch cold come down with a cold intoxicate have an intoxicating effect on, of a drug make drunk (with alcoholic drinks) infect contaminate with a disease or microorganism communicate a disease to; "Your children have infected you with this head cold" affect in a contagious way; "His laughter infects everyone who is in the same room" corrupt with ideas or an ideology; "society was infected by racism" superinfect infect (an infected cell) further or infect a cell already containing similar organisms disinfect destroy microorganisms or pathogens by cleansing; "disinfect a wound" chlorinate disinfect with chlorine; "chlorinate a pool" treat or combine with chlorine; "chlorinated water" traumatize inflict a trauma upon galvanize stimulate (muscles) by administering a shock cover with zinc; "galvanize steel" mutilate destroy or injure severely; "mutilated bodies" destroy or injure severely; "The madman mutilates art work" maim injure or wound seriously and leave permanent disfiguration or mutilation; "people were maimed by the explosion" subluxate sprain or dislocate slightly; "subluxate the hip" disable injure permanently; "He was disabled in a car accident" make unable to perform a certain action; "disable this command on your computer" devolve grow worse; "Her condition deteriorated"; "Conditions in the slums degenerated"; "The discussion devolved into a shouting match" pass on or delegate to another; "The representative devolved his duties to his aides while he was in the hospital" recuperate get over an illness or shock; "The patient is recuperating" restore to good health or strength snap back recover quickly; "After the surgery, the patient snapped back in a few days" relapse go back to bad behavior; "Those who recidivate are often minor criminals" languish become feeble; "The prisoner has been languishing for years in the dungeon" fledge grow feathers; "The young sparrows are fledging already" decorate with feathers; "fledge an arrow" feed, care for, and rear young birds for flight grow come to have or undergo a change of (physical features and attributes); "He grew a beard"; "The patient developed abdominal pains"; "I got funny spots all over my body"; "Well-developed breasts" become larger, greater, or bigger; expand or gain; "The problem grew too large for me"; "Her business grew fast" increase in size by natural process; "Corn doesn't grow here"; "In these forests, mushrooms grow under the trees"; "her hair doesn't grow much anymore" cause to grow or develop; "He grows vegetables in his backyard" become attached by or as if by the process of growth; "The tree trunks had grown together" cultivate by growing, often involving improvements by means of agricultural techniques; "The Bordeaux region produces great red wines"; "They produce good ham in Parma"; "We grow wheat here"; "We raise hogs here" regrow grow anew or continue growth after an injury or interruption; "parts of the trunk of this tree can regrow"; "some invertebrates can regrow limbs or their tail after they lost it due to an injury" teethe grow teeth; cut the baby teeth; "The little one is teething now" ankylose undergo ankylosis; "joints ankylose" produce ankylosis by surgery pupate develop into a pupa; "the insect larva pupate" work up develop; "we worked up an as of an appetite" suppurate cause to ripen and discharge pus; "The oil suppurates the pustules" necrose undergo necrosis; "the tissue around the wound necrosed" regenerate restore strength; "This food revitalized the patient" undergo regeneration form or produce anew; "regenerate hatred" be formed or shaped anew replace (tissue or a body part) through the formation of new tissue; "The snake regenerated its tail" return to life; get or give new life or energy; "The week at the spa restored me" amplify (an electron current) by causing part of the power in the output circuit to act upon the input circuit reestablish on a new, usually improved, basis or make new or like new; "We renewed our friendship after a hiatus of twenty years"; "They renewed their membership" reformed spiritually or morally; "a regenerate sinner"; "regenerate by redemption from error or decay" rejuvenate become young again; "The old man rejuvenated when he became a grandfather" make younger or more youthful; "The contact with his grandchildren rejuvenated him" develop youthful topographical features; "the land rejuvenated" cause (a stream or river) to erode, as by an uplift of the land resuscitate cause to regain consciousness; "The doctors revived the comatose man" resurrect cause to become alive again; "raise from the dead"; "Slavery is already dead, and cannot be resurrected"; "Upraising ghosts" return from the dead; "Christ is risen!"; "The dead are to uprise" skin over grow new skin over an injury heal get healthy again; "The wound is healing slowly" granulate form granulating tissue; "wounds and ulcers can granulate" become granular form into grains poop out use up all one's strength and energy and stop working; "At the end of the march, I pooped out" splutter spit up in an explosive manner harm cause or do harm to; "These pills won't harm your system" salivate produce saliva; "We salivated when he described the great meal" be envious, desirous, eager for, or extremely happy about something; "She was salivating over the raise she anticipated" pale turn pale, as if in fear abnormally deficient in color as suggesting physical or emotional distress; "the pallid face of the invalid"; "her wan face suddenly flushed" lacking in vitality or interest or effectiveness; "a pale rendition of the aria"; "pale prose with the faint sweetness of lavender"; "a pallid performance" very light colored; highly diluted with white; "pale seagreen"; "pale blue eyes" not full or rich; "high, pale, pure and lovely song" (of light) lacking in intensity or brightness; dim or feeble; "the pale light of a half moon"; "a pale sun"; "the late afternoon light coming through the el tracks fell in pale oblongs on the street"; "a pallid sky"; "the pale (or wan) stars"; "the wan light of dawn" etiolate make pale or sickly; "alcohol etiolates your skin" bleach and alter the natural development of (a green plant) by excluding sunlight make weak by stunting the growth or development of (especially of plants) developed without chlorophyll by being deprived of light; "etiolated celery" suntan get a tan from being exposed to the sun generalize become systemic and spread throughout the body; "this kind of infection generalizes throughout the immune system" draw from specific cases for more general cases speak or write in generalities metastasize spread throughout the body; "the cancer had metastasized and the patient could not be saved" emit expel (gases or odors) give off, send forth, or discharge; as of light, heat, or radiation, vapor, etc.; "The ozone layer blocks some harmful rays which the sun emits" feel like a million be in excellent health and spirits; "he feels like a million after he got the promotion" suffocate feel uncomfortable for lack of fresh air; "The room was hot and stuffy and we were suffocating" be asphyxiated; die from lack of oxygen; "The child suffocated under the pillow" suppress the development, creativity, or imagination of; "His job suffocated him" become stultified, suppressed, or stifled; "He is suffocating--living at home with his aged parents in the small village" impair the respiration of or obstruct the air passage of; "The foul air was slowly suffocating the children" piffle act in a trivial or ineffective way run down injure or kill by knocking (someone or something) down and passing over the body, as with a vehicle pursue until captured; "They ran down the fugitive" move downward; "The water ran down" deplete; "exhaust one's savings"; "We quickly played out our strength" trace; "We are running down a few tips" pack on gain (weight); "He packed on two pounds over the summer" make as if begin or appear to begin an action; "He made as if to shake my hand" refracture break (a bone) that was previously broken but mended in an abnormal way; "The surgeon had to refracture her wrist" froth exude or expel foam; "the angry man was frothing at the mouth" make froth or foam and become bubbly; "The river foamed" brutalize become brutal or insensitive and unfeeling make brutal, unfeeling, or inhuman; "Life in the camps had brutalized him" treat brutally caramelize convert to caramel be converted into caramel; "The sugar caramelized" rasterize convert (an image) into pixels humify convert (plant remains) into humus verbalize convert into a verb; "many English nouns have become verbalized" be verbose; "This lawyer verbalizes and is rather tedious" creolize develop into a creole; "pidgins often creolize" sporulate convert into spores produce spores; "plants sporulate" novelize convert into the form or the style of a novel; "The author novelized the historical event" deaden convert (metallic mercury) into a grey powder consisting of minute globules, as by shaking with chalk or fatty oil make less lively, intense, or vigorous; impair in vigor, force, activity, or sensation; "Terror blunted her feelings"; "deaden a sound" become lifeless, less lively, intense, or active; lose life, force, or vigor lessen the momentum or velocity of; "deaden a ship's headway" make vapid or deprive of spirit; "deadened wine" opalize replace or convert into opal; "opalized tree trunks" make opalescent receive convert into sounds or pictures; "receive the incoming radio signals" receive a specified treatment (abstract); "These aspects of civilization do not find expression or receive an interpretation"; "His movie received a good review"; "I got nothing but trouble for my good intentions" regard favorably or with disapproval; "Her new collection of poems was not well received" accept as true or valid; "He received Christ" partake of the Holy Eucharist sacrament express willingness to have in one's home or environs; "The community warmly received the refugees" get something; come into possession of; "receive payment"; "receive a gift"; "receive letters from the front" have or give a reception; "The lady is receiving Sunday morning" reconvert convert back; "Hollywood is reconverting old films" keep out remain outside continue exist over a prolonged period of time; "The bad weather continued for two more weeks" continue talking; "`I know it's hard', he continued, `but there is no choice'"; "carry on--pretend we are not in the room" keep or maintain in unaltered condition; cause to remain or last; "preserve the peace in the family"; "continue the family tradition"; "Carry on the old traditions" continue a certain state, condition, or activity; "Keep on working!"; "We continued to work into the night"; "Keep smiling"; "We went on working until well past midnight" continue after an interruption; "The demonstration continued after a break for lunch" do something repeatedly and showing no intention to stop; "We continued our research into the cause of the illness"; "The landlord persists in asking us to move" sit tight maintain the same position; wait it out; "Let's not make a decision--let's sit tight" differentiate become distinct and acquire a different character become different during development; "cells differentiate" calculate a derivative; take the derivative speciate evolve so as to lead to a new species or develop in a way most suited to the environment dedifferentiate lose specialization in form or function mutate undergo mutation; "cells mutate" arterialize change venous blood into arterial blood revert undergo reversion, as in a mutation go back to a previous state; "We reverted to the old rules" alternate do something in turns; "We take turns on the night shift" go back and forth; swing back and forth between two states or conditions exchange people temporarily to fulfill certain jobs and functions of leaves and branches etc; first on one side and then on the other in two ranks along an axis; not paired; "stems with alternate leaves" serving or used in place of another; "an alternative plan" counterchange cause to change places; "interchange this screw for one of a smaller size" vascularize make vascular; "the yolk sac is gradually vascularized" become vascular and have vessels that circulate fluids; "The egg yolk vascularized" decrepitate to roast or calcine so as to cause to crackle or until crackling stops; "decrepitate salts" undergo decrepitation and crackle; "The salt decrepitated" suburbanize make suburban in character; "highly suburbanized cities" take on suburban character; "the city suburbanized" modulate vary the frequency, amplitude, phase, or other characteristic of (electromagnetic waves) adjust the pitch, tone, or volume of change the key of, in music; "modulate the melody" avianize to modify microorganisms by repeated culture in the developing chick embryo revolutionize change radically; "E-mail revolutionized communication in academe" fill with revolutionary ideas overthrow by a revolution, of governments bald grow bald; lose hair on one's head; "He is balding already" lacking hair on all or most of the scalp; "a bald pate"; "a bald-headed gentleman" without the natural or usual covering; "a bald spot on the lawn"; "bare hills" with no effort to conceal; "a barefaced lie" sensualize debase through carnal gratification ascribe to an origin in sensation represent materialistically, as in a painting or a sculpture barbarize make crude or savage in behavior or speech; "his years in prison have barbarized the young man" become crude or savage or barbaric in behavior or language alkalinize make (a substance) alkaline; "The oxide is alkalized" become alkaline mythologize make into a myth; "The Europeans have mythicized Rte. 66" construct a myth; "The poet mythologized that the King had three sons" allegorize make into an allegory; "The story was allegorized over time" interpret as an allegory demythologize remove the mythical element from (writings); "the Bible should be demythologized and examined for its historical value" bring bring into a different state; "this may land you in jail" induce or persuade; "The confession of one of the accused brought the others to admit to the crime as well" go or come after and bring or take back; "Get me those books over there, please"; "Could you bring the wine?"; "The dog fetched the hat" be accompanied by; "Can I bring my cousin to the dinner?" cause to come into a particular state or condition; "Long hard years of on the job training had brought them to their competence"; "bring water to the boiling point" cause to happen or to occur as a consequence; "I cannot work a miracle"; "wreak havoc"; "bring comments"; "play a joke"; "The rain brought relief to the drought-stricken area" attract the attention of; "The noise and the screaming brought the curious" take something or somebody with oneself somewhere; "Bring me the box from the other room"; "Take these letters to the boss"; "This brings me to the main point" secularize make secular and draw away from a religious orientation; "Ataturk secularized Turkey" rubberize coat or impregnate with rubber; "rubberize fabric for rain coats" coarsen make less subtle or refined; "coarsen one's ideals" make or become coarse or coarser; "coarsen the surface"; "Their minds coarsened" anodize coat a metal with an oxide coat equilibrate bring to a chemical stasis or equilibrium strike a blow affect adversely; "The court ruling struck a blow at the old segregation laws" repercuss cause repercussions; have an unwanted effect tell on produce an effect or strain on somebody; "Each step told on his tired legs" redound have an effect for good or ill; "Her efforts will redound to the general good" contribute; "Everything redounded to his glory" return or recoil; "Fame redounds to the heroes" bacterize subject to the action of bacteria change by reversal change to the contrary; "The trend was reversed"; "the tides turned against him"; "public opinion turned when it was revealed that the president had an affair with a White House intern" turn the tables cause a complete reversal of the circumstances; "The tables are turned now that the Republicans are in power!" commutate reverse the direction of (an alternating electric current) each half cycle so as to produce a unidirectional current alchemize alter (elements) by alchemy alcoholize make alcoholic, as by fermenting; "alcoholize prunes" treat or infuse with alcohol; "alcoholize the fruit and let them sit in the refrigerator" subject to the influence of alcohol; "After we finished dinner, we were thoroughly alcoholized" change integrity change in physical make-up switch over change over, change around, as to a new order or sequence change shape assume a different shape or form individuate give individual shape or form to; "Language that individuates his memories" give individual character to constellate form a constellation or cluster tabulate shape or cut with a flat surface crystallize cause to take on a definite and clear shape; "He tried to crystallize his thoughts" assume crystalline form; become crystallized cause to form crystals or assume crystalline form; "crystallize minerals" culminate rise to, or form, a summit; "The helmet culminated in a crest" bring to a head or to the highest point; "Seurat culminated pointillism" end, especially to reach a final or climactic stage; "The meeting culminated in a tearful embrace" reach the highest altitude or the meridian, of a celestial body reach the highest or most decisive point sliver form into slivers; "sliver wood" divide into slivers or splinters conglobate assume a globular shape round off express as a round number; "round off the amount" change state undergo a transformation or a change of position or action; "We turned from Socialism to Capitalism"; "The people turned against the President when he stole the election" fall off diminish in size or intensity come off; "This button had fallen off" fall in love begin to experience feelings of love towards; "She fell in love with her former student" suspend cause to be held in suspension in a fluid; "suspend the particles" make inoperative or stop; "suspend payments on the loan" hang freely; "The secret police suspended their victims from the ceiling and beat them" bar temporarily; from school, office, etc. render temporarily ineffective; "the prison sentence was suspended" resuspend put back into suspension; "resuspend particles" sober up become sober after excessive alcohol consumption; "Keep him in bed until he sobers up" become more realistic; "After thinking about the potential consequences of his plan, he sobered up" sober cause to become sober; "A sobering thought" not affected by a chemical substance (especially alcohol) become enter or assume a certain state or condition; "He became annoyed when he heard the bad news"; "It must be getting more serious"; "her face went red with anger"; "She went into ecstasy"; "Get going!" come into existence; "What becomes has duration" undergo a change or development; "The water turned into ice"; "Her former friend became her worst enemy"; "He turned traitor" enhance the appearance of; "Mourning becomes Electra"; "This behavior doesn't suit you!" adjust adapt or conform oneself to new or different conditions; "We must adjust to the bad economic situation" alter or regulate so as to achieve accuracy or conform to a standard; "Adjust the clock, please"; "correct the alignment of the front wheels" make correspondent or conformable; "Adjust your eyes to the darkness" decide how much is to be paid on an insurance claim follow behave in accordance or in agreement with; "Follow a pattern"; "Follow my example" grasp the meaning; "Can you follow her argument?"; "When he lectures, I cannot follow" travel along a certain course; "follow the road"; "follow the trail" to travel behind, go after, come after; "The ducklings followed their mother around the pond"; "Please follow the guide through the museum" adhere to or practice; "These people still follow the laws of their ancient religion" accept and follow the leadership or command or guidance of; "Let's follow our great helmsman!"; "She followed a guru for years" come as a logical consequence; follow logically; "It follows that your assertion is false"; "the theorem falls out nicely" come after in time, as a result; "A terrible tsunami followed the earthquake" be next; "Mary plays best, with John and Sue following" to bring something about at a later time than; "She followed dinner with a brandy"; "He followed his lecture with a question and answer period" go by be or act in accordance with; "Go by this rule and you'll be safe" be called; go by a certain name; "She goes by her maiden name again" readjust adjust anew; "After moving back to America, he had to readjust" adjust again after an initial failure reconstruct cause somebody to adapt or reform socially or politically reassemble mentally; "reconstruct the events of 20 years ago" readapt adapt anew; "He readapted himself" shrink decrease in size, range, or extent; "His earnings shrank"; "My courage shrivelled when I saw the task before me" become smaller or draw together; "The fabric shrank"; "The balloon shrank" reduce in size; reduce physically; "Hot water will shrink the sweater"; "Can you shrink this image?" drop off fall or diminish; "The number of students in this course dropped off after the first test" vanish decrease rapidly and disappear; "the money vanished in las Vegas"; "all my stock assets have vaporized" cease to exist; "An entire civilization vanished" become invisible or unnoticeable; "The effect vanished when day broke" suppress lessen to the point of stopping; "suppress a yawn"; "this drug can suppress the hemorrhage" bring under control by force or authority; "suppress a nascent uprising"; "stamp down on littering"; "conquer one's desires" put out of one's consciousness extend increase in quantity or bulk by adding a cheaper substance; "stretch the soup by adding some more cream"; "extend the casserole with a little rice" prolong the time allowed for payment of; "extend the loan" expand the influence of; "The King extended his rule to the Eastern part of the continent" open or straighten out; unbend; "Can we extend the legs of this dining table?" make available; provide; "extend a loan"; "The bank offers a good deal on new mortgages" reach outward in space; "The awning extends several feet over the sidewalk" augment enlarge or increase; "The recent speech of the president augmented tensions in the Near East" grow or intensify; "The pressure augmented" build up enlarge, develop, or increase by degrees or in stages; "build up your savings" change the use of and make available or usable; "develop land"; "The country developed its natural resources"; "The remote areas of the country were gradually built up" form or accumulate steadily; "Resistance to the manager's plan built up quickly"; "Pressure is building up at the Indian-Pakistani border" bolster or strengthen; "We worked up courage"; "build up confidence"; "ramp up security in the airports" enlarge make larger; "She enlarged the flower beds" become larger or bigger up raise; "up the ante" open; "the windows are up" being or moving higher in position or greater in some value; being above a former position or level; "the anchor is up"; "the sun is up"; "he lay face up"; "he is up by a pawn"; "the market is up"; "the corn is up" spatially or metaphorically from a lower to a higher position; "look up!"; "the music surged up"; "the fragments flew upwards"; "prices soared upwards"; "upwardly mobile" to a later time; "they moved the meeting date up"; "from childhood upward" to a more central or a more northerly place; "was transferred up to headquarters"; "up to Canada for a vacation" nearer to the speaker; "he walked up and grabbed my lapels" to a higher intensity; "he turned up the volume" accrue grow by addition; "The interest accrues" come into the possession of; "The house accrued to the oldest son" ease up reduce pressure or intensity; "he eased off the gas pedal and the car slowed down" become less intense add to have an increased effect; "This adds to my worries" explode increase rapidly and in an uncontrolled manner; "The population of India is exploding"; "The island's rodent population irrupted" burst outward, usually with noise; "The champagne bottle exploded" be unleashed; emerge with violence or noise; "His anger exploded" cause to burst with a violent release of energy; "We exploded the nuclear bomb" show (a theory or claim) to be baseless, or refute and make obsolete show a violent emotional reaction; "The boss exploded when he heard of the resignation of the secretary" drive from the stage by noisy disapproval cause to burst as a result of air pressure; of stop consonants like /p/, /t/, and /k/ destroy by exploding; "The enemy exploded the bridge" bump up increase or raise; "OPEC bumped up the price of oil" accumulate collect or gather; "Journals are accumulating in my office"; "The work keeps piling up" accrete grow or become attached by accretion; "The story accreted emotion" grow together (of plants and organs); "After many years the rose bushes grew together" run up pile up (debts or scores) make by sewing together quickly; "run up a skirt" assimilate become similar to one's environment; "Immigrants often want to assimilate quickly" make similar; "This country assimilates immigrants very quickly" become similar in sound; "The nasal assimilates to the following consonant" take (gas, light or heat) into a solution acculturate assimilate culturally detribalize cause members of a tribe to lose their cultural identity dissimilate become dissimilar or less similar; "These two related tribes of people gradually dissimilated over time" make dissimilar; cause to become less similar become dissimilar by changing the sound qualities; "These consonants dissimilate" rectify convert into direct current; "rectify alternating current" set straight or right; "remedy these deficiencies"; "rectify the inequities in salaries"; "repair an oversight" math: determine the length of; "rectify a curve" utilize convert (from an investment trust to a unit trust) capitalize convert (a company's reserve funds) into capital consider expenditures as capital assets rather than expenses compute the present value of a business or an income write in capital letters draw advantages from; "he is capitalizing on her mistake"; "she took advantage of his absence to meet her lover" supply with capital, as of a business by using a combination of capital used by investors and debt capital provided by lenders overcapitalize capitalize beyond what the business or the profit-making prospects warrant overestimate the market value of; "overcapitalize a property" estimate the capital value of (a company) at an unreasonably or unlawfully high level transduce cause transduction (of energy forms) replace substitute a person or thing for (another that is broken or inefficient or lost or no longer working or yielding what is expected); "He replaced the old razor blade"; "We need to replace the secretary that left a month ago"; "the insurance will replace the lost income"; "This antique vase can never be replaced" put something back where it belongs; "replace the book on the shelf after you have finished reading it"; "please put the clean dishes back in the cabinet when you have washed them" refurbish make brighter and prettier; "we refurbished the guest wing"; "My wife wants us to renovate" gentrify renovate so as to make it conform to middle-class aspirations; "gentrify a row of old houses"; "gentrify the old center of town" revamp to patch up or renovate; repair or restore; "They revamped their old house before selling it" renovate restore to a previous or better condition; "They renovated the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel" revitalize give new life or vigor to vitalize make more lively or vigorous; "The treatment at the spa vitalized the old man" give life to; "The eggs are vitalized" ruggedize produce in a version designed to withstand rough usage; "Detroit ruggedized the family car" consolidate make firm or secure; strengthen; "consolidate one's gains"; "consolidate one's hold on first place" make or form into a solid or hardened mass; "consolidate fibers into boards" form into a solid mass or whole; "The mud had consolidated overnight" unite into one; "The companies consolidated" bring together into a single whole or system; "The town and county schools are being consolidated" bombproof make safe against bombings able to resist the explosive force of bombs and shells; "bombproof shelter" bulletproof make bulletproof; "bulletproof the car" not penetrable by bullets; "bulletproof glass"; "bulletproof vest" child-proof make safe against children; "childproof the apartment" goofproof proof against human misuse or error; "foolproof this appliance" fireproof make resistant to fire impervious to damage by fire weatherproof make resistant to bad weather able to withstand exposure to weather without damage; "weatherproof electric wiring"; "a weatherproof coat" devitalize sap of life or energy; "The recession devitalized the economy" eviscerate take away a vital or essential part of; "the compromise among the parties eviscerated the bill that had been proposed" remove the contents of; "eviscerate the stomach" having been disembowelled reincarnate cause to appear in a new form; "the old product was reincarnated to appeal to a younger market" be born anew in another body after death; "Hindus believe that we transmigrate" having a new body revive restore from a depressed, inactive, or unused state; "He revived this style of opera"; "He resurrected the tango in this remote part of Argentina" be brought back to life, consciousness, or strength; "Interest in ESP revived" republish revive (a cancelled will or a libel) publish again; "The scientist republished his results after he made some corrections" change magnitude change in size or magnitude modify make less severe or harsh or extreme; "please modify this letter to make it more polite"; "he modified his views on same-gender marriage" add a modifier to a constituent attemper modify the temperature of; "attemper the air" syncopate modify the rhythm by stressing or accenting a weak beat omit a sound or letter in a word; "syncopate a word" soup up make more powerful; "he souped up the old cars" enrich make better or improve in quality; "The experience enriched her understanding"; "enriched foods" make wealthy or richer; "the oil boom enriched a lot of local people" redevelop change the plans for the use of (land) formulate or develop again, of an improved theory or hypothesis develop for a second time, in order to improve the contrast, colour, etc., of a negative or print round out make bigger or better or more complete fill out; "These studies round out the results of many years of research" deprive take away keep from having, keeping, or obtaining take away possessions from someone; "The Nazis stripped the Jews of all their assets" fail get worse; "Her health is declining" stop operating or functioning; "The engine finally went"; "The car died on the road"; "The bus we travelled in broke down on the way to town"; "The coffee maker broke"; "The engine failed on the way to town"; "her eyesight went after the accident" prove insufficient; "The water supply for the town failed after a long drought" disappoint, prove undependable to; abandon, forsake; "His sense of smell failed him this time"; "His strength finally failed him"; "His children failed him in the crisis" become bankrupt or insolvent; fail financially and close; "The toy company went bankrupt after the competition hired cheap Mexican labor"; "A number of banks failed that year" fall short in what is expected; "She failed in her obligations as a good daughter-in-law"; "We must not fail his obligation to the victims of the Holocaust" fail to get a passing grade; "She studied hard but failed nevertheless"; "Did I fail the test?" judge unacceptable; "The teacher failed six students" be unsuccessful; "Where do today's public schools fail?"; "The attempt to rescue the hostages failed miserably" fail to do something; leave something undone; "She failed to notice that her child was no longer in his crib"; "The secretary failed to call the customer and the company lost the account" be unable; "I fail to understand your motives" disestablish deprive (an established church) of its status extirpate surgically remove (an organ) enucleate remove (a tumor or eye) from an enveloping sac or cover remove the nucleus from (a cell) exenterate remove the contents of (an organ) decorticate remove the cortex of (an organ) remove the outer layer of; "decorticate a tree branch" ablate remove an organ or bodily structure wear away through erosion or vaporization clean remove unwanted substances from, such as feathers or pits; "Clean the turkey" remove shells or husks from; "clean grain before milling it" remove while making clean; "Clean the spots off the rug" make clean by removing dirt, filth, or unwanted substances from; "Clean the stove!"; "The dentist cleaned my teeth" remove all contents or possession from, or empty completely; "The boys cleaned the sandwich platters"; "The trees were cleaned of apples by the storm" deprive wholly of money in a gambling game, robbery, etc.; "The other players cleaned him completely" be cleanable; "This stove cleans easily" free of drugs; "after a long dependency on heroin she has been clean for 4 years" free from clumsiness; precisely or deftly executed; "he landed a clean left on his opponent's cheek"; "a clean throw"; "the neat exactness of the surgeon's knife" not carrying concealed weapons free from dirt or impurities; or having clean habits; "children with clean shining faces"; "clean white shirts"; "clean dishes"; "a spotlessly clean house"; "cats are clean animals" (of behavior or especially language) free from objectionable elements; fit for all observers; "good clean fun"; "a clean joke" not spreading pollution or contamination; especially radioactive contamination; "a clean fuel"; "cleaner and more efficient engines"; "the tactical bomb is reasonably clean" ritually clean or pure thorough and without qualification; "a clean getaway"; "a clean sweep"; "a clean break" without difficulties or problems; "a clean test flight" exhibiting or calling for sportsmanship or fair play; "a clean fight"; "a sporting solution of the disagreement"; "sportsmanlike conduct" (of a manuscript) having few alterations or corrections; "fair copy"; "a clean manuscript" morally pure; "led a clean life" (of a record) having no marks of discredit or offense; "a clean voting record"; "a clean driver's license" free from impurities; "clean water"; "fresh air" (of sound or color) free from anything that dulls or dims; "efforts to obtain a clean bass in orchestral recordings"; "clear laughter like a waterfall"; "clear reds and blues"; "a light lilting voice like a silver bell" free of restrictions or qualifications; "a clean bill of health"; "a clear winner" completely; used as intensifiers; "clean forgot the appointment"; "I'm plumb (or plum) tuckered out" muck remove muck, clear away muck, as in a mine tear away remove by pulling or ripping violently and forcefully; "The passing bus tore off her side mirror" uncloak remove a cloak from take away take out or remove; "take out the chicken after adding the vegetables" take away a part from; diminish; "His bad manners detract from his good character" remove from a certain place, environment, or mental or emotional state; transport into a new location or state; "Their dreams carried the Romantics away into distant lands"; "The car carried us off to the meeting"; "I'll take you away on a holiday"; "I got carried away when I saw the dead man and I started to cry" take from a person or place; "We took the abused child away from its parents" unhinge remove the hinges from; "unhinge the door" shuck remove the shucks from; "shuck corn" remove from the shell; "shuck oysters" chip away remove or withdraw gradually: "These new customs are chipping away at the quality of life" knock out destroy or break forcefully; "The windows were knocked out" empty (as of tobacco) by knocking out; "knocked out a pipe" eliminate; "knock out a target" overwhelm with admiration; "All the guys were knocked out by her charm" scavenge remove unwanted substances from feed on carrion or refuse; "hyenas scavenge" clean refuse from; "Scavenge a street" hypophysectomize remove the pituitary glands degas remove gas from clear off remove from sight unclutter rid of obstructions; "Clear your desk" add make an addition (to); join or combine or unite with others; increase the quality, quantity, size or scope of; "We added two students to that dorm room"; "She added a personal note to her letter"; "Add insult to injury"; "Add some extra plates to the dinner table" make an addition by combining numbers; "Add 27 and 49, please!" state or say further; "`It doesn't matter,' he supplied" constitute an addition; "This paper will add to her reputation" gild the lily make unnecessary additions to what is already complete adorn unnecessarily (something that is already beautiful) adjoin attach or add; "I adjoin a copy of your my lawyer's letter" work in add by mixing or blending on or attaching; "work in the butter and the dough will get the right consistency"; "In his speech, the presidential candidate worked in a lot of learned words" add on make an addition; "Let's add on to this" include add as part of something else; put in as part of a set, group, or category; "We must include this chemical element in the group" consider as part of something; "I include you in the list of culprits" have as a part, be made up out of; "The list includes the names of many famous writers" put on add to something existing; "She put on a sun room" add to the odometer; "He put on 1,000 miles on this trip" apply to a surface; "She applied paint to the back of the house"; "Put on make-up!" carry out (performances); "They turned in a splendid effort"; "They turned in top jobs for the second straight game" put on the stove or ready for cooking; "put on the tea, please!" butylate introduce the butyl group into a chemical compound oxygenate impregnate, combine, or supply with oxygen; "oxygenate blood" mercerize treat to strengthen and improve the luster; "mercerize cotton" fluoridate subject to fluoridation; treat with fluoride; "fluoridized water"; "fluoridize the teeth of children" camphorate treat with camphor bromate treat with bromine react with bromine ammoniate treat with ammonia catheterize insert a catheter into (a body part); "catheterize the patient's bladder" launder convert illegally obtained funds into legal ones intersperse introduce one's writing or speech with certain expressions place at intervals in or among; "intersperse exclamation marks in the text" interleave intersperse alternately, as of protective covers for book illustrations intersperse the sectors on the concentric magnetic circular patterns written on a computer disk surface to guide the storing and recording of data provide (books) with blank leaves foist insert surreptitiously or without warrant to force onto another; "He foisted his work on me" intercalate insert (days) in a calendar punctuate insert punctuation marks into interrupt periodically; "Her sharp questions punctuated the speaker's drone" concatenate add by linking or joining so as to form a chain or series; "concatenate terms"; "concatenate characters" combine two strings to form a single one activate make active or more active; "activate an old file" make (substances) radioactive aerate (sewage) so as to favor the growth of organisms that decompose organic matter make more adsorptive; "activate a metal" biodegrade break down naturally through the action of biological agents; "Plastic bottles do not biodegrade" inactivate make inactive; "they deactivated the file" deactivate remove from active military status or reassign; "The men were deactivated after five years of service" reactivate activate (an old file) anew obtund reduce the edge or violence of; "obtunded reflexes" petrify cause to become stonelike or stiff or dazed and stunned from fright; "The horror petrified his feelings"; "Fear petrified her thinking" jazz up make more interesting or lively; "juice up a party"; "pep up your paper" enliven make lively; "let's liven up this room a bit" totalize make into a total; "Can we totalize these different ideas into one philosophy?" recombine to combine or put together again cause genetic recombination; "should scientists recombine DNA?" undergo genetic recombination; "The DNA can recombine" denude lay bare; "denude a forest" clear-cut remove all the trees at one time; "clear-cut an acre of forest" clearly or sharply defined to the mind; "clear-cut evidence of tampering"; "Claudius was the first to invade Britain with distinct...intentions of conquest"; "trenchant distinctions between right and wrong" having had all the trees removed at one time; "clear-cut hillsides are subject to erosion" defoliate strip the leaves or branches from; "defoliate the trees with pesticides" deprived of leaves deforest remove the trees from; "The landscape was deforested by the enemy attacks" burn off clear land of its vegetation by burning it off use up (energy); "burn off calories through vigorous exercise" declaw remove the claws from; "declaw a cat" defang remove the fangs from; "defang the poisonous snake" dehorn take the horns off (an animal) prevent the growth of horns of certain animals disbud destroy undeveloped horn buds (of cattle) thin out buds to improve the quality of the remaining flowers disembowel remove the entrails of; "draw a chicken" moderate make less fast or intense; "moderate your speed" preside over; "John moderated the discussion" not extreme; "a moderate penalty"; "temperate in his response to criticism" being within reasonable or average limits; not excessive or extreme; "moderate prices"; "a moderate income"; "a moderate fine"; "moderate demands"; "a moderate estimate"; "a moderate eater"; "moderate success"; "a kitchen of moderate size"; "the X-ray showed moderate enlargement of the heart" marked by avoidance of extravagance or extremes; "moderate in his demands"; "restrained in his response" mitigate make less severe or harsh; "mitigating circumstances" qualify make more specific; "qualify these remarks" make fit or prepared; "Your education qualifies you for this job" describe or portray the character or the qualities or peculiarities of; "You can characterize his behavior as that of an egotist"; "This poem can be characterized as a lament for a dead lover" pronounce fit or able; "She was qualified to run the marathon"; "They nurses were qualified to administer the injections" prove capable or fit; meet requirements remodel do over, as of (part of) a house; "We are remodeling these rooms" debug locate and correct errors in a computer program code; "debug this program" edit prepare for publication or presentation by correcting, revising, or adapting; "Edit a book on lexical semantics"; "she edited the letters of the politician so as to omit the most personal passages" cut or eliminate; "she edited the juiciest scenes" cut and assemble the components of; "edit film"; "cut recording tape" supervise the publication of; "The same family has been editing the influential newspaper for almost 100 years" bowdlerize edit by omitting or modifying parts considered indelicate; "bowdlerize a novel" interpolate insert words into texts, often falsifying it thereby estimate the value of black out suppress by censorship as for political reasons; "parts of the newspaper article were blacked out" darken completely; "The dining room blackened out" obliterate or extinguish; "Some life-forms were obliterated by the radiation, others survived" blank out cut out, as for political reasons; "several line in the report were blanked out" falsify falsify knowingly; "She falsified the records" prove false; "Falsify a claim" make false by mutilation or addition; as of a message or story tame correct by punishment or discipline flat and uninspiring brought from wildness into a domesticated state; "tame animals"; "fields of tame blueberries" very restrained or quiet; "a tame Christmas party"; "she was one of the tamest and most abject creatures imaginable with no will or power to act but as directed" break in make submissive, obedient, or useful; "The horse was tough to break"; "I broke in the new intern" break so as to fall inward; "He broke in the door" start in a certain activity, enterprise, or role intrude on uninvited; "The nosy couple broke in on our conversation" enter someone's (virtual or real) property in an unauthorized manner, usually with the intent to steal or commit a violent act; "Someone broke in while I was on vacation"; "They broke into my car and stole my radio!"; "who broke into my account last night?" chasten change by restraining or moderating corrupt alter from the original corrupt morally or by intemperance or sensuality; "debauch the young people with wine and women"; "Socrates was accused of corrupting young men"; "Do school counselors subvert young children?"; "corrupt the morals" lacking in integrity; "humanity they knew to be corrupt...from the day of Adam's creation"; "a corrupt and incompetent city government" touched by rot or decay; "tainted bacon"; "`corrupt' is archaic" containing errors or alterations; "a corrupt text"; "spoke a corrupted version of the language" worsen grow worse; "Conditions in the slum worsened" make worse; "This drug aggravates the pain" turn around improve significantly; go from bad to good; "Her performance in school picked up" improve dramatically; "The new strategy turned around sales"; "The tutor turned around my son's performance in math" brisk become brisk; "business brisked up" very active; "doing a brisk business" recondition bring into an improved condition; "He reconditioned the old appliances" degrade lower the grade of something; reduce its worth reduce the level of land, as by erosion emend make improvements or corrections to; "the text was emended in the second edition" iron out settle or put right; "we need to iron out our disagreements" deteriorate become worse or disintegrate; "His mind deteriorated" go to pot become ruined; "His business went to pot when economy soured" decompose separate (substances) into constituent elements or parts break down; "The bodies decomposed in the heat" dissociate to undergo a reversible or temporary breakdown of a molecule into simpler molecules or atoms; "acids dissociate to give hydrogen ions" addle become rotten; "addled eggs" mix up or confuse; "He muddled the issues" dry-rot affect or be affected with dry rot exsiccate lose water or moisture; "In the desert, you get dehydrated very quickly" dehydrate remove water from; "All this exercise and sweating has dehydrated me" preserve by removing all water and liquids from; "carry dehydrated food on your camping trip" freeze-dry preserve by rapid freezing and subsequently drying in a vacuum; "freeze-dry the strawberries" lyophilize to dry (blood, serum, or tissue) by freezing in a high vacuum decoct steep in hot water extract the essence of something by boiling it air-slake alter by exposure to air with conversion at least in part to a carbonate; "air-slake lime" bedew cover with drops of dew or as with dew spin-dry dry (clothes) by spinning and making use of centrifugal forces tumble dry dry by spinning with hot air inside a cylinder; "These fabrics are delicate and cannot be tumbled dry" spray-dry dry by bringing into the form of a spray, through contact with a hot gas humidify make (more) humid; "We have a machine that humidifies the air in the house" dehumidify make less humid; "The air conditioner dehumidifies the air in the summer" drench cover with liquid; pour liquid onto; "souse water on his hot face" force to drink bedraggle make wet and dirty, as from rain bate soak in a special solution to soften and remove chemicals used in previous treatments; "bate hides and skins" flap the wings wildly or frantically; used of falcons moderate or restrain; lessen the force of; "He bated his breath when talking about this affair"; "capable of bating his enthusiasm" ret place (flax, hemp, or jute) in liquid so as to promote loosening of the fibers from the woody tissue lave wash or flow against; "the waves laved the shore" inundate fill or cover completely, usually with water moisten make moist; "The dew moistened the meadows" moil moisten or soil; "Her tears moiled the letter" parch cause to wither or parch from exposure to heat; "The sun parched the earth" rough-dry dry without smoothing or ironing; "rough-dry the laundry" lubricate make slippery or smooth through the application of a lubricant; "lubricate the key" apply a lubricant to; "lubricate my car" have lubricating properties; "the liquid in this can lubricates well" blow-dry dry hair with a hair dryer drip-dry dry by hanging up wet used of fabrics that do not require ironing; "drip-dry shirts for travel" unlock become unlocked; "The door unlocked from the inside" open the lock of; "unlock the door" set free or release engage get caught; "make sure the gear is engaged" keep engaged; "engaged the gears" hire for work or assistance; "engage aid, help, services, or support" carry on (wars, battles, or campaigns); "Napoleon and Hitler waged war against all of Europe" ask to represent; of legal counsel; "I'm retaining a lawyer" disengage become free; "in neutral, the gears disengage" release from something that holds fast, connects, or entangles; "I want to disengage myself from his influence"; "disengage the gears" strengthen gain strength; "His body strengthened" make strong or stronger; "This exercise will strengthen your upper body"; "strengthen the relations between the two countries" attenuate become weaker, in strength, value, or magnitude reduced in strength; "the faded tones of an old recording" substantiate solidify, firm, or strengthen; "The president's trip will substantiate good relations with the former enemy country" restrengthen make strong again undergird make secure underneath; "undergird the ship" lend moral support to confirm make more firm; "Confirm thy soul in self-control!" establish or strengthen as with new evidence or facts; "his story confirmed my doubts"; "The evidence supports the defendant" strengthen or make more firm; "The witnesses confirmed the victim's account" administer the rite of confirmation to; "the children were confirmed in their mother's faith" support a person for a position; "The Senate confirmed the President's candidate for Secretary of Defense" fortify add nutrients to; "fortified milk" enclose by or as if by a fortification reinforce make stronger; "he reinforced the concrete" strengthen and support with rewards; "Let's reinforce good behavior" vouch give supporting evidence; "He vouched his words by his deeds" summon (a vouchee) into court to warrant or defend a title give personal assurance; guarantee; "Will he vouch for me?" weaken become weaker; "The prisoner's resistance weakened after seven days" lessen the strength of; "The fever weakened his body" melt become less intense and fade away gradually; "her resistance melted under his charm"; "her hopes evaporated after years of waiting for her fiance" lose its distinct outline or shape; blend gradually; "Hundreds of actors were melting into the scene" reduce or cause to be reduced from a solid to a liquid state, usually by heating; "melt butter"; "melt down gold"; "The wax melted in the sun" die down become progressively weaker; "the laughter died down" depress lessen the activity or force of; "The rising inflation depressed the economy" lower someone's spirits; make downhearted; "These news depressed her"; "The bad state of her child's health demoralizes her" lower (prices or markets); "The glut of oil depressed gas prices" unbrace remove a brace or braces from remove from tension dilute lessen the strength or flavor of a solution or mixture; "cut bourbon" rarefy weaken the consistency of (a chemical substance) make more subtle or refined lessen the density or solidity of; "The bones are rarefied" intensify become more intense; "The debate intensified"; "His dislike for raw fish only deepened in Japan" make more intense, stronger, or more marked; "The efforts were intensified"; "Her rudeness intensified his dislike for her"; "Pot smokers claim it heightens their awareness"; "This event only deepened my convictions" make the chemically affected part of (a negative) denser or more opaque in order produce a stronger contrast between light and dark build develop and grow; "Suspense was building right from the beginning of the opera" improve the cleansing action of; "build detergents" found or ground; "build a defense on nothing but the accused person's reputation" build or establish something abstract; "build a reputation" be engaged in building; "These architects build in interesting and new styles" give form to, according to a plan; "build a modern nation"; "build a million-dollar business" order, supervise, or finance the construction of; "The government is building new schools in this state" redouble make twice as great or intense; "The screaming redoubled" double again; "The noise doubled and redoubled" double in magnitude, extent, or intensity; "The enemy redoubled their screaming on the radio" heat up make more intense; "Emotions were screwed up" blunt make less sharp; "blunt the knives" make less intense; "blunted emotions" devoid of any qualifications or disguise or adornment; "the blunt truth"; "the crude facts"; "facing the stark reality of the deadline" characterized by directness in manner or speech; without subtlety or evasion; "blunt talking and straight shooting"; "a blunt New England farmer"; "I gave them my candid opinion"; "forthright criticism"; "a forthright approach to the problem"; "tell me what you think--and you may just as well be frank"; "it is possible to be outspoken without being rude"; "plainspoken and to the point"; "a point-blank accusation" used of a knife or other blade; not sharp; "a blunt instrument" having a broad or rounded end; "thick marks made by a blunt pencil" bloody cover with blood; "bloody your hands" having or covered with or accompanied by blood; "a bloody nose"; "your scarf is all bloody"; "the effects will be violent and probably bloody"; "a bloody fight" extremely; "you are bloody right"; "Why are you so all-fired aggressive?" enhance increase; "This will enhance your enjoyment"; "heighten the tension" make better or more attractive; "This sauce will enhance the flavor of the meat" potentiate increase the effect of or act synergistically with (a drug or a physiological or biochemical phenomenon); "potentiate the drug" follow up increase the effectiveness or success of by further action; "The doctor followed up the surgery with radiation" touch up alter so as to produce a more desirable appearance; "This photograph has been retouched!" undergrow grow below something; "The moss undergrew the stone patio" exfoliate grow by producing or unfolding leaves; "plants exfoliate" come off in a very thin piece remove the surface, in scales or laminae cast off in scales, laminae, or splinters spread by opening the leaves of overgrow grow beyond or across; "The ivy overgrew the patio" become overgrown; "The patio overgrew with ivy" grow too large subside wear off or die down; "The pain subsided" sink down or precipitate; "the mud subsides when the waters become calm" sink to a lower level or form a depression; "the valleys subside" pare decrease gradually or bit by bit remove the edges from and cut down to the desired size; "pare one's fingernails"; "trim the photograph"; "trim lumber" restrain prevent the action or expression of; "hold back your anger"; "keep your cool"; "she struggled to restrain her impatience at the delays" restrict (someone or something) so as to make free movement difficult to close within bounds, or otherwise limit or deprive of free movement; "This holds the local until the express passengers change trains"; "About a dozen animals were held inside the stockade"; "The illegal immigrants were held at a detention center"; "The terrorists held the journalists for ransom" prevent (someone or something) from doing something; "security guards restrained the reporter from throwing another shoe" restrict place limits on (extent or amount or access); "restrict the use of this parking lot"; "limit the time you can spend with your friends" place restrictions on; "curtail drinking in school" prevent (information) from being circulated or disclosed place under restrictions; limit access to by law; "this substance is controlled"; "that area is restricted to security personnel only" develop expand in the form of a series; "Develop the function in the following form" grow, progress, unfold, or evolve through a process of evolution, natural growth, differentiation, or a conducive environment; "A flower developed on the branch"; "The country developed into a mighty superpower"; "The embryo develops into a fetus"; "This situation has developed over a long time" cause to grow and differentiate in ways conforming to its natural development; "The perfect climate here develops the grain"; "He developed a new kind of apple" be gradually disclosed or unfolded; become manifest; "The plot developed slowly" elaborate by the unfolding of a musical idea and by the working out of the rhythmic and harmonic changes in the theme; "develop the melody and change the key" grow emotionally or mature; "The child developed beautifully in her new kindergarten"; "When he spent a summer at camp, the boy grew noticeably and no longer showed some of his old adolescent behavior" gain through experience; "I acquired a strong aversion to television"; "Children must develop a sense of right and wrong"; "Dave developed leadership qualities in his new position"; "develop a passion for painting" move into a strategically more advantageous position; "develop the rook" move one's pieces into strategically more advantageous positions; "Spassky developed quickly" superimpose a three-dimensional surface on a plane without stretching, in geometry generate gradually; "We must develop more potential customers"; "develop a market for the new mobile phone" make something new, such as a product or a mental or artistic creation; "Her company developed a new kind of building material that withstands all kinds of weather"; "They developed a new technique" make visible by means of chemical solutions; "Please develop this roll of film for me" draw the line reasonably object (to) or set a limit (on); "I draw the line when it comes to lending money to friends!" mark off set boundaries to and delimit; "mark out the territory" hold down restrain; "please hold down the noise so that the neighbors can sleep" keep; "She manages to hold down two jobs" abridge lessen, diminish, or curtail; "the new law might abridge our freedom of expression" reduce in scope while retaining essential elements; "The manuscript must be shortened" boil down be cooked until very little liquid is left; "The sauce should reduce to one cup" deoxidize to remove oxygen from a compound, or cause to react with hydrogen or form a hydride, or to undergo an increase in the number of electrons benficiate subject to a reduction process; "benficiate ores" catabolize subject to catabolism oxidize add oxygen to or combine with oxygen oxidise enter into a combination with oxygen or become converted into an oxide; "This metal oxidizes easily" blow up make large; "blow up an image" miniaturize design or construct on a smaller scale shrivel wither, as with a loss of moisture; "The fruit dried and shriveled" die back suffer from a disease that kills shoots; "The plants near the garage are dying back" mummify dry up and shrivel due to complete loss of moisture; "a mummified body was found" remove the organs and dry out (a dead body) in order to preserve it; "Th Egyptians mummified their pharaohs" preserve while making lifeless; "mummified ideas and institutions should be gotten rid of" unite join or combine; "We merged our resources" act in concert or unite in a common purpose or belief bring together for a common purpose or action or ideology or in a shared situation; "the Democratic Patry platform united several splinter groups" have or possess in combination; "she unites charm with a good business sense" consubstantiate unite in one common substance; "Thought is consubstantiated with the object" become united in substance; "thought and the object consubstantiate" abbreviate shorten; "Abbreviate `New York' and write `NY'" foreshorten shorten lines in a drawing so as to create an illusion of depth encapsulate put in a short or concise form; reduce in volume; "capsulize the news" enclose in a capsule or other small container abate become less in amount or intensity; "The storm abated"; "The rain let up after a few hours" slake make less active or intense rotate plant or grow in a fixed cyclic order of succession; "We rotate the crops so as to maximize the use of the soil" perform a job or duty on a rotating basis; "Interns have to rotate for a few months" cause to turn on an axis or center; "Rotate the handle" exchange on a regular basis; "We rotate the lead soprano every night" quintuple increase fivefold; "The population of China quintupled" having five units or components multiply combine or increase by multiplication; "He managed to multiply his profits" combine by multiplication; "multiply 10 by 15" in several ways; in a multiple manner; "they were multiply checked for errors" proliferate cause to grow or increase rapidly; "We must not proliferate nuclear arms" grow rapidly; "Pizza parlors proliferate in this area" senesce grow old or older; "She aged gracefully"; "we age every day--what a depressing thought!"; "Young men senesce" fossilize become mentally inflexible convert to a fossil; "The little animals fossilized and are now embedded in the limestone" ripen grow ripe; "The plums ripen in July" cause to ripen or develop fully; "The sun ripens the fruit"; "Age matures a good wine" mature develop and reach maturity; undergo maturation; "He matured fast"; "The child grew fast" become due for repayment; "These bonds mature in 2005" develop and work out fully in one's mind; "I need to mature my thoughts" fully considered and perfected; "mature plans" having reached full natural growth or development; "a mature cell" characteristic of maturity; "mature for her age" find oneself accept and make use of one's personality, abilities, and situation; "My son went to Berkeley to find himself" evolve undergo development or evolution; "Modern man evolved a long time ago" work out; "We have developed a new theory of evolution" work out come up with; "His colleagues worked out his interesting idea"; "We worked up an ad for our client" be calculated; "The fees work out to less than $1,000" happen in a certain way, leading to, producing, or resulting in a certain outcome, often well; "Things worked out in an interesting way"; "Not everything worked out in the end and we were disappointed" elaborate work out in detail; "elaborate a plan" add details, as to an account or idea; clarify the meaning of and discourse in a learned way, usually in writing; "She elaborated on the main ideas in her dissertation" produce from basic elements or sources; change into a more developed product; "The bee elaborates honey" marked by complexity and richness of detail; "an elaborate lace pattern" derive develop or evolve from a latent or potential state come from; "The present name derives from an older form" obtain; "derive pleasure from one's garden" come from; be connected by a relationship of blood, for example; "She was descended from an old Italian noble family"; "he comes from humble origins" adolesce become adolescent; pass through adolescence; "The children are beginning to adolesce around the age of 12" antiquate make obsolete or old-fashioned incubate grow under conditions that promote development mellow make or grow (more) mellow; "These apples need to mellow a bit more"; "The sun mellowed the fruit" become more relaxed, easygoing, or genial; "With age, he mellowed" soften, make mellow; "Age and experience mellowed him over the years" softened through age or experience; "mellow wisdom"; "the peace of mellow age" having a full and pleasing flavor through proper aging; "a mellow port"; "mellowed fruit" soften become soft or softer; "The bread will soften if you pour some liquid on it" make soft or softer; "This liquid will soften your laundry" make (images or sounds) soft or softer encrust form a crust or a hard layer cover or coat with a crust decorate or cover lavishly (as with gems) effloresce become encrusted with crystals due to evaporation come into or as if into flower; "These manifestations effloresced in the past" face-harden harden steel by adding carbon mollify make less rigid or softer reflate become inflated again inflate again; "reflate the balloon" economics: raise demand, expand the money supply, or raise prices, after a period of deflation; "These measures reflated the economy" economics: experience reflation; "The economy reflated after the Fed took extreme measures" distend swell from or as if from internal pressure; "The distended bellies of the starving cows" cause to expand as it by internal pressure; "The gas distended the animal's body" expand become larger in size or volume or quantity; "his business expanded rapidly" make bigger or wider in size, volume, or quantity; "expand the house by adding another wing" extend in one or more directions; "The dough expands" tumefy cause to become very swollen total damage beyond the point of repair; "My son totaled our new car"; "the rock star totals his guitar at every concert" determine the sum of; "Add all the people in this town to those of the neighboring town" add up in number or quantity; "The bills amounted to $2,000"; "The bill came to $2,000" disturb damage as if by shaking or jarring; "Don't disturb the patient's wounds by moving him too rapidly!" move deeply; "This book upset me"; "A troubling thought" afflict cause physical pain or suffering in; "afflict with the plague" cause great unhappiness for; distress; "she was afflicted by the death of her parents" devastate overwhelm or overpower; "He was devastated by his grief when his son died" trouble-shoot solve problems; "He is known to be good at trouble-shooting" impair make worse or less effective; "His vision was impaired" amplify increase the volume of; "amplify sound" inflate fill with gas or air; "inflate a balloons" exaggerate or make bigger; "The charges were inflated" increase the amount or availability of, creating a rise in value; "inflate the currency" cause prices to rise by increasing the available currency or credit; "The war inflated the economy" puff up make larger or distend; "The estimates were puffed up" deflate become deflated or flaccid, as by losing air; "The balloons deflated" reduce or cut back the amount or availability of, creating a decline in value or prices; "deflate the currency" produce deflation in; "The new measures deflated the economy" reduce or lessen the size or importance of; "The bad review of his work deflated his self-confidence" release contained air or gas from; "deflate the air mattress" collapse by releasing contained air or gas; "deflate a balloon" acidify turn acidic; "the solution acetified" alkalize turn basic and less acidic; "the solution alkalized" polymerize undergo polymerization cause (a compound) to polymerize copolymerize polymerize together; "the two substances copolymerized" ionize convert into ions become converted into ions ossify become bony; "The tissue ossified" cause to become hard and bony; "The disease ossified the tissue" catalyze change by catalysis or cause to catalyze dwindle become smaller or lose substance; "Her savings dwindled down" turn down make lower or quieter; "turn down the volume of a radio" take a downward direction; "The economy finally turned down after a long boom" get well improve in health; "He got well fast" get worse deteriorate in health; "he relapsed" paralyze cause to be paralyzed and immobile; "The poison paralyzed him"; "Fear paralyzed her" make powerless and unable to function; "The bureaucracy paralyzes the entire operation" stun make senseless or dizzy by or as if by a blow; "stun fish" overcome as with astonishment or disbelief; "The news stunned her" immobilize cause to be unable to move; "The sudden storm immobilized the traffic" convert (assets) into fixed capital make defenseless hold as reserve or withdraw from circulation; of capital unblock make (assets) available; "release the holdings in the dictator's bank account" play the cards of (a suit) so that the last trick on which a hand can follow suit will be taken by a higher card in the hand of a partner who has the remaining cards of a combined holding clear or remove an obstruction from; "the procedure unblocked his arteries" mobilize cause to move around make ready for action or use; "marshal resources" get ready for war acerbate make sour or bitter fluctuate be unstable; "The stock market fluctuates" move or sway in a rising and falling or wavelike pattern; "the line on the monitor vacillated" cause to fluctuate or move in a wavelike pattern stabilize make stable and keep from fluctuating or put into an equilibrium; "The drug stabilized her blood pressure"; "stabilize prices" become stable or more stable; "The economy stabilized" destabilize make unstable; "Terrorism destabilized the government" become unstable; "The economy destabilized rapidly" sensitize make sensitive or aware; "He was not sensitized to her emotional needs" make (a material) sensitive to light, often of a particular colour, by coating it with a photographic emulsion; "sensitize the photographic film" make sensitive to a drug or allergen; "Long-term exposure to this medicine may sensitize you to the allergen" cause to sense; make sensitive; "She sensitized me with respect to gender differences in this traditional male-dominated society"; "My tongue became sensitized to good wine" desensitize make insensitive; "His military training desensitized him" cause not to be sensitive; "The war desensitized many soldiers"; "The photographic plate was desensitized" inure cause to accept or become hardened to; habituate; "He was inured to the cold" callous make insensitive or callous; deaden feelings or morals emotionally hardened; "a callous indifference to suffering"; "cold-blooded and indurate to public opinion" steel oneself against prepare mentally or emotionally for something unpleasant habituate make psychologically or physically used (to something); "She became habituated to the background music" teach accustom gradually to some action or attitude; "The child is taught to obey her parents" impart skills or knowledge to; "I taught them French"; "He instructed me in building a boat" corrode become destroyed by water, air, or a corrosive such as an acid; "The metal corroded"; "The pipes rusted" cause to deteriorate due to the action of water, air, or an acid; "The acid corroded the metal"; "The steady dripping of water rusted the metal stopper in the sink" erode remove soil or rock; "Rain eroded the terraces" become ground down or deteriorate; "Her confidence eroded" regularize make regular or more regular; "regularize the heart beat with a pace maker" perturb throw into great confusion or disorder; "Fundamentalists threaten to perturb the social order" disturb in mind or make uneasy or cause to be worried or alarmed; "She was rather perturbed by the news that her father was seriously ill" cause a celestial body to deviate from a theoretically regular orbital motion, especially as a result of interposed or extraordinary gravitational pull; "The orbits of these stars were perturbed by the passings of a comet" disturb or interfere with the usual path of an electron or atom; "The electrons were perturbed by the passing ion" predate establish something as being earlier relative to something else be earlier in time; go back further; "Stone tools precede bronze tools" postdate establish something as being later relative to something else be later in time; "Tuesday always follows Monday" chronologize establish the order in time of something; "The archivist chronologized the documents" straighten make straight or straighter; "Straighten this post"; "straighten hair" make straight get up from a sitting or slouching position; "The students straightened when the teacher entered" straighten up or out; make straight disarrange disturb the arrangement of; "disarrange the papers" destroy the arrangement or order of; "My son disarranged the papers on my desk" rearrange put into a new order or arrangement; "Please rearrange these files"; "rearrange the furniture in my room" recode put into a different code; rearrange mentally; "People recode and restructure information in order to remember it" randomize arrange in random order; "Randomize the order of the numbers" serialize arrange serially; "Serialize the numbers" alphabetize arrange in alphabetical order; "Alphabetize the list" provide with an alphabet; "Cyril and Method alphabetized the Slavic languages" wash out lose color in the process of being washed; "The expensive shirt washed out in the German washing machine" drain off the color in the course of laundering; "The harsh soap washed out the delicate blouse" deplete of strength or vitality; "The illness washed her out" wash free from unwanted substances, such as dirt; "Wash out your dirty shirt in the sink" wear or destroy by the force of water; "The hail storms had washed out the bridges" whiten turn white; "This detergent will whiten your laundry" blacken make or become black; "The smoke blackened the ceiling"; "The ceiling blackened" melanize convert into, or infiltrate with melanin lighten become lighter; "The room lightened up" become more cheerful; "after a glass of wine, he lightened up a bit" reduce the weight on; make lighter; "she lightened the load on the tired donkey" make more cheerful; "the conversation lightened me up a bit" discolor change color, often in an undesired manner; "The shirts discolored" cause to lose or change color; "The detergent discolored my shirts" lose color or turn colorless; "The painting discolored" foliate grow leaves; "the tree foliated in Spring" number the pages of a book or manuscript coat or back with metal foil; "foliate glass" decorate with leaves hammer into thin flat foils; "foliate metal" (especially of metamorphic rock) having thin leaflike layers or strata (often used as a combining form) having or resembling a leaf or having a specified kind or number of leaves; "`foliate' is combined with the prefix `tri' to form the word `trifoliate'" ornamented with foliage or foils; "foliate tracery"; "a foliated capital" deep-dye dye thoroughly aurify turn golden transform into gold pinkify make pink incarnadine make flesh-colored embrown make brown in color; "the draught browned the leaves on the trees in the yard" cause to darken handcolor color by hand; "Some old photographs are handcolored" ebonize stain black to make it look like ebony tint color lightly; "her greying hair was tinged blond"; "the leaves were tinged red in November" imbue suffuse with color fast dye dye with fast colors; "These shirts should be fast-dyed" double dye dye twice tie-dye dye after knotting the fabric to produce an irregular pattern; "The flower children tie-dye their T-shirts" retouch give retouches to (hair); "retouch the roots" hand-dye dye by hand; "This fabric is hand-dyed" piece-dye dye after weaving redden turn red or redder; "The sky reddened" make red; "The setting sun reddened the sky" escalate increase in extent or intensity; "The Allies escalated the bombing" de-escalate reduce the level or intensity or size or scope of; "de-escalate a crisis" diminish in size, scope, or intensity; "The war of words between them de-escalated with time" radiate send out real or metaphoric rays; "She radiates happiness" issue or emerge in rays or waves; "Heat radiated from the metal box" cause to be seen by emitting light as if in rays; "The sun is radiating" extend or spread outward from a center or focus or inward towards a center; "spokes radiate from the hub of the wheel"; "This plants radiate spines in all directions" send out rays or waves; "The sun radiates heat" having rays or ray-like parts as in the flower heads of daisies effuse give out or emit (also metaphorically); "The room effuses happiness" pour out; "effused brine" irradiate expose to radiation; "irradiate food" cast rays of light upon bombard direct high energy particles or radiation against address with continuously or persistently, as if with a barrage; "The speaker was barraged by an angry audience"; "The governor was bombarded with requests to grant a pardon to the convicted killer" throw bombs at or attack with bombs; "The Americans bombed Dresden" floodlight illuminate with floodlights fancify make more beautiful uglify make ugly dress up make something appear superficially attractive; "The researcher tried to dress up the uninteresting data"; "Don't try to dress up the unpleasant truth" blossom develop or come to a promising stage; "Youth blossomed into maturity" untune cause to be out of tune; "Don't untune that string!" calibrate make fine adjustments or divide into marked intervals for optimal measuring; "calibrate an instrument"; "graduate a cylinder" measure the caliber of; "calibrate a gun" mark (the scale of a measuring instrument) so that it can be read in the desired units; "he calibrated the thermometer for the Celsius scale" attune adjust or accustom to; bring into harmony with regulate fix or adjust the time, amount, degree, or rate of; "regulate the temperature"; "modulate the pitch" bring into conformity with rules or principles or usage; impose regulations; "We cannot regulate the way people dress"; "This town likes to regulate" adapt make fit for, or change to suit a new purpose; "Adapt our native cuisine to the available food resources of the new country" anglicise make English in appearance; "She anglicised her name after moving from Paris to London" habilitate qualify for teaching at a university in Europe; "He habilitated after his sabbatical at a prestigious American university" capacitate make capable; "This instruction capacitates us to understand the problem" cause (spermatozoa) to undergo the physical changes necessary to fertilize an egg make legally capable or qualify in law disqualify make unfit or unsuitable; "Your income disqualifies you" declare unfit; "She was disqualified for the Olympics because she was a professional athlete" domesticate make fit for cultivation, domestic life, and service to humans; "The horse was domesticated a long time ago"; "The wolf was tamed and evolved into the house dog" overcome the wildness of; make docile and tractable; "He tames lions for the circus"; "reclaim falcons" adapt (a wild plant or unclaimed land) to the environment; "domesticate oats"; "tame the soil" fine-tune adjust finely; "fine-tune the engine" anneal bring to a desired consistency, texture, or hardness by a process of gradually heating and cooling; "temper glass" toughen make tough or tougher; "This experience will toughen her" widen become broader or wider or more extensive; "The road widened" make wider; "widen the road" extend in scope or range or area; "The law was extended to all citizens"; "widen the range of applications"; "broaden your horizon"; "Extend your backyard" white out widen the interlinear spacing by inserting leads let out make (clothes) larger; "Let out that dress--I gained a lot of weight" take in make (clothes) smaller; "Please take in this skirt--I've lost weight" take up as if with a sponge fold up; "take in the sails" accept; "The cloth takes up the liquid" visit for entertainment; "take in the sights" provide with shelter flare out become flared and widen, usually at one end; "The bellbottom pants flare out" constrict become tight or as if tight; "Her throat constricted" astringe become constricted or compressed; "The cold substance astringes" constrict or bind or draw together; "Lemon juice astringes the tissue in the mouth" strangulate become constricted; "The hernia will strangulate" constrict a hollow organ or vessel so as to stop the flow of blood or air taper off become smaller or less active; "Business tapered off" end weakly; "The music just petered out--there was no proper ending" dilate become wider; "His pupils were dilated" implode burst inward; "The bottle imploded" detonate burst and release energy as through a violent chemical or physical reaction; "the bomb detonated at noon"; "The Molotov cocktail exploded" crump explode heavily or with a loud dull noise bombard with heavy shells make a noise typical of an engine lacking lubricants go off be discharged or activated; "the explosive devices went off" happen in a particular manner; "how did your talk go over?" stop running, functioning, or operating; "Our power went off during the hurricane" erupt become active and spew forth lava and rocks; "Vesuvius erupts once in a while" erupt or intensify suddenly; "Unrest erupted in the country"; "Tempers flared at the meeting"; "The crowd irrupted into a burst of patriotism" become raw or open; "He broke out in hives"; "My skin breaks out when I eat strawberries"; "Such boils tend to recrudesce" start abruptly; "After 1989, peace broke out in the former East Bloc" appear on the skin; "A rash erupted on her arms after she had touched the exotic plant" break out; "The tooth erupted and had to be extracted" start to burn or burst into flames; "Marsh gases ignited suddenly"; "The oily rags combusted spontaneously" dehisce burst or split open; "flowers dehisce when they release pollen" oxygenize dehydrogenate with oxygen change (a compound) by increasing the proportion of the electronegative part; or change (an element or ion) from a lower to a higher positive valence: remove one or more electrons from (an atom, ion, or molecule) dehydrogenate remove hydrogen from hydrogenate combine or treat with or expose to hydrogen; add hydrogen to the molecule of (an unsaturated organic compound) luxuriate thrive profusely or flourish extensively become extravagant; indulge (oneself) luxuriously obliterate remove completely from recognition or memory; "efface the memory of the time in the camps" do away with completely, without leaving a trace darken make dark or darker; "darken a room" become dark or darker; "The sky darkened" tarnish or stain; "a scandal that darkened the family's good name" infuscate darken with a brownish tinge, as of insect wings murk make dark, dim, or gloomy dusk become dusk brighten make more cheerful through the use of color; "The paint will brighten the room" dim make dim or lusterless; "Time had dimmed the silver" become dim or lusterless; "the lights dimmed and the curtain rose" switch (a car's headlights) from a higher to a lower beam lacking in light; not bright or harsh; "a dim light beside the bed"; "subdued lights and soft music" lacking clarity or distinctness; "a dim figure in the distance"; "only a faint recollection"; "shadowy figures in the gloom"; "saw a vague outline of a building through the fog"; "a few wispy memories of childhood" obscure make obscure or unclear; "The distinction was obscured" make undecipherable or imperceptible by obscuring or concealing; "a hidden message"; "a veiled threat" reduce a vowel to a neutral one, such as a schwa make less visible or unclear; "The stars are obscured by the clouds"; "the big elm tree obscures our view of the valley" not clearly expressed or understood; "an obscure turn of phrase"; "an impulse to go off and fight certain obscure battles of his own spirit"-Anatole Broyard; "their descriptions of human behavior become vague, dull, and unclear"- P.A.Sorokin; "vague...forms of speech...have so long passed for mysteries of science"- John Locke not drawing attention; "an unnoticeable cigarette burn on the carpet"; "an obscure flaw" not famous or acclaimed; "an obscure family"; "unsung heroes of the war" benight make darker and difficult to perceive by sight envelop with social, intellectual, or moral darkness; "The benighted peoples of this area" overtake with darkness or night refocus put again into focus or focus more sharply; "refocus the image until it is very sharp" focus anew; "The group needs to refocus its goals" focus once again; "The physicist refocused the light beam" depreciate lose in value; "The dollar depreciated again" lower the value of something; "The Fed depreciated the dollar once again" appreciate increase the value of; "The Germans want to appreciate the Deutsche Mark" gain in value; "The yen appreciated again!" be fully aware of; realize fully; "Do you appreciate the full meaning of this letter?" recognize with gratitude; be grateful for revalue value anew; "revalue the German Mark" deafen make soundproof; "deafen a room" make or render deaf; "a deafening noise" be unbearably loud; "a deafening noise" shorten become short or shorter; "In winter, the days shorten" make shorter than originally intended; reduce or retrench in length or duration; "He shortened his trip due to illness" make short or shorter; "shorten the skirt"; "shorten the rope by a few inches" lengthen become long or longer; "In Spring, the days lengthen" make longer; "Lengthen this skirt, please" truncate make shorter as if by cutting off; "truncate a word"; "Erosion has truncated the ridges of the mountains" approximate by ignoring all terms beyond a chosen one; "truncate a series" replace a corner by a plane terminating abruptly by having or as if having an end or point cut off; "a truncate leaf"; "truncated volcanic mountains"; "a truncated pyramid" broaden become broader; "The road broadened" make broader; "broaden the road" prolong lengthen in time; cause to be or last longer; "We prolonged our stay"; "She extended her visit by another day"; "The meeting was drawn out until midnight" lengthen or extend in duration or space; "We sustained the diplomatic negotiations as long as possible"; "prolong the treatment of the patient"; "keep up the good work" temporize draw out a discussion or process in order to gain time; "The speaker temporized in order to delay the vote" elongate make long or longer by pulling and stretching; "stretch the fabric" having notably more length than width; being long and slender; "an elongate tail tapering to a point"; "the old man's gaunt and elongated frame" resize change the size of; make the size more appropriate rescale establish on a new scale bake cook and make edible by putting in a hot oven; "bake the potatoes" prepare with dry heat in an oven; "bake a cake" be very hot, due to hot weather or exposure to the sun; "The town was broiling in the sun"; "the tourists were baking in the heat" ovenbake bake in an oven; "ovenbake this chicken" coddle cook in nearly boiling water; "coddle eggs" fetishize make a fetish of feudalize bring (a country or people) under feudalism crispen make brown and crisp by heating; "toast bread"; "crisp potatoes" shirr bake (eggs) in their shells until they are set; "shirr the eggs" blanch cook (vegetables) briefly; "Parboil the beans before freezing them" overboil boil excessively; "The peas are overboiled" overcook cook too long; "The vegetables were completely overcooked" seethe boil vigorously; "The liquid was seething"; "The water rolled" foam as if boiling; "a seething liquid" be in an agitated emotional state; "The customer was seething with anger" barbeque cook outdoors on a barbecue grill; "let's barbecue that meat"; "We cooked out in the forest" pan roast roast in a pan; "pan-roast that meat" braise cook in liquid; "braise beef" fry cook on a hot surface using fat; "fry the pancakes" be excessively hot; "If the children stay out on the beach for another hour, they'll be fried" frizzle fry something until it curls and becomes crisp deep-fat-fry fry in deep fat; "deep-fry the potato chips" pan-fry fry in a pan; "pan-fry the dumplings" slenderize make slender or appear to be slender; "slenderizing skirts" french-fry cook by immersing in fat; "french-fry the potatoes" stir fry fry very quickly over high heat; "stir-fry the vegetables in a wok" pan-broil broil in a pan pressure-cook cook in a pressure cooker ramify grow and send out branches or branch-like structures; "these plants ramify early and get to be very large" arborize branch out like trees; "nerve fibers arborize" twig branch out in a twiglike manner; "The lightning bolt twigged in several directions" bifurcate divide into two branches; "The road bifurcated" split or divide into two resembling a fork; divided or separated into two branches; "the biramous appendages of an arthropod"; "long branched hairs on its legson which pollen collects"; "a forked river"; "a forked tail"; "forked lightning"; "horseradish grown in poor soil may develop prongy roots" trifurcate divide into three; "The road trifurcates at the bridge" atomize break up into small particles; "the fine powder had been atomized by air" spray very finely; "atomize perfume" dialyse separate by dialysis backscatter scatter (radiation) by the atoms of the medium through which it passes peptize disperse in a medium into a colloidal state powderize make into a powder by breaking up or cause to become dust; "pulverize the grains" become powder or dust; "When it was blown up, the building powderized" subdivide divide into smaller and smaller pieces; "This apartment cannot be subdivided any further!" form into subdivisions; "The cells subdivided" screen off partition by means of a divider, such as a screen; "screen off this part of the room" shatter break into many pieces; "The wine glass shattered" cause to break into many pieces; "shatter the plate" damage or destroy; "The news of her husband's death shattered her life" stave in break in the staves (of); "stave in a cask" sunder break apart or in two, using violence brecciate break into breccia; "brecciate rock" form into breccia; "brecciated rock" arise result or issue; "A slight unpleasantness arose from this discussion" rise to one's feet; "The audience got up and applauded" originate or come into being; "a question arose" happen come to pass; "What is happening?"; "The meeting took place off without an incidence"; "Nothing occurred that seemed important" come into being; become reality; "Her dream really materialized" happen, occur, or be the case in the course of events or by chance; "It happens that today is my birthday"; "These things befell" (Santayana) chance to be or do something, without intention or causation; "I happen to have just what you need!" intervene occur between other event or between certain points of time; "the war intervened between the birth of her two children" get involved, so as to alter or hinder an action, or through force or threat of force; "Why did the U.S. not intervene earlier in WW II?" be placed or located between other things or extend between spaces and events; "This interludes intervenes between the two movements"; "Eight days intervened" supervene take place as an additional or unexpected development proceed follow a certain course; "The inauguration went well"; "how did your interview go?" move ahead; travel onward in time or space; "We proceeded towards Washington"; "She continued in the direction of the hills"; "We are moving ahead in time now" come come to pass; arrive, as in due course; "The first success came three days later"; "It came as a shock"; "Dawn comes early in June" be found or available; "These shoes come in three colors; The furniture comes unassembled" happen as a result; "Nothing good will come of this" reach or enter a state, relation, condition, use, or position; "The water came to a boil"; "We came to understand the true meaning of life"; "Their anger came to a boil"; "I came to realize the true meaning of life"; "The shoes came untied"; "come into contact with a terrorist group"; "his face went red"; "your wish will come true" have a certain priority; "My family comes first" cover a certain distance; "She came a long way" move toward, travel toward something or somebody or approach something or somebody; "He came singing down the road"; "Come with me to the Casbah"; "come down here!"; "come out of the closet!"; "come into the room" be received; "News came in of the massacre in Rwanda" experience orgasm; "she could not come because she was too upset" to be the product or result; "Melons come from a vine"; "Understanding comes from experience" develop into; "This idea will never amount to anything"; "nothing came of his grandiose plans" extend or reach; "The water came up to my waist"; "The sleeves come to your knuckles" exist or occur in a certain point in a series; "Next came the student from France" anticipate be a forerunner of or occur earlier than; "This composition anticipates Impressionism" realize beforehand be excited or anxious about act in advance of; deal with ahead of time recur happen or occur again; "This is a recurring story" return in thought or speech to something iterate run or be performed again; "the function iterates" come around happen regularly; "Christmas rolled around again" dematerialize become immaterial; disappear befall become of; happen to; "He promised that no harm would befall her"; "What has become of my children?" spin off produce as a consequence of something larger concur happen simultaneously; "The two events coincided" get down take the first step or steps in carrying out an action; "We began working at dawn"; "Who will start?"; "Get working as soon as the sun rises!"; "The first tourists began to arrive in Cambodia"; "He began early in the day"; "Let's get down to work now" lower (one's body) as by kneeling; "Get down on your knees!" recommence begin again; "we recommenced his reading after a short nap" cause to start anew; "The enemy recommenced hostilities after a few days of quiet" strike out set out on a course of action; "He struck out on his own" put out or be put out by a strikeout; "Oral struck out three batters to close the inning" make a motion as with one's fist or foot towards an object or away from one's body be unsuccessful in an endeavor; "The candidate struck out with his health care plan" break out begin suddenly and sometimes violently; "He broke out shouting" take from stowage in preparation for use jump off set off quickly, usually with success; "The freshman jumped off to a good start in his math class" get to arrive at the point of; "She gets to fretting if I stay away from home too long" auspicate commence in a manner calculated to bring good luck; "They auspicated the trip with a bottle of champagne" come on occur or become available; "water or electricity came on again after the earthquake" appear or become visible; make a showing; "She turned up at the funeral"; "I hope the list key is going to surface again" embark set out on (an enterprise or subject of study); "she embarked upon a new career" go on board take up pursue or resume; "take up a matter for consideration" adopt; "take up new ideas" turn one's interest to; "He took up herpetology at the age of fifty" take up time or space; "take up the slack" get cracking start to be active; "Get cracking, please!" begin set in motion, cause to start; "The U.S. started a war in the Middle East"; "The Iraqis began hostilities"; "begin a new chapter in your life" begin to speak or say; "`Now listen, friends', he began" begin to speak, understand, read, and write a language; "She began Russian at an early age"; "We started French in fourth grade" achieve or accomplish in the least degree, usually used in the negative; "This economic measure doesn't even begin to deal with the problem of inflation"; "You cannot even begin to understand the problem we had to deal with during the war" begin an event that is implied and limited by the nature or inherent function of the direct object; "begin a cigar"; "She started the soup while it was still hot"; "We started physics in 10th grade" have a beginning, in a temporal, spatial, or evaluative sense; "The DMZ begins right over the hill"; "The second movement begins after the Allegro"; "Prices for these homes start at $250,000" have a beginning characterized in some specified way; "The novel begins with a murder"; "My property begins with the three maple trees"; "Her day begins with a workout"; "The semester begins with a convocation ceremony" have a beginning, of a temporal event; "WW II began in 1939 when Hitler marched into Poland"; "The company's Asia tour begins next month" be the first item or point, constitute the beginning or start, come first in a series; "The number `one' begins the sequence"; "A terrible murder begins the novel"; "The convocation ceremony officially begins the semester" inaugurate be a precursor of; "The fall of the Berlin Wall ushered in the post-Cold War period" commence officially open ceremoniously or dedicate formally set off set in motion or cause to begin; "The guide set the tour off to a good start" carry over transfer or persist from one stage or sphere of activity to another transfer from one time period to the next transport from one place or state to another; "Adam would have been carried over into the life eternal" hold over goods to be sold for the next season resume take up or begin anew; "We resumed the negotiations" return to a previous location or condition; "The painting resumed its old condition when we restored it" assume anew; "resume a title"; "resume an office"; "resume one's duties" persevere be persistent, refuse to stop; "he persisted to call me every night"; "The child persisted and kept asking questions" obstinate persist stubbornly; "he obstinates himself against all rational arguments" ask for it persist with actions or an attitude despite the probability that it will cause trouble; "He is asking for trouble with his behavior" stick to keep to; "Stick to your principles"; "stick to the diet" pass away go out of existence; "She hoped that the problem would eventually pass away" close out terminate; "We closed out our account" terminate by selling off or disposing of; "He closed out his line of sports cars" close finish a game in baseball by protecting a lead; "The relief pitcher closed with two runs in the second inning" complete a business deal, negotiation, or an agreement; "We closed on the house on Friday"; "They closed the deal on the building" move so that an opening or passage is obstructed; make shut; "Close the door"; "shut the window" become closed; "The windows closed with a loud bang" fill or stop up; "Can you close the cracks with caulking?" bar access to; "Due to the accident, the road had to be closed for several hours" bring together all the elements or parts of; "Management closed ranks" draw near; "The probe closed with the space station" come together, as if in an embrace; "Her arms closed around her long lost relative" change one's body stance so that the forward shoulder and foot are closer to the intended point of impact cause a window or an application to disappear on a computer desktop engage at close quarters; "close with the enemy" finish or terminate (meetings, speeches, etc.); "The meeting was closed with a charge by the chairman of the board" be priced or listed when trading stops; "The stock market closed high this Friday"; "My new stocks closed at $59 last night" marked by fidelity to an original; "a close translation"; "a faithful copy of the portrait"; "a faithful rendering of the observed facts" rigorously attentive; strict and thorough; "close supervision"; "paid close attention"; "a close study"; "kept a close watch on expenditures" at or within a short distance in space or time or having elements near each other; "close to noon"; "how close are we to town?"; "a close formation of ships" close in relevance or relationship; "a close family"; "we are all...in close sympathy with..."; "close kin"; "a close resemblance" inclined to secrecy or reticence about divulging information; "although they knew her whereabouts her friends kept close about it" crowded; "close quarters" (of a contest or contestants) evenly matched; "a close contest"; "a close election"; "a tight game" used of hair or haircuts; "a close military haircut" fitting closely but comfortably; "a close fit" confined to specific persons; "a close secret" strictly confined or guarded; "kept under close custody" of textiles; "a close weave"; "smooth percale with a very tight weave" in an attentive manner; "he remained close on his guard" cut out cease operating; "The pump suddenly cut out" delete or remove; "Cut out the extra text"; "cut out the newspaper article" form and create by cutting out; "Picasso cut out a guitar from a piece of paper" having been cut out; "the cut-out pieces of the dress" go out become extinguished; "The lights suddenly went out and we were in the dark" leave the house to go somewhere; "We never went out when our children were small" take the field; "The soldiers went out on missions" go out of fashion; become unfashionable finish up finally be or do something; "He ended up marrying his high school sweetheart"; "he wound up being unemployed and living at home again" give the axe terminate a relationship abruptly; "Mary gave John the axe after she saw him with another woman" stamp out end or extinguish by forceful means; "Stamp out poverty!" change surface undergo or cause to undergo a change in the surface germinate cause to grow or sprout; "the plentiful rain germinated my plants" burgeon grow and flourish; "The burgeoning administration"; "The burgeoning population" strangle die from strangulation kill by squeezing the throat of so as to cut off the air; "he tried to strangulate his opponent"; "A man in Boston has been strangling several dozen prostitutes" buy it be killed or die drown die from being submerged in water, getting water into the lungs, and asphyxiating; "The child drowned in the lake" get rid of as if by submerging; "She drowned her trouble in alcohol" kill by submerging in water; "He drowned the kittens" be in danger of dying from submersion in a liquid and asphyxiation; "the divers saved the drowning child" predecease die before; die earlier than; "She predeceased her husband" be born come into existence through birth; "She was born on a farm" come to life be born or come into existence; "All these flowers come to life when the rains come" be lifelike, as of a painting; "If you look at it long enough, this portrait comes to life!" cloud over become overcast; "the sky clouded over" demist free from mist; "demist the car windows" curl form a curl, curve, or kink; "the cigar smoke curled up at the ceiling" play the Scottish game of curling twist or roll into coils or ringlets; "curl my hair, please" hold on stop and wait, as if awaiting further instructions or developments; "Hold on a moment!" cut short interrupt before its natural or planned end; "We had to cut short our vacation" cause to end earlier than intended; "The spontaneous applause cut the singer short" hang up interrupt a telephone conversation put a telephone receiver back in its cradle nolle pros drop prosecution of by entering a nolle prosequi in the court records; "They nolle prossed the charge" bog down get stuck while doing something; "She bogged down many times while she wrote her dissertation" cause to slow down or get stuck; "The vote would bog down the house" adjourn close at the end of a session; "The court adjourned" break from a meeting or gathering; "We adjourned for lunch"; "The men retired to the library" pasteurize heat food in order to kill harmful microorganisms; "pasteurize milk" condense undergo condensation; change from a gaseous to a liquid state and fall in drops; "water condenses"; "The acid distills at a specific temperature" compress or concentrate; "Congress condensed the three-year plan into a six-month plan" develop due to condensation; "All our planets condensed out of the same material" become more compact or concentrated; "Her feelings condensed" cause a gas or vapor to change into a liquid; "The cold air condensed the steam" remove water from; "condense the milk" sublime vaporize and then condense right back again change or cause to change directly from a solid into a vapor without first melting; "sublime iodine"; "some salts sublime when heated" lifted up or set high; "their hearts were jocund and sublime"- Milton resublime sublime (a compound) once again evaporate lose or cause to lose liquid by vaporization leaving a more concentrated residue; "evaporate milk" change into a vapor; "The water evaporated in front of our eyes" cause to change into a vapor; "The chemist evaporated the water" pervaporate cause (a liquid) to evaporate through a semipermeable membrane evaporate through a semipermeable membrane unify become one; "Germany unified officially in 1990"; "the cells merge" unitize separate or classify into units; "The hospital was unitized for efficiency" make into a unit; "unitize a car body" divide (bulk material) and process as units syncretize unite (beliefs or conflicting principles) become fused disunify break up or separate; "The country is disunifying"; "Yugoslavia broke apart after 1989" converge come together so as to form a single product; "Social forces converged to bring the Fascists back to power" move or draw together at a certain location; "The crowd converged on the movie star" be adjacent or come together; "The lines converge at this point" approach a limit as the number of terms increases without limit federate unite on a federal basis or band together as a league; "The country was federated after the civil war" enter into a league for a common purpose; "The republics federated to become the Soviet Union" united under a central government carbonize turn into carbon, as by burning; "carbonize coal" unite with carbon; "carburize metal" overheat get excessively and undesirably hot; "The car engines overheated" make excessively or undesirably hot; "The room was overheated" quench cool (hot metal) by plunging into cold water or other liquid; "quench steel" reduce the degree of (luminescence or phosphorescence) in (excited molecules or a material) by adding a suitable substance satisfy (thirst); "The cold water quenched his thirst" electronics: suppress (sparking) when the current is cut off in an inductive circuit, or suppress (an oscillation or discharge) in a component or device refrigerate cool or chill in or as if in a refrigerator; "refrigerate this medicine" preserve by chilling; "many foods must be refrigerated or else they will spoil" calcine heat a substance so that it oxidizes or reduces preheat heat beforehand; "Preheat the oven!" warm make warm or warmer; "The blanket will warm you" get warm or warmer; "The soup warmed slowly on the stove" of a seeker; near to the object sought; "you're getting warm"; "hot on the trail" uncomfortable because of possible danger or trouble; "made things warm for the bookies" characterized by liveliness or excitement or disagreement; "a warm debate" having or producing a comfortable and agreeable degree of heat or imparting or maintaining heat; "a warm body"; "a warm room"; "a warm climate"; "a warm coat" psychologically warm; friendly and responsive; "a warm greeting"; "a warm personality"; "warm support" inducing the impression of warmth; used especially of reds and oranges and yellows when referring to color; "warm reds and yellows and orange" cauterize burn, sear, or freeze (tissue) using a hot iron or electric current or a caustic agent; "The surgeon cauterized the wart" glaciate become frozen and covered with glaciers cover with ice or snow or a glacier; "the entire area was glaciated" boil over overflow or cause to overflow while boiling; "The milk is boiling over" quick-freeze freeze rapidly so as to preserve the natural juices and flavors; "quick-freeze the shrimp" deliquesce melt or become liquid by absorbing moisture from the air; "this type of salt deliquesces easily" melt away in the process of decay; "The fungi eventually deliquesced" defrost make or become free of frost or ice; "Defrost the car window" burn down burn completely; be consumed or destroyed by fire; "The hut burned down"; "The mountain of paper went up in flames" smolder burn slowly and without a flame; "a smoldering fire" have strong suppressed feelings sear make very hot and dry; "The heat scorched the countryside" incinerate become reduced to ashes; "The paper incinerated quickly" singe burn superficially or lightly; "I singed my eyebrows" cremate reduce to ashes; "Cremate a corpse" permute change the order or arrangement of; "Dyslexics often transpose letters in a word" metricize convert from a non-metric to the metric system express in the metric system transform change in outward structure or looks; "He transformed into a monster"; "The salesman metamorphosed into an ugly beetle" increase or decrease (an alternating current or voltage) change (a bacterial cell) into a genetically distinct cell by the introduction of DNA from another cell of the same or closely related species convert (one form of energy) to another; "transform energy to light" change or alter in form, appearance, or nature; "This experience transformed her completely"; "She transformed the clay into a beautiful sculpture"; "transubstantiate one element into another" subject to a mathematical transformation transmute alter the nature of (elements) transubstantiate change (the Eucharist bread and wine) into the body and blood of Christ sorcerize transform or change by means of sorcery translate change from one form or medium into another; "Braque translated collage into oil" change the position of (figures or bodies) in space without rotation determine the amino-acid sequence of a protein during its synthesis by using information on the messenger RNA restate (words) from one language into another language; "I have to translate when my in-laws from Austria visit the U.S."; "Can you interpret the speech of the visiting dignitaries?"; "She rendered the French poem into English"; "He translates for the U.N." express, as in simple and less technical language; "Can you translate the instructions in this manual for a layman?"; "Is there a need to translate the psychiatrist's remarks?" bring to a certain spiritual state subject to movement in which every part of the body moves parallel to and the same distance as every other point on the body be translatable, or be translatable in a certain way; "poetry often does not translate"; "Tolstoy's novels translate well into English" be equivalent in effect; "the growth in income translates into greater purchasing power" reclaim make useful again; transform from a useless or uncultivated state; "The people reclaimed the marshes" reuse (materials from waste products) claim back metamorphose change completely the nature or appearance of; "In Kafka's story, a person metamorphoses into a bug"; "The treatment and diet transfigured her into a beautiful young woman"; "Jesus was transfigured after his resurrection" moralize improve the morals of interpret the moral meaning of; "moralize a story" Islamize convert to Islam; "The Mughals Islamized much of Northern India in the 16th century" cause to conform to Islamic law; "Islamize the dietary laws" Christianize convert to Christianity; "missionaries have tried to Christianize native people all over the world" adapt in the name of Christianity; "some people want to Christianize ancient pagan sites" evangelize convert to Christianity; "The missionaries evangelized the Pacific Islanders" preach the gospel (to) catholicize cause to adopt Catholicism turn back turn inside out or upside down invert reverse the position, order, relation, or condition of; "when forming a question, invert the subject and the verb" make an inversion (in a musical composition); "here the theme is inverted" resile return to the original position or state after being stretched or compressed; "The rubber tubes resile" pull out from an agreement, contract, statement, etc.; "The landlord cannot resile from the lease" customize make according to requirements; "customize a car" personalize make personal or more personal; "personalized service" depersonalize make impersonal or present as an object; "Will computers depersonalize human interactions?"; "Pornography objectifies women" lay waste to cause extensive destruction or ruin utterly; "The enemy lay waste to the countryside after the invasion" harry make a pillaging or destructive raid on (a place), as in wartimes emaciate grow weak and thin or waste away physically; "She emaciated during the chemotherapy" enfeeble make weak; "Life in the camp drained him" enervate weaken mentally or morally pine away lose vigor, health, or flesh, as through grief; "After her husband died, she just pined away" dampen lessen in force or effect; "soften a shock"; "break a fall" check; keep in check (a fire) make vague or obscure or make (an image) less visible; "muffle the message" reduce the amplitude (of oscillations or waves) shush silence (someone) by uttering `shush!' choke off suppress; "He choked down his rage" dull make less lively or vigorous; "Middle age dulled her appetite for travel" become dull or lusterless in appearance; lose shine or brightness; "the varnished table top dulled with time" make dull in appearance; "Age had dulled the surface" make dull or blunt; "Too much cutting dulls the knife's edge" (of business) not active or brisk; "business is dull (or slow)"; "a sluggish market" emitting or reflecting very little light; "a dull glow"; "dull silver badly in need of a polish"; "a dull sky" (of color) very low in saturation; highly diluted; "dull greens and blues" darkened with overcast; "a dark day"; "a dull sky"; "the sky was leaden and thick" not having a sharp edge or point; "the knife was too dull to be of any use" not keenly felt; "a dull throbbing"; "dull pain" lacking in liveliness or animation; "he was so dull at parties"; "a dull political campaign"; "a large dull impassive man"; "dull days with nothing to do"; "how dull and dreary the world is"; "fell back into one of her dull moods" being or made softer or less loud or clear; "the dull boom of distant breaking waves"; "muffled drums"; "the muffled noises of the street"; "muted trumpets" not clear and resonant; sounding as if striking with or against something relatively soft; "the dull thud"; "thudding bullets" blunted in responsiveness or sensibility; "a dull gaze"; "so exhausted she was dull to what went on about her"- Willa Cather sharpen become sharp or sharper; "The debate sharpened" make crisp or more crisp and precise; "We had to sharpen our arguments" make (one's senses) more acute; "This drug will sharpen your vision" give a point to; "The candles are tapered" raise the pitch of (musical notes) make sharp or sharper; "sharpen the knives" make (images or sounds) sharp or sharper subtilize make (senses) more keen mark fine distinctions and subtleties, as among words acuminate make sharp or acute; taper; make (something) come to a point (of a leaf shape) narrowing to a slender point flatten lower the pitch of (musical notes) become flat or flatter; "The landscape flattened" make flat or flatter; "flatten a road"; "flatten your stomach with these exercises" acclimatize get used to a certain climate; "They never acclimatized in Egypt" get used to get or become familiar or accustomed with through experience; "I finally got used to my husband's odd habits" synchronize make synchronous and adjust in time or manner; "Let's synchronize our efforts" cause to indicate the same time or rate; "synchronize your watches" operate simultaneously; "The clocks synchronize" arrange or represent events so that they co-occur; "synchronize biblical events" make (motion picture sound) exactly simultaneous with the action; "synchronize this film" happen at the same time desynchronize cause to become desynchronized; cause to occur at unrelated times absorb cause to become one with; "The sales tax is absorbed into the state income tax" consume all of one's attention or time; "Her interest in butterflies absorbs her completely" take up mentally; "he absorbed the knowledge or beliefs of his tribe" assimilate or take in; "The immigrants were quickly absorbed into society" take in, also metaphorically; "The sponge absorbs water well"; "She drew strength from the minister's words" become imbued; "The liquids, light, and gases absorb" take up, as of debts or payments; "absorb the costs for something" suck or take up or in; "A black star absorbs all matter" blend in cause (something) to be mixed with (something else); "At this stage of making the cake, blend in the nuts" cut in mix in with cutting motions interrupt a dancing couple in order to take one of them as one's own partner; "Jim always cuts in!" drive in front of another vehicle leaving too little space for that vehicle to maneuver comfortably allow someone to have a share or profit conjugate unite chemically so that the product is easily broken down into the original compounds undergo conjugation add inflections showing person, number, gender, tense, aspect, etc.; "conjugate the verb" of an organic compound; containing two or more double bonds each separated from the other by a single bond formed by the union of two compounds; "a conjugated protein" (of a pinnate leaflet) having only one pair of leaflets joined together especially in a pair or pairs admix mix or blend; "Hyaline casts were admixed with neutrophils" crumble break or fall apart into fragments; "The cookies crumbled"; "The Sphinx is crumbling" fall apart; "the building crumbled after the explosion"; "Negotiations broke down" disintegrate break into parts or components or lose cohesion or unity; "The material disintegrated"; "the group disintegrated after the leader died" lose a stored charge, magnetic flux, or current; "the particles disintegrated during the nuclear fission process" cause to undergo fission or lose particles reintegrate integrate again; "Russia must be reintegrated into Europe" macerate soften, usually by steeping in liquid, and cause to disintegrate as a result; "macerate peaches"; "the gizzards macerates the food in the digestive system" become soft or separate and disintegrate as a result of excessive soaking; "the tissue macerated in the water" separate into constituents by soaking putrefy become putrid; decay with an offensive smell; "organic matter putrefies" magnetize make magnetic; "The strong magnet magnetized the iron shavings" attract strongly, as if with a magnet; "She magnetized the audience with her tricks" demagnetize make nonmagnetic; take away the magnetic properties (of); "demagnetize the iron shavings"; "they degaussed the ship" erase (a magnetic storage device) simplify make simpler or easier or reduce in complexity or extent; "We had to simplify the instructions"; "this move will simplify our lives" oversimplify make too simple; "Don't oversimplify the instructions" simplify to an excessive degree; "Don't oversimplify the problem" complicate make more complex, intricate, or richer; "refine a design or pattern" make more complicated; "There was a new development that complicated the matter" complexify make complex; "he unnecessarily complexified every problem" have or develop complicating consequences; "These actions will ramify" involve make complex or intricate or complicated; "The situation was rather involved" occupy or engage the interest of; "His story completely involved me during the entire afternoon" contain as a part; "Dinner at Joe's always involves at least six courses" connect closely and often incriminatingly; "This new ruling affects your business" engage as a participant; "Don't involve me in your family affairs!" refine make more precise or increase the discriminatory powers of; "refine a method of analysis"; "refine the constant in the equation" attenuate or reduce in vigor, strength, or intensity by polishing or purifying; "many valuable nutrients are refined out of the foods in our modern diet" reduce to a fine, unmixed, or pure state; separate from extraneous matter or cleanse from impurities; "refine sugar" treat or prepare so as to put in a usable condition; "refine paper stock"; "refine pig iron"; "refine oil" pressurize increase the pressure in or of; "The captain will pressurize the cabin for the passengers' comfort" maintain a certain pressure; "the airplane cabin is pressurized"; "pressurize a space suit" supercharge increase the pressure on a gas or liquid depressurize decrease the pressure of; "depressurize the cabin in the air plane" restructure construct or form anew or provide with a new structure; "After his accident, he had to restructure his life"; "The governing board was reconstituted" organize bring order and organization to; "Can you help me organize my files?" arrange by systematic planning and united effort; "machinate a plot"; "organize a strike"; "devise a plan to take over the director's office" cause to be structured or ordered or operating according to some principle or idea centralize make central; "The Russian government centralized the distribution of food" decentralize make less central; "After the revolution, food distribution was decentralized" socialize make conform to socialist ideas and philosophies; "Health care should be socialized!" prepare for social life; "Children have to be socialized in school" train for a social environment; "The children must be properly socialized" take part in social activities; interact with others; "He never socializes with his colleagues"; "The old man hates to socialize" provide take measures in preparation for; "provide for the proper care of the passengers on the cruise ship" determine (what is to happen in certain contingencies), especially by including a proviso condition or stipulation; "The will provides that each child should receive half of the money"; "The Constitution provides for the right to free speech" give what is desired or needed, especially support, food or sustenance; "The hostess provided lunch for all the guests" supply means of subsistence; earn a living; "He provides for his large family by working three jobs"; "Women nowadays not only take care of the household but also bring home the bacon" cram prepare (students) hastily for an impending exam study intensively, as before an exam; "I had to bone up on my Latin verbs before the final exam" put something somewhere so that the space is completely filled; "cram books into the suitcase" set up get ready for a particular purpose or event; "set up an experiment"; "set the table"; "lay out the tools for the surgery" begin, or enable someone else to begin, a venture by providing the means, logistics, etc.; "set up an election" winterize prepare for winter; "winterize cars"; "winterize your houses" summerize prepare for summer; "summerize your car"; "summerize a house" communize make into property owned by the state; "The new government communized all banks" make Communist or bring in accord with Communist principles; "communize the government" internationalize make international in character; "We internationalized the committee" put under international control; "internationalize trade of certain drugs" Americanize become American in character; "After a year in Iowa, he has totally Americanized" make American in character; "The year in the US has completely Americanized him" Europeanize make (continental) European in customs, character, or ideas denationalize and subject (a territory) to the supervision of an agency of a European community of nations bestialize make brutal and depraved; give animal-like qualities to Frenchify become French in appearance or character; "This restaurant has Frenchified" make French in appearance or character; "let's Frenchify the restaurant and charge more money" modernize become technologically advanced; "Many countries in Asia are now developing at a very fast pace"; "Viet Nam is modernizing rapidly" civilize raise from a barbaric to a civilized state; "The wild child found wandering in the forest was gradually civilized" nationalize put under state control or ownership; "Mitterand nationalized the banks" make national in character or scope; "His heroic deeds were nationalized by the press" denationalize put under private control or ownership; "The steel industry was denationalized" privatize change from governmental to private control or ownership; "The oil industry was privatized" naturalize make into a citizen; "The French family was naturalized last year" make more natural or lifelike adopt to another place; "The stories had become naturalized into an American setting" explain with reference to nature denaturalize strip of the rights and duties of citizenship; "The former Nazi was denaturalized" make less natural or unnatural adopt take into one's family; "They adopted two children from Nicaragua" take up and practice as one's own choose and follow; as of theories, ideas, policies, strategies or plans; "She followed the feminist movement"; "The candidate espouses Republican ideals" immigrate come into a new country and change residency; "Many people immigrated at the beginning of the 20th century" introduce or send as immigrants; "Britain immigrated many colonists to America" migrate to a new environment; "only few plants can immigrate to the island" colonize settle as colonists or establish a colony (in); "The British colonized the East Coast" settle as a colony; of countries in the developing world; "Europeans colonized Africa in the 17th century" relocate move or establish in a new location; "We had to relocate the office because the rent was too high" become established in a new location; "Our company relocated to the Midwest" dislocate put out of its usual place, position, or relationship; "The colonists displaced the natives" move out of position; "dislocate joints"; "the artificial hip joint luxated and had to be put back surgically" set in become established; "winter has set in" enter a particular state; "Laziness set in"; "After a few moments, the effects of the drug kicked in" blow toward the shore; "That gale could set in on us with the next high tide" resettle settle in a new place; "The immigrants had to resettle" emigrate leave one's country of residence for a new one; "Many people had to emigrate during the Nazi period" expatriate move away from one's native country and adopt a new residence abroad expel from a country; "The poet was exiled because he signed a letter protesting the government's actions" steady make steady; "steady yourself" not easily excited or upset; "steady nerves" securely in position; not shaky; "held the ladder steady" not subject to change or variation especially in behavior; "a steady beat"; "a steady job"; "a steady breeze"; "a steady increase"; "a good steady ballplayer" even make even or more even become even or more even; "even out the surface" equal in degree or extent or amount; or equally matched or balanced; "even amounts of butter and sugar"; "on even terms"; "it was a fifty-fifty (or even) split"; "had a fifty-fifty (or even) chance"; "an even fight" being level or straight or regular and without variation as e.g. in shape or texture; or being in the same plane or at the same height as something else (i.e. even with); "an even application of varnish"; "an even floor"; "the road was not very even"; "the picture is even with the window" divisible by two occurring at fixed intervals; "a regular beat"; "the even rhythm of his breathing" symmetrically arranged; "even features"; "regular features"; "a regular polygon" used as an intensive especially to indicate something unexpected; "even an idiot knows that"; "declined even to consider the idea"; "I don't have even a dollar!" to a greater degree or extent; used with comparisons; "looked sick and felt even worse"; "an even (or still) more interesting problem"; "still another problem must be solved"; "a yet sadder tale" in spite of; notwithstanding; "even when he is sick, he works"; "even with his head start she caught up with him" to the full extent; "loyal even unto death" equal make equal, uniform, corresponding, or matching; "let's equalize the duties among all employees in this office"; "The company matched the discount policy of its competitors" be identical or equivalent to; "One dollar equals 1,000 rubles these days!" be equal to in quality or ability; "Nothing can rival cotton for durability"; "Your performance doesn't even touch that of your colleagues"; "Her persistence and ambition only matches that of her parents" having the same quantity, value, or measure as another; "on equal terms"; "all men are equal before the law" homologize make homologous be homologous; "A person's arms homologize with a quadruped's forelimbs" stiffen make stiff or stiffer; "Stiffen the cream by adding gelatine" become stiff or stiffer; "He stiffened when he saw his boss enter the room" severely restrict in scope or extent; "tighten the rules"; "stiffen the regulations" rigidify make rigid and set into a conventional pattern; "rigidify the training schedule"; "ossified teaching methods"; "slogans petrify our thinking" become rigid; "The body rigidified" clamp down repress or suppress (something regarded as undesirable); "The police clamped down on illegal drugs" loosen become loose or looser or less tight; "The noose loosened"; "the rope relaxed" make loose or looser; "loosen the tension on a rope" make less dense; "loosen the soil" tighten become tight or tighter; "The rope tightened" make tight or tighter; "Tighten the wire" frap take up the slack of; "frap a rope" make secure by lashing; "frap a sail" tauten make taut or tauter; "tauten a rope" become taut or tauter; "Your muscles will firm when you exercise regularly"; "the rope tautened" transitivize make transitive; "adding `out' to many verbs transitivizes them" detransitivize intransitivize; "removing the object will intransitivize the verbs" slacken make slack as by lessening tension or firmness become looser or slack; "the rope slackened" douse slacken; "douse a rope" lower quickly; "douse a sail" wet thoroughly put out, as of a candle or a light; "Douse the lights" absent go away or leave; "He absented himself" lost in thought; showing preoccupation; "an absent stare"; "an absentminded professor"; "the scatty glancing quality of a hyperactive but unfocused intelligence" not being in a specified place evanesce disappear gradually; "The pain eventually passed off" appear come into sight or view; "He suddenly appeared at the wedding"; "A new star appeared on the horizon" come into being or existence, or appear on the scene; "Then the computer came along and changed our lives"; "Homo sapiens appeared millions of years ago" be issued or published; "Did your latest book appear yet?"; "The new Woody Allen film hasn't come out yet" appear as a character on stage or appear in a play, etc.; "Gielgud appears briefly in this movie"; "She appeared in `Hamlet' on the London stage" seem to be true, probable, or apparent; "It seems that he is very gifted"; "It appears that the weather in California is very bad" present oneself formally, as before a (judicial) authority; "He had to appear in court last month"; "She appeared on several charges of theft" peep appear as though from hiding; "the new moon peeped through the tree tops" speak in a hesitant and high-pitched tone of voice make high-pitched sounds; "the birds were chirping in the bushes" cause to appear; "he peeped his head through the window" look furtively; "He peeped at the woman through the window" come to light be revealed or disclosed; "The truth finally came to light" emerge come out into view, as from concealment; "Suddenly, the proprietor emerged from his office" become known or apparent; "Some nice results emerged from the study" come up to the surface of or rise; "He felt new emotions emerge" get on appear in a show, on T.V. or radio; "The news won't be on tonight" grow late or (of time) elapse; "It is getting on midnight--let's all go to bed!" turn out come, usually in answer to an invitation or summons; "How many people turned out that evening?" produce quickly or regularly, usually with machinery; "This factory turns out saws" turn outward; "These birds can splay out their toes"; "ballet dancers can rotate their legs out by 90 degrees" outfit or equip, as with accessories; "The actors were turned out lavishly" come and gather for a public event; "Hundreds of thousands turned out for the anti-war rally in New York" result or end; "How will the game turn out?" prove to be in the result or end; "It turns out that he was right" resurface appear again; "The missing man suddenly resurfaced in New York" cover with a new surface reappear on the surface pop out appear suddenly; "Spring popped up everywhere in the valley" come out suddenly or forcefully; "you stick a bill in the vending machine and the change pops out" exit briefly; "He popped out for a quick coffee break" reappear appear again; "The sores reappeared on her body"; "Her husband reappeared after having left her years ago" break through penetrate; "The sun broke through the clouds"; "The rescue team broke through the wall in the mine shaft" pass through (a barrier); "Registrations cracked through the 30,000 mark in the county" disappear get lost, as without warning or explanation; "He disappeared without a trace" skip town disappear without notifying anyone (idiom) die out become extinct; "Dinosaurs died out" minimize make small or insignificant; "Let's minimize the risk" cause to seem less serious; play down; "Don't belittle his influence" scale down reduce proportionally; "The model is scaled down" scale up increase proportionally; "scale up the model" maximize make as big or large as possible; "Maximize your profits!" make the most of; "He maximized his role" retrench make a reduction, as in one's workforce; "The company had to retrench" tighten one's belt; use resources carefully thin out make sparse; "thin out the young plants" become sparser; "Towards the end of town, the houses thinned out" thin make thin or thinner; "Thin the solution" lose thickness; become thin or thinner lacking excess flesh; "you can't be too rich or too thin"; "Yon Cassius has a lean and hungry look"-Shakespeare (of sound) lacking resonance or volume; "a thin feeble cry" lacking spirit or sincere effort; "a thin smile" of relatively small extent from one surface to the opposite or in cross section; "thin wire"; "a thin chiffon blouse"; "a thin book"; "a thin layer of paint" relatively thin in consistency or low in density; not viscous; "air is thin at high altitudes"; "a thin soup"; "skimmed milk is much thinner than whole milk"; "thin oil" thicken become thick or thicker; "The sauce thickened"; "The egg yolk will inspissate" make thick or thicker; "Thicken the sauce"; "inspissate the tar so that it becomes pitch" make viscous or dense; "thicken the sauce by adding flour" wear on pass slowly (of time); "The day wore on" heighten make more extreme; raise in quantity, degree, or intensity; "heightened interest" become more extreme; "The tension heightened" increase the height of; "The athletes kept jumping over the steadily heightened bars" shoot up rise dramatically; "Prices shot up overnight" full make (a garment) fuller by pleating or gathering beat for the purpose of cleaning and thickening; "full the cloth" having the normally expected amount; "gives full measure"; "gives good measure"; "a good mile from here" complete in extent or degree and in every particular; "a full game"; "a total eclipse"; "a total disaster" containing as much or as many as is possible or normal; "a full glass"; "a sky full of stars"; "a full life"; "the auditorium was full to overflowing" (of sound) having marked deepness and body; "full tones"; "a full voice" filled to satisfaction with food or drink; "a full stomach" wane decrease in phase; "the moon is waning" become smaller; "Interest in his novels waned" magnify increase in size, volume or significance; "Her terror was magnified in her mind" give way end resistance, as under pressure or force; "The door yielded to repeated blows with a battering ram" blow out melt, break, or become otherwise unusable; "The lightbulbs blew out"; "The fuse blew" erupt in an uncontrolled manner; "The oil well blew out" unfurl unroll, unfold, or spread out or be unrolled, unfolded, or spread out from a furled state; "unfurl a banner" roll up form a cylinder by rolling; "roll up a banner" form into a cylinder by rolling; "Roll up the cloth" close (a car window) by causing it to move up, as with a handle; "she rolled up the window when it started to rain" arrive in a vehicle: "He rolled up in a black Mercedes" get or gather together; "I am accumulating evidence for the man's unfaithfulness to his wife"; "She is amassing a lot of data for her thesis"; "She rolled up a small fortune" diversify vary in order to spread risk or to expand; "The company diversified" spread into new habitats and produce variety or variegate; "The plants on this island diversified" make (more) diverse; "diversify a course of study" vary make something more diverse and varied; "Vary the menu" be subject to change in accordance with a variable; "Prices vary"; "His moods vary depending on the weather" specialize become more focused on an area of activity or field of study; "She specializes in Near Eastern history" suit to a special purpose; "specialize one's research"; "this kind of beak has become specialized in certain Galapagos finches" devote oneself to a special area of work; "She specializes in honey bees"; "This baker specializes in French bread" overspecialize become overly specialized; "She overspecialized when she concentrated on verbs in Fijian" accelerate move faster; "The car accelerated" cause to move faster; "He accelerated the car" decelerate reduce the speed of; "He slowed down the car" lose velocity; move more slowly; "The car decelerated" retard cause to move more slowly or operate at a slower rate; "This drug will retard your heart rate" be delayed fishtail slow down by moving the tail sideways; "The airplane fishtailed on the runway" rev up increase the number of rotations per minute; "rev up an engine" speed up; "let's rev up production" slow become slow or slower; "Production slowed" cause to proceed more slowly; "The illness slowed him down" not moving quickly; taking a comparatively long time; "a slow walker"; "the slow lane of traffic"; "her steps were slow"; "he was slow in reacting to the news"; "slow but steady growth" at a slow tempo; "the band played a slow waltz" (used of timepieces) indicating a time earlier than the correct time; "the clock is slow" diminish lessen the authority, dignity, or reputation of; "don't belittle your colleagues" gasify turn into gas; "The substance gasified" jell become gelatinous; "the liquid jelled after we added the enzyme" curdle turn from a liquid to a solid mass; "his blood curdled" go bad or sour; "The milk curdled" turn into curds; "curdled milk" harden become hard or harder; "The wax hardened" make hard or harder; "The cold hardened the butter" liquefy become liquid or fluid when heated; "the frozen fat liquefied" make (a solid substance) liquid, as by heating; "liquefy the silver" become liquid; "The garden air overnight liquefied into a morning dew" try melt (fat or lard) in order to separate out impurities; "try the yak butter"; "render fat in a casserole" test the limits of; "You are trying my patience!" give pain or trouble to; "I've been sorely tried by these students" make an effort or attempt; "He tried to shake off his fears"; "The infant had essayed a few wobbly steps"; "The police attempted to stop the thief"; "He sought to improve himself"; "She always seeks to do good in the world" solidify become solid; "The metal solidified when it cooled" make solid or more solid; cause to solidify react undergo a chemical reaction; react with another substance under certain conditions; "The hydrogen and the oxygen react" show a response or a reaction to something act against or in opposition to; "She reacts negatively to everything I say" etch selectively dissolve the surface of (a semiconductor or printed circuit) with a solvent, laser, or stream of electrons make an etching of; "He etched her image into the surface" cause to stand out or be clearly defined or visible; "a face etched with pain"; "the leafless branches etched against the sky" validate make valid or confirm the validity of; "validate a ticket" prove valid; show or confirm the validity of something give evidence for declare or make legally valid invalidate take away the legal force of or render ineffective; "invalidate a contract" show to be invalid declare invalid; "The contract was annulled"; "void a plea" clean out empty completely; "We cleaned out all the drawers" deprive completely of money or goods; "The robbers cleaned us out in a couple of hours" force out; "The new boss cleaned out the lazy workers" flow away flow off or away gradually; "The water flowed off from the pipe" bail out remove (water) from a boat by dipping and throwing over the side free on bail populate fill with inhabitants; "populate the forest with deer and wild boar for hunting" be an inhabitant of or reside in; "People lived in Africa millions of years ago"; "The people inhabited the islands that are now deserted"; "this kind of fish dwells near the bottom of the ocean"; "deer are populating the woods" rack up supply a rack with feed for (horses or other animals) place in a rack; "rack pool balls" top off fill to the point of almost overflowing; "She topped off the cup" heap fill to overflow; "heap the platter with potatoes" bestow in large quantities; "He heaped him with work"; "She heaped scorn upon him" overfill fill beyond capacity; "overfill the baskets" replenish fill something that had previously been emptied; "refill my glass, please" suffuse cause to spread or flush or flood through, over, or across; "The sky was suffused with a warm pink color" to become overspread as with a fluid, a colour, a gleam of light; "His whole frame suffused with a cold dew" perfuse force a fluid through (a body part or tissue); "perfuse a liver with a salt solution" wash down flow freely; "The body washed down the river" eat food accompanied by lots of liquid; also use metaphorically; "She washed down her dinner with a bottle of red wine"; "He washes down his worries with a nightly glass of whisky" complete bring to a whole, with all the necessary parts or elements; "A child would complete the family" come or bring to a finish or an end; "He finished the dishes"; "She completed the requirements for her Master's Degree"; "The fastest runner finished the race in just over 2 hours; others finished in over 4 hours" write all the required information onto a form; "fill out this questionnaire, please!"; "make out a form" complete a pass having every necessary or normal part or component or step; "a complete meal"; "a complete wardrobe"; "a complete set of the Britannica"; "a complete set of china"; "a complete defeat"; "a complete accounting" having come or been brought to a conclusion; "the harvesting was complete"; "the affair is over, ended, finished"; "the abruptly terminated interview" perfect and complete in every respect; having all necessary qualities; "a complete gentleman"; "consummate happiness"; "a consummate performance" saturate cause (a chemical compound, vapour, solution, magnetic material) to unite with the greatest possible amount of another substance homogenize cause to become equal or homogeneous as by mixing; "homogenize the main ingredients" become homogeneous or similar, as by mixing; "The two liquids homogenized in the blender" break up the fat globules of; "homogenized milk" vinify convert a juice into wine by fermentation; "vinify grape juice" stonewall engage in delaying tactics or refuse to cooperate; "The President stonewalled when he realized the plot was being uncovered by a journalist" obstruct or hinder any discussion; "Nixon stonewalled the Watergate investigation"; "When she doesn't like to face a problem, she simply stonewalls" buy time act so as to delay an event or action in order to gain an advantage louden cause to become loud become louder; "The room loudened considerably" inhibit prohibit, forbid, or prevent from doing something; "Contact between the young was inhibited by strict social customs" make (someone) self-conscious and as a result unable to act naturally; "his father's cold and distant demeanor inhibited him emotionally" consciously restrain from showing; of emotions, desires, impulses, or behavior; "suppress a smile"; "he let his anger bottle up until he exploded" limit, block, or decrease the action or function of; "inhibit the action of the enzyme"; "inhibit the rate of a chemical reaction" burke get rid of, silence, or suppress; "burke an issue" murder without leaving a trace on the body squelch suppress or crush completely; "squelch any sign of dissent"; "quench a rebellion" walk through mud or mire; "We had to splosh across the wet meadow" make a sucking sound steamroll make level or flat with a steamroller; "steamroll the roads" align place in a line or arrange so as to be parallel or straight; "align the car with the curb"; "align the sheets of paper on the table" bring (components or parts) into proper or desirable coordination correlation; "align the wheels of my car"; "ordinate similar parts" align oneself with a group or a way of thinking be or come into adjustment with realign align anew or better; "The surgeon realigned my jaw after the accident" collimate adjust the line of sight of (an optical instrument) plumb adjust with a plumb line so as to make vertical examine thoroughly and in great depth measure the depth of something weight with lead exactly vertical; "the tower of Pisa is far out of plumb" exactly; "fell plumb in the middle of the puddle" conforming to the direction of a plumb line misalign align imperfectly or badly; "the elements of the turbine were misaligned" skew turn or place at an angle; "the lines on the sheet of paper are skewed" having an oblique or slanting direction or position; "the picture was skew" integrate make into a whole or make part of a whole; "She incorporated his suggestions into her proposal" become one; become integrated; "The students at this school integrate immediately, despite their different backgrounds" calculate the integral of; calculate by integration lysogenize become integrated into the genome of (a bacterium) build in make something an integral part of something else; "we can build in a special clause to make the contract better for you" re-incorporate incorporate again or anew standardize cause to conform to standard or norm; "The weights and measures were standardized" evaluate by comparing with a standard normalize make normal or cause to conform to a norm or standard; "normalize relations with China"; "normalize the temperature"; "normalize the spelling" become normal or return to its normal state; "Let us hope that relations with this country will normalize soon" reorient set or arrange in a new or different determinate position; "Orient the house towards the South" cause to turn morph change shape as via computer animation; "In the video, Michael Jackson morphed into a panther" cause to change shape in a computer animation; "The computer programmer morphed the image" neutralize make chemically neutral; "She neutralized the solution" make ineffective by counterbalancing the effect of; "Her optimism neutralizes his gloom"; "This action will negate the effect of my efforts" make incapable of military action get rid of (someone who may be a threat) by killing; "The mafia liquidated the informer"; "the double agent was neutralized" make politically neutral and thus inoffensive; "The treaty neutralized the small republic" commercialize make commercial; "Some Amish people have commercialized their way of life" exploit for maximal profit, usually by sacrificing quality; "The hotel owners are commercializing the beaches" eliminate kill in large numbers; "the plague wiped out an entire population" remove (an unknown variable) from two or more equations remove from a contest or race; "The cyclist has eliminated all the competitors in the race" decimate kill one in every ten, as of mutineers in Roman armies cancel out wipe out the effect of something; "The new tax effectively cancels out my raise"; "The `A' will cancel out the `C' on your record" decouple reduce or eliminate the coupling of (one circuit or part to another) eliminate airborne shock waves from (an explosive) regard as unconnected; "you must dissociate these two events!"; "decouple our foreign policy from ideology" extinguish terminate, end, or take out; "Let's eliminate the course on Akkadian hieroglyphics"; "Socialism extinguished these archaic customs"; "eliminate my debts" perfect make perfect or complete; "perfect your French in Paris!" precisely accurate or exact; "perfect timing" being complete of its kind and without defect or blemish; "a perfect circle"; "a perfect reproduction"; "perfect happiness"; "perfect manners"; "a perfect specimen"; "a perfect day" overrefine refine too much or with excess of subtlety; "He is overrefining this matter" purify remove impurities from, increase the concentration of, and separate through the process of distillation; "purify the water" make pure or free from sin or guilt; "he left the monastery purified" become clean or pure or free of guilt and sin; "The hippies came to the ashram in order to purify" spiritualize purify from the corrupting influences of the world; "During his stay at the ashram he was spiritualized" give a spiritual meaning to; read in a spiritual sense lustrate purify by means of a ritual; also used in post-Communist countries to refer to the political cleansing of former officials deform alter the shape of (something) by stress; "His body was deformed by leprosy" become misshapen; "The sidewalk deformed during the earthquake" make formless; "the heat deformed the plastic sculpture" mar make imperfect; "nothing marred her beauty" snuff out put an end to; kill; "The Nazis snuffed out the life of many Jewish children" put out, as of fires, flames, or lights; "Too big to be extinguished at once, the forest fires at best could be contained"; "quench the flames"; "snuff out the candles" stub out extinguish by crushing; "stub out your cigar" massacre kill a large number of people indiscriminately; "The Hutus massacred the Tutsis in Rwanda" erase remove from memory or existence; "The Turks erased the Armenians in 1915" wipe out digitally or magnetically recorded information; "Who erased the files from my hard disk?" remove by or as if by rubbing or erasing; "Please erase the formula on the blackboard--it is wrong!" mechanize make mechanical; "mechanize the procedure" make monotonous; make automatic or routine; "If your work becomes too mechanized, change jobs!" equip with armed and armored motor vehicles; "mechanize armies" dehumanize make mechanical or routine deprive of human qualities; "Life in poverty has dehumanized them" automatize make automatic or control or operate automatically; "automatize the production"; "automate the movement of the robot" turn into an automaton semi-automatize make semiautomatic; "Can we semi-automatize the semantic tagging process?" systematize arrange according to a system or reduce to a system; "systematize our scientific knowledge" codify organize into a code or system, such as a body of law; "Hammurabi codified the laws" finalize make final; put the last touches on; put into final form; "let's finalize the proposal" harmonize bring into consonance, harmony, or accord while making music or singing bring into consonance or accord; "harmonize one's goals with one's abilities" bring (several things) into consonance or relate harmoniously; "harmonize the different interests" sing or play in harmony write a harmony for go together; "The colors don't harmonize"; "Their ideas concorded" accommodate make (one thing) compatible with (another); "The scientists had to accommodate the new results with the existing theories" provide with something desired or needed; "Can you accommodate me with a rental car?" have room for; hold without crowding; "This hotel can accommodate 250 guests"; "The theater admits 300 people"; "The auditorium can't hold more than 500 people" compartmentalize separate into isolated compartments or categories; "You cannot compartmentalize your life like this!" get through finish a task completely; "I finally got through this homework assignment" succeed in reaching a real or abstract destination after overcoming problems; "We finally got through the bureaucracy and could talk to the Minister" see through remain with until completion; "I must see the job through" perceive the true nature of; "We could see through her apparent calm" support financially through a period of time; "The scholarship saw me through college"; "This money will see me through next month" cap off finish or complete, as with some decisive action; "he capped off the meeting with a radical proposal" follow through pursue to a conclusion or bring to a successful issue; "Did he go through with the treatment?"; "He implemented a new economic plan"; "She followed up his recommendations with a written proposal" carry a stroke to natural completion after hitting or releasing a ball adhere follow through or carry out a plan without deviation; "They adhered to their plan" stick to firmly; "Will this wallpaper adhere to the wall?" be a devoted follower or supporter; "The residents of this village adhered to Catholicism"; "She sticks to her principles" be compatible or in accordance with; "You must adhere to the rules" fixate become fixed (on); "Her eyes fixated on a point on the horizon" make fixed, stable or stationary; "let's fix the picture to the frame" pay attention to exclusively and obsessively; "The media are fixating on Princess Diana's death" attach (oneself) to a person or thing in a neurotic way; "He fixates on his mother, even at the age of 40" polarize become polarized in a conflict or contrasting situation cause to concentrate about two conflicting or contrasting positions cause to vibrate in a definite pattern; "polarize light waves" water down thin by adding water to; "They watered down the moonshine" make less strong or intense; "water down the mixture" linearize make linear or get into a linear form; "a catalyst linearizes polyethylene" glorify bestow glory upon; "The victory over the enemy glorified the Republic" cause to seem more splendid; "You are glorifying a rather mediocre building" justify adjust the spaces between words; "justify the margins" show to be right by providing justification or proof; "vindicate a claim" (used of God) declare innocent; absolve from the penalty of sin quantify express as a number or measure or quantity; "Can you quantify your results?" use as a quantifier mistime time incorrectly; "She mistimed the marathon runner" click off perform or finish an action rapidly; "The game was clicked off in 1:48" titrate measure by (the volume or concentration of solutions) by titration pollute make impure; "The industrial wastes polluted the lake" decontaminate rid of contamination; "The soil around the housing development had to be decontaminated by the city" contaminate make radioactive by adding radioactive material; "Don't drink the water--it's contaminated" debase lower in value by increasing the base-metal content devalue lower the value or quality of; "The tear devalues the painting" remove the value from; deprive of its value demonetize deprive of value for payment; "demonetize a coin" isolate place or set apart; "They isolated the political prisoners from the other inmates" obtain in pure form; "The chemist managed to isolate the compound" separate (experiences) from the emotions relating to them ghettoize put in a ghetto; "The Jews in Eastern Europe were ghettoized" insulate protect from heat, cold, or noise by surrounding with insulating material; "We had his bedroom insulated before winter came" weatherstrip provide with weatherstripping; "The window must be weatherstripped before the cold weather sets in" soundproof insulate against noise; "Proust had his apartment soundproofed" impervious to, or not penetrable by, sound; "a soundproof room" sequester set apart from others; "The dentist sequesters the tooth he is working on" undergo sequestration by forming a stable compound with an ion; "The cations were sequestered" requisition forcibly, as of enemy property; "the estate was sequestered" seclude keep away from others; "He sequestered himself in his study to write a book" lose withdraw, as from reality; "he lost himslef in his music" fail to win; "We lost the battle but we won the war" suffer the loss of a person through death or removal; "She lost her husband in the war"; "The couple that wanted to adopt the child lost her when the biological parents claimed her" allow to go out of sight or mind; "The detective lost the man he was shadowing after he had to stop at a red light"; "lose the crowds by climbing a mountain"; "the lost tribe" miss from one's possessions; lose sight of; "I've lost my glasses again!" fail to keep or to maintain; cease to have, either physically or in an abstract sense; "She lost her purse when she left it unattended on her seat" fail to get or obtain; "I lost the opportunity to spend a year abroad" fail to make money in a business; make a loss or fail to profit; "I lost thousands of dollars on that bad investment!"; "The company turned a loss after the first year" preisolate isolate beforehand ammonify treat with ammonia; cause to undergo ammonification thoriate impregnate with thorium oxide to increase thermionic emission imbrue permeate or impregnate; "The war drenched the country in blood" calcify convert into lime; "the salts calcified the rock" turn into lime; become calcified; "The rock calcified over the centuries" become impregnated with calcium salts become inflexible and unchanging; "Old folks can calcify" decalcify remove calcium or lime from; "decalcify the rock" lose calcium or calcium compounds carnify become muscular or fleshy chondrify turn into cartilage; "The tissue chondrifies" citify accustom to urban ways; "Immigration will citify the country?" urbanize make more industrial or city-like; "The area was urbanized after many people moved in" impart urban habits, ways of life, or responsibilities upon; "Birds are being urbanized by people in outdoor cafes feeding them" industrialize develop industry; become industrial; "The nations of South East Asia will quickly industrialize and catch up with the West" organize (the production of something) into an industry; "The Chinese industrialized textile production" emulsify form into or become an emulsion; "The solution emulsified" cause to become an emulsion; make into an emulsion demulsify break down into components cause to demulsify denazify free from Nazi ideology or detach from Nazi allegiance; "Germany was denazified after WW II"; "The highest judges were never denazified" decarboxylate remove a carboxyl group from (a chemical compound) lose a carboxyl group; "the compound decarboxylated" nazify cause or force to adopt Nazism or a Nazi character; "Hitler nazified Germany in the 1930's"; "The arts were nazified everywhere in Germany" denitrify remove nitrogen from; "Denitrify the soil" nitrify treat (soil) with nitrates treat with nitrogen or a nitrogen compound convert into nitric acid, nitrous acid, or nitrate, especially with the action of nitrobacteria fertilize provide with fertilizers or add nutrients to; "We should fertilize soil if we want to grow healthy plants" make fertile or productive; "The course fertilized her imagination" topdress scatter manure or fertilizer over (land) innervate stimulate to action; "innervate a muscle or a nerve" supply nerves to (some organ or body part) federalize put under the control and authority of a federal government clarify make clear by removing impurities or solids, as by heating; "clarify the butter"; "clarify beer" make clear and (more) comprehensible; "clarify the mystery surrounding her death" detoxify remove poison from; "detoxify the soil" devitrify make (glassy materials) brittle or opaque become crystalline embrittle make brittle electrify equip for use with electricity; "electrify an appliance" charge (a conductor) with electricity excite suddenly and intensely; "The news electrified us" esterify change (a compound) into an ester etherify change into an ether; "etherify an alcohol" interstratify arrange rocks in alternating strata jellify make into jelly; "jellify a liquid" become jelly; "The sauce jellified" lapidify change into stone; "the wood petrified with time" stigmatize mark with a stigma or stigmata; "They wanted to stigmatize the adulteress" to accuse or condemn or openly or formally or brand as disgraceful; "He denounced the government action"; "She was stigmatized by society because she had a child out of wedlock" raddle mark or paint with raddle twist or braid together, interlace striate mark with striae or striations marked with stria or striations red-ink mark with red ink; "red-ink the area that is restricted" reline put new lines on; "reline the paper" provide with a new lining; "the old fur coat must be relined" lay up disable or confine, as with an illness; "She was laid up with pneumonia for six weeks" nobble disable by drugging; "nobble the race horses" enable render capable or able for some task; "This skill will enable you to find a job on Wall Street"; "The rope enables you to secure yourself when you climb the mountain" equip provide with abilities or understanding; "She was never equipped to be a dancer" provide with (something) usually for a specific purpose; "The expedition was equipped with proper clothing, food, and other necessities" pick up lift out or reflect from a background; "The scarf picks up the color of the skirt"; "His eyes picked up his smile" take up by hand; "He picked up the book and started to read" give a passenger or a hitchhiker a lift; "We picked up a hitchhiker on the highway" take and lift upward register (perceptual input); "pick up a signal" buy casually or spontaneously; "I picked up some food for a snack" get in addition, as an increase; "The candidate picked up thousands of votes after his visit to the nursing home" meet someone for sexual purposes; "he always tries to pick up girls in bars" wave off dismiss as insignificant; "He waved off suggestions of impropriety" bring out direct attention to, as if by means of contrast; "This dress accentuates your nice figure!"; "I set off these words by brackets" take out of a container or enclosed space; "Get out your best dress--we are going to a party!" bring out of a specific state encourage to be less reserved; "The teacher tried to bring out the shy boy" make visible; "Summer brings out bright clothes"; "He brings out the best in her" de-emphasize reduce the emphasis reverberate treat, process, heat, melt, or refine in a reverberatory furnace; "reverberate ore" be reflected as heat, sound, or light or shock waves; "the waves reverberate as far away as the end of the building" have a long or continuing effect; "The discussions with my teacher reverberated throughout my adult life" sulphur treat with sulphur in order to preserve; "These dried fruits are sulphured" vulcanize subject to vulcanization; "vulcanized rubber" undergo vulcanization; "vulcanize rubber" bituminize treat with bitumen Agenize age or bleach flour with Agene (nitrogen trichloride) recharge charge anew; "recharge a battery" load anew; "She reloaded the gun carefully" facilitate make easier; "you could facilitate the process by sharing your knowledge" increase the likelihood of (a response); "The stimulus facilitates a delayed impulse" mystify make mysterious; "mystify the story" demystify make less mysterious or remove the mystery from; "let's demystify the event by explaining what it is all about" sweeten make sweeter, more pleasant, or more agreeable; "sweeten a deal" make sweeter in taste de-ionate remove ions from; "ionate thyroxine" iodinate cause to combine with iodine; "iodinate thyroxine" de-iodinate remove iodine from; "de-iodinate the thyroxine" ionate add ions to thrombose become blocked by a thrombus; "the blood vessel thrombosed" diagonalize transform a matrix to a diagonal matrix archaize give an archaic appearance of character to; "archaized craftwork" take effect go into effect or become effective or operative; "The new law will take effect next month" inform give character or essence to; "The principles that inform modern teaching" impart knowledge of some fact, state of affairs, or event to; "I informed him of his rights" act as an informer; "She had informed on her own parents for years" officialize make official; "We officialized our relationship" marbleize make something look like marble; "marbleize the fireplace" occidentalize make western in character; "The country was Westernized after it opened up" orientalize make oriental in character; "orientalize your garden" acetylate introduce an acetyl group into (a chemical compound) receive substitution of an acetyl group; "the compounds acetylated" achromatize remove color from; "achromatize the lenses" assume take on a certain form, attribute, or aspect; "His voice took on a sad tone"; "The story took a new turn"; "he adopted an air of superiority"; "She assumed strange manners"; "The gods assume human or animal form in these fables" take to be the case or to be true; accept without verification or proof; "I assume his train was late" take up someone's soul into heaven; "This is the day when Mary was assumed into heaven" occupy or take on; "He assumes the lotus position"; "She took her seat on the stage"; "We took our seats in the orchestra"; "She took up her position behind the tree"; "strike a pose" seize and take control without authority and possibly with force; take as one's right or possession; "He assumed to himself the right to fill all positions in the town"; "he usurped my rights"; "She seized control of the throne after her husband died" take on titles, offices, duties, responsibilities; "When will the new President assume office?" re-assume take on again, as after a time lapse; "He re-assumed his old behavior" ritualize make or evolve into a ritual; "The growing up of children has become ritualized in many cultures" carboxylate treat (a chemical compound) with carboxyl or carboxylic acid caseate become cheeselike; "necrotic tissue caseates" turn into cheese; "The milk caseated" classicize make classic or classical conventionalize make conventional or adapt to conventions; "conventionalized behavior" cure prepare by drying, salting, or chemical processing in order to preserve; "cure meats"; "cure pickles"; "cure hay" be or become preserved; "the apricots cure in the sun" make (substances) hard and improve their usability; "cure resin"; "cure cement"; "cure soap" recover regain a former condition after a financial loss; "We expect the stocks to recover to $2.90"; "The company managed to recuperate" cover anew; "recover a chair" get or find back; recover the use of; "She regained control of herself"; "She found her voice and replied quickly" regain or make up for; "recuperate one's losses" debouch pass out or emerge; especially of rivers; "The tributary debouched into the big river" march out (as from a defile) into open ground; "The regiments debouched from the valley" decarbonize remove carbon from (an engine) decimalize change to the decimal system; "The country decimalized the currency in 1975" change from fractions to decimals; "Stock prices will be decimalized in the year 2000" declutch disengage the clutch of a car delouse free of lice; "They deloused the prisoners after they liberated the camps" depopulate reduce in population; "The epidemic depopulated the countryside" lower set lower; "lower a rating"; "lower expectations" cause to drop or sink; "The lack of rain had depressed the water level in the reservoir" move something or somebody to a lower position; "take down the vase from the shelf" derate lower the rated electrical capability of electrical apparatus salinate add salt to; "salinated solution" desalinate remove salt from; "desalinate water" dizzy make dizzy or giddy; "a dizzying pace" having or causing a whirling sensation; liable to falling; "had a dizzy spell"; "a dizzy pinnacle"; "had a headache and felt giddy"; "a giddy precipice"; "feeling woozy from the blow on his head"; "a vertiginous climb up the face of the cliff" exteriorize make external or objective, or give reality to; "language externalizes our thoughts" bring outside the body for surgery, of organs glamorize make glamorous and attractive; "This new wallpaper really glamorizes the living room!" sentimentalize look at with sentimentality or turn into an object of sentiment; "Don't sentimentalize the past events" make (someone or something) sentimental or imbue with sentimental qualities; "Too much poetry sentimentalizes the mind"; "These experiences have sentimentalized her" laicize reduce to lay status; "laicize the parochial schools" politicize give a political character to; "politicize the discussion" radicalize make more radical in social or political outlook; "Her work in the developing world radicalized her" encrimson make crimson vermilion color vermilion of a vivid red to reddish-orange color carmine color carmine rubify make ruby red rusticate lend a rustic character to; "rusticate the house in the country" give (stone) a rustic look send to the country; "He was rusticated for his bad behavior" live in the country and lead a rustic life shallow become shallow; "the lake shallowed over time" make shallow; "The silt shallowed the canal" lacking physical depth; having little spatial extension downward or inward from an outer surface or backward or outward from a center; "shallow water"; "a shallow dish"; "a shallow cut"; "a shallow closet"; "established a shallow beachhead"; "hit the ball to shallow left field" not deep or strong; not affecting one deeply; "shallow breathing"; "a night of shallow fretful sleep"; "in a shallow trance" lacking depth of intellect or knowledge; concerned only with what is obvious; "shallow people"; "his arguments seemed shallow and tedious" steepen make steeper; "The landslides have steepened the mountain sides" become steeper; "The mountain side has steepened" superannuate retire or become ineligible because of old age or infirmity become obsolete declare to be obsolete retire and pension (someone) because of age or physical inability unscramble make intelligible; "Can you unscramble the message?" unsex remove the qualities typical of one's sex; "She unsexed herself" deprive of sex or sexual powers vitrify undergo vitrification; become glassy or glass-like change into glass or a glass-like substance by applying heat saponify convert into soap by hydrolizing an ester into an acid and alcohol as a result of treating it with an alkali; "saponify oils and fats" become converted into soap by being hydrolized into an acid and alcohol as a result of being treated with an alkali; "the oil saponified" lead up set in motion, start an event or prepare the way for; "Hitler's attack on Poland led up to World War II" territorialize extend by adding territory place on a territorial basis; "The railways were territorialized" organize as a territory globalize make world-wide in scope or application; "Markets are being increasingly globalized" bring home make understandable and clear; "This brings home my point" catch on become popular; "This fashion caught on in Paris" understand, usually after some initial difficulty; "She didn't know what her classmates were plotting but finally caught on" outgrow grow too large or too mature for; "I have outgrown these clothes"; "She outgrew her childish habits" grow faster than muddy make turbid; "muddy the water" cause to become muddy; "These data would have muddied the prediction" dirty with mud reheat heat again; "Please reheat the food from last night" poach cook in a simmering liquid; "poached apricots" hunt illegally; "people are poaching elephants for their ivory" dignify raise the status of; "I shall not dignify this insensitive remark with an answer" exalt raise in rank, character, or status; "exalted the humble shoemaker to the rank of King's adviser" deify exalt to the position of a God; "the people deified their King" consider as a god or godlike; "These young men deify financial success" harshen make harsh or harsher; "Winter harshened the look of the city" flow out flow or spill forth emanate proceed or issue forth, as from a source; "Water emanates from this hole in the ground" white-out lose daylight visibility in heavy fog, snow, or rain dinge make dingy make a dent or impression in; "dinge a soft hat" assibilate change into a sibilant; "In the syllable /si/, the /s/ sibilates in Japanese" insert a sibilant sound before or after (another sound) smoothen become smooth demonize make into a demon; "Power had demonized him" devilize turn into a devil or make devilish; "Man devilized by war" etherealize make ethereal immaterialize render immaterial or incorporeal animize give lifelike qualities to; "animated cartoons" come back be restored; "Her old vigor returned" even the score, in sports turn on become hostile towards; "The dog suddenly turned on the mailman" produce suddenly or automatically; "Turn on the charm"; "turn on the waterworks" break into change pace; "The dancers broke into a cha-cha"; "The horse broke into a gallop" express or utter spontaneously; "break into a yodel"; "break into a song"; "break into tears" turn to direct one's interest or attention towards; go into; "The student turned to the teacher for help"; "People turn to mysticism at the turn of a millennium" deepen become deeper in tone; "His voice began to change when he was 12 years old"; "Her voice deepened when she whispered the password" make deeper; "They deepened the lake so that bigger pleasure boats could use it" dynamize make (a drug) effective; "dynamized medicine" make more dynamic; "She was dynamized by her desire to go to grad school" concretize become specific; "the idea concretized in her mind" make something concrete volatilize make volatile; cause to pass off in a vapor uniformize make uniform; "the data have been uniformized" symmetrize make symmetric; "symmetrized waves" immortalize make famous forever; "This melody immortalized its composer" denature make (alcohol) unfit for drinking without impairing usefulness for other purposes modify (as a native protein) especially by heat, acid, alkali, or ultraviolet radiation so that all of the original properties are removed or diminished add nonfissionable material to (fissionable material) so as to make unsuitable for use in an atomic bomb disrupt throw into disorder; "This event disrupted the orderly process" sanitize make less offensive or more acceptable by removing objectionable features; "sanitize a document before releasing it to the press"; "sanitize history"; "sanitize the language in a book" make sanitary by cleaning or sterilizing verbify make into a verb; "`mouse' has been verbified by computer users" transcribe convert the genetic information in (a strand of DNA) into a strand of RNA, especially messenger RNA make a phonetic transcription of; "The anthropologist transcribed the sentences of the native informant" write out from speech, notes, etc.; "Transcribe the oral history of this tribe" rewrite or arrange a piece of music for an instrument or medium other than that originally intended prostrate render helpless or defenseless; "They prostrated the enemy" throw down flat, as on the ground; "She prostrated herself with frustration" get into a prostrate position, as in submission excite produce a magnetic field in; "excite the neurons" raise to a higher energy level; "excite the atoms" arouse or elicit a feeling outmode make unfashionable, outdated, or obsolete; "Modern ways of cooking have outmoded the hearth" veer shift to a clockwise direction; "the wind veered" run out become used up; be exhausted; "Our supplies finally ran out" exhaust the supply of; "We ran out of time just as the discussion was getting interesting" lose validity; "My passports expired last month" digitize put into digital form, as for use in a computer; "he bought a device to digitize the data" hydrolyze undergo hydrolysis; decompose by reacting with water hydrolize make a compound react with water and undergo hydrolysis saccharify convert into a simple soluble fermentable sugar by hydrolyzing a sugar derivative or complex carbohydrate rumple become wrinkled or crumpled or creased; "This fabric won't wrinkle" gelatinize convert into gelatinous form or jelly; "hot water will gelatinize starch" become gelatinous or change into a jelly; "the starch gelatinized when it was heated" coat with gelatin feminize to give a (more) feminine, effeminate, or womanly quality or appearance to; "This hairdo feminizes the man" assume (more) feminine characteristics; "feminized language"; "feminized frogs" masculinize produce virilism in or cause to assume masculine characteristics, as through a hormonal imbalance or hormone therapy; "the drugs masculinized the teenage girl" give a masculine appearance or character to; "Fashion designers have masculinized women's looks in the 1990s" disharmonize cause to sound harsh and unpleasant obsolesce become obsolete, fall into disuse; "This word has not obsolesced, although it is rarely used" sexualize make sexual, endow with sex, attribute sex to; "The god was sexualized and married to another god"; "Some languages sexualize all nouns and do not have a neuter gender" schematize give conventional form to; "some art forms schematise designs into geometrical patterns" formulate in regular order; to reduce to a scheme or formula; "The chemists schematized the various reactions in a coherent fashion" constitutionalize incorporate into a constitution, make constitutional; "A woman's right to an abortion was constitutionalized in the 1970's" take a walk for one's health or to aid digestion, as after a meal; "A good way of exercising is to constitutionalize" provide with a constitution, as of a country; "The United States were constitutionalized in the late 18th century" rationalize remove irrational quantities from; "This function can be rationalized" think rationally; employ logic or reason; "When one wonders why one is doing certain things, one should rationalize" structure and run according to rational or scientific principles in order to achieve desired results; "We rationalized the factory's production and raised profits" stalinize transform in accordance with Stalin's policies; "Russia was slowly stalinized after Lenin's death" destalinize counteract the effects and policies of Stalinism; "Russia was slowly destalinized in the late 1950's" plasticize make plastic, as by the addition of a plasticizer; "plasticized PVC" become plastic, as by having a plasticizer added desorb remove from a surface on which it is adsorbed; "the substance was desorbed" go away from the surface to which (a substance) is adsorbed recede become faint or more distant; "the unhappy memories of her childhood receded as she grew older" wash away eliminate; "wash away all the differences" paganize make pagan in character; "The Church paganized Christianity" defervesce experience an abatement of a fever incandesce become incandescent or glow with heat; "an incandescing body" cause to become incandescent or glow; "the lamp was incandesced" leave off stop using; "leave off your jacket--no need to wear it here" come to an end, stop or cease; "the road leaves off at the edge of the forest"; "leave off where you started" play out become spent or exhausted; "The champion's strength played out fast" play to a finish; "We have got to play this game out, even thought it is clear that we have last" perform or be performed to the end; "How will the election drama be played out?" deaminate remove the amino radical (usually by hydrolysis) from an amino compound; to perform deamination angulate make or become angular circularize make circular distribute circulars to canvass by using a questionnaire canvass by distributing letters depolarize eliminate the polarization of demineralize remove the minerals or salts from; "demineralize water" isomerize change into an isomer cause to change into an isomer legitimate make (an illegitimate child) legitimate; declare the legitimacy of (someone); "They legitimized their natural child" show or affirm to be just and legitimate of marriages and offspring; recognized as lawful in accordance with recognized or accepted standards or principles; "legitimate advertising practices" based on known statements or events or conditions; "rain was a logical expectation, given the time of year" indurate become fixed or established; "indurated customs" gradate pass imperceptibly from one degree, shade, or tone into another; "The paint on these walls gradates but you don't see it" arrange according to grades; "These lines are gradated" keratinize become horny and impregnated with keratin convert into keratin beneficiate process (ores or other raw materials), as by reduction novate replace with something new, especially an old obligation by a new one opacify become opaque; "the tissue in the eye's cornea may opacify and the patient may go blind" make opaque; "The glass was opacified more greater privacy" opsonize make (cells) more susceptible to the action of phagocytes militarize adopt for military use; "militarize the Civil Service" lend a military character to (a country), as by building up a military force; "militarize Germany again after the war" popularize make understandable to the general public; "Carl Sagan popularized cosmology in his books" cater to popular taste to make popular and present to the general public; bring into general or common use; "They popularized coffee in Washington State"; "Relativity Theory was vulgarized by these authors" recommend make attractive or acceptable; "Honesty recommends any person" push for something; "The travel agent recommended strongly that we not travel on Thanksgiving Day" solemnize make solemn and grave; "This ceremony solemnized our hearts" perform (the wedding ceremony) with proper ceremonies observe or perform with dignity or gravity; "The King solemnized this day of morning" transaminate undergo transfer from one compound to another; "amino groups can transaminate" change (an amino group) by transferring it from one compound to another transfigure elevate or idealize, in allusion to Christ's transfiguration unsanctify remove the sanctification from or make unsanctified vesiculate cause to become vesicular or full of air cells; "vesiculate an organ" become vesicular or full of air cells; "The organs vesiculated" visualize make visible; "With this machine, ultrasound can be visualized" imagine; conceive of; see in one's mind; "I can't see him on horseback!"; "I can see what will happen"; "I can see a risk in this strategy" form a mental picture of something that is invisible or abstract; "Mathematicians often visualize" view the outline of by means of an X-ray; "The radiologist can visualize the cancerous liver" undulate increase and decrease in volume or pitch, as if in waves; "The singer's voice undulated" having a wavy margin and rippled surface variegate change the appearance of, especially by marking with different colors ventilate furnish with an opening to allow air to circulate or gas to escape; "The architect did not think about ventilating the storage space" circulate through and freshen; "The gust of air ventilated the room" expose to the circulation of fresh air so as to retard spoilage; "Wheat should be well ventilated" vivify make more striking or animated; "his remarks always vivify an otherwise dull story" vulgarise debase and make vulgar; "The Press has vulgarized Love and Marriage" supple make pliant and flexible; "These boots are not yet suppled by frequent use" professionalize make professional or give a professional character to; "Philosophy has not always been professionalized and used to be a subject pursued only by amateurs" become professional or proceed in a professional manner or in an activity for pay or as a means of livelihood roll in pour or flow in a steady stream; "mist rolled in from the sea"; "tourists rolled in from the neighboring countryside" weaponize make into or use as a weapon or a potential weapon; "Will modern physicists weaponize String Theory?" deflagrate burn with great heat and intense light; "the powder deflagrated" cause to burn rapidly and with great intensity; "care must be exercised when this substance is to be deflagrated" diazotize convert (an amine) into a diazo compound lignify convert into wood or cause to become woody mineralize transform (a metal) into an ore convert into a mineral substance ozonize convert (oxygen) into ozone cutinize convert into cutin duplex change into a duplex allowing communication in opposite directions simultaneously; "duplex system"; "duplex telephony" (used technically of a device or process) having two parts; "a duplex transaction" eroticize give erotic character to or make more interesting; "eroticize the ads" repress block the action of; "the process of repressing gene transcription"; put down by force or intimidation; "The government quashes any attempt of an uprising"; "China keeps down her dissidents very efficiently"; "The rich landowners subjugated the peasants working the land" impede or hinder the natural development or self-expression of downsize (of a company) reduce in size or number of employees; "the company downsized its research staff" design or manufacture in a smaller size; "the car makers downsized the SUVs when fuel became very expensive" dismiss from work; "three secretaries were downsized during the financial crisis" subtract take off or away; "this prefix was subtracted when the word was borrowed from French" make a subtraction; "subtract this amount from my paycheck" carve out remove from a larger whole; "the new start-up company carved out a large chunk of the market within a year" establish or create through painstaking effort; "She carved out a reputation among her male colleagues" lifehack make one's day-to-day activities more efficient grok get the meaning of something; "Do you comprehend the meaning of this letter?" lie low to try to avoid detection especially by police; "After we knock off that liquor store we'll have to lay low for a while" keep a low profile, try to be inconspicuous understand know and comprehend the nature or meaning of; "She did not understand her husband"; "I understand what she means" perceive (an idea or situation) mentally; "Now I see!"; "I just can't see your point"; "Does she realize how important this decision is?"; "I don't understand the idea" believe to be the case; "I understand you have no previous experience?" make sense of a language; "She understands French"; "Can you read Greek?" intuit know or grasp by intuition or feeling perceive become conscious of; "She finally perceived the futility of her protest" to become aware of through the senses; "I could perceive the ship coming over the horizon" resonate be received or understood sound with resonance; "The sound resonates well in this theater" strike a chord create an emotional response; "The music struck a chord with the listeners" evoke a reaction, response, or emotion; "this writer strikes a chord with young women"; "The storyteller touched a chord" do justice show due and full appreciation; "The diners did the food and wine justice" bring out fully or to advantage; "This photograph does not do her justice" acknowledge accept (someone) to be what is claimed or accept his power and authority; "The Crown Prince was acknowledged as the true heir to the throne"; "We do not recognize your gods" accept as legally binding and valid; "acknowledge the deed" express obligation, thanks, or gratitude for; "We must acknowledge the kindness she showed towards us" report the receipt of; "The program committee acknowledged the submission of the authors of the paper" attorn acknowledge a new land owner as one's landlord; "he was attorned by the tenants" write off concede the loss or worthlessness of something or somebody; "write it off as a loss" write something fluently, and without hesitation cancel (a debt) extrapolate gain knowledge of (an area not known or experienced) by extrapolating sympathize be understanding of; "You don't need to explain--I understand!" share the feelings of; understand the sentiments of keep track keep informed of fully aware; "I keep track of the stock market developments" lose track fail to keep informed or aware; "She has so many books, she just lost track and cannot find this volume" ignore be ignorant of or in the dark about refuse to acknowledge; "She cut him dead at the meeting" fail to notice have down have (something) mastered; "She has the names of the fifty states down pat" know the score be well-informed relive experience again, often in the imagination; "He relived the horrors of war" learn gain knowledge or skills; "She learned dancing from her sister"; "I learned Sanskrit"; "Children acquire language at an amazing rate" get to know or become aware of, usually accidentally; "I learned that she has two grown-up children"; "I see that you have been promoted" be a student of a certain subject; "She is reading for the bar exam" relearn learn something again, as after having forgotten or neglected it; "After the accident, he could not walk for months and had to relearn how to walk down stairs" unlearn discard something previously learnt, like an old habit try to forget; put out of one's memory or knowledge catch up learn belatedly; find out about something after it happened; "I'm trying to catch up with the latest developments in molecular biology" reach the point where one should be after a delay; "I caught up on my homework" get the goods discover some bad or hidden information about; "She got the goods on her co-worker after reading his e-mail" wise up get wise to; "They wised up to it" cause someone to become aware of something trip up detect a blunder or misstep; "The reporter tripped up the senator" consume engage fully; "The effort to pass the exam consumed all his energy" serve oneself to, or consume regularly; "Have another bowl of chicken soup!"; "I don't take sugar in my coffee" use up (resources or materials); "this car consumes a lot of gas"; "We exhausted our savings"; "They run through 20 bottles of wine a week" spend extravagantly; "waste not, want not" destroy completely; "The fire consumed the building" welter be immersed in; "welter in work" toss, roll, or rise and fall in an uncontrolled way; "The shipwrecked survivors weltered in the sea for hours" espouse take up the cause, ideology, practice, method, of someone and use it as one's own; "She embraced Catholicism"; "They adopted the Jewish faith" imbibe receive into the mind and retain; "Imbibe ethical principles" retrain train again; "He is retraining to become an IT worker" teach new skills; "We must retrain the linguists who cannot find employment" housebreak train (a pet) to live cleanly in a house roughhouse engage in rough or disorderly play toilet-train train (a small child) to use the toilet memorize commit to memory; learn by heart; "Have you memorized your lines for the play yet?" indoctrinate teach doctrines to; teach uncritically; "The Moonies indoctrinate their disciples" brainwash submit to brainwashing; indoctrinate forcibly persuade completely, often through coercion; "The propaganda brainwashed many people" hammer in teach by drills and repetition inculcate teach and impress by frequent repetitions or admonitions; "inculcate values into the young generation" din instill (into a person) by constant repetition; "he dinned the lessons into his students" minor have as one's secondary field of study; "in collee she minored in mathematics" relatively moderate, limited, or small; "a small business"; "a newspaper with a modest circulation"; "small-scale plans"; "a pocket-size country" inferior in number or size or amount; "a minor share of the profits"; "Ursa Minor" lesser in scope or effect; "had minor differences"; "a minor disturbance" not of legal age; "minor children" (of a scale or mode) having half steps between the second and third degrees, and (usually) the fifth and sixth degrees, and the seventh and eighth degrees; "the minor keys"; "in B flat minor" of your secondary field of academic concentration or specialization of lesser importance or stature or rank; "a minor poet"; "had a minor part in the play"; "a minor official"; "many of these hardy adventurers were minor noblemen"; "minor back roads" of lesser seriousness or danger; "suffered only minor injuries"; "some minor flooding"; "a minor tropical disturbance" warranting only temporal punishment; "venial sin" remember recall knowledge from memory; have a recollection; "I can't remember saying any such thing"; "I can't think what her last name was"; "can you remember her phone number?"; "Do you remember that he once loved you?"; "call up memories" keep in mind for attention or consideration; "Remember the Alamo"; "Remember to call your mother every day!"; "Think of the starving children in India!" recapture the past; indulge in memories; "he remembered how he used to pick flowers" exercise, or have the power of, memory; "After the shelling, many people lost the ability to remember"; "some remember better than others" mention favorably, as in prayer; "remember me in your prayers" show appreciation to; "He remembered her in his will" forget be unable to remember; "I'm drawing a blank"; "You are blocking the name of your first wife!" dismiss from the mind; stop remembering; "I tried to bury these unpleasant memories" leave behind unintentionally; "I forgot my umbrella in the restaurant"; "I left my keys inside the car and locked the doors" forget to do something; "Don't forget to call the chairman of the board to the meeting!" come to mind be remembered; "His name comes to mind when you mention the strike" retain keep in one's mind; "I cannot retain so much information" secure and keep for possible future use or application; "The landlord retained the security deposit"; "I reserve the right to disagree" allow to remain in a place or position or maintain a property or feature; "We cannot continue several servants any longer"; "She retains a lawyer"; "The family's fortune waned and they could not keep their household staff"; "Our grant has run out and we cannot keep you on"; "We kept the work going as long as we could"; "She retained her composure"; "this garment retains its shape even after many washings" hold back within; "This soil retains water"; "I retain this drug for a long time"; "the dam retains the water" recognize perceive to be the same be fully aware or cognizant of show approval or appreciation of; "My work is not recognized by anybody!"; "The best student was recognized by the Dean" exhibit recognition for (an antigen or a substrate) remind put in the mind of someone; "Remind me to call Mother" take back cause someone to remember the past; "This photo takes me back to the good old days" move text to the previous line; in printing regain possession of something resume a relationship with someone after an interruption, as in a wife taking back her husband nag remind or urge constantly; "she nagged to take a vacation" bother persistently with trivial complaints; "She nags her husband all day long" worry persistently; "nagging concerns and doubts" reminisce recall the past; "The grandparents sat there, reminiscing all afternoon" commemorate call to remembrance; keep alive the memory of someone or something, as in a ceremony; "We remembered the 50th anniversary of the liberation of Auschwitz"; "Remember the dead of the First World War" be or provide a memorial to a person or an event; "This sculpture commemorates the victims of the concentration camps"; "We memorialized the Dead" celebrate by some ceremony or observation; "The citizens mark the anniversary of the revolution with a march and a parade" monumentalize record or memorialize lastingly with a monument sell out abandon one's principles for expedience or financial gain sell or get rid of all one's merchandise walk out leave suddenly, often as an expression of disapproval; "She walked out on her husband and children" leave abruptly, often in protest or anger; "The customer that was not served walked out" elide leave or strike out; "This vowel is usually elided before a single consonant" exclude prevent from being included or considered or accepted; "The bad results were excluded from the report"; "Leave off the top piece" prevent from entering; shut out; "The trees were shutting out all sunlight"; "This policy excludes people who have a criminal record from entering the country" lack or fail to include; "The cost for the trip excludes food and beverages" attend to get down to; pay attention to; take seriously; "Attend to your duties, please" pretermit disregard intentionally or let pass slight pay no attention to, disrespect; "She cold-shouldered her ex-fiance" misremember remember incorrectly; "I misremembered the date" err to make a mistake or be incorrect stumble make an error; "She slipped up and revealed the name" miss a step and fall or nearly fall; "She stumbled over the tree root" walk unsteadily; "The drunk man stumbled about" encounter by chance; "I stumbled across a long-lost cousin last night in a restaurant" identify consider to be equal or the same; "He identified his brother as one of the fugitives" recognize as being; establish the identity of someone or something; "She identified the man on the `wanted' poster" identify as in botany or biology, for example consider (oneself) as similar to somebody else; "He identified with the refugees" conceive of as united or associated; "Sex activity is closely identified with the hypothalamus" misdate assign the wrong date to confuse mistake one thing for another; "you are confusing me with the other candidate"; "I mistook her for the secretary" make unclear, indistinct, or blurred; "Her remarks confused the debate"; "Their words obnubilate their intentions" be confusing or perplexing to; cause to be unable to think clearly; "These questions confuse even the experts"; "This question completely threw me"; "This question befuddled even the teacher" cause to feel embarrassment; "The constant attention of the young man confused her" misconstrue interpret in the wrong way; "Don't misinterpret my comments as criticism"; "She misconstrued my remarks" read between the lines read what is implied but not expressed on the surface puzzle over try to solve demoralize confuse or put into disorder; "the boss's behavior demoralized everyone in the office" perplex be a mystery or bewildering to; "This beats me!"; "Got me--I don't know the answer!"; "a vexing problem"; "This question really stuck me" interpret make sense of; assign a meaning to; "What message do you see in this letter?"; "How do you interpret his behavior?" give an interpretation or rendition of; "The pianist rendered the Beethoven sonata beautifully" mythicize interpret as a myth or in terms of mythology; "mythicize the ancient stories" literalize make literal; "literalize metaphors" reinterpret assign a new or different meaning to interpret from a different viewpoint misread interpret wrongly; "I misread Hamlet all my life!" read or interpret wrongly; "He misread the data" idealize form ideals; "Man has always idealized" consider or render as ideal; "She idealized her husband after his death" reread read anew; read again; "He re-read her letters to him" dip into read selectively; read only certain passages from a text empanel select from a list; "empanel prospective jurors" enter into a list of prospective jurors decipher read with difficulty; "Can you decipher this letter?"; "The archeologist traced the hieroglyphs" make out comprehend; "I cannot make out what this politician is saying" try to establish; "She made out that she know nothing about the crime" imply or suggest; "Your remarks make me out to be stupid" numerate read out loud as words written numbers able to understand and use numbers scry divine by gazing into crystals lipread interpret by lipreading; of deaf people copyread edit and correct (written or printed material) proofread read for errors; "I should proofread my manuscripts" rationalize away substitute a natural for a supernatural explanation of; "you can rationalize away all the strange noises you hear--there is no poltergeist in the house!" think out consider carefully and rationally; "Every detail has been thought out" philosophize reason philosophically brainstorm try to solve a problem by thinking intensely about it chew over reflect deeply on a subject; "I mulled over the events of the afternoon"; "philosophers have speculated on the question of God for thousands of years"; "The scientist must stop to observe and start to excogitate" premeditate think or reflect beforehand or in advance; "I rarely premeditate, which is a mistake" consider, ponder, or plan (an action) beforehand; "premeditated murder" theologize make theoretical speculations about theology or discuss theological subjects treat from a theological viewpoint or render theological in character introspect reflect on one's own thoughts and feelings theorize form or construct theories; "he thinks and theorizes all day" construct a theory about; "Galileo theorized the motion of the stars" ratiocinate reason methodologically and logically speculate to believe especially on uncertain or tentative grounds; "Scientists supposed that large dinosaurs lived in swamps" talk over conjecturally, or review in an idle or casual way and with an element of doubt or without sufficient reason to reach a conclusion; "We were speculating whether the President had to resign after the scandal" invest at a risk; "I bought this house not because I want to live in it but to sell it later at a good price, so I am speculating" etymologize construct the history of words give the etymology or derivation or suggest an etymology (for a word); "The linguist probably etymologized the words incorrectly"; "Although he is not trained in this, his hobby is etymologizing" solve find the solution to (a problem or question) or understand the meaning of; "did you solve the problem?"; "Work out your problems with the boss"; "this unpleasant situation isn't going to work itself out"; "did you get it?"; "Did you get my meaning?"; "He could not work the math problem" induce reason or establish by induction cause to do; cause to act in a specified manner; "The ads induced me to buy a VCR"; "My children finally got me to buy a computer"; "My wife made me buy a new sofa" cause to arise; "induce a crisis" cause to occur rapidly; "the infection precipitated a high fever and allergic reactions" produce electric current by electrostatic or magnetic processes deduce reason by deduction; establish by deduction conclude by reasoning; in logic establish use as a basis for; found on; "base a claim on some observation" set up or lay the groundwork for; "establish a new department" bring about; "The trompe l'oeil-illusion establishes depth" set up or found; "She set up a literacy program" calculate make a mathematical calculation or computation judge to be probable specifically design a product, event, or activity for a certain public quantize apply quantum theory to; restrict the number of possible values of (a quantity) or states of (a physical entity or system) so that certain variables can assume only certain discrete magnitudes that are integral multiples of a common factor; "Quantize gravity" approximate (a signal varying continuously in amplitude) by one whose amplitude is restricted to a prescribed set of discrete values extract calculate the root of a number remove, usually with some force or effort; also used in an abstract sense; "pull weeds"; "extract a bad tooth"; "take out a splinter"; "extract information from the telegram" separate (a metal) from an ore get despite difficulties or obstacles; "I extracted a promise from the Dean for two new positions" prorate divide or assess proportionally; "The rent was prorated for the rest of the month" make a proportional settlement or distribution miscalculate calculate incorrectly; "I miscalculated the number of guests at the wedding" judge incorrectly; "I had misestimated his determination" recalculate calculate anew; "The costs had to be recalculated" carry back deduct a loss or an unused credit from taxable income for a prior period halve divide by two; divide into halves; "Halve the cake" analyze subject to psychoanalytic treatment; "I was analyzed in Vienna by a famous psychiatrist" make a mathematical, chemical, or grammatical analysis of; break down into components or essential features; "analyze a specimen"; "analyze a sentence"; "analyze a chemical compound" consider in detail and subject to an analysis in order to discover essential features or meaning; "analyze a sonnet by Shakespeare"; "analyze the evidence in a criminal trial"; "analyze your real motives" break down into components or essential features; "analyze today's financial market" parse analyze syntactically by assigning a constituent structure to (a sentence) synthesize combine so as to form a more complex, product; "his operas synthesize music and drama in perfect harmony"; "The liver synthesizes vitamins" combine and form a synthesis; "Vitamin D only synthesizes when sunlight is available" anatomize analyze down to the smallest detail; "This writer anatomized the depth of human behavior" dissect in order to analyze; "anatomize the bodies of the victims of this strange disease" botanize collect and study plants diagnose determine or distinguish the nature of a problem or an illness through a diagnostic analysis subject to a medical analysis explore examine (organs) for diagnostic purposes examine minutely travel to or penetrate into; "explore unknown territory in biology" put out feelers make some preliminary investigations or test the waters triangulate survey by triangulation; "The land surveyor worked by triangulating the plot" measure by using trigonometry; "triangulate the angle" divide into triangles or give a triangular form to; "triangulate the piece of cardboard" composed of or marked with triangles google search the internet (for information) using the Google search engine; "He googled the woman he had met at the party"; "My children are googling all day" mapquest search for a location and directions by means of the MapQuest program; "you can just mapquest the restaurant" re-explore explore anew; "We need to re-explore Colonialism" cast about search anxiously discriminate recognize or perceive the difference distinguish; "I could not discriminate the different tastes in this complicated dish" treat differently on the basis of sex or race marked by the ability to see or make fine distinctions; "discriminate judgments"; "discriminate people" distinguish mark as different; "We distinguish several kinds of maple" be a distinctive feature, attribute, or trait; sometimes in a very positive sense; "His modesty distinguishes him from his peers" individualize make or mark or treat as individual; "The sounds were individualized by sharpness and tone" catalogue make an itemized list or catalog of; classify; "He is cataloguing his photographic negatives" make a catalogue, compile a catalogue; "She spends her weekends cataloguing" compare examine and note the similarities or differences of; "John compared his haircut to his friend's"; "We compared notes after we had both seen the movie" consider or describe as similar, equal, or analogous; "We can compare the Han dynasty to the Romans"; "You cannot equate success in financial matters with greed" to form the comparative or superlative form on an adjective or adverb be comparable; "This car does not compare with our line of Mercedes" analogize make an analogy syllogize reason by syllogisms reconsider consider again; give new consideration to; usually with a view to changing; "Won't you reconsider your decision?" consider again (a bill) that had been voted upon before, with a view to altering it come round change one's position or opinion; "He came around to our point of view" classify arrange or order by classes or categories; "How would you classify these pottery shards--are they prehistoric?" declare unavailable, as for security reasons; "Classify these documents" refer think of, regard, or classify under a subsuming principle or with a general group or in relation to another; "This plant can be referred to a known species" use a name to designate; "Christians refer to the mother of Jesus as the Virgin Mary" send or direct for treatment, information, or a decision; "refer a patient to a specialist"; "refer a bill to a committee" be relevant to; "There were lots of questions referring to her talk"; "My remark pertained to your earlier comments" reclassify classify anew, change the previous classification; "The zoologists had to reclassify the mollusks after they found new species" dichotomize divide into two opposing groups or kinds regroup reorganize into new groups collocate group or chunk together in a certain order or place side by side have a strong tendency to occur side by side; "The words `new' and `world' collocate" categorize place into or assign to a category; "Children learn early on to categorize" superordinate place in a superior order or rank; "These two notions are superordinated to a third" of higher rank or status or value shortlist put someone or something on a short list outclass cause to appear in a lower class; "The Yankees outclassed Cincinnati" prioritize assign a priority to; "we have too many things to do and must prioritize" have the distinction be distinguished from others of a similar type by virtue of a notable characteristic; "it has the distinction of being the cheapest restaurant in town" severalize distinguish or separate contradistinguish distinguish by contrasting qualities collate compare critically; of texts to assemble in proper sequence; "collate the papers" double-check check once more to be absolutely sure cross-check check out conflicting sources; crosscheck facts, for example spot-check pick out random samples for examination in order to ensure high quality authenticate establish the authenticity of something verify confirm the truth of; "Please verify that the doors are closed"; "verify a claim" attach or append a legal verification to (a pleading or petition) prove establish the validity of something, as by an example, explanation or experiment; "The experiment demonstrated the instability of the compound"; "The mathematician showed the validity of the conjecture" prove formally; demonstrate by a mathematical, formal proof obtain probate of; "prove a will" take a trial impression of be shown or be found to be; "She proved to be right"; "The medicine turned out to save her life"; "She turned up HIV positive" prove oneself show one's ability or courage lay down institute, enact, or establish; "make laws" negate prove negative; show to be false disprove prove to be false; "The physicist disproved his colleagues' theories" refute prove to be false or incorrect overthrow by argument, evidence, or proof; "The speaker refuted his opponent's arguments" accept tolerate or accommodate oneself to; "I shall have to accept these unpleasant working conditions"; "I swallowed the insult"; "She has learned to live with her husband's little idiosyncrasies" consider or hold as true; "I cannot accept the dogma of this church"; "accept an argument" be sexually responsive to, used of a female domesticated mammal; "The cow accepted the bull" react favorably to; consider right and proper; "People did not accept atonal music at that time"; "We accept the idea of universal health care" give an affirmative reply to; respond favorably to; "I cannot accept your invitation"; "I go for this resolution" receive (a report) officially, as from a committee receive willingly something given or offered; "The only girl who would have him was the miller's daughter"; "I won't have this dog in my house!"; "Please accept my present" admit into a group or community; "accept students for graduate study"; "We'll have to vote on whether or not to admit a new member" be designed to hold or take; "This surface will not take the dye" stand for tolerate or bear; "I won't stand for this kind of behavior!" bear up endure cheerfully; "She bore up under the enormous strain" take lying down suffer without protest; suffer or endure passively; "I won't take this insult lying down" take it on the chin undergo failure or defeat take a joke listen to a joke at one's own expense; "Can't you take a joke?" sit out endure to the end not participate in (an activity, such as a dance or a sports event); "He sat out the game" evaluate form a critical opinion of; "I cannot judge some works of modern art"; "How do you evaluate this grant proposal?"; "We shouldn't pass judgment on other people" misjudge judge incorrectly sell short underestimate the real value or ability of; "Don't sell your students short--they are just shy and don't show off their knowledge" sell securities or commodities or foreign currency that is not actually owned by the seller, who hopes to cover (buy back) the sold items at a lower price and thus to earn a profit misgauge gauge something incorrectly or improperly lowball make a deliberately low estimate; "The construction company wanted the contract badly and lowballed" approve judge to be right or commendable; think well of give sanction to; "I approve of his educational policies" frown on look disapprovingly upon disapprove consider bad or wrong deem wrong or inappropriate; "I disapprove of her child rearing methods" rubberstamp approve automatically stamp with a rubber stamp, usually an indication of official approval on a document choose pick out, select, or choose from a number of alternatives; "Take any one of these cards"; "Choose a good husband for your daughter"; "She selected a pair of shoes from among the dozen the salesgirl had shown her" select as an alternative over another; "I always choose the fish over the meat courses in this restaurant"; "She opted for the job on the East coast" see fit or proper to act in a certain way; decide to act in a certain way; "She chose not to attend classes and now she failed the exam" hand-pick pick personally and very carefully; "the director hand-picked his new team" elect choose; "I elected to have my funds deposited automatically" select by a vote for an office or membership; "We elected him chairman of the board" selected as the best; "an elect circle of artists"; "elite colleges" cull out select desirable parts from a group or list; "cull out the interesting letters from the poet's correspondence"; "winnow the finalists from the long list of applicants" cream off pick the best sieve out separate or remove; "The customer picked over the selection" assign select something or someone for a specific purpose; "The teacher assigned him to lead his classmates in the exercise" decide as to where something belongs in a scheme; "The biologist assigned the mushroom to the proper class" transfer one's right to give out; "We were assigned new uniforms" dedicate set apart to sacred uses with solemn rites, of a church inscribe or address by way of compliment; "She dedicated her book to her parents" open to public use, as of a highway, park, or building; "The Beauty Queen spends her time dedicating parks and nursing homes" single out select from a group; "She was singled out for her outstanding performance" opt out choose not to do something, as out of fear of failing; "She copped out when she was supposed to get into the hang glider" prejudice influence (somebody's) opinion in advance disadvantage by prejudice predispose make susceptible; "This illness predisposes you to gain weight" dispose make receptive or willing towards an action or attitude or belief; "Their language inclines us to believe them" place or put in a particular order; "the dots are unevenly disposed" give, sell, or transfer to another; "She disposed of her parents' possessions" prejudge judge beforehand, especially without sufficient evidence assess estimate the value of (property) for taxation; "Our house hasn't been assessed in years" charge (a person or a property) with a payment, such as a tax or a fine reappraise appraise anew; "Homes in our town are reappraised every five years and taxes are increased accordingly" reassess revise or renew one's assessment bethink consider or ponder something carefully; "She bethought her of their predicament" cause oneself to consider something believe accept as true; take to be true; "I believed his report"; "We didn't believe his stories from the War"; "She believes in spirits" credit with veracity; "You cannot believe this man"; "Should we believe a publication like the National Enquirer?" follow a credo; have a faith; be a believer; "When you hear his sermons, you will be able to believe, too" be confident about something; "I believe that he will come back from the war" buy accept as true; "I can't buy this story" obtain by purchase; acquire by means of a financial transaction; "The family purchased a new car"; "The conglomerate acquired a new company"; "She buys for the big department store" acquire by trade or sacrifice or exchange; "She wanted to buy his love with her dedication to him and his work" be worth or be capable of buying; "This sum will buy you a ride on the train" misbelieve hold a false or unorthodox belief disbelieve reject as false; refuse to accept subsume consider (an instance of something) as part of a general rule or principle contain or include; "This new system subsumes the old one" rule out dismiss from consideration or a contest; "John was ruled out as a possible suspect because he had a strong alibi"; "This possibility can be eliminated from our consideration" include or exclude by determining judicially or in agreement with rules reject refuse to accept or acknowledge; "I reject the idea of starting a war"; "The journal rejected the student's paper" reject with contempt; "She spurned his advances" refuse entrance or membership; "They turned away hundreds of fans"; "Black people were often rejected by country clubs" repudiate refuse to acknowledge, ratify, or recognize as valid; "The woman repudiated the divorce settlement" reject as untrue, unfounded, or unjust; "She repudiated the accusations" refuse to recognize or pay; "repudiate a debt" recuse challenge or except to a judge as being incompetent or interested, in canon and civil law disqualify oneself (as a judge) in a particular case approbate accept (documents) as valid approve or sanction officially discredit cause to be distrusted or disbelieved; "The paper discredited the politician with its nasty commentary" damage the reputation of; "This newspaper story discredits the politicians" lean rely on for support; "We can lean on this man" cause to lean or incline; "He leaned his rifle against the wall" to incline or bend from a vertical position; "She leaned over the banister" not profitable or prosperous; "a lean year" lacking in mineral content or combustible material; "lean ore"; "lean fuel" containing little excess; "a lean budget"; "a skimpy allowance" rethink change one's mind; "He rethought his decision to take a vacation" backpedal modify one's opinion, make it less strong step backwards, in boxing pedal backwards on a bicycle surmise infer from incomplete evidence think of look on as or consider; "she looked on this affair as a joke"; "He thinks of himself as a brilliant musician"; "He is reputed to be intelligent" choose in one's mind; "Think of any integer between 1 and 25" intend to refer to; "I'm thinking of good food when I talk about France"; "Yes, I meant you when I complained about people who gossip!" consider regard or treat with consideration, respect, and esteem; "Please consider your family" take into consideration for exemplifying purposes; "Take the case of China"; "Consider the following case" think about carefully; weigh; "They considered the possibility of a strike"; "Turn the proposal over in your mind" show consideration for; take into account; "You must consider her age"; "The judge considered the offender's youth and was lenient" relativize consider or treat as relative abstract consider a concept without thinking of a specific example; consider abstractly or theoretically consider apart from a particular case or instance; "Let's abstract away from this particular example" give an abstract (of) existing only in the mind; separated from embodiment; "abstract words like `truth' and `justice'" dealing with a subject in the abstract without practical purpose or intention; "abstract reasoning"; "abstract science" not representing or imitating external reality or the objects of nature; "a large abstract painting" reify consider an abstract concept to be real hypostatize construe as a real existence, of a conceptual entity apotheosize deify or glorify deem keep in mind or convey as a conviction or view; "take for granted"; "view as important"; "hold these truths to be self-evident"; "I hold him personally responsible" think the world of esteem very highly; "She thinks the world of her adviser" undervalue esteem lightly assign too low a value to; "Don't underestimate the value of this heirloom-you may sell it at a good price" overvalue assign too high a value to; "You are overestimating the value of your old car" decide reach, make, or come to a decision about something; "We finally decided after lengthy deliberations" bring to an end; settle conclusively; "The case was decided"; "The judge decided the case in favor of the plaintiff"; "The father adjudicated when the sons were quarreling over their inheritance" cause to decide; "This new development finally decided me!" influence or determine; "The vote in New Hampshire often decides the outcome of the Presidential election" determine fix conclusively or authoritatively; "set the rules" fix in scope; fix the boundaries of; "the tree determines the border of the property" shape or influence; give direction to; "experience often determines ability"; "mold public opinion" establish after a calculation, investigation, experiment, survey, or study; "find the product of two numbers"; "The physicist who found the elusive particle won the Nobel Prize" find out, learn, or determine with certainty, usually by making an inquiry or other effort; "I want to see whether she speaks French"; "See whether it works"; "find out if he speaks Russian"; "Check whether the train leaves on time" filiate fix the paternity of; "The court filiated the child born out of wedlock" initialize assign an initial value to a computer program miscreate shape or form or make badly; "Our miscreated fantasies" carry weight have influence to a specified degree; "Her opinion carries a lot of weight" reshape shape anew or differently; "The new foreign minister reshaped the foreign policy of his country" shape again or shape differently predetermine determine beforehand predestine foreordain or determine beforehand foreordain by divine will or decree decree or determine beforehand jinx foredoom to failure; "This project is jinxed!" cogitate consider carefully and deeply; reflect upon; turn over in one's mind contemplate consider as a possibility; "I contemplated leaving school and taking a full-time job" look at thoughtfully; observe deep in thought; "contemplate one's navel" draw a bead on have an ambitious plan or a lofty goal aim with a gun; "The hunter drew a bead on the rabbit" overrun run beyond or past; "The plane overran the runway" seize the position of and defeat; "the Crusaders overran much of the Holy Land" introduce put before (a body); "introduce legislation" cause to come to know personally; "permit me to acquaint you with my son"; "introduce the new neighbors to the community" bring before the public for the first time, as of an actor, song, etc. bring in or establish in a new place or environment; "introduce a rule"; "introduce exotic fruits" bring something new to an environment; "A new word processor was introduced" conspire engage in plotting or enter into a conspiracy, swear together; "They conspired to overthrow the government" act in unison or agreement and in secret towards a deceitful or illegal purpose; "The two companies conspired to cause the value of the stock to fall" coconspire conspire together; "The two men coconspired to cover up the Federal investigation" intend have in mind as a purpose; "I mean no harm"; "I only meant to help you"; "She didn't think to harm me"; "We thought to return early that night" design or destine; "She was intended to become the director" want wish or demand the presence of; "I want you here at noon!" have need of; "This piano wants the attention of a competent tuner" hunt or look for; want for a particular reason; "Your former neighbor is wanted by the FBI"; "Uncle Sam wants you" be without, lack; be deficient in; "want courtesy"; "want the strength to go on living"; "flood victims wanting food and shelter" mastermind plan and direct (a complex undertaking); "he masterminded the robbery" choreograph plan and oversee the development and details of; "The meeting between the two Presidents had been carefully choreographed" compose a sequence of dance steps, often to music; "Balanchine choreographed many pieces to Stravinsky's music" lay out provide a detailed plan or design; "She laid out her plans for the new house" spend or invest; "lay out thousands on gold"; "he laid out a fortune in the hope of making a huge profit" block out plan where and when songs should be inserted into a theatrical production, or plan a theatrical production in general indicate roughly; "We sketched out our plan" entertain take into consideration, have in view; "He entertained the notion of moving to South America" provide entertainment for dally consider not very seriously; "He is trifling with her"; "She plays with the thought of moving to Tasmania" waste time; "Get busy--don't dally!" behave carelessly or indifferently; "Play about with a young girl's affection" reckon take account of; "You have to reckon with our opponents"; "Count on the monsoon" interrelate place into a mutual relationship; "I cannot interrelate these two events" free-associate associate freely; "Let's associate freely to bring up old memories" conclude bring to a close; "The committee concluded the meeting" reach a conclusion after a discussion or deliberation reach agreement on; "They concluded an economic agreement"; "We concluded a cease-fire" come to a close; "The concert closed with a nocturne by Chopin" find come to believe on the basis of emotion, intuitions, or indefinite grounds; "I feel that he doesn't like me"; "I find him to be obnoxious"; "I found the movie rather entertaining" succeed in reaching; arrive at; "The arrow found its mark" perceive oneself to be in a certain condition or place; "I found myself in a difficult situation"; "When he woke up, he found himself in a hospital room" obtain through effort or management; "She found the time and energy to take care of her aging parents"; "We found the money to send our sons to college" come upon, as if by accident; meet with; "We find this idea in Plato"; "I happened upon the most wonderful bakery not very far from here"; "She chanced upon an interesting book in the bookstore the other day" come upon after searching; find the location of something that was missed or lost; "Did you find your glasses?"; "I cannot find my gloves!" pin down define clearly; "I cannot narrow down the rules for this game" attach with or as if with a pin; "pin up a picture" overrule rule against; "The Republicans were overruled when the House voted on the bill" presuppose require as a necessary antecedent or precondition; "This step presupposes two prior ones" take for granted or as a given; suppose beforehand; "I presuppose that you have done your work" insist postulate positively and assertively; "The letter asserts a free society" be emphatic or resolute and refuse to budge; "I must insist!" overreact show an exaggerated response to something; "Don't overreact to the bad news--take it easy" respond respond favorably or as hoped; "The cancer responded to the aggressive therapy" greet react to in a certain way; "The President was greeted with catcalls" send greetings to express greetings upon meeting someone be perceived by; "Loud music greeted him when he entered the apartment" look forward expect or hope for; "I look to hear from you soon" look to turn one's interests or expectations towards; "look to the future"; "this method looks to significant wavings" tell discern or comprehend; "He could tell that she was unhappy" let something be known; "Tell them that you will be late" narrate or give a detailed account of; "Tell what happened"; "The father told a story to his child" give evidence; "he was telling on all his former colleague" ascertain learn or discover with certainty discover make a discovery; "She found that he had lied to her"; "The story is false, so far as I can discover" make a discovery, make a new finding; "Roentgen discovered X-rays"; "Physicists believe they found a new elementary particle" see for the first time; make a discovery; "Who discovered the North Pole?" rake up bring to light; "He raked up the misdeeds of his predecessor" ferret out search and discover through persistent investigation; "She ferreted out the truth" occur come to one's mind; suggest itself; "It occurred to me that we should hire another secretary"; "A great idea then came to her" to be found to exist; "sexism occurs in many workplaces"; "precious stones occur in a large area in Brazil" allow allow or plan for a certain possibility; concede the truth or validity of something; "I allow for this possibility"; "The seamstress planned for 5% shrinkage after the first wash" give or assign a resource to a particular person or cause; "I will earmark this money for your research"; "She sets aside time for meditation every day" allow the presence of or allow (an activity) without opposing or prohibiting; "We don't allow dogs here"; "Children are not permitted beyond this point"; "We cannot tolerate smoking in the hospital" let have; "grant permission"; "Mandela was allowed few visitors in prison" grant as a discount or in exchange; "The camera store owner allowed me $50 on my old camera" budget for calculate enough money for; provide for in the budget; "I have not budgeted for these expensive meals" beware be on one's guard; be cautious or wary about; be alert to; "Beware of telephone salesmen" amaze affect with wonder; "Your ability to speak six languages amazes me!" explode a bombshell utter or do something surprising; "Father exploded a bombshell when he forbade us to go to the prom" flabbergast overcome with amazement; "This boggles the mind!" impute attribute or credit to; "We attributed this quotation to Shakespeare"; "People impute great cleverness to cats" attribute (responsibility or fault) to a cause or source; "The teacher imputed the student's failure to his nervousness" reattribute attribute to another source anthropomorphize ascribe human features to something personify attribute human qualities to something; "The Greeks personated their gods ridiculous" accredit ascribe an achievement to; "She was not properly credited in the program" grant credentials to; "The Regents officially recognized the new educational institution"; "recognize an academic degree" provide or send (envoys or embassadors) with official credentials elicit derive by reason; "elicit a solution" penetrate come to understand pass into or through, often by overcoming resistance; "The bullet penetrated her chest" insert the penis into the vagina or anus of; "Did the molester penetrate the child?" make one's way deeper into or through; "The hikers did not manage to penetrate the dense forest" internalize incorporate within oneself; make subjective or personal; "internalize a belief" demarcate set, mark, or draw the boundaries of something separate clearly, as if by boundaries find out trap; especially in an error or in a reprehensible act; "He was caught out"; "She was found out when she tried to cash the stolen checks" concenter bring into focus or alignment; to converge or cause to converge; of ideas or emotions resign accept as inevitable; "He resigned himself to his fate" observe stick to correctly or closely; "The pianist kept time with the metronome"; "keep count"; "I cannot keep track of all my employees" watch attentively; "Please observe the reaction of these two chemicals" behave as expected during of holidays or rites; "Keep the commandments"; "celebrate Christmas"; "Observe Yom Kippur" conform one's action or practice to; "keep appointments"; "she never keeps her promises"; "We kept to the original conditions of the contract" discountenance show disapproval by discouraging; "any measure tending to fuse invalids into a class with special privileges should be discountenanced" look with disfavor on; "The republic soon discountenanced its few friends" resolve find the solution; "solve an equation"; "solve for x" make clearly visible; "can this image be resolved?" factorize resolve (a polynomial) into factors misgive suggest fear or doubt; "Her heart misgave her that she had acted inexcusably" fall in line agree on (a position) believe in have a firm conviction as to the goodness of something; "John believes in oat bran" think about have on one's mind, think about actively; "I'm thinking about my friends abroad"; "She always thinks about her children first" arrange arrange thoughts, ideas, temporal events; "arrange my schedule"; "set up one's life"; "I put these memories with those of bygone times" make arrangements for; "Can you arrange a meeting with the President?" put into a proper or systematic order; "arrange the books on the shelves in chronological order" adapt for performance in a different way; "set this poem to music" factor analyse to perform a factor analysis of correlational data re-create form anew in the imagination; recollect and re-form in the mind; "His mind re-creates the entire world" create anew; "Re-create the boom of the West on a small scale" drink in be fascinated or spell-bound by; pay close attention to; "The mother drinks in every word of her son on the stage" keep note maintain in the forefront of one's awareness; "He kept note of the location of the soldiers" seize affect; "Fear seized the prisoners"; "The patient was seized with unbearable pains"; "He was seized with a dreadful disease" take hold of; grab; "The sales clerk quickly seized the money on the counter"; "She clutched her purse"; "The mother seized her child by the arm"; "Birds of prey often seize small mammals" take or capture by force; "The terrorists seized the politicians"; "The rebels threaten to seize civilian hostages" hook by a pull on the line; "strike a fish" pay bear (a cost or penalty), in recompense for some action; "You'll pay for this!"; "She had to pay the penalty for speaking out rashly"; "You'll pay for this opinion later" give money, usually in exchange for goods or services; "I paid four dollars for this sandwich"; "Pay the waitress, please" discharge or settle; "pay a debt"; "pay an obligation" do or give something to somebody in return; "Does she pay you for the work you are doing?" make a compensation for; "a favor that cannot be paid back" render; "pay a visit"; "pay a call" be worth it; "It pays to go through the trouble" take one's lumps suffer the results or consequences of one's behavior or actions relegate assign to a class or kind; "How should algae be classified?"; "People argue about how to relegate certain mushrooms" refer to another person for decision or judgment; "She likes to relegate difficult questions to her colleagues" communicate transmit thoughts or feelings; "He communicated his anxieties to the psychiatrist" transmit information; "Please communicate this message to all employees"; "pass along the good news" administer Communion; in church be in verbal contact; interchange information or ideas; "He and his sons haven't communicated for years"; "Do you communicate well with your advisor?" join or connect; "The rooms communicated" fingerspell communicate by means of specific gestures, as an alternative to sign language; "The Deaf often fingerspell" aphorize speak or write in aphorisms shrug off minimize the importance of, brush aside; "Jane shrugged off the news that her stock had fallen 3 points" send a message give or constitute a signal, not necessarily verbally; "The lack of good teachers sends a strong message to all parents in the community" diphthongize change from a simple vowel to a diphthong; "This vowel diphthongized in Germanic" reach out attempt to communicate; "I try to reach out to my daughter but she doesn't want to have anything to do with me" draw out cause to speak; "Can you draw her out--she is always so quiet" make more sociable; "The therapist drew out the shy girl" get across communicate successfully; "I couldn't get across the message"; "He put over the idea very well" vocalize utter speech sounds pronounce as a vowel; "between two consonants, this liquid is vowelized" sing (each note a scale or in a melody) with the same vowel ordain issue an order appoint to a clerical posts; "he was ordained in the Church" invest with ministerial or priestly authority; "The minister was ordained only last month" order by virtue of superior authority; decree; "The King ordained the persecution and expulsion of the Jews"; "the legislature enacted this law in 1985" destine decree or designate beforehand; "She was destined to become a great pianist" intrude thrust oneself in as if by force; "The colors don't intrude on the viewer" enter uninvited; "They intruded on our dinner party"; "She irrupted into our sitting room" search or inquire in a meddlesome way; "This guy is always nosing around the office" inflict impose something unpleasant; "The principal visited his rage on the students" direct command with authority; "He directed the children to do their homework" give directions to; point somebody into a certain direction; "I directed them towards the town hall" guide the actors in (plays and films) be in charge of lacking compromising or mitigating elements; exact; "the direct opposite" direct in spatial dimensions; proceeding without deviation or interruption; straight and short; "a direct route"; "a direct flight"; "a direct hit" (of a current) flowing in one direction only; "direct current" straightforward in means or manner or behavior or language or action; "a direct question"; "a direct response"; "a direct approach" similar in nature or effect or relation to another quantity; "a term is in direct proportion to another term if it increases (or decreases) as the other increases (or decreases)" moving from west to east on the celestial sphere; or--for planets--around the sun in the same direction as the Earth having no intervening persons, agents, conditions; "in direct sunlight"; "in direct contact with the voters"; "direct exposure to the disease"; "a direct link"; "the direct cause of the accident"; "direct vote" in precisely the same words used by a writer or speaker; "a direct quotation"; "repeated their dialog verbatim" being an immediate result or consequence; "a direct result of the accident" talk down direct and control (the flight of an airplane during landing) via radio; "the control tower talked down the plane whose pilot fell ill" belittle through talk speak in a condescending manner, as if to a child; "He talks down to her" point the way indicate the right path or direction; "The sign pointed the way to London" instruct give instructions or directions for some task; "She instructed the students to work on their pronunciation" make aware of; "Have the students been apprised of the tuition hike?" bear down exert a force or cause a strain upon; "This tax bears down on the lower middle class" pay special attention to; "The lectures bore down on the political background" exert full strength; "The pitcher bore down" contract the abdominal muscles during childbirth to ease delivery overwhelm charge someone with too many tasks overcome, as with emotions or perceptual stimuli featherbed hire more workers than are necessary ask make a request or demand for something to somebody; "She asked him for a loan" consider obligatory; request and expect; "We require our secretary to be on time"; "Aren't we asking too much of these children?"; "I expect my students to arrive in time for their lessons" direct or put; seek an answer to; "ask a question" address a question to and expect an answer from; "Ask your teacher about trigonometry"; "The children asked me about their dead grandmother"; "I inquired about their special today"; "He had to ask directions several times" require or ask for as a price or condition; "He is asking $200 for the table"; "The kidnappers are asking a million dollars in return for the release of their hostage" solicit make a solicitation or petition for something desired; "She is too shy to solicit" incite, move, or persuade to some act of lawlessness or insubordination; "He was accused of soliciting his colleagues to destroy the documents" make a solicitation or entreaty for something; request urgently or persistently; "Henry IV solicited the Pope for a divorce"; "My neighbor keeps soliciting money for different charities" petition write a petition for something to somebody; request formally and in writing adjure command solemnly profess state insincerely; "He professed innocence but later admitted his guilt"; "She pretended not to have known the suicide bomber"; "She pretends to be an expert on wine" confess one's faith in, or allegiance to; "The terrorists professed allegiance to their country"; "he professes to be a Communist" practice as a profession, teach, or claim to be knowledgeable about; "She professes organic chemistry" take vows, as in religious order; "she professed herself as a nun" receive into a religious order or congregation state freely; "The teacher professed that he was not generous when it came to giving good grades" contend maintain or assert; "He contended that Communism had no future" be engaged in a fight; carry on a fight; "the tribesmen fought each other"; "Siblings are always fighting"; "Militant groups are contending for control of the country" purport have the often specious appearance of being, intending, or claiming; "The letter purports to express people's opinion" disclaim make a disclaimer about; "He disclaimed any responsibility" renounce a legal claim or title to disown cast off; "She renounced her husband"; "The parents repudiated their son" apostatize abandon one's beliefs or allegiances abnegate deny or renounce; "They abnegated their gods" surrender (power or a position); "The King abnegated his power to the ministers" crave plead or ask for earnestly have a craving, appetite, or great desire for supplicate ask humbly (for something); "He supplicated the King for clemency" ask for humbly or earnestly, as in prayer; "supplicate God's blessing" make a humble, earnest petition; "supplicate for permission" beg call upon in supplication; entreat; "I beg you to stop!" dodge, avoid answering, or take for granted; "beg the question"; "beg the point in the discussion" ask to obtain free; "beg money and food" plead appeal or request earnestly; "I pleaded with him to stop" enter a plea, as in courts of law; "She pleaded not guilty" offer as an excuse or plea; "She was pleading insanity" make an allegation in an action or other legal proceeding, especially answer the previous pleading of the other party by denying facts therein stated or by alleging new facts pray address a deity, a prophet, a saint or an object of worship; say a prayer; "pray to the Lord" intercede act between parties with a view to reconciling differences; "He interceded in the family dispute"; "He mediated a settlement" negociate discuss the terms of an arrangement; "They negotiated the sale of the house" confer with another in order to come to terms or reach an agreement; "The parties negociated all night" transfer by endorsement to another in return for value received; "negociate a bond" sell or discount; "negociate securities" renegociate revise the terms of in order to limit or regain excess profits gained by the contractor; "We renegociated our old mortgage now that the interest rates have come down" negociate anew; "The two warring parties will have to renegociate" horse-trade negotiate with much give and take agree consent or assent to a condition, or agree to do something; "She agreed to all my conditions"; "He agreed to leave her alone" be in accord; be in agreement; "We agreed on the terms of the settlement"; "I can't agree with you!"; "I hold with those who say life is sacred"; "Both philosophers concord on this point" achieve harmony of opinion, feeling, or purpose; "No two of my colleagues would agree on whom to elect chairman" be agreeable or suitable; "White wine doesn't agree with me" show grammatical agreement; "Subjects and verbs must always agree in English" plea-bargain agree to plead guilty in return for a lesser charge; "If he plea-bargains, he will be sent to a medium-security prison for 8 years" reconcile come to terms; "After some discussion we finally made up" propitiate make peace with apply ask (for something); "He applied for a leave of absence"; "She applied for college"; "apply for a job" refer (a word or name) to a person or thing; "He applied this racial slur to me!" apply oneself to; "Please apply yourself to your homework" be pertinent or relevant or applicable; "The same laws apply to you!"; "This theory holds for all irrational numbers"; "The same rules go for everyone" persuade cause somebody to adopt a certain position, belief, or course of action; twist somebody's arm; "You can't persuade me to buy this ugly vase!" hustle pressure or urge someone into an action cause to move furtively and hurriedly; "The secret service agents hustled the speaker out of the amphitheater" get by trying hard; "she hustled a free lunch from the waiter" sell something to or obtain something from by energetic and especially underhanded activity bring round cause to adopt an opinion or course of action; "His urgent letter finally brought me around to give money to the school" chat up talk to someone with the aim of persuading him talk or behave amorously, without serious intentions; "The guys always try to chat up the new secretaries"; "My husband never flirts with other women" blaze away speak with fire and passion; "He blazed away at his opponents in the Senate" shoot rapidly and repeatedly; "He blazed away at the men" perform (an acting passage) brilliantly and rapidly; "Mr. Jones blazed away in one passage after another to loud applause" memorialize address in a memorial; "The President memorialized the heroes of the battle" talk out of persuade someone not to do something talk into persuade somebody to do something rope in draw in as if with a rope; lure; "The agent had roped in several customers" divide by means of a rope; "The police roped off the area where the crime occurred" wheedle influence or urge by gentle urging, caressing, or flattering; "He palavered her into going along" elocute declaim in an elocutionary manner; "The poet elocuted beautifully" soft-soap use flattering talk on somebody persuade someone through flattery proselytize convert to another faith or religion dissuade turn away from by persuasion; "Negative campaigning will only dissuade people" encourage spur on; "His financial success encouraged him to look for a wife" inspire with confidence; give hope or courage to argue present reasons and arguments give evidence of; "The evidence argues for your claim"; "The results indicate the need for more work" have an argument about something re-argue argue again; "This politician will be forced into re-arguing an old national campaign" expostulate reason with (somebody) for the purpose of dissuasion stickle dispute or argue stubbornly (especially minor points) polemize engage in a controversy; "The two historians polemicized for years" fall out have a breach in relations; "We fell out over a trivial question" leave (a barracks) in order to take a place in a military formation, or leave a military formation; "the soldiers fell out" oppose be against; express opposition to; "We oppose the ban on abortion" be resistant to; "The board opposed his motion" contrast with equal weight or force assure assure somebody of the truth of something with the intention of giving the listener confidence; "I assured him that traveling to Cambodia was safe" inform positively and with certainty and confidence; "I tell you that man is a crook!" gibber chatter inarticulately; of monkeys prevail use persuasion successfully; "He prevailed upon her to visit his parents" prove superior; "The champion prevailed, though it was a hard fight" continue to exist; "These stories die hard"; "The legend of Elvis endures" be valid, applicable, or true; "This theory still holds" importune beg persistently and urgently; "I importune you to help them" besiege harass, as with questions or requests; "The press photographers besieged the movie star" surround so as to force to give up; "The Turks besieged Vienna" cause to feel distressed or worried; "She was besieged by so many problems that she got discouraged" put away turn away from and put aside, perhaps temporarily; "it's time for you to put away childish things" kill gently, as with an injection; "the cat was very ill and we had to put it to sleep" stop using; "the children were told to put away their toys"; "the students put away their notebooks" take five take a break for five minutes; "The musicians took five during the rehearsal" take ten take a ten minute break; "The players took ten during the long rehearsal" chime in break into a conversation; "her husband always chimes in, even when he is not involved in the conversation" burst in on spring suddenly; "He burst upon our conversation" digress lose clarity or turn aside especially from the main subject of attention or course of argument in writing, thinking, or speaking; "She always digresses when telling a story"; "her mind wanders"; "Don't digress when you give a lecture" go ahead proceed (with a plan of action); "He went ahead with the project" entice provoke someone to do something through (often false or exaggerated) promises or persuasion; "He lured me into temptation" seduce lure or entice away from duty, principles, or proper conduct; "She was seduced by the temptation of easy money and started to work in a massage parlor" induce to have sex; "Harry finally seduced Sally"; "Did you score last night?"; "Harry made Sally" lead on entice or induce especially when unwise or mistaken tweedle entice through the use of music play negligently on a musical instrument sing in modulation tempt try presumptuously; "St. Anthony was tempted in the desert" dispose or incline or entice to; "We were tempted by the delicious-looking food" give rise to a desire by being attractive or inviting; "the window displays tempted the shoppers" try to seduce pry be nosey; "Don't pry into my personal matters!" to move or force, especially in an effort to get something open; "The burglar jimmied the lock"; "Raccoons managed to pry the lid off the garbage pail" make an uninvited or presumptuous inquiry; "They pried the information out of him" interpellate question formally about policy or government business investigate conduct an inquiry or investigation of; "The district attorney's office investigated reports of possible irregularities"; "inquire into the disappearance of the rich old lady" investigate scientifically; "Let's investigate the syntax of Chinese" examine question closely observe, check out, and look over carefully or inspect; "The customs agent examined the baggage"; "I must see your passport before you can enter the country" cross examine question closely, or question a witness that has already been questioned by the opposing side; "The witness was cross-examined by the defense" catechize examine through questioning and answering give religious instructions to spoonfeed teach without challenging the students; "This professor spoonfeeds his students" feed with a spoon interrogate pose a series of questions to; "The suspect was questioned by the police"; "We questioned the survivor about the details of the explosion" transmit (a signal) for setting off an appropriate response, as in telecommunication re-examine question after cross-examination by opposing counsel; "re-examine one's witness" cell phone call up by using a cellular phone; "If the train is late, I will cell phone you" call in make a phone call; "call in to a radio station"; "call in sick" summon to a particular activity or employment; "Experts were called in" summon to enter; "The nurse called in the next patient" take a player out of a game in order to exchange for another player hang on hold the phone line open; "Please hang on while I get your folder" telecommunicate communicate over long distances, as via the telephone or e-mail telex communicate by telex; "We telexed the information to our sister company" summon call in an official matter, such as to attend court ask to come; "summon a lawyer" call back return or repeat a telephone call; "I am busy right now--can you call back in an hour?"; "She left a message but the contractor never called back" convoke call together; "The students were convened in the auditorium" provoke provide the needed stimulus for evoke or provoke to appear or occur; "Her behavior provoked a quarrel between the couple" call on have recourse to or make an appeal or request for help or information to; "She called on her Representative to help her"; "She turned to her relatives for help" book up book all available places or tickets reschedule assign a new time and place for an event; "We had to reschedule the doctor's appointment" forbid command against; "I forbid you to call me late at night"; "Mother vetoed the trip to the chocolate store"; "Dad nixed our plans" enjoin issue an injunction refuse show unwillingness towards; "he declined to join the group on a hike" refuse to accept; "He refused my offer of hospitality" contract in consent in writing to pay money to a trade union for political use contract out refuse to pay a levy to a union for political use assign a job to someone outside one's own business abjure formally reject or disavow a formerly held belief, usually under pressure; "He retracted his earlier statements about his religion"; "She abjured her beliefs" misstate state something incorrectly; "You misstated my position" renege fail to fulfill a promise or obligation; "She backed out of her promise" cancel make invalid for use; "cancel cheques or tickets" declare null and void; make ineffective; "Cancel the election results"; "strike down a law" postpone indefinitely or annul something that was scheduled; "Call off the engagement"; "cancel the dinner party"; "we had to scrub our vacation plans"; "scratch that meeting--the chair is ill" make up for; "His skills offset his opponent's superior strength" cross off remove from a list; "Cross the name of the dead person off the list" dismiss bar from attention or consideration; "She dismissed his advances" cease to consider; put out of judicial consideration; "This case is dismissed!" end one's encounter with somebody by causing or permitting the person to leave; "I was dismissed after I gave my report" stop associating with; "They dropped her after she had a child out of wedlock" pass off disregard; "She passed off the insult" cause to be circulated and accepted in a false character or identity; "She passed the glass off as diamonds"; "He passed himself off as a secret agent" be accepted as something or somebody in a false character or identity; "She passed off as a Russian agent" scoff treat with contemptuous disregard; "flout the rules" turn a blind eye refuse to acknowledge; "He turns a blind eye to the injustices in his office" laugh off deal with a problem by laughing or pretending to be amused by it; "She laughs away all these problems" authorize grant authorization or clearance for; "Clear the manuscript for publication"; "The rock star never authorized this slanderous biography" disagree be of different opinions; "I beg to differ!"; "She disagrees with her husband on many questions" be different from one another see eye to eye be in agreement; "We never saw eye to eye on this question" concede be willing to concede; "I grant you this much" admit (to a wrongdoing); "She confessed that she had taken the money" acknowledge defeat; "The candidate conceded after enough votes had come in to show that he would lose" give over; surrender or relinquish to the physical control of another subscribe adopt as a belief; "I subscribe to your view on abortion" receive or obtain regularly; "We take the Times every day" offer to buy, as of stocks and shares; "The broker subscribed 500 shares" counterchallenge challenge in turn; "The authentication was counterchallenged" cavil raise trivial objections check out try to learn someone's opinions and intentions; "I have to sound out the new professor" announce one's departure from a hotel record, add up, and receive payment for items purchased; "She was checking out the apples that the customer had put on the conveyer belt" get off escape potentially unpleasant consequences; get away with a forbidden action; "She gets away with murder!"; "I couldn't get out from under these responsibilities" cause to be acquitted; get off the hook; in a legal case; "The lawyer got him off, even though there was no doubt in everybody's mind that he killed his wife" deliver verbally; "He got off the best line I've heard in a long time" leave a vehicle, aircraft, etc. enjoy in a sexual way; "He gets off on shoes" be relieved of one's duties temporarily evade use cunning or deceit to escape or avoid; "The con man always evades" practice evasion; "This man always hesitates and evades" avoid stay clear from; keep away from; keep out of the way of someone or something; "Her former friends now avoid her" refrain from doing something; "She refrains from calling her therapist too often"; "He should avoid publishing his wife's memories" keep off refrain from entering or walking onto; "keep off the grass"; "stay off the premises" refrain from certain foods or beverages; "I keep off drugs"; "During Ramadan, Muslims avoid tobacco during the day" shirk avoid dealing with; "She shirks her duties" shy away from avoid having to deal with some unpleasant task; "I shy away from this task" shun avoid and stay away from deliberately; stay clear of confront deal with (something unpleasant) head on; "You must confront your problems"; "He faced the terrible consequences of his mistakes" present somebody with something, usually to accuse or criticize; "We confronted him with the evidence"; "He was faced with all the evidence and could no longer deny his actions"; "An enormous dilemma faces us" oppose, as in hostility or a competition; "You must confront your opponent"; "Jackson faced Smith in the boxing ring"; "The two enemies finally confronted each other" be face to face with; "The child screamed when he confronted the man in the Halloween costume" vex subject to prolonged examination, discussion, or deliberation; "vex the subject of the death penalty" bandy discuss lightly; "We bandied around these difficult questions" exchange blows toss or strike a ball back and forth have legs that curve outward at the knees hash out speak with others about (something); talk (something) over in detail; have a discussion; "We discussed our household budget" blaspheme speak of in an irreverent or impious manner; "blaspheme God" hold forth talk at length and formally about a topic; "The speaker dissertated about the social politics in 18th century England" deny declare untrue; contradict; "He denied the allegations"; "She denied that she had taken money" refuse to accept or believe; "He denied his fatal illness" refuse to recognize or acknowledge; "Peter denied Jesus" refuse to let have; "She denies me every pleasure"; "he denies her her weekly allowance" deny oneself (something); restrain, especially from indulging in some pleasure; "She denied herself wine and spirits" refuse to grant, as of a petition or request; "The dean denied the students' request for more physics courses"; "the prisoners were denied the right to exercise for more than 2 hours a day" admit declare to be true or admit the existence or reality or truth of; "He admitted his errors"; "She acknowledged that she might have forgotten" allow participation in or the right to be part of; permit to exercise the rights, functions, and responsibilities of; "admit someone to the profession"; "She was admitted to the New Jersey Bar" allow to enter; grant entry to; "We cannot admit non-members into our club building"; "This pipe admits air" serve as a means of entrance; "This ticket will admit one adult to the show" give access or entrance to; "The French doors admit onto the yard" afford possibility; "This problem admits of no solution"; "This short story allows of several different interpretations" make no bones about acknowledge freely and openly; "He makes no bones about the fact that he is gay" make a clean breast of admit or acknowledge a wrongdoing or error; "the writer of the anonymous letter owned up after they identified his handwriting" bastardize declare a child to be illegitimate change something so that its value declines; for example, art forms sustain admit as valid; "The court sustained the motion" supply with necessities and support; "She alone sustained her family"; "The money will sustain our good cause"; "There's little to earn and many to keep" confess confess to God in the presence of a priest, as in the Catholic faith confess to a punishable or reprehensible deed, usually under pressure stand pat refuse to abandon one's opinion or belief hunker down hold stubbornly to a position; "The wife hunkered down and the husband's resistance began to break down" take shelter; "During the sandstorm, they hunkered down in a small hut" avow admit openly and bluntly; make no bones about disavow refuse to acknowledge; disclaim knowledge of; responsibility for, or association with; "Her husband disavowed her after 30 years of marriage and six children" attest authenticate, affirm to be true, genuine, or correct, as in an official capacity; "I attest this signature" establish or verify the usage of; "This word is not attested until 1993" provide evidence for; stand as proof of; show by one's behavior, attitude, or external attributes; "His high fever attested to his illness"; "The buildings in Rome manifest a high level of architectural sophistication"; "This decision demonstrates his sense of fairness" declare state firmly; "He declared that he was innocent" declare to be; "She was declared incompetent"; "judge held that the defendant was innocent" proclaim one's support, sympathy, or opinion for or against; "His wife declared at once for moving to the West Coast" state emphatically and authoritatively; "He declared that he needed more money to carry out the task he was charged with" make a declaration (of dutiable goods) to a customs official; "Do you have anything to declare?" designate (a trump suit or no-trump) with the final bid of a hand authorize payments of; "declare dividends" reflect give evidence of the quality of; "The mess in his dorm room reflects on the student" give evidence of a certain behavior; "His lack of interest in the project reflects badly on him" to throw or bend back (from a surface); "Sound is reflected well in this auditorium" show an image of; "her sunglasses reflected his image" manifest or bring back; "This action reflects his true beliefs" be bright by reflecting or casting light; "Drive carefully--the wet road reflects" notarize authenticate as a notary; "We had to have the signature notarized" certify declare legally insane guarantee payment on; of checks guarantee as meeting a certain standard; "certified grade AAA meat" beatify declare (a dead person) to be blessed; the first step of achieving sainthood; "On Sunday, the martyr will be beatified by the Vatican" make blessedly happy canonize declare (a dead person) to be a saint; "After he was shown to have performed a miracle, the priest was canonized" treat as a sacred person; "He canonizes women" contradict deny the truth of be in contradiction with reprimand rebuke formally admonish take to task; "He admonished the child for his bad behavior" chastise censure severely; "She chastised him for his insensitive remarks" flame criticize harshly, usually via an electronic medium; "the person who posted an inflammatory message got flamed" be in flames or aflame; "The sky seemed to flame in the Hawaiian sunset" call on the carpet censure severely or angrily; "The mother scolded the child for entering a stranger's car"; "The deputy ragged the Prime Minister"; "The customer dressed down the waiter for bringing cold soup" represent point out or draw attention to in protest or remonstrance; "our parents represented to us the need for more caution" describe or present, usually with respect to a particular quality; "He represented this book as an example of the Russian 19th century novel" serve as a means of expressing something; "The flower represents a young girl" create an image or likeness of; "The painter represented his wife as a young girl" be a delegate or spokesperson for; represent somebody's interest or be a proxy or substitute for, as of politicians and office holders representing their constituents, or of a tenant representing other tenants in a housing dispute; "I represent the silent majority" be representative or typical for; "This period is represented by Beethoven" take the place of or be parallel or equivalent to; "Because of the sound changes in the course of history, an `h' in Greek stands for an `s' in Latin" tell off reprimand; "She told the misbehaving student off" lip off speak spontaneously and without restraint; "She always shoots her mouth off and says things she later regrets" reprehend express strong disapproval of deplore express strong disapproval of; "We deplore the government's treatment of political prisoners" regret strongly; "I deplore this hostile action"; "we lamented the loss of benefits" animadvert express blame or censure or make a harshly critical remark belabor attack verbally with harsh criticism; "She was belabored by her fellow students" to work at or to absurd length; "belabor the obvious" come down criticize or reprimand harshly; "The critics came down hard on the new play" preach speak, plead, or argue in favor of; "The doctor advocated a smoking ban in the entire house" deliver a sermon; "The minister is not preaching this Sunday" sermonize speak as if delivering a sermon; express moral judgements; "This man always sermonizes" pontificate talk in a dogmatic and pompous manner; "The new professor always pontificates" administer a pontifical office orate talk pompously bloviate orate verbosely and windily induct introduce or initiate; "The young geisha was inducted into the ways of her profession" place ceremoniously or formally in an office or position; "there was a ceremony to induct the president of the Academy" admit as a member; "We were inducted into the honor society" tutor be a tutor to someone; give individual instruction; "She tutored me in Spanish" act as a guardian to someone unteach cause to disbelieve; teach someone the contrary of what he or she had learned earlier cause to unlearn; "teach somebody to unlearn old habits or methods" debrief put someone through a debriefing and make him report; "The released hostages were debriefed" acquaint inform; "Please acquaint your colleagues of your plans to move" warn notify, usually in advance; "I warned you that I would ask some difficult questions" ask to go away; "The old man warned the children off his property" notify of danger, potential harm, or risk; "The director warned him that he might be fired"; "The doctor warned me about the dangers of smoking" advise or counsel in terms of someone's behavior; "I warned him not to go too far"; "I warn you against false assumptions"; "She warned him to be quiet" fill in supply with information on a specific topic; "He filled me in on the latest developments" misinform give false or misleading information to perjure knowingly tell an untruth in a legal court and render oneself guilty of perjury suborn induce to commit perjury or give false testimony; "The President tried to suborn false witnesses" procure (false testimony or perjury) incite to commit a crime or an evil deed; "He suborned his butler to cover up the murder of his wife" beat around the bush be deliberately ambiguous or unclear in order to mislead or withhold information typify express indirectly by an image, form, or model; be a symbol; "What does the Statue of Liberty symbolize?" embody the essential characteristics of or be a typical example of; "The fugue typifies Bach's style of composition" misrepresent represent falsely; "This statement misrepresents my intentions" tinge affect as in thought or feeling; "My personal feelings color my judgment in this case"; "The sadness tinged his life" feign make believe with the intent to deceive; "He feigned that he was ill"; "He shammed a headache" go through the motions pretend to do something by acting as if one was really doing it; "She isn't really working--she's just going through the motions" play possum to pretend to be dead take a dive pretend to be knocked out, as of a boxer bamboozle conceal one's true motives from especially by elaborately feigning good intentions so as to gain an end; "He bamboozled his professors into thinking that he knew the subject well" talk through one's hat speak insincerely or without regard for facts or truths; "The politician was not well prepared for the debate and faked it" overstate to enlarge beyond bounds or the truth; "tended to romanticize and exaggerate this `gracious Old South' imagery" soft-pedal play down or obscure; "His advisers soft-pedaled the president's blunder" trivialize make trivial or insignificant; "Don't trivialize the seriousness of the issue!" overemphasize place special or excessive emphasis on; "I cannot overemphasize the importance of this book" re-emphasise emphasize anew; "The director re-emphasized the need for greater productivity" understate represent as less significant or important denounce speak out against; "He denounced the Nazis" give away information about somebody; "He told on his classmate who had cheated on the exam" announce the termination of, as of treaties accuse bring an accusation against; level a charge against; "The neighbors accused the man of spousal abuse" arraign accuse of a wrong or an inadequacy call before a court to answer an indictment complain make a formal accusation; bring a formal charge; "The plaintiff's lawyer complained that he defendant had physically abused his client" express complaints, discontent, displeasure, or unhappiness; "My mother complains all day"; "She has a lot to kick about" recriminate return an accusation against someone or engage in mutual accusations; charge in return impeach charge (a public official) with an offense or misdemeanor committed while in office; "The President was impeached" challenge the honesty or veracity of; "the lawyers tried to impeach the credibility of the witnesses" disparage express a negative opinion of; "She disparaged her student's efforts" nitpick be overly critical; criticize minor details defame charge falsely or with malicious intent; attack the good name and reputation of someone; "The journalists have defamed me!"; "The article in the paper sullied my reputation" assassinate destroy or damage seriously, as of someone's reputation; "He assassinated his enemy's character" murder; especially of socially prominent persons; "Anwar Sadat was assassinated because many people did not like his peace politics with Israel" vilify spread negative information about; "The Nazi propaganda vilified the Jews" badmouth speak unfavorably about; "She badmouths her husband everywhere" diss treat, mention, or speak to rudely; "He insulted her with his rude remarks"; "the student who had betrayed his classmate was dissed by everyone" bristle at show anger or indignation; "She bristled at his insolent remarks" impersonate represent another person with comic intentions assume or act the character of; "She impersonates Madonna"; "The actor portrays an elderly, lonely man" spoof make a parody of; "The students spoofed the teachers" pull the leg of tell false information to for fun; "Are you pulling my leg?" incite provoke or stir up; "incite a riot"; "set off great unrest among the people" satirize ridicule with satire; "The writer satirized the politician's proposal" deride treat or speak of with contempt; "He derided his student's attempt to solve the biggest problem in mathematics" debunk expose while ridiculing; especially of pretentious or false claims and ideas; "The physicist debunked the psychic's claims" stultify cause to appear foolish; "He stultified himself by contradicting himself and being inconsistent" prove to be of unsound mind or demonstrate someone's incompetence; "nobody is legally allowed to stultify himself" horse around indulge in horseplay; "Enough horsing around--let's get back to work!"; "The bored children were fooling about" deceive cause someone to believe an untruth; "The insurance company deceived me when they told me they were covering my house" be false to; be dishonest with undeceive free from deception or illusion deprecate belittle; "The teacher should not deprecate his student's efforts" express strong disapproval of; deplore condemn declare or judge unfit for use or habitation; "The building was condemned by the inspector" express strong disapproval of; "We condemn the racism in South Africa"; "These ideas were reprobated" demonstrate the guilt of (someone); "Her strange behavior condemned her" appropriate (property) for public use; "the county condemned the land to build a highway" compel or force into a particular state or activity; "His devotion to his sick wife condemned him to a lonely existence" overpraise praise excessively trumpet utter in trumpet-like sounds; "Elephants are trumpeting" proclaim on, or as if on, a trumpet; "Liberals like to trumpet their opposition to the death penalty" play or blow on the trumpet exuberate to express great joy; "Who cannot exult in Spring?" cheerlead act as a cheerleader in a sports event amuse make (somebody) laugh; "The clown amused the children" occupy in an agreeable, entertaining or pleasant fashion; "The play amused the ladies" applaud express approval of; "I applaud your efforts" clap one's hands or shout after performances to indicate approval laud praise, glorify, or honor; "extol the virtues of one's children"; "glorify one's spouse's cooking" ensky exalt to the skies; lift to the skies or to heaven with praise crack up rhapsodize about suffer a nervous breakdown promulgate put a law into effect by formal declaration whang attack forcefully; "whang away at the school reform plan" propel or hit with force; "whang the ball" beat with force accurse curse or declare to be evil or anathema or threaten with divine punishment blog read, write, or edit a shared on-line journal gee give a command to a horse to turn to the right side turn to the right side; "the horse geed" ooh express admiration and pleasure by uttering `ooh' or `aah'; "They oohed and aahed when they unwrapped the presents" bless give a benediction to; "The dying man blessed his son" make the sign of the cross over someone in order to call on God for protection; consecrate confer prosperity or happiness on consecrate render holy by means of religious rites reconsecrate consecrate anew, as after a desecration desecrate remove the consecration from a person or an object violate the sacred character of a place or language; "desecrate a cemetery"; "violate the sanctity of the church"; "profane the name of God" impugn attack as false or wrong defy challenge; "I dare you!" resist or confront with resistance; "The politician defied public opinion"; "The new material withstands even the greatest wear and tear"; "The bridge held" elude, especially in a baffling way; "This behavior defies explanation" call one's bluff ask to prove what someone is claiming; "John called Mary's bluff when she claimed she could prove the theorem in under an hour" brazen face with defiance or impudence; "brazen it out" made of or resembling brass (as in color or hardness) call out challenge to a duel; "Aaron Burr called out Alexander Hamilton" call out loudly, as of names or numbers forewarn warn in advance or beforehand; give an early warning; "I forewarned him of the trouble that would arise if he showed up at his ex-wife's house" threaten to utter intentions of injury or punishment against; "He threatened me when I tried to call the police" to be a menacing indication of something; "The clouds threaten rain"; "Danger threatens" bode indicate, as with a sign or an omen; "These signs bode bad news" rede give advice to; "The teacher counsels troubled students"; "The lawyer counselled me when I was accused of tax fraud" give an interpretation or explanation to tip off give insider information or advise to; "He tipped off the police about the terrorist plot" advise inform (somebody) of something; "I advised him that the rent was due" familiarize make familiar or conversant with; "you should acquaint yourself with your new computer"; "We familiarized ourselves with the new surroundings" orient familiarize (someone) with new surroundings or circumstances; "The dean of students tries to orient the freshmen" determine one's position with reference to another point; "We had to orient ourselves in the forest" cause to point; "Orient the house towards the West" be oriented; "The weather vane points North"; "the dancers toes pointed outward" get into familiarize oneself thoroughly with; "He really got into semantics" get involved in or with propose make a proposal, declare a plan for something; "the senator proposed to abolish the sales tax" ask (someone) to marry you; "he popped the question on Sunday night"; "she proposed marriage to the man she had known for only two months"; "The old bachelor finally declared himself to the young woman" misadvise give bad advice to feed back respond to a query or outcome submit (information) again to a program or automatic system propound put forward, as of an idea consult advise professionally; "The professor consults for industry" seek information from; "You should consult the dictionary"; "refer to your notes" get or ask advice from; "Consult your local broker"; "They had to consult before arriving at a decision" confer have a conference in order to talk something over; "We conferred about a plan of action" present; "The university conferred a degree on its most famous former student, who never graduated"; "bestow an honor on someone" collogue confer secretly submit put before; "I submit to you that the accused is guilty" yield to another's wish or opinion; "The government bowed to the military pressure" refer for judgment or consideration; "The lawyers submitted the material to the court" yield to the control of another report out return a bill after consideration and revision to a legislative body nominate propose as a candidate for some honor put forward; nominate for appointment to an office or for an honor or position; "The President nominated her as head of the Civil Rights Commission" flatter praise somewhat dishonestly adulate flatter in an obsequious manner eulogize praise formally and eloquently; "The dead woman was eulogized at the funeral" curry favor seek favor by fawning or flattery; "This employee is currying favor with his superordinates" butter up flatter with the intention of getting something congratulate express congratulations commend express approval of mention as by way of greeting or to indicate friendship; "Remember me to your wife" express a good opinion of give to in charge; "I commend my children to you" present as worthy of regard, kindness, or confidence; "His paintings commend him to the artistic world" speak of the devil mention someone's name who just then appears swear off promise to abstain from; "I have sworn off cigarettes altogether" oblige bind by an obligation; cause to be indebted; "He's held by a contract"; "I'll hold you by your promise" provide a service or favor for someone; "We had to oblige him" tie down restrain from independence by an obligation; "He was tied down by his work" secure with or as if with ropes; "tie down the prisoners"; "tie up the old newspapers and bring them to the recycling shed" disoblige ignore someone's wishes collateralize pledge as a collateral; "The loan was collateralized by government bonds" betroth give to in marriage inscribe address, (a work of literature) in a style less formal than a dedication write, engrave, or print as a lasting record draw within a figure so as to touch in as many places as possible rededicate dedicate anew; "They were asked to rededicate themselves to their country" take the veil become a nun; "The young woman took the veil after her fiance died" stipulate make an oral contract or agreement in the verbal form of question and answer that is necessary to give it legal force specify as a condition or requirement in a contract or agreement; make an express demand or provision in an agreement; "The will stipulates that she can live in the house for the rest of her life"; "The contract stipulates the dates of the payments" give a guarantee or promise of; "They stipulated to release all the prisoners" undertake promise to do or accomplish; "guarantee to free the prisoners" enter upon an activity or enterprise accept as a charge accept as a challenge; "I'll tackle this difficult task" underwrite guarantee financial support of; "The opera tour was subvented by a bank" swear promise solemnly; take an oath make a deposition; declare under oath reinsure insure again by assuming all or a part of the liability of an insurance company already covering a risk insure again by transferring to another insurance company all or a part of a liability assumed provide additional insurance for thank express gratitude or show appreciation to apologize acknowledge faults or shortcomings or failing; "I apologized for being late"; "He apologized for the many typoes" defend, explain, clear away, or make excuses for by reasoning; "rationalize the child's seemingly crazy behavior"; "he rationalized his lack of success" take the Fifth refuse to testify by invoking the Fifth Amendment, which states that nobody may be forced to testify as a witness against himself or herself defend argue or speak in defense of; "She supported the motion to strike" be on the defensive; act against an attack protect against a challenge or attack; "Hold that position behind the trees!"; "Hold the bridge against the enemy's attacks" be the defense counsel for someone in a trial; "Ms. Smith will represent the defendant" take sides with support someone (as in an argument); "she always takes his side, no matter how sound his argument" stand up defend against attack or criticism; "He stood up for his friend"; "She stuck up for the teacher who was accused of harassing the student" refuse to back down; remain solid under criticism or attack resist or withstand wear, criticism, etc.; "Her shoes won't hold up"; "This theory won't hold water" cover for provide an excuse or alibi for someone so as to cover up guilt; "I won't lie and cover for you" uphold stand up for; stick up for; of causes, principles, or ideals support against an opponent; "The appellate court upheld the verdict" shake hands take someone's hands and shake them as a gesture of greeting or congratulation cross oneself make the sign of the cross; in the Catholic religion take a bow acknowledge applause by inclining the head, as of an artist after a performance acknowledge praise or accept credit; "They finally took a bow for what they did" say farewell say good-bye or bid farewell reintroduce introduce anew; "We haven't met in a long time, so let me reintroduce myself" precede furnish with a preface or introduction; "She always precedes her lectures with a joke"; "He prefaced his lecture with a critical remark about the institution" move ahead (of others) in time or space be the predecessor of; "Bill preceded John in the long line of Susan's husbands" come before; "Most English adjectives precede the noun they modify" prologize write or speak a prologue absolve let off the hook; "I absolve you from this responsibility" wash one's hands to absolve oneself of responsibility or future blame; "I wash my hands of this" meld announce for a score; of cards in a card game forgive stop blaming or grant forgiveness; "I forgave him his infidelity"; "She cannot forgive him for forgetting her birthday" absolve from payment; "I forgive you your debt" shrive grant remission of a sin to; "The priest absolved him and told him to say ten Hail Marys" acquit pronounce not guilty of criminal charges; "The suspect was cleared of the murder charges" vindicate clear of accusation, blame, suspicion, or doubt with supporting proof; "You must vindicate yourself and fight this libel" maintain, uphold, or defend; "vindicate the rights of the citizens" extenuate lessen or to try to lessen the seriousness or extent of; "The circumstances extenuate the crime" reconvict convict anew foredoom doom beforehand backbite say mean things heckle challenge aggressively comb with a heckle; "heckle hemp or flax" whine complain whiningly move with a whining sound; "The bullets were whining past us" make a high-pitched, screeching noise; "The door creaked when I opened it slowly"; "My car engine makes a whining noise" deter try to prevent; show opposition to; "We should discourage this practice among our youth" foster help develop, help grow; "nurture his talents" bring up under fosterage; of children promote the growth of; "Foster our children's well-being and education" providing or receiving nurture or parental care though not related by blood or legal ties; "foster parent"; "foster child"; "foster home"; "surrogate father" patronize be a regular customer or client of; "We patronize this store"; "Our sponsor kept our art studio going for as long as he could" treat condescendingly do one's shopping at; do business with; be a customer or client of stoop to make concessions to murmur make complaining remarks or noises under one's breath; "she grumbles when she feels overworked" speak softly or indistinctly; "She murmured softly to the baby in her arms" declaim speak against in an impassioned manner; "he declaimed against the wasteful ways of modern society" recite in elocution remonstrate argue in protest or opposition present and urge reasons in opposition raise hell take strong and forceful action, as to object or express discontent; "She raised hell when she found out that she wold not be hired again" repine express discontent regret express with regret; "I regret to say that you did not gain admission to Harvard" decline formally or politely; "I regret I can't come to the party" feel sad about the loss or absence of exclaim utter aloud; often with surprise, horror, or joy; "`I won!' he exclaimed"; "`Help!' she cried"; "`I'm here,' the mother shouted when she saw her child looking lost" shout utter in a loud voice; talk in a loud voice (usually denoting characteristic manner of speaking); "My grandmother is hard of hearing--you'll have to shout" utter a sudden loud cry; "she cried with pain when the doctor inserted the needle"; "I yelled to her from the window but she couldn't hear me" yell utter or declare in a very loud voice; "You don't have to yell--I can hear you just fine" hollo cry hollo encourage somebody by crying hollo shriek utter a shrill cry yowl utter shrieks, as of cats interject to insert between other elements; "She interjected clever remarks" vociferate utter in a very loud voice; "They vociferated their demands" holler shout out; "He hollered out to surrender our weapons" speak up speak louder; raise one's voice; "The audience asked the lecturer to please speak up" enthuse utter with enthusiasm cause to feel enthusiasm rhapsodize say (something) with great enthusiasm recite a rhapsody suppose express a supposition; "Let us say that he did not tell the truth"; "Let's say you had a lot of money--what would you do?" second-guess evaluate or criticize with hindsight attempt to anticipate or predict predict make a prediction about; tell in advance; "Call the outcome of an election" vaticinate foretell through or as if through the power of prophecy redetermine fix, find, or establish again; "the physicists redetermined Planck's constant" refract determine the refracting power of (a lens) subject to refraction; "refract a light beam" bespeak be a signal for or a symptom of; "These symptoms indicate a serious illness"; "Her behavior points to a severe neurosis"; "The economic indicators signal that the euro is undervalued" signalize make conspicuous or noteworthy point out carefully and clearly provide with traffic signals; "signalize a busy intersection" singularize distinguish as singular indicate indicate a place, direction, person, or thing; either spatially or figuratively; "I showed the customer the glove section"; "He pointed to the empty parking space"; "he indicated his opponents" to state or express briefly; "indicated his wishes in a letter" suggest the necessity of an intervention; in medicine; "Tetracycline is indicated in such cases" foreshow foretell by divine inspiration marvel express astonishment or surprise about something explicate elaborate, as of theories and hypotheses; "Could you develop the ideas in your thesis" forecast predict in advance prophesy predict or reveal through, or as if through, divine inspiration enlighten give spiritual insight to; in religion make understand; "Can you enlighten me--I don't understand this proposal" intimate give to understand; "I insinuated that I did not like his wife" marked by close acquaintance, association, or familiarity; "intimate friend"; "intimate relations between economics, politics, and legal principles" - V.L. Parrington thoroughly acquainted through study or experience; "this girl, so intimate with nature"-W.H.Hudson; "knowledgeable about the technique of painting"- Herbert Read involved in a sexual relationship; "the intimate (or sexual) relations between husband and wife"; "she had been intimate with many men" used euphemistically to refer to the genitals; "he touched her intimate parts" clue in provide someone with a clue; "Can you clue me in?" contraindicate make a treatment inadvisable convey (of information) make known; pass on; "She conveyed the message to me" transmit a title or property transfer to another; "communicate a disease" imply express or state indirectly suggest as a logically necessary consequence; in logic have as a necessary feature; "This decision involves many changes" burst out give sudden release to an expression; "We burst out laughing"; "`I hate you,' she burst out" rip out burst out with a violent or profane utterance; "ripped out a vicious oath"; "ripped out with an oath" suggest call to mind; "this remark evoked sadness" imply as a possibility; "The evidence suggests a need for more clarification" connote involve as a necessary condition of consequence; as in logic; "solving the problem is predicated on understanding it well" denote have as a meaning; "`multi-' denotes `many' " be a sign or indication of; "Her smile denoted that she agreed" signify convey or express a meaning; "These words mean nothing to me!"; "What does his strange behavior signify?" make known with a word or signal; "He signified his wish to pay the bill for our meal" euphemize refer to something with a euphemism speak in tongues speak unintelligibly in or as if in religious ecstasy; "The parishioners spoke in tongues" tone down make less strong or intense; soften; "Tone down that aggressive letter"; "The author finally tamed some of his potentially offensive statements" unwrap make known to the public information that was previously known only to a few people or that was meant to be kept a secret; "The auction house would not disclose the price at which the van Gogh had sold"; "The actress won't reveal how old she is"; "bring out the truth"; "he broke the news to her"; "unwrap the evidence in the murder case"; "The newspaper uncovered the President's illegal dealings" remove the outer cover or wrapping of; "Let's unwrap the gifts!"; "undo the parcel" muckrake explore and expose misconduct and scandals concerning public figures; "This reporter was well-known for his muckraking" come out of the closet to state openly and publicly one's homosexuality; "This actor outed last year" unmask reveal the true nature of; "The journal article unmasked the corrupt politician" take the mask off; "unmask the imposter" betray reveal unintentionally; "Her smile betrayed her true feelings" deliver to an enemy by treachery; "Judas sold Jesus"; "The spy betrayed his country" confide reveal in private; tell confidentially unbosom relieve oneself of troubling information sell someone out give information that compromises others spill the beans divulge confidential information or secrets; "Be careful--his secretary talks" keep quiet refrain from divulging sensitive information; keep quiet about confidential information; "Don't tell him any secrets--he cannot keep his mouth shut!" misspell spell incorrectly deconstruct interpret (a text or an artwork) by the method of deconstructing commentate serve as a commentator, as in sportscasting make a commentary on misinterpret interpret falsely explain make plain and comprehensible; "He explained the laws of physics to his students" define; "The committee explained their plan for fund-raising to the Dean" account for give reasons for; "Can you account for all these absences?" be the reason or explanation for; "The recession accounts for the slow retail business" obfuscate make obscure or unclear pour out express without restraint; "The woman poured out her frustrations as the judge listened" miaou make a cat-like sound talk of discuss or mention; "They spoke of many things" recite repeat aloud from memory; "she recited a poem"; "The pupil recited his lesson for the day" render verbally; "recite a poem"; "retell a story" rattle down recite volubly or extravagantly; "He could recite the names of all the chemical elements" enumerate specify individually; "She enumerated the many obstacles she had encountered"; "The doctor recited the list of possible side effects of the drug" itemize place on a list of items; "itemize one's tax deductions" specify decide upon or fix definitely; "fix the variables"; "specify the parameters" be specific about; "Could you please specify your criticism of my paper?" determine the essential quality of count down count backwards; before detonating a bomb, for example tally keep score, as in games take a dare be dared to do something and attempt it be dared to do something and not attempt it devoice utter with tense vocal chords palatalize pronounce a consonant with the tongue against the palate nasalize pronounce with a lowered velum; "She nasalizes all her vowels" speak nasally or through the nose; "In this part of the country, people tend to nasalize" mispronounce pronounce a word incorrectly; "She mispronounces many Latinate words" platitudinize utter platitudes; "The candidate platitudinized and bored the audience" tsk utter `tsk,' `tut,' or `tut-tut,' as in disapproval relate give an account of; "The witness related the events" have or establish a relationship to; "She relates well to her peers" be in a relationship with; "How are these two observations related?" yarn tell or spin a yarn narrate provide commentary for a film, for example publicize make public; "She aired her opinions on welfare" hype publicize in an exaggerated and often misleading manner embroider add details to decorate with needlework disambiguate state unambiguously or remove ambiguities from; "Can you disambiguate this statement?" define give a definition for the meaning of a word; "Define `sadness'" determine the nature of; "What defines a good wine?" show the form or outline of; "The tree was clearly defined by the light"; "The camera could define the smallest object" redefine give a new or different definition of (a word) give a new or different definition to; "She redefined his duties" reecho repeat back like an echo repeat or return an echo again or repeatedly; send (an echo) back echo repeatedly, echo again and again perseverate psychology: repeat a response after the cessation of the original stimulus; "The subjects in this study perseverated" ditto repeat an action or statement; "The next speaker dittoed her argument" regurgitate repeat after memorization; "For the exam, you must be able to regurgitate the information" feed through the beak by regurgitating previously swallowed food; "many birds feed their young by regurgitating what they have swallowed and carried to the nest" pour or rush back; "The blood regurgitates into the heart ventricle" hark back go back to something earlier; "This harks back to a previous remark of his" retranslate translate again mistranslate translate incorrectly Latinize translate into Latin lexicalize make or coin into a word or accept a new word into the lexicon of a language; "The concept expressed by German `Gemuetlichkeit' is not lexicalized in English" dogmatize speak dogmatically state as a dogma speak use language; "the baby talks already"; "the prisoner won't speak"; "they speak a strange dialect" make a characteristic or natural sound; "The drums spoke" run on talk or narrate at length continue uninterrupted; "The disease will run on unchecked"; "The party kept going until 4 A.M." smatter speak with spotty or superficial knowledge; "She smatters Russian" talk turkey discuss frankly, often in a business context monologuize talk to oneself broach bring up a topic for discussion announce announce publicly or officially; "The President declared war" foreshadow or presage make known; make an announcement; "She denoted her feelings clearly" give the names of; "He announced the winners of the spelling bee" check in announce one's arrival, e.g. at hotels or airports clock in register one's arrival at work clock out register one's departure from work publish prepare and issue for public distribution or sale; "publish a magazine or newspaper" have (one's work) issued for publication; "She published 25 books during her long career"; "Mozart didn't publish all of his works" circulate cause to become widely known; "spread information"; "circulate a rumor"; "broadcast the news" move around freely from person to person or from place to place; "She circulates among royalty" move through a space, circuit or system, returning to the starting point; "Blood circulates in my veins"; "The air here does not circulate" cause to move in a circuit or system; "The fan circulates the air in the room" cause to be distributed; "This letter is being circulated among the faculty" podcast distribute (multimedia files) over the internet for playback on a mobile device or a personal computer go around become widely known and passed on; "the rumor spread"; "the story went around in the office" be sufficient; "There's not enough to go around" bandy about discuss casually; "bandy about an idea" propagandize spread by propaganda subject to propaganda misname assign in incorrect name to; "These misnamed philanthropists" pronounce pronounce judgment on; "They labeled him unfit to work here" speak, pronounce, or utter in a certain way; "She pronounces French words in a funny way"; "I cannot say `zip wire'"; "Can the child sound out this complicated word?" sign off cease broadcasting; get off the air; as of radio stations blare out announce loudly count off call in turn from right to left or from back to front numbers that determine some position or function advertise call attention to; "Please don't advertise the fact that he has AIDS" make publicity for; try to sell (a product); "The salesman is aggressively pushing the new computer model"; "The company is heavily advertizing their new laptops" proclaim state or announce; "`I am not a Communist,' he exclaimed"; "The King will proclaim an amnesty" declare formally; declare someone to be something; of titles; "He was proclaimed King" articulate express or state clearly unite by forming a joint or joints; "the ankle bone articulates with the leg bones to form the ankle bones" expressing yourself easily or characterized by clear expressive language; "articulate speech"; "an articulate orator"; "articulate beings" retroflex articulate (a consonant) with the tongue curled back against the palate; "Indian accents can be characterized by the fact that speakers retroflex their consonants" bend or turn backward bent or curved backward subvocalize articulate without making audible sounds; "she was reading to herself and merely subvocalized" syllabize utter with distinct articulation of each syllable; "The poet syllabized the verses he read" give voice put into words or an expression; "He formulated his concerns to the board of trustees" formularize express as a formula bumble speak haltingly; "The speaker faltered when he saw his opponent enter the room" blurt out utter impulsively; "He blurted out the secret"; "He blundered his stupid ideas" inflect change the form of a word in accordance as required by the grammatical rules of the language utter express audibly; utter sounds (not necessarily words); "She let out a big heavy sigh"; "He uttered strange sounds that nobody could understand" put into circulation; "utter counterfeit currency" nasale speak in a nasal voice; "`Come here,' he nasaled" bite out utter; "She bit out a curse" troat emit a cry intended to attract other animals; used especially of animals at rutting time describe give a description of; "He drew an elaborate plan of attack" symbolize represent or identify by using a symbol; use symbols; "The poet symbolizes love in this poem"; "These painters believed that artists should symbolize" actualize represent or describe realistically dramatize represent something in a dramatic manner; "These events dramatize the lack of social responsibility among today's youth" put into dramatic form; "adopt a book for a screenplay" overdramatize present in an overly dramatic manner; "She is overdramatizing her child's failure in the physics class" portray portray in words; "The book portrays the actor as a selfish person" make a portrait of; "Goya wanted to portray his mistress, the Duchess of Alba" represent abstractly, for example in a painting, drawing, or sculpture; "The father is portrayed as a good-looking man in this painting" delineate describe in vivid detail trace the shape of take the floor rise in order to make a speech or motion stand up to dance deliver deliver (a speech, oration, or idea); "The commencement speaker presented a forceful speech that impressed the students" utter (an exclamation, noise, etc.); "The students delivered a cry of joy" bring to a destination, make a delivery; "our local super market delivers" throw or hurl from the mound to the batter, as in baseball; "The pitcher delivered the ball" carry out or perform; "deliver an attack"; "deliver a blow"; "The boxer drove home a solid left" save from sins speechify make speeches; hold forth, or harangue with a certain degree of formality; "These ministers speechify on every occasion" misdirect put a wrong address on; "misdirect the letter" re-address put a new address on (an envelope), as for forwarding disabuse free somebody (from an erroneous belief) placard publicize or announce by placards post in a public place gesticulate show, express or direct through movement; "He gestured his desire to leave" telepathize communicate nonverbally by telepathy; "some people believe they can telepathize with others around the world" write communicate or express by writing; "He wrote about his great love for his wife" record data on a computer; "boot-up instructions are written on the hard disk" communicate (with) in writing; "Write her soon, please!" mark or trace on a surface; "The artist wrote Chinese characters on a big piece of white paper"; "Russian is written with the Cyrillic alphabet" create code, write a computer program; "She writes code faster than anybody else" produce a literary work; "She composed a poem"; "He wrote four novels" write in write to an organization; "Many listeners wrote in after the controversial radio program" cast a vote by inserting a name that does not appear on the ballot; "Many voters wrote in the names of strangers" apostrophize use an apostrophe encode convert information into code; "encode pictures digitally" decode convert code into ordinary language transliterate rewrite in a different script; "The Sanskrit text had to be transliterated" notate put into notation, as of music or choreography; "Nowadays, you can notate an entire ballet; in the old days, the steps had to be memorized" Romanize write in the Latin alphabet; "many shops in Japan now carry neon signs with Romanized names" revise make revisions in; "revise a thesis" amend make amendments to; "amend the document" rubricate sign with a mark instead of a name furnish with rubrics or regulate by rubrics; "the manuscript is not rubricated" place in the church calendar as a red-letter day honoring a saint; "She was rubricated by the pope" undersign sign at the bottom of (a document) countersign add one's signature to after another's to attest authenticity; "You must countersign on this line of the contract" execute sign in the presence of witnesses; "The President executed the treaty" kill as a means of socially sanctioned punishment; "In some states, criminals are executed" murder in a planned fashion; "The Mafioso who collaborated with the police was executed" carry out the legalities of; "execute a will or a deed" endorse sign as evidence of legal transfer; "endorse cheques" cosign sign and endorse (another person's signature), as for a loan overwrite write new data on top of existing data and thus erase the previously existing data; "overwrite that file" tape record record with a tape recorder prerecord record before presentation, as of a broadcast ring up to perform and record a sale on a cash register; "Sally rang up Eve's purchase of tomatoes" chronicle record in chronological order; make a historical record set forth state; "set forth one's reasons" log up record a distance travelled; on planes and cars reshoot shoot again; "We had to reshoot that scene 24 times" x-ray take an x-ray of something or somebody; "The doctor x-rayed my chest" examine by taking x-rays underline draw a line or lines underneath to call attention to quote put quote marks around; "Here the author is quoting his colleague" repeat a passage from; "He quoted the Bible to her" refer to for illustration or proof; "He said he could quote several instances of this behavior" name the price of; "quote prices for cars" handwrite write by hand; "You should handwrite the note to your guests" backspace hit the backspace key on a computer or typewriter keyboard; "To erase, you must backspace" double-space type with a full space between lines triple-space type with two empty spaces between lines touch-type type without looking at the keyboard spell out make explicit; specify in detail; "You should spell out your demands" spell fully and without abbreviating; "Can you spell out your middle name instead of just giving the initial?" jot down write briefly or hurriedly; write a short note of correspond exchange messages; "My Russian pen pal and I have been corresponding for several years" fax send something via a facsimile machine; "Can you fax me the report right away?" sum up give a summary (of); "he summed up his results"; "I will now summarize" precis make a summary (of) recapitulate summarize briefly; "Let's recapitulate the main ideas" repeat stages of evolutionary development during the embryonic phase of life retrograde go back over; "retrograde arguments" move back; "The glacier retrogrades" move in a direction contrary to the usual one; "retrograding planets" move backward in an orbit, of celestial bodies of amnesia; affecting time immediately preceding trauma moving from east to west on the celestial sphere; or--for planets--around the sun in a direction opposite to that of the Earth going from better to worse get out express with difficulty; "I managed to get out a few words" affirm to declare or affirm solemnly and formally as true; "Before God I swear I am innocent" say yes to reaffirm affirm once again; "He reaffirmed his faith in the church" circumstantiate give circumstantial evidence for reconfirm confirm again; "You must reconfirm your flight reservations" topicalize emphasize by putting heavy stress on or by moving to the front of the sentence; "Speakers topicalize more often than they realize"; "The object of the sentence is topicalized in what linguists call `Yiddish Movement'" point up emphasize, especially by identification; "This novel points up the racial problems in England" drive home make clear by special emphasis and try to convince somebody of something; "drive home a point or an argument"; "I'm trying to drive home these basic ideas" testify give testimony in a court of law provide evidence for; "The blood test showed that he was the father"; "Her behavior testified to her incompetence" adduce advance evidence for allege report or maintain; "He alleged that he was the victim of a crime"; "He said it was too late to intervene in the war"; "The registrar says that I owe the school money" assert state categorically insist on having one's opinions and rights recognized; "Women should assert themselves more!" swear in administer on oath to; "The speaker of the House swore in the new President" maintain state or assert; "He maintained his innocence" reassure give or restore confidence in; cause to feel sure or certain; "I reassured him that we were safe" cause to feel sure; give reassurance to; "The airline tried to reassure the customers that the planes were safe" write down put down in writing; of texts, musical compositions, etc. dash down write down hastily; "She dashed off a letter to her lawyer" exemplify clarify by giving an example of be characteristic of; "This compositional style is exemplified by this fugue" firm up arrange firmly; "firm up one's plans" overgeneralize draw too general a conclusion; "It is dangerous to overgeneralize" universalize make universal; "This author's stories universalize old themes" misquote quote incorrectly; "He had misquoted the politician" underquote quote a price lower than that quoted by (another seller) offer for sale at a price lower than the market price touch on refer to or discuss briefly invoke cite as an authority; resort to; "He invoked the law that would save him"; "I appealed to the law of 1900"; "She invoked an ancient law" namedrop refer to people that one assumes one's interlocutors admire in order to try to impress them slip in insert casually; "She slipped in a reference to her own work" drag up mention something unpleasant from the past; "Drag up old stories" cross-refer refer from one entry to another, as in catalogues, books, and lists allude make a more or less disguised reference to; "He alluded to the problem but did not mention it" toss in add casually to a conversation; "`I don't agree with this,' she tossed in" opine express one's opinion openly and without fear or hesitation; "John spoke up at the meeting" editorialize insert personal opinions into an objective statement baptize administer baptism to; "The parents had the child baptized" rename assign a new name to; "Many streets in the former East Germany were renamed in 1990" name again or anew; "He was renamed Minister of the Interior" entitle give a title to give the right to; "The Freedom of Information Act entitles you to request your FBI file" designate assign a name or title to excommunicate exclude from a church or a religious community; "The gay priest was excommunicated when he married his partner" oust or exclude from a group or membership by decree e-mail communicate electronically on the computer; "she e-mailed me the good news" express-mail send by express mail or courier; "Express-mail the documents immediately" disk-jockey comment on music to be played; "He has a job disk-jockeying on the weekend" sugarcoat cause to appear more pleasant or appealing; "The mayor did not sugarcoat the reality of the tax cuts" coat with something sweet, such as a hard sugar glaze talk shop discuss matters that are related to work; "As soon as they met, the linguists started to talk shop" browbeat discourage or frighten with threats or a domineering manner; intimidate whore compromise oneself for money or other gains; "She whored herself to Hollywood" have unlawful sex with a whore work as a prostitute give and take make mutual concessions; "In life you have to give and take" queer put in a dangerous, disadvantageous, or difficult position yack talk incessantly and tiresomely chew the fat talk socially without exchanging too much information; "the men were sitting in the cafe and shooting the breeze" wigwag signal by or as if by a flag or light waved according to a code send a signal by waving a flag or a light according to a certain code lip-synch move the lips in synchronization (with recorded speech or song) close up refuse to talk or stop talking; fall silent; "The children shut up when their father approached" unite or bring into contact or bring together the edges of; "close the circuit"; "close a wound"; "close a book"; "close up an umbrella" cease to operate or cause to cease operating; "The owners decided to move and to close the factory"; "My business closes every night at 8 P.M."; "close up the shop" very close; "without my reading glasses I can hardly see things close up"; "even firing at close range he missed" open up talk freely and without inhibition beckon signal with the hands or nod; "She waved to her friends"; "He waved his hand hospitably" summon with a wave, nod, or some other gesture appear inviting; "The shop window decorations beckoned" dish the dirt wag one's tongue; speak about others and reveal secrets or intimacies; "She won't dish the dirt" pant-hoot communicate by hooting and panting, as of primates grunt-hoot communicate by hooting and grunting, as of primates wolf-whistle whistle or howl approvingly at a female, of males susurrate issue soft noises yawp make a raucous noise sough make a murmuring sound; "the water was purling" yelp bark in a high-pitched tone; "the puppies yelped" chirk make a shrill creaking, squeaking, or noise, as of a door, mouse, or bird croon sing softly intonate speak carefully, as with rising and falling pitch or in a particular tone; "please intonate with sadness" pipe up begin to play or sing treble sing treble three times as great or many; "a claim for treble (or triple) damages"; "a threefold increase" perorate deliver an oration in grandiloquent style conclude a speech with a formal recapitulation rant talk in a noisy, excited, or declamatory manner churr make a vibrant sound, as of some birds chirr make a vibrant noise, of grasshoppers or cicadas chitter make high-pitched sounds, as of birds sibilate utter a sibilant pronounce with an initial sibilant cackel make a cackling sound; "The fire cackled cozily" barrage jam jam an entire frequency spectrum; "During the Cold War, the Soviets routinely barrage jammed to interfere with transmissions from the West" point jam jam a narrow band of frequencies; "We can counter point-jamming effectively" spot jam jam a single frequency; "This operator is spot-jammed" blanket jam jam a broad spectrum of frequencies to affect all communications in the area except for directional antenna communications kibitz make unwanted and intrusive comments pin on ascribe blame or guilt for something to (someone); "pin the blame on the innocent man" hem and haw utter `hems' and `haws'; indicated hesitation; "He hemmed and hawed when asked to address the crowd" hypothecate pledge without delivery or title of possession send transfer; "The spy sent the classified information off to Russia" to cause or order to be taken, directed, or transmitted to another place; "He had sent the dispatches downtown to the proper people and had slept" cause to go somewhere; "The explosion sent the car flying in the air"; "She sent her children to camp"; "He directed all his energies into his dissertation" come across communicate the intended meaning or impression; "He came across very clearly" be perceived in a certain way; make a certain impression pooh-pooh express contempt about thrash out discuss vehemently in order to reach a solution or an agreement; "The leaders of the various Middle Eastern countries are trying to hammer out a peace agreement" unspell release from a spell write out make out and issue; "write out a check"; "cut a ticket"; "Please make the check out to me" put into writing; write in complete form; "write out a contract" think twice consider and reconsider carefully; "Think twice before you have a child" sing to make melodious sounds; "The nightingale was singing" produce tones with the voice; "She was singing while she was cooking"; "My brother sings very well" deliver by singing; "Sing Christmas carols" write up bring to public notice by writing, with praise or condemnation; "The New York Times wrote him up last week"; "Did your boss write you up?" traverse deny formally (an allegation of fact by the opposing party) in a legal suit travel across or pass over; "The caravan covered almost 100 miles each day" connect join for the purpose of communication; "Operator, could you connect me to the Raffles in Singapore?" join by means of communication equipment; "The telephone company finally put in lines to connect the towns in this area" land on or hit solidly; "The brick connected on her head, knocking her out" connect, fasten, or put together two or more pieces; "Can you connect the two loudspeakers?"; "Tie the ropes together"; "Link arms" hit or play a ball successfully; "The batter connected for a home run" establish a rapport or relationship; "The President of this university really connects with the faculty" be or become joined or united or linked; "The two streets connect to become a highway"; "Our paths joined"; "The travelers linked up again at the airport" be scheduled so as to provide continuing service, as in transportation; "The local train does not connect with the Amtrak train"; "The planes don't connect and you will have to wait for four hours" stet printing: direct that a matter marked for omission or correction is to be retained (used in the imperative) printing: cancel, as of a correction or deletion pluralize mark with a grammatical morpheme that indicates plural; "How do speakers pluralize nouns in Japanese?" harsh on criticize harshly; "the teacher keeps harshing on the same kid" prescribe (medicine) order the use of (a treatment, medicine, etc.), usually by written prescription; "the doctor prescribed steroids for my ear trouble" recommend as beneficial; "my mother prescribes a good night's sleep as the cure for all ills" compete compete for something; engage in a contest; measure oneself against others put in make an application as for a job or funding; "We put in a grant to the NSF" try for make an attempt at achieving something; "She tried for the Olympics" line up take one's position before a kick-off form a queue, form a line, stand in line; "Customers lined up in front of the store" get something or somebody for a specific purpose; "I found this gadget that will serve as a bottle opener"; "I got hold of these tools to fix our plumbing"; "The chairman got hold of a secretary on Friday night to type the urgent letter" form a line; "The buildings all line up neatly" misplay play wrong or in an unskillful manner play incorrectly, e.g., play a wrong note overtrump play a trump higher than (one previously played) to the trick crossruff trump alternately in two hands take the bull by the horns face a difficulty and grapple with it without avoiding it promote change a pawn for a better piece by advancing it to the eighth row, or change a checker piece for a more valuable piece by moving it to the row closest to your opponent be changed for a superior chess or checker piece give a promotion to or assign to a higher position; "John was kicked upstairs when a replacement was hired"; "Women tend not to advance in the major law firms"; "I got promoted after many years of hard work" contribute to the progress or growth of; "I am promoting the use of computers in the classroom" run off decide (a contest or competition) by a runoff leave suddenly and as if in a hurry; "The listeners bolted when he discussed his strange ideas"; "When she started to tell silly stories, I ran out" enter become a participant; be involved in; "enter a race"; "enter an agreement"; "enter a drug treatment program"; "enter negotiations" come on stage to come or go into; "the boat entered an area of shallow marshes" drop out give up in the face of defeat of lacking hope; admit defeat; "In the second round, the challenger gave up" leave school or an educational program prematurely; "Many students drop out because they are not prepared for our challenging program" withdraw from established society, especially because of disillusion with conventional values; "She hasn't heard from her brother in years--he dropped out after moving to California" demolish defeat soundly and humiliatingly; "The home team demolished the visitors" destroy completely; "the wrecking ball demolished the building" ruin or destroy; "his book demolishes an old myth"; "demolished my reputation"; "the professor demolished the student's argument" cut to ribbons defeat totally; "We must cut the other team to ribbons!" face off start a game by a face-off tee off strike a ball from the teeing ground at the start of a hole boat-race participate in a boat race horse-race compete in a horse race rearm arm anew; "After the war, the defeated country was not allowed to rearm" arm again; "After the war, the defeated country was not rearmed by the victors" disarm remove offensive capability from take away the weapons from; render harmless make less hostile; win over; "Her charm disarmed the prosecution lawyer completely" demobilize retire from military service release from military service or remove from the active list of military service embed attach to, as a journalist to a military unit when reporting on a war; "The young reporter was embedded with the Third Division" join battle engage in a conflict; "The battle over health care reform was joined" recalcitrate show strong objection or repugnance; manifest vigorous opposition or resistance; be obstinately disobedient; "The Democratic senators recalcitrated against every proposal from the Republican side" fight back defend oneself blitzkrieg fight a quick and surprising war go to war commence hostilities make peace end hostilities; "The brothers who had been fighting over their inheritance finally made peace" crusade go on a crusade; fight a holy war exert oneself continuously, vigorously, or obtrusively to gain an end or engage in a crusade for a certain cause or person; be an advocate for; "The liberal party pushed for reforms"; "She is crusading for women's rights"; "The Dean is pushing for his favorite candidate" barnstorm tour the country making political speeches, giving lectures, or presenting plays; "The presidential candidates are busy barnstorming this month" appear at county fairs and carnivals as a stunt flier and parachute jumper whistlestop tour the country in order to solicit votes for an election sit serve in a specific professional capacity; "the priest sat for confession"; "she sat on the jury" be seated be in session; "When does the court of law sit?" be located or situated somewhere; "The White House sits on Pennsylvania Avenue" be around, often idly or without specific purpose; "The object sat in the corner"; "We sat around chatting for another hour" criticize act as a critic; "Those who criticize others often are not perfect, either" officiate perform duties attached to a particular office or place or function; "His wife officiated as his private secretary" act in an official capacity in a ceremony or religious ritual, such as a wedding; "Who officiated at your wedding?" enlist join the military engage somebody to enter the army sign up join a club, an activity, etc. with the intention to join or participate; "Sign up for yoga classes" conscript enroll into service compulsorily; "The men were conscripted" remilitarize militarize anew; "Should Japan be remilitarized?" demilitarize do away with the military organization and potential of go down be defeated; "If America goes down, the free world will go down, too" be ingested; "This wine sure goes down well"; "The food wouldn't go down" be recorded or remembered; "She will go down as the first feminist" romp win easily; "romp a race" run easily and fairly fast outpoint score more points than one's opponents sail closer to the wind than count out declare the loser walk over beat easily; "The local team walked over their old rivals for the championship" whomp beat overwhelmingly get the best overcome, usually through no fault or weakness of the person that is overcome; "Heart disease can get the best of us" get the jump be there first; "They had gotten the jump on their competitors" cut down intercept (a player) outwit beat through cleverness and wit; "I beat the traffic"; "She outfoxed her competitors" outshout shout louder than outroar roar louder than outsail sail faster or better than; "They outsailed the Roman fleet" outdraw draw a gun faster, or best someone in a gunfight surpass be or do something to a greater degree; "her performance surpasses that of any other student I know"; "She outdoes all other athletes"; "This exceeds all my expectations"; "This car outperforms all others in its class" outsell sell more than others; "This salesman outsells his colleagues" be sold more often than other, similar products; "The new Toyota outsells the Honda by a wide margin" outpace surpass in speed; "Malthus believed that population increase would outpace increases in the means of subsistence" outshine attract more attention and praise than others; "This film outshone all the others in quality" shine brighter than; "What star outshines the sun?" outrange have a greater range than (another gun) outweigh be heavier than outbrave be braver than resist bravely; "He outbraved the enemy" out-herod surpass someone in cruelty or evil outfox outdo someone in trickery take the cake rank first; used often in a negative context; "He takes the cake for chutzpah!" get the better of win a victory over; "You must overcome all difficulties"; "defeat your enemies"; "He overcame his shyness"; "He overcame his infirmity"; "Her anger got the better of her and she blew up" overcome get on top of; deal with successfully; "He overcame his shyness" outdo get the better of; "the goal was to best the competition" outfight to fight better than; get the better of; "the Rangers outfought the Maple Leafs"; "The French forces outfought the Germans" outgeneral surpass in generalship manoeuver perform a movement in military or naval tactics in order to secure an advantage in attack or defense outmaneuver defeat by more skillful maneuvering; "The English troops outmaneuvered the Germans"; "My new supervisor knows how to outmaneuver the boss in most situations" overpower overcome by superior force outmarch march longer distances and for a longer time than; "This guy can outmarch anyone!" win back recover something or somebody that appeared to be lost; "We got back the money after we threatened to sue the company"; "He got back his son from the kidnappers" place-kick score (a goal) by making a place kick kick (a ball) from a stationary position, in football hole up score a hole in one remain secluded or in hiding; "He is writing his book and is holing up in his study" drive in cause a run or runner to be scored; "His line double drove in Jim Lemon with the winning run" arrive by motorcar; "The star and her manager drive in today from their motor tour across the country" fall back retreat move back and away from; "The enemy fell back" fall backwards and down have recourse to; "The government resorted to rationing meat" keep step maintain the same pace; "The child cannot keep step with his big brother" conquer overcome by conquest; "conquer your fears"; "conquer a country" sic urge to attack someone; "The owner sicked his dogs on the intruders"; "the shaman sics sorcerers on the evil spirits" intentionally so written (used after a printed word or phrase) equalize compensate; make the score equal resist withstand the force of something; "The trees resisted her"; "stand the test of time"; "The mountain climbers had to fend against the ice and snow" stand up or offer resistance to somebody or something refuse to comply resist immunologically the introduction of some foreign tissue or organ; "His body rejected the liver of the donor" stand out be stubborn in resolution or resistance steer away from shore, of ships hold off resist and fight to a standoff; "Dallas had enough of a lead to hold the Broncos off" capitulate surrender under agreed conditions assail attack someone physically or emotionally; "The mugger assaulted the woman"; "Nightmares assailed him regularly" blindside attack or hit on or from the side where the attacked person's view is obstructed catch unawares, especially with harmful consequences; "The economic downturn blindsided many investors" harass exhaust by attacking repeatedly; "harass the enemy" annoy continually or chronically; "He is known to harry his staff when he is overworked"; "This man harasses his female co-workers" reassail assail again; "Her old fears reassailed her" emulate compete with successfully; approach or reach equality with; "This artist's drawings cannot emulate his water colors" imitate the function of (another system), as by modifying the hardware or the software strive to equal or match, especially by imitating; "He is emulating the skating skills of his older sister" outrival be more of a rival than chicken-fight fight while sitting on somebody's shoulders tourney engage in a tourney skirmish engage in a skirmish take the count be counted out; remain down while the referee counts to ten teargas attack with teargas; subject to teargas fumes; "The students were teargassed during the riot" invade march aggressively into another's territory by military force for the purposes of conquest and occupation; "Hitler invaded Poland on September 1, 1939" penetrate or assault, in a harmful or injurious way; "The cancer had invaded her lungs" occupy in large numbers or live on a host; "the Kudzu plant infests much of the South and is spreading to the North" beset assail or attack on all sides: "The zebra was beset by leopards" protect shield from danger, injury, destruction, or damage; "Weatherbeater protects your roof from the rain" use tariffs to favor domestic industry overprotect protect excessively; "Don't overprotect your son--he is an adult now!" look out to protect someone's interests; "A man's gotta look out for his family" ward off avert, turn away, or repel; "Ward off danger" circumvallate surround with or as if with a rampart or other fortification repel force or drive back; "repel the attacker"; "fight off the onslaught"; "rebuff the attack" cause to move back by force or influence; "repel the enemy"; "push back the urge to smoke"; "beat back the invaders" be repellent to; cause aversion in carpet bomb bomb a large area systematically and extensively; "The U.S. decided to carpet bomb Vietnam" bomb out make somebody homeless by destroying their houses with bombs dive-bomb bomb from a diving airplane glide-bomb bomb by gliding skip-bomb attack with delayed release bombs atom-bomb bomb with atomic weapons hydrogen-bomb attack with a hydrogen bomb pattern-bomb bomb in certain patterns nuke strike at with firepower or bombs; "zap the enemy" firebomb attack with incendiary bombs; "The rioters fire-bombed the stores" loose off fire as from a gun; "The soldiers let drive their bullets" sharpshoot aim and shoot with great precision open fire start firing a weapon gun down strike down or shoot down kneecap shoot in the kneecap, often done by terrorist groups as a warning; "They kneecapped the industrialist" defuse remove the triggering device from safeguard make safe escort safely dice play dice shoot craps play a game of craps bet on place a bet on; "Which horse are you backing?"; "I'm betting on the new horse" underplay play a card lower than (a held high card) fly-fish fish with flies as lures still-hunt hunt (quarry) by stalking and ambushing fowl hunt fowl in the forest hunt fowl net fish fish with nets foxhunt hunt foxes, on horseback and with dogs still-fish fish with the line and bait resting still or stationary in the water strive to exert much effort or energy; "straining our ears to hear" extend oneself strain to the utmost kill oneself strain oneself more than is healthy skittle play skittles double-team cover with two defensive players deploy place troops or weapons in battle formation to distribute systematically or strategically; "The U.S. deploys its weapons in the Middle East" weight-lift lift weights; "This guy can press 300 pounds" undershoot shoot short of or below (a target) fall short of (the runway) in a landing; "The plane undershot the runway" range in direct onto a point or target, especially by automatic navigational aids retaliate make a counterattack and return like for like, especially evil for evil; "The Empire strikes back"; "The Giants struck back and won the opener"; "The Israeli army retaliated for the Hamas bombing" revenge take revenge for a perceived wrong; "He wants to avenge the murder of his brother" get even take revenge or even out a score; "I cannot accept the defeat--I want to get even" pay back take vengeance on or get even; "We'll get them!"; "That'll fix him good!"; "This time I got him" retire cause to get out; "The pitcher retired three batters"; "the runner was put out at third base" lose interest; "he retired from life when his wife died" dispose of (something no longer useful or needed); "She finally retired that old coat" go into retirement; stop performing one's work or withdraw from one's position; "He retired at age 68" withdraw from active participation; "He retired from chess" make (someone) retire; "The director was retired after the scandal" withdraw from circulation or from the market, as of bills, shares, and bonds put out retire; "he was put out at third base on a long throw from left field" cause to be out on a fielding play put out considerable effort; "He put out the same for seven managers" be sexually active; "She is supposed to put out" take the field go on the playing field, of a football team mothproof protect from moths; "mothproof woollen clothes during the summer" resistant to damage by moths outplay excel or defeat in a game; "The Knicks outplayed the Lakers" overtake catch up with and possibly overtake; "The Rolls Royce caught us near the exit ramp" fort station (troops) in a fort gather in, or as if in, a fort, as for protection or defense drop one's serve lose a game in which one is serving pull out all the stops use all resources available; "The organizers pulled out all the stops for the centennial meeting" put attribute or give; "She put too much emphasis on her the last statement"; "He put all his efforts into this job"; "The teacher put an interesting twist to the interpretation of the story" cause to be in a certain state; cause to be in a certain relation; "That song put me in awful good humor"; "put your ideas in writing" put into a certain place or abstract location; "Put your things here"; "Set the tray down"; "Set the dogs on the scent of the missing children"; "Place emphasis on a certain point" adapt; "put these words to music" cause (someone) to undergo something; "He put her to the torture" misapply apply to a wrong thing or person; apply badly or incorrectly; "The words are misapplied in this context"; "You are misapplying the name of this religious group" overuse make use of too often or too extensively take in vain use a name, such as God, without proper respect work through apply thoroughly; think through; "We worked through an example" cannibalize use parts of something to repair something else eat human flesh recycle use again after processing; "We must recycle the cardboard boxes" cause to repeat a cycle exploit use or manipulate to one's advantage; "He exploit the new taxation system"; "She knows how to work the system"; "he works his parents for sympathy" draw from; make good use of; "we must exploit the resources we are given wisely" make hay turn to one's advantage; "The environmentalist lobby made hay of the nuclear plant accident" quarry extract (something such as stones) from or as if from a quarry; "quarry marble" overexploit exploit excessively; "We should not overexploit our natural resources" exert put to use; "exert one's power or influence" make a great effort at a mental or physical task; "exert oneself" eat eat a meal; take a meal; "We did not eat until 10 P.M. because there were so many phone calls"; "I didn't eat yet, so I gladly accept your invitation" take in solid food; "She was eating a banana"; "What did you eat for dinner last night?" worry or cause anxiety in a persistent way; "What's eating you?" take out buy and consume food from a restaurant or establishment that sells prepared food; "We'll take out pizza, since I am too tired to cook" remove something from a container or an enclosed space obtain by legal or official process; "take out a license"; "take out a patent" purchase prepared food to be eaten at home cause to leave; "The teacher took the children out of the classroom" victual take in nourishment lay in provisions; "The vessel victualled before the long voyage" supply with food; "The population was victualed during the war" eat in eat at home eat out eat at a restaurant or at somebody else's home dine give dinner to; host for dinner; "I'm wining and dining my friends" have supper; eat dinner; "We often dine with friends in this restaurant" gluttonize eat a lot and without restraint slurp eat noisily; "He slurped his soup" swill drink large quantities of (liquid, especially alcoholic drink) suck draw into the mouth by creating a practical vacuum in the mouth; "suck the poison from the place where the snake bit"; "suck on a straw"; "the baby sucked on the mother's breast" draw something in by or as if by a vacuum; "Mud was sucking at her feet" be inadequate or objectionable; "this sucks!"; "this blows!" attract by using an inexorable force, inducement, etc.; "The current boom in the economy sucked many workers in from abroad" guggle drink from a flask with a gurgling sound make a sound like a liquid that is being poured from a bottle guzzle drink greedily or as if with great thirst; "The boys guzzled the cheap vodka" hit the bottle consume alcohol; "We were up drinking all night" pub-crawl go from one pub to the next and get progressively more drunk; "he pub-crawled around Birmingham" tipple drink moderately but regularly; "We tippled the cognac" break bread have a meal, usually with company; "The early Christian disciples broke bread together" partake consume; "She didn't touch her food all night" have, give, or receive a share of; "We shared the cake" have some of the qualities or attributes of something pitch in eat heartily; "The food was placed on the table and the children pitched in" tuck in eat up; usually refers to a considerable quantity of food; "My son tucked in a whole pizza" pick at eat like a bird; "The anorexic girl just picks at her food" pluck or pull at with the fingers; "She picked nervously at the buttons of her blouse" garbage down eat a large amount of food quickly; "The children gobbled down most of the birthday cake" ruminate chew the cuds; "cows ruminate" chomp chew noisily; "The boy chomped his sandwich" champ chafe at the bit, like horses drain the cup drink to the last drop; "drink up--there's more wine coming" regale provide with choice or abundant food or drink; "Don't worry about the expensive wine--I'm treating"; "She treated her houseguests with good food every night" live in live in the house where one works; "our babysitter lives in, as it is too far to commute for her" live out work in a house where one does not live; "our cook lives out; he can easily commute from his home" live out one's life; live to the end forage wander and feed; "The animals forage in the woods" undernourish provide with insufficient quality or quantity of nourishment; "The stunted growth of these children shows that they are undernourished" overfeed feed excessively force-feed feed someone who will not or cannot eat cater supply food ready to eat; for parties and banquets pander arrange for sexual partners for others gratify yield (to); give satisfaction to underlay provide with a base, support, lining, or backing; "underlay the boards with joists" put (something) under or beneath; "They underlaid the shingles with roofing paper" raise or support (the level of printing) by inserting a piece of paper or cardboard under the type; "underlay the plate" reseed maintain by seeding without human intervention; "Some plants reseed themselves indefinitely" seed again or anew breastfeed give suck to; "The wetnurse suckled the infant"; "You cannot nurse your baby in public in some places" dry-nurse take care of an infant without breastfeeding it wean gradually deprive (infants and young mammals) of mother's milk; "she weaned her baby when he was 3 months old and started him on powdered milk"; "The kitten was weaned and fed by its owner with a bottle" detach the affections of bottlefeed feed (infants) with a bottle suckle suck milk from the mother's breasts; "the infant was suckling happily" starve die of food deprivation; "The political prisoners starved to death"; "Many famished in the countryside during the drought" deprive of food; "They starved the prisoners" deprive of a necessity and cause suffering; "he is starving her of love"; "The engine was starved of fuel" be hungry; go without food; "Let's eat--I'm starving!" be full be sated, have enough to eat; "I'm full--don't give me any more beans, please" befuddle make stupid with alcohol have a ball enjoy oneself greatly; "We had a ball at the party and didn't come home until 2 AM" live it up enjoy oneself; "it's your birthday, so let's live it up!" indulge enjoy to excess; "She indulges in ice cream" give free rein to; "The writer indulged in metaphorical language" sow one's oats live promiscuously and self-indulgently enjoy have benefit from; "enjoy privileges" derive or receive pleasure from; get enjoyment from; take pleasure in; "She relished her fame and basked in her glory" have for one's benefit; "The industry enjoyed a boom" afford be able to spare or give up; "I can't afford to spend two hours with this person" afford access to; "the door opens to the patio"; "The French doors give onto a terrace" have the financial means to do something or buy something; "We can't afford to send our children to college"; "Can you afford this car?" run low to be spent or finished; "The money had gone after a few days"; "Gas is running low at the gas stations in the Midwest" satiate fill to satisfaction; "I am sated" supplied (especially fed) to satisfaction cloy cause surfeit through excess though initially pleasing; "Too much spicy food cloyed his appetite" quell overcome or allay; "quell my hunger" wine and dine provide with food and drink, usually lavishly eat sumptuously; "we wined and dined in Paris" fatten make fat or plump; "We will plump out that poor starving child" degust taste with relish; "degust this wonderful soup" abstain choose not to consume; "I abstain from alcohol" refrain from voting teetotal practice teetotalism and abstain from the consumption of alcoholic beverages devour eat greedily; "he devoured three sandwiches" eat up completely, as with great appetite; "Some people can down a pound of meat in the course of one meal"; "The teenagers demolished four pizzas among them" destroy completely; "Fire had devoured our home" enjoy avidly; "She devoured his novels" eat up finish eating all the food on one's plate or on the table; "She polished off the remaining potatoes" metabolize produce by metabolism predigest digest (food) beforehand chain-smoke smoke one cigarette after another; light one cigarette from the preceding one mainline inject into the vein; "She is mainlining heroin" skin pop inject (drugs) into the skin take a hit inhale through the nose light up begin to smoke; "After the meal, some of the diners lit up" start to burn with a bright flame; "The coal in the BBQ grill finally lit up" ignite; "The sky lit up quickly above the raging volcano" free-base use (purified cocaine) by burning it and inhaling the fumes chaw chew without swallowing; "chaw tobacco" toss off drink down entirely; "He downed three martinis before dinner"; "She killed a bottle of brandy that night"; "They popped a few beer after work" nourish provide with nourishment; "We sustained ourselves on bread and water"; "This kind of food is not nourishing for young children" feed on be sustained by; "He fed on the great ideas of her mentor" fix up find (something or someone) for; "I'll fix you up with a nice girl" fill up eat until one is sated; "He filled up on turkey" nutrify give nourishment to sup take solid or liquid food into the mouth a little at a time either by drinking or by eating with a spoon violate destroy; "Don't violate my garden"; "violate my privacy" fail to agree with; be in violation of; as of rules or patterns; "This sentence violates the rules of syntax" strew cover; be dispersed over; "Dead bodies strewed the ground" spread by scattering ("straw" is archaic); "strew toys all over the carpet" palpate examine (a body part) by palpation; "The nurse palpated the patient's stomach"; "The runner felt her pulse" dandle pet; "the grandfather dandled the small child" move (a baby) up and down in one's arms or on one's knees lay hands on manage with the hands nab seize suddenly tag the base runner to get him out wrest obtain by seizing forcibly or violently, also metaphorically; "wrest the knife from his hands"; "wrest a meaning from the old text"; "wrest power from the old government" grasp hold firmly latch on take hold of or attach to; "The biochip latches onto the genes" underpin support from beneath prop up support by placing against something solid or rigid; "shore and buttress an old building" cling to hold firmly, usually with one's hands; "She clutched my arm when she got scared" conglutinate stick together; "the edges of the wound conglutinated" agglutinate clump together; as of bacteria, red blood cells, etc. string together (morphemes in an agglutinating language) united as if by glue haemagglutinate cause the clumping together (of red blood cells) unclasp release from a clasp; "She clasped and unclasped her hands" untwist cause to become untwisted wield handle effectively; "The burglar wielded an axe"; "The young violinist didn't manage her bow very well" have and exercise; "wield power and authority" operate handle and cause to function; "do not operate machinery after imbibing alcohol"; "control the lever" direct or control; projects, businesses, etc.; "She is running a relief operation in the Sudan" treadle operate (machinery) by a treadle tread over; "the brick maker treadles over clay to pick out the stones" canoodle fondle or pet affectionately interpenetrate penetrate mutually or be interlocked; "The territories of two married people interpenetrate a lot" poke into enter briefly; "We poked into the bar" sneak in enter surreptitiously; "He sneaked in under cover of darkness"; "In this essay, the author's personal feelings creep in" permeate spread or diffuse through; "An atmosphere of distrust has permeated this administration"; "music penetrated the entire building"; "His campaign was riddled with accusations and personal attacks" spiritize imbue with a spirit lapidate throw stones at; "Pilgrims lapidate a stone pillar in commemoration of Abraham's temptation" bury place in the earth and cover with soil; "They buried the stolen goods" embed deeply; "She sank her fingers into the soft sand"; "He buried his head in her lap" cover from sight; "Afghani women buried under their burkas" place in a grave or tomb; "Stalin was buried behind the Kremlin wall on Red Square"; "The pharaohs were entombed in the pyramids"; "My grandfather was laid to rest last Sunday" board up cover with wooden boards; "board up windows before the hurricane" knead make uniform; "knead dough"; "work the clay until it is soft" masticate grind and knead; "masticate rubber" headbutt butt with the head; "The soccer player headbutted his oponent and was sent off the field" spang leap, jerk, bang; "Bullets spanged into the trees" rear-end collide with the rear end of; "The car rear-ended me" thud strike with a dull sound; "Bullets were thudding against the wall" make a dull sound; "the knocker thudded against the front door" bottom out hit the ground; "the car bottomed out where the driveway meets the road" reach the low point; "Prices bottomed out and started to rise again after a while" run into collide violently with an obstacle; "I ran into the telephone pole" be beset by; "The project ran into numerous financial difficulties" lam into hit violently, as in an attack pull back stretch back a bowstring (on an archer's bow); "The archers were drawing their bows" move to a rearward position; pull towards the back; "Pull back your arms!" Simonize polish with wax; "The motorcycle has been Simonized" whet sharpen by rubbing, as on a whetstone make keen or more acute; "whet my appetite" skim over move or pass swiftly and lightly over the surface of squeak by escape; "She squeaked by me" percuss strike or tap firmly; "the doctor percussed his chest and back" postpose place after another constituent in the sentence; "Japanese postposes the adpositions, whereas English preposes them" prepose place before another constituent in the sentence; "English preposes the adpositions; Japanese postposes them" scissor cut with or as if with scissors skive remove the surface of; "skive leather" rosin rub rosin onto; "rosin the violin bow" bedaub spread or daub (a surface) resmudge smudge again smirch smear so as to make dirty or stained slime cover or stain with slime; "The snake slimed his victim" roughen make rough or rougher; "roughen the surfaces so they will stick to each other" abrade wear away wear away diminish, as by friction; "Erosion wore away the surface" amputate remove surgically; "amputate limbs" slough off separate from surrounding living tissue, as in an abortion discard as undesirable; "the candidate sloughed off his former campaign workers" resect surgically remove a part of a structure or an organ abscise remove or separate by abscission shed flowers and leaves and fruit following formation of a scar tissue serrate make saw-toothed or jag the edge of; "serrate the edges of the teeth" notched like a saw with teeth pointing toward the apex carve cut to pieces; "Father carved the ham" form by carving; "Carve a flower from the ice" engrave or cut by chipping away at a surface; "carve one's name into the bark" swage form metals with a swage chop down cut down; "George chopped down the cherry tree" axe chop or split with an ax; "axe wood" hew strike with an axe; cut down, strike; "hew an oak" make or shape as with an axe; "hew out a path in the rock" rough-hew hew roughly, without finishing the surface; "rough-hew stone or timber" soot coat with soot refinish give a new surface; "refinish the dining room furniture" brush on apply with a brush; "Brush butter on the roast" patinate coat with a patina bonderize coat with a substance that will prevent corrosion; "bonderize steel" hard surface cover with asphalt or a similar surface; "hard-surface roads" water-wash wash with water elute wash out with a solvent, as in chromatography revet face with a layer of stone or concrete or other supporting material so as to retain; "face an embankment" construct a revetment reface provide with a new facing; "The building was refaced with beautiful stones" put a new facing on (a garment) babbitt line with a Babbitt metal tar coat with tar; "tar the roof"; "tar the roads" tar-and-feather smear the body of (someone) with tar and feathers; done in some societies as punishment; "The thief was tarred and feathered" bespot mark with, or as if with, spots circumcise cut the foreskin off male babies or teenage boys; "During the bris, the baby boy is circumcised" cut the skin over the clitoris flay strip the skin off scarify puncture and scar (the skin), as for purposes or tribal identification or rituals; "The men in some African tribes scarify their faces" break up; "scarify soil" scratch the surface of; "scarify seeds" scotch make a small cut or score into incurvate cause to curve inward; "gravity incurvates the rays" bend inwards; "The body incurvates a little at the back" bent into or having an inward curve gnarl twist into a state of deformity; "The wind has gnarled this old tree" convolve curl, wind, or twist together gouge out make gouges into a surface; "The woman's spiked heels gouged out the wooden floor" suck in draw in as if by suction; "suck in your cheeks and stomach" scoop out hollow out with a scoop; "scoop out a melon" do up wrap for decorative purposes; "The gift was done up in pretty red paper" shrinkwrap wrap something tightly with heated plastic that shrinks upon cooling; "shrinkwrap the CDs" gift-wrap wrap (a gift) attractively untie undo the ties of; "They untied the prisoner" cause to become loose; "undo the shoelace"; "untie the knot"; "loosen the necktie" unloose loosen the ties of; "unloose your sneakers" retie tie again or anew; "retie the string and make it strong enough now" tie up finish the last row restrain from moving or operating normally; "Traffic is tied up for miles around the bridge where the accident occurred" invest so as to make unavailable for other purposes; "All my money is tied up in long-term investments" chain up tie up with chains; "chain up the prisoners" bitt secure with a bitt; "bitt the ship line" faggot bind or tie up in or as if in a faggot; "faggot up the sticks" fasten together rods of iron in order to heat or weld them ornament or join (fabric) by faggot stitch; "He fagotted the blouse for his wife" lash together bind together with a cord or rope; "Lash together these barrels!" hog-tie tie together somebody's limbs; "The prisoner was hog-tied" manacle confine or restrain with or as if with manacles or handcuffs; "The police handcuffed the suspect at the scene of the crime" enchain restrain or bind with chains unchain make free remove the chains from rope up attach to one another, for safety; "The mountaineers roped up when they started the final ascent" hopple strap the foreleg and hind leg together on each side (of a horse) in order to keep the legs on the same side moving in unison; "hobble race horses" unstrap remove the strap or straps from tether tie with a tether; "tether horses" fasten attach to; "They fastened various nicknames to each other" cause to be firmly attached; "fasten the lock onto the door"; "she fixed her gaze on the man" become fixed or fastened; "This dress fastens in the back" attach be attached; be in contact with become attached; "The spider's thread attached to the window sill" cause to be attached blow off come off due to an explosion or other strong force join make contact or come together; "The two roads join here" cause to become joined or linked; "join these two parts so that they fit together" become part of; become a member of a group or organization; "He joined the Communist Party as a young man" come into the company of; "She joined him for a drink" anastomose cause to join or open into each other by anastomosis; "anastomose blood vessels" come together or open into each other; "the blood vessels anastomose" mismate provide with an unsuitable mate mortice join by a tenon and mortise disjoin become separated, disconnected or disjoint make disjoint, separated, or disconnected; undo the joining of disjoint separate at the joints; "disjoint the chicken before cooking it" having no elements in common uncouple disconnect or separate; "uncouple the hounds" detach cause to become detached or separated; take off; "detach the skin from the chicken before you eat it" come to be detached; "His retina detached and he had to be rushed into surgery" separate (a small unit) from a larger, especially for a special assignment; "detach a regiment" cut off remove by or as if by cutting; "cut off the ear"; "lop off the dead branch" cut off and stop; "The bicyclist was cut out by the van" unsolder remove the soldering from swaddle wrap in swaddling clothes; "swaddled the infant" impound place or shut up in a pound; "pound the cows so they don't stray" take temporary possession of as a security, by legal authority; "The FBI seized the drugs"; "The customs agents impounded the illegal shipment"; "The police confiscated the stolen artwork" gird bind with something round or circular unlash untie the lashing of; "unlash the horse" unbind untie or unfasten; "unbind the feet of this poor woman" wharf moor at a wharf; "The ship was wharfed" discharge at a wharf; "wharf the passengers" store on a wharf; "Wharf the merchandise" provide with a wharf; "Wharf the mouth of the river" dry-dock maneuver (a ship) into a drydock undock take (a ship) out of a dock; "undock the ship" move out of a dock; "We undocked at noon" clapperclaw claw with the nails aggrade build up to a level by depositing sediment excavate remove the inner part or the core of; "the mining company wants to excavate the hillside" form by hollowing; "Carnegie had a lake excavated for Princeton University's rowing team"; "excavate a cavity" find by digging in the ground; "I dug up an old box in the garden" recover through digging; "Schliemann excavated Troy"; "excavate gold" dig out dig out from underneath earth or snow squirt wet with a spurt of liquid; "spurt the wall with water" cause to come out in a squirt; "the boy squirted water at his little sister" grub up dig up; "grub up roots and tree stumps" nuzzle dig out with the snout; "the pig nuzzled the truffle" rub noses grope for feel searchingly; "She groped for his keys in the dark" divine search by divining, as if with a rod; "He claimed he could divine underground water" perceive intuitively or through some inexplicable perceptive powers being of such surpassing excellence as to suggest inspiration by the gods; "her pies were simply divine"; "the divine Shakespeare"; "an elysian meal"; "an inspired performance" emanating from God; "divine judgment"; "divine guidance"; "everything is black or white...satanic or godly"-Saturday Review being or having the nature of a god; "the custom of killing the divine king upon any serious failure of his...powers"-J.G.Frazier; "the divine will"; "the divine capacity for love"; "'Tis wise to learn; 'tis God-like to create"-J.G.Saxe appropriate to or befitting a god; "the divine strength of Achilles"; "a man of godlike sagacity"; "man must play God for he has acquired certain godlike powers"-R.H.Roveref devoted to or in the service or worship of a deity; "divine worship"; "divine liturgy" leave no stone unturned search thoroughly and exhaustively; "The police left no stone unturned in looking for the President's murderer" seek out look for a specific person or thing quest for go in search of or hunt for; "pursue a hobby" strip-search search (someone) for weapons or drugs by having the person remove their clothes; "He was strip-searched at the airport" mow cut with a blade or mower; "mow the grass" reap gather, as of natural products; "harvest the grapes" get or derive; "He drew great benefits from his membership in the association" engrave carve or cut a design or letters into; "engrave the pen with the owner's name" carve or cut into a block used for printing or print from such a block; "engrave a letter" impress or affect deeply; "The event engraved itself into her memory" commit suicide kill oneself; "the terminally ill patient committed suicide" strike down cause to die, especially suddenly; "The disease struck down many young men in the village" destroy put (an animal) to death; "The customs agents destroyed the dog that was found to be rabid"; "the sick cat had to be put down" destroy completely; damage irreparably; "You have ruined my car by pouring sugar in the tank!"; "The tears ruined her make-up" do away with, cause the destruction or undoing of; "The fire destroyed the house" overlie kill by lying on; "The sow overlay her piglets" lie upon; lie on top of; "the granite overlies the older rocks" exterminate kill en masse; kill on a large scale; kill many; "Hitler wanted to exterminate the Jews, Gypsies, Communists, and homosexuals of Europe" unhitch unfasten or release from or as if from a hitch append fix to; attach; "append a charm to the necklace" add to the very end; "He appended a glossary to his novel where he used an invented language" subjoin add to the end sew fasten by sewing; do needlework create (clothes) with cloth; "Can the seamstress sew me a suit by next week?" resew sew again; "The cuff of the coat had been resewn" unpick undo (the stitches) of (a piece of sewing) oversew sew (two edges) with close stitches that pass over them both darn repair by sewing; "darn socks" finedraw sew together very finely scotch tape fasten or attach with sellotape; "The hotel manager scotch taped a note to the guest's door" sod cover with sod rebind provide with a new binding; "The tattered old book is valuable and we need to rebind it" flake cover with flakes or as if with flakes form into flakes; "The substances started to flake" aluminize cover with aluminum tessellate tile with tesserae; "tessellate the kitchen floor" fit together exactly, of identical shapes; "triangles tessellate" lag cover with lagging to prevent heat loss; "lag pipes" throw or pitch at a mark, as with coins hang (back) or fall (behind) in movement, progress, development, etc. submerge cover completely or make imperceptible; "I was drowned in work"; "The noise drowned out her speech" put under water; "submerge your head completely" sink below the surface; go under or as if under water uncover remove all or part of one's clothes to show one's body; "uncover your belly"; "The man exposed himself in the subway" undrape strip something of drapery unclothe take the covers off; "She unclothed her innermost feelings" strip; "unclothe your heart of envy" bare lay bare; "bare your breasts"; "bare your feelings" completely unclothed; "bare bodies"; "naked from the waist up"; "a nude model" having everything extraneous removed including contents; "the bare walls"; "the cupboard was bare" providing no shelter or sustenance; "bare rocky hills"; "barren lands"; "the bleak treeless regions of the high Andes"; "the desolate surface of the moon"; "a stark landscape" lacking its natural or customary covering; "a bare hill"; "bare feet" lacking a surface finish such as paint; "bare wood"; "unfinished furniture" unzip open the zipper of; "unzip the bag" unbar remove a bar from (a door) velcro fasten with Velcro; "velcro the belt" unfasten become undone or untied; "The shoelaces unfastened" cause to become undone; "unfasten your belt" pen up confine in a fold, like sheep break open open with force; "He broke open the picnic basket" click open open with a clicking sound; "These keys have clicked open many doors" reopen open again or anew; "They reopened the theater" fly open come open suddenly; "the doors flew open in the strong gust" confine prevent from leaving or from being removed deprive of freedom; take into confinement coop up confine in or as if in a coop; "she coops herself up in the library all day" lock in place in a place where something cannot be removed or someone cannot escape; "The parents locked her daughter up for the weekend"; "She locked her jewels in the safe" close with or as if with a tight seal; "This vacuum pack locks in the flavor!" lock up secure by locking; "lock up the house before you go on vacation" unbolt undo the bolt of; "unbolt the door" wring twist and compress, as if in pain or anguish; "Wring one's hand" twist, squeeze, or compress in order to extract liquid; "wring the towels" wring out extract (liquid) by squeezing or pressing; "wring out the washcloth" attract exert a force on (a body) causing it to approach or prevent it from moving away; "the gravitational pull of a planet attracts other bodies" direct toward itself or oneself by means of some psychological power or physical attributes; "Her good looks attract the stares of many men"; "The ad pulled in many potential customers"; "This pianist pulls huge crowds"; "The store owner was happy that the ad drew in many new customers" be attractive to; "The idea of a vacation appeals to me"; "The beautiful garden attracted many people" contort twist and press out of shape demodulate extract information from a modulated carrier wave press out obtain from a substance, as by mechanical action; "Italians express coffee rather than filter it" winkle remove or displace from a position unscrew loosen something by unscrewing it; "unscrew the outlet plate" loosen by turning; "unscrew the bottle cap" zip up close with a zipper; "Zip up your jacket--it's cold" unseal break the seal of; "He unsealed the letter" reseal seal again; "reseal the bottle after using the medicine" daisy-chain connect devices on a part of a chip or circuit board in a computer interconnect cause to be interconnected or interwoven put through connect by telephone; "the operator put a call through to Rio" disconnect make disconnected, disjoin or unfasten leech onto admire boundlessly and follow around; "the groupies leeched onto the rock star" gum up stick together as if with gum; "the inside of the pipe has gummed up" unstring remove the strings from; "unstring my guitar" string out set out or stretch in a line, succession, or series; "the houses were strung out in a long row" render-set cover with two coats of plaster; "render-set the walls so they'll look nice and smooth" skimcoat coat with a mixture of gypsum and spackle; "he skimcoated the drywall" repaint paint again; "He repainted the wall after the child smeared it with tomato sauce" paint again; "He repainted the same scenery many times during his life" cold-cream put cold cream on one's face sponge on apply with a sponge; "The painter sponged on his washes" slap on apply carelessly; "slap some paint onto the wall" unbelt undo the belt of; "unbelt your trousers" unhook take off a hook hook up connect or link; "hook up the houses to the gas supply line"; "Hook up the components of the new sound system" unstaple take the staples off; "unstaple the piece of paper from the receipt" unclip remove the clip from unbutton undo the buttons of; "unbutton the shirt" unpin remove the pins from; unfasten the pins of channelize cause to form a channel; "channelize a stream" make a channel for; provide with a channel; "channelize the country for better transportation" fray wear away by rubbing; "The friction frayed the sleeve" drop-kick drop and kick (a ball) as it touches the ground, as for a field goal kick back spring back, as from a forceful thrust; "The gun kicked back into my shoulder" pay a kickback; make an illegal payment slosh spill or splash copiously or clumsily; "slosh paint all over the walls" bespangle dot or sprinkle with sparkling or glittering objects aerosolize disperse as an aerosol; "The bacteria suspension was aerosolized" become dispersed as an aerosol; "the bacteria quickly aerosolised" bestrew cover by strewing slather spread thickly; "I can't eat bagels without slathering them with cream cheese" redeploy deploy anew; "The U.S. must redeploy their troops in the Middle East" redistribute distribute anew; "redistribute the troops more strategically" corral collect or gather; "corralling votes for an election" arrange wagons so that they form a corral enclose in a corral; "corral the horses" round up seek out and bring together; "round up some loyal followers" birdnest gather birdnests; "They went birdnesting in the early morning" nickel-and-dime accumulate gradually; "she nickeled-and-dimed together a small house for her family" of minor importance; "a nickel-and-dime operation run out of a single rented room"; "a small-time actor" beat up gather; "drum up support" lump put together indiscriminately; "lump together all the applicants" sandpaper rub with sandpaper; "sandpaper the wooden surface" rough-sand sand roughly; "rough-sand the door before painting it" corrugate fold into ridges; "corrugate iron" ruffle pleat or gather into a ruffle; "ruffle the curtain fabric" disturb the smoothness of; "ruffle the surface of the water" erect or fluff up; "the bird ruffled its feathers" trouble or vex; "ruffle somebody's composure" discompose; "This play is going to ruffle some people"; "She has a way of ruffling feathers among her colleagues" plait weave into plaits; "plait hair" straiten squeeze together bring into difficulties or distress, especially financial hardship decompress restore to its uncompressed form; "decompress data" wall in enclose with a wall brick in wall up with brick embower enclose in a bower roll out flatten or spread with a roller; "roll out the paper" straighten by unrolling; "roll out the big map" fluff up make fuller by shaking; "fluff up the pillows" wipe rub with a circular motion; "wipe the blackboard"; "He passed his hands over the soft cloth" wipe off remove by wiping deterge wipe away; to wash off or out, cleanse; chiefly in medical use: to clear away foul matter from the body; "This drug is powerful enough to deterge" wipe up to wash or wipe with or as if with a mop; "Mop the hallway now"; "He mopped her forehead with a towel" clench squeeze together tightly; "clench one's jaw" hold in a tight grasp; "clench a steering wheel" goldplate plate with gold; "goldplate a watch" silverplate plate with silver; "silverplate a watch" smite inflict a heavy blow on, with the hand, a tool, or a weapon affect suddenly with deep feeling; "He was smitten with love for this young girl" strong-arm use physical force against; "They strong-armed me when I left the restaurant" be bossy towards; "Her big brother always bullied her when she was young" handle roughly; "He was strong-armed by the policemen" pistol-whip beat with a pistol belabour beat soundly rough up treat violently; "The police strong-armed the suspect" cosh hit with a cosh, usually on the head ground out make an out by hitting the ball on the ground bounce out bounce a ball so that it becomes an out foul out baseball: hit a ball such that it is caught from an out in foul territory flog beat severely with a whip or rod; "The teacher often flogged the students"; "The children were severely trounced" manhandle handle roughly; "I was manhandled by the police" switch-hit bat right-handed against a left-handed and left-handed against a right-handed pitcher knock cold knock unconscious or senseless; "the boxing champion knocked out his opponent in a few seconds" pummel strike, usually with the fist; "The pedestrians pummeled the demonstrators" sledgehammer beat with a sledgehammer clobber strike violently and repeatedly; "She clobbered the man who tried to attack her" agitate change the arrangement or position of cause to be agitated, excited, or roused; "The speaker charged up the crowd with his inflammatory remarks" try to stir up public opinion roil make turbid by stirring up the sediments of muddle make into a puddle; "puddled mire" shadowbox go through boxing motions without an opponent plug in plug into an outlet; "Please plug in the toaster!"; "Connect the TV so we can watch the football game tonight" unplug pull the plug of (electrical appliances) and render inoperable; "unplug the hair dryer after using it" cannulate introduce a cannula or tube into; "Cannulate the blood vessel in the neck" instill enter drop by drop; "instill medication into my eye" impart gradually; "Her presence instilled faith into the children"; "transfuse love of music into the students" uncork draw the cork from (bottles); "uncork the French wine" release; "uncork his anger" nestle position comfortably; "The baby nestled her head in her mother's elbow" lie in a sheltered position; "The little cottage nestles in the forest" smooch snuggle and lie in a position where one person faces the back of the others gentle stroke soothingly having or showing a kindly or tender nature; "the gentle touch of her hand"; "her gentle manner was comforting"; "a gentle sensitive nature"; "gentle blue eyes" quiet and soothing; "a gentle voice"; "a gentle nocturne" soft and mild; not harsh or stern or severe; "a gentle reprimand"; "a vein of gentle irony"; "poked gentle fun at him" sleep together have sexual intercourse with; "This student sleeps with everyone in her dorm"; "Adam knew Eve"; "Were you ever intimate with this man?" fornicate have sex without being married wench frequent prostitutes deflower deprive of virginity; "This dirty old man deflowered several young girls in the village" copulate engage in sexual intercourse; "Birds mate in the Spring" mongrelize cause to become a mongrel; "mongrelized dogs" backcross mate a hybrid of the first generation with one of its parents crossbreed breed animals or plants using parents of different races and varieties; "cross a horse and a donkey"; "Mendel tried crossbreeding"; "these species do not interbreed" masturbate get sexual gratification through self-stimulation stimulate sexually; "The old man wanted to be masturbated by the prostitute" snog touch with the lips or press the lips (against someone's mouth or other body part) as an expression of love, greeting, etc.; "The newly married couple kissed"; "She kissed her grandfather on the forehead when she entered the room" spirit away carry away rapidly and secretly, as if mysteriously carry off mysteriously; as if by magic retrieve run after, pick up, and bring to the master; "train the dog to retrieve" go for and bring back; "retrieve the car from the parking garage" whisk off take away quickly and suddenly transmit send from one person or place to another; "transmit a message" pipe in transport to a destination through pipes; "We have to pipe in oil" bring in through pipes; "Music was piped into the offices" send in mail in; cause to be delivered; "Send in your comments" give one's name or calling card to a servant when making a formal visit mail out transmit by mail; "The company mailed out the catalog to all potential customers" misdeliver deliver to the wrong address prickle make a small hole into, as with a needle or a thorn; "The nurse pricked my finger to get a small blood sample" cause a prickling sensation pierce make a hole into; "The needle pierced her flesh" penetrate or cut through with a sharp instrument cut or make a way through; "the knife cut through the flesh"; "The path pierced the jungle"; "Light pierced through the forest" move or affect (a person's emotions or bodily feelings) deeply or sharply; "The cold pierced her bones"; "Her words pierced the students" sound sharply or shrilly; "The scream pierced the night" counter-drill drill in an opposite direction transfix pierce with a sharp stake or point; "impale a shrimp on a skewer" gnaw bite or chew on with the teeth; "gnaw an old cracker" snap at bite off with a quick bite; "The dog snapped off a piece of cloth from the intruder's pants" brandish move or swing back and forth; "She waved her gun" exhibit aggressively; "brandish a sword" skitter twitch the hook of a fishing line through or along the surface of water glide easily along a surface abduct pull away from the body; "this muscle abducts" frogmarch carry someone against his will upside down such that each limb is held by one person march a person against his will by any method cart off take away by means of a vehicle; "They carted off the old furniture" haul transport in a vehicle; "haul stones from the quarry in a truck"; "haul vegetables to the market" draw slowly or heavily; "haul stones"; "haul nets" shlep pull along heavily, like a heavy load against a resistance; "Can you shlep this bag of potatoes upstairs?"; "She pulled along a large trunk" bowse haul with a tackle trice hoist up or in and lash or secure with a small rope raise with a line; "trice a window shade" upheave lift forcefully from beneath weigh anchor heave up an anchor in preparation for sailing fractionate obtain by a fractional process separate into constituents or fractions containing concentrated constituents concoct make a concoction (of) by mixing prepare or cook by mixing ingredients; "concoct a strange mixture" sift separate by passing through a sieve or other straining device to separate out coarser elements; "sift the flour" move as if through a sieve; "The soldiers sifted through the woods" resift sift anew coalesce fuse or cause to grow together heterodyne combine (a radio frequency wave) with a locally generated wave of a different frequency so as to produce a new frequency equal to the sum or the difference between the two of or relating to the beat produced by heterodyning two oscillations sulfurette combine with sulfur commingle mix or blend; "His book commingles sarcasm and sadness" entangle twist together or entwine into a confusing mass; "The child entangled the cord" entrap; "Our people should not be mired in the past" enmesh entangle or catch in (or as if in) a mesh disentangle extricate from entanglement; "Can you disentangle the cord?" concord arrange the words of a text so as to create a concordance; "The team concorded several thousand nouns, verbs, and adjectives" arrange by concord or agreement; "Concord the conditions for the marriage of the Prince of Wales with a commoner" catenate arrange in a series of rings or chains, as for spores surround extend on all sides of simultaneously; encircle; "The forest surrounds my property" evict expel from one's property or force to move out by a legal process; "The landlord evicted the tenants after they had not paid the rent for four months" expel or eject without recourse to legal process; "The landlord wanted to evict the tenants so he banged on the pipes every morning at 3 a.m." eject put out or expel from a place; "The unruly student was excluded from the game" leave an aircraft rapidly, using an ejection seat or capsule show the door ask to leave; "I was shown the door when I asked for a raise" superimpose place on top of; "can you superimpose the two images?" superpose place (one geometric figure) upon another so that their perimeters coincide kidnap take away to an undisclosed location against their will and usually in order to extract a ransom; "The industrialist's son was kidnapped" shanghai take (someone) against his will for compulsory service, especially on board a ship; "The men were shanghaied after being drugged" commandeer take arbitrarily or by force; "The Cubans commandeered the plane and flew it to Miami" skyjack subject an aircraft to air piracy; "the plane was skyjacked to Uzbekistan" carjack take someone's car from him by force, usually with the intention of stealing it; "My car was carjacked last night!" expropriate deprive of possessions; "The Communist government expropriated the landowners" muss make messy or untidy; "the child mussed up my hair" tousle disarrange or rumple; dishevel; "The strong wind tousled my hair" compart lay out in parts according to a plan let go of release, as from one's grip; "Let go of the door handle, please!"; "relinquish your grip on the rope--you won't fall" unhand remove the hand from unleash release or vent; "unleash one's anger" turn loose or free from restraint; "let loose mines"; "Loose terrible plagues upon humanity" release from a leash; "unleash the dogs in the park" obstruct block passage through; "obstruct the path" shut out from view or get in the way so as to hide from sight; "The thick curtain blocked the action on the stage"; "The trees obstruct my view of the mountains" hinder or prevent the progress or accomplishment of; "His brother blocked him at every turn" shut off block off the passage through; "We shut off the valve" isolate or separate; "She was shut off from the friends" stem the flow of; "shut off the gas when you leave for a vacation" land up block with earth, as after a landslide crap up become obstructed or chocked up; "The drains clogged up" unclog become or cause to become unobstructed; "The chemical that we poured down the drain unclogged it" silt up become chocked with silt; "The river silted up" unstuff cause to become unblocked; "The medicine unstuffed my nose in minutes!" batfowl catch birds by temporarily blinding them dangle cause to dangle or hang freely; "He dangled the ornaments from the Christmas tree" hang freely; "the ornaments dangled from the tree"; "The light dropped from the ceiling" containerize package in a container; "The cargo was containerized for safe and efficient shipping" enshrine enclose in a shrine; "the saint's bones were enshrined in the cathedral" hold sacred unveil remove the veil from; "Women must not unveil themselves in public in some religious societies" remove the cover from; "unveil a painting" unbox remove from a box; "unbox the presents" unpack remove from its packing; "unpack the presents" encase enclose in, or as if in, a case; "my feet were encased in mud" uncrate remove from the crate; "uncrate the glassed carefully!" unburden take the burden off; remove the burden from; "unburden the donkey" free or relieve (someone) of a burden unload remove the load from (a container or vehicle); "unload the truck"; "offload the van" bomb up load an aircraft with bombs air-drop drop (an object) from the air; unload from a plane or helicopter reload place a new load on; "The movers reloaded the truck" inspan attach a yoke or harness to; "inspan the draft animals" unyoke remove the yoke from; "unyoke the cow" outspan remove the yoke or harness from; "outspan the draft animals" unharness remove the harness from; "unharness a horse" unsaddle remove the saddle from; "They unsaddled their mounts" garner store grain stow fill by packing tightly; "stow the cart" ensconce fix firmly; "He ensconced himself in the chair" put to sleep help someone go to bed; "Mother put the baby to sleep" emplace put into place or position; "the box with the ancestors' ashes was emplaced on the top shelf of the house altar" provide a new emplacement for guns reship place on a ship again or transfer to another ship; "reship the cargo" shelve place on a shelf; "shelve books" parallelize place parallel to one another reposition place into another position appose place side by side or in close proximity set down cause to sit or seat or be in a settled position or place; "set down your bags here" put or settle into a position; "The hotel was set down at the bottom of the valley" misplace place or position wrongly; put in the wrong position; "misplaced modifiers" place (something) where one cannot find it again; "I misplaced my eyeglasses" juxtapose place side by side; "The fauvists juxtaposed strong colors" rick pile in ricks; "rick hay" stagger to arrange in a systematic order; "stagger the chairs in the lecture hall" astound or overwhelm, as with shock; "She was staggered with bills after she tried to rebuild her house following the earthquake" walk as if unable to control one's movements; "The drunken man staggered into the room" walk with great difficulty; "He staggered along in the heavy snow" pile up arrange into piles or stacks; "She piled up her books in my living room" mudwrestle wrestle in mud; "some people enjoy watching people who mudwrestle" draw in pull inward or towards a center; "The pilot drew in the landing gear"; "The cat retracted his claws" invaginate fold inwards; "some organs can invaginate" sheathe; "The chrysalis is invaginated" intussuscept introvert or invaginate; "the intussuscepted gut" pelt cast, hurl, or throw repeatedly with some missile; "They pelted each other with snowballs" defenestrate throw through or out of the window; "The rebels stormed the palace and defenestrated the President" deep-six throw from a boat toss out; get rid of; "deep-six these old souvenirs!" jettison throw as from an airplane throw away, of something encumbering switch on cause to operate by flipping a switch; "switch on the light"; "turn on the stereo" switch off cause to stop operating by disengaging a switch; "Turn off the stereo, please"; "cut the engine"; "turn out the lights" propel cause to move forward with force; "Steam propels this ship" throw back throw back with a quick, light motion; "She tossed back her head" autotomize cause a body part to undergo autotomy blast off launch with great force; "the rockets were blasted off" wreathe form into a wreath decorate or deck with wreaths; "wreathe the grave site" move with slow, sinuous movements upend set, turn, or stand on end; "upend the box and empty the contents" become turned or set on end; "the airplanes upended" intertwine spin, wind, or twist together; "intertwine the ribbons"; "Twine the threads into a rope"; "intertwined hearts" twine make by twisting together or intertwining; "twine a rope" untwine undo what has been twined together; "untwine the strings" inweave weave together into a fabric or design pleach interlace the shoots of; "pleach a hedge" unweave undo strands that have been woven together unbraid undo the braids of; "unbraid my hair" undo cancel, annul, or reverse an action or its effect; "I wish I could undo my actions" cause the ruin or downfall of; "A single mistake undid the President and he had to resign" vandalize destroy wantonly, as through acts of vandalism; "vandalize the park" unravel become or cause to become undone by separating the fibers or threads of; "unravel the thread" ravel tangle or complicate; "a ravelled story" disentangle; "can you unravel the mystery?" relace lace again; "She relaced her boots" rewind wind (up) again; "the mechanical watch needs rewinding every day" encircle form or draw a circle around; "encircle the errors" spool wind onto a spool or a reel transfer data intended for a peripheral device (usually a printer) into temporary storage reel off unwind from or as if from a reel; "unreel the tape" unwind reverse the winding or twisting of; "unwind a ball of yarn" separate the tangles of uncoil unwind or untwist deluge fill quickly beyond capacity; as with a liquid; "the basement was inundated after the storm"; "The images flooded his mind" overstuff stuff too much; "The pillow was overstuffed" go on start running, functioning, or operating; "the lights went on"; "the computer came up" dislodge remove or force from a position of dwelling previously occupied; "The new employee dislodged her by moving into her office space" remove or force out from a position; "The dentist dislodged the piece of food that had been stuck under my gums"; "He finally could free the legs of the earthquake victim who was buried in the rubble" exorcise expel through adjuration or prayers; "exorcise evil spirits" checkrow plant in checkrows repot put in a new, usually larger, pot; "The plant had grown and had to be repotted" ingrain thoroughly work in; "His hands were grained with dirt" entrench fix firmly or securely occupy a trench or secured area; "The troops dug in for the night" emboss raise in a relief; "embossed stationery" splotch blotch or spot pipe-clay whiten or clean with pipe-clay; "pipe-clay leather" houseclean clean and tidy up the house; "She housecleans every week" G.I. clean in preparation for inspection; "the soldiers GIed the barracks" spring-clean thoroughly clean the entire house, often done only once a year; "she started spring-cleaning on April 1" dirty make soiled, filthy, or dirty; "don't soil your clothes when you play outside!" unpleasantly stormy; "there's dirty weather in the offing" soiled or likely to soil with dirt or grime; "dirty unswept sidewalks"; "a child in dirty overalls"; "dirty slums"; "piles of dirty dishes"; "put his dirty feet on the clean sheet"; "wore an unclean shirt"; "mining is a dirty job"; "Cinderella did the dirty work while her sisters preened themselves" (of behavior or especially language) characterized by obscenity or indecency; "dirty words"; "a dirty old man"; "dirty books and movies"; "boys telling dirty jokes"; "has a dirty mouth" spreading pollution or contamination; especially radioactive contamination; "the air near the foundry was always dirty"; "a dirty bomb releases enormous amounts of long-lived radioactive fallout" unethical or dishonest; "dirty police officers"; "a sordid political campaign"; "shoddy business practices" expressing or revealing hostility or dislike; "dirty looks" obtained illegally or by improper means; "dirty money"; "ill-gotten gains" (of a manuscript) defaced with changes; "foul (or dirty) copy" vile; despicable; "a dirty (or lousy) trick"; "a filthy traitor" (of color) discolored by impurities; not bright and clear; "dirty" is often used in combination; "a dirty (or dingy) white"; "the muddied grey of the sea"; "muddy colors"; "dirty-green walls"; "dirty-blonde hair" contaminated with infecting organisms; "dirty wounds"; "obliged to go into infected rooms"- Jane Austen dry clean clean with chemical agents pressure-wash wash before painting to remove old paint and mildew; "pressure-wash the house" stonewash wash with stones to achieve a worn appearance; "stonewash blue jeans" handwash wash or launder by hand instead of with a machine; "This delicate sweater must be handwashed" machine wash wash by machine; "Can these shirts be machine-washed?" acid-wash wash with acid so as to achieve a bleached look; "acid-wash blue jeans" speckle mark with small spots; "speckle the wall with tiny yellow spots" stipple produce a mottled effect; "The sunlight stippled the trees" apply (paint) in small dots or strokes make by small short touches that together produce an even or softly graded shadow, as in paint or ink engrave by means of dots and flicks sponge up absorb as if with a sponge; "sponge up the spilled milk on the counter" reabsorb undergo resorption adsorb accumulate (liquids or gases) on the surface incorporate unite or merge with something already in existence; "incorporate this document with those pertaining to the same case" form a corporation include or contain; have as a component; "A totally new idea is comprised in this paper"; "The record contains many old songs from the 1930's" formed or united into a whole unseat dislodge from one's seat, as from a horse remove from political office; "The Republicans are trying to unseat the liberal Democrat" reseat show to a different seat; "The usher insisted on reseating us" provide with new seats; "reseat Carnegie Hall" provide with a new seat; "reseat the old broken chair" lay put in a horizontal position; "lay the books on the table"; "lay the patient carefully onto the bed" lay eggs; "This hen doesn't lay" prepare or position for action or operation; "lay a fire"; "lay the foundation for a new health care plan" impose as a duty, burden, or punishment; "lay a responsibility on someone" not of or from a profession; "a lay opinion as to the cause of the disease" stand back stand away from an object or person; "He stood back to look at her" stay clear of, avoid; "Keep your hands off my wife!"; "Keep your distance from this man--he is dangerous" recumb lean in a comfortable resting position; "He was reposing on the couch" recline cause to recline; "She reclined her head on the pillow" lie awake lie without sleeping; "She was so worried, she lay awake all night long" bask be exposed; "The seals were basking in the sun" unbuckle undo the buckle of; "Unbuckle your seat belt" delete remove or make invisible; "Please delete my name from your list" scratch out strike or cancel by or as if by rubbing or crossing out; "scratch out my name on that list" deface mar or spoil the appearance of; "scars defaced her cheeks"; "The vandals disfigured the statue" dissect cut open or cut apart; "dissect the bodies for analysis" vivisect cut (a body) open while still alive; "people no longer vivisect animals--it's considered unethical" bisect cut in half or cut in two; "bisect a line" transect cut across or divide transversely; "the trails transect the property" trisect cut in three; "trisect a line" cicatrize form a scar, after an injury; "the skin will cicatrize and it will heal soon" sculpt shape (a material like stone or wood) by whittling away at it; "She is sculpting the block of marble into an image of her husband" create by shaping stone or wood or any other hard material; "sculpt a swan out of a block of ice" whittle cut small bits or pare shavings from; "whittle a piece of wood" whittle away cut away in small pieces cut away remove by cutting off or away; "cut away the branch that sticks out" move quickly to another scene or focus when filming; "`cut away now!' the director shouted" sabre cut or injure with a saber incise make an incision into by carving or cutting cleave separate or cut with a tool, such as a sharp instrument; "cleave the bone" make by cutting into; "The water is going to cleave a channel into the rock" lacerate cut or tear irregularly deeply hurt the feelings of; distress; "his lacerating remarks" having edges that are jagged from injury irregularly slashed and jagged as if torn; "lacerate leaves" whipsaw saw with a whipsaw victimize, especially in gambling or negotiations discerp cut off from a whole; "His head was severed from his body"; "The soul discerped from the body" sever set or keep apart; "sever a relationship" collide crash together with violent impact; "The cars collided"; "Two meteors clashed" cause to collide; "The physicists collided the particles" syllabify divide into syllables; "syllabify the words" do a job on destroy completely or make ugly or useless; "The dog did a job on my pillow"; "The seamstress did a job on my wedding gown" subvert destroy completely; "we must not let our civil liberties be subverted by the current crisis" bust up smash or break forcefully; "The kid busted up the car" bang up damage or destroy as if by violence; "The teenager banged up the car of his mother" uproot pull up by or as if by the roots; "uproot the vine that has spread all over the garden" destroy completely, as if down to the roots; "the vestiges of political democracy were soon uprooted"; "root out corruption" move (people) forcibly from their homeland into a new and foreign environment; "The war uprooted many people" afforest establish a forest on previously unforested land; "afforest the mountains" re-afforest reestablish a forest after clear-cutting or fire, etc.; "re-afforest the area that was burned during the fighting" reforest forest anew; "After the fire, they reforested the mountain" replant plant again or anew; "They replanted the land"; "He replanted the seedlings" install set up for use; "install the washer and dryer"; "We put in a new sink" place; "Her manager had set her up at the Ritz" put into an office or a position; "the new president was installed immediately after the election" reinstall install again; "She reinstalled the washer after it had been repaired" decapitate cut the head of; "the French King was beheaded during the Revolution" impale kill by piercing with a spear or sharp pole; "the enemies were impaled and left to die" dismember separate the limbs from the body; "the tiger dismembered the tourist" divide into pieces; "our department was dismembered when our funding dried up"; "The Empire was discerped after the war" rend tear or be torn violently; "The curtain ripped from top to bottom"; "pull the cooked chicken into strips" grapple to grip or seize, as in a wrestling match; "the two men grappled with each other for several minutes" tamp down press down tightly; "tamp the coffee grinds in the container to make espresso" press down press down; "Depress the space key" bulldoze flatten with or as if with a bulldozer situate put (something somewhere) firmly; "She posited her hand on his shoulder"; "deposit the suitcase on the bench"; "fix your eyes on this spot" determine or indicate the place, site, or limits of, as if by an instrument or by a survey; "Our sense of sight enables us to locate objects in space"; "Locate the boundaries of the property" redeposit deposit anew; "The water had redeposited minerals on the rocks" deposit once again; "redeposit a cheque" immerse thrust or throw into; "Immerse yourself in hot water" enclose or envelop completely, as if by swallowing; "The huge waves swallowed the small boat and it sank shortly thereafter" sheathe plunge or bury (a knife or sword) in flesh enclose with a sheath; "sheathe a sword" cover with a protective sheathing; "sheathe her face" unfold spread out or open from a closed or folded state; "open the map"; "spread your arms" extend or stretch out to a greater or the full length; "Unfold the newspaper"; "stretch out that piece of cloth"; "extend the TV antenna" open to the view; "A walk through town will unfold many interesting buildings" divaricate spread apart; "divaricate one's fingers" branch off; "The road divaricates here" envelop enclose or enfold completely with or as if with a covering; "Fog enveloped the house" engulf flow over or cover completely; "The bright light engulfed him completely" unsheathe draw from a sheath or scabbard; "the knight unsheathed his sword" construct draw with suitable instruments and under specified conditions; "construct an equilateral triangle" make by combining materials and parts; "this little pig made his house out of straw"; "Some eccentric constructed an electric brassiere warmer" create by organizing and linking ideas, arguments, or concepts; "construct a proof"; "construct an argument" create by linking linguistic units; "construct a sentence"; "construct a paragraph" circumscribe draw a line around; "He drew a circle around the points" to draw a geometric figure around another figure so that the two are in contact but do not intersect reticulate divide so as to form a network distribute by a network, as of water or electricity form a net or a network resembling or forming a network; "the reticulate veins of a leaf"; "a reticulated highway system" extricate release from entanglement of difficulty; "I cannot extricate myself from this task" tamper play around with or alter or falsify, usually secretively or dishonestly; "Someone tampered with the documents on my desk"; "The reporter fiddle with the facts" kick in open violently; "kick in the doors" enclose surround completely; "Darkness enclosed him"; "They closed in the porch with a fence" close in; "darkness enclosed him" dike enclose with a dike; "dike the land to protect it from water" lean on rest on for support; "you can lean on me if you get tired" doff remove; "He doffed his hat" yank pull, or move with a sudden movement; "He turned the handle and jerked the door open" tweak pinch or squeeze sharply draw off remove by drawing or pulling; "She placed the tray down and drew off the cloth"; "draw away the cloth that is covering the cheese" tweeze pluck with tweezers; "tweeze facial hair" hike up pull up; "He hitched up his socks and pants" dip solder solder by immersion in a bath of molten solder soft-solder repair with soft-solder braze solder together by using hard solder with a high melting point spotweld make circular welds; "These pipes are only spotwelded" butt-weld join by a butt weld drag down exert a force with a heavy weight; "The snow bore down on the roof" slam-dunk make a slam dunk; shoot a basketball in a slam dunk make a forceful move against; "the electronic travel market is slam-dunking traditional travel agencies" double bogey to shoot two strokes over par unwire undo the wiring of carburet combine with carbon chemisorb take up a substance by chemisorption coapt fit tightly and fasten cause to adhere; "The wounds were coapted" blacklead cover with graphite metal cover with metal macadamize surface with macadam; "macadam the road" lance open by piercing with a lancet; "lance a boil" pierce with a lance, as in a knights' fight move quickly, as if by cutting one's way; "Planes lanced towards the shore" ooze through run slowly and gradually; "Blood oozed through the bandage" hem in surround in a restrictive manner; "The building was hemmed in by flowers" mound over form mounds over; "The huts can be mounded over to form shelters" form a mound over retract use a surgical instrument to hold open (the edges of a wound or an organ) draw close pull towards oneself; "He drew the crying child close" metalize coat with metal platinize coat with metallic platinum porcelainize coat with porcelain or a porcelain-like surface disperse separate (light) into spectral rays; "the prism disperses light" move away from each other; "The crowds dispersed"; "The children scattered in all directions when the teacher approached" to cause to separate and go in different directions; "She waved her hand and scattered the crowds" clothe cover as if with clothing; "the mountain was clothed in tropical trees" underrun haul onto a boat; "underrun the cable for repair" run or pass below short-circuit create a short circuit in hamper the progress of; impede; "short-circuit warm feelings" unmake deprive of certain characteristics self-destruct do away with oneself or itself; "The machine will self-destruct if you tamper with it" destruct destroy (one's own missile or rocket); "The engineers had to destruct the rocket for safety reasons" wipe out eliminate completely and without a trace; "The old values have been wiped out" prefabricate produce synthetically, artificially, or stereotypically and unoriginally to manufacture sections of (a building), especially in a factory, so that they can be easily transported to and rapidly assembled on a building site of buildings underproduce produce below capacity or demand; "The East German factories were underproducing for many years" clap up make hastily and carelessly custom-make make to specifications; "I had this desk custom-made for me" churn out produce something at a fast rate; "He churns out papers, but they are all about the same topic" perform in a mechanical way overproduce produce in excess; "The country overproduces cars" produce in excess; produce more than needed or wanted mass-produce produce on a large scale compose put together out of existing material; "compile a list" write music; "Beethoven composed nine symphonies" calm (someone, especially oneself); make quiet; "She had to compose herself before she could reply to this terrible insult" form the substance of; "Greed and ambition composed his personality" confect make into a confection; "This medicine is home-confected" make or construct cobble together put together hastily anthologize compile an anthology compile use a computer program to translate source code written in a particular programming language into computer-readable machine code that can be executed generate bring into existence; "The new manager generated a lot of problems"; "The computer bug generated chaos in the office"; "The computer generated this image"; "The earthquake generated a tsunami" produce (energy); "We can't generate enough power for the entire city"; "The hydroelectric plant needs to generate more electricity" come up bring forth, usually something desirable; "The committee came up with some interesting recommendations" be mentioned; "These names came up in the discussion" originate bring into being; "He initiated a new program"; "Start a foundation" come into existence; take on form or shape; "A new religious movement originated in that country"; "a love that sprang up from friendship"; "the idea for the book grew out of a short story"; "An interesting phenomenon uprose" begin a trip at a certain point, as of a plane, train, bus, etc.; "The flight originates in Calcutta" educe deduce (a principle) or construe (a meaning); "We drew out some interesting linguistic data from the native informant" extort get or cause to become in a difficult or laborious manner obtain by coercion or intimidation; "They extorted money from the executive by threatening to reveal his past to the company boss"; "They squeezed money from the owner of the business by threatening him" obtain through intimidation create by mental act create mentally and abstractly rather than with one's hands invent come up with (an idea, plan, explanation, theory, or principle) after a mental effort; "excogitate a way to measure the speed of light" formulate prepare according to a formula gestate have the idea for; "He conceived of a robot that would help paralyzed patients"; "This library was well conceived" preconceive conceive beforehand; "a preconceived notion" think up devise or invent; "He thought up a plan to get rich quickly"; "no-one had ever thought of such a clever piece of software" fabricate concoct something artificial or untrue confabulate unconsciously replace fact with fantasy in one's memory trump up invent; "trump up charges" fictionalize make into fiction; "The writer fictionalized the lives of his parents in his latest novel" envision picture to oneself; imagine possible; "I cannot envision him as President" imagine form a mental image of something that is not present or that is not the case; "Can you conceive of him as the president?" fantasize portray in the mind; "he is fantasizing the ideal wife" prefigure imagine or consider beforehand; "It wasn't as bad as I had prefigured" redesign design anew, make a new design for create create by artistic means; "create a poem"; "Schoenberg created twelve-tone music"; "Picasso created Cubism"; "Auden made verses" pursue a creative activity; be engaged in a creative activity; "Don't disturb him--he is creating" bring into existence; "The company was created 25 years ago"; "He created a new movement in painting" invest with a new title, office, or rank; "Create one a peer" carry through put in effect; "carry out a task"; "execute the decision of the people"; "He actioned the operation" get over to bring (a necessary but unpleasant task) to an end; "Let's get this job over with"; "It's a question of getting over an unpleasant task" consummate make perfect; bring to perfection fulfill sexually; "consummate a marriage" having or revealing supreme mastery or skill; "a consummate artist"; "consummate skill"; "a masterful speaker"; "masterful technique"; "a masterly performance of the sonata"; "a virtuoso performance" strike up begin; "strike up a conversation"; "strike up a friendship" phase in introduce gradually phase out terminate gradually bring on cause to appear; "bring on the birthday cake" realize make real or concrete; give reality or substance to; "our ideas must be substantiated into actions" expand or complete (a part in a piece of baroque music) by supplying the harmonies indicated in the figured bass convert into cash; of goods and property incarnate make concrete and real represent in bodily form; "He embodies all that is evil wrong with the system"; "The painting substantiates the feelings of the artist" invested with a bodily form especially of a human body; "a monarch...regarded as a god incarnate" disincarnate make immaterial; remove the real essence of inspire supply the inspiration for; "The article about the artist inspired the exhibition of his recent work" heighten or intensify; "These paintings exalt the imagination" pacify fight violence and try to establish peace in (a location); "The U.N. troops are working to pacify Bosnia" cause to be more favorably inclined; gain the good will of; "She managed to mollify the angry customer" tee up make detailed arrangements or preparations prearrange arrange beforehand engender call forth motivate give an incentive for action; "This moved me to sacrifice my career" impel urge or force (a person) to an action; constrain or motivate sound off start playing; "The musicians struck up a tune" overbear bear too much overcome; "overbear criticism, protest, or arguments" create from raw material make from scratch manufacture put together out of artificial or natural components or parts; "the company fabricates plastic chairs"; "They manufacture small toys"; "He manufactured a popular cereal" create or produce in a mechanical way; "This novelist has been manufacturing his books following his initial success" produce naturally; "this gland manufactures a specific substance only" dry-wall construct with drywall; "dry-wall the basement of the house" rebuild build again; "The house was rebuild after it was hit by a bomb" assemble create by putting components or members together; "She pieced a quilt"; "He tacked together some verses"; "They set up a committee" get people together; "assemble your colleagues"; "get together all those who are interested in the project"; "gather the close family members" reassemble assemble once again, after taking something apart configure set up for a particular purpose; "configure my new computer"; "configure a plane for a combat mission" disassemble take apart into its constituent pieces recast cast or model anew; "She had to recast her image to please the electorate in her home state" cast again; "The bell cracked and had to be recast" cast again, in a different role; "He was recast as Iago" handcraft make something by hand; "We handcraft all our paper" preform form or shape beforehand or determine the shape of beforehand form into a shape resembling the final, desired one sinter cause (ores or powdery metals) to become a coherent mass by heating without melting rig up erect or construct, especially as a temporary measure; "Can he rig up a P.A. system?" dilapidate bring into a condition of decay or partial ruin by neglect or misuse sand cast pour molten metal into a mold of sand handbuild make without a potter's wheel; "This famous potter hand-builds all of her vessels" deglaze dissolve cooking juices or solid food in (a pan) by adding liquid and stirring flambe pour liquor over and ignite (a dish) precook cook beforehand so that the actual preparation won't take long; "precook the rice" whip up prepare or cook quickly or hastily illustrate supply with illustrations; "illustrate a book with drawings" depict with an illustration hot-work roll, press, forge, or shape (metal) while hot coldwork shape (metal) without heat rework use again in altered form; "retread an old plot" garland adorn with bands of flowers or leaves; "They garlanded the statue" spangle decorate with spangles; "the star-spangled banner" glitter as if covered with spangles cast on make the first row of stitches when knitting cast off make the last row of stitches when knitting purl stitch make with purl stitches tat make lacework by knotting or looping dropforge forge with a dropforge; "drop-force the metal" extrude form or shape by forcing through an opening; "extrude steel" decorate make more attractive by adding ornament, colour, etc.; "Decorate the room for the party"; "beautify yourself for the special day" award a mark of honor, such as a medal, to; "He was decorated for his services in the military" vermiculate decorate with wavy or winding lines infested with or damaged (as if eaten) by worms smock embellish by sewing in straight lines crossing each other diagonally; "The folk dancers wore smocked shirts" redecorate redo the decoration of an apartment or house bejewel adorn or decorate with precious stones; "jeweled dresses" dress ship decorate a ship with flags animalize represent in the form of an animal finger-paint apply colors with one's fingers bodypaint apply paint to a body gild decorate with, or as if with, gold leaf or liquid gold illuminate add embellishments and paintings to (medieval manuscripts) miniate decorate (manuscripts) with letters painted red; "In this beautiful book, all the place names are rubricated" paint with red lead or vermilion emblazon decorate with heraldic arms stylize represent according to a conventional style; "a stylized female head" streamline contour economically or efficiently calligraph write beautifully and ornamentally superscribe write on the outside or upper part of; "superscribe an envelope" write on the top or outside; "superscribe one's name and address" doodle make a doodle; draw aimlessly imitate make a reproduction or copy of reproduce someone's behavior or looks; "The mime imitated the passers-by"; "Children often copy their parents or older siblings" appear like, as in behavior or appearance; "Life imitate art" back up make a copy of (a computer file) especially for storage in another place as a security copy; "You'd better back up these files!" move backwards from a certain position; "The bully had to back down" recopy copy again; "The child had to recopy the homework" roneo make copies on a Roneograph crosshatch shade with multiple crossing lines; "the draftsman crosshatched the area" watercolour paint with watercolors create verbally create with or from words relyric write new lyrics for (a song) write on write about a particular topic; "Snow wrote about China" hyphenate divide or connect with a hyphen; "hyphenate these words and names" dash off write quickly; "She dashed off a note to her husband saying she would not be home for supper"; "He scratched off a thank-you note to the hostess" write copy write for commercial publications; "She writes copy for Harper's Bazaar" alliterate use alliteration as a form of poetry metrify compose in poetic meter; "The bard metrified his poems very precisely" spondaize make spondaic; "spondaize verses" elegize compose an elegy belt out sing loudly and forcefully descant on sing a descant on a main tune or melody author be the author of; "She authored this play" co-author be a co-author on (a book, a paper) annotate add explanatory notes to or supply with critical comments; "The scholar annotated the early edition of a famous novel" set to music write (music) for (a text) melodize supply a melody for reharmonize provide with a different harmony; "reharmonize the melody" orchestrate write an orchestra score for jive dance to jive music; dance the jive tap dance perform a tap dance miscast cast an actor, singer, or dancer in an unsuitable role typecast cast repeatedly in the same kind of role stage direct direct for the stage film-make make films; be a film maker cinematize make a film of or adopt so as to make into a film; "cinematize history" cut corners do something the cheapest or easiest way; "Cut corners to make a cheaper product" perform carry out or perform an action; "John did the painting, the weeding, and he cleaned out the gutters"; "the skater executed a triple pirouette"; "she did a little dance" give a performance (of something); "Horowitz is performing at Carnegie Hall tonight"; "We performed a popular Gilbert and Sullivan opera" perform a function; "Who will perform the wedding?" scamp perform hastily and carelessly underperform perform too rarely; "Her plays are underperformed, although they are very good" sightread perform music from a score without having seen the score before; "He is a brilliant pianist but he cannot sightread" sightsing sing from a score without having seen it before; "This tenor can sightsing even the most difficult pieces" concertize give concerts; perform in concerts; "My niece is off concertizing in Europe" premier perform a work for the first time be performed for the first time; "We premiered the opera of the young composer and it was a critical success" preceding all others in time; "the premiere showing" cybernate control a function, process, or creation by a computer; "They computerized the car industry"; "we live in a cybernated age"; "cybernate a factory" dissemble behave unnaturally or affectedly; "She's just acting" hide under a false appearance; "He masked his disappointment" simulate make a pretence of; "She assumed indifference, even though she was seething with anger"; "he feigned sleep" enact act out; represent or perform as if in a play; "She reenacted what had happened earlier that day" act out represent an incident, state, or emotion by action, especially on stage; "She could act neurotic anxiety" reenact enact or perform again; "They reenacted the battle of Princeton" enact again; "Congress reenacted the law" rehearse engage in a rehearsal (of) walk through perform in a perfunctory way, as for a first rehearsal travesty make a travesty of fiddle play on a violin; "Zuckerman fiddled that song very nicely" play the violin or fiddle commit fraud and steal from one's employer; "We found out that she had been fiddling for years" avoid (one's assigned duties); "The derelict soldier shirked his duties" symphonize play or sound together, in harmony reprise repeat an earlier theme of a composition bang out play loudly; "They banged out `The star-spangled banner'" play along perform an accompaniment to; "The orchestra could barely follow the frequent pitch changes of the soprano" cooperate or pretend to cooperate; "He decided to play along with the burglars for the moment" sing along sing with a choir or an orchestra; "Every year the local orchestra and choir perform the `Messiah' and the audience is invited to sing along" improvise perform without preparation; "he extemporized a speech at the wedding" manage in a makeshift way; do with whatever is at hand; "after the hurricane destroyed our house, we had to improvise for weeks" solmizate sing using syllables like `do', `re' and `mi' to represent the tones of the scale; "The voice teacher showed the students how to solmizate" sing by the syllables of solmization; "solmizate a song before you learn the lyrics" conduct lead, as in the performance of a composition; "conduct an orchestra; Barenboim conducted the Chicago symphony for years" lead musicians in the performance of; "Bernstein conducted Mahler like no other conductor"; "she cannot conduct modern pieces" direct the course of; manage or control; "You cannot conduct business like this" double tongue play fast notes on a wind instrument replicate reproduce or make an exact copy of; "replicate the cell"; "copy the genetic information" reduplicate form by reduplication; "The consonant reduplicates after a short vowel"; "The morpheme can be reduplicated to emphasize the meaning of the word" reprint print anew; "They never reprinted the famous treatise" microcopy photocopy printed or other graphic matter so that it is reduced in size recreate create anew; "she recreated the feeling of the 1920's with her stage setting" reinvent create anew and make over; "He reinvented African music for American listeners" bring back into existence; "The candidate reinvented the concept of national health care so that he would get elected" play back reproduce (a recording) on a recorder; "The lawyers played back the conversation to show that their client was innocent" fudge together produce shoddily, without much attention to detail cultivate prepare for crops; "Work the soil"; "cultivate the land" foster the growth of overcrop to exhaust by excessive cultivation; "the farmers overcropped the land" sovietize model a country's social, political, and economic structure on the Soviet Union; "Castro sovietized Cuba" bring under Soviet control, of a country take after imitate in behavior; take as a model; "Teenagers follow their friends in everything" be similar to a relative; "She takes after her father!" typeset set in type; "My book will be typeset nicely"; "set these words in italics" copy out copy very carefully and as accurately as possible italicize print in italics benday reproduce by the Benday process overact exaggerate one's acting underact act (a role) with great restraint grind out produce in a routine or monotonous manner; "We have to crank out publications in order to receive funding" prepare to prepare verbally, either for written or spoken delivery; "prepare a report"; "prepare a speech" lead up to and soften by sounding the dissonant note in it as a consonant note in the preceding chord; "prepare the discord in bar 139" educate for a future role or function; "He is grooming his son to become his successor"; "The prince was prepared to become King one day"; "They trained him to be a warrior" rough in prepare in preliminary or sketchy form demyelinate destroy the myelin sheath of; "the disease demyelinated the nerve fibers" embattle prepare for battle or conflict fortify by furnishing with battlements for defense; "an embattled castle" busk play music in a public place and solicit money for it; "three young men were busking in the plaza" arouse call forth (emotions, feelings, and responses); "arouse pity"; "raise a smile"; "evoke sympathy" stimulate sexually; "This movie usually arouses the male audience" to begin moving; "As the thunder started the sleeping children began to stir" rekindle arouse again; "rekindle hopes"; "rekindle her love" kindle anew, as of a fire infatuate arouse unreasoning love or passion in and cause to behave in an irrational way; "His new car has infatuated him"; "love has infatuated her" bubble over overflow with a certain feeling; "The children bubbled over with joy"; "My boss was bubbling over with anger" hype up get excited or stimulated; "The children were all psyched up after the movie" calm become quiet or calm, especially after a state of agitation; "After the fight both men need to cool off."; "It took a while after the baby was born for things to settle down again." make calm or still; "quiet the dragons of worry and fear" (of weather) free from storm or wind; "calm seas" not agitated; without losing self-possession; "spoke in a calm voice"; "remained calm throughout the uproar"; "he remained serene in the midst of turbulence"; "a serene expression on her face"; "she became more tranquil"; "tranquil life in the country" unbalance derange mentally, throw out of mental balance; make insane; "The death of his parents unbalanced him" throw out of balance or equilibrium; "The tax relief unbalanced the budget"; "The prima donna unbalances the smooth work in our department" strike dumb render speechless, as by surprising or shocking; "we were struck dumb by the candidate's announcement" hit home refer to or be relevant or familiar to; "I hope this message hits home!" prepossess make a positive impression (on someone) beforehand; "A prepossessing appearance" cause to be preoccupied; "The idea of his failure prepossesses him" possess beforehand wow impress greatly; "The speaker wowed the audience" sweep away overwhelm emotionally; "Her swept her away" incline feel favorably disposed or willing; "She inclines to the view that people should be allowed to expres their religious beliefs" lower or bend (the head or upper body), as in a nod or bow; "She inclined her head to the student" bend or turn (one's ear) towards a speaker in order to listen well; "He inclined his ear to the wise old man" emote give expression or emotion to, in a stage or movie role resent feel bitter or indignant about; "She resents being paid less than her co-workers" embitter cause to be bitter or resentful; "These injustices embittered her even more" eat into gnaw into; make resentful or angry; "The injustice rankled her"; "his resentment festered" abhor find repugnant; "I loathe that man"; "She abhors cats" contemn look down on with disdain; "He despises the people he has to work for"; "The professor scorns the students who don't catch on immediately" fall for fall in love with; become infatuated with; "She fell for the man from Brazil" be deceived, duped, or entrapped by; "He fell for her charms"; "He fell for the con man's story" care for be fond of; be attached to have a liking, fondness, or taste (for) dote shower with love; show excessive affection for; "Grandmother dotes on the twins" be foolish or senile due to old age yearn have affection for; feel tenderness for cool off feel less enamoured of something or somebody adore love intensely; "he just adored his wife" idolize love unquestioningly and uncritically or to excess; venerate as an idol; "Many teenagers idolized the Beatles" frighten cause fear in; "The stranger who hangs around the building frightens me"; "Ghosts could never affright her" overawe subdue, restrain, or overcome by affecting with a feeling of awe; frighten (as with threats) terrify fill with terror; frighten greatly intimidate make timid or fearful; "Her boss intimidates her" to compel or deter by or as if by threats hold over intimidate somebody (with a threat); "She was holding it over him" continue a term of office past the normal period of time keep in a position or state from an earlier period of time tyrannize rule or exercise power over (somebody) in a cruel and autocratic manner; "her husband and mother-in-law tyrannize her" rule a country as a tyrant apprehend anticipate with dread or anxiety dismay fill with apprehension or alarm; cause to be unpleasantly surprised; "I was horrified at the thought of being late for my interview"; "The news of the executions horrified us" preoccupy engage or engross the interest or attention of beforehand or occupy urgently or obsessively; "His work preoccupies him"; "The matter preoccupies her completely--she cannot think of anything else" occupy or take possession of beforehand or before another or appropriate for use in advance; "the army preoccupied the hills" faze disturb the composure of unman cause to lose one's nerve; "an unmanning experience" freak out lose one's nerve; "When he saw the accident, he freaked out" daunt cause to lose courage; "dashed by the refusal" combust cause to become violent or angry; "Riots combusted Pakistan after the U.S. air attacks on Afghanistan" miff cause to be annoyed; "His behavior really miffed me" infuriate make furious raise the roof get very angry; "He will raise the roof when he hears this" madden make mad; "His behavior is maddening" drive up the wall; go on someone's nerves cause to go crazy; cause to lose one's mind annoy cause annoyance in; disturb, especially by minor irritations; "Mosquitoes buzzing in my ear really bothers me"; "It irritates me that she never closes the door after she leaves" fluster cause to be nervous or upset be flustered; behave in a confused manner consternate fill with anxiety, dread, dismay, or confusion; "After the terrorist attack, people look consternated" bewilder cause to be confused emotionally bother make confused or perplexed or puzzled make nervous or agitated; "The mere thought of her bothered him and made his heart beat faster" intrude or enter uninvited; "Don't bother the professor while she is grading term papers" distract draw someone's attention away from something; "The thief distracted the bystanders"; "He deflected his competitors" embarrass cause to be embarrassed; cause to feel self-conscious break someone's heart cause deep emotional pain and grief to somebody; "The young man broke the girl's heart when he told her was going to marry her best friend" agonize suffer agony or anguish cause to agonize fume be mad, angry, or furious emit a cloud of fine particles; "The chimney was fuming" flip one's lid get very angry and fly into a rage; "The professor combusted when the student didn't know the answer to a very elementary question"; "Spam makes me go ballistic" enrage put into a rage; make violently angry foam at the mouth be in a state of uncontrolled anger repent feel remorse for; feel sorry for; be contrite about turn away from sin or do penitence mourn feel sadness; "She is mourning her dead child" observe the customs of mourning after the death of a loved one grieve feel grief cause to feel sorrow; "his behavior grieves his mother" tribulate oppress or trouble greatly disappoint fail to meet the hopes or expectations of; "Her boyfriend let her down when he did not propose marriage" fall short fail to meet (expectations or standards) humiliate cause to feel shame; hurt the pride of; "He humiliated his colleague by criticising him in front of the boss" take down reduce in worth or character, usually verbally; "She tends to put down younger women colleagues"; "His critics took him down after the lecture" efface make inconspicuous; "efface oneself" humanize make more humane; "The mayor tried to humanize life in the big city" humble cause to be unpretentious; "This experience will humble him" marked by meekness or modesty; not arrogant or prideful; "a humble apology"; "essentially humble...and self-effacing, he achieved the highest formal honors and distinctions"- B.K.Malinowski used of unskilled work (especially domestic work) low or inferior in station or quality; "a humble cottage"; "a lowly parish priest"; "a modest man of the people"; "small beginnings" mortify hold within limits and control; "subdue one's appetites"; "mortify the flesh" practice self-denial of one's body and appetites express emotion give verbal or other expression to one's feelings torment torment emotionally or mentally treat cruelly; "The children tormented the stuttering teacher" ingratiate gain favor with somebody by deliberate efforts cozy up ingratiate oneself to; often with insincere behavior; "She is playing up to the chairman" warm to become excited about; "He warmed to the idea of a trip to Antarctica" mope be apathetic, gloomy, or dazed move around slowly and aimlessly take heart gain courage endear make attractive or lovable; "This behavior endeared her to me" antagonize provoke the hostility of; "Don't antagonize your boss" act in opposition to turn off cause to feel intense dislike or distaste make a turn; "turn off at the parking area" shout down silence or overwhelm by shouting despond lose confidence or hope; become dejected; "The supporters of the Presidential candidate desponded when they learned the early results of the election" elate fill with high spirits; fill with optimism; "Music can uplift your spirits" exhilarate fill with sublime emotion; "The children were thrilled at the prospect of going to the movies"; "He was inebriated by his phenomenal success" gladden become glad or happy make glad or happy sadden make unhappy; "The news of her death saddened me" come to feel sad overjoy cause to feel extremely joyful or happy; "the economic growth overjoyed the German industry" exult feel extreme happiness or elation rejoice feel happiness or joy weigh down be oppressive or disheartening to abreact discharge bad feelings or tension through verbalization please give pleasure to or be pleasing to; "These colors please the senses"; "a pleasing sensation" give satisfaction; "The waiters around her aim to please" be the will of or have the will (to); "he could do many things if he pleased" used in polite request; "please pay attention" titillate excite pleasurably or erotically; "A titillating story appeared in the usually conservative magazine" satisfy make happy or satisfied meet the requirements or expectations of dissatisfy fail to satisfy discontent make dissatisfied displease give displeasure to enchant hold spellbound disenchant free from enchantment discourage deprive of courage or hope; take away hope from; cause to feel discouraged dishearten take away the enthusiasm of throw cold water on be discouraging or negative about pother make upset or troubled feast one's eyes look at with great enjoyment; "She feasted her eyes on the Tuscan landscape" exacerbate exasperate or irritate fascinate to render motionless, as with a fixed stare or by arousing terror or awe; "The snake charmer fascinates the cobra" feel for share the suffering of commiserate to feel or express sympathy or compassion condole express one's sympathetic grief, on the occasion of someone's death; "You must condole the widow" care a hang show no concern or interest; always used in the negative; "I don't give a hoot"; "She doesn't give a damn about her job" estrange arouse hostility or indifference in where there had formerly been love, affection, or friendliness; "She alienated her friends when she became fanatically religious" remove from customary environment or associations; "years of boarding school estranged the child from her home" alienate make withdrawn or isolated or emotionally dissociated; "the boring work alienated his employees" drift apart lose personal contact over time; "The two women, who had been roommates in college, drifted apart after they got married" begrudge wish ill or allow unwillingly feel like have an inclination for something or some activity; "I feel like staying in bed all day"; "I feel like a cold beer now" prefer like better; value more highly; "Some people prefer camping to staying in hotels"; "We prefer sleeping outside" promote over another; "he favors his second daughter" give preference to one creditor over another covet wish, long, or crave for (something, especially the property of another person); "She covets her sister's house" drool over envy without restraint admire feel admiration for look at with admiration look down on regard with contempt; "the new neighbor looks down on us because our house is very modest" lust after have a strong sexual desire for; "he is lusting after his secretary" hanker desire strongly or persistently take pride feel proud of; "She took great pride in her sons" fall apart lose one's emotional or mental composure; "She fell apart when her only child died" fly high be elated; "He was flying high during the summer months" bring down cause to be enthusiastic; "Her playing brought down the house" disgruntle put into a bad mood or into bad humour; "The employees were disgruntled by their bad working conditions" spook frighten or scare, and often provoke into a violent action; "The noise spooked the horse" obsess be preoccupied with something; "She is obsessing over her weight" drop back take position in the rear, as in a military formation or in the line of scrimmage in football; "The defender dropped back behind his teammate" hit the dirt fall or drop suddenly, usually to evade some danger; "The soldiers hit the dirt when they heard gunfire" whish move with a whishing sound; "The car whished past her" make a sibilant sound stand still remain in place; hold still; remain fixed or immobile; "Traffic stood still when the funeral procession passed by" grind to a halt be unable to move further; "The car bogged down in the sand" gravitate move due to the pull of gravitation; "The stars gravitate towards each other" be attracted to; "Boys gravitate towards girls at that age" move toward; "The conversation gravitated towards politics" swap move (a piece of a program) into memory, in computer science betake oneself displace oneself; go from one location to another pass over fly over; "The plane passed over Damascus" red-eye travel on an overnight flight; "The candidate red-eyed from California to the East Coast the night before the election to give a last stump speech" wend direct one's course or way; "wend your way through the crowds" sheer cause to sheer; "She sheered her car around the obstacle" directly; "he fell sheer into the water" straight up or down without a break pull over steer a vehicle to the side of the road; "The car pulled over when the ambulance approached at high speed" astrogate navigate in space guide in interplanetary travel get around move around; move from place to place; "How does she get around without a car?" junketeer go on a pleasure trip travel to go to certain places as for sightseeing; "Did you ever visit Paris?" sightsee visit famous or interesting sights revisit visit again; "We revisited Rome after 25 years" frequent be a regular or frequent visitor to a certain place; "She haunts the ballet" frequently encountered; "a frequent (or common) error is using the transitive verb `lay' for the intransitive `lie'" coming at short intervals or habitually; "a frequent guest"; "frequent complaints" globe-trot travel all over the world for pleasure and sightseeing take the road give theatrical performances while traveling from town to town sledge ride in or travel with a sledge; "the antarctic expedition sledged along the coastline"; "The children sledged all day by the lake" transport in a sleigh stay in place be stationary move over move in order to make room for someone for something; "The park gave way to a supermarket"; "`Move over,' he told the crowd" shove off leave; informal or rude; "shove off!"; "The children shoved along"; "Blow now!"; "let's blow this place" drive up approach while driving; "The truck entered the driveway and drove up towards the house" re-enter enter again; "You cannot re-enter the country with this visa" transit cause or enable to pass through; "The canal will transit hundreds of ships every day" revolve (the telescope of a surveying transit) about its horizontal transverse axis in order to reverse its direction pass across (a sign or house of the zodiac) or pass across (the disk of a celestial body or the meridian of a place); "The comet will transit on September 11" make a passage or journey from one place to another; "The tourists moved through the town and bought up all the souvenirs"; "Some travelers pass through the desert" move in move into a new house or office occupy a place; "The crowds are moving in" move out move out of one's old house or office clear out move out and leave nothing behind migrate move from one country or region to another and settle there; "Many Germans migrated to South America in the mid-19th century"; "This tribe transmigrated many times over the centuries" move periodically or seasonally; "birds migrate in the Winter"; "The workers migrate to where the crops need harvesting" kick-start start (a motorcycle) by means of a kick starter hot-wire start (a car engine) without a key by bypassing the ignition interlock; "The woman who lost the car keys had to hot-wire her van" restart start an engine again, for example halt cause to stop; "Halt the engines"; "Arrest the progress"; "halt the presses" bring up cause to come to a sudden stop; "The noise brought her up in shock" promote from a lower position or rank; "This player was brought up to the major league" cut to move to another scene when filming; "The camera cut to the sky" flag down signal to stop; "Let's flag down a cab--it's starting to rain"; "The policeman flagged down our car" pull up short stop abruptly; "The police car pulled up short and then turned around fast" turn on a dime have a small turning radius; "My little subcompact car turns on a dime!" draw up come to a halt after driving somewhere; "The Rolls pulled up on pour front lawn"; "The chauffeur hauled up in front of us" cause (a vehicle) to stop; "He pulled up the car in front of the hotel" straighten oneself; "He drew himself up when he talked to his superior" form or arrange in order or formation, as of a body of soldiers get off the ground get started or set in motion, used figuratively; "the project took a long time to get off the ground" dabble bob forward and under so as to feed off the bottom of a body of water; "dabbling ducks" dip a foot or hand briefly into a liquid work with in an amateurish manner; "She dabbles in astronomy"; "He plays around with investments but he never makes any money" play in or as if in water, as of small children bob around move up and down with no specific path; "the cork bobbed around in the pool" tramp down walk on and flatten; "tramp down the grass"; "trample the flowers" roll over make a rolling motion or turn; "The dog rolled over" re-invest (a previous investment) into a similar fund or security; "She rolled over her IRA" negociate to repay a loan at a later date for an additional fee; "roll over a loan" writhe to move in a twisting or contorted motion, (especially when struggling); "The prisoner writhed in discomfort"; "The child tried to wriggle free from his aunt's embrace" sidle move sideways move unobtrusively or furtively; "The young man began to sidle near the pretty girl sitting on the log" pronk jump straight up; "kangaroos pronk" side-slip slide sideways through the air in a downward direction in an airplane along an inclined lateral axis wamble move unsteadily or with a weaving or rolling motion push out push to thrust outward push aside push out of the way muscle into force one's way; "He muscled into the union" push up push upward boost up push upward; "She pushed up her children when the policeman came by" shoulder in push one's way in with one's shoulders waft be driven or carried along, as by the air; "Sounds wafted into the room" blow gently; "A breeze wafted through the door" refloat set afloat again; "refloat a grounded boat" travel purposefully travel volitionally and in a certain direction with a certain goal reciprocate alternate the direction of motion of; "the engine reciprocates the propeller" act, feel, or give mutually or in return; "We always invite the neighbors and they never reciprocate!" nutate rock, sway, or nod; usually involuntarily move back and forth move in one direction and then into the opposite direction oscillate move or swing from side to side regularly; "the needle on the meter was oscillating" librate vibrate before coming to a total rest; "the children's swing librated" swing around turn abruptly and face the other way, either physically or metaphorically; "He turned around to face his opponent"; "My conscience told me to turn around before I made a mistake" pulsate expand and contract rhythmically; beat rhythmically; "The baby's heart was pulsating again after the surgeon massaged it" move with or as if with a regular alternating motion; "the city pulsated with music and excitement" palpitate beat rapidly; "His heart palpitated" cause to throb or beat rapidly; "Her violent feelings palpitated the young woman's heart" beat out beat out a rhythm teeter move unsteadily, with a rocking motion maunder wander aimlessly gallivant wander aimlessly in search of pleasure beat down dislodge from a position; "She beat the dealer down to a much better price" shine hard; "The sun beat down on the hikers" persuade the seller to accept a lower price; "She beat the merchant down $100" frolic play boisterously; "The children frolicked in the garden"; "the gamboling lambs in the meadows"; "The toddlers romped in the playroom" careen move sideways or in an unsteady way; "The ship careened out of control" scend rise or heave upward under the influence of a natural force such as a wave; "the boats surged" formicate crawl about like ants slither to pass or move unobtrusively or smoothly; "They slid through the wicket in the big gate" shudder tremble convulsively, as from fear or excitement sparge agitate by introducing air or compressed gas; "sparge the water" succuss shake; especially (a patient to detect fluids or air in the body) vibrate shake, quiver, or throb; move back and forth rapidly, usually in an uncontrolled manner brachiate swing from one hold to the next; "the monkeys brachiate" having arms or armlike appendages having widely spreading paired branches; "maples are brachiate" judder shake or vibrate rapidly and intensively; "The old engine was juddering" capsize overturn accidentally; "Don't rock the boat or it will capsize!" tapdance dance and make rhythmic clicking sounds by means of metal plates nailed to the sole of the dance shoes; "Glover tapdances better than anybody" foxtrot dance the foxtrot contradance perform a contradance break dance do a break dance; "Kids were break-dancing at the street corner" rhumba dance the rhumba slam dance dance the slam dance jiggle move to and fro; "Don't jiggle your finger while the nurse is putting on the bandage!" folk dance perform a folk-dance lollop walk clumsily and with a bounce falter move hesitatingly, as if about to give way be unsure or weak; "Their enthusiasm is faltering" scurry to move about or proceed hurriedly; "so terrified by the extraordinary ebbing of the sea that they scurried to higher ground" swim move as if gliding through water; "this snake swims through the soil where it lives" travel through water; "We had to swim for 20 minutes to reach the shore"; "a big fish was swimming in the tank" be covered with or submerged in a liquid; "the meat was swimming in a fatty gravy" be dizzy or giddy; "my brain is swimming after the bottle of champagne" spacewalk move in space outside a space craft turn away move so as not face somebody or something caracole make a half turn on a horse, in dressage boggle startle with amazement or fear hesitate when confronted with a problem, or when in doubt or fear traipse walk or tramp about perambulate walk with no particular goal; "we were walking around in the garden"; "after breakfast, she walked about in the park" make an official inspection on foot of (the bounds of a property); "Selectmen are required by law to perambulate the bounds every five years" circumambulate walk around something circumnavigate travel around, either by plane or ship; "We compassed the earth" ambulate walk about; not be bedridden or incapable of walking infiltrate pass through an enemy line; in a military conflict pass into or through by filtering or permeating; "the substance infiltrated the material" cause (a liquid) to enter by penetrating the interstices enter a group or organization in order to spy on the members; "The student organization was infiltrated by a traitor" decussate cross or intersect so as to form a cross; "this nerve decussates the other"; "the fibers decussate" crossed or intersected in the form of an X uncross change from a crossed to an uncrossed position; "She uncrossed her legs" jaywalk cross the road at a red light slice into move through a body or an object with a slicing motion; "His hand sliced through the air" wade walk (through relatively shallow water); "Can we wade across the river to the other side?"; "Wade the pond" tittup to walk with a lofty proud gait, often in an attempt to impress others; "He struts around like a rooster in a hen house" sleepwalk walk in one's sleep slink walk stealthily; "I saw a cougar slinking toward its prey" limp walk impeded by some physical limitation or injury; "The old woman hobbles down to the store every day" proceed slowly or with difficulty; "the boat limped into the harbor" lacking or having lost rigidity; "limp lettuce"; "he felt his body go limp" stroll walk leisurely and with no apparent aim skulk move stealthily; "The lonely man skulks down the main street all day" toddle walk unsteadily; "small children toddle" totter move without being stable, as if threatening to fall; "The drunk man tottered over to our table" file in enter by marching in a file pop in enter briefly; "He popped in for two minutes" file out march out, in a file slog walk heavily and firmly, as when weary, or through mud; "Mules plodded in a circle around a grindstone" hop on get up on the back of; "mount a horse" hop out get out of quickly; "The officer hopped out when he spotted an illegally parked car" run bases run around the bases, in baseball outrun run faster than; "in this race, I managed to outran everybody else" bear down on sail towards another vessel, of a ship sprint run very fast, usually for a short distance lope run easily clump walk clumsily automobile travel in an automobile steer direct the course; determine the direction of travelling direct (oneself) somewhere; "Steer clear of him" navigate direct carefully and safely; "He navigated his way to the altar" act as the navigator in a car, plane, or vessel and plan, direct, plot the path and position of the conveyance; "Is anyone volunteering to navigate during the trip?"; "Who was navigating the ship during the accident?" conn conduct or direct the steering of a ship or plane angle-park park at an angle parallel-park park directly behind another vehicle double-park park a vehicle alongside another motorbike ride a motorcycle wedel ski, alternating directions hot-dog perform intricate maneuvers while skiing schuss ski downhill fly on continue flying fly blind fly an airplane solely by relying on instruments fly contact fly a plane by using visible landmarks or points of reference test fly test a plane sailplane fly a plane without an engine hydroplane glide on the water in a hydroplane hover hang in the air; fly or be suspended above move to and fro; "The shy student lingered in the corner" be undecided about something; waver between conflicting positions or courses of action; "He oscillates between accepting the new position and retirement" go up be erected, built, or constructed; "New buildings are going up everywhere" levitate be suspended in the air, as if in defiance of gravity; "The guru claimed that he could levitate" cause to rise in the air and float, as if in defiance of gravity; "The magician levitated the woman" tram travel by tram wear ship turn away from the wind; "The sailors decided it was time to wear ship" jibe shift from one side of the ship to the other; "The sail jibbed wildly" body-surf ride the crest of a wave without a surfboard windsurf ride standing on a surfboard with an attached sail, on water; "You cannot windsurf when the air is completely still" taxi travel slowly; "The plane taxied down the runway" ride in a taxicab wheelbarrow transport in a wheelbarrow railroad transport by railroad supply with railroad lines; "railroad the West" air-ship transport (cargo) by air divert send on a course or in a direction different from the planned or intended one withdraw (money) and move into a different location, often secretly and with dishonest intentions route divert in a specified direction; "divert the low voltage to the engine cylinders" send via a specific route send documents or materials to appropriate destinations recommit send back to a committee; "The bill was recommitted three times in the House" commit again; "It was recommitted into her custody" commit once again, as of a crime redirect channel into a new direction; "redirect your attention to the danger from the fundamentalists" desexualize direct one's libidinous urges into another direction bundle off send off unceremoniously hedgehop fly very close to the ground hang glide fly by means of a hang glider hitchhike travel by getting free rides from motorists ride herd driving animals such as horses and cattle while riding along with them; "Joe was riding herd during the day" outride ride better, faster, or further than; "The champion bicyclist outrode all his competitors" unhorse alight from (a horse) ride horseback ride on horseback prance ride a horse such that it springs and bounds forward cause (a horse) to bound spring forward spring forward on the hind legs; "The young horse was prancing in the meadow" single-foot go at a rack; "the horses single-footed" skin-dive swim underwater with no breathing apparatus other than a snorkel belly-flop dive so that one hits the water with one's belly power-dive make a power dive; "The airplane power-dived" galumph move around heavily and clumsily; "the giant tortoises galumphed around in their pen" saltate leap or skip, often in dancing; "These fish swim with a saltating motion" move by saltation; "The sand grains are saltated by the wind" leap out jump out from a hiding place and surprise (someone); "The attackers leapt out from the bushes" be highly noticeable crash-dive descend steeply and rapidly sky dive jump from an airplane and perform various maneuvers before opening one's parachute ascend travel up; "We ascended the mountain"; "go up a ladder"; "The mountaineers slowly ascended the steep slope" move to a better position in life or to a better job; "She ascended from a life of poverty to one of great renown" slope upwards; "The path ascended to the top of the hill" go along towards (a river's) source; "The boat ascended the Delaware" appear to be moving upward, as by means of tendrils; "the vine climbed up the side of the house" become king or queen; "She ascended to the throne after the King's death" go back in order of genealogical succession; "Inheritance may not ascend linearly" descend move downward and lower, but not necessarily all the way; "The temperature is going down"; "The barometer is falling"; "The curtain fell on the diva"; "Her hand went up and then fell again" keel over turn over and fall; "the man had a heart attack and keeled over" plonk down drop heavily plummet drop sharply; "The stock market plummeted" flump fall heavily alight come down; "the birds alighted" to come to rest, settle; "Misfortune lighted upon him" force-land make a forced landing disembark go ashore; "The passengers disembarked at Southampton" entrain board a train touch down come or bring (a plane) to a landing; "the plane touched down at noon" belly-land land on the underside without the landing gear crash land make an emergency landing rear back rear backwards on its hind legs; "the frightened horse reared back" start with anger or resentment or in protest drop open open involuntarily; "His mouth dropped open"; "Her jaw dropped" prick up raise; "The dog pricked up his ears" change posture undergo a change in bodily posture sit down take a seat lie down assume a reclining position; "lie down on the bed until you feel better" square up even up the edges of a stack of paper, in printing glycerolize place in glycerol deglycerolize remove from glycerol uprise ascend as a sound; "The choirs singing uprose and filled the church" bubble up move upwards in bubbles, as from the effect of heating; also used metaphorically; "Gases bubbled up from the earth"; "Marx's ideas have bubbled up in many places in Latin America" teeter-totter ride on a plank creep up advance stealthily or unnoticed; "Age creeps up on you" encroach advance beyond the usual limit press on continue moving forward withdraw pull back or move away or backward; "The enemy withdrew"; "The limo pulled away from the curb" remove (a commodity) from (a supply source); "She drew $2,000 from the account"; "The doctors drew medical supplies from the hospital's emergency bank" back out move out of a space backwards; "He backed out of the driveway" draw away move ahead of (one's competitors) in a race mislead lead someone in the wrong direction or give someone wrong directions; "The pedestrian misdirected the out-of-town driver" pursue follow in or as if in pursuit; "The police car pursued the suspected attacker"; "Her bad deed followed her and haunted her dreams all her life" carry further or advance; "Can you act on this matter soon?" chase away force to go away; used both with concrete and metaphoric meanings; "Drive away potential burglars"; "drive away bad thoughts"; "dispel doubts"; "The supermarket had to turn back many disappointed customers" clear the air dispel differences or negative emotions; "The group called a meeting to finally clear the air" banish drive away; "banish bad thoughts"; "banish gloom" expel, as if by official decree; "he was banished from his own country" expel from a community or group ban from a place of residence, as for punishment shoo off drive away by crying `shoo!' backtrack retrace one's course; "The hikers got into a storm and had to turn back" cut back return in time; "the film cut back to an earlier event in the story" go home return home; "After the movie, we went home" arrive reach a destination; arrive by movement or progress; "She arrived home at 7 o'clock"; "She didn't get to Chicago until after midnight" succeed in a big way; get to the top; "After he published his book, he had arrived"; "I don't know whether I can make it in science!"; "You will go far, my boy!" max out reach a maximum; "I maxed out on all my credit cards" break even attain a level at which there is neither gain nor loss, as in business, gambling, or a competitive sport make neither profit nor loss flood in arrive in great numbers top out to reach the highest point; attain maximum intensity, activity; "That wild, speculative spirit peaked in 1929"; "Bids for the painting topped out at $50 million" give up one's career just as one becomes very successful; "The financial consultant topped out at age 40 because he was burned out" depart go away or leave leave; "The family took off for Florida" walk out of leave, usually as an expression of disapproval pop off leave quickly beat a retreat depart hastily walk off go away from; "The actor walked off before he got his cue"; "I got annoyed and just walked off" take without permission; "he walked off with my wife!"; "The thief walked off with my gold watch" come away leave in a certain condition; "She came away angry" decamp leave suddenly; "She persuaded him to decamp"; "skip town" leave a camp; "The hikers decamped before dawn" scram leave immediately; used usually in the imperative form; "Scram!" ride off ride away on a horse, for example tarry leave slowly and hesitantly derail run off or leave the rails; "the train derailed because a cow was standing on the tracks" cause to run off the tracks; "they had planned to derail the trains that carried atomic waste" transship transfer for further transportation from one ship or conveyance to another displace cause to move, usually with force or pressure; "the refugees were displaced by the war" terminate the employment of; discharge from an office or position; "The boss fired his secretary today"; "The company terminated 25% of its workers" roar off leave; "The car roared off into the fog" sally forth set out in a sudden, energetic or violent manner pull out move out or away; "The troops pulled out after the cease-fire" pull in of trains; move into (a station); "The bullet train drew into Tokyo Station" detrain leave a train deplane get off an airplane step out go outside a room or building for a short period of time walk in enter by walking; "She walks in at all hours, as if she lived here" call at enter a harbor; "the ship called in Athens" plump in arrive suddenly and unannounced; "He plumped in on a Sunday morning" plump out depart suddenly; "He plumped out of the house" take water enter the water; "the wild ducks took water" turn in make an entrance by turning from a road; "Turn in after you see the gate" edge in push one's way into (a space) emplane board a plane barge in enter uninvited; informal; "let's crash the party!" move in on make intrusive advances towards seize control of transgress pass beyond (limits or boundaries) act in disregard of laws, rules, contracts, or promises; "offend all laws of humanity"; "violate the basic laws or human civilization"; "break a law"; "break a promise" spread over land, especially along a subsiding shoreline; "The sea transgresses along the West coast of the island" intrude on to intrude upon, infringe, encroach on, violate; "This new colleague invades my territory"; "The neighbors intrude on your privacy" foray into enter someone else's territory and take spoils; "The pirates raided the coastal villages regularly" maraud raid and rove in search of booty; "marauding rebels overran the countryside" infest invade in great numbers; "the roaches infested our kitchen" live on or in a host, as of parasites meet up with meet with by appointment; "She met up with her former lover" intersect meet at a point congregate come together, usually for a purpose; "The crowds congregated in front of the Vatican on Christmas Eve" convene meet formally; "The council convened last week" reconvene meet again; "The bill will be considered when the Legislature reconvenes next Fall" cluster come together as in a cluster or flock; "The poets constellate in this town every summer" accompany go or travel along with; "The nurse accompanied the old lady everywhere" chaperone accompany as a chaperone body guard accompany and protect from physical harm tag along go along with, often uninvited; "my younger brother often tagged along when I went out with my friends" bunch together form into a bunch; "The frightened children bunched together in the corner of the classroom" overcrowd crowd together too much cause to crowd together too much; "The students overcrowded the cafeteria" pour move in large numbers; "people were pouring out of the theater"; "beggars pullulated in the plaza" flow in a spurt; "Water poured all over the floor" cause to run; "pour water over the floor" supply in large amounts or quantities; "We poured money into the education of our children" rain heavily; "Put on your rain coat-- it's pouring outside!" diffract undergo diffraction; "laser light diffracts electrons" disband stop functioning or cohering as a unit; "The political wing of the party dissolved after much internal fighting" cause to break up or cease to function; "the principal disbanded the political student organization" curtain off separate by means of a curtain avulse separate by avulsion diverge move or draw apart; "The two paths diverge here" extend in a different direction; "The lines start to diverge here"; "Their interests diverged" have no limits as a mathematical series deflect turn aside and away from an initial or intended course turn from a straight course, fixed direction, or line of interest avert turn away or aside; "They averted their eyes when the King entered" recurve curve or bend (something) back or down overarch form an arch over; "Big rocks overarch the stream" be central or dominant; "This scene overarches the entire first act" lean back move the upper body backwards and down genuflect bend the knees and bow in church or before a religious superior or image convect circulate hot air by convection send around forward to others; "he is sending around an appeal for funds" orb move in an orbit; "The moon orbits around the Earth"; "The planets are orbiting the sun"; "electrons orbit the nucleus" revolve turn on or around an axis or a center; "The Earth revolves around the Sun"; "The lamb roast rotates on a spit over the fire" whirligig whirl or spin like a whirligig birl cause a floating log to rotate by treading twirl turn in a twisting or spinning motion; "The leaves swirled in the autumn wind" gyrate to wind or move in a spiral course; "the muscles and nerves of his fine drawn body were coiling for action"; "black smoke coiling up into the sky"; "the young people gyrated on the dance floor" get by pass or move in front of; "Bride's Biscuit got by the other dogs to win the race" negotiate succeed in passing through, around, or over; "The hiker negociated the high mountain pass" cycle on come to the starting point of a cycle travel by move past; "A black limousine passed by when she looked out the window"; "He passed his professor in the hall"; "One line of soldiers surpassed the other" run by pass by while running; "We watched children were running by" fly by pass by while flying; "An enemy plane flew by" pass through cause to move through; "Pass a chemical through a solution" bushwhack cut one's way through the woods or bush live in the bush as a fugitive or as a guerilla zip by move by very quickly close in advance or converge on; "The police were closing in on him" zoom move along very quickly move with a low humming noise travel rapidly move very fast; "The runner zipped past us at breakneck speed" rout out force or drive out; "The police routed them out of bed at 2 A.M." smoke out drive out with smoke; "smoke out the bees" drive around drive someone in a vehicle drive without any particular aim; "we were driving around in the countryside on a fine Sunday morning" linger take one's time; proceed slowly remain present although waning or gradually dying; "Her perfume lingered on" rush off depart in a hurry diffuse move outward; "The soldiers fanned out" spread out; not concentrated in one place; "a large diffuse organization" lacking conciseness; "a diffuse historical novel" flinch draw back, as with fear or pain; "she flinched when they showed the slaughtering of the calf" shrink back pull away from a source of disgust or fear double over bend over or curl up, usually with laughter or pain; "He doubled and vomited violently" uncurl move out of a curled position; "He uncurled himself" throng press tightly together or cram; "The crowd packed the auditorium" deviate turn aside; turn away from cause to turn away from a previous or expected course; "The river was deviated to prevent flooding" be at variance with; be out of line with sidetrack wander from a direct or straight course spurt gush forth in a sudden stream or jet; "water gushed forth" whoosh gush or squirt out; "Oil whooshed up when the drill hit the well" woosh move with a sibilant sound; "He whooshed the doors open" spill over be disgorged; "The crowds spilled out into the streets" decant pour out; "the sommelier decanted the wines" trickle run or flow slowly, as in drops or in an unsteady stream; "water trickled onto the lawn from the broken hose"; "reports began to dribble in" seep pass gradually or leak through or as if through small openings elapse pass by; "three years elapsed" abscond run away; usually includes taking something or somebody along; "The thief made off with our silver"; "the accountant absconded with the cash from the safe" levant run off without paying a debt elope run away secretly with one's beloved; "The young couple eloped and got married in Las Vegas" elude escape, either physically or mentally; "The thief eluded the police"; "This difficult idea seems to evade her"; "The event evades explanation" be incomprehensible to; escape understanding by; "What you are seeing in him eludes me" exfiltrate escape furtively, as from an area under enemy control transfer secretly out of an area under enemy control; "the military commander was exfiltrated on a French plane" flee run away quickly; "He threw down his gun and fled" slip away leave furtively and stealthily; "The lecture was boring and many students slipped out when the instructor turned towards the blackboard" vacate leave behind empty; move out of; "You must vacate your office by tonight" leave (a job, post, or position) voluntarily; "She vacated the position when she got pregnant"; "The chairman resigned when he was found to have misappropriated funds" dispread spread abroad or out; "The sun dispread its beams" bush out grow outward; "the plant quickly bushed out" bring in bring in a new person or object into a familiar environment; "He brought in a new judge"; "The new secretary introduced a nasty rumor" transmit; "The microphone brought in the sounds from the room next to mine" submit (a verdict) to a court insinuate introduce or insert (oneself) in a subtle manner; "He insinuated himself into the conversation of the people at the nearby table" interpose introduce; "God interposed death" be or come between; "An interposing thicket blocked their way" impart transmit or serve as the medium for transmission; "Sound carries well over water"; "The airwaves carry the sound"; "Many metals conduct heat" transmit (knowledge or skills); "give a secret to the Russians"; "leave your name and address here"; "impart a new skill to the students" retransmit transmit again peregrinate travel around, through, or over, especially on foot; "peregrinate the bridge" pronate turn the forearm or the hand so that the palm is directed downwards leave behind depart and not take along; "He left behind all his possessions when he moved to Europe" outdistance go far ahead of; "He outdistanced the other runners" revolve around move around in a circular motion; "The Earth revolves around the Sun" circumfuse spread something around something bestir become active; "He finally bestirred himself" outflank go around the flank of (an opposing army) wind up give a preliminary swing to the arm pitching come to the fore make oneself visible; take action; "Young people should step to the fore and help their peers" evert turn inside out; turn the inner surface of outward; "evert the eyelid" supinate turn (the hand or forearm) so that the back is downward or backward, or turn out (the leg) bring about cause to move into the opposite direction; "they brought about the boat when they saw a storm approaching" step on place or press the foot on; "He stepped on the hem of her long gown" hurtle move with or as if with a rushing sound; "The cars hurtled by" high-tail retreat at full speed; "The actress high-tailed to her villa when reporters began to follow her to the restaurant" bed-hop be sexually active with more than one partner; "His wife bed hops" island hop travel from one island to the next; "on the cruise, we did some island-hopping" topple cause to topple or tumble by pushing come out come off; "His hair and teeth fell out" make way get out of the way; "make way for the President's motorcade" curl up shape one's body into a curl; "She curled farther down under the covers"; "She fell and drew in" sit up change to an upright sitting position; "He sat up in bed" run away escape from the control of; "Industry is running away with us all" precess move in a gyrating fashion; "the poles of the Earth precess at a right angle to the force that is applied" itinerate travel from place to place, as for work; "an itinerating merchant" advect convey by horizontal mass movement of a fluid; "energy advected from the environment" wander go via an indirect route or at no set pace; "After dinner, we wandered into town" lateralize move or displace to one side so as to make lateral teleport transport by dematerializing at one point and assembling at another apperceive perceive in terms of a past experience hear receive a communication from someone; "We heard nothing from our son for five years" perceive (sound) via the auditory sense examine or hear (evidence or a case) by judicial process; "The jury had heard all the evidence"; "The case will be tried in California" chiromance divine by reading someone's palms; "The Gypsies chiromanced"; "She refused to chiromance my fate" undergo pass through; "The chemical undergoes a sudden change"; "The fluid undergoes shear"; "undergo a strange sensation" tolerate have a tolerance for a poison or strong drug or pathogen or environmental condition; "The patient does not tolerate the anti-inflammatory drugs we gave him" recognize and respect (rights and beliefs of others); "We must tolerate the religions of others" air out expose to fresh air; "aerate your old sneakers" overexpose expose excessively; "As a child, I was overexposed to French movies" expose to too much light; "the photographic film was overexposed and there is no image" underexpose expose insufficiently; "The child was underexposed to language" expose to too little light; "The film is underexposed, so the image is very dark" solarize overexpose to sunlight; "be careful not to solarize the photographic film" become overexposed; "The film solarized" reverse some of the tones of (a negative or print) and introduce pronounced outlines of highlights, by exposing it briefly to light, then washing and redeveloping it photosensitize make (an organism or substance) sensitive to the influence of radiant energy and especially light numb make numb or insensitive; "The shock numbed her senses" so frightened as to be unable to move; stunned or paralyzed with terror; petrified; "too numb with fear to move" besot make dull or stupid or muddle with drunkenness or infatuation horripilate cause (someone's) hair to stand on end and to have goosebumps; "Hitchcock movies horripilate me" have one's hair stand on end and get goosebumps; "I horripilate when I see violence on television" fellate provide sexual gratification through oral stimulation hallucinate perceive what is not there; have illusions misperceive perceive incorrectly take notice observe with special attention; "Take notice of the great architecture" pass up fail to acknowledge; "he passed me up in the street" urticate whip with or as with nettles act up make itself felt as a recurring pain; "My arthritis is acting up again" misbehave badly; act in a silly or improper way; "The children acted up when they were not bored" tingle cause a stinging or tingling sensation cause to be perceived have perceptible qualities reach one's nostrils be smelled; have a strong odor sniff out recognize or detect by or as if by smelling; "He can smell out trouble" odorize cause to smell or be smelly stink up cause to smell bad; fill with a bad smell get a noseful smell strongly and intensely cense perfume especially with a censer deodorize eliminate the odor from; "This stick will deodorize your armpits" fumigate treat with fumes, expose to fumes, especially with the aim of disinfecting or eradicating pests catch sight see something for a brief time lose sight of be no longer able to see; "We lost sight of the tower as pulled out of the harbor" behold see with attention; "behold Christ!" take a look look at with attention; "Have a look at this!"; "Get a load of this pretty woman!" look back look towards one's back; "don't look back while you walk" look away avert one's gaze; "She looked away when the nurse pricked her arm with the needle" look around look about oneself; "look around to see whether you can find the missing document" see double see things as if they were there twice; "After taking the drug, John saw double" stare down overcome or cause to waver or submit by (or as if by) staring; "He simply stared down his opponent" stargaze observe the stars dissonate be dissonant or harsh; "The violins in this piece dissonated disturbingly" disclose reveal to view as by removing a cover; "The curtain rose to disclose a stunning set" underdevelop process (a film or photographic plate) less than the required time or in an ineffective solution or at an insufficiently high temperature; "These photos are underdeveloped" hold up hold up something as an example; hold up one's achievements for admiration rob at gunpoint or by means of some other threat trot out bring out and show for inspection and admiration; "His novel trots out a rich heiress"; "always able to trot out some new excuse" reveal disclose directly or through prophets; "God rarely reveal his plans for Mankind" stow away hide aboard a ship or a plane to get free transportation; "The illegal immigrants stowed away on board the freighter" conceal hold back; keep from being perceived by others; "She conceals her anger well" dissimulate hide (feelings) from other people attaint condemn by attainder; "the man was attainted" auscultate examine by auscultation spectate be a spectator in a sports event peruse examine or consider with attention and in detail; "Please peruse this report at your leisure" zoom in examine closely; focus one's attention on; "He zoomed in on the book" size up to look at critically or searchingly, or in minute detail; "he scrutinized his likeness in the mirror" descry catch sight of detect discover or determine the existence, presence, or fact of; "She detected high levels of lead in her drinking water"; "We found traces of lead in the paint" instantiate find an instance of (a word or particular usage of a word); "The linguists could not instantiate this sense of the noun that he claimed existed in a certain dialect" represent by an instance; "This word instantiates the usage that the linguists claimed to be typical for a certain dialect" rediscover discover again; "I rediscovered the books that I enjoyed as a child" bob under disappear suddenly, as if under the surface of a body of water crop up appear suddenly or unexpectedly; "The farm popped into view as we turned the corner"; "He suddenly popped up out of nowhere" film over become glassy; lose clear vision; "Her eyes glazed over from lack of sleep" overshadow cast a shadow upon; "The tall tree overshadowed the house" be greater in significance than; "the tragedy overshadowed the couple's happiness" reorientate orient once again, after a disorientation disorient cause to be lost or disoriented fluoresce exhibit or undergo fluorescence scintillate physics: fluoresce momentarily when struck by a charged particle or high-energy photon; "the phosphor fluoresced" give off; "the substance scintillated sparks and flashes" ogle look at with amorous intentions give the glad eye look seductively at someone goggle look with amazement; look stupidly groak look or stare at longingly; "The dog was groaking his master who was eating a sausage" inspect look over carefully; "Please inspect your father's will carefully" keep one's eyes peeled pay attention; be watchful; "Keep your eyes peeled for any policemen" look after keep under careful scrutiny; "Keep an eye on this prisoner!" give the eye look at with a critical eye; "When the movie star entered, all the women gave him the once over" abacinate blind by holding a red-hot metal plate before someone's eyes; "The prisoners were abacinated by their captors" seel sew up the eyelids of hawks and falcons snow-blind affect with snow blindness; "the glare of the sun snow-blinded her" temporarily blinded by exposure to light reflected from snow or ice listen hear with intention; "Listen to the sound of this cello" listen and pay attention; "Listen to your father"; "We must hear the expert before we make a decision" hear out listen to every detail and give a full hearing to listen in listen quietly, without contributing to the conversation listen without the speaker's knowledge; "the jealous man was eavesdropping on his wife's conversations" attend give heed (to); "The children in the audience attended the recital quietly"; "She hung on his every word"; "They attended to everything he said" take charge of or deal with; "Could you see about lunch?"; "I must attend to this matter"; "She took care of this business" be present at (meetings, church services, university), etc.; "She attends class regularly"; "I rarely attend services at my church"; "did you go to the meeting?" to accompany as a circumstance or follow as a result; "Menuhin's playing was attended by a 15-minute standing ovation" tune in regulate (a radio or television set) in order to receive a certain station or program stridulate make a shrill creaking noise by rubbing together special bodily structures; "male insects such as crickets or grasshoppers stridulate" drown out make imperceptible; "The noise from the ice machine drowned out the music" make noise emit a noise clank make a clank; "the train clanked through the village" clangor make a loud resonant noise; "the alarm clangored throughout the building" ruckle make a hoarse, rattling sound crepitate make a crackling sound; "My Rice Krispies crackled in the bowl" ring out sound loudly; "a shot rang out" glug make a gurgling sound as of liquid issuing from a bottle; "the wine bottles glugged" tintinnabulate ring or sound like a small bell resound ring or echo with sound; "the hall resounded with laughter" consonate sound in sympathy clop make or move along with a sound as of a horse's hooves striking the ground tinkle make or emit a high sound; "tinkling bells" clink make a high sound typical of glass; "champagne glasses clinked to make a toast" bleep emit a single short high-pitched signal; "The computer bleeped away" whizz make a soft swishing sound; "the motor whirred"; "the car engine purred" hark listen; used mostly in the imperative quieten become quiet or quieter; "The audience fell silent when the speaker entered" change intensity increase or decrease in intensity resinate impregnate with resin to give a special flavor to; "Greek wines are often resinated" zest add herbs or spices to savor taste appreciatively; "savor the soup" give taste to change taste alter the flavor of seem appear to one's own mind or opinion; "I seem to be misunderstood by everyone"; "I can't seem to learn these Chinese characters" appear to exist; "There seems no reason to go ahead with the project now" surveil keep under surveillance; "The police had been following him for weeks but they could not prove his involvement in the bombing" cough up give reluctantly; "He coughed up some money for his children's tuition" regift give a present that one has received to someone else; "she regifted that ugly scarf she received from her aunt"; "when I regift I hope the person likes the gift better than I do" endow furnish with an endowment; "When she got married, she got dowered" give qualities or abilities to distribute give to several people; "The teacher handed out the exams" administer or bestow, as in small portions; "administer critical remarks to everyone present"; "dole out some money"; "shell out pocket money for the children"; "deal a blow to someone"; "the machine dispenses soft drinks" make available; "The publisher wants to distribute the book in Asia" be mathematically distributive be distributed or spread, as in statistical analyses; "Values distribute" spread throughout a given area; "the function distributes the values evenly" give away make a gift of; "She gave away her antique furniture" formally hand over to the bridegroom in marriage; of a bride by her father monopolize have or exploit a monopoly of; "OPEC wants to monopolize oil" have and control fully and exclusively; "He monopolizes the laser printer" own have ownership or possession of; "He owns three houses in Florida"; "How many cars does she have?" come by obtain, especially accidentally buy back buy what had previously been sold, lost, or given away; "He bought back the house that his father sold years ago" sublet lease or rent all or part of (a leased or rented property) to another person; "We sublet our apartment over the summer" hire out grant the services of or the temporary use of, for a fee; "We rent out our apartment to tourists every year"; "He hired himself out as a cook" glom seize upon or latch onto something; "The Republicans glommed onto Whitewater" enter upon take possession of; "She entered upon the estate of her rich relatives" withhold hold back; refuse to hand over or share; "The father is withholding the allowance until the son cleans his room" retain and refrain from disbursing; of payments; "My employer is withholding taxes" keep to oneself withhold information; "I kept your little secret to myself all these years" shun the company of others; "The new student keeps to herself" devote set aside or apart for a specific purpose or use; "this land was devoted to mining" subsidize support through subsidies; "The arts in Europe are heavily subsidized" secure the assistance of by granting a subsidy, as of nations or military forces fund-raise raise money for a cause or project; "We are fundraising for AIDS research" refinance renew the financing of computerize store in a computer; "computerized dictionary" provide with computers; "Our office is fully computerized now" sponsor assume sponsorship of assume responsibility for or leadership of; "The senator announced that he would sponsor the health care plan" cosponsor sponsor together with another sponsor demise transfer by a lease or by a will alien transfer property or ownership; "The will aliened the property to the heirs" being or from or characteristic of another place or part of the world; "alien customs"; "exotic plants in a greenhouse"; "exotic cuisine" not contained in or deriving from the essential nature of something; "an economic theory alien to the spirit of capitalism"; "the mysticism so foreign to the French mind and temper"; "jealousy is foreign to her nature" desacralize transfer from ecclesiastical to civil possession, use, or control change hands be transferred to another owner; "This restaurant changed hands twice last year" weed out remove unwanted elements; "The company weeded out the incompetent people"; "The new law weeds out the old inequities" work off cause to go away through effort or work; "work off the extra pounds you have gained over the holidays"; "we must work off the debt" get rid of dispose of; "Get rid of these old shoes!"; "The company got rid of all the dead wood" motorize equip with a motor; "motorized scooters are now the rage" equip with a motor vehicle; "The police around here are not motorized and patrol the streets on horseback" embalm preserve a dead body foreswear turn away from; give up; "I am foreswearing women forever" reallot allot again; "They were realloted additional farm land" bequeath leave or give by will after one's death; "My aunt bequeathed me all her jewelry"; "My grandfather left me his entire estate" pass on give to or transfer possession of; "She passed the family jewels on to her daughter-in-law" hand down passed on, as by inheritance; "This ring was handed down through many generations" offload transfer to a peripheral device, of computer data FTP use the file transfer protocol to transfer data from one computer to another; "You can FTP these data" download transfer a file or program from a central computer to a smaller computer or to a computer at a remote location upload transfer a file or program to a central computer from a smaller computer or a computer at a remote location allocate distribute according to a plan or set apart for a special purpose; "I am allocating a loaf of bread to everyone on a daily basis"; "I'm allocating the rations for the camping trip" reapportion allocate, distribute, or apportion anew; "Congressional seats are reapportioned on the basis of census data" yield up surrender, as a result of pressure or force refuel take on more fuel, as of a plane, ship, or car provide with additional fuel, as of aircraft, ships, and cars put up provide; "The city has to put up half the required amount" make available for sale at an auction; "The dealer put up three of his most valuable paintings for auction" mount or put up; "put up a good fight"; "offer resistance" obtain come into possession of; "How did you obtain the visa?" procure get by special effort; "He procured extra cigarettes even though they were rationed" get in secure a place in a college, university, etc. eke out obtain with difficulty; "He eked out some information from the archives" make by laborious and precarious means; "He eked out a living as a painter" supplement what is thought to be deficient; "He eked out his meager pay by giving private lessons"; "Braque eked out his collages with charcoal" live from day to day, as with some hardship; "He eked out his years in great poverty" gazump raise the price of something after agreeing on a lower price resell sell (something) again after having bought it deaccession sell (art works) from a collection, especially in order to raise money for the purchase of other art works; "The museum deaccessioned several important works of this painter" sell off get rid of by selling, usually at reduced prices; "The store sold off the surplus merchandise" foist off sell as genuine, sell with the intention to deceive transact conduct business; "transact with foreign governments" de-access dispose of by selling; "the museum sold off its collection of French impressionists to raise money"; "the publishing house sold off one of its popular magazines" log in enter a computer; "Have you logged in lately?" log out exit a computer; "Please log off before you go home" recoup reimburse or compensate (someone), as for a loss compensate make payment to; compensate; "My efforts were not remunerated" make amends for; pay compensation for; "One can never fully repair the suffering and losses of the Jews in the Third Reich"; "She was compensated for the loss of her arm in the accident" adjust for; "engineers will work to correct the effects or air resistance" overpay pay too much underpay pay too little prepay pay for something before receiving it go Dutch share expenses equally and split the cost of something; "My boyfriend and I always go Dutch" insure take out insurance for indemnify secure against future loss, damage, or liability; give security for; "This plan indemnifies workers against wages lost through illness" coinsure take out coinsurance pay up cancel or discharge a debt; "pay up, please!" owe be in debt; "She owes me $200"; "I still owe for the car"; "The thesis owes much to his adviser" be obliged to pay or repay be indebted to, in an abstract or intellectual sense; "This new theory owes much to Einstein's Relativity Theory" liquidate settle the affairs of by determining the debts and applying the assets to pay them off; "liquidate a company" convert into cash; "I had to liquidate my holdings to pay off my ex-husband" eliminate by paying off (debts) vouchsafe grant in a condescending manner redeem convert into cash; of commercial papers pay off (loans or promissory notes) to turn in (vouchers or coupons) and receive something in exchange restore the honor or worth of dicker negotiate the terms of an exchange; "We bargained for a beautiful rug in the bazaar" turn over do business worth a certain amount of money; "The company turns over ten million dollars a year" broker act as a broker donate give to a charity or good cause; "I donated blood to the Red Cross for the victims of the earthquake"; "donate money to the orphanage"; "She donates to her favorite charity every month" bestow give as a gift lavish expend profusely; also used with abstract nouns; "He was showered with praise" very generous; "distributed gifts with a lavish hand"; "the critics were lavish in their praise"; "a munificent gift"; "his father gave him a half-dollar and his mother a quarter and he thought them munificent"; "prodigal praise"; "unsparing generosity"; "his unstinted devotion"; "called for unstinting aid to Britain" characterized by extravagance and profusion; "a lavish buffet"; "a lucullan feast" overbalance cause to be off balance; "It is not desirable to overbalance the budget" overspend spend at a high rate spend more than available of (a budget) underspend spend at less than the normal rate spend less than the whole of (a budget, for example) misspend spend (money or other resources) unwisely spend time badly or unwisely; "He misspent his youth" penny-pinch spend money frugally; spend as little as possible spend pay out; "spend money" spend completely; "I spend my pocket money in two days" use up a period of time in a specific way; "how are you spending your summer vacation?" be spend or use time; "I may be an hour" work in a specific place, with a specific subject, or in a specific function; "He is a herpetologist"; "She is our resident philosopher" have the quality of being; (copula, used with an adjective or a predicate noun); "John is rich"; "This is not a good answer" have life, be alive; "Our great leader is no more"; "My grandfather lived until the end of war" be identical to; be someone or something; "The president of the company is John Smith"; "This is my house" occupy a certain position or area; be somewhere; "Where is my umbrella?"; "The toolshed is in the back"; "What is behind this behavior?" to remain unmolested, undisturbed, or uninterrupted -- used only in infinitive form; "let her be" happen, occur, take place; "I lost my wallet; this was during the visit to my parents' house"; "There were two hundred people at his funeral"; "There was a lot of noise in the kitchen" tighten one's belt live frugally and use less resources; "In the new economy, we all have to learn to tighten our belts" scrounge collect or look around for (food) schnorr obtain or seek to obtain by cadging or wheedling; "he is always shnorring cigarettes from his friends" mooch ask for and get free; be a parasite freeload live off somebody's generosity; "This young man refuses to work and is freeloading" invest make an investment; "Put money into bonds" provide with power and authority; "They vested the council with special rights" furnish with power or authority; of kings or emperors appropriate take possession of by force, as after an invasion; "the invaders seized the land and property of the inhabitants"; "The army seized the town"; "The militia captured the castle" suitable for a particular person or place or condition etc; "a book not appropriate for children"; "a funeral conducted the appropriate solemnity"; "it seems that an apology is appropriate" reconquer conquer anew; "The country reconquered the territory lost in the previous war" take over take over ownership of; of corporations and companies free someone temporarily from his or her obligations pretend put forward a claim and assert right or possession of; "pretend the title of King" derequisition release from government control distrain legally take something in place of a debt payment confiscate by distress levy a distress on foreclose subject to foreclosing procedures; take away the right of mortgagors to redeem their mortgage arrogate make undue claims to having pilfer make off with belongings of others shoplift steal in a store plagiarize take without referencing from someone else's writing or speech; of intellectual property line one's pockets make a lot of money turn a nice dime make a satisfactory profit; "The company turned a nice dime after a short time" cash in on take advantage of or capitalize on plastinate preserve (tissue) with plastics, as for teaching and research purposes; "The doctor plastinates bodies to teach anatomy to his students" reposit put (something) in a place for storage; "the treasure found in the ancient tomb was reposited in the museum" ensile store in a silo; "ensile fodder for the cows" keep open retain rights to; "keep my job for me while I give birth"; "keep my seat, please"; "keep open the possibility of a merger" buy into buy stocks or shares of a company rake off take money from an illegal transaction buy off pay someone with influence in order to receive a favor reimburse pay back for some expense incurred; "Can the company reimburse me for my professional travel?" locate discover the location of; determine the place of; find by searching or examining; "Can you locate your cousins in the Midwest?"; "My search turned up nothing" assign a location to; "The company located some of their agents in Los Angeles" unearth bring to light; "The CIA unearthed a plot to kill the President" fall upon find unexpectedly; "the archeologists chanced upon an old tomb"; "she struck a goldmine"; "The hikers finally struck the main path to the lake" sleep off get rid of by sleeping; "sleep off a hangover" acquire win something through one's efforts; "I acquired a passing knowledge of Chinese"; "Gain an understanding of international finance"; "win someone's confidence and friendship" locate (a moving entity) by means of a tracking system such as radar cozen cheat or trick; "He cozened the money out of the old man" act with artful deceit take home earn as a salary or wage; "How much does your wife take home after taxes and other deductions?" rake in earn large sums of money; "Since she accepted the new position, she has been raking it in" earn acquire or deserve by one's efforts or actions; "its beauty won Paris the name 'City of Lights'" pay off yield a profit or result; "His efforts finally paid off" rout up get or find by searching; "What did you rout out in the library?" embezzle appropriate (as property entrusted to one's care) fraudulently to one's own use; "The accountant embezzled thousands of dollars while working for the wealthy family" hand over to surrender someone or something to another; "the guard delivered the criminal to the police"; "render up the prisoners"; "render the town to the enemy"; "fork over the money" barter away trade in in a bartering transaction admeasure determine the quantity of someone's share double up share a room or a bed designed for only one person communalize make something the property of the commune or community by-bid bid on behalf of someone else underbid bid too low bid lower than a competing bidder bid (a hand of cards) at less than the strength of the hand warrants outbid bid higher than others bid over an opponent's bid when one's partner has not bid or doubled outcall make a higher bid than (the previous bid or player); in a card game preempt make a preemptive bid in the game of bridge acquire for oneself before others can do so gain possession of by prior right or opportunity, especially so as to obtain the right to buy (land) take the place of or have precedence over; "live broadcast of the presidential debate preempts the regular news hour"; "discussion of the emergency situation will preempt the lecture by the professor" disburse expend, as from a fund belong be owned by; be in the possession of; "This book belongs to me" be rightly classified in a class or category; "The whales belong among the mammals" be suitable or acceptable; "This student somehow doesn't belong" be in the right place or situation; "Where do these books belong?"; "Let's put health care where it belongs--under the control of the government"; "Where do these books go?" be a member, adherent, inhabitant, etc. (of a group, organization, or place); "They belong to the same political party" face the music accept the unpleasant consequences of one's actions peddle sell or offer for sale from place to place dispense with forgo or do or go without snap up get hold of or seize quickly and easily; "I snapped up all the good buys during the garage sale" reimpose impose anew; "The fine was reimposed" mulct impose a fine on; "he was fined for littering" tariff charge a tariff; "tariff imported goods" overtax tax excessively; "Don't overtax my constituents!" contribute contribute to some cause; "I gave at the office" be conducive to; "The use of computers in the classroom lead to better writing" restore give or bring back; "Restore the stolen painting to its rightful owner" bring back into original existence, use, function, or position; "restore law and order"; "reestablish peace in the region"; "restore the emperor to the throne" return to its original or usable and functioning condition; "restore the forest to its original pristine condition" cheque withdraw money by writing a check overdraw draw more money from than is available; "She overdrew her account" decommission withdraw from active service; "The warship was decommissioned in 1998" tongue-tie deprive of speech; "When he met his idol, the young man was tongue-tied" bilk evade payment to; "He bilked his creditors" cheat somebody out of what is due, especially money divest reduce or dispose of; cease to hold (an investment); "The company decided to divest"; "the board of trustees divested $20 million in real estate property"; "There was pressure on the university to disinvest in South Africa" deprive of status or authority; "he was divested of his rights and his title"; "They disinvested themselves of their rights" dispossess deprive of the possession of real estate deplume strip of honors, possessions, or attributes bereave deprive through death inherit obtain from someone after their death; "I inherited a castle from my French grandparents" receive by genetic transmission; "I inherited my good eyesight from my mother" receive from a predecessor; "The new chairman inherited many problems from the previous chair" disinherit prevent deliberately (as by making a will) from inheriting pay cash pay (for something) with cash impoverish make poor feather one's nest enrich oneself by taking advantage of one's position; "The congressmen feathered his nest through his connection with big business" mark up increase the price of hold the line hold the line on prices; keep the price of something constant mark down reduce the price of invoice send an bill to; "She invoiced the company for her expenses" chalk up accumulate as a debt; "he chalked up $100 in the course of the evening" rob take something away by force or without the consent of the owner; "The burglars robbed him of all his money" restock stock again; "He restocked his land with pheasants" overstock stock excessively understock stock with less than the usual or desirable number or quantity borrow get temporarily; "May I borrow your lawn mower?" lend give temporarily; let have for a limited time; "I will lend you my car"; "loan me some money" bestow a quality on; "Her presence lends a certain cachet to the company"; "The music added a lot to the play"; "She brings a special atmosphere to our meetings"; "This adds a light note to the program" have certain characteristics of qualities for something; be open or vulnerable to; "This story would lend itself well to serialization on television"; "The current system lends itself to great abuse" immolate offer as a sacrifice by killing or by giving up to destruction; "The Aztecs immolated human victims"; "immolate the valuables at the temple" comparison-shop compare prices for a given item window-shop examine the shop windows; shop with the eyes only air-cool equip with an apparatus for controlling the humidity and temperature; "Our house is not air-conditioned" air-condition control the humidity and temperature of; "The room was cool because it had been air-conditioned" bewhisker furnish with whiskers; "a whiskered jersey" wive provide with a wife; marry (someone) to a wife marry a woman, take a wife take (someone) as a wife steam-heat heat by means of steam double-glaze provide with two sheets of glass furnish provide or equip with furniture; "We furnished the house in the Biedermeyer style" refurnish furnish with new or different furniture; "We refurnished the living room" retool provide (a workshop or factory) with new tools revise or reorganize, especially for the purpose of updating and improving; "We must retool the town's economy" gas up fill with gasoline; "Gas up the car" transistorize equip (an electronic circuit or device) with transistors unmuzzle remove the muzzle from (a dog) kit out supply with a set of articles or tools appoint furnish; "a beautifully appointed house" create and charge with a task or function; "nominate a committee" assign a duty, responsibility or obligation to; "He was appointed deputy manager"; "She was charged with supervising the creation of a concordance" re-equip re-equip a factory or plant upholster provide furniture with padding, springs, webbing, and covers accouter provide with military equipment vitaminize add vitamins as a supplement; "vitaminized processed foods" thrive make steady progress; be at the high point in one's career or reach a high point in historical significance or importance; "The new student is thriving" sign away formally assign ownership of; "She signed away her rights" requite make repayment for or return something plunder steal goods; take as spoils; "During the earthquake people looted the stores that were deserted by their owners" scrimp subsist on a meager allowance; "scratch and scrimp" smuggle import or export without paying customs duties; "She smuggled cigarettes across the border" consign give over to another for care or safekeeping; "consign your baggage" commit forever; commit irrevocably send to an address obligate commit in order to fulfill an obligation; "obligate money" restricted to a particular condition of life; "an obligate anaerobe can survive only in the absence of oxygen" commit cause to be admitted; of persons to an institution; "After the second episode, she had to be committed"; "he was committed to prison" engage in or perform; "practice safe sex"; "commit a random act of kindness" hospitalize admit into a hospital; "Mother had to be hospitalized because her blood pressure was too high" entrust confer a trust upon; "The messenger was entrusted with the general's secret"; "I commit my soul to God" put into the care or protection of someone; "He left the decision to his deputy"; "leave your child in the nurse's care" secure assure payment of free from fear or doubt; easy in mind; "he was secure that nothing will be held against him" free from danger or risk; "secure from harm"; "his fortune was secure"; "made a secure place for himself in his field" not likely to fail or give way; "the lock was secure"; "a secure foundation"; "a secure hold on her wrist" defray bear the expenses of rid relieve from; "Rid the house of pests" disinfest rid of vermin; "The exterminator disinfests the house" disembody free from a body or physical form or reality overprice price excessively high undersell sell cheaper than one's competition amortize liquidate gradually copper-bottom provide with a copper bottom; "copper-bottom a frying pan" impulse-buy buy on impulse without proper reflection rewire provide with new wiring; "the university rewired the dormitories when most students brought computers and television sets" redispose dispose anew; "The goods were redisposed at a great loss" throw in add as an extra or as a gratuity reflectorize provide with reflectors, such as chemicals; "the driveway was reflectorized for safety reasons" subrogate substitute one creditor for another, as in the case where an insurance company sues the person who caused an accident for the insured outsource obtain goods or services from an outside supplier; to contract work out; "Many companies outsource and hire consultants in order to maintain a flexible workforce" machicolate supply with projecting galleries; "machicolate the castle walls" sanitate provide with sanitary facilities or appliances translocate move from one place to another, especially of wild animals; "The endangered turtles were translocated to a safe environment" transfer (a chromosomal segment) to a new position co-opt take or assume for one's own use; "He co-opted the criticism and embraced it" appoint summarily or commandeer; "The army tried to co-opt peasants into civil defence groups" choose or elect as a fellow member or colleague; "The church members co-opted individuals from similar backgrounds to replenish the congregation" neutralize or win over through assimilation into an established group; "We co-opted the independent minority tribes by pulling them into the Northern Alliance" fee-tail limit the inheritance of property to a specific class of heirs enfeoff put in possession of land in exchange for a pledge of service, in feudal society; "He enfeoffed his son-in-law with a large estate in Scotland" deaerate remove air or gas from decaffeinate remove caffeine from (coffee) decarbonate remove carbon dioxide from decerebrate remove the cerebrum from (a human body) dechlorinate remove chlorine from (water) defat remove the fat from defibrinate remove fibrin from (blood) degrease remove grease or oil from (a pan) deionize remove ions from delist remove (a security) from listing at a stock exchange delocalize remove from the proper or usual locality deoxygenate remove oxygen from (water) destain remove stain from (a laboratory specimen) to enhance contrast desulfurize remove sulfur from detick free (a pet) of ticks devein remove the dark dorsal vein of (a shrimp) flense strip the blubber or skin from (a whale or seal) unbridle remove the bridle from (a horse or mule) headquarter provide with headquarters; "the compnay is headquartered in New Jersey" satisfice decide on and pursue a course of action satisfying the minimum requirements to achieve a goal; "optimization requires processes that are more complex than those needed to merely satisfice" play it by ear decide on one's actions as one goes along, depending on the situation; "She didn't know what to expect from her new job, so she played it by ear" let it go not act; "He thought of a reply but let it go" sweep under the rug to conceal something in the hopes it won't be discovered by others; "The president tried to sweep the embarrassing incident under the rug" overexert exert (oneself) excessively and go beyond one's strength; "don't overexert yourself when exercising!" egotrip act in a way that attracts attention; "This teacher always egotrips and the students don't like him" come close nearly do something; "She came close to quitting her job" sit by be inactive or indifferent while something is happening; "Don't just sit by while your rights are violated!" whip through go through very fast; "We whipped through the last papers that we had to read before the weekend" backslap display excessive cordiality (towards); "he is always backslapping his colleagues at staff meetings" make bold take upon oneself; act presumptuously, without permission; "How dare you call my lawyer?" prosecute carry out or participate in an activity; be involved in; "She pursued many activities"; "They engaged in a discussion" bring a criminal action against (in a trial); "The State of California prosecuted O.J. Simpson" conduct a prosecution in a court of law politick engage in political activities; "This colleague is always politicking" logroll work toward the passage of some legislation by exchanging political favors such as trading votes act on regulate one's behavior in accordance with certain information, ideas, or advice; "The Founding Fathers acted on certain moral principles" interact act together or towards others or with others; "He should interact more with his colleagues" marginalize relegate to a lower or outer edge, as of specific groups of people; "We must not marginalize the poor in our society" summate form or constitute a cumulative effect lie dormant be inactive, as if asleep; "His work lay dormant for many years" abdicate give up, such as power, as of monarchs and emperors, or duties and obligations; "The King abdicated when he married a divorcee" pension off let go from employment with an attractive pension; "The director was pensioned off when he got senile" bow out retire gracefully; "He bowed out when he realized he could no longer handle the demands of the chairmanship" chicken out remove oneself from an obligation; "He bowed out when he heard how much work was involved" accede take on duties or office; "accede to the throne" leave office give up or retire from a position; "The Secretary of the Navy will leave office next month"; "The chairman resigned over the financial scandal" take office assume an office, duty, or title; "When will the new President take office?" take orders be ordained; enter the Christian ministry; "She took orders last month" receive and be expected to follow directions or commands; "I don't take orders from you!" educate give an education to; "We must educate our youngsters better" teach or refine to be discriminative in taste or judgment; "Cultivate your musical taste"; "Train your tastebuds"; "She is well schooled in poetry" co-educate educate persons of both sexes together home-school educate (one's children) at home instead of sending (them) to a school; "The parents are home-schooling their daughter" get in touch establish communication with someone; "did you finally connect with your long-lost cousin?" fraternize be on friendly terms with someone, as if with a brother, especially with an enemy hobnob rub elbows with; "He hobnobs with the best of society" hang out spend time in a certain location or with certain people; "She hangs out at the corner cafe" readmit admit again or anew; "After paying a penalty, the player was readmitted" admit anew; "The refugee was readmitted into his home country" enthrone put a monarch on the throne; "The Queen was enthroned more than 50 years ago" dethrone remove a monarch from the throne; "If the King does not abdicate, he will have to be dethroned" task assign a task to; "I tasked him with looking after the children" depute appoint as a substitute spot promote promote on the spot; "Supreme Bishop Digby had been spot-promoted to Archangel" ennoble give a title to someone; make someone a member of the nobility confer dignity or honor upon; "He was dignified with a title" baronetize confer baronetcy upon; "He was baronetized for his loyalty to the country" lord make a lord of someone lionize assign great social importance to; "The film director was celebrated all over Hollywood"; "The tenor was lionized in Vienna" demote assign to a lower position; reduce in rank; "She was demoted because she always speaks up"; "He was broken down to Sergeant" vote in elect in a voting process; "They voted in Clinton" reelect elect again oust remove from a position or office; "The chairman was ousted after he misappropriated funds" remove and replace; "The word processor has ousted the typewriter" take time by the forelock act quickly and decisively; not let slip an opportunity squeeze out force out; "Some employees were squeezed out by the recent budget cuts" pull off cause to withdraw; "We pulled this firm off the project because they overcharged" be successful; achieve a goal; "She succeeded in persuading us all"; "I managed to carry the box upstairs"; "She pulled it off, even though we never thought her capable of it"; "The pianist negociated the difficult runs" winkle out force from a place or position; "The committee winkled out the unqualified candidates" depose force to leave (an office) supplant take the place or move into the position of; "Smith replaced Miller as CEO after Miller left"; "the computer has supplanted the slide rule"; "Mary replaced Susan as the team's captain and the highest-ranked player in the school" usurp take the place of; "gloom had usurped mirth at the party after the news of the terrorist act broke" succeed be the successor (of); "Carter followed Ford"; "Will Charles succeed to the throne?" attain success or reach a desired goal; "The enterprise succeeded"; "We succeeded in getting tickets to the show"; "she struggled to overcome her handicap and won" pull one's weight do one's share in a common task; "Bob has never pulled his weight, and we all have to work harder to make up for his laziness" electioneer work actively for a political candidate or a party; "My neighbors are busy electioneering during the Presidential election campaign" work at to exert effort in order to do, make, or perform something; "the child worked at the multiplication table until she had it down cold" plug away work doggedly or persistently; "She keeps plugging away at her dissertation" busy keep busy with; "She busies herself with her butterfly collection" crowded with or characterized by much activity; "a very busy week"; "a busy life"; "a busy street"; "a busy seaport" actively or fully engaged or occupied; "busy with her work"; "a busy man"; "too busy to eat lunch" (of facilities such as telephones or lavatories) unavailable for use by anyone else or indicating unavailability; (`engaged' is a British term for a busy telephone line); "her line is busy"; "receptionists' telephones are always engaged"; "the lavatory is in use"; "kept getting a busy signal" overcrowded or cluttered with detail; "a busy painting"; "a fussy design" collaborate work together on a common enterprise of project; "The soprano and the pianist did not get together very well"; "We joined forces with another research group" cooperate as a traitor; "he collaborated with the Nazis when they occupied Paris" coact act together, as of organisms connive at give one's silent approval to ride the bench be out of the game; "Miller was riding the bench in Saturday's game" daydream have dreamlike musings or fantasies while awake; "She looked out the window, daydreaming" walk around walk randomly; "We were walking around in the neighborhood to see whether we could find an open drugstore" behave in a certain manner or have certain properties; "He walks around with his nose in the air"; "She walks around with this strange boyfriend" give up allow the other (baseball) team to score; "give up a run" oppress come down on or keep down by unjust use of one's authority; "The government oppresses political activists" call to order open formally; "the chairman called the meeting to order by pounding his gavel" abolish do away with; "Slavery was abolished in the mid-19th century in America and in Russia" get around to do something despite obstacles such as lack of time; "He finally got around to painting the windows" prorogue adjourn by royal prerogative; without dissolving the legislative body band oneself attach oneself to a group misally make a bad alliance; ally inappropriately; "The two countries are misallied" disassociate part; cease or break association with; "She disassociated herself from the organization when she found out the identity of the president" militate have force or influence; bring about an effect or change; "Politeness militated against this opinion being expressed" break with end a relationship; "China broke with Russia" reorganize organize anew; "We must reorganize the company if we don't want to go under" organize anew, as after a setback collectivize bring under collective control; of farms and industrial enterprises hold one's own maintain one's position and be in control of a situation be sufficiently competent in a certain situation; "He can hold his own in graduate school" unionize form or join a union; "The auto workers decided to unionize" recruit for a union or organize into a union; "We don't allow people to come into our plant and try to unionize the workers" ally with unite formally; of interest groups or countries fall in to take one's place in a military formation or line; "Troops fall in!" rejoin join again disorganize remove the organization from manage be in charge of, act on, or dispose of; "I can deal with this crew of workers"; "This blender can't handle nuts"; "She managed her parents' affairs after they got too old" come to grips deal with (a problem or a subject); "I still have not come to grips with the death of my parents" dispose of deal with or settle; "He disposed of these cases quickly" take care be in charge of or deal with; "She takes care of all the necessary arrangements" be careful, prudent, or watchful; "Take care when you cross the street!" expedite process fast and efficiently; "I will try to expedite the matter" speed up the progress of; facilitate; "This should expedite the process" mismanage manage badly or incompetently; "The funds were mismanaged" tend manage or run; "tend a store" have care of or look after; "She tends to the children" have a tendency or disposition to do or be something; be inclined; "She tends to be nervous before her lectures"; "These dresses run small"; "He inclined to corpulence" stoke stir up or tend; of a fire set about begin to deal with; "approach a task"; "go about a difficult problem"; "approach a new project" take hold assume control hold sway be master; reign or rule govern direct or strongly influence the behavior of; "His belief in God governs his conduct" exercise authority over; as of nations; "Who is governing the country now?" require to be in a certain grammatical case, voice, or mood; "most transitive verbs govern the accusative case in German" oversee watch and direct; "Who is overseeing this project?" preside act as president; "preside over companies and corporations" decertify cause to be no longer approved or accepted; "Carter derecognized Taiwan in 1979 after the U.S. recognized the People's Republic of China" cox act as the coxswain, in a boat race choose up form sides, as for a game lock out prevent employees from working during a strike participate share in something partake in be active in prevent stop (someone or something) from doing something or being in a certain state; "We must prevent the cancer from spreading"; "His snoring kept me from falling asleep"; "Keep the child from eating the marbles" keep from happening or arising; make impossible; "My sense of tact forbids an honest answer"; "Your role in the projects precludes your involvement in the competitive project" keep away prevent from coming close; "I tried to keep the child away from the pool" impede be a hindrance or obstacle to; "She is impeding the progress of our project" interfere come between so as to be hindrance or obstacle; "Your talking interferes with my work!" set back slow down the progress of; hinder; "His late start set him back" cost a certain amount; "My daughter's wedding set me back $20,000" hobble hamper the action or progress of; "The chairman was hobbled by the all-powerful dean" debar prevent the occurrence of; prevent from happening; "Let's avoid a confrontation"; "head off a confrontation"; "avert a strike" stand guard watch over so as to protect; "We must stand sentinel to protect ourselves"; "The jewels over which they kept guard were stolen" keep tabs on keep a record on or watch attentively; "The government keeps tabs on the dissidents" baby-sit work or act as a baby-sitter; "I cannot baby-sit tonight; I have too much homework to do" take watchful responsibility for; "I baby-sit the neighbor's plants when she is out of town" rebury bury again; "After the king's body had been exhumed and tested to traces of poison, it was reburied in the same spot" disinter dig up for reburial or for medical investigation; of dead bodies get along with have smooth relations; "My boss and I get along very well" canvass solicit votes from potential voters in an electoral campaign rehouse put up in a new or different housing turn thumbs down vote against; "The faculty turned thumbs down on the candidate for the Dean position" bullet vote vote cumulatively and distribute the votes according to some principle outvote defeat by a majority of votes; "The Democrats outvoted the Republicans" scrimshank British military language: avoid work malinger avoid responsibilities and duties, e.g., by pretending to be ill turn a trick have a customer, of a prostitute co-sign sign jointly; "Husband and wife co-signed the lease" ostracize avoid speaking to or dealing with; "Ever since I spoke up, my colleagues ostracize me" legislate make laws, bills, etc. or bring into effect by legislation; "They passed the amendment"; "We cannot legislate how people spend their free time" liberalize make liberal or more liberal, of laws and rules become more liberal; "The laws liberalized after Prohibition" decontrol relax or remove controls of; "decontrol marijuana" sectionalize divide into sections, especially into geographic sections; "sectionalize a country" hive off remove from a group and make separate; "The unit was hived off from its parent company" Balkanize divide a territory into small, hostile states consociate bring or come into association or action; "The churches consociated to fight their dissolution" band together form a group or unite; "The groups banded together" reunify unify again, as of a country; "Will Korea reunify?" enroll register formally as a participant or member; "The party recruited many new members" cross-file have one's name listed as a candidate for several parties cross-index make an index that refers from one point to the next; "These references are cross-indexed" empower give or delegate power or authority to; "She authorized her assistant to sign the papers" defrock divest of the frock; of church officials disenfranchise deprive of voting rights enfranchise grant voting rights affranchise grant freedom to; as from slavery or servitude; "Slaves were enfranchised in the mid-19th century" set aside annul (a legal decision); "the court set aside the conviction" abrogate revoke formally formalize make formal or official; "We formalized the appointment and gave him a title" disbar remove from the bar; expel from the practice of law by official action; "The corrupt lawyer was disbarred" outlaw declare illegal; outlaw; "Marijuana is criminalized in the U.S." monetize give legal value to or establish as the legal tender of a country; "They monetized the lira" legalize make legal; "Marijuana should be legalized" desegregate open (a place) to members of all races and ethnic groups; "This school is completely desegregated" crucify kill by nailing onto a cross; "Jesus Christ was crucified" lynch kill without legal sanction; "The blood-thirsty mob lynched the alleged killer of the child" pick off shoot one by one electrocute kill by electrocution, as in the electric chair; "The serial killer was electrocuted" kill by electric shock; "She dropped the hair dryer into the bathtub and was instantly electrocuted" gibbet hang on an execution instrument double-date go out on a date with a partner and another couple; "let's double date this Saturday" go steady date regularly; have a steady relationship with; "Did you know that she is seeing an older man?"; "He is dating his former wife again!" ask out make a date; "Has he asked you out yet?" "He asekd me to a dance" reunite have a reunion; unite again stick together be loyal to one another, especially in times of trouble; "The two families stuck together throughout the war" drop by visit informally and spontaneously; "We frequently drop by the neighbors' house for a cup of coffee" marry take in marriage perform a marriage ceremony; "The minister married us on Saturday"; "We were wed the following week"; "The couple got spliced on Hawaii" inmarry marry within one's own tribe or group; "The inhabitants of this isolated village tend to inmarry" mismarry marry an unsuitable partner intermarry marry within the same ethnic, social, or family group remarry marry, not for the first time; "After her divorce, she remarried her high school sweetheart" celebrate have a celebration; "They were feting the patriarch of the family"; "After the exam, the students were celebrating" jubilate celebrate a jubilee imprison lock up or confine, in or as in a jail; "The suspects were imprisoned without trial"; "the murderer was incarcerated for the rest of his life" confine as if in a prison; "His daughters are virtually imprisoned in their own house; he does not let them go out without a chaperone" bind over order a defendant to be placed in custody pending the outcome of a proceedings against him or her; "The defendant was bound over for trial" keep in cause to stay indoors manumit free from slavery or servitude enslave make a slave of; bring into servitude subjugate make subservient; force to submit or subdue liberate grant freedom to; "The students liberated their slaves upon graduating from the university" emancipate give equal rights to; of women and minorities amerce punish by a fine imposed arbitrarily by the discretion of the court punish with an arbitrary penalty punish impose a penalty on; inflict punishment on; "The students were penalized for showing up late for class"; "we had to punish the dog for soiling the floor again" castigate inflict severe punishment on get it receive punishment; "You are going to get it!" catch it receive punishment; be scolded or reprimanded; "I really caught it the other day!" victimize punish unjustly deprive of by deceit; "He swindled me out of my inheritance"; "She defrauded the customers who trusted her"; make a victim of; "I was victimized by this con-man" rehear hear or try a court case anew expel force to leave or move out; "He was expelled from his native country" send down suspend temporarily from college or university, in England extradite hand over to the authorities of another country; "They extradited the fugitive to his native country so he could be tried there" coerce to cause to do through pressure or necessity, by physical, moral or intellectual means; "She forced him to take a job in the city"; "He squeezed her for information" turn up the heat apply great or increased pressure; "The Democrats turned up the heat on their candidate to concede the election" squeeze for squeeze someone for money, information, etc. terrorize coerce by violence or with threats compel force somebody to do something; "We compel all students to fill out this form" necessitate or exact; "the water shortage compels conservation" bring oneself cause to undertake a certain action, usually used in the negative; "He could not bring himself to call his parents" trouble oneself take the trouble to do something; concern oneself; "He did not trouble to call his mother on her birthday"; "Don't bother, please" declassify lift the restriction on and make available again; "reclassify the documents" scant limit in quality or quantity localize restrict something to a particular area concentrate on a particular place or spot; "The infection has localized in the left eye" derestrict make free from restrictions pull the plug prevent from happening or continuing; "The government pulled the plug on spending" deregulate lift the regulations on redline discriminate in selling or renting housing in certain areas of a neighborhood aggrieve infringe on the rights of handle with kid gloves handle with great care and sensitivity; "You have to handle the students with kid gloves" fall all over display excessive love or show excessive gratitude towards; "This student falls all over her former professor when she sees him" criminalize treat as a criminal ride roughshod treat inconsiderately or harshly rough-house treat in a rough or boisterous manner do well by treat with respect and consideration; "children should do well by their parents" gloss over treat hurriedly or avoid dealing with properly skimp work hastily or carelessly; deal with inadequately and superficially mistreat treat badly; "This boss abuses his workers"; "She is always stepping on others to get ahead" kick around treat badly; abuse; "They won't have me to kick around any more!" be around; be alive or active; "Does the old man still kick around?" misbehave behave badly; "The children misbehaved all morning" fall from grace revert back to bad behavior after a period of good behavior; "The children fell from grace when they asked for several helpings of dessert" condescend debase oneself morally, act in an undignified, unworthy, or dishonorable way; "I won't stoop to reading other people's mail" do something that one considers to be below one's dignity behave in a patronizing and condescending manner hugger mugger act stealthily or secretively behave behave in a certain manner; "She carried herself well"; "he bore himself with dignity"; "They conducted themselves well during these difficult times" behave well or properly; "The children must learn to behave" assert oneself put oneself forward in an assertive and insistent manner attitudinize assume certain affected attitudes footle act foolishly, as by talking nonsense over-correct make excessive corrections for fear of making an error expiate make amends for; "expiate one's sins" indict accuse formally of a crime demonstrate march in protest; take part in a demonstration; "Thousands demonstrated against globalization during the meeting of the most powerful economic nations in Seattle" breeze through succeed at easily; "She sailed through her exams"; "You will pass with flying colors"; "She nailed her astrophysics course" luck out succeed by luck; "I lucked out and found the last parking spot in the lot" nail down succeed in obtaining a position; "He nailed down a spot at Harvard" overreach fail by aiming too high or trying too hard pan out be a success; "The idea panned out" achieve to gain with effort; "she achieved her goal despite setbacks" botch make a mess of, destroy or ruin; "I botched the dinner and we had to eat out"; "the pianist screwed up the difficult passage in the second movement" fall through fail utterly; collapse; "The project foundered" have a go make an attempt at something; "I never sat on a horse before but I'll give it a go" take pains try very hard to do something endeavor attempt by employing effort; "we endeavor to make our customers happy" field-test test something under the conditions under which it will actually be used; "The Army field tested the new tanks" give it a whirl try; "let's give it a whirl!" breathalyze test someone's alcohol level in his blood by means of a breathalyzer democratize introduce democratic reforms; of nations become (more) democratic; of nations waive do without or cease to hold or adhere to; "We are dispensing with formalities"; "relinquish the old ideas" dispense grant a dispensation; grant an exemption; "I was dispensed from this terrible task" woo make amorous advances towards; "John is courting Mary" seek someone's favor; "China is wooing Russia" take the stage attract attention onto oneself secede withdraw from an organization or communion; "After the break up of the Soviet Union, many republics broke away" meddle intrude in other people's affairs or business; interfere unwantedly; "Don't meddle in my affairs!" dominate have dominance or the power to defeat over; "Her pain completely mastered her"; "The methods can master the problems" be in control; "Her husband completely dominates her" look down on; "The villa dominates the town" grow up become an adult come of age reach a certain age that marks a transition to maturity speak for be a spokesperson for; "He represents the Government's position" comply act in accordance with someone's rules, commands, or wishes; "He complied with my instructions"; "You must comply or else!"; "Follow these simple rules"; "abide by the rules" toe the line do what is expected obey be obedient to disobey refuse to go along with; refuse to follow; be disobedient; "He disobeyed his supervisor and was fired" sit in participate in an act of civil disobedience attend as a visitor; "Can I sit in on your Intermediate Hittite class?" counteract oppose and mitigate the effects of by contrary actions; "This will counteract the foolish actions of my colleagues" go for broke risk everything in one big effort; "the cyclist went for broke at the end of the race" luck it act by relying on one's luck bell the cat take a risk; perform a daring act; "Who is going to bell the cat?" benefact help as a benefactor; "The father benefacted his daughter in more ways than she was aware of" help out be of help, as in a particular situation of need; "Can you help out tonight with the dinner guests?" subserve be helpful or useful succor help in a difficult situation abet assist or encourage, usually in some wrongdoing rehabilitate help to readapt, as to a former state of health or good repute; "The prisoner was successfully rehabilitated"; "After a year in the mental clinic, the patient is now rehabilitated" restore to a state of good condition or operation reinstall politically; "Deng Xiao Ping was rehabilitated several times throughout his lifetime" defibrillate stop the fibrillation and restore normal contractions, usually by means of electric shocks; "The patient's heart had to be defibrillated to save his life" reinstate restore to the previous state or rank street-walk walk the streets in search of customers; "The prostitute is street-walking every night" enforce ensure observance of laws and rules; "Apply the rules to everyone" compel to behave in a certain way; "Social relations impose courtesy"; "duty constrains one to act often contrary to one's desires or inclinations" bring to bear bring into operation or effect; "The new members brought to bear new concerns to the U.N." backdate make effective from an earlier date; "The increase in tax was backdated to January" overachieve perform better or achieve a greater degree of success than expected; "His daughter always overachieves" underachieve perform less well or with less success than expected; "John consistently underachieves, although he is very able"; "My stocks underperformed last year" misdo do wrongly or improperly; "misdo one's job" go all out perform a task as well as possible; "The cast gives full measure every night" exempt grant relief or an exemption from a rule or requirement to; "She exempted me from the exam" (of persons) freed from or not subject to an obligation or liability (as e.g. taxes) to which others or other things are subject; "a beauty somehow exempt from the aging process"; "exempt from jury duty"; "only the very poorest citizens should be exempt from income taxes" drop the ball commit a faux pas or a fault or make a serious mistake; "I blundered during the job interview" gang-rape rape (someone) successively with several attackers; "The prisoner was gang-raped" sodomize practice anal sex upon copulate with an animal shamanize practice shamanism overdo do something to an excessive degree; "He overdid it last night when he did 100 pushups" overleap defeat (oneself) by going too far molest harass or assault sexually; make indecent advances to impinge impinge or infringe upon; "This impinges on my rights as an individual"; "This matter entrenches on other domains" pamper treat with excessive indulgence; "grandparents often pamper the children"; "Let's not mollycoddle our students!" burglarize commit a burglary; enter and rob a dwelling heed pay close attention to; give heed to; "Heed the advice of the old men" short-change cheat someone by not returning him enough money welsh cheat by avoiding payment of a gambling debt flim-flam deceive somebody; "We tricked the teacher into thinking that class would be cancelled next week" freelance work independently and on temporary contracts rather than for a long-term employer working for yourself cheat on be sexually unfaithful to one's partner in marriage; "She cheats on her husband"; "Might her husband be wandering?" two-time carry on a romantic relationship with two people at the same time hoax subject to a playful hoax or joke ensnare take or catch as if in a snare or trap; "I was set up!"; "The innocent man was framed by the police" make good act as promised; "make good on promises" lead off teach immoral behavior to; "It was common practice to lead off the young ones, and teach them bad habits" litigate engage in legal proceedings perpetrate perform an act, usually with a negative connotation; "perpetrate a crime"; "pull a bank robbery" rebel take part in a rebellion; renounce a former allegiance break with established customs revolt make revolution; "The people revolted when bread prices tripled again" rumpus cause a disturbance connive encourage or assent to illegally or criminally persecute cause to suffer; "Some religious groups are persecuted in some countries" get at influence by corruption misgovern govern badly fend try to manage without help; "The youngsters had to fend for themselves after their parents died" scrape along manage one's existence barely; "I guess I can squeeze by on this lousy salary" befriend become friends with; "John and Eric soon became friends"; "Have you made friends yet in your new environment?" pal become friends; act friendly towards decolonize grant independence to (a former colony); "West Africa was decolonized in the early 1960's" philander have amorous affairs; of men; "He has been womanizing for years" interlope encroach on the rights of others, as in trading without a proper license emcee act as a master of ceremonies do the honors act as the host and receive or introduce one's guests fag act as a servant for older boys, in British public schools frivol act frivolously invigilate watch over (students taking an exam, to prevent cheating) lord it over act like the master of; "He is lording it over the students" rain out prevent or interrupt due to rain; "The storm had washed out the game" make a point make a point of doing something; act purposefully and intentionally come near almost do or experience something; "She came near to screaming with fear" mingle get involved or mixed-up with; "He was about to mingle in an unpleasant affair" remember oneself recover one's good manners after a lapse or stop behaving badly; "Please remember yourself, Charles!" play around commit adultery; "he plays around a lot" take to develop a habit; apply oneself to a practice or occupation; "She took to drink"; "Men take to the military trades" call the shots exercise authority or be in charge; "Who is calling the shots in this house?" go off half-cocked act prematurely or without reflection or too soon; "she wanted to quit her job but her mother told her not to go off half-cocked" exist have an existence, be extant; "Is there a God?" support oneself; "he could barely exist on such a low wage"; "Can you live on $2000 a month in New York City?"; "Many people in the world have to subsist on $1 a day" preexist exist beforehand or prior to a certain point in time; "Did this condition pre-exist?" coexist exist together coexist peacefully, as of nations cut across be contrary to ordinary procedure or limitations; "Opinions on bombing the Serbs cut across party lines" eventuate come out in the end bunk off play truant from work or school; "The boy often plays hooky" live lead a certain kind of life; live in a certain style; "we had to live frugally after the war" pursue a positive and satisfying existence; "You must accept yourself and others if you really want to live" exerting force or containing energy; "live coals"; "tossed a live cigarette out the window"; "got a shock from a live wire"; "live ore is unmined ore"; "a live bomb"; "a live ball is one in play" of current relevance; "a live issue"; "still a live option" in current use or ready for use; "live copy is ready to be set in type or already set but not yet proofread" abounding with life and energy; "the club members are a really live bunch" actually being performed at the time of hearing or viewing; "a live television program"; "brought to you live from Lincoln Center"; "live entertainment involves performers actually in the physical presence of a live audience" charged with an explosive; "live ammunition"; "a live bomb" not recorded; "the opera was broadcast live" dissipate live a life of pleasure, especially with respect to alcoholic consumption unlive live so as to annul some previous behavior; "You can never live this down!" buccaneer live like a buccaneer indwell to exist as an inner activating spirit, force, or principle survive continue to live and avoid dying; "We went without water and food for 3 days"; "These superstitions survive in the backwaters of America"; "The race car driver lived through several very serious accidents"; "how long can a person last without food and water?" "One crash victim died, the other lived" continue in existence after (an adversity, etc.); "He survived the cancer against all odds" perennate survive from season to season, of plants last out hang on during a trial of endurance; "ride out the storm" outstay surpass in staying power; "They outstayed their competitors" make sense be reasonable or logical or comprehensible outlive live longer than; "She outlived her husband by many years" succumb be fatally overwhelmed constitute form or compose; "This money is my only income"; "The stone wall was the backdrop for the performance"; "These constitute my entire belonging"; "The children made up the chorus"; "This sum represents my entire income for a year"; "These few men comprise his entire army" hang together be connected; "In my heart I can make the world hang together" intercommunicate be interconnected, afford passage; "These rooms intercommunicate" complect be interwoven or interconnected; "The bones are interconnected via the muscle" tide over suffice for a period between two points; "This money will keep us going for another year" resurge rise again; "His need for a meal resurged"; "The candidate resurged after leaving politics for several years" come forth happen or occur as a result of something flocculate form into an aggregated lumpy or fluffy mass; "the protoplasms flocculated" cause to become a fluffy or lumpy aggregate; "The chemist flocculated the suspended material" nucleate form into a nucleus; "Some cells had nucleated" well up come up (as of feelings and thoughts, or other ephemeral things); "Strong emotions welled up"; "Smoke swelled from it" originate in come from necessitate require as useful, just, or proper; "It takes nerve to do what she did"; "success usually requires hard work"; "This job asks a lot of patience and skill"; "This position demands a lot of personal sacrifice"; "This dinner calls for a spectacular dessert"; "This intervention does not postulate a patient's consent" cause to be a concomitant cry out for need badly or desperately; "This question cries out for an answer" obviate do away with preclude make impossible, especially beforehand give off have as a by-product; "The big cities gave off so many wonderful American qualities" phosphoresce to exhibit phosphorescence possess have as an attribute, knowledge, or skill; "he possesses great knowledge about the Middle East" enter into and control, as of emotions or ideas; "What possessed you to buy this house?"; "A terrible rage possessed her" consist be composed of; "The land he conquered comprised several provinces"; "What does this dish consist of?" be consistent in form, tenor, or character; be congruous; "Desires are to be satisfied only so far as consists with an approved end" have its essential character; be comprised or contained in; be embodied in; "The payment consists in food"; "What does love consist in?" equate be equivalent or parallel, in mathematics be due be the result of incriminate suggest that someone is guilty bide dwell; "You can stay with me while you are in town"; "stay a bit longer--the day is still young" overstay stay too long; "overstay or outstay one's welcome" remain be left; of persons, questions, problems, results, evidence, etc.; "There remains the question of who pulled the trigger"; "Carter remains the only President in recent history under whose Presidency the U.S. did not fight a war" kick one's heels wait or pass the time aimlessly or futilely; be kept waiting; "She kicked her heels for hours at the gate of the Embassy" stand by be available or ready for a certain function or service be loyal to; "She stood by her husband in times of trouble"; "The friends stuck together through the war" not act or do anything; "He just stood by when the police beat up the demonstrators" loiter be about; "The high school students like to loiter in the Central Square"; "Who is this man that is hanging around the department?" bum be lazy or idle; "Her son is just bumming around all day" of very poor quality; flimsy lie about hang around idly; "She did all the work while he lay around" lurk lie in wait, lie in ambush, behave in a sneaky and secretive manner dwell on delay hesitate pause or hold back in uncertainty or unwillingness; "Authorities hesitate to quote exact figures" interrupt temporarily an activity before continuing; "The speaker paused" hold out wait uncompromisingly for something desirable; "He held out for the dessert and did not touch the cheeses" procrastinate postpone doing what one should be doing; "He did not want to write the letter and procrastinated for days" postpone or delay needlessly; "He procrastinated the matter until it was almost too late" postpone hold back to a later time; "let's postpone the exam" predominate be larger in number, quantity, power, status or importance; "Money reigns supreme here"; "Hispanics predominate in this neighborhood" outnumber be larger in number preponderate weigh more heavily; "these considerations outweigh our wishes" weigh to be oppressive or burdensome; "weigh heavily on the mind"; "Something pressed on his mind" determine the weight of; "The butcher weighed the chicken" have a certain weight deserve be worthy or deserving; "You deserve a promotion after all the hard work you have done" have it coming deserve (either good or bad); "It's too bad he got fired, but he sure had it coming" perpetuate cause to continue or prevail; "perpetuate a myth" eternize cause to continue indefinitely occupy live (in a certain place); "She resides in Princeton"; "he occupies two rooms on the top floor" occupy the whole of; "The liquid fills the container" stay at reside temporarily; "I'm staying at the Hilton" reside make one's home in a particular place or community; "may parents reside in Florida" overpopulate cause to have too great a population; "Some towns in New Jersey are becoming overpopulated" cohabit share living quarters; usually said of people who are not married and live together as a couple wrangle herd and care for; "wrangle horses" sleep over stay overnight; "The boy's friends were allowed to sleep over after the birthday party" lay over interrupt a journey temporarily, e.g., overnight; "We had to stop over in Venezuela on our flight back from Brazil" dwell originate (in); "The problems dwell in the social injustices in this country" exist or be situated within; "Strange notions inhabited her mind" inhere be inherent in something pertain be a part or attribute of inhabit be present in; "sweet memories inhabit this house" shine be clear and obvious; "A shining example" be distinguished or eminent; "His talent shines" throw or flash the light of (a lamp); "Shine the light on that window, please" emit light; be bright, as of the sun or a light; "The sun shone bright that day"; "The fire beamed on their faces" coincide be the same; "our views on this matter coincided" go with, fall together collocate with go or occur together; "The word `hot' tends to cooccur with `cold'" aberrate diverge or deviate from the straight path; produce aberration; "The surfaces of the concave lens may be proportioned so as to aberrate exactly equal to the convex lens" diverge from the expected; "The President aberrated from being a perfect gentleman" co-vary vary in the same time period (of two random variables) conform be similar, be in line with corroborate support with evidence or authority or make more certain or confirm; "The stories and claims were born out by the evidence" repose on be based on; of theories and claims, for example; "What's this new evidence based on?" depend on be dependent on, as for support or maintenance; "elderly parents often depend on their adult children" put trust in with confidence; "she is someone you can really rely on when times get rough"; "you can rely on his discretion" be contingent on; "The outcomes rides on the results of the election"; "Your grade will depends on your homework" depend be contingent upon (something that is elided); "That depends" hang by a thread depend on a small thing or be at risk; "His life now hangs by a thread" underlie be or form the base for lie underneath resemble appear like; be similar or bear a likeness to; "She resembles her mother very much"; "This paper resembles my own work" look like bear a physical resemblance to; "She looks like her mother" approximate be close or similar; "Her results approximate my own" located close together; "with heads close together"; "approximate leaves grow together but are not united" very close in resemblance; "sketched in an approximate likeness"; "a near likeness" not quite exact or correct; "the approximate time was 10 o'clock"; "a rough guess"; "a ballpark estimate" differ be different; "These two tests differ in only one respect" come in come into fashion; become fashionable fit the bill be what is needed or be good enough for what is required; "Does this restaurant fit the bill for the celebration?" behoove be appropriate or necessary; "It behooves us to reflect on this matter" fly in the face of go against; "This action flies in the face of the agreement" conform to observe; "conform to the rules" exceed be superior or better than some standard; "She exceeded our expectations"; "She topped her performance of last year" be greater in scope or size than some standard; "Their loyalty exceeds their national bonds" suffice be sufficient; be adequate, either in quality or quantity; "A few words would answer"; "This car suits my purpose well"; "Will $100 do?"; "A `B' grade doesn't suffice to get me into medical school"; "Nothing else will serve" go a long way suffice or be adequate for a while or to a certain extent act as function as or act like; "This heap of stones will act as a barrier" fall short of fail to satisfy, as of expectations, for example excel distinguish oneself; "She excelled in math" stink be extremely bad in quality or in one's performance; "This term paper stinks!" shine at be good at; "She shines at math" follow suit do what someone else is doing focus on center upon; "Her entire attention centered on her children"; "Our day revolved around our work" implicate bring into intimate and incriminating connection; "He is implicated in the scheme to defraud the government" embroil force into some kind of situation, condition, or course of action; "They were swept up by the events"; "don't drag me into this business" disinvolve free from involvement or entanglement; "How can I disentangle myself from her personal affairs?" matter to be of importance or consequence; "This matters to me!" discontinue put an end to a state or an activity; "Quit teasing your little brother" come to or be at an end; "the support from our sponsoring agency will discontinue after March 31" call it quits stop doing what one is doing; "At midnight, the student decided to call it quits and closed his books" housekeep maintain a household; take care of all business related to a household ramble on continue talking or writing in a desultory manner; "This novel rambles on and jogs" imbricate overlap; "The roof tiles imbricate" place so as to overlap; "imbricate the roof tiles" used especially of leaves or bracts; overlapping or layered as scales or shingles reach into run into or up to mediate occupy an intermediate or middle position or form a connecting link or stage between two others; "mediate between the old and the new" acting through or dependent on an intervening agency; "the disease spread by mediate as well as direct contact" subtend be opposite to; of angles and sides, in geometry surmount be on top of; "The scarf surmounted the gown" radiolocate locate by means of radar; "The pilot managed to radiolocate the lost aircraft" endanger pose a threat to; present a danger to; "The pollution is endangering the crops" embody represent, as of a character on stage; "Derek Jacobi was Hamlet" represent or express something abstract in tangible form; "This painting embodies the feelings of the Romantic period" characterize be characteristic of; "What characterizes a Venetian painting?" befit accord or comport with; "This kind of behavior does not suit a young woman!" contain be capable of holding or containing; "This box won't take all the items"; "The flask holds one gallon" be divisible by; "24 contains 6" truckle yield to out of weakness border on come near or verge on, resemble, come nearer in quality, or character; "This borders on discrimination!"; "His playing approaches that of Horowitz" outwear last longer than others; "This material outwears all others" drag on last unnecessarily long inhere in be part of; "This problem inheres in the design" fall into be included in or classified as; "This falls under the rubric `various'" shillyshally be uncertain and vague lend oneself be applicable to; as to an analysis; "This theory lends itself well to our new data" piddle waste time; spend one's time idly or inefficiently while away spend or pass, as with boredom or in a pleasant manner; of time bound form the boundary of; be contiguous to confined by bonds; "bound and gagged hostages" secured with a cover or binding; often used as a combining form; "bound volumes"; "leather-bound volumes" held with another element, substance or material in chemical or physical union headed or intending to head in a certain direction; often used as a combining form as in `college-bound students'; "children bound for school"; "a flight destined for New York" bound by an oath; "a bound official" embank enclose with banks, as for support or protection; "The river was embanked with a dyke" box in enclose or confine as if in a box stick out extend out or project in space; "His sharp nose jutted out"; "A single rock sticks out from the cliff" protuberate form a rounded prominence; "The starved child's belly protuberated" cause to bulge out or project teem be teeming, be abuzz; "The garden was swarming with bees"; "The plaza is teeming with undercover policemen"; "her mind pullulated with worries" abound be abundant or plentiful; exist in large quantities be in a state of movement or action; "The room abounded with screaming children"; "The garden bristled with toddlers" abound in exist in large quantity attach to be present or associated with an event or entity; "French fries come with the hamburger"; "heart attacks are accompanied by distruction of heart tissue"; "fish usually goes with white wine"; "this kind of vein accompanies certain arteries" droop hang loosely or laxly; "His tongue lolled" take kindly to be willing or inclined to accept; "He did not take kindly to my critical remarks" belong to be a part or adjunct; "the uniform looks like it belonged to a museum collection"; "These pages don't belong" incur make oneself subject to; bring upon oneself; become liable to; "People who smoke incur a great danger to their health" look out on be oriented in a certain direction; "The house looks out on a tennis court"; "The apartment overlooks the Hudson" center on have as a center; "The region centers on Charleston" do well act in one's own or everybody's best interest; "You will do well to arrive on time tomorrow!" go back belong to an earlier time; "This story dates back 200 years" stagnate cease to flow; stand without moving; "Stagnating waters"; "blood stagnates in the capillaries" cause to stagnate; "There are marshes that stagnate the waters" stand still; "Industry will stagnate if we do not stimulate our economy" come in handy be useful for a certain purpose forbear refrain from doing; "she forbore a snicker" help oneself abstain from doing; always used with a negative; "I can't help myself--I have to smoke"; "She could not help watching the sad spectacle" impend be imminent or about to happen; "Changes are impending" come in for be subject to or the object of; "The governor came in for a lot of criticism" persist stay behind; "The smell stayed in the room"; "The hostility remained long after they made up" resplend be resplendent or radiant; to shine brightly; "The Queen's garments resplended in velvet and jewels" go far extend in importance or range; "His accomplishments go far" iridesce be iridescent; "The corals iridesced under the surface of the clear water" opalesce exhibit a play of colors like that of an opal; "This nitrate opalesces under certain conditions" reflect light or colors like an opal; "Distant clouds opalesce like pale brocade"; "raindrops caught in a sunbeam seem to opalesce" tie in be in connection with something relevant; "This ties in closely with his earlier remarks" go into be used or required for; "A lot of energy went into the organization of this banquet" let go be relaxed; "Don't be so worried all the time--just let go!" circumvolute wind or turn in volutions, especially in an inward spiral, as of snail miscegenate marry or cohabit with a person of another race issue forth come forth; "A scream came from the woman's mouth"; "His breath came hard" ornament be an ornament to; "stars ornamented the Christmas tree" assonate correspond in vowel sounds; rhyme in assonance; "The accented vowels assonated in this poem" osculate have at least three points in common with; "one curve osculates the other"; "these two surfaces osculate" be intermediate between two taxonomic groups; "These species osculate" summarize be a summary of; "The abstract summarizes the main ideas in the paper" cohere have internal elements or parts logically connected so that aesthetic consistency results; "the principles by which societies cohere" cause to form a united, orderly, and aesthetically consistent whole; "Religion can cohere social groups" cash out choose a simpler life style after questioning personal and career satisfaction goals; "After 3 decades in politics, she cashed out and moved to Polynesia" ice up become covered with a layer of ice; of a surface such as a window; "When the wings iced up, the pilot was forced to land his plane" ignite cause to start burning; subject to fire or great heat; "Great heat can ignite almost any dry matter"; "Light a cigarette" set ablaze set fire to; cause to start burning; "Lightening set fire to the forest" reignite ignite anew, as of something burning; "The strong winds reignited the cooling embers" kindle cause to start burning; "The setting sun kindled the sky with oranges and reds" catch fire; "The dried grass of the prairie kindled, spreading the flames for miles" flare up ignite quickly and suddenly, especially after having died down; "the fire flared up and died down once again" luminesce be or become luminescent; exhibit luminescence overcloud become covered with clouds; "The sky clouded over" clear up become clear; "The sky cleared after the storm" run dry become empty of water; "The river runs dry in the summer" fog up get foggy; "The windshield fogged up" able (usually followed by `to') having the necessary means or skill or know-how or authority to do something; "able to swim"; "she was able to program her computer"; "we were at last able to buy a car"; "able to get a grant for the project" having inherent physical or mental ability or capacity; "able to learn"; "human beings are able to walk on two feet"; "Superman is able to leap tall buildings" have the skills and qualifications to do things well; "able teachers"; "a capable administrator"; "children as young as 14 can be extremely capable and dependable" having a strong healthy body; "an able seaman"; "every able-bodied young man served in the army" unable (usually followed by `to') not having the necessary means or skill or know-how; "unable to get to town without a car"; "unable to obtain funds" abaxial facing away from the axis of an organ or organism; "the abaxial surface of a leaf is the underside or side facing away from the stem" adaxial nearest to or facing toward the axis of an organ or organism; "the upper side of a leaf is known as the adaxial surface" acroscopic facing or on the side toward the apex basiscopic facing or on the side toward the base adducent especially of muscles; bringing together or drawing toward the midline of the body or toward an adjacent part nascent being born or beginning; "the nascent chicks"; "a nascent insurgency" emergent coming into existence; "an emergent republic" occurring unexpectedly and requiring urgent action; "emergent repair of an aorta" dissilient bursting open with force, as do some ripe seed vessels parturient giving birth; "a parturient heifer" of or relating to or giving birth; "parturient pangs"; "the parturient uterus" dying in or associated with the process of passing from life or ceasing to be; "a dying man"; "his dying wish"; "a dying fire"; "a dying civilization" moribund being on the point of death; breathing your last; "a moribund patient" abridged (used of texts) shortened by condensing or rewriting; "an abridged version" potted (British informal) summarized or abridged; "a potted version of a novel" preserved in a pot or can or jar; "potted meat"; "potted shrimp" of plants; planted or grown in a pot; "potted geraniums" unabridged (used of texts) not shortened; "an unabridged novel" full-length complete; "the full-length play" representing or accommodating the entire length; "a full-length portrait" implicit being without doubt or reserve; "implicit trust" implied though not directly expressed; inherent in the nature of something; "an implicit agreement not to raise the subject"; "there was implicit criticism in his voice"; "anger was implicit in the argument"; "the oak is implicit in the acorn" infinite total and all-embracing; "God's infinite wisdom" having no limits or boundaries in time or space or extent or magnitude; "the infinite ingenuity of man"; "infinite wealth" (of verbs) not having tense, person, or number (as a participle or gerund or infinitive); "infinite verb form" relational having a relation or being related absorbent having power or capacity or tendency to absorb or soak up something (liquids or energy etc.); "as absorbent as a sponge" absorbefacient inducing or promoting absorption assimilating capable of taking (gas, light, or liquids) into a solution; "an assimilative substance" hygroscopic absorbing moisture (as from the air) receptive able to absorb liquid (not repellent); "the paper is ink-receptive" open to arguments, ideas, or change; "receptive to reason and the logic of facts" ready or willing to receive favorably; "receptive to the proposals" shock-absorbent having the capacity to absorb the energy of an impact; "the material absorbs shock and is used for shock-absorbent insoles" spongy like a sponge in being able to absorb liquids and yield it back when compressed easily squashed; resembling a sponge in having soft porous texture and compressibility; "spongy bread" thirsty able to take in large quantities of moisture; "thirsty towels" feeling a need or desire to drink; "after playing hard the children were thirsty" needing moisture; "thirsty fields under a rainless sky" nonabsorbent not capable of absorbing or soaking up (liquids) chemisorptive having the capacity to adsorb by chemical as contrasted with physical forces nonadsorbent lacking a capacity to adsorb or cause to accumulate on a surface absorbable capable of being absorbed or taken in through the pores of a surface adsorbable capable of being adsorbed or accumulated on a surface of a solid abstemious sparing in consumption of especially food and drink; "the pleasures of the table, never of much consequence to one naturally abstemious"- John Galsworthy marked by temperance in indulgence; "abstemious with the use of adverbs"; "a light eater"; "a light smoker"; "ate a light supper" abstinent self-restraining; not indulging an appetite especially for food or drink; "not totally abstinent but abstemious" ascetic practicing great self-denial; "Be systematically ascetic...do...something for no other reason than that you would rather not do it"- William James; "a desert nomad's austere life"; "a spartan diet"; "a spartan existence" pertaining to or characteristic of an ascetic or the practice of rigorous self-discipline; "ascetic practices" gluttonous given to excess in consumption of especially food or drink; "over-fed women and their gluttonous husbands"; "a gluttonous debauch"; "a gluttonous appetite for food and praise and pleasure" crapulous given to gross intemperance in eating or drinking; "a crapulous old reprobate" crapulent suffering from excessive eating or drinking; "crapulent sleep"; "a crapulous stomach" edacious devouring or craving food in great quantities; "edacious vultures"; "a rapacious appetite"; "ravenous as wolves"; "voracious sharks" greedy wanting to eat or drink more than one can reasonably consume; "don't be greedy with the cookies" hoggish resembling swine; coarsely gluttonous or greedy; "piggish table manners"; "the piggy fat-cheeked little boy and his porcine pot-bellied father"; "swinish slavering over food" overgreedy excessively gluttonous conceptional being of the nature of a notion or concept; "a plan abstract and conceptional"; "to improve notional comprehension"; "a notional response to the question" conceptual being or characterized by concepts or their formation; "conceptual discussions"; "the schizophrenic loses ability to abstract or do conceptual thinking"; "sex is a notional category, gender is a grammatical category" ideological concerned with or suggestive of ideas; "ideological application of a theory"; "the drama's symbolism was very ideological" of or pertaining to or characteristic of an orientation that characterizes the thinking of a group or nation abundant present in great quantity; "an abundant supply of water" abounding existing in abundance; "abounding confidence"; "whiskey galore" ample affording an abundant supply; "had ample food for the party"; "copious provisions"; "food is plentiful"; "a plenteous grape harvest"; "a rich supply" more than enough in size or scope or capacity; "had ample food for the party"; "an ample supply" fairly large in size; "a sizable fortune"; "an ample waistline"; "of ample proportions" copious large in number or quantity (especially of discourse); "she took copious notes"; "a subject of voluminous legislation" easy obtained with little effort or sacrifice, often obtained illegally; "easy money" less in demand and therefore readily obtainable; "commodities are easy this quarter" casual and unrestrained in sexual behavior; "her easy virtue"; "he was told to avoid loose (or light) women"; "wanton behavior" affording comfort; "soft light that was easy on the eyes" posing no difficulty; requiring little effort; "an easy job"; "an easy problem"; "an easy victory"; "the house is easy to heat"; "satisfied with easy answers"; "took the easy way out of his dilemma" free from worry or anxiety; "knowing that I had done my best, my mind was easy"; "an easy good-natured manner"; "by the time the child faced the actual problem of reading she was familiar and at ease with all the elements words" marked by moderate steepness; "an easy climb"; "a gentle slope" having little impact; "an easy pat on the shoulder"; "gentle rain"; "a gentle breeze"; "a soft (or light) tapping at the window" not hurried or forced; "an easy walk around the block"; "at a leisurely (or easygoing) pace" affording pleasure; "easy good looks" readily exploited or tricked; "an easy victim"; "an easy mark" in a relaxed manner; or without hardship; "just wanted to take it easy"; "the judge went easy on the young defendant" exuberant produced or growing in extreme abundance; "their riotous blooming" thick abounding; having a lot of; "the top was thick with dust" having component parts closely crowded together; "a compact shopping center"; "a dense population"; "thick crowds"; "a thick forest"; "thick hair" (of darkness) densely dark; "thick night"; "thick darkness"; "a face in deep shadow"; "deep night" not thin; of a specific thickness or of relatively great extent from one surface to the opposite usually in the smallest of the three solid dimensions; "an inch thick"; "a thick board"; "a thick sandwich"; "spread a thick layer of butter"; "thick coating of dust"; "thick warm blankets" relatively dense in consistency; "thick cream"; "thick soup"; "thick smoke"; "thick fog" in quick succession; "misfortunes come fast and thick" long having or being more than normal or necessary; "long on brains"; "in long supply" primarily spatial sense; of relatively great or greater than average spatial extension or extension as specified; "a long road"; "a long distance"; "contained many long words"; "ten miles long" primarily temporal sense; being or indicating a relatively great or greater than average duration or passage of time or a duration as specified; "a long life"; "a long boring speech"; "a long time"; "a long friendship"; "a long game"; "long ago"; "an hour long" (of speech sounds or syllables) of relatively long duration; "the English vowel sounds in `bate', `beat', `bite', `boat', `boot' are long" holding securities or commodities in expectation of a rise in prices; "is long on coffee"; "a long position in gold" involving substantial risk; "long odds" of relatively great height; "a race of long gaunt men"- Sherwood Anderson; "looked out the long French windows" for an extended time or at a distant time; "a promotion long overdue"; "something long hoped for"; "his name has long been forgotten"; "talked all night long"; "how long will you be gone?"; "arrived long before he was expected"; "it is long after your bedtime" for an extended distance overabundant excessively abundant plentiful existing in great number or quantity; "rhinoceroses were once plentiful here" rampant (of a plant) having a lush and unchecked growth; "a rampant growth of weeds" unrestrained and violent; "rampant aggression" superabundant most excessively abundant teeming abundantly filled with especially living things; "the Third World's teeming millions"; "the teeming boulevard" torrential pouring in abundance; "torrential rains" resembling a torrent in force and abundance; "torrential applause"; "torrential abuse"; "the torrential facility and fecundity characteristic of his style"- Winthrop Sargeant relating to or resulting from the action of a torrent; "torrential erosion"; "torrential adaptations seen in some aquatic forms" verdant characterized by abundance of verdure scarce deficient in quantity or number compared with the demand; "fresh vegetables were scarce during the drought" rare not widely distributed; "rare herbs"; "rare patches of green in the desert" not widely known; especially valued for its uncommonness; "a rare word"; "rare books" (of meat) cooked a short time; still red inside; "rare roast beef" recurring only at long intervals; "a rare appearance"; "total eclipses are rare events" marked by an uncommon quality; especially superlative or extreme of its kind; "what is so rare as a day in June"-J.R.Lowell; "a rare skill"; "an uncommon sense of humor"; "she was kind to an uncommon degree" having low density; "rare gasses"; "lightheaded from the rarefied mountain air" tight affected by scarcity and expensive to borrow; "tight money"; "a tight market" packed closely together; "they stood in a tight little group"; "hair in tight curls"; "the pub was packed tight" of such close construction as to be impermeable; "a tight roof"; "warm in our tight little house" closely constrained or constricted or constricting; "tight skirts"; "he hated tight starched collars"; "fingers closed in a tight fist"; "a tight feeling in his chest" securely or solidly fixed in place; rigid; "the bolts are tight" set so close together as to be invulnerable to penetration; "in tight formation"; "a tight blockade" abused subjected to cruel treatment; "an abused wife" used improperly or excessively especially drugs; "an abused substance" battered exhibiting symptoms resulting from repeated physical and emotional injury; "a battered child"; "the battered woman syndrome" damaged by blows or hard usage; "a battered old car"; "the beaten-up old Ford" damaged especially by hard usage; "his battered old hat" unabused not physically abused; treated properly acceptable worthy of acceptance or satisfactory; "acceptable levels of radiation"; "performances varied from acceptable to excellent" adequate for the purpose; "the water was acceptable for drinking" judged to be in conformity with approved usage; "acceptable English usage" bankable acceptable to or at a bank; "bankable funds" guaranteed to bring a profit; "without bankable stars the film script aroused no interest" unexceptionable completely acceptable; not open to exception or reproach; "two unexceptionable witnesses"; "a judge's ethics should be unexceptionable" unobjectionable not objectionable; "the ends are unobjectionable; it's the means that one can't accept" unacceptable not acceptable; not welcome; "a word unacceptable in polite society"; "an unacceptable violation of personal freedom" not adequate to give satisfaction; "the coach told his players that defeat was unacceptable" not conforming to standard usage; "the following use of `access' was judged unacceptable by a panel of linguists; `You can access your cash at any of 300 automatic tellers'" exceptionable liable to objection or debate; used of something one might take exception to; "a thoroughly unpleasant highly exceptionable piece of writing"; "found the politician's views objectionable" accessible capable of being reached; "a town accessible by rail" easy to get along with or talk to; friendly; "an accessible and genial man" easily obtained; "most students now have computers accessible"; "accessible money" capable of being read with comprehension; "readily accessible to the nonprofessional reader"; "the tales seem more approachable than his more difficult novels" approachable easily approached; "a site approachable from a branch of the Niger" easy to meet or converse or do business with; "a friendly approachable person" come-at-able capable of being reached or attained; "a very getatable man"; "both oil and coal are there but not in getatable locations" handy easy to reach; "found a handy spot for the can opener" skillful with the hands; "handy with an axe" useful and convenient; "a handy gadget" inaccessible capable of being reached only with great difficulty or not at all not capable of being obtained; "a rare work, today almost inaccessible"; "timber is virtually unobtainable in the islands"; "untouchable resources buried deep within the earth" outback(a) inaccessible and sparsely populated pathless lacking pathways; "trackless wilderness"; "roadless areas" unapproachable inaccessibly located or situated; "an unapproachable chalet high in the mountains"; "an unreachable canyon"; "the unreachable stars" discouraging intimacies; reserved; "an unapproachable executive" un-come-at-able difficult to reach or attain accommodating helpful in bringing about a harmonious adaptation; "the warden was always accommodating in allowing visitors in"; "made a special effort to be accommodating" obliging; willing to do favors; "made a special effort to be accommodating" complaisant showing a cheerful willingness to do favors for others; "to close one's eyes like a complaisant husband whose wife has taken a lover"; "the obliging waiter was in no hurry for us to leave" unaccommodating not accommodating; "the unaccommodating bus driver pulled out while she was banging on the door" offering no assistance; "rudely unaccommodating to the customers"; "icily neutral, disagreeably unhelpful" disobliging intentionally unaccommodating; "the action was not offensive to him but proved somewhat disobliging" accurate conforming exactly or almost exactly to fact or to a standard or performing with total accuracy; "an accurate reproduction"; "the accounting was accurate"; "accurate measurements"; "an accurate scale" (of ideas, images, representations, expressions) characterized by perfect conformity to fact or truth; strictly correct; "a precise image"; "a precise measurement" dead-on(a) accurate and to the point; "a dead-on feel for characterization"; "She avoids big scenes...preferring to rely on small gestures and dead-on dialogue"- Peter S.Prescott high-fidelity characterized by minimal distortion in sound reproduction; "a high-fidelity recording"; "a hi-fi system" surgical performed with great precision; "a surgical air strike" relating to or requiring or amenable to treatment by surgery especially as opposed to medicine; "a surgical appendix"; "a surgical procedure"; "operative dentistry" of or relating to or involving or used in surgery; "surgical instruments"; "surgical intervention" veracious precisely accurate; "a veracious account" habitually speaking the truth; "a veracious witness" inaccurate not accurate; "an inaccurate translation"; "the thermometer is inaccurate" away (of a baseball pitch) on the far side of home plate from the batter; "the pitch was away (or wide)"; "an outside pitch" used of an opponent's ground; "an away game" from a particular thing or place or position (`forth' is obsolete); "ran away from the lion"; "wanted to get away from there"; "sent the children away to boarding school"; "the teacher waved the children away from the dead animal"; "went off to school"; "they drove off"; "go forth and preach" from one's possession; "he gave out money to the poor"; "gave away the tickets" out of existence; "the music faded away"; "tried to explain away the affair of the letter"- H.E.Scudder; "idled the hours away"; "her fingernails were worn away" indicating continuing action; continuously or steadily; "he worked away at the project for more than a year"; "the child kept hammering away as if his life depended on it" in a different direction; "turn aside"; "turn away one's face"; "glanced away" in or into a proper place (especially for storage or safekeeping); "put the toys away"; "her jewels are locked away in a safe"; "filed the letter away" so as to be removed or gotten rid of; "cleared the mess away"; "the rotted wood had to be cut away" freely or at will; "fire away!" faulty characterized by errors; not agreeing with a model or not following established rules; "he submitted a faulty report"; "an incorrect transcription"; "the wrong side of the road" unfaithful not trustworthy; "an unfaithful reproduction" not true to duty or obligation or promises; "an unfaithful lover" having sexual relations with someone other than your husband or wife, or your boyfriend or girlfriend; "her husband was unfaithful" wide not on target; "the kick was wide"; "the arrow was wide of the mark"; "a claim that was wide of the truth" having ample fabric; "the current taste for wide trousers"; "a full skirt" having great (or a certain) extent from one side to the other; "wide roads"; "a wide necktie"; "wide margins"; "three feet wide"; "a river two miles broad"; "broad shoulders"; "a broad river" great in degree; "won by a wide margin" to or over a great extent or range; far; "wandered wide through many lands"; "he traveled widely" with or by a broad space; "stand with legs wide apart"; "ran wide around left end" far from the intended target; "the arrow went wide of the mark"; "a bullet went astray and killed a bystander" to the fullest extent possible; "open your eyes wide"; "with the throttle wide open" accustomed to in the habit of or adapted to; "accustomed to doing her own work"; "I've grown accustomed to her face"; "we are used to better service in this restaurant" used to(p) in the habit of doing something; "...was wont to complain that this is a cold world"- Henry David Thoreau unaccustomed to not habituated to; unfamiliar with; "unaccustomed to wearing suits" new (often followed by `to') unfamiliar; "new experiences"; "experiences new to him"; "errors of someone new to the job" having no previous example or precedent or parallel; "a time of unexampled prosperity" (of crops) harvested at an early stage of development; before complete maturity; "new potatoes"; "young corn" not of long duration; having just (or relatively recently) come into being or been made or acquired or discovered; "a new law"; "new cars"; "a new comet"; "a new friend"; "a new year"; "the New World" unaffected by use or exposure; "it looks like new" unused to(p) infrequently exposed to; "feet unused to shoes" acidic being or containing an acid; of a solution having an excess of hydrogen atoms (having a pH of less than 7) being sour to the taste acid-forming yielding an acid in aqueous solution alkaline relating to or containing an alkali; having a pH greater than 7; "alkaline soils derived from chalk or limestone" alkalescent tending to become alkaline; slightly alkaline base-forming yielding a base in aqueous solution saltlike resembling a compound formed by replacing hydrogen in an acid by a metal amphoteric having characteristics of both an acid and a base and capable of reacting as either acid-loving thriving in a relatively acidic environment (especially of plants requiring a pH well below 7) acidophilic especially of some bacteria; growing well in an acid medium alkaline-loving thriving in a relatively alkaline environment; (especially of plants requiring a pH above 7) acknowledged recognized or made known or admitted; "the acknowledged leader of the community"; "a woman of acknowledged accomplishments"; "his acknowledged error" generally accepted accepted generally approved or compelling recognition; "several accepted techniques for treating the condition"; "his recognized superiority in this kind of work" self-confessed(a) owned up to; "his admitted doubts"; "the conceded error"; "a confessed murderer"; "a self-confessed plagiarist" assumptive accepted as real or true without proof; "the assumed reason for his absence"; "assumptive beliefs" excessively forward; "an assumptive person"; "on a subject like this it would be too assuming for me to decide"; "the duchess would not put up with presumptuous servants" declarable that must be declared; "declarable income" putative(a) purported; commonly put forth or accepted as true on inconclusive grounds; "the foundling's putative father"; "the putative author of the book" unacknowledged not recognized or admitted not openly acknowledged; "an unacknowledged emergency" unappreciated having value that is not acknowledged unavowed not openly made known; "a secret marriage"; "a secret bride" not affirmed or mentioned or declared unrecognized not recognized; "he was unrecognized in his disguise" not having a secure reputation; "short stories by unrecognized writers" acquisitive eager to acquire and possess things especially material possessions or ideas; "an acquisitive mind"; "an acquisitive society in which the craving for material things seems never satisfied" accumulative marked by acquiring or amassing; "we live in an accumulative society" increasing by successive addition; "the benefits are cumulative"; "the eventual accumulative effect of these substances" avaricious immoderately desirous of acquiring e.g. wealth; "they are avaricious and will do anything for money"; "casting covetous eyes on his neighbor's fields"; "a grasping old miser"; "grasping commercialism"; "greedy for money and power"; "grew richer and greedier"; "prehensile employers stingy with raises for their employees" possessive desirous of owning; "small children are so possessive they will not let others play with their toys" having or showing a desire to control or dominate; "a possessive parent" serving to express or indicate possession; "possessive pronouns"; "the genitive endings" predaceous living by or given to victimizing others for personal gain; "predatory capitalists"; "a predatory, insensate society in which innocence and decency can prove fatal"- Peter S. Prescott; "a predacious kind of animal--the early geological gangster"- W.E.Swinton rapacious excessively greedy and grasping; "a rapacious divorcee on the prowl"; "ravening creditors"; "paying taxes to voracious governments" sordid meanly avaricious and mercenary; "sordid avarice"; "sordid material interests" unacquisitive not acquisitive; not interested in acquiring or owning anything acropetal of leaves or flowers; developing or opening in succession from base to apex basipetal of leaves or flowers; developing or opening in succession from apex to base about(p) on the move; "up and about"; "the whole town was astir over the incident" acrobatic vigorously active; "an acrobatic dance"; "an athletic child"; "athletic playing"; "gymnastic exercises" agile moving quickly and lightly; "sleek and agile as a gymnast"; "as nimble as a deer"; "nimble fingers"; "quick of foot"; "the old dog was so spry it was halfway up the stairs before we could stop it" mentally quick; "an agile mind"; "nimble wits" hot marked by excited activity; "a hot week on the stock market" charged or energized with electricity; "a hot wire"; "a live wire" having or dealing with dangerously high levels of radioactivity; "hot fuel rods"; "a hot laboratory" of a seeker; very near to the object sought; "you are hot" having or showing great eagerness or enthusiasm; "hot for travel" newly made; "a hot scent" very good; often used in the negative; "he's hot at math but not so hot at history" used of physical heat; having a high or higher than desirable temperature or giving off heat or feeling or causing a sensation of heat or burning; "hot stove"; "hot water"; "a hot August day"; "a hot stuffy room"; "she's hot and tired"; "a hot forehead" extended meanings; especially of psychological heat; marked by intensity or vehemence especially of passion or enthusiasm; "a hot temper"; "a hot topic"; "a hot new book"; "a hot love affair"; "a hot argument" recently stolen or smuggled; "hot merchandise"; "a hot car" having or bringing unusually good luck; "hot at craps"; "the dice are hot tonight" newest or most recent; "news hot off the press"; "red-hot information" very unpleasant or even dangerous; "make it hot for him"; "in the hot seat"; "in hot water" very popular or successful; "one of the hot young talents"; "cabbage patch dolls were hot last season" sexually excited or exciting; "was hot for her"; "hot pants" performed or performing with unusually great skill and daring and energy; "a hot drummer"; "he's hot tonight" producing a burning sensation on the taste nerves; "hot salsa"; "jalapeno peppers are very hot"; "a spicy sauce"; "I like my chili extra spicy" characterized by violent and forceful activity or movement; very intense; "the fighting became hot and heavy"; "a hot engagement"; "a raging battle"; "the river became a raging torrent" wanted by the police; "a hot suspect" (color) bold and intense; "hot pink" hyperactive more active than normal; "a hyperactive child" on the go(p) (of a person) very busy and active; "is always on the go" sporty appropriate for sport or engagement in a sport inactive not active physically or mentally; "illness forced him to live an inactive life"; "dreamy and inactive by nature" not engaged in full-time work; "inactive reserve"; "an inactive member" lacking activity; lying idle or unused; "an inactive mine"; "inactive accounts"; "inactive machinery" (pathology) not progressing or increasing; or progressing slowly not exerting influence or change not in physical motion; "the inertia of an object at rest" (chemistry) not participating in a chemical reaction; chemically inert; "desired amounts of inactive chlorine" desk-bound restricted to working in an office rather than in an active physical capacity abeyant inactive but capable of becoming active; "her feelings of affection are dormant but easily awakened" hypoactive abnormally inactive inert slow and apathetic; "she was fat and inert"; "a sluggish worker"; "a mind grown torpid in old age" unable to move or resist motion having only a limited ability to react chemically; chemically inactive; "inert matter"; "an indifferent chemical in a reaction" sedentary requiring sitting or little activity; "forced by illness to lead a sedentary life" activated (military) set up and placed on active assignment; "a newly activated unit" rendered active; e.g. rendered radioactive or luminescent or photosensitive or conductive (of e.g. a molecule) made reactive or more reactive (of sewage) treated with aeration and bacteria to aid decomposition off not performing or scheduled for duties; "He's off every Tuesday" not in operation or operational; "the oven is off"; "the lights are off" (of events) no longer planned or scheduled; "the wedding is definitely off" below a satisfactory level; "an off year for tennis"; "his performance was off" in an unpalatable state; "sour milk" no longer on or in contact or attached; "clean off the dirt"; "he shaved off his mustache" at a distance in space or time; "the boat was 5 miles off (or away)"; "the party is still 2 weeks off (or away)"; "away back in the 18th century" retired no longer active in your work or profession bustling full of energetic and noisy activity; "a bustling city" going(a) in full operation; "a going concern" springy (of movements) light and confidently active; "he walked away with a springy step" strikebound closed or immobilized by a strike; "a strikebound airline" dead-end lacking opportunities for development or advancement; "stuck in a dead-end job" indolent (of tumors, e.g.) slow to heal or develop and usually painless; "an indolent ulcer"; "leprosy is an indolent infectious disease" latent (pathology) not presently active; "latent infection"; "latent diabetes" potentially existing but not presently evident or realized; "a latent fingerprint"; "latent talent" quiescent (pathology) causing no symptoms; "a quiescent tumor" being quiet or still or inactive not active or activated; "the quiescent level of centimeter wave-length solar radiation" marked by a state of tranquil repose; "the quiescent melancholy of the town" activist advocating or engaged in activism hands-on involving active participation; "he's a hands-on manager"; "hands-on operations" proactive (of a policy or person or action) controlling a situation by causing something to happen rather than waiting to respond to it after it happens descriptive of any event or stimulus or process that has an effect on events or stimuli or processes that occur subsequently; "proactive inhibition"; "proactive interference" passive lacking in energy or will; "Much benevolence of the passive order may be traced to a disinclination to inflict pain upon oneself"- George Meredith expressing that the subject of the sentence is the patient of the action denoted by the verb; "academics seem to favor passive sentences" peacefully resistant in response to injustice; "passive resistance" hands-off not involving participation or intervention; "a hands-off foreign policy" resistless offering no resistance; "resistless hostages" supine passive as a result of indolence or indifference; "No other colony showed such supine, selfish helplessness in allowing her own border citizens to be mercilessly harried"- Theodore Roosevelt lying face upward eruptive actively spewing out lava; "a geyser is an intermittently eruptive hot spring" producing or characterized by eruptions; "an eruptive disease" dormant (of e.g. volcanos) not erupting and not extinct; "a dormant volcano" in a condition of biological rest or suspended animation; "dormant buds"; "a hibernating bear"; "torpid frogs" extinct (of e.g. volcanos) permanently inactive; "an extinct volcano" being out or having grown cold; "threw his extinct cigarette into the stream"; "the fire is out" no longer in existence; lost or especially having died out leaving no living representatives; "an extinct species of fish"; "an extinct royal family"; "extinct laws and customs" alive capable of erupting; "a live volcano"; "the volcano is very much alive" stative (used of verbs (e.g. `be' or `own') and most participial adjectives) expressing existence or a state rather than an action counteractive opposing or neutralizing or mitigating an effect by contrary action surface-active capable of lowering the surface tension of a liquid; used especially of detergents quiet (of the sun) characterized by a low level of surface phenomena, such as sunspots not showy or obtrusive; "clothes in quiet good taste" free of noise or uproar; or making little if any sound; "a quiet audience at the concert"; "the room was dark and quiet" characterized by an absence or near absence of agitation or activity; "a quiet life"; "a quiet throng of onlookers"; "quiet peace-loving people"; "the factions remained quiet for almost 10 years" actual presently existing in fact and not merely potential or possible; "the predicted temperature and the actual temperature were markedly different"; "actual and imagined conditions" being or existing at the present moment; "the ship's actual position is 22 miles due south of Key West" taking place in reality; not pretended or imitated; "we saw the actual wedding on television"; "filmed the actual beating" existing in act or fact; "rocks and trees...the actual world"; "actual heroism"; "the actual things that produced the emotion you experienced" being or reflecting the essential or genuine character of something; "her actual motive"; "a literal solitude like a desert"- G.K.Chesterton; "a genuine dilemma" effective existing in fact; not theoretical; real; "a decline in the effective demand"; "confused increased equipment and expenditure with the quantity of effective work done" able to accomplish a purpose; functioning effectively; "people who will do nothing unless they get something out of it for themselves are often highly effective persons..."-G.B.Shaw; "effective personnel"; "an efficient secretary"; "the efficient cause of the revolution" exerting force or influence; "the law is effective immediately"; "a warranty good for two years"; "the law is already in effect (or in force)" producing or capable of producing an intended result or having a striking effect; "an air-cooled motor was more effective than a witch's broomstick for rapid long-distance transportation"-LewisMumford; "effective teaching methods"; "effective steps toward peace"; "made an effective entrance"; "his complaint proved to be effectual in bringing action"; "an efficacious law" works well as a means or remedy; "an effective reprimand"; "a lotion that is effective in cases of prickly heat" ready for service; "the fort was held by about 100 effective soldiers" acute having or experiencing a rapid onset and short but severe course; "acute appendicitis"; "the acute phase of the illness"; "acute patients" of critical importance and consequence; "an acute (or critical) lack of research funds" extremely sharp or severe; "acute pain"; "felt acute annoyance"; "intense itching and burning" having or demonstrating ability to recognize or draw fine distinctions; "an acute observer of politics and politicians"; "incisive comments"; "icy knifelike reasoning"; "as sharp and incisive as the stroke of a fang"; "penetrating insight"; "frequent penetrative observations" of an angle; less than 90 degrees subacute less than acute; relating to a disease present in a person with no symptoms of it chronic being long-lasting and recurrent or characterized by long suffering; "chronic indigestion"; "a chronic shortage of funds"; "a chronic invalid" habitual; "a chronic smoker" of long duration; "chronic money problems" degenerative (of illness) marked by gradual deterioration of organs and cells along with loss of function; "degenerative diseases of old age" virulent infectious; having the ability to cause disease highly infective (of a microorganism) extremely infective; "a highly infective organism" deadly (of a disease) having a rapid course and violent effect causing or capable of causing death; "a fatal accident"; "a deadly enemy"; "mortal combat"; "a mortal illness" of an instrument of certain death; "deadly poisons"; "lethal weapon"; "a lethal injection" involving loss of divine grace or spiritual death; "the seven deadly sins" extremely poisonous or injurious; producing venom; "venomous snakes"; "a virulent insect bite" as if dead avirulent not virulent; unable to produce disease adaptive having a capacity for adaptation; "the adaptive coloring of a chameleon" accommodative tending to reconcile or accommodate; bringing into harmony willing to adjust to differences in order to obtain agreement adaptational of or relating to adaptation adjustive conducive to adjustment maladaptive showing faulty adaptation dysfunctional (of a trait or condition) failing to serve an adjustive purpose; "dysfunctional behavior" impaired in function; especially of a bodily system or organ maladjustive poorly adjusted addicted compulsively or physiologically dependent on something habit-forming; "she is addicted to chocolate"; "addicted to cocaine" dependent addicted to a drug contingent on something else relying on or requiring a person or thing for support, supply, or what is needed; "dependent children"; "dependent on moisture" (of a clause) unable to stand alone syntactically as a complete sentence; "a subordinate (or dependent) clause functions as a noun or adjective or adverb within a sentence" unaddicted not addicted addictive causing or characterized by addiction; "addictive drugs"; "addictive behavior" nonaddictive not causing or characterized by addiction; "for years tobacco companies have contended that tobacco is nonaddictive" addable capable of being added or added to complemental acting as or providing a complement (something that completes the whole) incremental increasing gradually by regular degrees or additions; "lecturers enjoy...steady incremental growth in salary" intercalary having a day or month inserted to make the calendar year correspond to the solar year: "Feb. 29 is an intercalary day"; "a leap year is an intercalary year" summational of or relating to a summation or produced by summation supplementary added to complete or make up a deficiency; "produced supplementary volumes" subtractive constituting or involving subtraction; "a subtractive correction" reductive characterized by or causing diminution or curtailment; "their views of life were reductive and depreciatory" - R.H.Rovere addressed (of mail) marked with a destination; "I throw away all mail addressed to `resident'" self-addressed addressed to yourself; "enclose a stamped self-addressed envelope with all submissions" unaddressed not addressed; "an unaddressed envelope" adequate having the requisite qualities or resources to meet a task; "she had adequate training"; "her training was adequate"; "she was adequate to the job"; "he was equal to the task" about average; acceptable; "more than adequate as a secretary" sufficient for the purpose; "an adequate income"; "the food was adequate"; "enough food"; "food enough" adequate to(p) having the requisite qualities for; "equal to the task"; "the work isn't up to the standard I require" competent adequate, but not outstanding or exceptional; "a competent performance" properly or sufficiently qualified or capable or efficient; "a competent typist" legally qualified or sufficient; "a competent court"; "competent testimony" inadequate lacking the requisite qualities or resources to meet a task; "inadequate training"; "the staff was inadequate"; "she was unequal to the task" of insufficient quantity to meet a need; "an inadequate income"; "a poor salary"; "money is short"; "on short rations"; "food is in short supply"; "short on experience"; "the jejune diets of the very poor" deficient inadequate in amount or degree; "a deficient education"; "deficient in common sense"; "lacking in stamina"; "tested and found wanting" falling short of some prescribed norm; "substandard housing" incapable not meeting requirements; "unequal to the demands put upon him" (followed by `of') lacking capacity or ability; "incapable of carrying a tune"; "he is incapable of understanding the matter"; "incapable of doing the work" (followed by `of') not having the temperament or inclination for; "simply incapable of lying" short-handed inadequate in number of workers or assistants etc.; "they're rather short-handed at the moment"; "overcrowded and understaffed hospitals" adhesive tending to adhere adherent sticking fast bondable capable of holding together or cohering; as particles in a mass coherent sticking together; "two coherent sheets"; "tenacious burrs" (physics) of waves having a constant phase relation marked by an orderly, logical, and aesthetically consistent relation of parts; "a coherent argument" capable of thinking and expressing yourself in a clear and consistent manner; "a lucid thinker"; "she was more coherent than she had been just after the accident" cohesive causing cohesion; "a cohesive agent" cohering or tending to cohere; well integrated; "a cohesive organization" gluey having the sticky properties of an adhesive gooey soft and sticky gum-like resembling chewing gum gummed covered with adhesive gum pitchy having the characteristics of pitch or tar self-sealing seals without the application of moisture; "self-sealing envelopes" capable of sealing itself as after being pierced; "self-sealing tires" stick-on of something (a paper label or postage stamp) gummed in advance; "stick-on labels" sticky covered with an adhesive material moist as with undried perspiration and with clothing sticking to the body; "felt sticky and chilly at the same time" nonadhesive not tending to adhere nonglutinous not resembling glue in texture nonresinous not having resin ungummed not treated with adhesive gum adoptable suitable or eligible for adoption; "a shortage of adoptable babies" unadoptable difficult to place in an adoptive home adorned provided with something intended to increase its beauty or distinction beady covered with beads or jewels or sequins small and round and shiny like a shiny bead or button; "bright beady eyes"; "black buttony eyes" bedaubed ornamented in a vulgar or showy fashion bespectacled wearing, or having the face adorned with, eyeglasses or an eyeglass; "a bespectacled grandmother"; "the monocled gentleman" brocaded embellished with a raised pattern created by pressure or embroidery; "brocaded silk"; "an embossed satin"; "embossed leather"; "raised needlework"; "raised metalwork" buttony ornamented with many buttons carbuncled set with carbuncles afflicted with or resembling a carbuncle champleve (for metals) having areas separated by metal and filled with colored enamel and fired clinquant glittering with gold or silver crested (of a knight's helmet) having a decorative plume (of a bird or animal) having a usually ornamental tuft or process on the head; often used in combination; "golden crested"; "crested iris"; "crested oriole"; "tufted duck"; "tufted loosestrife" bearing an heraldic device crocketed (of a gable or spire) furnished with a crocket (an ornament in the form of curved or bent foliage); "a crocketed spire" feathery adorned with feathers or plumes; "a feathered hat" characterized by a covering of feathers; "the feathery congregation of jays" frilled having decorative ruffles or frills fringed having a decorative edging of hanging cords or strips surrounded as with a border or fringe; sometimes used in combination; "a large suburban community...fringed by an industrial area"; "a grass-fringed stream" having edges irregularly and finely slashed; "a laciniate leaf" gilt-edged having gilded edges as the pages of a book of the highest quality or value; "gilt-edged securities"; "gilt-edged credentials" inflamed adorned with tongues of flame resulting from inflammation; hot and swollen and reddened; "eyes inflamed with crying" inlaid adorned by inlays inwrought having a decorative pattern worked or woven in; "an inwrought design" tessellated decorated with small pieces of colored glass or stone fitted together in a mosaic; "a tessellated pavement" having a checkered or mottled appearance mounted decorated with applied ornamentation; often used in combination; "the trim brass-mounted carbine of the ranger"- F.V.W.Mason assembled for use; especially by being attached to a support paneled fitted or decorated with panels or wainscoting studded dotted or adorned with or as with studs or nailheads; usually used in combination; "star-studded heavens"; "diamond-studded belt" tapestried hung or decorated with tapestry tasseled fringed or adorned with tassels tricked-out decorated in a particular way; "tricked-out cupboards looking like Georgian cabinets" tufted having or adorned with tufts; "a tufted bedspread" unadorned not decorated with something to increase its beauty or distinction untufted not adorned with tufts; "untufted ears" cholinergic releasing or activated by acetylcholine or a related compound adroit quick or skillful or adept in action or thought; "an exceptionally adroit pianist"; "an adroit technician"; "his adroit replies to hecklers won him many followers"; "an adroit negotiator" clever showing inventiveness and skill; "a clever gadget"; "the cunning maneuvers leading to his success"; "an ingenious solution to the problem" coordinated being dexterous in the use of more than one set of muscle movements; "she was usually good with her hands and well coordinated"- Mary McCarthy operating as a unit; "a unified utility system"; "a coordinated program" intentionally matched; "curtains and walls were color coordinated" deft skillful in physical movements; especially of the hands; "a deft waiter"; "deft fingers massaged her face"; "dexterous of hand and inventive of mind" light-fingered having nimble fingers literally or figuratively; especially for stealing or picking pockets; "a light-fingered burglar who can crack the combination of a bank vault"- Harry Hansen; "the light-fingered thoughtfulness...of the most civilized playwright of the era"- Time quick-witted mentally nimble and resourceful; "quick-witted debater"; "saved an embarrassing situation with quick-witted tact" maladroit not adroit; "a maladroit movement of his hand caused the car to swerve"; "a maladroit translation"; "maladroit propaganda" bumbling lacking physical movement skills, especially with the hands; "a bumbling mechanic"; "a bungling performance"; "ham-handed governmental interference"; "could scarcely empty a scuttle of ashes, so handless was the poor creature"- Mary H. Vorse inept revealing lack of perceptiveness or judgment or finesse; "an inept remark"; "it was tactless to bring up those disagreeable" uncoordinated lacking the skillful and effective interaction of muscle movements; "his movements are uncoordinated"; "an uncoordinated toddler" lacking in cooperative planning and organization; "uncoordinated scheduling often resulted in conflicting games" unmechanical (of a person) lacking mechanical skills advantageous giving an advantage; "a contract advantageous to our country"; "socially advantageous to entertain often" appropriate for achieving a particular end; implies a lack of concern for fairness beneficial promoting or enhancing well-being; "an arms limitation agreement beneficial to all countries"; "the beneficial effects of a temperate climate"; "the experience was good for her" plus involving advantage or good; "a plus (or positive) factor" on the positive side or higher end of a scale; "a plus value"; "temperature of plus 5 degrees"; "a grade of C plus" discriminatory manifesting partiality; "a discriminatory tax"; "preferential tariff rates"; "preferential treatment"; "a preferential shop gives priority or advantage to union members in hiring or promoting" containing or implying a slight or showing prejudice; "discriminatory attitudes and practices"; "invidious comparisons" disadvantageous involving or creating circumstances detrimental to success or effectiveness; "a disadvantageous outcome"; "a well-known study from the 1970's showed that gender stereotyping placed women in a disadvantageous position"; "made an unfavorable impression" minus involving disadvantage or harm; "minus (or negative) factors" on the negative side or lower end of a scale; "minus 5 degrees"; "a grade of B minus" adventurous willing to undertake or seeking out new and daring enterprises; "adventurous pioneers"; "the risks and gains of an adventuresome economy" audacious disposed to venture or take risks; "audacious visions of the total conquest of space"; "an audacious interpretation of two Jacobean dramas"; "the most daring of contemporary fiction writers"; "a venturesome investor"; "a venturous spirit" unrestrained by convention or propriety; "an audacious trick to pull"; "a barefaced hypocrite"; "the most bodacious display of tourism this side of Anaheim"- Los Angeles Times; "bald-faced lies"; "brazen arrogance"; "the modern world with its quick material successes and insolent belief in the boundless possibilities of progress"- Bertrand Russell invulnerable to fear or intimidation; "audacious explorers"; "fearless reporters and photographers"; "intrepid pioneers" sporting involving risk or willingness to take a risk; "a sporting chance"; "sporting blood" relating to or used in sports; "sporting events"; "sporting equipment" swaggering flamboyantly adventurous unadventurous lacking in boldness advisable worthy of being recommended or suggested; prudent or wise; "such action is neither necessary nor advisable"; "extreme caution is advisable"; "it is advisable to telephone first" better(p) (comparative and superlative of `well') wiser or more advantageous and hence advisable; "it would be better to speak to him"; "the White House thought it best not to respond" well(p) wise or advantageous and hence advisable; "it would be well to start early" inadvisable not prudent or wise; not recommended; "running on the ice is inadvisable" not advisable; "an unnecessary and inadvisable action" well-advised having the benefit of careful prior consideration or counsel; "a well-advised delay in carrying out the plan" considered carefully weighed; "a considered opinion" ill-advised without careful prior deliberation or counsel; "ill-advised efforts"; "it would be ill-advised to accept the offer"; "took the unadvised measure of going public with the accusations" aerobic depending on free oxygen or air; "aerobic fermentation" based on or using the principles of aerobics; enhancing respiratory and circulatory efficiency; "aerobic dance"; "running is very aerobic" aerobiotic living or active only in the presence of oxygen; "aerobiotic bacteria" oxidative taking place in the presence of oxygen; "oxidative glycolysis"; "oxidative rancidity" anaerobic living or active in the absence of free oxygen; "anaerobic bacteria" not aerobic; "isometric exercises are anaerobic" artistic satisfying aesthetic standards and sensibilities; "artistic workmanship" relating to or characteristic of art or artists; "his artistic background" painterly having qualities unique to the art of painting sensuous taking delight in beauty; "the sensuous joy from all things fair" inaesthetic violating aesthetic canons or requirements; deficient in tastefulness or beauty; "inaesthetic and quite unintellectual"; "peered through those inaesthetic spectacles" inartistic lacking aesthetic sensibility affected acted upon; influenced speaking or behaving in an artificial way to make an impression impressed(p) deeply or markedly affected or influenced smitten (used in combination) affected by something overwhelming; "conscience-smitten"; "awe-struck" stage-struck infatuated with or enthralled by the theater especially the desire to act taken be affected with an indisposition; "the child was taken ill"; "couldn't tell when he would be taken drunk" wonder-struck affected by or overcome with wonder unaffected undergoing no change when acted upon; "entirely unaffected by each other's writings"; "fibers remained apparently unaffected by the treatment" free of artificiality; sincere and genuine; "an unaffected grace" superior(p) (often followed by `to') above being affected or influenced by; "he is superior to fear"; "an ignited firework proceeds superior to circumstances until its blazing vitality fades" unimpressed not moved to serious regard; "trying to appear unimpressed" uninfluenced not influenced or affected; "stewed in its petty provincialism untouched by the brisk debates that stirred the old world"- V.L.Parrington; "unswayed by personal considerations" agonistic struggling for effect; "agonistic poses" striving to overcome in argument; "a dialectical and agonistic approach" of or relating to the athletic contests held in ancient Greece artificial artificially formal; "that artificial humility that her husband hated"; "contrived coyness"; "a stilted letter of acknowledgment"; "when people try to correct their speech they develop a stilted pronunciation" contrived by art rather than nature; "artificial flowers"; "artificial flavoring"; "an artificial diamond"; "artificial fibers"; "artificial sweeteners" not arising from natural growth or characterized by vital processes constrained lacking spontaneity; not natural; "a constrained smile"; "forced heartiness"; "a strained smile" elocutionary (used of style of speaking) overly embellished; "an elocutionary Oxonian delivery" of or relating to elocution; "elocutionary recitals" mannered having unnatural mannerisms; "brief, mannered and unlifelike idiom" plummy (of a voice) affectedly mellow and rich; "the radio announcer's plummy voice" very desirable; "a plummy leading role" lifelike free from artificiality; "a lifelike pose"; "a natural reaction" unmannered without artificiality; natural; "the doctor's quiet unmannered entry" unselfconscious not self-conscious; "she grew up with him in unselfconscious friendship" unstilted flowing naturally and continuously; "unstilted conversation" assentient expressing agreement or consent; "an assenting nod" dissentient disagreeing, especially with a majority (of Catholics) refusing to attend services of the Church of England acceptive inclined to accept rather than reject; "she was seldom acceptive of my suggestions" accepting willingly; "acceptive of every new idea"; "an acceptant type of mind" accepting tolerating without protest; "always more accepting of coaching suggestion than her teammates"; "the atmosphere was judged to be more supporting and accepting" rejective rejecting or tending to reject; "rejective or overcritical attitudes of disappointed parents" dismissive stopping to associate with; "they took dismissive action after the third violation" showing indifference or disregard; "a dismissive shrug"; "the firm is dismissive of the competitor's product"; "`chronic fatigue syndrome' was known by the dismissive term `housewife syndrome'" repudiative rejecting emphatically; e.g. refusing to pay or disowning; "a veto is a repudiative act" afloat(p) borne on the water; floating covered with water; "the main deck was afloat (or awash)"; "the monsoon left the whole place awash"; "a flooded bathroom"; "inundated farmlands"; "an overflowing tub" adrift(p) afloat on the surface of a body of water; "after the storm the boats were adrift" aimlessly drifting waterborne supported by water; "waterborne craft" transported by water; "waterborne freight" aground(p) stuck in a place where a ship can no longer float; "a ship aground offshore"; "a boat aground on the beach waiting for the tide to lift it" afraid(p) filled with fear or apprehension; "afraid even to turn his head"; "suddenly looked afraid"; "afraid for his life"; "afraid of snakes"; "afraid to ask questions" acrophobic suffering from acrophobia; abnormally afraid of high places afeard(p) a pronunciation of afraid aghast(p) struck with fear, dread, or consternation agoraphobic suffering from agoraphobia; abnormally afraid of open or public places alarmed experiencing a sudden sense of danger algophobic suffering from algophobia; abnormally afraid of pain apprehensive in fear or dread of possible evil or harm; "apprehensive for one's life"; "apprehensive of danger" mentally upset over possible misfortune or danger etc; "apprehensive about her job"; "not used to a city and worried about small things"; "felt apprehensive about the consequences" quick to understand; "a kind and apprehensive friend"- Nathaniel Hawthorne hangdog frightened into submission or compliance claustrophobic suffering from claustrophobia; abnormally afraid of closed-in places uncomfortably closed or hemmed in; "a claustrophobic little room" fearful experiencing or showing fear; "a fearful glance"; "fearful of criticism" timid by nature or revealing timidity; "timorous little mouse"; "in a timorous tone"; "cast fearful glances at the large dog" extremely distressing; "fearful slum conditions"; "a frightful mistake" frightened made afraid; "the frightened child cowered in the corner"; "too shocked and scared to move" horrified stricken with horror hunted reflecting the fear or terror of one who is hunted; "the hopeless hunted look on the prisoner's face"; "a glitter of apprehension in her hunted eyes" hydrophobic abnormally afraid of water lacking affinity for water; tending to repel and not absorb water; tending not to dissolve in or mix with or be wetted by water mysophobic suffering from mysophobia; abnormally afraid of dirt or contamination panicky thrown into a state of intense fear or desperation; "became panicky as the snow deepened"; "felt panicked before each exam"; "trying to keep back the panic-stricken crowd"; "the terrified horse bolted" terror-stricken struck or filled with terror triskaidekaphobic suffering from triskaidekaphobia (abnormal fear of the number 13) unnerved deprived of courage and strength; "the steeplejack, exhausted and unnerved, couldn't hold on to his dangerous perch much longer" white-lipped having white lips from fear or terror xenophobic suffering from xenophobia; having abnormal fear or hatred of the strange or foreign unafraid(p) oblivious of dangers or perils or calmly resolute in facing them unapprehensive not recognizing or slow to recognize danger unblinking not shrinking from danger showing no visible emotion; "stood unblinking and accepted a sentence of a year" unfrightened not affected by fright aggressive having or showing determination and energetic pursuit of your ends; "an aggressive businessman"; "an aggressive basketball player"; "he was aggressive and imperious; positive in his convictions"; "aggressive drivers" characteristic of an enemy or one eager to fight; "aggressive acts against another country"; "a belligerent tone" tending to spread quickly; "an aggressive tumor" battleful having or showing a ready disposition to fight; "bellicose young officers"; "a combative impulse"; "a contentious nature" competitive showing a fighting disposition; "highly competitive sales representative"; "militant in fighting for better wages for workers"; "his self-assertive and ubiquitous energy" subscribing to capitalistic competition involving competition or competitiveness; "competitive games"; "to improve one's competitive position" hard-hitting aggressively and persistently persuasive; "a hard-hitting advertising campaign"; "a high-pressure salesman" characterized by or full of force and vigor; "a hard-hitting expose"; "a trenchant argument" in-your-face blatantly aggressive; "on-line hard-boiled in-your-face pornography" obstreperous boisterously and noisily aggressive; "kept up an obstreperous clamor" noisily and stubbornly defiant; "obstreperous boys" predatory living by preying on other animals especially by catching living prey; "a predatory bird"; "the rapacious wolf"; "raptorial birds"; "ravening wolves"; "a vulturine taste for offal" pugnacious ready and able to resort to force or violence; "pugnacious spirits...lamented that there was so little prospect of an exhilarating disturbance"- Herman Melville; "they were rough and determined fighting men" scrappy full of fighting spirit; "a scrappy admiral" truculent defiantly aggressive; "a truculent speech against the new government" unaggressive not aggressive; not given to fighting or assertiveness low-pressure not forceful; "a low-pressure salesman"; "a low-pressure campaign" agitated troubled emotionally and usually deeply; "agitated parents" physically disturbed or set in motion; "the agitated mixture foamed and bubbled" amuck wildly frenzied and out of control; "the soldier was completely amuck"; "berserk with grief"; "a berserk worker smashing windows" aroused (of persons) excessively affected by emotion; "he would become emotional over nothing at all"; "she was worked up about all the noise" aroused to action; "the aroused opposition" feeling great sexual desire; "feeling horny" brought to a state of great tension; "all wound up for a fight" distraught deeply agitated especially from emotion; "distraught with grief" jolted disturbed psychologically as if by a physical jolt or shock; "retrieved his named from her jolted memory"; "the accident left her badly shaken" bumped or shaken jerkily; "the jolted passengers" feverish marked by intense agitation or emotion; "worked at a feverish pace" having or affected by a fever frantic excessively agitated; distraught with fear or other violent emotion; "frantic with anger and frustration"; "frenetic screams followed the accident"; "a frenzied look in his eye" hysterical marked by excessive or uncontrollable emotion; "hysterical laughter"; "a mob of hysterical vigilantes" psychedelic (of a mental state) characterized by intense and distorted perceptions and hallucinations and feelings of euphoria or sometimes despair; "a psychedelic experience" having the vivid colors and bizarre patterns associated with psychedelic states; "a psychedelic painting" producing distorted sensory perceptions and feelings or altered states of awareness or sometimes states resembling psychosis; "psychedelic drugs like psilocybin and mescaline" wild-eyed appearing extremely agitated; "crowded the wild-eyed animals into a truck" unagitated not agitated or disturbed emotionally not physically disturbed or set in motion churning (of a liquid) agitated vigorously; in a state of turbulence; "the river's roiling current"; "turbulent rapids" moving with or producing or produced by vigorous agitation; "winds whipped the piled leaves into churning masses"; "a car stuck in the churned-up mud" rippled shaken into waves or undulations as by wind; "the rippled surface of the pond"; "with ruffled flags flying" seething in constant agitation; "a seething flag-waving crowd filled the streets"; "a seething mass of maggots"; "lovers and madmen have such seething brains"- Shakespeare stirred set into a usually circular motion in order to mix or blend nonturbulent (of a liquid) not turbulent; "nonturbulent flow" unstirred not agitated by stirring; "the ingredients sat in the bowl unstirred while she buttered the pan" agreeable conforming to your own liking or feelings or nature; "Is the plan agreeable to you?"; "he's an agreeable fellow"; "My idea of an agreeable person...is a person who agrees with me"- Disraeli; "an agreeable manner" prepared to agree or consent; "agreeable to the plan" disagreeable not to your liking; "a disagreeable situation" not agreeing with your tastes or expectations; "found the task disagreeable and decided to abandon it"; "a job temperamentally unsympathetic to him" unpleasant to interact with; "a disagreeable old man" annoying causing irritation or annoyance; "tapping an annoying rhythm on his glass with his fork"; "aircraft noise is particularly bothersome near the airport"; "found it galling to have to ask permission"; "an irritating delay"; "nettlesome paperwork"; "a pesky mosquito"; "swarms of pestering gnats"; "a plaguey newfangled safety catch"; "a teasing and persistent thought annoyed him"; "a vexatious child"; "it is vexing to have to admit you are wrong" dreadful extremely disagreeable and unpleasant; "don't go out, the weather is dreadful" harsh sharply disagreeable; rigorous; "the harsh facts of court delays"; "an abrasive character" severe; "a harsh penalty" unkind or cruel or uncivil; "had harsh words"; "a harsh and unlovable old tyrant"; "a rough answer" unpleasantly stern; "wild and harsh country full of hot sand and cactus"; "the nomad life is rough and hazardous" unpleasantly rough or jarring to the senses; "the harsh cry of a blue jay"; "harsh cognac"; "the harsh white light makes you screw up your eyes"; "harsh irritating smoke filled the hallway" nerve-racking extremely irritating to the nerves; "nerve-racking noise"; "the stressful days before a war"; "a trying day at the office" unsweet distasteful; "he found life unsweet" air-to-surface operating from or designed to be fired from aircraft at targets on the ground; "air-to-surface missiles" air-to-air operating between or launched from or involving rockets or aircraft in flight; "air-to-air missiles"; "air-to-air communications" surface-to-air operating from or designed to be launched from the ground against an airborne target; "surface-to-air missiles" argus-eyed carefully observant or attentive; on the lookout for possible danger; "a policy of open-eyed awareness"; "the vigilant eye of the town watch"; "there was a watchful dignity in the room"; "a watchful parent with a toddler in tow" having very keen vision; "quick-sighted as a cat" lidless always watchful; "to an eye like mine, a lidless watcher of the public weal"- Alfred Tennyson not having or covered with a lid or lids; "a lidless container" having no lid; "a lidless container" unalert not alert to what is potentially dangerous algorithmic of or relating to or having the characteristics of an algorithm recursive of or relating to a recursion trial-and-error relating to solving problems by experience rather than theory; "they adopted a trial-and-error procedure" trying out various means or theories until error is satisfactorily reduced or eliminated; "he argued that all learning is a trial-and-error process that resembles biological evolution" alienable transferable to another owner appropriable that can be appropriated; "appropriable funds" assignable legally transferable to the ownership of another; "negotiable bonds" inalienable incapable of being repudiated or transferred to another; "endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable rights" non-negotiable cannot be bought or sold nontransferable incapable of being transferred alive(p) possessing life; "the happiest person alive"; "the nerve is alive"; "doctors are working hard to keep him alive"; "burned alive"; "a live canary" (often followed by `with') full of life and spirit; "she was wonderfully alive for her age"; "a face alive with mischief" (followed by `to' or `of') aware of; "is alive to the moods of others" liveborn (of newborn infant) showing signs of life after birth; not stillborn; "a liveborn baby" viable capable of life or normal growth and development; "viable seeds"; "a viable fetus" vital manifesting or characteristic of life; "a vital, living organism"; "vital signs" performing an essential function in the living body; "vital organs"; "blood and other vital fluids"; "the loss of vital heat in shock"; "a vital spot"; "life-giving love and praise" asleep(p) dead; "he is deceased"; "our dear departed friend" in a state of sleep; "were all asleep when the phone rang"; "fell asleep at the wheel" lacking sensation; "my foot is asleep"; "numb with cold" assassinated murdered by surprise attack for political reasons; "the 20th century has seen too many assassinated leaders" bloodless destitute of blood or apparently so; "the bloodless carcass of my Hector sold"- John Dryden free from blood or bloodshed; "bloodless surgery"; "a bloodless coup" devoid of human emotion or feeling; "charts of bloodless economic indicators" without vigor or zest or energy; "an insipid and bloodless young man" brain dead having irreversible loss of brain function as indicated by a persistent flat electroencephalogram; "was declared brain dead" breathless appearing dead; not breathing or having no perceptible pulse; "an inanimate body"; "pulseless and dead" not breathing or able to breathe except with difficulty; "breathless at thought of what I had done"; "breathless from running"; "followed the match with breathless interest" tending to cause suspension of regular breathing; "a breathless flight"; "breathtaking adventure" d.o.a. abbreviation for `dead on arrival' at the emergency room deathlike having the physical appearance of death; "a deathly pallor" defunct having ceased to exist or live; "the will of a defunct aunt"; "a defunct Indian tribe" no longer in force or use; inactive; "a defunct law"; "a defunct organization" executed put to death as punishment; "claimed the body of the executed traitor" fallen killed in battle; "to honor fallen soldiers" having lost your chastity; "a fallen woman" having fallen in or collapsed; "a fallen building" having dropped by the force of gravity; "fallen leaves covered the forest floor"; "sat on a fallen tree trunk" late(a) having died recently; "her late husband" of the immediate past or just previous to the present time; "a late development"; "their late quarrel"; "his recent trip to Africa"; "in recent months"; "a recent issue of the journal" lifeless deprived of life; no longer living; "a lifeless body" not having the capacity to support life; "a lifeless planet" lacking animation or excitement or activity; "the party being dead we left early"; "it was a lifeless party until she arrived" destitute or having been emptied of life or living beings; "after the dance the littered and lifeless ballroom echoed hollowly" murdered killed unlawfully; "the murdered woman"; "lay a wreath on murdered Lincoln's bier" nonviable not capable of living or developing successfully stillborn (of newborn infant) showing no signs of life at birth; not liveborn; "a stillborn baby" stone-dead as lifeless as a stone apocrine (of exocrine glands) producing a secretion in which part of the secreting cell is released with the secretion; "mother's milk is one apocrine secretion" eccrine (of exocrine glands) producing a clear aqueous secretion without releasing part of the secreting cell; important in regulating body temperature artesian (of water) rising to the surface under internal hydrostatic pressure; "an artesian well"; "artesian pressure" subartesian (of water) rising naturally in a well to a height appreciably above that of the surrounding water table but not flowing out of the well living(a) (used of minerals or stone) in its natural state and place; not mined or quarried; "carved into the living stone" out of play(p) (of a ball) not available to be played during a game; "a ball that is out of play is dead" alphabetic arranged in order according to the alphabet; "an alphabetic arrangement"; "dictionaries list words in alphabetical order" relating to or expressed by a writing system that uses an alphabet; "alphabetical writing system" alphabetized having been put in alphabetical order; "the cards are all alphabetized, as you requested" analphabetic not alphabetic; "an analphabetic arrangement of letters"; "Jesperson's system of phonetic transcription is analphabetic" having little acquaintance with writing; "special tutorials to assist the unlettered sector of society" relating to or expressed by a writing system that is not alphabetic altricial (of hatchlings) naked and blind and dependent on parents for food precocial (of hatchlings) covered with down and having eyes open; capable of leaving the nest within a few days altruistic showing unselfish concern for the welfare of others egoistic limited to or caring only about yourself and your own needs self-absorbed absorbed in your own interests or thoughts etc ambiguous having more than one possible meaning; "ambiguous words"; "frustrated by ambiguous instructions, the parents were unable to assemble the toy" having no intrinsic or objective meaning; not organized in conventional patterns; "an ambiguous situation with no frame of reference"; "ambiguous inkblots" double-barreled having two purposes; twofold; "our double-barreled desire to make things profitable as well as attractive"- Louis Kronenbergers having two barrels mounted side by side; "a double-barreled shotgun" double-edged capable of being interpreted in two usually contradictory ways; "double-edged praise" enigmatic resembling an oracle in obscurity of thought; "the oracular sayings of Victorian poets"; "so enigmatic that priests might have to clarify it"; "an enigmatic smile" not clear to the understanding; "I didn't grasp the meaning of that enigmatic comment until much later"; "prophetic texts so enigmatic that their meaning has been disputed for centuries" left-handed ironically ambiguous; "a left-handed compliment" (of marriages) illicit or informal; "in Colonial America left-handed marriages between Frenchmen and Indians were frequent" using or intended for the left hand; "left-handed golfers need left-handed clubs"; "left-handed scissors" multivalent having many values, meanings, or appeals; "subtle, multivalent allegory" used of the association of three or more homologous chromosomes during the first division of meiosis polysemous of words; having many meanings uncertain ambiguous (especially in the negative); "she spoke in no uncertain terms" not established beyond doubt; still undecided or unknown; "an uncertain future"; "a manuscript of uncertain origin"; "plans are still uncertain"; "changes of great if uncertain consequences"; "without further evidence his story must remain uncertain" lacking or indicating lack of confidence or assurance; "uncertain of his convictions"; "unsure of himself and his future"; "moving with uncertain (or unsure) steps"; "an uncertain smile"; "touched the ornaments with uncertain fingers" not certain to occur; not inevitable; "everything is uncertain about the army"; "the issue is uncertain" not consistent or dependable; "an uncertain recollection of events"; "a gun with a rather uncertain trigger" unambiguous having or exhibiting a single clearly defined meaning; "As a horror, apartheid...is absolutely unambiguous"- Mario Vargas Llosa monosemous having only one meaning ambitious having a strong desire for success or achievement requiring full use of your abilities or resources; "ambitious schedule"; "performed the most challenging task without a mistake" pushful marked by aggressive ambition and energy and initiative; "an aggressive young executive"; "a pushful insurance agent" manque unfulfilled or frustrated in realizing an ambition overambitious excessively ambitious unambitious having little desire for success or achievement shiftless lacking or characterized by lack of ambition or initiative; lazy; "a shiftless student"; "studied in a shiftless way" ametropic of or relating to an abnormal condition of the eye in which visual images are not in focus on the retina emmetropic of or relating to the normal condition of the eye in which visual images are in clear focus on the retina generous more than is usual or necessary; "a generous portion" willing to give and share unstintingly; "a generous donation" not petty in character and mind; "unusually generous in his judgment of people" meager deficient in amount or quality or extent; "meager resources"; "meager fare" bare(a) lacking in magnitude or quantity; "a bare livelihood"; "a scanty harvest"; "a spare diet" apart from anything else; without additions or modifications; "only the bare facts"; "shocked by the mere idea"; "the simple passage of time was enough"; "the simple truth" just barely adequate or within a lower limit; "a bare majority"; "a marginal victory" exiguous extremely scanty; "an exiguous budget" hand-to-mouth(a) providing only bare essentials; "a hand-to-mouth existence" hardscrabble barely satisfying a lower standard; "the sharecropper's hardscrabble life" measly contemptibly small in amount; "a measly tip"; "the company donated a miserable $100 for flood relief"; "a paltry wage"; "almost depleted his miserable store of dried beans" anabolic characterized by or promoting constructive metabolism; "some athletes take anabolic steroids to increase muscle size temporarily" of or related to the synthetic phase of metabolism constructive-metabolic of or relating to anabolism catabolic characterized by destructive metabolism relating to or characterized by catabolism destructive-metabolic of or relating to catabolism anaclinal of valleys and rivers; progressing in a direction opposite to the dip in surrounding rock strata cataclinal of valleys and rivers; running in the direction of the dip in surrounding rock strata anastigmatic not astigmatic pertaining to a lens or lens system free of astigmatism (able to form point images) astigmatic of or relating to a defect in the eye or in a lens caused by a deviation from spherical curvature which prevents light rays from meeting at a common focus and so results in distorted images anticlinal sloping downward away from a common crest synclinal sloping downward toward each other to create a trough anadromous migrating from the sea to fresh water to spawn catadromous migrating from fresh water to the sea to spawn diadromous (used of fish) migratory between fresh and salt waters anabatic of an air current or wind; rising especially up a slope; "an anabatic wind" katabatic of an air current or wind; moving downward or down a slope because of cooling especially at night anal a stage in psychosexual development when the child's interest is concentrated on the anal region; fixation at this stage is said to result in orderliness, meanness, stubbornness, compulsiveness, etc. of or related to the anus; "anal thermometer" digital of a circuit or device that represents magnitudes in digits; "digital computer" relating to or performed with the fingers; "digital examination" displaying numbers rather than scale positions; "digital clock"; "digital readout" analytic of a proposition that is necessarily true independent of fact or experience; "`all spinsters are unmarried' is an analytic proposition" expressing a grammatical category by using two or more words rather than inflection using or skilled in using analysis (i.e., separating a whole--intellectual or substantial--into its elemental parts or basic principles); "an analytic experiment"; "an analytic approach"; "a keenly analytic man"; "analytical reasoning"; "an analytical mind" using or subjected to a methodology using algebra and calculus; "analytic statics" isolating(a) relating to or being a language in which each word typically expresses a distinct idea and part of speech and syntactical relations are determined almost exclusively by word order and particles agglutinative forming derivative or compound words by putting together constituents each of which expresses a single definite meaning inflectional characterized by inflections indicating grammatical distinctions; "inflectional morphology is used to indicate number and case and tense and person etc." derivational characterized by inflections indicating a semantic relation between a word and its base; "the morphological relation between `sing' and `singer' and `song' is derivational" apocarpous (of ovaries of flowering plants) consisting of carpels that are free from one another as in buttercups or roses syncarpous (of ovaries of flowering plants) consisting of united carpels angry feeling or showing anger; "angry at the weather"; "angry customers"; "an angry silence"; "sending angry letters to the papers" (of the elements) as if showing violent anger; "angry clouds on the horizon"; "furious winds"; "the raging sea" severely inflamed and painful; "an angry sore" aggravated incited, especially deliberately, to anger; "aggravated by passive resistance"; "the provoked animal attacked the child" made more severe or intense especially in law; "aggravated assault" angered marked by extreme anger; "the enraged bull attached"; "furious about the accident"; "a furious scowl"; "infuriated onlookers charged the police who were beating the boy"; "could not control the maddened crowd" choleric characterized by anger; "a choleric outburst"; "an irascible response" quickly aroused to anger; "a hotheaded commander" easily moved to anger; "men of the choleric type take to kicking and smashing"- H.G.Wells hot under the collar(p) very angry huffy roused to anger; "stayed huffy a good while"- Mark Twain; "she gets mad when you wake her up so early"; "mad at his friend"; "sore over a remark" quick to take offense indignant angered at something unjust or wrong; "an indignant denial"; "incensed at the judges' unfairness"; "a look of outraged disbelief"; "umbrageous at the loss of their territory" irate feeling or showing extreme anger; "irate protesters"; "ireful words" livid furiously angry; "willful stupidity makes him absolutely livid" (of a light) imparting a deathlike luminosity; "livid lightning streaked the sky"; "a thousand flambeaux...turned all at once that deep gloom into a livid and preternatural day"- E.A.Poe smoldering showing scarcely suppressed anger; "her tone was...conversational although...her eyes were smoldering"- James Hensel wrathful vehemently incensed and condemnatory; "they trembled before the wrathful queen"; "but wroth as he was, a short struggle ended in reconciliation" unangry(p) not angry resentful full of or marked by resentment or indignant ill will; "resentful at the way he was treated"; "a sullen resentful attitude" acrimonious marked by strong resentment or cynicism; "an acrimonious dispute"; "bitter about the divorce" rancorous showing deep-seated resentment; "preserve...from rancourous envy of the rich"- Aldous Huxley unresentful not resentful; "completely unresentful and forgiving" unbitter having or showing no resentment or desire for revenge; "remarkably unbitter toward her captors" sentient endowed with feeling and unstructured consciousness; "the living knew themselves just sentient puppets on God's stage"- T.E.Lawrence consciously perceiving; "sentient of the intolerable load"; "a boy so sentient of his surroundings"- W.A.White sensate having physical sensation; "sensate creatures" insentient devoid of feeling and consciousness and animation; "insentient (or insensate) stone" unfeeling devoid of feeling or sensation; "unfeeling trees" inanimate not endowed with life; "the inorganic world is inanimate"; "inanimate objects" belonging to the class of nouns denoting nonliving things; "the word `car' is inanimate" nonconscious relating to the lack of consciousness of inanimate things concerning mental functioning that is not represented in consciousness; "nonconscious psychic processes" animated having life or vigor or spirit; "an animated and expressive face"; "animated conversation"; "became very animated when he heard the good news" made to appear to move as living creatures do; "an animated cartoon"; "animated puppets" enlivened made lively or spirited; "a meal enlivened by the music"; "a spirited debate" made sprightly or cheerful lively full of spirit; full of life; "a dynamic full of life woman"; "a vital and charismatic leader"; "this whole lively world" filled with events or activity; "a lively period in history" full of life and energy; "a lively discussion"; "lively and attractive parents"; "a lively party" full of zest or vigor; "a racy literary style" reanimated given fresh life or vigor or spirit; "stirred by revived hopes" unanimated not animated or enlivened; dull perked up made or become more cheerful or lively; "his attention made her feel all perked up" unenlivened not made lively or brightened; "a life unenlivened by romance" anonymous having no known name or identity or known source; "anonymous authors"; "anonymous donors"; "an anonymous gift" not known or lacking marked individuality; "brown anonymous houses"; "anonymous bureaucrats in the Civil Service" nameless being or having an unknown or unnamed source; "a poem by an unknown author"; "corporations responsible to nameless owners"; "an unnamed donor" onymous bearing a name; "articles in magazines are usually onymous" pseudonymous bearing or identified by an assumed (often pen) name; "the writings of Mark Twain are pseudonymous" antemortem preceding death; "antemortem confession" anterior earlier in time of or near the head end or toward the front plane of a body anticipatory in anticipation preexistent existing previously or before something; "variations on pre-existent musical themes" subsequent following in time or order; "subsequent developments" later(a) coming at a subsequent time or stage; "without ulterior argument"; "the mood posterior to" antrorse bent or curved forward or upward; "a plant having antrorse hairs on the stem" retrorse bent or curved backward or downward; "leaves with retrorse barbs" decurved bent down or curved downward; "the decurved bill of a curlew" semiaquatic partially aquatic; living or growing partly on land and partly in water; "a marginal subaquatic flora" subaqueous growing or remaining under water; "viewing subaqueous fauna from a glass-bottomed boat"; "submerged leaves" terrestrial operating or living or growing on land onshore on the edge of the land; "an onshore lighthouse" on or toward the land; "they were living onshore" overland traveling or passing over land; "an overland journey"; "the overland route used by Marco Polo" amphibious operating or living on land and in water; "amphibious vehicles"; "amphibious operations"; "amphibious troops"; "frogs are amphibious animals" relating to or characteristic of animals of the class Amphibia amphibiotic having an aquatic early or larval form and a terrestrial adult form preceding(a) existing or coming before above-mentioned mentioned or named earlier in the same text foregoing(a) especially of writing or speech; going before introductory serving as an introduction or preface serving to open or begin; "began the slide show with some introductory remarks" premedical preceding and preparing for the study of medicine; "premedical courses" preparing for the study of medicine; "premedical students" preparatory preceding and preparing for something; "preparatory steps" previous(a) just preceding something else in time or order; "the previous owner"; "my old house was larger" succeeding(a) coming after or following back-to-back one after the other; "back-to-back home runs" ensuing following immediately and as a result of what went before; "ensuing events confirmed the prediction" following(a) about to be mentioned or specified; "the following items" in the desired direction; "a following wind" next (of a day of the week) nearest (or nearest but one) after the present moment; "not this Saturday, next Saturday"; "on Tuesday next" at the time or occasion immediately following; "next the doctor examined his back" in line being next in a line of succession; "he was in line for the presidency" awaiting something; especially something due; "people were in line at the checkout counter"; "she was in line for promotion" one behind another in a line or queue; "they waited in line for the tickets" precedented having or supported or justified by a precedent unprecedented having no precedent; novel; "an unprecedented expansion in population and industry" prehensile adapted for grasping especially by wrapping around an object; "a monkey's prehensile tail" having a keen intellect; "poets--those gifted strangely prehensile men"- A.T.Quiller-Couch nonprehensile not prehensile prenatal occurring or existing before birth; "the prenatal period"; "antenatal care" perinatal occurring during the period around birth (5 months before and 1 month after); "perinatal mortality"; "perinatal care" postnatal occurring immediately after birth; "postnatal development" preprandial preceding a meal (especially dinner); "a preprandial drink" postprandial following a meal (especially dinner); "his postprandial cigar"; "took a postprandial walk" prewar existing or belonging to a time before a war; "prewar levels of industrial production" postwar belonging to the period after a war; "postwar resettlement"; "postwar inflation" anterograde of amnesia; affecting time immediately following trauma antemeridian before noon ante meridiem before noon before noon; "let's meet at 11 A.M." postmeridian after noon post meridiem after noon between noon and midnight; "let's meet at 8 P.M." prefrontal anterior to a frontal structure; "a prefrontal bone"; "prefrontal lobes" posterior located at or near or behind a part or near the end of a structure back(a) located at or near the back of an animal; "back (or hind) legs"; "the hinder part of a carcass" related to or located at the back; "the back yard"; "the back entrance" of an earlier date; "back issues of the magazine" caudal situated in or directed toward the part of the body from which the tail arises; "caudal fins"; "the caudal end of the body" resembling a tail constituting or relating to a tail; "caudal appendage" retral at or near or toward the posterior moving or directed or tending in a backward direction or contrary to a previous direction dorsal belonging to or on or near the back or upper surface of an animal or organ or part; "the dorsal fin is the vertical fin on the back of a fish and certain marine mammals" ventral toward or on or near the belly (front of a primate or lower surface of a lower animal); "the ventral aspect of the human body"; "the liver is somewhat ventral in position"; "ventral (or pelvic) fins correspond to the hind limbs of a quadruped" dorsoventral extending from the back to the belly appealable capable of being appealed especially to a higher tribunal; "decisions...appealable to the head of the agency"- New Republic unappealable not subject to appeal; "the judge's ruling was handed down in a preliminary hearing rather than a trial and was therefore unappealable" appendaged having an appendage unappendaged not having an appendage appetizing appealing to or stimulating the appetite especially in appearance or aroma mouth-watering pleasing to the sense of taste unappetizing not appetizing in appearance, aroma, or taste offish lacking cordiality; unfriendly; "a standoffish manner" befitting appropriate to; "behavior befitting a father" grade-appropriate the quality of ability and work that is appropriate for students in a specified grade proper appropriate for a condition or purpose or occasion or a person's character, needs; "everything in its proper place"; "the right man for the job"; "she is not suitable for the position" marked by suitability or rightness or appropriateness; "proper medical treatment"; "proper manners" inappropriate not suitable for a particular occasion etc; "noise seems inappropriate at a time of sadness"; "inappropriate shoes for a walk on the beach"; "put inappropriate pressure on them" not in keeping with what is correct or proper; "completely inappropriate behavior" unbefitting not befitting; "behavior unbefitting a father" improper not appropriate for a purpose or occasion; "said all the wrong things" not suitable or right or appropriate; "slightly improper to dine alone with a married man"; "improper medication"; "improper attire for the golf course" not conforming to legality, moral law, or social convention; "an unconventional marriage"; "improper banking practices" callable subject to a demand for payment before due date; "callable bonds" receivable awaiting payment; "accounts receivable" on time payable in installments within a designated period of time; "we were short of cash, so we purchased our refrigerator on time" at the expected or proper time; "she always arrives on time" out-of-pocket calling for the spending of cash; "his out-of-pocket costs were $10" repayable subject to repayment; "business loans are usually repayable in regular installments" undue not yet payable; "an undue loan" not appropriate or proper (or even legal) in the circumstances; "undue influence"; "I didn't want to show undue excitement"; "accused of using undue force" lacking justification or authorization; "desire for undue private profit"; "unwarranted limitations of personal freedom" apropos of an appropriate or pertinent nature apposite being of striking appropriateness and pertinence; "the successful copywriter is a master of apposite and evocative verbal images"; "an apt reply" malapropos of an inappropriate or incorrectly applied nature inapposite of an inappropriate or misapplied nature a priori involving deductive reasoning from a general principle to a necessary effect; not supported by fact; "an a priori judgment" based on hypothesis or theory rather than experiment derived by logic, without observed facts a posteriori involving reasoning from facts or particulars to general principles or from effects to causes; "a posteriori demonstration" requiring evidence for validation or support derived from observed facts apteral having columns at one or both ends but not along the sides amphiprostylar marked by columniation having free columns in porticoes either at both ends or at both sides of a structure prostyle marked by columniation having free columns in a portico only across the opening to the structure peripteral having columns on all sides monopteral having circular columniation peristylar having columniation completely circling an area of the structure arbitrable appropriate for or subject to settlement by arbitration; "an arbitrable wage and health benefits policy"; "an arbitrable dispute" nonarbitrable not appropriate for or subject to arbitration columned having or resembling columns; having columns of a specified kind (often used as a combining form); "a columned portico"; "trees with columned trunks"; "white-columned houses" amphistylar having columns either at both ends or at both sides columnar characterized by columns; "columnar construction" columniform having the form of a column; "trees with columniform trunks"; "columnar forms"; "a columnlike tree trunk" colonnaded having a series of columns arranged at regular intervals pillared having pillars; "the pillared portico" noncolumned not having columns astylar lacking columns or pillars unpillared lacking pillars arboreal inhabiting or frequenting trees; "arboreal apes" resembling a tree in form and branching structure; "arborescent coral found off the coast of Bermuda"; "dendriform sponges" nonarboreal not inhabiting or frequenting trees arenaceous resembling or containing or abounding in sand; or growing in sandy areas; "arenaceous limestone"; "arenaceous grasses" argillaceous resembling or containing clay; "argillaceous rocks" armed (used of persons or the military) characterized by having or bearing arms; "armed robbery" (used of plants and animals) furnished with bristles and thorns having arms or arms as specified; used especially in combination; "the many-armed goddess Shiva" equipped carrying weapons provided or fitted out with what is necessary or useful or appropriate; "a well equipped playground"; "a ship equipped with every mechanical aid to navigation" prepared with proper equipment; "equipped for service in the Arctic" light-armed armed with light equipment and weapons; "a light-armed brigade" armed with light weapons militarized issued military arms unarmed (used of persons or the military) not having or using arms; "went alone and unarmed"; "unarmed peasants were shot down"; "unarmed vehicles" (used of plants or animals) lacking barbs or stings or thorns barehanded with bare hands; "fought barehanded" defenseless lacking weapons for self-defense lacking protection or support; "a defenseless child" without defense; "the child was standing in the middle of the crossfire, defenselessly" weaponless without a weapon armored protected by armor (used of persons or things military) used of animals; provided with protective covering equipped with the complete arms and armor of a warrior armor-clad covered with heavy steel; "armor-plated vehicles" bony-plated covered with bony plates lightly armored equipped with armor heavy enough to provide protection against fire from light arms mail-cheeked having bony plates on the sides of the head mail-clad wearing protective mail scaled (used of armor) having overlapping metal plates attached to a leather backing unarmored (used of persons or things military) without protective armor used of animals; without protective covering barbed having or covered with protective barbs or quills or spines or thorns or setae etc.; "a horse with a short bristly mane"; "bristly shrubs"; "burred fruits"; "setaceous whiskers" capable of wounding; "a barbed compliment"; "a biting aphorism"; "pungent satire" bristlelike resembling a bristle brushlike resembling a brush; "brushlike blue blooms" thistlelike resembling a thistle clawed (of predatory animals) armed with claws or talons having or resembling a claw or claws; often used as a combining form; "sharp-clawed" thornless lacking thorns armlike resembling an arm long-armed having relatively long arms one-armed having one arm; "a one-armed veteran" armless having no arms; "the armless Venus de Milo" bone-covered (of animals) armored with bone scaly having the body covered or partially covered with thin horny plates, as some fish and reptiles silver-scaled having the body covered or partially covered with silver-colored scales scaleless destitute of scales artful marked by skill in achieving a desired end especially with cunning or craft; "the artful dodger"; "an artful choice of metaphors" crafty marked by skill in deception; "cunning men often pass for wise"; "deep political machinations"; "a foxy scheme"; "a slick evasive answer"; "sly as a fox"; "tricky Dick"; "a wily old attorney" cute obviously contrived to charm; "an insufferably precious performance"; "a child with intolerably cute mannerisms" designing concealing crafty designs for advancing your own interest; "a selfish and designing nation obsessed with the dark schemes of European intrigue"- W.Churchill; "a scheming wife"; "a scheming gold digger" elusive skillful at eluding capture; "a cabal of conspirators, each more elusive than the archterrorist"- David Kline difficult to describe; "a haunting elusive odor" difficult to detect or grasp by the mind or analyze; "his whole attitude had undergone a subtle change"; "a subtle difference"; "that elusive thing the soul" manipulative skillful in influencing or controlling others to your own advantage; "the early manipulative techniques of a three-year-old child" pawky cunning and sly; "the pawky rich old lady who incessantly scores off her parasitical descendants"- Punch artless simple and natural; without cunning or deceit; "an artless manner"; "artless elegance" (of persons) lacking art or knowledge showing lack of art; "an artless translation" careless effortless and unstudied; "an impression of careless elegance"; "danced with careless grace" marked by lack of attention or consideration or forethought or thoroughness; not careful; "careless about her clothes"; "forgotten by some careless person"; "a careless housekeeper"; "careless proofreading"; "it was a careless mistake"; "hurt by a careless remark" eloquent expressing yourself readily, clearly, effectively; "able to dazzle with his facile tongue"; "silver speech" speech-endowed capable of speech; "the speaking animal" well-spoken speaking or spoken fittingly or pleasingly; "a well-spoken gentleman"; "a few well-spoken words on civic pride" inarticulate without or deprived of the use of speech or words; "inarticulate beasts"; "remained stupidly inarticulate and saying something noncommittal"; "inarticulate with rage"; "an inarticulate cry" aphonic being without sound through injury or illness and thus incapable of all but whispered speech dumb unable to speak because of hereditary deafness lacking the power of human speech; "dumb animals" incoherent unable to express yourself clearly or fluently; "felt tongue-tied with embarrassment"; "incoherent with grief" (physics) of waves having no stable definite or stable phase relation without logical or meaningful connection; "a turgid incoherent presentation" speechless temporarily incapable of speaking; "struck dumb"; "speechless with shock" unarticulated uttered without the use of normal words or syllables not consisting of segments that are held together by joints speaking(a) capable of or involving speech or speaking; "human beings--the speaking animals"; "a speaking part in the play" tongued having a manner of speaking as specified; often used in combination; "golden-tongued"; "sharp-tongued" provided with or resembling a tongue; often used in combination; "tongued shoes"; "tongued boards"; "toungued lightning"; "long-tongued" nonspeaking not capable of or especially not involving speech or spoken lines; "had a nonspeaking role in the play" articulated consisting of segments held together by joints jointed having joints or jointed segments unjointed without joints or jointed segments ashamed(p) feeling shame or guilt or embarrassment or remorse; "are you ashamed for having lied?"; "felt ashamed of my torn coat" discredited suffering shame being unjustly brought into disrepute; "a discredited politician"; "her damaged reputation" embarrassed made to feel uncomfortable because of shame or wounded pride; "too embarrassed to say hello to his drunken father on the street"; "humiliated that his wife had to go out to work"; "felt mortified by the comparison with her sister" guilty showing a sense of guilt; "a guilty look"; "the hangdog and shamefaced air of the retreating enemy"- Eric Linklater responsible for or chargeable with a reprehensible act; "guilty of murder"; "the guilty person"; "secret guilty deeds" shamefaced showing a sense of shame extremely modest or shy; "cheerfully bearing reproaches but shamefaced at praise"- H.O.Taylor unashamed used of persons or their behavior; feeling no shame shameless feeling no shame; "a shameless imposter"; "an unblushing apologist for fascism" unabashed not embarrassed; "a tinseled charm and unabashed sentimentality"- Jerome Stone; "an unembarrassed greeting as if nothing untoward had happened" assertive aggressively self-assured; "an energetic assertive boy who was always ready to argue"; "pointing directly at a listener is an assertive act" cocky overly self-confident or self-assertive; "a very cocky young man" emphatic forceful and definite in expression or action; "the document contained a particularly emphatic guarantee of religious liberty" sudden and strong; "an emphatic no" spoken with emphasis; "an emphatic word" unassertive inclined to timidity or lack of self-confidence; "a shy unassertive person" nonassertive not aggressively self-assured, though not necessarily lacking in confidence; "she was quiet and nonassertive as she took control" reticent reluctant to draw attention to yourself temperamentally disinclined to talk associative characterized by or causing or resulting from the process of bringing ideas or events together in memory or imagination; "associative learning" associable capable of being associated; "words associable with politics" nonassociative not associative attached associated in an exclusive sexual relationship used of buildings joined by common sidewalls; "a block of attached houses" fond and affectionate; "she was very attached to her father" bespoken pledged to be married; "the engaged couple" intended future; betrothed; "his intended bride" resulting from one's intentions; "your intended trip abroad"; "an intended insult" involved emotionally involved entangled or hindered as if e.g. in mire; "the difficulties in which the question is involved"; "brilliant leadership mired in details and confusion" connected by participation or association or use; "we accomplished nothing, simply because of the large number of people involved"; "the problems involved"; "the involved muscles"; "I don't want to get involved"; "everyone involved in the bribery case has been identified" enveloped; "a castle involved in mist"; "the difficulties in which the question is involved" unattached not associated in an exclusive sexual relationship not fastened together unengaged not promised in marriage; "continued seeing him but on an unengaged basis" not busy or occupied; free; "the cancellation left her unengaged a good part of the afternoon" affixed firmly attached; "the affixed labels" appendant affixed as an appendage basifixed attached by its base (as certain anthers to their filaments or stalks) glued affixed or as if affixed with glue or paste; "he stayed glued to one spot"; "pieces of pasted paper" unaffixed not affixed; "the stamp came loose" sessile attached directly by the base; not having an intervening stalk; "sessile flowers"; "the shell of a sessile barnacle is attached directly to a substrate" permanently attached to a substrate; not free to move about; "sessile marine animals and plants" pedunculate having or growing on or from a peduncle or stalk; "a pedunculate flower"; "a pedunculate barnacle is attached to the substrate by a fleshy foot or stalk" vagile having freedom to move about; "vagile aquatic animals" free-swimming (of animals) able to swim about; not attached detached used of buildings; standing apart from others; "detached houses"; "a detached garage" no longer connected or joined; "a detached part"; "on one side of the island was a hugh rock, almost detached"; "the separated spacecraft will return to their home bases" not fixed in position; "the detached shutter fell on him"; "he pulled his arm free and ran" lacking affection or warm feeling; "an uncaring person" being or feeling set or kept apart from others; "she felt detached from the group"; "could not remain the isolated figure he had been"- Sherwood Anderson; "thought of herself as alone and separated from the others"; "had a set-apart feeling" freestanding standing apart; not attached to or supported by anything; "a freestanding bell tower"; "a house with a separate garage" semidetached attached on one side only; "a semidetached house" stuck caught or fixed; "stuck in the mud" baffled; "this problem has me completely stuck" cragfast stranded on or as if on a crag; "cragfast climbers" unstuck free; "a man with a mule got my car unstuck"; "the gears locked in second and would not come unstuck" thrown into a state of disorganization or incoherence; "price programs became unstuck because little grain was available" attachable capable of being fastened or added to something else; "a handle attachable by two bolts" bindable capable of being fastened or secured with a rope or bond tie-on fastened by tying on; "tie-on labels" detachable designed to be unfastened or disconnected without damage; "shirts with detachable collars" clastic capable of being taken apart; "the professor had a clastic model of the human brain" of or belonging to or being a rock composed of fragments of older rocks (e.g., conglomerates or sandstone) wary marked by keen caution and watchful prudence; "they were wary in their movements"; "a wary glance at the black clouds"; "taught to be wary of strangers" on guard vigilant; "on guard against con artists"; "must remain on your guard in such a situation" unwary not alert to danger or deception; "the shrieks of unwary animals taken by surprise"; "some thieves prey especially on unwary travelers"; "seduce the unwary reader into easy acquiescence"- O.J.Campbell gullible easily tricked because of being too trusting; "gullible tourists taken in by the shell game" unguarded displaying or feeling no wariness; "an unguarded remark" lacking protection or a guard; "an unguarded gate"; "his unguarded queen was open to attack" attentive (often followed by `to') giving care or attention; "attentive to details"; "the nurse was attentive to her patient"; "an attentive suitor" advertent giving attention observant paying close attention especially to details quick to notice; showing quick and keen perception oversolicitous excessively solicitous solicitous showing hovering attentiveness; "solicitous about her health"; "made solicitous inquiries about our family" full of anxiety and concern; "solicitous parents"; "solicitous about the future" inattentive showing a lack of attention or care; "inattentive students"; "an inattentive babysitter" not showing due care or attention; "inattentive students"; "an inattentive babysitter"; "neglectful parents" distracted having the attention diverted especially because of anxiety dreamy dreamy in mood or nature; "a woolgathering moment" lacking spirit or liveliness; "a lackadaisical attempt"; "a languid mood"; "a languid wave of the hand"; "a hot languorous afternoon" drowsy showing lack of attention or boredom; "the yawning congregation" half asleep; "made drowsy by the long ride"; "it seemed a pity to disturb the drowsing (or dozing) professor"; "a tired dozy child"; "the nodding (or napping) grandmother in her rocking chair" forgetful failing to keep in mind; "forgetful of her responsibilities"; "oblivious old age" attractive pleasing to the eye or mind especially through beauty or charm; "a remarkably attractive young man"; "an attractive personality"; "attractive clothes"; "a book with attractive illustrations" having power to arouse interest; "an attractive opportunity"; "the job is attractive because of the pay" bewitching capturing interest as if by a spell; "bewitching smile"; "Roosevelt was a captivating speaker"; "enchanting music"; "an enthralling book"; "antique papers of entrancing design"; "a fascinating woman" charismatic possessing an extraordinary ability to attract; "a charismatic leader"; "a magnetic personality" engaging attracting or delighting; "an engaging frankness"; "a piquant face with large appealing eyes" fetching very attractive; capturing interest; "a fetching new hairstyle"; "something inexpressibly taking in his manner"; "a winning personality" hypnotic attracting and holding interest as if by a spell; "read the bedtime story in a hypnotic voice"; "she had a warm mesmeric charm"; "the sheer force of his presence was mesmerizing"; "a spellbinding description of life in ancient Rome" of or relating to hypnosis irresistible overpoweringly attractive; "irresistible beauty" impossible to resist; overpowering; "irresistible (or resistless) impulses"; "what happens when an irresistible force meets an immovable object?" personable (of persons) pleasant in appearance and personality photogenic looking attractive in photographs prepossessing creating a favorable impression; "strong and vigorous and of prepossessing appearance" winsome charming in a childlike or naive way unattractive lacking beauty or charm; "as unattractive as most mining regions" lacking power to arouse interest; "being unemployed is a most unattractive prospect" not appealing to the senses; "untempting food" homely lacking in physical beauty or proportion; "a homely child"; "several of the buildings were downright homely"; "a plain girl with a freckled face" without artificial refinement or elegance; "plain homely furniture"; "homely manners" plain and unpretentious; "homely truths"; "letters to his son full of homely advice"; "homely fare" subfusc devoid of brightness or appeal; "a subfusc mining town"; "dark subfusc clothing" unprepossessing creating an unfavorable or neutral first impression attractive(a) having the properties of a magnet; the ability to draw or pull; "an attractive force" repulsive(a) possessing the ability to repel; "a repulsive force" appealing able to attract interest or draw favorable attention; "He added an appealing and memorable figure to popular American mythology"- Vincent Starrett; "an appealing sense of humor"; "the idea of having enough money to retire at fifty is very appealing" attention-getting likely to attract attention; "a catchy title for a movie" seizing the attention; "eye-catching posters" unappealing not able to attract favorable attention; "they have made the place as unappealing as possible"; "was forced to talk to his singularly unappealing hostess" off-putting tending to repel; "The trappings of upper-class life are off-putting and sterile"- Elizabeth Hess causing annoyance or repugnance; "an off-putting remark" attributable capable of being attributed; "the collapse of the movement was attributable to a lack of morale"; "an idea attributable to a Russian" ascribable capable of being assigned or credited to; "punctuation errors ascribable to careless proofreading"; "the cancellation of the concert was due to the rain"; "the oversight was not imputable to him" credited(p) (usually followed by `to') given credit for; "an invention credited to Edison" traceable (usually followed by `to') able to be traced to; "a failure traceable to lack of energy" capable of being traced or tracked; "a traceable riverbed"; "the traceable course of an ancient wall" unattributable not attributable attributive of adjectives; placed before the nouns they modify; "`red' is an attributive adjective in `a red apple'" predicative of adjectives; relating to or occurring within the predicate of a sentence; "`red' is a predicative adjective in `the apple is red'" pregnant carrying developing offspring within the body or being about to produce new life big(p) in an advanced stage of pregnancy; "was big with child"; "was great with child" nonpregnant not pregnant clunky making a clunking sound sonic relating to audible sound; "a sonic wave" (of speed) having or caused by speed approximately equal to that of sound in air at sea level; "a sonic boom" inaudible impossible to hear; imperceptible by the ear; "an inaudible conversation" breathed uttered without voice; "could hardly hear her breathed plea, `Help me'"; "voiceless whispers" infrasonic having frequencies below those of audible sound silent having a frequency below or above the range of human audibility; "a silent dog whistle" not made to sound; "the silent `h' at the beginning of `honor'"; "in French certain letters are often unsounded" implied by or inferred from actions or statements; "gave silent consent"; "a tacit agreement"; "the understood provisos of a custody agreement" marked by absence of sound; "a silent house"; "soundless footsteps on the grass"; "the night was still" supersonic having frequencies above those of audible sound (of speed) greater than the speed of sound in a given medium (especially air); "a supersonic bomber flies so fast that it must release its bombs while the target is still over the horizon" unheard not necessarily inaudible but not heard subsonic (of speed) less than that of sound in a designated medium; "aircraft flying at subsonic speeds" auspicious auguring favorable circumstances and good luck; "an auspicious beginning for the campaign" bright likely to turn out well in the future; "had a bright future in publishing"; "the scandal threatened an abrupt end to a promising political career"; "a hopeful new singer on Broadway" having lots of light either natural or artificial; "the room was bright and airy"; "a stage bright with spotlights" emitting or reflecting light readily or in large amounts; "the sun was bright and hot"; "a bright sunlit room" having strong or striking color; "bright dress"; "brilliant tapestries"; "a bird with vivid plumage" splendid; "the bright stars of stage and screen"; "a bright moment in history"; "the bright pageantry of court" characterized by happiness or gladness; "bright faces"; "all the world seems bright and gay" characterized by quickness and ease in learning; "some children are brighter in one subject than another"; "smart children talk earlier than the average" made smooth and bright by or as if by rubbing; reflecting a sheen or glow; "bright silver candlesticks"; "a burnished brass knocker"; "she brushed her hair until it fell in lustrous auburn waves"; "rows of shining glasses"; "shiny black patents" clear and sharp and ringing; "the bright sound of the trumpet section"; "the brilliant sound of the trumpets" fortunate presaging good fortune; "she made a fortunate decision to go to medical school"; "rosy predictions" supremely favored; "golden lads and girls all must / like chimney sweepers come to dust"-Shakespeare; "fortunate son" having unexpected good fortune; "other, less fortunate, children died"; "a fortunate choice" inauspicious not auspicious; boding ill unpromising unlikely to bring about favorable results or enjoyment; "faced an unpromising task"; "music for unpromising combinations of instruments" propitious presenting favorable circumstances; likely to result in or show signs of success; "propitious omens"; "propitious gales speeded us along"; "a propitious alignment of planets for space exploration" golden presaging or likely to bring good luck or a good outcome; "a favorable time to ask for a raise"; "lucky stars"; "a prosperous moment to make a decision" suggestive of gold; "a golden voice" marked by peace and prosperity; "a golden era"; "the halcyon days of the clipper trade" gracious disposed to bestow favors; "thanks to the gracious gods" characterized by charm, good taste, and generosity of spirit; "gracious even to unexpected visitors"; "gracious living"; "he bears insult with gracious good humor" unpropitious not propitious ill presaging ill fortune; "ill omens"; "ill predictions"; "my words with inauspicious thunderings shook heaven"- P.B.Shelley; "a dead and ominous silence prevailed"; "a by-election at a time highly unpropitious for the Government" distressing; "ill manners"; "of ill repute" resulting in suffering or adversity; "ill effects"; "it's an ill wind that blows no good" indicating hostility or enmity; "you certainly did me an ill turn"; "ill feelings"; "ill will" affected by an impairment of normal physical or mental function; "ill from the monotony of his suffering" (`ill' is often used as a combining form) in a poor or improper or unsatisfactory manner; not well; "he was ill prepared"; "it ill befits a man to betray old friends"; "the car runs badly"; "he performed badly on the exam"; "the team played poorly"; "ill-fitting clothes"; "an ill-conceived plan" with difficulty or inconvenience; scarcely or hardly; "we can ill afford to buy a new car just now" unfavorably or with disapproval; "tried not to speak ill of the dead"; "thought badly of him for his lack of concern" thunderous extremely ominous; "world events of thunderous import" authorized endowed with authority accredited given official approval to act; "an accredited college"; "commissioned broker"; "licensed pharmacist"; "authorized representative" approved established by authority; given authoritative approval; "a list of approved candidates" canonized accorded sacrosanct or authoritative standing empowered invested with legal power or official authority especially as symbolized by having a scepter unauthorized not endowed with authority without official authorization; "an unauthorized strike"; "wildcat work stoppage" self-appointed designated or chosen by yourself; "a self-appointed guardian of public morals" unaccredited lacking official approval unconstitutional not consistent with or according to a constitution; contrary to the U.S. Constitution autochthonous of rocks, deposits, etc.; found where they and their constituents were formed allochthonous of rocks, deposits, etc.; found in a place other than where they and their constituents were formed autoecious of parasites especially rust fungi; completing the entire life cycle on a single host; "autoecious rust fungi" heteroecious of parasites; passing through different stages of the life cycle on different host species; "heteroecious fungi"; "heteroecious insects" autogenous originating within the body self-generated originating from the self self-induced brought about by yourself; "self-induced vomiting" produced by electrical self-induction heterogenous originating outside the body automatic operating with minimal human intervention; independent of external control; "automatic transmission"; "a budget deficit that caused automatic spending cuts" resembling the unthinking functioning of a machine; "an automatic `thank you'"; "machinelike efficiency" without volition or conscious control; "the automatic shrinking of the pupils of the eye in strong light"; "a reflex knee jerk"; "sneezing is reflexive" autoloading(a) (of firearms) capable of automatic loading and firing continuously; "an autoloading rifle" automated operated by automation; "an automated stoker" self-acting designed to activate or move or regulate itself; "a self-activating sprinkler system" self-locking locking automatically when closed self-winding designed so that manual winding is unnecessary; "a self-winding watch" semiautomatic partially automatic hand-operated operated by hand available obtainable or accessible and ready for use or service; "kept a fire extinguisher available"; "much information is available through computers"; "available in many colors"; "the list of available candidates is unusually long" convenient for use or disposal; "the house is available after July 1"; "2000 square feet of usable office space" not busy; not otherwise committed; "he was not available for comment"; "he was available and willing to accompany her" acquirable capable of being acquired addressable capable of being addressed; "addressable memory" forthcoming available when required or as promised; "federal funds were not forthcoming" gettable capable of being obtained; "savings of up to 50 percent are obtainable" in stock(p) available for use or sale; "they have plenty of stonewashed jeans in stock" lendable available for lending; "lendable resources" visible(a) present and easily available; "the cash on hand is adequate for current needs"; "emergency police were on hand in case of trouble"; "a visible supply"; "visible resources" on hand(p) readily available; "there will be a wealth of information on hand from the lawyers" on tap(p) available for immediate use; "extra personnel on tap"; "other sports and entertainment facilities are on tap"; "there are numerous projects on tap" (of liquids) available by turning a tap; "ale on tap"; "hot and cold running water on tap" purchasable available for purchase; "purchasable goods"; "many houses in the area are for sale" ready(a) (of especially money) immediately available; "he seems to have ample ready money"; "a ready source of cash" unavailable not available or accessible or at hand; "fresh milk was unavailable during the emergency"; "his secretary said he was unavailable for comment" gone(p) used up or no longer available; "gone with the wind"; "if we don't get there early, all the best seats will be gone" out of stock(p) not available for sale or use; "too many items are out of stock" awake(p) not in a state of sleep; completely conscious; "lay awake thinking about his new job"; "still not fully awake" astir(p) out of bed; "are they astir yet?"; "up by seven each morning" awakened (somewhat formal) having been waked up; "the awakened baby began to cry" aroused or activated; "an awakened interest in ballet" unsleeping fully awake; "the unsleeping city"; "so excited she was wide-awake all night" at rest(a) in a state of repose or especially sleep fast asleep(p) sleeping deeply; "lying fast asleep on the sofa"; "it would be cruel to wake him; he's sound asleep" hypnoid of or relating to a state of sleep or hypnosis sleepy ready to fall asleep; "beginning to feel sleepy"; "a sleepy-eyed child with drooping eyelids"; "sleepyheaded students" slumberous inclined to or marked by drowsiness; "slumberous (or slumbrous) eyes"; "`slumbery' is archaic"; "the sound had a somnolent effect" quiet and tranquil; "a slumberous June morning" unawakened still asleep not aroused or activated; "unawakened emotions" styptic tending to check bleeding by contracting the tissues or blood vessels nonastringent not astringent aware(p) (sometimes followed by `of') having or showing knowledge or understanding or realization or perception; "was aware of his opponent's hostility"; "became aware of her surroundings"; "aware that he had exceeded the speed limit" conscious(p) (followed by `of') showing realization or recognition of something; "few voters seem conscious of the issue's importance"; "conscious of having succeeded"; "the careful tread of one conscious of his alcoholic load"- Thomas Hardy sensible aware intuitively or intellectually of something sensed; "made sensible of his mistakes"; "I am sensible that the mention of such a circumstance may appear trifling"- Henry Hallam; "sensible that a good deal more is still to be done"- Edmund Burke readily perceived by the senses; "the sensible universe"; "a sensible odor" able to feel or perceive; "even amoeba are sensible creatures"; "the more sensible parts of the skin" unaware (often followed by `of') not aware; "seemed unaware of the scrutiny"; "unaware of the danger they were in"; "unaware of the newborn hope"; "the most unaware person I've known" oblivious(p) (followed by `to' or `of') lacking conscious awareness of; "oblivious of the mounting pressures for political reform"; "oblivious to the risks she ran"; "not unmindful of the heavy responsibility" out of it unaware as a result of being uninformed excluded from an activity or social group unconscious(p) (followed by `of') not knowing or perceiving; "happily unconscious of the new calamity at home"- Charles Dickens unsuspecting (often followed by `of') not knowing or expecting; not thinking likely; "an unsuspecting victim"; "unsuspecting (or unaware) of the fact that I would one day be their leader" not suspicious; "deceiving the unsuspecting public" witting aware or knowing; "a witting tool of the Communists" unwitting not aware or knowing; "an unwitting subject in an experiment" alarming frightening because of an awareness of danger atrocious provoking horror; "an atrocious automobile accident"; "a frightful crime of decapitation"; "an alarming, even horrifying, picture"; "war is beyond all words horrible"- Winston Churchill; "an ugly wound" exceptionally bad or displeasing; "atrocious taste"; "abominable workmanship"; "an awful voice"; "dreadful manners"; "a painful performance"; "terrible handwriting"; "an unspeakable odor came sweeping into the room" shockingly brutal or cruel; "murder is an atrocious crime"; "a grievous offense against morality"; "a grievous crime"; "no excess was too monstrous for them to commit" awful causing fear or dread or terror; "the awful war"; "an awful risk"; "dire news"; "a career or vengeance so direful that London was shocked"; "the dread presence of the headmaster"; "polio is no longer the dreaded disease it once was"; "a dreadful storm"; "a fearful howling"; "horrendous explosions shook the city"; "a terrible curse" baleful threatening or foreshadowing evil or tragic developments; "a baleful look"; "forbidding thunderclouds"; "his tone became menacing"; "ominous rumblings of discontent"; "sinister storm clouds"; "a sinister smile"; "his threatening behavior"; "ugly black clouds"; "the situation became ugly" deadly or sinister; "the Florida eagles have a fierce baleful look" bloodcurdling extremely alarming chilling provoking fear terror; "a scary movie"; "the most terrible and shuddery...tales of murder and revenge" creepy causing a sensation as of things crawling on your skin; "a creepy story"; "I had a creepy-crawly feeling" annoying and unpleasant; "some creepy kids were bothering her" formidable inspiring fear; "the formidable prospect of major surgery"; "a tougher and more redoubtable adversary than the heel-clicking, jackbooted fanatic"- G.H.Johnston; "something unnerving and prisonlike about high grey wall" extremely impressive in strength or excellence; "a formidable opponent"; "the challenge was formidable"; "had a formidable array of compositions to his credit"; "the formidable army of brains at the Prime Minister's disposal" ghastly shockingly repellent; inspiring horror; "ghastly wounds"; "the grim aftermath of the bombing"; "the grim task of burying the victims"; "a grisly murder"; "gruesome evidence of human sacrifice"; "macabre tales of war and plague in the Middle ages"; "macabre tortures conceived by madmen" hairy hazardous and frightening; "hairy moments in the mountains" having or covered with hair; "Jacob was a hairy man"; "a hairy caterpillar" petrifying paralyzing with terror stupefying shocking with surprise and consternation; "the stupefying impact of the tragedy" making physically stupid or dull or insensible; "a stupefying blow to the head"; "the stupefying effects of hemp" terrific causing extreme terror; "a terrifying wail" very great or intense; "a terrific noise"; "a terrific thunderstorm storm"; "fought a terrific battle" unalarming not alarming; assuaging alarm anemophilous of flowering plants (especially grasses etc) that are pollinated by the wind entomophilous of flowering plants (especially orchids etc) that are pollinated by insects reassuring restoring confidence and relieving anxiety; "a very reassuring remark" assuasive freeing from fear and anxiety assuring giving confidence comforting affording comfort or solace providing freedom from worry unreassuring not reassuring; tending to cause anxiety backmost located farthest to the rear rear(a) located in or toward the back or rear; "the chair's rear legs"; "the rear door of the plane"; "on the rearward side" front(a) relating to or located in the front; "the front lines"; "the front porch" advance(a) situated ahead or going before; "an advance party"; "at that time the most advanced outpost was still east of the Rockies" being ahead of time or need; "gave advance warning"; "was beforehand with her report" foremost preceding all others in spatial position; "the foremost compartment of the ship" situated closest to the bow; "the foremost compartment of the ship" prominently forward; "he put his best foot foremost" leading going or proceeding or going in advance; showing the way; "we rode in the leading car"; "the leading edge of technology" directing showing the way by conducting or leading; imposing direction on; "felt his mother's directing arm around him"; "the directional role of science on industrial progress" guiding exerting control or influence; "a guiding principle" pursuing following in order to overtake or capture or as accompaniment to such pursuit; "the fox fled from the pursuing hounds"; "listened for the hounds' pursuing bark" backed having a back or backing, usually of a specified type used of film that is coated on the side opposite the emulsion with a substance to absorb light hardbacked having a hard back or cover; "hardback books" high-backed having a high back; "a high-backed sofa" low-backed having a low back spiny-backed having the back covered with spines stiff-backed having a stiff back; "the guards stood stiff-backed and unsmiling" straight-backed having a straight back; "a straight-backed wooden chair"; "a slim straight-backed dancer" backless lacking a back; "a stool is a backless and armless seat" low-cut having a low-cut back; "a backless dress" backward directed or facing toward the back or rear; "a backward view" (used of temperament or behavior) marked by a retiring nature; "a backward lover" having made less than normal progress; "an economically backward country" retarded in intellectual development in a manner or order or direction the reverse of normal; "it's easy to get the `i' and the `e' backward in words like `seize' and `siege'"; "the child put her jersey on backward" backswept used of hair cacuminal pronounced with the tip of the tongue turned back toward the hard palate receding(a) (of a hairline e.g.) moving slowly back reflexive referring back to itself regardant(ip) looking backward retracted drawn back and in; "a cat with retracted claws" returning(a) tending to be turned back guardant(ip) looking forward headfirst with the head foremost; "a headfirst plunge down the stairs"; "a headlong dive into the pool" bashful disposed to avoid notice; "they considered themselves a tough outfit and weren't bashful about letting anybody know it"; (`blate' is a Scottish term for bashful) self-consciously timid; "I never laughed, being bashful; lowering my head, I looked at the wall"- Ezra Pound brash offensively bold; "a brash newcomer disputed the age-old rules for admission to the club"; "a nervy thing to say" bumptious offensively self-assertive overfamiliar taking undue liberties; "young women disliked the overfamiliar tone he took with them" fresh improperly forward or bold; "don't be fresh with me"; "impertinent of a child to lecture a grownup"; "an impudent boy given to insulting strangers"; "Don't get wise with me!" not yet used or soiled; "a fresh shirt"; "a fresh sheet of paper"; "an unused envelope" recently made, produced, or harvested; "fresh bread"; "a fresh scent"; "fresh lettuce" not canned or otherwise preserved; "fresh vegetables" not containing or composed of salt water; "fresh water" (of a cycle) beginning or occurring again; "a fresh start"; "fresh ideas" original and of a kind not seen before; "the computer produced a completely novel proof of a well-known theorem" not soured or preserved; "sweet milk" with restored energy having recently calved and therefore able to give milk; "the cow is fresh" balconied having balconies or a balcony; "the balconied houses of New Orleans" unbalconied not having balconies barreled put in or stored in a barrel; "barreled beer" (of an arrow) tapered toward both ends unbarreled not in a barrel beaked having or resembling a beak beaklike resembling the beak of a bird; "a grizzled man with a beaklike nose" billed having a beak or bill as specified; "a thick-billed bird"; "a long-billed cap" duckbill having a beak resembling that of a duck; "a duck-billed dinosaur" rostrate having a beak or beaklike snout or proboscis short-beaked having a short beak stout-billed having a strong beak straight-billed having a straight beak thick-billed having a thick beak beakless not having a beak or bill bedded having a bed or beds as specified double-bedded having a double bed; "a double-bedded room" single-bedded having single beds twin-bedded having twin beds bedless without a bed; "the cell was bedless" beneficed having a benefice; "a beneficed clergyman" unbeneficed not having a benefice stratified deposited or arranged in horizontal layers; "stratified rock" laminar arranged in or consisting of laminae layered with one layer on top of another; "superimposed rocks" sheetlike resembling a sheet unstratified not deposited in layers; "glacial till is unstratified" ferned abounding in or covered with ferns; "the ferny undergrowth" braky abounding with bracken; "the woods and braky glens"- William Browne covered with brambles and ferns and other undergrowth fernlike resembling ferns especially in leaf shape; "the ferny shadows of locust leaves" fernless devoid of ferns grassy abounding in grass grass-covered covered with grass; "wide grass-covered plains as far as the eye could see" grasslike resembling grass rushlike resembling rush or sedge sedgy covered with sedges (grasslike marsh plants) grassless lacking grass gusseted provided or reinforced with gussets ungusseted not having gussets hairless having no hair or fur; "a Mexican Hairless is about the size of a fox terrier and hairless except for a tufts on the head and tail" balding getting bald beardless lacking hair on the face; "a smooth-faced boy of 14 years" having no beard depilous completely hairless glabrescent lacking hair or a similar growth or tending to become hairless glabrous having no hair or similar growth; smooth; "glabrous stems"; "glabrous leaves"; "a glabrous scalp" naked-muzzled having a muzzle that is hairless naked-tailed having a tail that is hairless nonhairy without hair; "tinea corporis is a fungal infection of the nonhairy parts of the skin" tonsured having a bald spot either shaved or natural; "tonsured monks" canescent covered with fine whitish hairs or down of greyish white; "the canescent moon" coarse-haired having coarse hair or fur comate of certain seeds (such as cotton) having a tuft or tufts of hair; "comate (or comose) seeds"; "a comal tuft" bearing a coma; crowned with an assemblage of branches or leaves or bracts; "comate royal palms"; "pineapples are comate" curly-haired covered with curly hair; "a curly-coated water spaniel" dark-haired covered with dark hair having hair of a dark color; "a dark-haired beauty" downy covered with fine soft hairs or down; "downy milkweed seeds" like down or as soft as down floccose (of plants) having tufts of soft woolly hairs furlike resembling fur furred covered with a dense coat of fine silky hairs; "furred animals"; "a furry teddy bear" fuzzed covering with fine light hairs; "his head fuzzed like a dandelion gone to seed" glossy-haired having glossy hair; "a glossy-coated foxhound" hispid (of animals or plants) having stiff coarse hairs or bristles; "plants with hispid stems" lanate covered with dense cottony hairs or hairlike filaments; "the woolly aphid has a lanate coat resembling cotton" long-haired with long hair; "long-haired hippies" pappose (of plants such as dandelions and thistles) having pappi or tufts of featherlike hairs or delicate bristles pilous covered with hairs especially fine soft ones rough-haired having hair that feels rough shock-headed having a shock (or untidy mass) of hair; "shock-headed teenagers" short-haired with short hair; "a short-haired dog" silky-haired having hair that resembles silk silver-haired having hair the color of silver smooth-haired having hair that feels smooth snake-haired (of monsters) having snakes for hair soft-haired having soft hair stiff-haired having stiff hair thick-haired having thick hair tomentose densely covered with short matted woolly hairs; "a tomentose leaf" covered with densely matted filaments velvety-furred having hair that feels like velvet wire-haired (especially of dogs) having stiff wiry hair; "a wire-haired terrier" wiry of hair that resembles wire in stiffness; "wiry red hair" of or relating to wire wooly covered with dense often matted or curly hairs; "woolly lambs" awned having awns i.e. bristlelike or hairlike appendages on the flowering parts of some cereals and grasses; "awned wheatgrass" bearded having a growth of hairlike awns; "bearded wheatgrass" having hair on the cheeks and chin awnless lacking or having only very short awns; "awnless bromegrass" bearing(a) (of a structural member) withstanding a weight or strain load-bearing(a) capable of bearing a structural load; "a supporting wall" nonbearing (of a structural member) supporting no vertical weight other than its own; "they took out a nonbearing wall" beautiful delighting the senses or exciting intellectual or emotional admiration; "a beautiful child"; "beautiful country"; "a beautiful painting"; "a beautiful theory"; "a beautiful party" (of weather) highly enjoyable; "what a beautiful day" beauteous (poetic) beautiful, especially to the sight bonny very pleasing to the eye; "my bonny lass"; "there's a bonny bay beyond"; "a comely face"; "young fair maidens" dishy (informal British) sexually attractive; "a dishy blonde" exquisite of extreme beauty; "her exquisite face" lavishly elegant and refined intense or sharp; "suffered exquisite pain"; "felt exquisite pleasure" fine-looking pleasing in appearance especially by reason of conformity to ideals of form and proportion; "a fine-looking woman"; "a good-looking man"; "better-looking than her sister"; "very pretty but not so extraordinarily handsome"- Thackeray; "our southern women are well-favored"- Lillian Hellman glorious having great beauty and splendor; "a glorious spring morning"; "a glorious sunset"; "splendid costumes"; "a kind of splendiferous native simplicity" having or deserving or conferring glory; "a long and glorious career"; "our glorious literature" gorgeous dazzlingly beautiful; "a gorgeous Victorian gown" lovely appealing to the emotions as well as the eye picturesque suggesting or suitable for a picture; pretty as a picture; "a picturesque village" strikingly expressive; "a picturesque description of the rainforest" pretty pleasing by delicacy or grace; not imposing; "pretty girl"; "pretty song"; "pretty room" (used ironically) unexpectedly bad; "a pretty mess"; "a pretty kettle of fish" pretty-pretty ostentatiously or inappropriately pretty pulchritudinous used of persons only; having great physical beauty; "pulchritudinous movie stars" ravishing stunningly beautiful; "a ravishing blonde" scenic used of locations; having beautiful natural scenery; "scenic drives" of or relating to the stage or stage scenery; "scenic design" stunning strikingly beautiful or attractive; "quite stunning with large dark eyes and a beautiful high-bosomed figure"; "stunning photographs of Canada's wilderness areas" causing or capable of causing bewilderment or shock or insensibility; "laid the poor fellow senseless with one stunning blow"; "a stunning detonation with volumes of black smoke" causing great astonishment and consternation; "the strike came as a stunning protest against management"; "a stunning defeat" ugly displeasing to the senses; "an ugly face"; "ugly furniture" disfigured having the appearance spoiled; "a disfigured face"; "strip mining left a disfigured landscape" evil-looking having an evil appearance fugly (slang) extremely ugly hideous so extremely ugly as to be terrifying; "a hideous scar"; "a repulsive mask" grossly offensive to decency or morality; causing horror; "subjected to outrageous cruelty"; "a hideous pattern of injustice"; "horrific conditions in the mining industry" ill-favored usually used of a face; "an ill-favored countenance" scrofulous having a diseased appearance resembling scrofula; "our canoe...lay with her scrofulous sides on the shore"- Farley Mowat morally contaminated; "denounce the scrofulous wealth of the times"- J.D.Hart afflicted with scrofula unlovely without beauty or charm unsightly unpleasant to look at; "unsightly billboards" bellied having a belly; often used in combination curving outward big-bellied having a prominent belly bellyless lacking a prominent belly banded identified with a band especially around a leg; "kept watch for the return of their banded birds" characterized by a band of especially white around the body; "banded cattle" marked with bands or strips of contrasting color or texture; "a banded rock" unbanded not identified with a band; "an unbanded bird" belted having or provided with a belt; "a belted dress" belt-fed using belted ammunition beltlike resembling a belt around something unbelted lacking a belt; "unbelted jackets are in this season" beneficent doing or producing good; "the most beneficent regime in history" generous in assistance to the poor; "a benevolent contributor"; "eleemosynary relief"; "philanthropic contributions" benefic exerting a favorable or beneficent influence; "a benefic star"; "a benefic force" maleficent harmful or evil in intent or effect malefic having or exerting a malignant influence; "malevolent stars"; "a malefic force" malicious having the nature of or resulting from malice; "malicious gossip"; "took malicious pleasure in...watching me wince"- Rudyard Kipling despiteful showing malicious ill will and a desire to hurt; motivated by spite; "a despiteful fiend"; "a truly spiteful child"; "a vindictive man will look for occasions for resentment" leering showing sly or knowing malice in a glance; "she had run in fear of...his evil leering eye"- Amy Lowell (of a glance) sidelong and slyly lascivious; "leering drugstore cowboys" malevolent wishing or appearing to wish evil to others; arising from intense ill will or hatred; "a gossipy malevolent old woman"; "failure made him malevolent toward those who were successful" beady-eyed having eyes that gleam with malice bitchy marked by or arising from malice; "a catty remark" poisonous marked by deep ill will; deliberately harmful; "poisonous hate"; "venomous criticism"; "vicious gossip" not safe to eat having the qualities or effects of a poison venomed full of malice or hate; "venomed remarks" vixenish shrewish and malicious; "a vixenish old woman" unmalicious not malicious or spiteful benign pleasant and beneficial in nature or influence; "a benign smile"; "the benign sky"; "the benign influence of pure air" kindness of disposition or manner; "the benign ruler of millions"; "benign intentions" not dangerous to health; not recurrent or progressive (especially of a tumor) kindly pleasant and agreeable; "a kindly climate"; "kindly breeze" in a kind manner or out of kindness; "He spoke kindly to the boy"; "she kindly overlooked the mistake" malign evil or harmful in nature or influence; "prompted by malign motives"; "believed in witches and malign spirits"; "gave him a malign look"; "a malign lesion" cancerous like a cancer; an evil that grows and spreads; "remorse was cancerous within him"; "pornography is cancerous to the moral development of our children" relating to or affected with cancer; "a cancerous growth" high-grade surpassing in quality; "top-grade ore" go-to-meeting(a) used of clothing; "my good clothes"; "her Sunday-go-to-meeting clothes" record-breaking surpassing any previously established record; "a record-breaking high jump"; "record-breaking crowds" second-best next to the best; "his second-best bed" in second place; "he came off second-best" superfine (used especially of merchandise) very fine in quality; "made of superfine Flemish cloth" of extremely fine size or texture; "superfine sugar"; "a superfine file" unexcelled not capable of being improved on unsurpassable not to be exceeded; "unsurpassable skill"; "unsurpassable standards of workmanship" pessimal of an organism's environment; least favorable for survival amended modified for the better; "his amended ways" of legislation finer (comparative of `fine') greater in quality or excellence; "a finer wine"; "a finer musician" improved become or made better in quality; "was proud of his improved grades"; "an improved viewfinder" made more desirable or valuable or profitable; especially made ready for use or marketing; "new houses are springing up on an improved tract of land near the river"; "an improved breed" (of land) made ready for development or agriculture by clearing of trees and brush; "improved farmlands" worsened made or become worse; impaired; "troubled by the worsened economic conditions"; "the worsened diplomatic relations" bettering changing for the better ameliorating(a) tending to ameliorate amendatory effecting amendment; "added amendatory phrases to the text" remedial tending or intended to rectify or improve; "a remedial reading course"; "remedial education" bicameral composed of two legislative bodies consisting of two chambers; "the bicameral heart of a fish" unicameral composed of one legislative body bidirectional reactive or functioning or allowing movement in two usually opposite directions biface having two faces or fronts; "the Roman Janus is bifacial" two-way operating or permitting operation in either of two opposite directions; "a two-way valve"; "two-way traffic"; "two-way streets" unidirectional operating or moving or allowing movement in one direction only; "a unidirectional flow"; "a unidirectional antenna"; "a unidirectional approach to a problem" one-way moving or permitting movement in one direction only; "one-way streets"; "a one-way ticket" simplex allowing communication in only one direction at a time, or in telegraphy allowing only one message over a line at a time; "simplex system" having only one part or element; "a simplex word has no affixes and is not part of a compound--like `boy' compared with `boyish' or `house' compared with `houseboat'" unifacial having but one principal or specialized surface; "a primitive unifacial flint tool" faced having a face or facing especially of a specified kind or number; often used in combination; "a neatly faced terrace" baby-faced having a youthful-looking face bald-faced (of animals) having white markings on the face featured having facial features as specified; usually used in combination; "a grim-featured man" made a feature or highlight; given prominence; "a featured actor"; "a featured item at the sale" Janus-faced having two faces--one looking to the future and one to the past; "Janus the two-faced god" having or concerned with polarities or contrasts; "a Janus-faced view of history"; "a Janus-faced policy" long-faced having a face longer than the usual moon-faced having a round face pale-faced having a pale face pug-faced having the flat wrinkled face of a pug dog sad-faced having a face with a sad expression; "the sad-faced clown" sweet-faced having a pleasing face or one showing a sweet disposition; "a sweet-faced child" visaged having a face or visage as specified; "gloomy-visaged funeral directors" faceless without a face or identity; "a faceless apparition"; "the faceless accusers of the police state" bibbed having a bib; "a bibbed apron" bibless lacking a bib unilateral involving only one part or side; "unilateral paralysis"; "a unilateral decision" tracing descent from either the paternal or the maternal line only one-party determined by a single party multilateral having many parts or sides bilateral having two sides or parts affecting or undertaken by two parties; "a bilateral agreement between the United States and Japan" having identical parts on each side of an axis deep-lobed having deep bilateral lobes two-lobed having two lobes bipartite involving two parts or elements; "a bipartite document"; "a two-way treaty" divided into two portions almost to the base multipartite involving more than two parties five-sided having five sides six-sided having six sides seven-sided having seven sides eight-sided having eight sides nine-sided having nine sides ten-sided having ten sides eleven-sided having eleven sides twelve-sided having twelve sides quadripartite involving four parties tetramerous having or consisting of four similar parts; tetramerous flowers three-cornered involving a group or set of three; "a three-cornered race" having three corners; "a three-cornered hat" three-lobed having three lobes four-lobed having four lobes five-lobed having five lobes many-lobed having many lobes palmately-lobed having lobes radiating from a central point trilateral having three sides; "a trilateral figure" involving three parties; "trilateral talks" tripartite involving three parties or elements; "a tripartite treaty"; "a tripartite division"; "a three-way playoff" bimodal of a distribution; having or occurring with two modes unimodal having a single mode binaural relating to or having or hearing with two ears; "binaural hearing" two-eared having two ears stereophonic designating the reproduction of sound using two or more independent audio channels monaural relating to or having or hearing with only one ear; "monaural deafness" one-eared having a single ear mono designating sound transmission or recording or reproduction over a single channel binucleate having two nuclei mononuclear having only one nucleus trinucleate having three nuclei bipedal having two feet quadrupedal having four feet African-American pertaining to or characteristic of Americans of African ancestry; "African-American culture" colored having skin rich in melanin pigments; having color or a certain color; sometimes used in combination; "colored crepe paper"; "the film was in color"; "amber-colored heads of grain" ash-blonde of hair color; whitish flaxen of hair color; pale yellowish to yellowish brown; "flaxen locks" nordic resembling peoples of Scandinavia redheaded having red hair and usually fair skin adust burned brown by the sun; "of an adust complexion"- Sir Walter Scott dried out by heat or excessive exposure to sunlight; "a vast desert all adust"; "land lying baked in the heat"; "parched soil"; "the earth was scorched and bare"; "sunbaked salt flats" bronzed (of skin) having a tan color from exposure to the sun; "a young bronzed Apollo" dark-skinned naturally having skin of a dark color; "a dark-skinned beauty"; "gold earrings gleamed against her dusky cheeks"; "a smile on his swarthy face"; "`swart' is archaic" grizzled having dark hairs mixed with grey or white nutbrown of the color of nuts; "nutbrown hair" blemished marred by imperfections having a blemish or flaw; "a flawed diamond" acned (of complexion) blemished by imperfections of the skin blebbed (of glass or quartzite) marred by small bubbles or small particles of foreign material blotchy marred by discolored spots or blotches; "blotchy skin" flyblown blemished, especially of reputation; "a flyblown reputation" foul and run-down and repulsive; "a flyblown bar on the edge of town"; "a squalid overcrowded apartment in the poorest part of town"; "squalid living conditions"; "sordid shantytowns" spoiled and covered with eggs and larvae of flies; "flyblown meat"; "a sack of maggoty apricots" marred blemished by injury or rough wear; "the scarred piano bench"; "walls marred by graffiti" pocked marked by or as if by smallpox or acne or other eruptive skin disease used of paved surfaces having holes or pits unblemished free from physical or moral spots or stains; "an unblemished record"; "an unblemished complexion" stainless (of reputation) free from blemishes; "his unsullied name"; "an untarnished reputation" blood-filled containing blood; "the blood-filled centers of arteries and veins" bloodstained covered with blood; "a bloodstained shirt"; "a gory dagger" bloodsucking drawing blood from the body of another; "a plague of bloodsucking insects" bloodthirsty marked by eagerness to resort to violence and bloodshed; "bloody-minded tyrants"; "bloodthirsty yells"; "went after the collaborators with a sanguinary fury that drenched the land with blood"-G.W.Johnson homicidal characteristic of or capable of or having a tendency toward killing another human being; "a homicidal rage"; "murderous thugs" gory accompanied by bloodshed; "this bitter and sanguinary war" internecine characterized by bloodshed and carnage for both sides; "internecine war" (of conflict) within a group or organization; "an internecine feud among proxy holders" nonviolent achieved without bloodshed; "an unbloody transfer of power" abstaining (on principle) from the use of violence bold fearless and daring; "bold settlers on some foreign shore"; "a bold speech"; "a bold adventure" clear and distinct; "bold handwriting"; "a figure carved in bold relief"; "a bold design" emboldened made bold or courageous foolhardy marked by defiant disregard for danger or consequences; "foolhardy enough to try to seize the gun from the hijacker"; "became the fiercest and most reckless of partisans"-Macaulay; "a reckless driver"; "a rash attempt to climb Mount Everest" heroic having or displaying qualities appropriate for heroes; "the heroic attack on the beaches of Normandy"; "heroic explorers" relating to or characteristic of heroes of antiquity; "heroic legends"; "the heroic age" nervy showing or requiring courage and contempt of danger; "the nervy feats of mountaineers" overreaching revealing excessive self-confidence; reaching for the heights; "vaulting ambition" overvaliant having or showing undue valor or boldness; "a foolish overvaliant act" coy modestly or warily rejecting approaches or overtures; "like a wild young colt, very inquisitive but very coy and not to be easily cajoled" showing marked and often playful or irritating evasiveness or reluctance to make a definite or committing statement; "a politician coy about his intentions" affectedly modest or shy especially in a playful or provocative way intimidated made timid or fearful as by threats mousy quiet and timid and ineffectual of something having a drab pale brown color resembling a mouse; "a mousy brownish-grey color"; "mousy hair"; "mouse-colored hair" infested with mice chained bound with chains; "enchained demons strained in anger to gnaw on his bones"; "prisoners in chains" fettered bound by chains fastened around the ankles furled rolled up and secured; "furled sails bound securely to the spar"; "a furled flag"; "his rolled umbrella hanging on his arm" pinioned bound fast especially having the arms restrained (of birds) especially having the flight feathers tethered confined or restricted with or as if with a rope or chain trussed bound or secured closely; "the guard was found trussed up with his arms and legs securely tied"; "a trussed chicken" wired tied or bound with wire; "wired bundles of newspapers" equipped with wire or wires especially for electric or telephone service; "a well-wired house" unbound not restrained or tied down by bonds not secured within a cover; "an unbound book" not held in chemical or physical combination unchained not bound by shackles and chains untethered not confined or restricted with a tether laced closed with a lace; "snugly laced shoes" edged or streaked with color; "white blossoms with purple-laced petals" unlaced with laces not tied; "teenagers slopping around in unlaced sneakers" tied fastened with strings or cords; "a neatly tied bundle" bound together by or as if by a strong rope; especially as by a bond of affection; "people tied by blood or marriage" knotted tied with a knot; "his carefully knotted necktie" untied not tied tangled in a confused mass; "pushed back her tangled hair"; "the tangled ropes" afoul(ip) especially of a ship's lines etc; "with its sails afoul"; "a foul anchor" enmeshed caught as if in a mesh; "enmeshed in financial difficulties" entangled twisted together in a tangled mass; "toiled through entangled growths of mesquite" involved in difficulties knotty tangled in knots or snarls; "a mass of knotted string"; "snarled thread" matted tangled in a dense mass; "tried to push through the matted undergrowth" rootbound having the roots matted or densely tangled; "shaggy untended lawns of old trees and rootbound scented flowers and shrubs"- William Faulkner thrown twisted together; as of filaments spun into a thread; "thrown silk is raw silk that has been twisted and doubled into yarn" caused to fall to the ground; "the thrown rider got back on his horse"; "a thrown wrestler"; "a ball player thrown for a loss" untangled not tangled disentangled straightened out brassbound having trim or fittings of brass; "a brassbound campaign chest"; "the heavy brassbound door" cased enclosed in a case covered or protected with or as if with a case; "knights cased in steel"; "products encased in leatherette" half-bound (of books) having the back bound in one material and the sides in another paperback (of books) having a flexible binding well-bound (of books) having a sturdy and attractive binding looseleaf being or having leaves that can be easily removed or rearranged; "loose-leaf paper"; "a looseleaf notebook" bordered having a border especially of a specified kind; sometimes used as a combining term; "black-bordered handkerchief" boxed enclosed in or set off by a border or box; "boxed sections of the report"; "boxed announcements in the newspaper" enclosed in or as if in a box; "boxed cigars"; "a confining boxed-in space"; "felt boxed in by the traffic" deckled having a rough edge; used of handmade paper or paper resembling handmade edged having a specified kind of border or edge; "a black-edged card"; "rough-edged leaves"; "dried sweat left salt-edged patches" having a cutting edge or especially an edge or edges as specified; often used in combination; "an edged knife"; "a two-edged sword" lined bordered by a line of things; "tree lined streets" having a lining or a liner; often used in combination; "a lined skirt"; "a silk-lined jacket" (used especially of skin) marked by lines or seams; "their lined faces were immeasurably sad"; "a seamed face" sawtoothed-edged (of leaves) having an edged resembling a sawtooth seagirt surrounded or enclosed by the sea spiny-edged having a spiny border white-edged having a white border unbordered having no border lotic of or relating to or living in actively moving water lentic of or relating to or living in still waters (as lakes or ponds) lower-class occupying the lowest socioeconomic position in a society non-U not characteristic of the upper classes especially in language use propertyless of those who work for wages especially manual or industrial laborers; "party of the propertyless proletariat"- G.B.Shaw upper-lower-class occupying the upper part of the lower class middle-class occupying a socioeconomic position intermediate between those of the lower classes and the wealthy lower-middle-class occupying the lower part of the middle socioeconomic range in a society upper-middle-class occupying the upper part of the middle socioeconomic range in a society upper-class occupying the highest socioeconomic position in a society propertied owning land or securities as a principal source of revenue u (chiefly British) of or appropriate to the upper classes especially in language use tweedy (of country gentry) informal, clannish and outdoorsy wellborn of good or upper-class lineage; "a rich and wellborn husband" broad-headed having a brachycephalic head bullet-headed having a small round head long-headed having a dolichocephalic head gallant unflinching in battle or action; "a gallant warrior"; "put up a gallant resistance to the attackers" having or displaying great dignity or nobility; "a gallant pageant"; "lofty ships"; "majestic cities"; "proud alpine peaks" lionhearted extraordinarily courageous stalwart used especially of persons; "a stalwart knight"; "a stouthearted fellow who had an active career in the army" dependable; "the stalwart citizens at Lexington"; "a stalwart supporter of the UN"; "stout hearts" undaunted resolutely courageous; "undaunted in the face of death" unshaken in purpose; "wholly undismayed by the commercial failure of the three movies he had made" valiant having or showing valor; "a valiant attempt to prevent the hijack"; "a valiant soldier" cowardly lacking courage; ignobly timid and faint-hearted; "cowardly dogs, ye will not aid me then"- P.B.Shelley craven lacking even the rudiments of courage; abjectly fearful; "the craven fellow turned and ran"; "a craven proposal to raise the white flag"; "this recreant knight"- Spenser dastard(a) despicably cowardly; "the unprovoked and dastardly attack by Japan on...December 7th"- F.D. Roosevelt funky in a state of cowardly fright stylish and modern in an unconventional way; "she likes funky clothes"; "we did it all in black and white in a very funky sixties style" (of jazz) having the soulful feeling of early blues pusillanimous lacking in courage and manly strength and resolution; contemptibly fearful gutsy marked by courage and determination in the face of difficulties or danger; robust and uninhibited; "you have to admire her; it was a gutsy thing to do"; "the gutsy...intensity of her musical involvement"-Judith Crist; "a gutsy red wine" gutless lacking courage or vitality; "he was a yellow gutless worm"; "a spineless craven fellow" breast-fed (of an infant) fed milk from the mother's breast nursed (of an infant) breast-fed bottle-fed (of an infant) given milk from a bottle sweet-breathed having breath or breath as specified asphyxiating tending to deprive of oxygen; "asphyxiating gasses" smothering causing difficulty in breathing especially through lack of fresh air and presence of heat; "the choking June dust"; "the smothering soft voices"; "smothering heat"; "the room was suffocating--hot and airless" blown breathing laboriously or convulsively being moved or acted upon by moving air or vapor; "blown clouds of dust choked the riders"; "blown soil mounded on the window sill" crystalline consisting of or containing or of the nature of crystals; "granite is crystalline" transmitting light; able to be seen through with clarity; "the cold crystalline water of melted snow"; "crystal clear skies"; "could see the sand on the bottom of the limpid pool"; "lucid air"; "a pellucid brook"; "transparent crystal" distinctly or sharply outlined; "crystalline sharpness of outline"- John Buchan crystallized having both internal structure and external form of a crystal; "quartz crystal is perfectly crystallized" having become fixed and definite in form; "distinguish between crystallized and uncrystallized opinion"- Psychological Abstracts microcrystalline containing crystals that are visible only under a microscope polycrystalline composed of aggregates of crystals; "polycrystalline metals" noncrystalline not crystalline amorphous without real or apparent crystalline form; "an amorphous mineral"; "amorphous structure" unclear because vague or badly organized; "Her vague, amorphous statement of her predicament was part of what made it so hard for her to solve it" (of a group of people or an organization) unorganized or unfocused; "A mob is an amorphous crowd of people without ideals, a sum of individuals in which each lives for himself" lacking the system or structure characteristic of living bodies having no definite form or distinct shape; "amorphous clouds of insects"; "an aggregate of formless particles"; "a shapeless mass of protoplasm" landed owning or consisting of land or real estate; "the landed gentry"; "landed property" landless owning no land; "the landless peasantry" ablaze(p) lighted with red light as if with flames; "streets ablaze with lighted Christmas trees"; "the inflamed clouds at sunset"; "reddened faces around the campfire" lighted up by or as by fire or flame; "forests set ablaze (or afire) by lightning"; "even the car's tires were aflame"; "a night aflare with fireworks"; "candles alight on the tables"; "houses on fire" autofluorescent emitting light via self-induced fluorescence bioluminescent (of living organisms) emitting light; "fireflies are bioluminescent" candescent glowing from great heat floodlit illuminated by means of floodlights; "the floodlit courtyard" illuminated provided with artificial light; "illuminated advertising"; "looked up at the lighted windows"; "a brightly lit room"; "a well-lighted stairwell" incandescent emitting light as a result of being heated; "an incandescent bulb" characterized by ardent emotion or intensity or brilliance; "an incandescent performance" lamplit lighted by a lamp; "our lamplit mountain retreat" lighting-up(a) turning lights on; "it's lighting-up time" luminescent emitting light not caused by heat phosphorescent emitting light without appreciable heat as by slow oxidation of phosphorous; "the phosphorescent glow of decaying wood" sunlit lighted by sunlight; "the sunlit slopes of the canyon"; "violet valleys and the sunstruck ridges"- Wallace Stegner Acheronian dark and dismal as of the rivers Acheron and Styx in Hades; "in the depths of an Acheronian forest"; "upon those roseate lips a Stygian hue"-Wordsworth aphotic lacking light; especially not reached by sunlight; "the aphotic depths of the sea where no photosynthesis occurs" caliginous dark and misty and gloomy Cimmerian intensely dark and gloomy as with perpetual darkness; "the Cimmerian gloom...a darkness that could be felt"-Norman Douglas crepuscular like twilight; dim; "the evening's crepuscular charm" darkened become or made dark by lack of light; "a darkened house"; "the darkened theater" (of fabrics and paper) grown dark in color over time; "the darkened margins of the paper" darkening becoming dark or darker as from waning light or clouding over; "the darkening sky" darkling (poetic) occurring in the dark or night; "a darkling journey" uncannily or threateningly dark or obscure; "a darkling glance"; "secret operatives and darkling conspiracies"-Archibald MacLeish dusky lighted by or as if by twilight; "The dusky night rides down the sky/And ushers in the morn"-Henry Fielding; "the twilight glow of the sky"; "a boat on a twilit river" glooming depressingly dark; "the gloomy forest"; "the glooming interior of an old inn"; "`gloomful' is archaic" lightless without illumination; "came up the lightless stairs"; "the unilluminated side of Mars"; "through dark unlighted (or unlit) streets" giving no light; "lightless stars `visible' only to radio antennae" semidark partially devoid of light or brightness; "semidark room" tenebrous dark and gloomy; "a tenebrous cave" shaded protected from heat and light with shade or shadow; "shaded avenues"; "o'er the shaded billows rushed the night"- Alexander Pope (of pictures or drawings) drawn or painted with degrees or gradations of shadow; "the shaded areas of the face seemed to recede" murky dark or gloomy; "a murky dungeon"; "murky rooms lit by smoke-blackened lamps" shady filled with shade; "the shady side of the street"; "the surface of the pond is dark and shadowed"; "we sat on rocks in a shadowy cove"; "cool umbrageous woodlands" of questionable honesty or legality; "He established a dummy company through which he laundered vast sums of cash from shady middlemen and arms dealers" quiet, dark, or concealed; "her shady past intrigued him"; "a shady part of town" unshaded not darkened or dimmed by shade; "an unshaded meadow"; "a bright and unshaded lane" (of pictures) not having shadow represented; "unshaded drawings resembling cartoons" unshadowed not darkened or obscured by shadow; "on the rough sea ice you may on an unshadowed day...fall over a chunk of ice that is kneehigh"- Vilhjalmur Stefansson hatched shaded by means of fine parallel or crossed lines emerged from an egg moonlit lighted by moonlight; "the moonlit landscape" moonless without a moon or a visible moon; "the dark moonless night"; "a moonless planet" bridgeable capable of being connected by a bridge or as if by a bridge unbridgeable not bridgeable; "a wide unbridgeable river"; "unbridgeable generation gap" agleam bright with a steady but subdued shining; "from the plane we saw the city below agleam with lights"; "the gleaming brass on the altar"; "Nereids beneath the nitid moon" aglow(p) softly bright or radiant; "a house aglow with lights"; "glowing embers"; "lambent tongues of flame"; "the lucent moon"; "a sky luminous with stars" aglitter(p) having brief brilliant points or flashes of light; "bugle beads all aglitter"; "glinting eyes"; "glinting water"; "his glittering eyes were cold and malevolent"; "shop window full of glittering Christmas trees"; "glittery costume jewelry"; "scintillant mica"; "the scintillating stars"; "a dress with sparkly sequins"; "`glistering' is an archaic term" beaming radiating or as if radiating light; "the beaming sun"; "the effulgent daffodils"; "a radiant sunrise"; "a refulgent sunset" cheerful and bright; "a beaming smile"; "a glad May morning" pleased and proud; "beaming parents" blazing shining intensely; "the blazing sun"; "blinding headlights"; "dazzling snow"; "fulgent patterns of sunlight"; "the glaring sun" bright as a new penny(p) (metaphor) shining brightly brilliant full of light; shining intensely; "a brilliant star"; "brilliant chandeliers" characterized by grandeur; "the brilliant court life at Versailles"; "a glorious work of art"; "magnificent cathedrals"; "the splendid coronation ceremony" of surpassing excellence; "a brilliant performance"; "a superb actor" ardent glowing or shining like fire; "from rank to rank she darts her ardent eyes"- Alexander Pope; "frightened by his ardent burning eyes" characterized by strong enthusiasm; "ardent revolutionaries"; "warm support" characterized by intense emotion; "ardent love"; "an ardent lover"; "a fervent desire to change society"; "a fervent admirer"; "fiery oratory"; "an impassioned appeal"; "a torrid love affair" glimmery shining softly and intermittently; "glimmery candlelight" glistening reflecting light; "glistening bodies of swimmers"; "the horse's glossy coat"; "lustrous auburn hair"; "saw the moon like a shiny dime on a deep blue velvet carpet"; "shining white enamel" iridescent having a play of lustrous rainbow colors; "an iridescent oil slick"; "nacreous (or pearlescent) clouds looking like mother-of-pearl"; "a milky opalescent (or opaline) luster" lurid shining with an unnatural red glow as of fire seen through smoke; "a lurid sunset"; "lurid flames" ghastly pale; "moonlight gave the statue a lurid luminence" glaringly vivid and graphic; marked by sensationalism; "lurid details of the accident" horrible in fierceness or savagery; "lurid crimes"; "a lurid life" noctilucent shining or glowing by night; "the noctilucent eyes of a cat" satiny having a smooth, gleaming surface reflecting light; "glossy auburn hair"; "satiny gardenia petals"; "sleek black fur"; "silken eyelashes"; "silky skin"; "a silklike fabric"; "slick seals and otters" self-luminous having in itself the property of emitting light shimmery glistening tremulously; "the shimmery surface of the lake"; "a dress of shimmery satin" twinkling(a) shining intermittently with a sparkling light; "twinkling stars" lackluster lacking luster or shine; "staring with lackluster eyes"; "lusterless hair" lacking brilliance or vitality; "a dull lackluster life"; "a lusterless performance" soft not brilliant or glaring; "the moon cast soft shadows"; "soft pastel colors"; "subdued lighting" willing to negotiate and compromise out of condition; not strong or robust; incapable of exertion or endurance; "he was too soft for the army"; "flabby around the middle"; "flaccid cheeks" yielding readily to pressure or weight compassionate and kind; conciliatory; "he was soft on his children" (of speech sounds); produced with the back of the tongue raised toward the hard palate; characterized by a hissing or hushing sound (as `s' and `sh') (of light) transmitted from a broad light source or reflected (of sound) relatively low in volume; "soft voices"; "soft music" not protected against attack (especially by nuclear weapons); "soft targets" using evidence not readily amenable to experimental verification or refutation; "soft data"; "the soft sciences" (of a commodity or market or currency) falling or likely to fall in value; "the market for computers is soft" dimmed made dim or less bright; "the dimmed houselights brought a hush of anticipation"; "dimmed headlights"; "we like dimmed lights when we have dinner" low-beam(a) used of headlights; "following with low-beam headlights" undimmed not made dim or less bright; "undimmed headlights"; "surprisingly the curtain started to rise while the houselights were still undimmed" prejudiced being biased or having a belief or attitude formed beforehand; "a prejudiced judge" emanating from a person's emotions and prejudices homophobic prejudiced against homosexual people jaundiced showing or affected by prejudice or envy or distaste; "looked with a jaundiced eye on the growth of regimentation"; "takes a jaundiced view of societies and clubs" affected by jaundice which causes yellowing of skin etc loaded (of statements or questions) charged with associative significance and often meant to mislead or influence; "a loaded question" (of weapons) charged with ammunition; "a loaded gun" sexist discriminatory on the basis of sex (usually said of men's attitude toward women) unprejudiced free from undue bias or preconceived opinions; "an unprejudiced appraisal of the pros and cons"; "the impartial eye of a scientist" color-blind unprejudiced about race unable to distinguish one or more chromatic colors broad-minded inclined to respect views and beliefs that differ from your own; "a judge who is broad-minded but even-handed" catholic free from provincial prejudices or attachments; "catholic in one's tastes" free-thinking unwilling to accept authority or dogma (especially in religion) open-minded ready to entertain new ideas; "an open-minded curiosity"; "open-minded impartiality" narrow-minded lacking tolerance or flexibility or breadth of view; "a brilliant but narrow-minded judge"; "narrow opinions" rigidly adhering to a particular sect or its doctrines close-minded not ready to receive to new ideas dogmatic characterized by assertion of unproved or unprovable principles relating to or involving dogma; "dogmatic writings" of or pertaining to or characteristic of a doctrine or code of beliefs accepted as authoritative illiberal narrow-minded about cherished opinions opinionated obstinate in your opinions petty contemptibly narrow in outlook; "petty little comments"; "disgusted with their small-minded pettiness" reconstructed adapted to social or economic change; "a reconstructed feminist" unreconstructed adhering to an attitude or position widely held to be outmoded; "peasants are still unreconstructed small capitalists at heart"; "there are probably more unreconstructed Southerners than one would like to admit" broken physically and forcibly separated into pieces or cracked or split; "a broken mirror"; "a broken tooth"; "a broken leg"; "his neck is broken" (especially of promises or contracts) having been violated or disregarded; "broken (or unkept) promises"; "broken contracts" not continuous in space, time, or sequence or varying abruptly; "broken lines of defense"; "a broken cable transmission"; "broken sleep"; "tear off the stub above the broken line"; "a broken note"; "broken sobs" lacking a part or parts; "a broken set of encyclopedia" discontinuous; "broken clouds"; "broken sunshine" out of working order (`busted' is an informal substitute for `broken'); "a broken washing machine"; "the coke machine is broken"; "the coke machine is busted" destroyed financially; "the broken fortunes of the family" weakened and infirm; "broken health resulting from alcoholism" thrown into a state of disarray or confusion; "troops fleeing in broken ranks"; "a confused mass of papers on the desk"; "the small disordered room"; "with everything so upset" imperfectly spoken or written; "broken English" subdued or brought low in condition or status; "brought low"; "a broken man"; "his broken spirit" topographically very uneven; "broken terrain"; "rugged ground" tamed or trained to obey; "a horse broken to the saddle"; "this old nag is well broken in" unbroken not broken; whole and intact; in one piece; "fortunately the other lens is unbroken" (especially of promises or contracts) not violated or disregarded; "unbroken promises"; "promises kept" marked by continuous or uninterrupted extension in space or time or sequence; "cars in an unbroken procession"; "the unbroken quiet of the afternoon" not subdued or trained for service or use; "unbroken colts" broken-field varying in direction suddenly and frequently; "broken-field running" dashed having gaps or spaces; "sign on the dotted line" fitful intermittently stopping and starting; "fitful (or interrupted) sleep"; "off-and-on static" occurring in spells and often abruptly; "fitful bursts of energy"; "spasmodic rifle fire" halting fragmentary or halting from emotional strain; "uttered a few halting words of sorrow" uninterrupted having undisturbed continuity; "a convalescent needs uninterrupted sleep" brotherly like or characteristic of or befitting a brother; "brotherly feelings"; "close fraternal ties" (archaic as adverb) in a brotherly manner sisterly like or characteristic of or befitting a sister; "sisterly kindness"; "sororal concern" exergonic (biochemistry) of a process accompanied by the release of energy; "diffusion is an exergonic process" endergonic (biochemistry) of a process accompanied by or requiring the absorption of energy; the products of the process are of greater free energy than the reactants; "photosynthesis is an endergonic process" fraternal (of twins) derived from two separate fertilized ova; "fraternal twins are biovular" of or relating to a fraternity or society of usually men; "a fraternal order" identical (of twins) derived from a single egg or ovum; "identical twins are monovular" coinciding exactly when superimposed; "identical triangles" having properties with uniform values along all axes exactly alike; incapable of being perceived as different; "rows of identical houses"; "cars identical except for their license plates"; "they wore indistinguishable hats" being the exact same one; not any other:; "this is the identical room we stayed in before"; "the themes of his stories are one and the same"; "saw the selfsame quotation in two newspapers"; "on this very spot"; "the very thing he said yesterday"; "the very man I want to see" buried placed in a grave; "the hastily buried corpses" belowground underneath the ground; "most of his friends are now belowground" under the level of the ground; "belowground storage areas"; "underground caverns" unburied not buried at work(p) on the job; "had been at work for over an hour before her boss arrived" drudging doing arduous or unpleasant work; "drudging peasants"; "the bent backs of laboring slaves picking cotton"; "toiling coal miners in the black deeps" engaged having ones attention or mind or energy engaged; "she keeps herself fully occupied with volunteer activities"; "deeply engaged in conversation" built against or attached to a wall; "engaged columns" having services contracted for; "the carpenter engaged (or employed) for the job is sick" (used of toothed parts or gears) interlocked and interacting; "the gears are engaged"; "meshed gears"; "intermeshed twin rotors" involved in military hostilities; "the desperately engaged ships continued the fight" overbusy too busy tied up(p) kept occupied or engaged; "she's tied up at the moment and can't see you"; "the phone was tied up for almost an hour" up to busy or occupied with; "what have you been up to?"; "up to no good" bone-idle constitutionally lazy or idle faineant disinclined to work or exertion; "faineant kings under whose rule the country languished"; "an indolent hanger-on"; "too lazy to wash the dishes"; "shiftless idle youth"; "slothful employees"; "the unemployed are not necessarily work-shy" lackadaisical idle or indolent especially in a dreamy way; "she was annoyingly lackadaisical and impractical"; "a...lackadaisical, spiritless young man-about-town"- P.G.Wodehouse leisured free from duties or responsibilities; "he writes in his leisure hours"; "life as it ought to be for the leisure classes"- J.J.Chapman; "even the artist and the sculptor were not regarded...as leisured men"- Ida Craven bony having bones especially many or prominent bones; "a bony shad fillet"; "her bony wrist"; "bony fish" boned having bones as specified; "his lanky long-boned body" having had the bones removed; "a boneless rib roast"; "a boned (or deboned) fish" bonelike resembling bone; "a bonelike tumor" strong-boned having strong bones boneless being without a bone or bones; "jellyfish are boneless" buttoned furnished or closed with buttons or something buttonlike botonee (of a heraldic cross) having a cluster of three buttons or knobs at the end of each arm button-down of a shirt; having the ends of the collar fastened down by buttons; "Brooks Brothers button-down shirts" unimaginatively conventional; "a colorful character in the buttoned-down, dull-grey world of business"- Newsweek unbuttoned not buttoned; "the wind picked up the hem of her unbuttoned coat" not under constraint in action or expression; "this unbuttoned and disrespectful age"- Curtis Bok; "unlaced behavior in the neighborhood pub" open-collared of a shirt; not buttoned at the neck; "dressed casually in shorts and an open-collared shirt" capitalistic favoring or practicing capitalism individualistic with minimally restricted freedom in commerce socialistic advocating or following the socialist principles; "socialistic government" cacophonous having an unpleasant sound; "as cacophonous as a henyard"- John McCarten cackly like the cackles or squawks a hen makes especially after laying an egg croaky like the sounds of frogs and crows; "a guttural voice"; "acres of guttural frogs" grating unpleasantly harsh or grating in sound; "a gravelly voice" gruff deep and harsh sounding as if from shouting or illness or emotion; "gruff voices"; "the dog's gruff barking"; "hoarse cries"; "makes all the instruments sound powerful but husky"- Virgil Thomson jangling like the discordant ringing of nonmusical metallic objects striking together; "cowboys with jangling spurs" jarring making or causing a harsh and irritating sound; "the jarring noise of the iron gate scraping on the sidewalk" raucous unpleasantly loud and harsh disturbing the public peace; loud and rough; "a raucous party"; "rowdy teenagers" rending resembling a sound of violent tearing as of something ripped apart or lightning splitting a tree; "the tree split with a great ripping sound"; "heard a rending roar as the crowd surged forward" euphonious having a pleasant sound; "a euphonious trill of silver laughter" (of speech or dialect) pleasing in sound; not harsh or strident; "her euphonious Southern speech" silvern resembling or reminiscent of silver; "a soft silvern voice"; "singing in her silvery tones" calculable able to be calculated or estimated; "a calculable risk"; "calculable odds" computable may be computed or estimated; "a calculable risk"; "computable odds"; "estimable assets" countable that can be counted; "countable sins"; "numerable assets" incalculable not able to be computed or enumerated countless too numerous to be counted; "countless hours"; "an infinite number of reasons"; "innumerable difficulties"; "the multitudinous seas"; "myriad stars" incomputable beyond calculation or measure; "an incomputable amount"; "jewels of inestimable value"; "immeasurable wealth" indeterminable incapable of being definitely ascertained or calculated not capable of being definitely decided or ascertained placid (of a body of water) free from disturbance by heavy waves; "a ribbon of sand between the angry sea and the placid bay"; "the quiet waters of a lagoon"; "a lake of tranquil blue water reflecting a tranquil blue sky"; "a smooth channel crossing"; "scarcely a ripple on the still water"; "unruffled water" settled not changeable; "a period of settled weather" established in a desired position or place; not moving about; "nomads...absorbed among the settled people"; "settled areas"; "I don't feel entirely settled here"; "the advent of settled civilization" established or decided beyond dispute or doubt; "with details of the wedding settled she could now sleep at night" windless without or almost without wind; "he prefers windless days for playing golf" stormy (especially of weather) affected or characterized by storms or commotion; "a stormy day"; "wide and stormy seas" characterized by violent emotions or behavior; "a stormy argument"; "a stormy marriage" billowy characterized by great swelling waves or surges; "billowy storm clouds"; "the restless billowing sea"; "surging waves" blustering(a) blowing in violent and abrupt bursts; "blustering (or blusterous) winds of Patagonia"; "a cold blustery day"; "a gusty storm with strong sudden rushes of wind" boisterous violently agitated and turbulent; "boisterous winds and waves"; "the fierce thunders roar me their music"- Ezra Pound; "rough weather"; "rough seas" noisy and lacking in restraint or discipline; "a boisterous crowd"; "a social gathering that became rambunctious and out of hand"; "a robustious group of teenagers"; "beneath the rumbustious surface of his paintings is sympathy for the vulnerability of ordinary human beings"; "an unruly class" full of rough and exuberant animal spirits; "boisterous practical jokes"; "knockabout comedy" blowy abounding in or exposed to the wind or breezes; "blowy weather"; "a windy bluff" choppy rough with small waves; "choppy seas" marked by abrupt transitions; "choppy prose" gusty blowing in puffs or short intermittent blasts; "puffy off-shore winds"; "gusty winds" squally characterized by brief periods of violent wind or rain; "a grey squally morning" characterized by short periods of noisy commotion; "a home life that has been extraordinarily squally" thundery accompanied with thunder camphorated impregnated with camphor; "camphorated oil" uncamphorated not containing camphor capable (usually followed by `of') having capacity or ability; "capable of winning"; "capable of hard work"; "capable of walking on two feet" (followed by `of') having the temperament or inclination for; "no one believed her capable of murder" possibly accepting or permitting; "a passage capable of misinterpretation"; "open to interpretation"; "an issue open to question"; "the time is fixed by the director and players and therefore subject to much variation" confident not liable to error in judgment or action; "most surefooted of the statesmen who dealt with the depression"- Walter Lippman; "demonstrates a surefooted storytelling talent"- Michiko Kakutani having or marked by confidence or assurance; "a confident speaker"; "a confident reply"; "his manner is more confident these days"; "confident of fulfillment" resourceful having inner resources; adroit or imaginative; "someone who is resourceful is capable of dealing with difficult situations"; "an able and resourceful politician"; "the most resourceful cook in town" unable(p) (usually followed by `to') lacking necessary physical or mental ability; "dyslexics are unable to learn to read adequately"; "the sun was unable to melt enough snow" cared-for having needed care and attention; "well-cared-for children" attended having a caretaker or other watcher uncared-for lacking needed care and attention neglected lacking a caretaker; "a neglected child"; "many casualties were lying unattended" untended lacking care and attention; "untended garden was soon overgrown with weeds"; "untended children" careful exercising caution or showing care or attention; "they were careful when crossing the busy street"; "be careful to keep her shoes clean"; "did very careful research"; "careful art restorers"; "careful of the rights of others"; "careful about one's behavior" unhurried and with care and dignity; "walking at the same measured pace"; "with all deliberate speed" mindful of the future in spending money; "careful with money" cautiously attentive; "careful of her feelings"; "heedful of his father's advice" full of cares or anxiety; "Thou art careful and troubled about many things"-Luke 10.41 blow-by-blow providing great detail; "a blow-by-blow account of the movie" certain exercising or taking care great enough to bring assurance; "be certain to disconnect the iron when you are through"; "be sure to lock the doors" certain to occur; destined or inevitable; "he was certain to fail"; "his fate is certain"; "In this life nothing is certain but death and taxes"- Benjamin Franklin; "he faced certain death"; "sudden but sure regret"; "he is sure to win" reliable in operation or effect; "a quick and certain remedy"; "a sure way to distinguish the two"; "wood dust is a sure sign of termites" conscientious characterized by extreme care and great effort; "conscientious application to the work at hand"; "painstaking research"; "scrupulous attention to details" guided by or in accordance with conscience or sense of right and wrong; "a conscientious decision to speak out about injustice" detailed developed or executed with care and in minute detail; "a detailed plan"; "the elaborate register of the inhabitants prevented tax evasion"- John Buchan; "the carefully elaborated theme" overcareful excessively or unduly careful particular(a) providing specific details or circumstances; "a particular description of the room" unique or specific to a person or thing or category; "the particular demands of the job"; "has a particular preference for Chinese art"; "a peculiar bond of sympathy between them"; "an expression peculiar to Canadians"; "rights peculiar to the rich"; "the special features of a computer"; "my own special chair" separate and distinct from others of the same group or category; "interested in one particular artist"; "a man who wishes to make a particular woman fall in love with him" protective(p) (usually followed by `of') solicitously caring or mindful; "protective of his reputation" studious marked by care and effort; "made a studious attempt to fix the television set" thorough painstakingly careful and accurate; "our accountant is thorough"; "thorough research" casual hasty and without attention to detail; not thorough; "a casual (or cursory) inspection failed to reveal the house's structural flaws"; "a passing glance"; "perfunctory courtesy"; "In his paper, he showed a very superficial understanding of psychoanalytic theory" marked by blithe unconcern; "an ability to interest casual students"; "showed a casual disregard for cold weather"; "an utterly insouciant financial policy"; "an elegantly insouciant manner"; "drove his car with nonchalant abandon"; "was polite in a teasing nonchalant manner" not showing effort or strain; "a difficult feat performed with casual mastery"; "careless grace" appropriate for ordinary or routine occasions; "casual clothes"; "everyday clothes" occurring or appearing or singled out by chance; "seek help from casual passers-by"; "a casual meeting"; "a chance occurrence" without or seeming to be without plan or method; offhand; "a casual remark"; "information collected by casual methods and in their spare time" occurring on a temporary or irregular basis; "casual employment"; "a casual correspondence with a former teacher"; "an occasional worker" haphazard marked by great carelessness; "a most haphazard system of record keeping"; "slapdash work"; "slipshod spelling"; "sloppy workmanship" dependent upon or characterized by chance; "a haphazard plan of action"; "his judgment is rather hit-or-miss" without care; in a slapdash manner; "the Prime Minister was wearing a grey suit and a white shirt with a soft collar, but his neck had become thinner and the collar stood away from it as if it had been bought haphazard" heedless characterized by careless unconcern; "the heedless generosity and the spasmodic extravagance of persons used to large fortunes"- Edith Wharton; "reckless squandering of public funds" marked by or paying little heed or attention; "We have always known that heedless self-interest was bad morals; we know now that it is bad economics"--Franklin D. Roosevelt; "heedless of danger"; "heedless of the child's crying" incautious carelessly failing to exercise proper caution; "an incautious step sent her headlong down the stairs" lacking in caution; "an incautious remark"; "incautious talk" offhand casually thoughtless or inconsiderate; "an offhand manner"; "she treated most men with offhand contempt" in a casually inconsiderate manner; "replied offhand, his mind a million miles away"; "she threw him over offhandedly without even a Dear-John letter" without previous thought or preparation; "couldn't give the figures offhand"; "we decided offhand to go to Canada"; "she had made these remarks offhandedly" carnivorous (used of plants as well as animals) feeding on animals; "carnivorous plants are capable of trapping and digesting small animals especially insects" relating to or characteristic of carnivores; "the lion and other carnivorous animals" flesh-eating(a) (of animals) carnivorous piscivorous feeding on fishes predacious hunting and killing other animals for food herbivorous feeding only on plants anthophagous feeding on flowers; "some insects are anthophagous" baccivorous feeding on berries carpophagous feeding on fruit grass-eating(a) feeding on grasses plant-eating(a) (of animals) feeding on plants saprophagous (of certain animals) feeding on dead or decaying animal matter saprophytic (of some plants or fungi) feeding on dead or decaying organic matter obtaining food osmotically from dissolved organic material omnivorous feeding on both plants and animals all-devouring(a) (of animals) both plant-eating and flesh-eating insectivorous (of animals and plants) feeding on insects apivorous feeding on bees myrmecophagous feeding on ants; "myrmecophagous squirrel" holozoic obtaining nourishment as animals do by ingesting complex organic matter holophytic obtaining nourishment as green plants do carpellate bearing or consisting of carpels acarpelous having no carpels carpeted covered with or as if with carpeting or with carpeting as specified; often used in combination; "the carpeted hallway"; "a flower-carpeted hillside" uncarpeted not carpeted; "bare uncarpeted floors" carvel-built (of ships) built with flush (rather than overlapping) hull planks flush-seamed laid edge to edge (not overlapping) clinker-built having overlapping hull planks carved made for or formed by carving (`carven' is archaic or literary); "the carved fretwork"; "an intricately carved door"; "stood as if carven from stone" engraved cut or impressed into a surface; "an incised design"; "engraved invitations" graven cut into a desired shape; "graven images"; "sculptured representations" lapidarian inscribed on stone; "a lapidarian record" sliced (used of meat) cut into pieces for serving uncarved not carved cauline especially of leaves; growing on a stem especially on the upper part of a stem; "cauline leaves" censored suppressed or subject to censorship; "the censored press in some countries" expurgated having material deleted; "at that time even Shakespeare was considered dangerous except in the expurgated versions" uncensored not subject to censorship; "uncensored news reports" unexpurgated not having material deleted; "volumes of the best plays, unexpurgated"- Havelock Ellis caudate having a tail or taillike appendage (of a leaf shape) tapering gradually into a long taillike tip tailed having a tail of a specified kind; often used in combination scaly-tailed having a scaly tail scissor-tailed (of birds) having a deeply forked tail; "scissor-tailed birds" short-tailed having a short tail square-tailed having a square tail stiff-tailed having a stiff tail swallow-tailed (especially of butterflies and birds) having a forked tail like that of a swallow tail-shaped shaped like the tail of an animal acaudate lacking a tail or taillike appendage anurous not having a tail; "anurous toads and frogs" caulescent (of plants) producing a well-developed stem above ground cylindrical-stemmed having a cylindrical stem leafy-stemmed having a leafy stem multi-stemmed having many stems short-stemmed having a short stem spiny-stemmed having a spiny stem stout-stemmed having a stout stem thick-stemmed having a thick stem weak-stemmed having a weak stem wiry-stemmed having a wiry stem woolly-stemmed having a woolly stem woody-stemmed having a woody stem acaulescent (of plants) having no apparent stem above ground causative producing an effect; "poverty as a causative factor in crime" activating(a) causing motion or action or change anorectic causing loss of appetite; "an anorectic (or anorexigenic) drug" causal involving or constituting a cause; causing; "a causal relationship between scarcity and higher prices" conducive tending to bring about; being partly responsible for; "working conditions are not conducive to productivity"; "the seaport was a contributing factor in the growth of the city"; "a contributory factor" errhine causing nasal discharge inductive inducing or influencing; leading on; "inductive to the sin of Eve"- John Milton of reasoning; proceeding from particular facts to a general conclusion; "inductive reasoning" arising from inductance; "inductive reactance" motivative(a) impelling to action; "it may well be that ethical language has primarily a motivative function"- Arthur Pap; "motive pleas"; "motivating arguments" motive(a) causing or able to cause motion; "a motive force"; "motive power"; "motor energy" precipitating(a) bringing on suddenly or abruptly; "the completion of the railroad was the precipitating cause in the extinction of waterborne commerce" responsible being the agent or cause; "determined who was the responsible party"; "termites were responsible for the damage" worthy of or requiring responsibility or trust; or held accountable; "a responsible adult"; "responsible journalism"; "a responsible position"; "the captain is responsible for the ship's safety"; "the cabinet is responsible to the parliament" sternutatory causing sneezing; "pepper is a sternutatory substance" tending to cause sneezing noncausative not causative cautious showing careful forethought; "reserved and cautious; never making swift decisions"; "a cautious driver" avoiding excess; "a conservative estimate" cagey characterized by great caution and wariness; "a cagey avoidance of a definite answer"; "chary of the risks involved"; "a chary investor" showing self-interest and shrewdness in dealing with others; "a cagey lawyer"; "too clever to be sound" fabian using cautious slow strategy to wear down opposition; avoiding direct confrontation; "a fabian policy" gingerly with extreme care or delicacy; "they proceeded with gingerly footwork over the jagged stones"; "the issue was handled only in a gingerly way"- W.S.White in a gingerly manner; "gingerly I raised the edge of the blanket" guarded prudent; "guarded optimism" overcautious unnecessarily cautious; "sometimes it doesn't pay to be overcautious in business" hotheaded characterized by undue haste and lack of thought or deliberation; "a hotheaded decision"; "liable to such impulsive acts as hugging strangers"; "an impetuous display of spending and gambling"; "madcap escapades"; (`brainish' is archaic) cellular characterized by or divided into or containing cells or compartments (the smallest organizational or structural unit of an organism or organization); "the cellular construction of a beehive"; "any effective opposition to a totalitarian regime must be secretive and cellular" relating to cells; "cellular walls"; "cellular physiology" cancellate having an open or latticed or porous structure having a latticelike structure pierced with holes or windows alveolate pitted with cell-like cavities (as a honeycomb) cell-like resembling a cell lymphoblast-like resembling a lymphoblast multicellular consisting of many cells; "multicellular organisms" noncellular not made up of or divided into cells cell-free lacking cells; "cell-free systems"; "a cell-free homogenate of the thyroid" single-celled having a single cell (and thus not divided into cells) compartmented divided up or separated into compartments or isolated units; "a compartmented box"; "the protected and compartmented society of Beacon Hill"- John Mason Brown compartmental divided up into compartments or categories; "most sciences have become woefully compartmentalized" uncompartmented not compartmented; not divided into compartments or isolated units porous full of pores or vessels or holes able to absorb fluids; "the partly porous walls of our digestive system"; "compacting the soil to make it less porous" porose forming a continuous series of pores; "a porose hymenium" nonporous not porous; especially not having vessels that appear as pores; "nonporous wood" amidship located in the middle part of a ship or aircraft at or near or toward the middle bicentric having two centers bifocal having two foci; "bifocal eyeglasses" center(a) equally distant from the extremes centered being or placed in the center centric having or situated at or near a center focal having or localized centrally at a focus; "focal point"; "focal infection" of or relating to a focus; "focal length" middlemost being in the exact middle nuclear constituting or like a nucleus; "annexation of the suburban fringe by the nuclear metropolis"; "the nuclear core of the congregation" (weapons) deriving destructive energy from the release of atomic energy; "nuclear war"; "nuclear weapons"; "atomic bombs" of or relating to or constituting the nucleus of an atom; "nuclear physics"; "nuclear fission"; "nuclear forces" of or relating to or constituting the nucleus of a cell; "nuclear membrane"; "nuclear division" circumferential lying around or just outside the edges or outskirts; "circumferential highways around cities" fringy at or constituting a border or edge; "the marginal strip of beach" encircling(a) being all around the edges; enclosing; "his encircling arms"; "the room's skirting board needs painting" off-base located outside a military base; "off-base housing" centrifugal tending to move away from a center; "centrifugal force" conveying information to the muscles from the CNS; "motor nerves" tending away from centralization, as of authority; "the division of Europe into warring blocs produces ever-increasing centrifugal stress" outward-developing away from an axis, as in a flower cluster in which the oldest flowers are in the center, the youngest near the edge outward-moving moving or directed away from center, especially when spinning or traveling in a curve centripetal tending to move toward a center; "centripetal force" of a nerve fiber or impulse originating outside and passing toward the central nervous system; "sensory neurons" tending to unify inward-developing toward an axis, as in a sunflower; the oldest flowers are near the edge, the youngest in the center inward-moving moving or directed toward the center or axis, especially when spinning or traveling in a curve afferent of nerves and nerve impulses; conveying sensory information from the sense organs to the CNS; "afferent nerves"; "afferent impulses" corticoafferent of a nerve fiber or impulse originating outside and passing toward the cerebral cortex efferent of nerves and nerve impulses; conveying information away from the CNS; "efferent nerves and impulses" corticoefferent of a nerve fiber passing outward from the cerebral cortex; "corticofugal discharges" neuromotor relating to a nerve fiber or impulse passing toward motor effectors; "neuromotor impulses" centralizing(a) tending to draw to a central point consolidative tending to consolidate combining into a single unit decentralizing(a) tending away from a central point certain(p) established beyond doubt or question; definitely known; "what is certain is that every effect must have a cause"; "it is certain that they were on the bus"; "his fate is certain"; "the date for the invasion is certain" having or feeling no doubt or uncertainty; confident and assured; "felt certain of success"; "was sure (or certain) she had seen it"; "was very sure in his beliefs"; "sure of her friends" definite known for certain; "it is definite that they have won" precise; explicit and clearly defined; "I want a definite answer"; "a definite statement of the terms of the will"; "a definite amount"; "definite restrictions on the sale of alcohol"; "the wedding date is now definite"; "a definite drop in attendance" indisputable impossible to doubt or dispute; "indisputable (or sure) proof" sure as shooting absolutely certain; "it is sure as shooting that they will come" indefinite not decided or not known; "were indefinite about their plans"; "plans are indefinite" vague or not clearly defined or stated; "must you be so indefinite?"; "amorphous blots of color having vague and indefinite edges"; "he would not answer so indefinite a proposal" up in the air very uncertain; "left everything up in the air" not yet determined; "plans are still up in the air" convinced(p) persuaded of; very sure; "were convinced that it would be to their advantage to join"; "I am positive he is lying"; "was confident he would win" ambivalent uncertain or unable to decide about what course to follow; "was ambivalent about having children" doubtful fraught with uncertainty or doubt; "they were doubtful that the cord would hold"; "it was doubtful whether she would be admitted"; "dubious about agreeing to go" open to doubt or suspicion; "the candidate's doubtful past"; "he has a dubious record indeed"; "what one found uncertain the other found dubious or downright false"; "it was more than dubitable whether the friend was as influential as she thought"- Karen Horney unsettled in mind or opinion; "drew a few tentative conclusions" groping acting with uncertainty or hesitance or lack of confidence; "a groping effort to understand" convinced having a strong belief or conviction; "a convinced and fanatical pacifist" unconvinced lacking conviction; "I remain unconvinced" dubious not convinced; "they admitted the force of my argument but remained dubious" assured marked by assurance; exhibiting confidence; "she paints with an assured hand" characterized by certainty or security; "a tiny but assured income"; "we can never have completely assured lives" cocksure marked by excessive confidence; "an arrogant and cocksure materialist"; "so overconfident and impudent as to speak to the queen"; "the less he knows the more positive he gets" reassured having confidence restored; freed from anxiety; "reassured by her praise he pressed on" self-assured showing poise and confidence in your own worth; "hardly more than a boy but firm-knit and self-confident" diffident lacking self-confidence; "stood in the doorway diffident and abashed"; "problems that call for bold not timid responses"; "a very unsure young man" showing modest reserve; "she was diffident when offering a comment on the professor's lecture" bound(p) (usually followed by `to') governed by fate; "bound to happen"; "an old house destined to be demolished"; "he is destined to be famous" confined in the bowels; "he is bound in the belly" foreordained established or prearranged unalterably; "his place in history was foreordained"; "a sense of predestinate inevitability about it"; "it seemed predestined since the beginning of the world" in for(p) certain to get or have; "he knew he was in for a licking" chancy subject to accident or chance or change; "a chancy appeal at best"; "getting that job was definitely fluky"; "a fluky wind"; "an iffy proposition" of uncertain outcome; especially fraught with risk; "an extremely dicey future on a brave new world of liquid nitrogen, tar, and smog"- New Yorker certified endorsed authoritatively as having met certain requirements; "a certified public accountant" holding appropriate documentation and officially on record as qualified to perform a specified function or practice a specified skill; "a registered pharmacist"; "a registered hospital" certifiable capable of being guaranteed or certified; "a certifiable fact" fit to be certified as insane (and treated accordingly) certificated furnished with or authorized by a certificate: "certificated teachers" credentialled certified as professional by evidence or testimonials; "credentialled day care workers" uncertified lacking requisite official documentation or endorsement fatal controlled or decreed by fate; predetermined; "a fatal series of events" bringing death ineluctable impossible to avoid or evade; "inescapable conclusion"; "an ineluctable destiny"; "an unavoidable accident" necessary unavoidably determined by prior circumstances; "the necessary consequences of one's actions" absolutely essential evitable capable of being avoided or warded off preventable capable of being prevented; "conscious of preventable human suffering"- A.L.Guerard unpreventable not preventable; "unpreventable hysteria" changeable such that alteration is possible; having a marked tendency to change; "changeable behavior"; "changeable moods"; "changeable prices" varying in color when seen in different lights or from different angles; "changeable taffeta"; "chatoyant (or shot) silk"; "a dragonfly hovered, vibrating and iridescent" subject to change; "a changeable climate"; "the weather is uncertain"; "unsettled weather with rain and hail and sunshine coming one right after the other" adjustable capable of being regulated; "adjustable interest rates" capable of being changed so as to match or fit; "adjustable seat belts" astatic not static or stable checkered marked by changeable fortune; "a checkered business career" distortable capable of having the meaning altered or twisted; "our words are distortable things--as in a crooked mirror held up to nature" erratic liable to sudden unpredictable change; "erratic behavior"; "fickle weather"; "mercurial twists of temperament"; "a quicksilver character, cool and willful at one moment, utterly fragile the next" likely to perform unpredictably; "erratic winds are the bane of a sailor"; "a temperamental motor; sometimes it would start and sometimes it wouldn't"; "that beautiful but temperamental instrument the flute"- Osbert Lancaster having no fixed course; "an erratic comet"; "his life followed a wandering course"; "a planetary vagabond" jittering undergoing small rapid variations kaleidoscopic continually shifting or rapidly changing mutable tending to undergo genetic mutuation; "It is likely, too, that the chromosomes of all eubacteria are as mutable as that of E. coli" capable of or tending to change in form or quality or nature; "a mutable substance"; "mutable weather patterns"; "a mutable foreign policy" prone to frequent change; inconstant; "the fickle and mutable nature of truth"; "the mutable ways of fortune" open-ended allowing for future changes or revisions; "open-ended agreements" allowing for a spontaneous response; "an open-ended question" without fixed limits or restrictions; "an open-ended discussion" quick-change(a) adept at changing from one thing to another especially changing costumes; "a quick-change artist" quick-drying of a liquid substance that dries quickly unchangeable not changeable or subject to change; "a fixed and unchangeable part of the germ plasm"-Ashley Montagu; "the unchangeable seasons"; "one of the unchangeable facts of life" changeless remaining the same for indefinitely long times unvarying in nature; "maintained a constant temperature"; "principles of unvarying validity" confirmed of persons; not subject to change; "a confirmed bachelor"; "a confirmed invalid" having been established or made firm or received the rite of confirmation; "confirmed reservations"; "received confirmed reports of casualties"; "a confirmed Catholic" fixed incapable of being changed or moved or undone; e.g. "frozen prices"; "living on fixed incomes" (of a number) having a fixed and unchanging value securely placed or fastened or set; "a fixed piece of wood"; "a fixed resistor" fixed and unmoving; "with eyes set in a fixed glassy stare"; "his bearded face already has a set hollow look"- Connor Cruise O'Brien; "a face rigid with pain" set in stone no longer changeable; "the agreement is not yet set in stone" commutable subject to alteration or change; "the death sentence was commutable to life imprisonment" capable of being exchanged for another or for something else that is equivalent alterable (of the punishment ordered by a court) capable of being changed to one less severe capable of being changed or altered in some characteristic; "alterable clothing"; "alterable conditions of employment" incommutable not subject to alteration or change not interchangeable or able to substitute one for another; "a rare incommutable skill" inconvertible not capable of being changed into something else; "the alchemists were unable to accept the inconvertible nature of elemental metals" used especially of currencies; incapable of being exchanged for or replaced by another currency of equal value unalterable of a sentence; that cannot be changed; "an unalterable death sentence" not capable of being changed or altered; "unalterable resolve"; "an unalterable ground rule" modifiable capable of being modified in form or character or strength (especially by making less extreme); "the rhythm of physiological time is not modifiable except by interference with certain fundamental processes" - Alexis Carrel unmodifiable incapable of being modified in form or character or strength (especially by making less extreme); "these variations from custom are illogical, incomprehensible, and unmodifiable" adjusted altered to accommodate to certain requirements or bring into a proper relation; "an adjusted insurance claim"; "the car runs more smoothly with the timing adjusted" adjusted to demands of daily living; showing emotional stability (especially of garments) having the fit or style adjusted; "for my wedding I had my mother's wedding dress altered to fit me" having achieved a comfortable relation with your environment focused of an optical system (e.g. eye or opera glasses) adjusted to produce a clear image (of light rays) converging on a point; "focused light rays can set something afire" being in focus or brought into focus weighted adjusted to reflect value or proportion; "votes weighted according to the size of constituencies"; "a law weighted in favor of landlords"; "a weighted average" unadjusted not altered to fit certain requirements; "an unadjusted figure of 8.5 percent"; "the unadjusted clock is running fast" maladjusted not well adjusted; "a maladjusted carburetor" poorly adjusted to demands and stresses of daily living; "a maladjusted child" well-adjusted free from psychological disorder; "a well-adjusted personality" unadapted not having adapted to new conditions; "several unadjusted refugees" not changed in form or character for a purpose altered changed in form or character without becoming something else; "the altered policy promised success"; "following an altered course we soon found ourselves back in civilization"; "he looked...with clouded eyes and with an altered manner of breathing"- Charles Dickens having testicles or ovaries removed changed made or become different in some respect; "he's an altered (or changed) man since his election to Congress" made or become different in nature or form; "changed attitudes"; "changed styles of dress"; "a greatly changed country after the war" changed in constitution or structure or composition by metamorphism; "metamorphic rocks" emended improved or corrected by critical editing; "the emended text" paraphrastic altered by paraphrasing revised improved or brought up to date; "a revised edition" altered or revised by rephrasing or by adding or deleting material; "the amended bill passed easily" unaltered remaining in an original state; "persisting unaltered through time" dateless unaffected by time; "few characters are so dateless as Hamlet"; "Helen's timeless beauty" not bearing a date; "a dateless letter" of such great duration as to preclude the possibility of being assigned a date; "dateless customs" having no known beginning and presumably no end; "the dateless rise and fall of the tides"; "time is endless"; "sempiternal truth" in-situ being in the original position; not having been moved; "the archeologists could date the vase because it was in situ"; "an in-situ investigator" unedited not changed by editing unreduced not altered by reduction unrevised not improved or brought up to date; "the book is still unrevised" unamended (of legislation) not amended denatured changed in nature or natural quality; "denatured alcohol" exchanged changed for (replaced by) something different transformed given a completely different form or appearance; "shocked to see the transformed landscape" varied broken away from sameness or identity or duplication; "her quickly varied answers indicated uncertainty" widely different; "varied motives prompt people to join a political party"; "varied ethnic traditions of the immigrants" characterized by variety; "immigrants' varied ethnic and religious traditions"; "his work is interesting and varied" unchanged not made or become different; "the causes that produced them have remained unchanged" idempotent unchanged in value following multiplication by itself; "this matrix is idempotent" same(p) unchanged in character or nature; "the village stayed the same"; "his attitude is the same as ever" isometric of or involving muscular contraction in which tension increases while length remains constant of a crystal system characterized by three equal axes at right angles having equal dimensions or measurements related by an isometry isotonic of or involving muscular contraction in which tension is constant while length changes (used of solutions) having the same or equal osmotic pressure of two or more muscles; having equal tension relating to or characterized by the equal intervals of a musical scale; "isotonic tuning" ionized converted totally or partly into ions nonionized not converted into ions immutable not subject or susceptible to change or variation in form or quality or nature; "the view of that time was that all species were immutable, created by God" constant and unchanging; "the immutable laws of nature" diagnostic characteristic or indicative of a disease; "a diagnostic sign of yellow fever"; "a rash symptomatic of scarlet fever"; "symptomatic of insanity"; "a rise in crime symptomatic of social breakdown" concerned with diagnosis; used for furthering diagnosis; "a diagnostic reading test" distinctive of a feature that helps to distinguish a person or thing; "Jerusalem has a distinctive Middle East flavor"- Curtis Wilkie; "that is typical of you!" peculiar(a) characteristic of one only; distinctive or special; "the peculiar character of the Government of the U.S."- R.B.Taney uncharacteristic distinctive and not typical; "a book uncharacteristic of its author" charged of a particle or body or system; having a net amount of positive or negative electric charge; "charged particles"; "a charged battery" fraught with great emotion; "an atmosphere charged with excitement"; "an emotionally charged speech" capable of producing violent emotion or arousing controversy; "the highly charged issue of abortion" polar having a pair of equal and opposite charges of or existing at or near a geographical pole or within the Arctic or Antarctic Circles; "polar regions" located at or near or coming from the earth's poles; "polar diameter"; "polar zone"; "a polar air mass"; "Antarctica is the only polar continent" uncharged of a particle or body or system; having no charge; "an uncharged particle"; "an uncharged battery" charitable full of love and generosity; "charitable to the poor"; "a charitable trust" showing or motivated by sympathy and understanding and generosity; "was charitable in his opinions of others"; "kindly criticism"; "a kindly act"; "sympathetic words"; "a large-hearted mentor" relating to or characterized by charity; "a charitable foundation" uncharitable lacking love and generosity; "all pious words and uncharitable deeds"- Charles Reade chartered hired for the exclusive temporary use of a group of travelers; "a chartered plane"; "the chartered buses arrived on time" unchartered not chartered owned having an owner; often used in combination; "state-owned railways" closely-held owned by a relatively few shareholders; "a closely-held corporation" unowned having no owner chaste morally pure (especially not having experienced sexual intercourse); "a holy woman innocent and chaste" abstaining from unlawful sexual intercourse pure and simple in design or style; "a chaste border of conventionalized flowers" pure in a state of sexual virginity; "pure and vestal modesty"; "a spinster or virgin lady"; "men have decreed that their women must be pure and virginal" concerned with theory and data rather than practice; opposed to applied; "pure science" free from discordant qualities (used of persons or behaviors) having no faults; sinless; "I felt pure and sweet as a new baby"- Sylvia Plath; "pure as the driven snow" free of extraneous elements of any kind; "pure air and water"; "pure gold"; "pure primary colors"; "the violin's pure and lovely song"; "pure tones"; "pure oxygen" unchaste not chaste; "unchaste conduct" cyprian resembling the ancient orgiastic worship of Aphrodite on Cyprus licentious lacking moral discipline; especially sexually unrestrained; "coarse and licentious men" cheerful being full of or promoting cheer; having or showing good spirits; "her cheerful nature"; "a cheerful greeting"; "a cheerful room"; "as cheerful as anyone confined to a hospital bed could be" pleasantly (even unrealistically) optimistic beamish smiling with happiness or optimism; "Come to my arms, my beamish boy!"- Lewis Carroll; "a room of smiling faces"; "a round red twinkly Santa Claus" blithe carefree and happy and lighthearted; "was loved for her blithe spirit"; "a merry blithesome nature"; "her lighthearted nature"; "trilling songs with a lightsome heart" lacking or showing a lack of due concern; "spoke with blithe ignorance of the true situation" buoyant characterized by liveliness and lightheartedness; "buoyant spirits"; "his quick wit and chirpy humor"; "looking bright and well and chirpy"; "a perky little widow in her 70s" tending to float on a liquid or rise in air or gas; "buoyant balloons"; "buoyant balsawood boats"; "a floaty scarf" cheery bright and pleasant; promoting a feeling of cheer; "a cheery hello"; "a gay sunny room"; "a sunny smile" chipper having a cheerful, lively, and self-confident air; "looking chipper, like a man...diverted by his own wit"- Frances G. Patton; "life that is gay, brisk, and debonair"- H.M.Reynolds; "walked with a jaunty step"; "a jaunty optimist" depressing causing sad feelings of gloom and inadequacy; "the economic outlook is depressing"; "something cheerless about the room"; "a moody and uncheerful person"; "an uncheerful place" somber grave or even gloomy in character; "solemn and mournful music"; "a suit of somber black"; "a somber mood" chlamydeous having a floral envelope or perianth consisting of a calyx and/or corolla achlamydeous not having a floral envelope or perianth chondritic having a granular structure like that of chondrites achondritic not having a granular structure of or related to an achondrite monoclinic having three unequal crystal axes with one oblique intersection; "monoclinic system" triclinic having three unequal crystal axes intersecting at oblique angles; "triclinic system" monochromatic (of light or other electromagnetic radiation) having only one wavelength; "monochromatic light" having or appearing to have only one color of or relating to monochromatism polychromatic (of light or other electromagnetic radiation) composed of more than one wavelength; "polychromatic light" having or exhibiting many colors chromatic being or having or characterized by hue based on a scale consisting of 12 semitones; "a chromatic scale" able to refract light without spectral color separation; "chromatic lens" amber-green of green tinged with amber auburn (of hair) colored a moderate reddish-brown; "auburn hair" aureate having the deep slightly brownish color of gold; "long aureate (or golden) hair"; "a gold carpet" elaborately or excessively ornamented; "flamboyant handwriting"; "the senator's florid speech" blackish-brown of brown tinged with black blackish-red of red tinged with black blae of bluish-black or grey-blue blue-lilac of lavender tinged with blue blue-purple of purple tinged with blue blue-violet of violet tinted with blue blushful of blush color; "blushful mists" having a red face from embarrassment or shame or agitation or emotional upset; "the blushing boy was brought before the Principal"; "her blushful beau"; "was red-faced with anger" bottle-green of a dark to moderate greyish green color bright-red of the red of fresh raspberries bronze-red of red tinged with bronze brown-green of green tinged with brown brown-purple of dark purple tinted with brown buff-brown of brown tinged with buff chartreuse of something having the yellowish green color of Chartreuse liqueur chestnut-brown (of hair or feathers) of brown tinged with chestnut coppery of something having the color of copper coral-red of red tinged with coral creamy of the color of cream; "creamy translucent pebbles" thick like cream creamy-yellow yellow with a creamy tinge cress green of a moderate yellow-green color that is greener and deeper than moss green and yellower and darker than pea green crimson-magenta magenta tinged with crimson crimson-purple purple tinged with crimson crimson-yellow yellow tinged with crimson dark-blue of a dark shade of blue deep-pink of a deep shade of pink deep-yellow of something having the color of a pumpkin dull-purple of a dull shade of purple earthlike earth colored; of something having a color of soil or earth; "a range of earthlike colors" resembling or characteristic of earth; "earthlike atmosphere" fuscous of something having a dusky brownish grey color golden-yellow of yellow tinged with gold golden-brown of brown tinged with gold golden-green of green tinged with gold grey-blue of blue tinged with grey grey-brown of brown tinged with grey grey-green of green tinged with grey grey-pink of pink tinged with grey greenish-brown of brown tinged with green hazel-brown of brown tinged with hazel lavender-tinged of something tinged with lavender light-blue of a light shade of blue lilac-blue of blue tinged with lavender lilac-pink of pink tinged with lavender lilac-purple of purple tinged with lilac magenta pink of pink tinged with magenta maroon-purple of purple tinged with maroon mauve-blue of blue tinged with mauve mauve-pink of pink tinged with mauve moss green of a moderate somewhat dull yellow-green color olive-brown of a brown color with a greenish tinge olive-drab of a light brownish green color orange-red of red tinged with orange orange-brown of brown tinged with orange peachy of something resembling a peach in color peacock-blue of bright greenish blue pea-green of a moderate slightly yellowish-green color pink-lavender of lavender tinged with pink pink-orange of orange tinged with pink pink-red of red tinged with pink pink-tinged of a color tinged with pink pink-purple of purple tinged with pink purple-blue of blue tinged with purple purple-brown of brown tinged with purple purple-green of green tinged with purple purple-lilac of lavender tinged with purple purple-red of red tinged with purple purple-tinged of a color tinged with purple red-brown of brown tinged with red red-lavender of something having a lavender color tinged with red reddish-pink of a pink color that is close to red red-orange of orange tinged with red red-purple of purple tinged with red red-violet of violet tinged with red rose-red of a deep slightly bluish red color rose-lilac of lavender tinged with rose rose-mauve of mauve tinged with rose rose-purple of purple with a rose tinge rose-tinted of a color tinged with rose rust-red of a red color tinged with rust rusty-brown of something having the brown color of rust scarlet-crimson of crimson tinged with scarlet scarlet-pink of pink tinged with scarlet sea-green of the color of the sea; bluish green silver-blue of something having a color that is a light shiny blue silver-green of something having a color that is a light shiny green sulfur-yellow of something having the yellow color of sulfur tannish of a color resembling tan tawny of a light brown to brownish orange color; the color of tanned leather vinaceous of the color of wine violet-tinged of something that is tinged with violet white-pink of pink tinged with white; a light tint of pink wine-red of something having the dark red color of red wine yellow-beige of beige tinged with yellow yellow-green of a color midway between yellow and green yellow-orange of orange tinged with yellow yellow-tinged of a color tinged with yellow achromatic having no hue; "neutral colors like black or white" ash-grey of a light grey blackish of something that is somewhat black; "blackish clouds" black-grey of dark grey blue-white of white tinged with blue blue-grey of grey tinged with blue blue-black of black tinged with blue brown-black of black tinged with brown brown-grey of grey tinged with brown chalky of something having the color of chalk; "she turned chalky white" coal-black of the blackest black; similar to the color of jet or coal cottony-white of something as white as cotton; "cottony-white clouds" dull-white of a dull shade of white ebon of a very dark black grey-black of black tinged with grey grey-white of white tinged with grey greenish-grey of grey tinged with green green-white of white flowers tinged with green hueless of something totally lacking in saturation and therefore having no hue ink-black of the color of black ink lily-white of a pure white color milk-white of a white the color of fresh milk olive-grey of grey tinged with olive oxford-grey of a dark shade of grey pearl grey of a grey with a pearly tinge pearly of a white the color of pearls pinkish-white of white tinged with pink purple-black of black tinged with purple purple-white of white tinged with purple red-grey of grey tinged with red silver-grey of grey resembling silver silver-white of a white that resembles silver slate-black of a black tinged with slate-grey slate-grey of the color of slate or granite; "the slaty sky of dawn" snow-white of the white color of snow soot-black of the black color of soot violet-black of black tinged with violet white-flowered (of plants) having white flowers whitish of something having a color tending toward white yellow-grey of grey tinged with yellow yellow-white of a white tinged with yellow albescent becoming or shading into white saturated (of color) being chromatically pure; not diluted with white or grey or black used especially of organic compounds; having all available valence bonds filled; "saturated fats" being the most concentrated solution possible at a given temperature; unable to dissolve still more of a substance; "a saturated solution" intense (of color) having the highest saturation; "vivid green"; "intense blue" possessing or displaying a distinctive feature to a heightened degree; "intense heat"; "intense anxiety"; "intense desire"; "intense emotion"; "the skunk's intense acrid odor"; "intense pain"; "enemy fire was intense" unsaturated (of color) not chromatically pure; diluted; "an unsaturated red" used of a compound (especially of carbon) containing atoms sharing more than one valence bond; "unsaturated fats" not saturated; capable of dissolving more of a substance at a given temperature; "an unsaturated salt solution" black-and-white not having or not capable of producing colors; "black-and-white film"; "a black-and-white TV"; "the movie was in black and white" of a situation that is sharply divided into mutually exclusive categories; "he rejected a black-and-white world"; "there are no black-and-white certainties"; "there were no grey areas, you were either for him or against him, he was all black-and-white" lacking hue or shades of grey; part white and part black; "a black-and-white cow"; "black-and-white blooms"; "black-and-white stripes" bicolor having two colors; "a bicolor flower"; "a bicolored postage stamp" blue-flowered having blue flowers brightly-colored having a bright color buff-colored having a buff color chestnut-colored having the brown color of chestnuts chocolate-colored having the color of dark chocolate cinnamon colored having the color of cinnamon cinnamon-red red tinged with cinnamon cream-colored having the color of fresh cream dark-colored having a dark color dun-colored having a dun color fawn-colored having the color of a fawn flame-colored having the brilliant orange-red color of flames flesh-colored having a bright red or pinkish color garnet-colored having the color of garnet gold-colored having the color of gold honey-colored having the color of honey lead-colored having the color of lead liver-colored having a reddish-brown color metal-colored having a metallic color neutral-colored having a color that does not attract attention olive-colored having the color of green olives orange-colored having the color of ripe oranges orange-flowered having orange flowers pale-colored having a pale color pastel-colored having pale delicate colors peach-colored having the color of a ripe peach purple-flowered having purple flowers red-flowered having red flowers rose-colored having a rose color reflecting optimism; "a rosy future"; "looked at the world through rose-colored glasses" rust-colored having the brown color of rust silver-colored having the color of polished silver straw-colored having the color of dry straw tawny-colored having a tawny color trichromatic having or involving three colors; "trichromatic vision"; "a trichromatic printing process"; "trichromatic staining is the staining of tissue samples differentially in three colors"; "tricolor plumage"; "a tricolor process in photography" violet-colored having a violet color violet-purple light violet and dark purple uncolored without color; "pure water is uncolored" achromatous having little or inadequate color achromic having no color stained marked or dyed or discolored with foreign matter; "a badly stained tablecloth"; "tear-stained cheeks" having a coating of stain or varnish unstained not stained; "An apron keeps his clothing unstained" not having a coating of stain or varnish untreated (of a specimen for study under a microscope) not treated with a reagent or dye not subjected to chemical or physical treatment; "an untreated fabric" not given medical care or treatment; "an untreated disease"; "the untreated wounded lay on makeshift cots" colorful having much or varied color; "colorful autumn leaves" striking in variety and interest; "a colorful period of history"; "a colorful character"; "colorful language" ablaze resembling flame in brilliance or color; "maple trees ablaze in autumn" keenly excited (especially sexually) or indicating excitement; "his face all ablaze with excitement"- Bram Stoker; "he was aflame with desire" prismatic exhibiting spectral colors formed by refraction of light through a prism; "prismatic light" of or relating to or resembling or constituting a prism; "prismatic form" shrill of colors that are bright and gaudy; "a shrill turquoise" having or emitting a high-pitched and sharp tone or tones; "a shrill whistle"; "a shrill gaiety" vibrant of colors that are bright and striking of sounds that are strong and resonating; "the men's vibrant voices" vigorous and animated; "a vibrant group that challenged the system"; "a charming and vivacious hostess"; "a vivacious folk dance" colorless weak in color; not colorful lacking in variety and interest; "a colorless and unimaginative person"; "a colorless description of the parade" ashen anemic looking from illness or emotion; "a face turned ashen"; "the invalid's blanched cheeks"; "tried to speak with bloodless lips"; "a face livid with shock"; "lips...livid with the hue of death"- Mary W. Shelley; "lips white with terror"; "a face white with rage" made of wood of the ash tree bleached having lost freshness or brilliance of color; "sun-bleached deck chairs"; "faded jeans"; "a very pale washed-out blue"; "washy colors" (used of color) artificially produced; not natural; "a bleached blonde" drab lacking brightness or color; dull; "drab faded curtains"; "sober Puritan grey"; "children in somber brown clothes" lacking in liveliness or charm or surprise; "her drab personality"; "life was drab compared with the more exciting life style overseas"; "a series of dreary dinner parties" dulled deprived of color; "colors dulled by too much sun"; "greyed with the dust of the road" having lost or been caused to lose interest because of overexposure; "the mind of the audience is becoming dulled"; "the benumbed intellectual faculties can no longer respond" prefaded (of fabric or clothing) having been given a faded (weathered) appearance by artificial means waxen having the paleness of wax; "the poor face with the same awful waxen pallor"- Bram Stoker; "the soldier turned his waxlike features toward him"; "a thin face with a waxy paleness" made of or covered with wax; "waxen candles"; "careful, the floor is waxy" flashy (used especially of clothes) marked by conspicuous display many-sided full of variety or interest; "a many-sided personality" having many aspects or qualities; "a many-sided subject"; "a multifaceted undertaking"; "multifarious interests"; "the multifarious noise of a great city"; "a miscellaneous crowd" noisy attracting attention by showiness or bright colors; "a noisy sweater" full of or characterized by loud and nonmusical sounds; "a noisy cafeteria"; "a small noisy dog" palish slightly pale powdery as if dulled in color with a sprinkling of powder; "a powdery blue" darkish slightly dark; "darkish red" diatonic based on the standard major or minor scales consisting of 5 tones and 2 semitones without modulation by accidentals based on or using the five tones and two semitones of the major or minor scales of western music cismontane on this (the speaker's) side of the mountains; "a contest in Virginia between a cismontane and a tramontane people" cisalpine on the Italian or Roman side of the Alps; "ancient cisalpine Gaul included an area south and east of the Alps" christian following the teachings or manifesting the qualities or spirit of Jesus Christ christianly becoming to or like a Christian; "gentle christianly behavior" christlike resembling or showing the spirit of Christ unchristian not of a Christian faith christless not believing in Christ unchristianly not becoming to or like a Christian; "ashamed to have to recognize how unchristianly his assumptions and motives are" civilized having a high state of culture and development both social and technological; "terrorist acts that shocked the civilized world" marked by refinement in taste and manners; "cultivated speech"; "cultured Bostonians"; "cultured tastes"; "a genteel old lady"; "polite society" advanced (of societies) highly developed especially in technology or industry; "advanced societies"; "an advanced country technologically" far along in time; "a man of advanced age"; "advanced in years"; "a ripe old age"; "the ripe age of 90" ahead in development; complex or intricate; "advanced technology"; "a sophisticated electronic control system" at a higher level in training or knowledge or skill; "an advanced degree"; "an advanced text in physics"; "special seminars for small groups of advanced students at the University" farther along in physical or mental development; "the child's skeletal age was classified as `advanced'"; "children in the advanced classes in elementary school read far above grade average" ahead of the times; "the advanced teaching methods"; "had advanced views on the subject"; "a forward-looking corporation"; "is British industry innovative enough?" civil of or in a condition of social order; "civil peoples" not rude; marked by satisfactory (or especially minimal) adherence to social usages and sufficient but not noteworthy consideration for others; "even if he didn't like them he should have been civil"- W.S. Maugham (of divisions of time) legally recognized in ordinary affairs of life; "the civil calendar"; "a civil day begins at mean midnight" applying to ordinary citizens as contrasted with the military; "civil authorities" of or relating to or befitting citizens as individuals; "civil rights"; "civil liberty"; "civic duties"; "civic pride" of or occurring within the state or between or among citizens of the state; "civil affairs"; "civil strife"; "civil disobedience"; "civil branches of government" humane showing evidence of moral and intellectual advancement marked or motivated by concern with the alleviation of suffering noncivilized not having a high state of culture and social development barbarian without civilizing influences; "barbarian invaders"; "barbaric practices"; "a savage people"; "fighting is crude and uncivilized especially if the weapons are efficient"-Margaret Meade; "wild tribes" barbarous primitive in customs and culture (of persons or their actions) able or disposed to inflict pain or suffering; "a barbarous crime"; "brutal beatings"; "cruel tortures"; "Stalin's roughshod treatment of the kulaks"; "a savage slap"; "vicious kicks" preliterate used of a society that has not developed writing not yet having acquired the ability to read and write classical of or relating to the first significant period of a civilization, culture, area of study, etc.; "classic Chinese pottery"; "classical Marxism" of or pertaining to or characteristic of the ancient Greeks and Romans, especially their art, literature, or culture; "classical mythology"; "the classical world" of or relating to music in the European tradition, such as symphonies and operas; "classical music" (physics) relating to or based on concepts that preceded the theories of relativity and quantum mechanics well-known and long-established in form or style; "a classical ballet"; "classic double-breasted suit"; "the classic struggle between good and evil" of or relating to the languages used by ancient standard authors; "classical Greek" of or relating to the study of the literary works of ancient Greece and Rome; "a classical scholar" neoclassic characteristic of a revival of an earlier classical style nonclassical not classical popular (of music or art) new and of general appeal (especially among young people) carried on by or for the people (or citizens) at large; "the popular vote"; "popular representation"; "institutions of popular government" regarded with great favor, approval, or affection especially by the general public; "a popular tourist attraction"; "a popular girl"; "cabbage patch dolls are no longer popular" classified arranged into classes official classification of information or documents; withheld from general circulation; "thousands of classified documents have now been declassified" categorized arranged into categories grouped arranged into groups unclassified not arranged in any specific grouping not subject to a security classification uncategorized not categorized or sorted eyes-only official classification for documents; meant to be seen by only the person to whom it is directed confidential the level of official classification for documents next above restricted and below secret; available only to persons authorized to see documents so classified denoting confidence or intimacy; "a confidential approach"; "in confidential tone of voice" (of information) given in confidence or in secret; "this arrangement must be kept confidential"; "their secret communications" entrusted with private information and the confidence of another; "a confidential secretary" restricted the lowest level of official classification for documents restricted in meaning; (as e.g. `man' in `a tall man') subject to restriction or subjected to restriction; "of restricted importance" sensitive of or pertaining to classified information or matters affecting national security hurting; "the tender spot on his jaw" responsive to physical stimuli; "a mimosa's leaves are sensitive to touch"; "a sensitive voltmeter"; "sensitive skin"; "sensitive to light" being susceptible to the attitudes, feelings, or circumstances of others; "sensitive to the local community and its needs" top-secret the highest official level of classification of documents declassified having had security classification removed nonsensitive never having had security classification analyzed examined carefully and methodically; broken down for consideration of constituent parts; "the analyzed data indicated surprising trends"; "a carefully analyzed poem can be like a dead butterfly pinned to a board" unanalyzed not analyzed or broken down for detailed examination; "an unanalyzed compound"; "unanalyzed data" crude not processed or subjected to analysis; "raw data"; "the raw cost of production"; "only the crude vital statistics" conspicuously and tastelessly indecent; "coarse language"; "a crude joke"; "crude behavior"; "an earthy sense of humor"; "a revoltingly gross expletive"; "a vulgar gesture"; "full of language so vulgar it should have been edited" belonging to an early stage of technical development; characterized by simplicity and (often) crudeness; "the crude weapons and rude agricultural implements of early man"; "primitive movies of the 1890s"; "primitive living conditions in the Appalachian mountains" not carefully or expertly made; "managed to make a crude splint"; "a crude cabin of logs with bark still on them"; "rough carpentry" cleanable capable of being cleaned cleanly habitually clean; "cleanly in their persons and habitations" in a manner that minimizes dirt and pollution; "the motor burns cleanly" dry-cleaned cleaned with chemical solvents immaculate completely neat and clean; "the apartment was immaculate"; "in her immaculate white uniform"; "a spick-and-span kitchen"; "their spic red-visored caps" free from stain or blemish pristine immaculately clean and unused; "handed her his pristine white handkerchief" completely free from dirt or contamination; "pristine mountain snow" scrubbed made clean by scrubbing; "fresh-scrubbed floors"; "boys with scrubbed necks and faces" unsoiled without soil or spot or stain unsullied spotlessly clean and fresh; "the unsullied snow of mountains" washed clean by virtue of having been washed in water wet as from washing; sometimes used in combination; "rain-washed" Augean extremely filthy from long neglect bedraggled limp and soiled as if dragged in the mud; "the beggar's bedraggled clothes"; "scarecrows in battered hats or draggled skirts" in deplorable condition; "a street of bedraggled tenements"; "a broken-down fence"; "a ramshackle old pier"; "a tumble-down shack" befouled made dirty or foul; "a building befouled with soot"; "breathing air fouled and darkened with factory soot" begrimed thickly covered with ingrained dirt or soot; "a miner's begrimed face"; "dingy linen"; "grimy hands"; "grubby little fingers"; "a grungy kitchen" cobwebby covered with cobwebs dirty-faced having a dirty face; "a crowd of dirty-faced ragamuffins surrounded him" feculent foul with waste matter filthy disgustingly dirty; filled or smeared with offensive matter; "as filthy as a pigsty"; "a foul pond"; "a nasty pigsty of a room" greasy smeared or soiled with grease or oil; "greasy coveralls"; "get rid of rubbish and oily rags" containing an unusual amount of grease or oil; "greasy hamburgers"; "oily fried potatoes"; "oleaginous seeds" lousy infested with lice; "burned their lousy clothes" maculate spotted or blotched mucky dirty and messy; covered with mud or muck; "muddy boots"; "a mucky stable" ratty dirty and infested with rats of or characteristic of rats scummy covered with scum; "the scummy surface of the polluted pond" smudgy smeared with something that soils or stains; these words are often used in combination; "oil-smeared work clothes"; "hostile faces smirched by the grime and rust"- Henry Roth; "ink-smudged fingers" snotty dirty with nasal discharge; "a snotty nose"; "a house full of snot-nosed kids" sooty covered with or as if with soot; "a sooty chimney" travel-soiled soiled from travel; "travel-soiled clothes" uncleanly habitually unclean unswept not having been swept; "unswept floors" not swept or having sweep; "a boxy little plane with square unswept wings" unwashed not cleaned with or as if with soap and water; "a sink full of unwashed dishes" bawdy humorously vulgar; "bawdy songs"; "off-color jokes"; "ribald language" blasphemous characterized by profanity or cursing; "foul-mouthed and blasphemous"; "blue language"; "profane words" grossly irreverent toward what is held to be sacred; "blasphemous rites of a witches' Sabbath"; "profane utterances against the Church"; "it is sacrilegious to enter with shoes on" dirty-minded having lewd thoughts cruddy characterized by obscenity; "had a filthy mouth"; "foul language"; "smutty jokes" foul-mouthed using foul or obscene language; "noisy foul-mouthed women all shouting at once" lewd suggestive of or tending to moral looseness; "lewd pictures"; "an indecent gesture"; "obscene telephone calls"; "salacious limericks" scabrous dealing with salacious or indecent material; "a scabrous novel" scatological dealing pruriently with excrement and excretory functions; "scatological literature" radioactive exhibiting or caused by radioactivity; "radioactive isotope"; "radioactive decay"; "radioactive fallout" nonradioactive not radioactive unclean having a physical or moral blemish so as to make impure according to dietary or ceremonial laws; "unclean meat"; "and the swine...is unclean to you"-Leviticus 11:3 nonkosher not conforming to dietary laws limpid (of language) transparently clear; easily understandable; "writes in a limpid style"; "lucid directions"; "a luculent oration"- Robert Burton; "pellucid prose"; "a crystal clear explanation"; "a perspicuous argument" prima facie as it seems at first sight; "a prima facie case of murder" at first sight unmistakable clearly evident to the mind; "his opposition to slavery was unmistakable" vivid having the clarity and freshness of immediate experience; "a vivid recollection" unclear not clear to the mind; "the law itself was unclear on that point"; "the reason for their actions is unclear to this day" blurred unclear in form or expression; "the blurred aims of the group"; "sometimes one understood clearly and sometimes the meaning was clouded"- H.G.Wells confusing lacking clarity of meaning; causing confusion or perplexity; "sent confusing signals to Iraq"; "perplexing to someone who knew nothing about it"; "a puzzling statement" causing confusion or disorientation; "a confusing jumble of road signs"; "being hospitalized can be confusing and distressing for a small child" translucent allowing light to pass through diffusely; "translucent amber"; "semitransparent curtains at the windows" unclouded not made opaque or cloudy by sediment; "the wine was unclouded" not mentally disordered; "an unclouded mind" unfrosted (of glass) lacking a frosted coating; "unfrosted light bulbs" opaque not transmitting or reflecting light or radiant energy; impenetrable to sight; "opaque windows of the jail"; "opaque to X-rays" hard or impossible to understand cloudy (of liquids) clouded as with sediment; "a cloudy liquid"; "muddy coffee"; "murky waters" full of or covered with clouds; "cloudy skies" lacking definite form or limits; "gropes among cloudy issues toward a feeble conclusion"- H.T.Moore; "nebulous distinction between pride and conceit" fogged obscured by fog; "he could barely see through the fogged window" frosted (of glass) having a roughened coating resembling frost; "frosted glass" glaucous having a frosted look from a powdery coating, as on plants; "glaucous stems"; "glaucous plums"; "glaucous grapes" lightproof not penetrable by light; "lightproof containers" milky resembling milk in color; not clear; "milky glass" semiopaque partially opaque radiolucent almost complete transparent to X-rays or other forms of radiation; "radiolucent tissues" radiopaque not transparent to X-rays or other forms of radiation; "barium sulfate is radiopaque" clearheaded not mentally confused; able to think clearly and act intelligently confused mentally confused; unable to think with clarity or act intelligently; "the flood of questions left her bewildered and confused" lacking orderly continuity; "a confused set of instructions"; "a confused dream about the end of the world"; "disconnected fragments of a story"; "scattered thoughts" having lost your bearings; confused as to time or place or personal identity; "I frequently find myself disoriented when I come up out of the subway"; "the anesthetic left her completely disoriented" addlebrained stupid and confused; "blathering like the addlepated nincompoop that you are"; "a confused puddingheaded, muddleheaded fellow"- Isaac Sterne addled confused and vague; used especially of thinking; "muddleheaded ideas"; "your addled little brain"; "woolly thinking"; "woolly-headed ideas" (of eggs) no longer edible; "an addled egg" befogged stupefied by alcoholic drink; "the wino's poor befuddled mind"; "a mind befogged with drink" clouded mentally disordered; "a mind clouded by sorrow" made troubled or apprehensive or distressed in appearance; "his face was clouded with unhappiness" dazed in a state of mental numbness especially as resulting from shock; "he had a dazed expression on his face"; "lay semiconscious, stunned (or stupefied) by the blow"; "was stupid from fatigue" stunned or confused and slow to react (as from blows or drunkenness or exhaustion) dazzled stupefied or dizzied by something overpowering; "I fall back dazzled at beholding myself all rosy red, / At having, I myself, caused the sun to rise."- `Chanticler' by Rostand having vision overcome temporarily by or as if by intense light; "she shut her dazzled eyes against the sun's brilliance" trancelike as if in a trance punch-drunk dazed from or as if from repeated blows; "knocked silly by the impact"; "slaphappy with exhaustion"; "punch-drunk with love" spaced-out confused or disoriented as if intoxicated through taking a drug stupefied by (or as if by) some narcotic drug clement (used of persons or behavior) inclined to show mercy; "a more clement judge reduced the sentence" (of weather or climate) physically mild; "clement weather" lenient characterized by tolerance and mercy not strict; "an easy teacher"; "easy standards"; "lenient rules"; "an easy penalty" inclement used of persons or behavior; showing no clemency or mercy; "the harsh sentence of an inclement judge" (of weather or climate) severe unsparing not forbearing; ruthless; "an unsparing critic" balmy mild and pleasant; "balmy days and nights"; "the climate was mild and conducive to life or growth"; "a soft breeze" informal or slang terms for mentally irregular; "it used to drive my husband balmy" astute marked by practical hardheaded intelligence; "a smart businessman"; "an astute tenant always reads the small print in a lease"; "he was too shrewd to go along with them on a road that could lead only to their overthrow" streetwise having the shrewd resourcefulness needed to survive in an urban environment anserine having or revealing stupidity; "ridiculous anserine behavior"; "a dopey answer"; "a dopey kid"; "some fool idea about rewriting authors' books" of or resembling a goose asinine extremely silly or stupid blockheaded (used informally) stupid cloddish heavy and dull and stupid dense slow to learn or understand; lacking intellectual acuity; "so dense he never understands anything I say to him"; "never met anyone quite so dim"; "although dull at classical learning, at mathematics he was uncommonly quick"- Thackeray; "dumb officials make some really dumb decisions"; "he was either normally stupid or being deliberately obtuse"; "worked with the slow students" having high relative density or specific gravity; "dense as lead" hard to pass through because of dense growth; "dense vegetation"; "thick woods" permitting little if any light to pass through because of denseness of matter; "dense smoke"; "heavy fog"; "impenetrable gloom" gaumless (British informal) lacking intelligence and vitality lumpish mentally sluggish nitwitted (of especially persons) lacking sense or understanding or judgment weak deficient in intelligence or mental power; "a weak mind" likely to fail under stress or pressure; "the weak link in the chain" not having authority, political strength, or governing power; "a weak president" (used of verbs) having standard (or regular) inflection deficient or lacking in some skill; "he's weak in spelling" wanting in physical strength; "a weak pillar" tending downward in price; "a weak market for oil stocks" yokel-like stupid and ignorant like proverbial rural inhabitants; "the boy's empty yokel-like expression" clockwise in the same direction as the rotating hands of a clock in the direction that the hands of a clock move; "please move clockwise in a circle" dextrorotary rotating to the right counterclockwise in the direction opposite to the rotation of the hands of a clock in a direction opposite to the direction in which the hands of a clock move; "please move counterclockwise in a circle!" levorotary rotating to the left far located at a great distance in time or space or degree; "we come from a far country"; "far corners of the earth"; "the far future"; "a far journey"; "the far side of the road"; "far from the truth"; "far in the future" being of a considerable distance or length; "a far trek" beyond a norm in opinion or actions; "the far right" being the animal or vehicle on the right or being on the right side of an animal or vehicle; "the horse on the right is the far horse"; "the right side is the far side of the horse" at or to or from a great distance in space; "he traveled far"; "strayed far from home"; "sat far away from each other" remote in time; "if we could see far into the future"; "all that happened far in the past" to a considerable degree; very much; "a far far better thing that I do"; "felt far worse than yesterday"; "eyes far too close together" at or to a certain point or degree; "I can only go so far before I have to give up"; "how far can we get with this kind of argument?" to an advanced stage or point; "a young man who will go very far" distant located far away spatially; "distant lands"; "remote stars" separate or apart in time; "distant events"; "the remote past or future" separated in space or coming from or going to a distance; "distant villages"; "the sound of distant traffic"; "a distant sound"; "a distant telephone call" far apart in relevance or relationship or kinship; "a distant cousin"; "a remote relative"; "a distant likeness"; "considerations entirely removed (or remote) from politics" faraway very far away in space or time; "faraway mountains"; "the faraway future"; "troops landing on far-off shores"; "far-off happier times" far removed mentally; "a faraway (or distant) look in her eyes" farther more distant in especially space or time; "they live in the farther house" to or at a greater distance in time or space (`farther' is used more frequently than `further' in this physical sense); "farther north"; "moved farther away"; "farther down the corridor"; "the practice may go back still farther to the Druids"; "went only three miles further"; "further in the future" farthermost (comparatives of `far') most remote in space or time or order; "had traveled to the farthest frontier"; "don't go beyond the farthermost (or furthermost) tree"; "explored the furthest reaches of space"; "the utmost tip of the peninsula" further more distant in especially degree; "nothing could be further from the truth"; "further from our expectations"; "farther from the truth"; "farther from our expectations" to or at a greater extent or degree or a more advanced stage (`further' is used more often than `farther' in this abstract sense); "further complicated by uncertainty about the future"; "let's not discuss it further"; "nothing could be further from the truth"; "they are further along in their research than we expected"; "the application of the law was extended farther"; "he is going no farther in his studies" in addition or furthermore; "if we further suppose"; "stated further that he would not cooperate with them"; "they are definitely coming; further, they should be here already" off the beaten track(p) remote from populous or much-traveled regions; "they found a quiet out-of-the-way resort" outlying(a) relatively far from a center or middle; "outlying settlements" near not far distant in time or space or degree or circumstances; "near neighbors"; "in the near future"; "they are near equals"; "his nearest approach to success"; "a very near thing"; "a near hit by the bomb"; "she was near tears"; "she was close to tears"; "had a close call" closely resembling the genuine article; "near beer"; "a dress of near satin" near in time or place or relationship; "as the wedding day drew near"; "stood near the door"; "don't shoot until they come near"; "getting near to the true explanation"; "her mother is always near"; "The end draws nigh"; "the bullet didn't come close"; "don't get too close to the fire" adjacent near or close to but not necessarily touching; "lands adjacent to the mountains"; "New York and adjacent cities" nearest in space or position; immediately adjoining without intervening space; "had adjacent rooms"; "in the next room"; "the person sitting next to me"; "our rooms were side by side" having a common boundary or edge; abutting; touching; "Rhode Island has two bordering states; Massachusetts and Connecticut"; "the side of Germany conterminous with France"; "Utah and the contiguous state of Idaho"; "neighboring cities" nearby close at hand; "the nearby towns"; "concentrated his study on the nearby planet Venus" not far away in relative terms; "she works nearby"; "the planets orbiting nearby are Venus and Mars" far-flung remote; "far-flung corners of the Empire" distributed over a considerable extent; "far-flung trading operations"; "the West's far-flung mountain ranges"; "widespread nuclear fallout" long-distance covering a long distance; "a long-distance runner"; "a long-distance freight train"; "she ran off with a long-distance truck driver" of or relating to or being a long-distance telephone call; "a long-distance call"; "a long-distance transmission line"; "a long-distance operator" nonadjacent not adjacent; not next out-of-town happening in or being of another town or city; "an out-of-town tryout"; "an out-of-town school" yonder distant but within sight (`yon' is dialectal); "yonder valley"; "the hills yonder"; "what is yon place?" at or in an indicated (usually distant) place (`yon' is archaic and dialectal); "the house yonder"; "scattered here and yon"- Calder Willingham ambient completely enveloping; "the ambient air"; "ambient sound"; "the ambient temperature" appressed pressed close to or lying flat against something; "adpressed hairs along the plant's stem"; "igneous rocks...closely appressed by this force"-L.V.Pirsson at hand(p) close in time; about to occur; "retribution is at hand"; "some people believe the day of judgment is close at hand"; "in imminent danger"; "his impending retirement" close in space; within reach; "the town is close at hand" close-hauled having the sails trimmed for sailing as close to the wind as possible close-set(a) set close together; "close-set eyes"; "close-set teeth"; "her eyes are close set" contiguous very close or connected in space or time; "contiguous events"; "immediate contact"; "the immediate vicinity"; "the immediate past" encompassing(a) closely encircling; "encompassing mountain ranges"; "the surrounding countryside" enveloping(a) surrounding and closing in on or hemming in; "the army's enveloping maneuver" hand-to-hand being at close quarters; "hand-to-hand fighting" juxtaposed placed side by side often for comparison; "juxtaposed pictures" nestled drawn or pressed close to someone or something for or as if for affection or protection; "saw a number of small houses nestled against the hillside"; "like a baby snuggled in its mother's arms" proximate very close in space or time; "proximate words"; "proximate houses" closest in degree or order (space or time) especially in a chain of causes and effects; "news of his proximate arrival"; "interest in proximate rather than ultimate goals" scalelike reduced to a small appressed thing that resembles a scale; "scalelike leaves" walk-to(a) close enough to be walked to; "walking distance"; "the factory with the big parking lot...is more convenient than the walk-to factory" loosely knit having only distant social or legal ties; "a loosely knit group" removed(p) separated in relationship by a given degree of descent; "a cousin once removed" ulterior beyond or outside an area of immediate interest; remote; "a suggestion ulterior to the present discussion"; "without...any purpose, immediate or ulterior"- G.B.Shaw boon very close and convivial; "boon companions" chummy (used informally) associated on close terms; "a close friend"; "the bartender was chummy with the regular customers"; "the two were thick as thieves for months" (used colloquially) having the relationship of friends or pals close-knit held together as by social or cultural ties; "a close-knit family"; "close-knit little villages"; "the group was closely knit" cozy suggesting connivance; "a cozy arrangement with the police" enjoying or affording comforting warmth and shelter especially in a small space; "a cozy nook near the fire"; "snug in bed"; "a snug little apartment" having or fostering a warm or friendly and informal atmosphere; "had a cozy chat"; "a relaxed informal manner"; "an intimate cocktail lounge"; "the small room was cozy and intimate" dear with or in a close or intimate relationship; "a good friend"; "my sisters and brothers are near and dear" sincerely earnest; "one's dearest wish"; "devout wishes for their success"; "heartfelt condolences" cousinly like or befitting a cousin; "a cousinly kiss" uncousinly not befitting a cousin clothed wearing or provided with clothing; sometimes used in combination; "clothed and in his right mind"- Bible; "proud of her well-clothed family"; "nurses clad in white"; "white-clad nurses" appareled dressed or clothed especially in fine attire; often used in combination; "the elegantly attired gentleman"; "neatly dressed workers"; "monks garbed in hooded robes"; "went about oddly garmented"; "professors robed in crimson"; "tuxedo-attired gentlemen"; "crimson-robed Harvard professors" arrayed in ceremonial attire and paraphernalia; "professors arrayed in robes" breeched dressed in trousers bundled-up dressed warmly; "bundled-up sailors and soldiers" caparisoned clothed in finery (especially a horse in ornamental trappings) cassocked dressed in a cassock; "cassocked monks" coated having or dressed in a coat having a coating; covered with an outer layer or film; often used in combination; "coated paper has a smooth polished coating especially suitable for halftone printing"; "sugar-coated pills" costumed dressed in clothing characteristic of a period, country, or class cowled having the head enclosed in a cowl or hood; "a cowled monk" dighted dressed or adorned (as for battle) dressed(p) dressed in fancy or formal clothing gowned wearing a gown; "beautifully gowned women" habited dressed in a habit; "the habited men of the monastery" heavy-coated wearing a heavy coat; "heavy-coated policemen astride noble horses" overdressed dressed too elaborately petticoated wearing or furnished with a petticoat; "petticoated ladies"; "a petticoated table" red-coated used of British soldiers during the American Revolutionary War because of their red coats suited outfitted or supplied with clothing; "recruits suited in green" surpliced wearing a surplice togged dressed especially in smart clothes turned out dressed well or smartly; "the girls were well turned out and smart" tuxedoed dressed in a tuxedo; "a tuxedoed gentleman" underdressed inadequately or too informally clothed uniformed dressed in a uniform; "uniformed policemen lined the President's route" vestmented dressed in ceremonial garments especially clerical vestment unclothed not wearing clothing bare-assed (used informally) completely unclothed bare-breasted having the breasts uncovered or featuring such nudity; "topless waitresses"; "a topless cabaret" bareheaded having the head uncovered; "caught bareheaded by the downpour"; "with bared head" barelegged having the legs uncovered by clothing; "barelegged children on the beach" bottomless unclothed especially below the waist or featuring such nudeness; "bottomless dancers"; "a bottomless bar" extremely deep; "a bottomless pit"; "a bottomless lake" having no apparent limits or bounds; "a bottomless supply of money"; "bottomless pockets" having no bottom; "bottomless pajamas consisting simply of a long top opening down the front" clothesless possessing no clothing en deshabille partly dressed in a loose or careless manner exposed not covered with clothing; "her exposed breast" with no protection or shield; "the exposed northeast frontier"; "open to the weather"; "an open wound" half-clothed inadequately clothed mother-naked as naked as at birth off-the-shoulder not covering the shoulders (especially in the case of a blouse or dress) seminude partially clothed starkers (British informal) stark naked stripped with clothing stripped off having only essential or minimal features; "a stripped new car"; "a stripped-down budget" unappareled having removed clothing without a stitch without any clothing at all saddled having a saddle on or being mounted on a saddled animal; "saddled and spurred and ready to ride" subject to an imposed burden; "left me saddled with the bill"; "found himself saddled with more responsibility than power" unsaddled with no saddle bareback riding without a saddle; "a bareback rider" without a saddle; "she prefers to ride her horse bareback" cloudless free from clouds; "under a cloudless sky" serene completely clear and fine; "serene skies and a bright blue sea" brumous filled or abounding with fog or mist; "a brumous October morning" fogbound enveloped in fog; "a fogbound fleet"; "the fogbound city" cloud-covered filled or abounding with clouds cloudlike resembling a cloud miasmal filled with vapor; "miasmic jungles"; "a vaporous bog" smoggy clouded with a mixture of smoke and fog; "the smoggy atmosphere of Los Angeles" coastal located on or near or bordering on a coast; "coastal marshes"; "coastal waters"; "the Atlantic coastal plain" of or relating to a coast; "coastal erosion" coastwise along or following a coast; "coastal shipping"; "coastwise winds contributed to the storm" by way of, or along the coast; "we were travelling coastwise" inshore close to a shore; "inshore fisheries" (of winds) coming from the sea toward the land; "an inshore breeze"; "an onshore gale" toward the shore; "we swam two miles inshore" maritime bordering on or living or characteristic of those near the sea; "a maritime province"; "maritime farmers"; "maritime cultures" inland situated away from an area's coast or border towards or into the interior of a region; "the town is five miles inland" interior of or coming from the middle of a region or country; "upcountry districts" inside and toward a center; "interior regions of the earth" situated within or suitable for inside a building; "an interior scene"; "interior decoration"; "an interior bathroom without windows" landlocked surrounded entirely or almost entirely by land; "a landlocked country" offshore (of winds) coming from the land; "offshore winds" at some distance from the shore; "offshore oil reserves"; "an offshore island" away from shore; away from land; "cruising three miles offshore" seamless perfectly consistent and coherent; "the novel's seamless plot" smooth, especially of skin; "his cheeks were unlined"; "his unseamed face" not having or joined by a seam or seams; "seamless stockings" fuzzy confused and not coherent; not clearly thought out; "a vague and fuzzy idea of the world of finance" collapsible capable of collapsing or being collapsed; "a collapsible boat" foldable capable of being folded up and stored; "a foldaway bed" telescopic having parts that slide one within another; "a telescopic antenna"; "a telescopic drinking cup" capable of discerning distant objects; "a telescopic eye"; "telescopic vision" visible only with a telescope; "a bright star with a telescopic companion" tip-up constructed so as to tip up or out of the way; "the little tip-up seat of the taxi" noncollapsible not capable of collapsing nontelescopic not telescopic crannied having small chinks or crannies (especially in or between rocks or stones); "a crannied wall" uncrannied without chinks or crannies collectivized characterized by the principle of ownership by the state or the people of the means of production distributive serving to distribute or allot or disperse allocable capable of being distributed diffusing(a) spreading by diffusion immanent of qualities that are spread throughout something; "ambition is immanent in human nature"; "we think of God as immanent in nature" of a mental act performed entirely within the mind; "a cognition is an immanent act of mind" permeant spreading or spread throughout; "armed with permeative irony...he punctures affectations"; "the pervasive odor of garlic"; "an error is pervasive if it is material to more than one conclusion" separative (of a word) referring singly and without exception to the members of a group; "whereas `each,' `every,' `either,' `neither,' and `none' are distributive or referring to a single member of a group, `which' in `which of the men' is separative" (used of an accent in Hebrew orthography) indicating that the word marked is separated to a greater or lesser degree rhythmically and grammatically from the word that follows it suffusive spreading through; "suffusive purple light" publicized made known; especially made widely known advertised called to public attention; "these advertised products" heralded publicly announced; "the royal couple's much heralded world tour" promulgated formally made public; "published accounts" suppressed kept from public knowledge by various means manifesting or subjected to suppression; "a suppressed press" burked(p) suppressed quietly or indirectly hushed-up (used of information or news) kept secret by using influence; "hushed-up stories sometimes leak out" quelled subdued or overcome; "the quelled rebellion"; "an uprising quenched almost before it started"; "a squelched rumor" unreleased not (or not yet) made available for distribution or publication; "someone leaked the unreleased announcement"; "a film that remained unreleased for years" published prepared and printed for distribution and sale; "the complete published works Dickens" unpublished not published; "unpublished letters and diaries" publishable suitable for publication unpublishable not suitable for publication reported made known or told about; especially presented in a formal account; "his reported opinion"; "the reported findings" according (followed by `to') as reported or stated by; "according to historians" (followed by `to') in agreement with or accordant with; "according to instructions" notifiable requiring that official notification be given; "a notifiable disease" reportable meriting report; "years of research produced no reportable results" (of income) required by law to be reported; "reportable income" unreported not reported; "unreported results" unreportable (of income) not reportable; not required by law to be reported; "very little income is unreportable" combinative marked by or relating to or resulting from combination relating to or involving combinations combinatorial relating to the combination and arrangement of elements in sets combinable able to or tending to combine noncombinative not involving combination noncombining not able to combine burnable capable of burning comburent supporting combustion flammable easily ignited ignescent can emit sparks or burst into flame incendiary capable of catching fire spontaneously or causing fires or burning readily; "an incendiary agent"; "incendiary bombs" arousing to action or rebellion involving deliberate burning of property; "an incendiary fire" noncombustible not capable of igniting and burning fire-retardant difficult to burn flameproof resistant to catching fire nonflammable impossible to ignite detonative exploding almost instantaneously nonexplosive not explosive; "nonexplosive gases"; "a nonexplosive fuel" lighted set afire or burning; "the lighted candles"; "a lighted cigarette"; "a lit firecracker" ignited set afire; "the ignited paper"; "a kindled fire" unlighted not set afire or burning; "the table was bare, the candles unlighted"; "held an unlit cigarette" unkindled not set afire commodious large and roomy (`convenient' is archaic in this sense); "a commodious harbor"; "a commodious building suitable for conventions" roomy (of buildings and rooms) having ample space; "a roomy but sparsely furnished apartment"; "a spacious ballroom" incommodious uncomfortably or inconveniently small; "incommodious hotel accommodations" cramped constricted in size; "cramped quarters"; "trying to bring children up in cramped high-rise apartments" comfortable providing or experiencing physical well-being or relief (`comfy' is informal); "comfortable clothes"; "comfortable suburban houses"; "made himself comfortable in an armchair"; "the antihistamine made her feel more comfortable"; "are you comfortable?"; "feeling comfy now?" free from stress or conducive to mental ease; having or affording peace of mind; "was settled in a comfortable job, one for which he was well prepared"; "the comfortable thought that nothing could go wrong"; "was comfortable in his religious beliefs"; "she's a comfortable person to be with"; "she felt comfortable with her fiance's parents" in fortunate circumstances financially; moderately rich; "they were comfortable or even wealthy by some standards"; "easy living"; "a prosperous family"; "his family is well-situated financially"; "well-to-do members of the community" sufficient to provide comfort; "a comfortable salary" more than adequate; "the home team had a comfortable lead" homelike having a feeling of home; cozy and comfortable; "the homely everyday atmosphere"; "a homey little inn" soothing affording physical relief; "a soothing ointment for her sunburn" uncomfortable providing or experiencing physical discomfort; "an uncomfortable chair"; "an uncomfortable day in the hot sun" conducive to or feeling mental discomfort; "this kind of life can prove disruptive and uncomfortable"; "the uncomfortable truth"; "grew uncomfortable beneath his appraising eye"; "an uncomfortable way of surprising me just when I felt surest"; "the teacher's presence at the conference made the child very uncomfortable" comfortless without comfort; "a comfortless room" irritating causing physical discomfort; "bites of black flies are more than irritating; they can be very painful" (used of physical stimuli) serving to stimulate or excite; "an irritative agent" miserable characterized by physical misery; "a wet miserable weekend"; "spent a wretched night on the floor" very unhappy; full of misery; "he felt depressed and miserable"; "a message of hope for suffering humanity"; "wretched prisoners huddled in stinking cages" uneasy relating to bodily unease that causes discomfort lacking a sense of security or affording no ease or reassurance; "farmers were uneasy until rain finally came"; "uneasy about his health"; "gave an uneasy laugh"; "uneasy lies the head that wears the crown"; "an uneasy coalition government"; "an uneasy calm"; "an uneasy silence fell on the group" comforted made comfortable or more comfortable in a time of distress; "the news make her feel comforted" awkward socially uncomfortable; unsure and constrained in manner; "awkward and reserved at parties"; "ill at ease among eddies of people he didn't know"; "was always uneasy with strangers" causing inconvenience; "they arrived at an awkward time" hard to deal with; especially causing pain or embarrassment; "awkward (or embarrassing or difficult) moments in the discussion"; "an awkward pause followed his remark"; "a sticky question"; "in the unenviable position of resorting to an act he had planned to save for the climax of the campaign" not elegant or graceful in expression; "an awkward prose style"; "a clumsy apology"; "his cumbersome writing style"; "if the rumor is true, can anything be more inept than to repeat it now?" lacking grace or skill in manner or movement or performance; "an awkward dancer"; "an awkward gesture"; "too awkward with a needle to make her own clothes"; "his clumsy fingers produced an awkward knot" difficult to handle or manage especially because of shape; "an awkward bundle to carry"; "a load of bunglesome paraphernalia"; "clumsy wooden shoes"; "the cello, a rather ungainly instrument for a girl" disquieting causing mental discomfort; "the disquieting sounds of nearby gunfire" ill-fitting not the right size or shape self-conscious excessively and uncomfortably conscious of your appearance or behavior; "self-conscious teenagers"; "wondered if she could ever be untidy without feeling self-conscious about it" aware of yourself as an individual or of your own being and actions and thoughts; "self-conscious awareness"; "self-conscious about their roles as guardians of the social values"- D.M.Potter commensurate corresponding in size or degree or extent; "pay should be commensurate with the time worked" coextensive being of equal extent or scope or duration commensurable capable of being measured by a common standard; "hours and minutes are commensurable" proportionate agreeing in amount, magnitude, or degree being in due proportion; "proportionate representation of a minority group" incommensurate not corresponding in size or degree or extent; "a reward incommensurate with his effort" disproportionate not proportionate out of proportion incommensurable not having a common factor impossible to measure or compare in value or size or excellence per capita per person; "among the states Connecticut has a high per capita income" per person; for each person; of each person; "we are spending $5,000 per capita annually for education in this district" proportionable proportionate commercialized organized principally for financial gain; "Christmas has become a commercialized spectacle" mercantile relating to or characteristic of trade or traders; "the mercantile North was forging ahead"- Van Wyck Brooks profit oriented; "a commercial book"; "preached a mercantile and militant patriotism"- John Buchan; "a mercenary enterprise"; "a moneymaking business" of or relating to the economic system of mercantilism; "mercantile theories"; "mercantile system" noncommercial not connected with or engaged in commercial enterprises blue-sky without immediate commercial value; "the company cannot afford to do blue-sky research" nonprofit not commercially motivated uncommercial not conducive to commercial success; "might prove arty and hence uncommercial"- H.E.Clurman uncommercialized not having been commercialized residential used or designed for residence or limited to residences; "a residential hotel"; "a residential quarter"; "a residential college"; "residential zoning" of or relating to or connected with residence; "a residential requirement for the doctorate" nonresidential not residential; "the commercial or nonresidential areas of a town"; "community colleges are typically nonresidential" commissioned (of military officers) holding by virtue of a commission a rank of second lieutenant or ensign or above noncommissioned (of military officers) appointed from enlisted personnel common having no special distinction or quality; widely known or commonly encountered; average or ordinary or usual; "the common man"; "a common sailor"; "the common cold"; "a common nuisance"; "followed common procedure"; "it is common knowledge that she lives alone"; "the common housefly"; "a common brand of soap" belonging to or participated in by a community as a whole; public; "for the common good"; "common lands are set aside for use by all members of a community" commonly encountered; "a common (or familiar) complaint"; "the usual greeting" being or characteristic of or appropriate to everyday language; "common parlance"; "a vernacular term"; "vernacular speakers"; "the vulgar tongue of the masses"; "the technical and vulgar names for an animal species" of or associated with the great masses of people; "the common people in those days suffered greatly"; "behavior that branded him as common"; "his square plebeian nose"; "a vulgar and objectionable person"; "the unwashed masses" to be expected; standard; "common decency" common to or shared by two or more parties; "a common friend"; "the mutual interests of management and labor" democratic representing or appealing to or adapted for the benefit of the people at large; "democratic art forms"; "a democratic or popular movement"; "popular thought"; "popular science"; "popular fiction" characterized by or advocating or based upon the principles of democracy or social equality; "democratic government"; "a democratic country"; "a democratic scorn for bloated dukes and lords"- George du Maurier demotic of or for the common people; "demotic entertainments"; "demotic speech"; "a poet with a keen ear for demotic rhythms" grassroots of or involving the common people as constituting a fundamental political and economic group; "a grassroots movement for nuclear disarmament" fundamental; "the grassroots factor in making the decision" uncommon not common or ordinarily encountered; unusually great in amount or remarkable in character or kind; "uncommon birds"; "frost and floods are uncommon during these months"; "doing an uncommon amount of business"; "an uncommon liking for money"; "he owed his greatest debt to his mother's uncommon character and ability" especial(a) surpassing what is common or usual or expected; "he paid especial attention to her"; "exceptional kindness"; "a matter of particular and unusual importance"; "a special occasion"; "a special reason to confide in her"; "what's so special about the year 2000?" red carpet(a) special treatment or hospitality; "the maitre d' gave them the red-carpet treatment" unusual not commonly encountered; "two-career families are no longer unusual" not usual or common or ordinary; "a scene of unusual beauty"; "a man of unusual ability"; "cruel and unusual punishment"; "an unusual meteorite" unwonted unaccustomed or unusual; "an unwonted softness in her face" usual occurring or encountered or experienced or observed frequently or in accordance with regular practice or procedure; "grew the usual vegetables"; "the usual summer heat"; "came at the usual time"; "the child's usual bedtime" accustomed commonly used or practiced; usual; "his accustomed thoroughness"; "took his customary morning walk"; "his habitual comment"; "with her wonted candor" different differing from all others; not ordinary; "advertising that strives continually to be different"; "this new music is certainly different but I don't really like it" unlike in nature or quality or form or degree; "took different approaches to the problem"; "came to a different conclusion"; "different parts of the country"; "on different sides of the issue"; "this meeting was different from the earlier one" distinctly separate from the first; "that's another (or different) issue altogether" distinct or separate; "each interviewed different members of the community" extraordinary(p) (of an official) serving an unusual or special function in addition to those of the regular officials; "an ambassador extraordinary" odd not easily explained; "it is odd that his name is never mentioned" not divisible by two an indefinite quantity more than that specified; "invited 30-odd guests" of the remaining member of a pair; "unpaired socks"; "an odd glove" out-of-the-way exceptional, unusual, or remarkable; "out-of-the-way information" dealt with; disposed of; "I'm so relieved that my midterm is out of the way" improper or even offensive; "out-of-the-way remarks" peculiar markedly different from the usual; "a peculiar hobby of stuffing and mounting bats"; "a man...feels it a peculiar insult to be taunted with cowardice by a woman"-Virginia Woolf unaccustomed unusual or unfamiliar; "an unaccustomed pleasure"; "many varieties of unaccustomed foods"; "a new budget of unaccustomed austerity" unique highly unusual or rare but not the single instance; "spoke with a unique accent"; "had unique ability in raising funds"; "a frankness unique in literature"; "a unique dining experience" hydrophilic having a strong affinity for water; tending to dissolve in, mix with, or be wetted by water deliquescent (especially of certain salts) becoming liquid by absorbing moisture from the air oleophilic having a strong affinity for oils rather than water lipophilic having an affinity for lipids oleophobic lacking affinity for oils communal for or by a group rather than individuals; "dipping each his bread into a communal dish of stew"- Paul Roche; "a communal settlement in which all earnings and food were shared"; "a group effort" relating to a small administrative district or community; "communal elections in several European countries" idiosyncratic peculiar to the individual; "we all have our own idiosyncratic gestures"; "Michelangelo's highly idiosyncratic style of painting" one-on-one being a system of play in which an individual defensive player guards an individual offensive player; "one-on-one defense" directly between two individuals; "one-on-one instruction" (of two persons) in direct encounter; "preferred to settle the matter one-on-one"; "interviewed her person-to-person" respective(a) considered individually; "the respective club members"; "specialists in their several fields"; "the various reports all agreed" communicative able or tending to communicate; "was a communicative person and quickly told all she knew"- W.M.Thackeray of or relating to communication; "communicative arts" anecdotic characterized by or given to telling anecdotes; "anecdotal conversation"; "an anecdotal history of jazz"; "he was at his anecdotic best" Bantu-speaking able to communicate in Bantu of or relating to people who speak Bantu; "the Bantu-speaking people of Africa" blabbermouthed prone to communicate confidential information chatty prone to friendly informal communication full of trivial conversation; "kept from her housework by gabby neighbors" communicable readily communicated; "communicable ideas" communicational used in communication; "he had few communicational grooves available for use" English-speaking able to communicate in English expansive friendly and open and willing to talk; "wine made the guest expansive" marked by exaggerated feelings of euphoria and delusions of grandeur able or tending to expand or characterized by expansion; "Expansive materials"; "the expansive force of fire" of behavior that is impressive and ambitious in scale or scope; "an expansive lifestyle"; "in the grand manner"; "collecting on a grand scale"; "heroic undertakings" expressive characterized by expression; "a very expressive face" Finno-Ugric-speaking able to communicate in a Finno-Ugric language Flemish-speaking able to communicate in Flemish French-speaking able to communicate in French Gaelic-speaking able to communicate in Gaelic German-speaking able to communicate in German gesticulating making gestures while speaking; "her gesticulating hands and arms made words almost unnecessary" gestural being other than verbal communication; "the study of gestural communication"; "art like gesture is a form of nonverbal expression" used of the language of the deaf heraldic indicative of or announcing something to come; "the Beatles were heraldic of a new style of music" of or relating to heraldry Icelandic-speaking able to communicate in Icelandic Italian-speaking able to communicate in Italian Japanese-speaking able to communicate in Japanese Kannada-speaking able to communicate in Kannada Livonian-speaking able to communicate in Livonian nonverbal involving little use of language; "a nonverbal intelligence test" lacking verbal skill; "rural students often come from nonverbal backgrounds" openhearted freely communicative; candidly straightforward; "openhearted advice" Oscan-speaking able to communicate in Oscan outspoken given to expressing yourself freely or insistently; "outspoken in their opposition to segregation"; "a vocal assembly" Russian-speaking able to communicate in Russian Samoyedic-speaking able to communicate in Samoyedic Semitic-speaking able to communicate in a Semitic language Siouan-speaking able to communicate in a Siouan language Spanish-speaking able to communicate in Spanish Turkic-speaking able to communicate in Turkic verbal communicated in the form of words; "verbal imagery"; "a verbal protest" prolix; "you put me to forget a lady's manners by being so verbal"- Shakespeare relating to or having facility in the use of words; "a good poet is a verbal artist"; "a merely verbal writer who sacrifices content to sound"; "verbal aptitude" expressed in spoken words; "a verbal contract" of or relating to or formed from a verb; "verbal adjectives like `running' in `hot and cold running water'" of or relating to or formed from words in general; "verbal ability" yarn-spinning inclined to tell long and involved stories (often of incredible happenings) uncommunicative not inclined to talk or give information or express opinions deadpan deliberately impassive in manner; "deadpan humor"; "his face remained expressionless as the verdict was read" without betraying any feeling; "she told the joke deadpan" incommunicado without the means or right to communicate; "a prisoner held incommunicado"; "incommunicado political detainees" inexpressive not expressive; "an inexpressive face" unpronounceable very difficult to pronounce correctly; "an unpronounceable foreign word"; "unutterable consonant clusters" impossible or difficult to pronounce correctly clayey (used of soil) compact and fine-grained; "the clayey soil was heavy and easily saturated" close-packed packed especially tightly consolidated forming a solid mass impacted wedged or packed in together; "an impacted tooth" packed pressed together or compressed; "packed snow" serried (especially of rows as of troops or mountains) pressed together; "in serried ranks" loose not compact or dense in structure or arrangement; "loose gravel" (of a ball in sport) not in the possession or control of any player; "a loose ball" not tight; not closely constrained or constricted or constricting; "loose clothing"; "the large shoes were very loose" not carefully arranged in a package; "a box of loose nails" (of textures) full of small openings or gaps; "an open texture"; "a loose weave" not tense or taut; "the old man's skin hung loose and grey"; "slack and wrinkled skin"; "slack sails"; "a slack rope"; "a slack grip" without restraint; "cows in India are running loose" shifting (of soil) unstable; "shifting sands"; "unfirm earth" changing position or direction; "he drifted into the shifting crowd"; "their nervous shifting glances"; "shifty winds" continuously varying; "taffeta with shifting colors" silty full of silt; "silty soil" unconsolidated loose and unstratified; "unconsolidated soil" comparable able to be compared or worthy of comparison conforming in every respect; "boxes with corresponding dimensions"; "the like period of the preceding year" comparable with(p) similar in some respect and so able to be compared in order to show differences and similarities; "pianists of comparable ability"; "cars comparable with each other in terms of fuel consumption" comparable to(p) worthy of comparison; as good as; "at that moment nothing in the world seemed comparable to sleep" incomparable such that comparison is impossible; unsuitable for comparison or lacking features that can be compared; "an incomparable week of rest and pleasure"; "the computer proceeds with its incomparable logic and efficiency"; "this report is incomparable with the earlier ones because of different breakdowns of the data" all-time unsurpassed in some respect up to the present; "prices at an all-time high"; "morale at an all-time low"; "among the all-time great lefthanders" matchless eminent beyond or above comparison; "matchless beauty"; "the team's nonpareil center fielder"; "she's one girl in a million"; "the one and only Muhammad Ali"; "a peerless scholar"; "infamy unmatched in the Western world"; "wrote with unmatchable clarity"; "unrivaled mastery of her art" alone(p) radically distinctive and without equal; "he is alone in the field of microbiology"; "this theory is altogether alone in its penetration of the problem"; "Bach was unique in his handling of counterpoint"; "craftsmen whose skill is unequaled"; "unparalleled athletic ability"; "a breakdown of law unparalleled in our history" exclusive of anyone or anything else; "she alone believed him"; "cannot live by bread alone"; "I'll have this car and this car only" isolated from others; "could be alone in a crowded room"; "was alone with her thoughts"; "I want to be alone" lacking companions or companionship; "he was alone when we met him"; "she is alone much of the time"; "the lone skier on the mountain"; "a lonely fisherman stood on a tuft of gravel"; "a lonely soul"; "a solitary traveler" compassionate showing or having compassion; "heard the soft and compassionate voices of women" caring feeling and exhibiting concern and empathy for others; "caring friends" nurturant providing physical and emotional care and nourishment tenderhearted easily moved by another's distress; "a noble tenderhearted creature who sympathizes with all the human race"- W.M.Thackeray easily moved to love uncompassionate lacking compassion or feeling for others; "nor silver-shedding tears could penetrate her uncompassionate sire"- Shakespeare hardhearted devoid of feeling for others; "an unfeeling wretch" lacking in feeling or pity or warmth compatible able to exist and perform in harmonious or agreeable combination; "a compatible married couple"; "her deeds were compatible with her ideology" capable of being used with or connected to other devices or components without modification capable of forming a homogeneous mixture that neither separates nor is altered by chemical interaction congenial (used of plants) capable of cross-fertilization or of being grafted suitable to your needs; "a congenial atmosphere to work in"; "two congenial spirits united...by mutual confidence and reciprocal virtues"- T.L.Peacock congruous suitable or appropriate together corresponding in character or kind harmonious existing together in harmony; "harmonious family relationships" suitable and fitting; "the tailored clothes were harmonious with her military bearing" exhibiting equivalence or correspondence among constituents of an entity or between different entities musically pleasing incompatible not compatible; "incompatible personalities"; "incompatible colors" incapable of being used with or connected to other devices or components without modification used especially of solids or solutions; incapable of blending into a stable homogeneous mixture antagonistic incapable of harmonious association used especially of drugs or muscles that counteract or neutralize each other's effect arousing animosity or hostility; "his antagonistic brusqueness"; "Europe was antagonistic to the Unites States" characterized by antagonism or antipathy; "slaves antagonistic to their masters"; "antipathetic factions within the party" indicating opposition or resistance clashing sharply and harshly discordant; "clashing interests of loggers and conservationists"; "clashing colors" uncongenial used of plant stock or scions; incapable of being grafted not suitable to your tastes or needs; "the uncongenial roommates were always fighting"; "the task was uncongenial to one sensitive to rebuffs" miscible (chemistry, physics) capable of being mixed immiscible (chemistry, physics) incapable of mixing workmanlike worthy of a good workman; "a competent job"; "the book is a workmanlike job with chronology and bibliography and index" feckless generally incompetent and ineffectual; "feckless attempts to repair the plumbing"; "inept handling of the account" not fit to assume responsibility ineffective lacking the ability or skill to perform effectively; inadequate; "an ineffective administration"; "inefficient workers" not producing an intended effect; "an ineffective teacher"; "ineffective legislation" lacking in power or forcefulness; "an ineffectual ruler"; "like an unable phoenix in hot ashes" unworkmanlike not characteristic of or suitable for a good workman; "an unworkmanlike result"; "an unworkmanlike tool" emulous eager to surpass others characterized by or arising from emulation or imitation matched provided with a worthy adversary or competitor; "matched teams" going well together; possessing harmonizing qualities noncompetitive not involving competition or competitiveness; "noncompetitive positions"; "noncompetitive interest in games" monopolistic having exclusive control over a commercial activity by possession or legal grant uncompetitive not inclined to compete complaining(a) expressing pain or dissatisfaction of resentment; "a complaining boss" fretful habitually complaining; "a whiny child" protestant protesting uncomplaining not complaining; "uncomplaining courage" compressible capable of being compressed or made more compact; "compressible packing materials"; "a compressible box" capable of being easily compressed compressed reduced in volume by pressure; "compressed air" pressed tightly together; "with lips compressed" flattened laterally along the whole length (e.g., certain leafstalks or flatfishes) incompressible incapable of being compressed; resisting compression; "mounds of incompressible garbage" entire constituting the full quantity or extent; complete; "an entire town devastated by an earthquake"; "gave full attention"; "a total failure" (used of domestic animals) sexually competent; "an entire horse" (of leaves or petals) having a smooth edge; not broken up into teeth or lobes full-page occupying an entire page in a book or paper; "a full-page ad" livelong (of time) constituting the full extent or duration; "all the livelong day" undivided not separated into parts or shares; constituting an undivided unit; "an undivided interest in the property"; "a full share" not shared by or among others; "undivided responsibility" not parted by conflict of opinion; "presented an undivided front" fractional constituting or comprising a part or fraction of a possible whole or entirety; "a fractional share of the vote"; "a partial dose" divisional constituting a division or an aliquot part of the basic monetary unit; "American divisional (fractional) coins include the dime and the nickel"; "fractional currency is currency in denominations less than the basic monetary unit" serving to divide or marking a division; "the divisional line between two states" of or relating to a military division; "divisional artillery" fragmental consisting of small disconnected parts; "fragmentary remains" half(a) consisting of one of two equivalent parts in value or quantity; "a half chicken"; "lasted a half hour" partial; "gave me a half smile"; "he did only a half job" halfway including only half or a portion; "halfway measures" at a point midway between two extremes; "at the halfway mark" at half the distance; at the middle; "he was halfway down the ladder when he fell" waist-length (of clothing) extending only to the waist committed bound or obligated, as under a pledge to a particular cause, action, or attitude; "committed church members"; "a committed Marxist" bound up deeply devoted to; "bound up in her teaching"; "is wrapped up in his family" closely or inseparably connected or associated with; "his career is bound up with the fortunes of the enterprise" pledged bound by or as if by an oath; "according to an early tradition became his sworn brother"; "sworn enemies" uncommitted not bound or pledged fancy-free having no commitments or responsibilities; carefree; "a fancy-free bachelor" floating(a) not definitely committed to a party or policy; "floating voters" (of a part of the body) not firmly connected; movable or out of normal position; "floating ribs are not connected with the sternum"; "a floating kidney" undecided not yet having made a commitment; "undecided voters" dedicated devoted to a cause or ideal or purpose; "a dedicated dancer"; "dedicated teachers"; "dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal"- A.Lincoln devoted(p) (followed by `to') dedicated exclusively to a purpose or use; "large sums devoted to the care of the poor"; "a life devoted to poetry" devoted zealous in devotion or affection; "a devoted husband and father"; "devoted friends" sacred (often followed by `to') devoted exclusively to a single use or purpose or person; "a fund sacred to charity"; "a morning hour sacred to study"; "a private office sacred to the President" concerned with religion or religious purposes; "sacred texts"; "sacred rites"; "sacred music" worthy of respect or dedication; "saw motherhood as woman's sacred calling" undedicated not dedicated; "the playground has been completed but is still undedicated" accomplished successfully completed or brought to an end; "his mission accomplished he took a vacation"; "the completed project"; "the joy of a realized ambition overcame him" settled securely and unconditionally; "that smoking causes health problems is an accomplished fact" highly skilled; "an accomplished pianist"; "a complete musician" all completely given to or absorbed by; "became all attention" all-or-none occurring completely or not occurring at all all-out using all available resources; "all-out war"; "a full-scale campaign against nuclear power plants" allover covering the entire surface; "an allover pattern"; "got an allover tan" completed caught; "a completed forward pass" (of a marriage) completed by the first act of sexual intercourse after the ceremony dead(a) the complete stoppage of an action; "came to a dead stop" not circulating or flowing; "dead air"; "dead water"; "stagnant water" exhaustive performed comprehensively and completely; not superficial or partial; "an exhaustive study"; "made a thorough search"; "thoroughgoing research" fleshed out given substance or detail; completed; "did not spring full-clad from his imagination"; "a plan fleshed out with statistics and details" full-blown having or displaying all the characteristics necessary for completeness; "a full-blown financial crisis" fully ripe; at the height of bloom; "a full-blown rose" full-dress complete in every respect; "a full-dress debate"; "a full-dress investigation" suitable for formal occasions; "formal wear"; "a full-dress uniform"; "dress shoes" hearty without reservation; "hearty support" consuming abundantly and with gusto; "a hearty (or healthy) appetite" endowed with or exhibiting great bodily or mental health; "a hearty glow of health" showing warm and heartfelt friendliness; "gave us a cordial reception"; "a hearty welcome" providing abundant nourishment; "a hearty meal"; "good solid food"; "ate a substantial breakfast"; "four square meals a day" self-contained constituting a complete and independent unit in and of itself; "the university is like a self-contained city with shops and all amenities" stand-alone capable of operating independently incomplete not complete or total; not completed; "an incomplete account of his life"; "political consequences of incomplete military success"; "an incomplete forward pass" not yet finished; "his thesis is still incomplete"; "an uncompleted play" neither not either; not one or the other partial being or affecting only a part; not total; "a partial description of the suspect"; "partial collapse"; "a partial eclipse"; "a partial monopoly"; "partial immunity" showing favoritism rudimentary being in the earliest stages of development; "rudimentary plans" sketchy giving only major points; lacking completeness; "a sketchy account"; "details of the plan remain sketchy" uncompleted not caught or not caught within bounds; "an uncompleted pass" comprehensive including all or everything; "comprehensive coverage"; "a comprehensive history of the revolution"; "a comprehensive survey"; "a comprehensive education" broad in scope; "a comprehensive survey of world affairs" across-the-board broad in scope or content; "across-the-board pay increases"; "an all-embracing definition"; "blanket sanctions against human-rights violators"; "an invention with broad applications"; "a panoptic study of Soviet nationality"- T.G.Winner; "granted him wide powers" all-around(a) many-sided; "an all-around athlete"; "a well-rounded curriculum" citywide occurring or extending throughout a city; "citywide bussing"; "a citywide strike" countywide occurring or extending throughout a county; "a countywide war on drugs"; "countywide elections" countrywide occurring or extending throughout a country or nation; "the event aroused nationwide interest"; "a countrywide fund-raising campaign" door-to-door omitting no one; from the door of one house to that of the next; "a door-to-door campaign"; "house-to-house coverage" (of e.g. journeys or deliveries) direct from point of origin to point of destination; "the limousine offers door-to-door service" encyclopedic comprehensive in scope or content (as an encyclopedia); "encyclopedic knowledge" omnibus(a) providing for many things at once; "an omnibus law" plenary full in all respects; "a plenary session of the legislature"; "a diplomat with plenary powers" spatiotemporal existing in both space and time; having both spatial extension and temporal duration of or relating to space and time together (having both spatial extension and temporal duration); "spatiotemporal coherence" schoolwide occurring or extending throughout a school; "schoolwide support for the team" statewide occurring or extending throughout a state; "the statewide recycling program" super including more than a specified category; "a super experiment" extremely large; "another super skyscraper" noncomprehensive not comprehensive limited including only a part not unlimited; "a limited list of choices" having a specific function or scope; "a special (or specific) role in the mission" small in range or scope; "limited war"; "a limited success"; "a limited circle of friends" not excessive mediocre composed serenely self-possessed and free from agitation especially in times of stress; "the performer seemed completely composed as she stepped onto the stage"; "I felt calm and more composed than I had in a long time" imperturbable not easily perturbed or excited or upset; marked by extreme calm and composure; "hitherto imperturbable, he now showed signs of alarm"; "an imperturbable self-possession"; "unflappable in a crisis" collected in full control of your faculties; "the witness remained collected throughout the cross-examination"; "perfectly poised and sure of himself"; "more self-contained and more dependable than many of the early frontiersmen"; "strong and self-possessed in the face of trouble" brought together in one place; "the collected works of Milton"; "the gathered folds of the skirt" unflurried free from emotional agitation or nervous tension; "the waiters were unflurried and good natured"; "with contented mind and unruffled spirit"- Anthony Trollope discomposed having your composure disturbed; "looked about with a wandering and discomposed air" abashed feeling or caused to feel ill at ease or self-conscious or ashamed; "felt abashed at the extravagant praise"; "chagrined at the poor sales of his book"; "was embarrassed by her child's tantrums" bothered caused to show discomposure; "refused to be fazed by the objections" discombobulated having self-possession upset; thrown into confusion; "the hecklers pelted the discombobulated speaker with anything that came to hand"; "looked at each other dumbly, quite disconcerted"- G.B.Shaw flustered thrown into a state of agitated confusion; (`rattled' is an informal term) unstrung emotionally upset; "the incident left him unstrung and incapable of rational effort" comprehensible capable of being comprehended or understood; "an idea comprehensible to the average mind" apprehensible capable of being apprehended or understood fathomable (of meaning) capable of being penetrated or comprehended (of depth) capable of being sounded or measured for depth incomprehensible difficult to understand; "the most incomprehensible thing about the universe is that it is comprehensible"- A. Einstein unfathomable incapable of being fully understood of depth; not capable of being sounded or measured impenetrable impossible to understand; "impenetrable jargon" not admitting of penetration or passage into or through; "an impenetrable fortress"; "impenetrable rain forests" indecipherable impossible to determine the meaning of; "an indecipherable message" not easily deciphered; "indecipherable handwriting" lost not caught with the senses or the mind; "words lost in the din" no longer in your possession or control; unable to be found or recovered; "a lost child"; "lost friends"; "his lost book"; "lost opportunities" spiritually or physically doomed or destroyed; "lost souls"; "a lost generation"; "a lost ship"; "the lost platoon" not gained or won; "a lost battle"; "a lost prize" incapable of being recovered or regained; "his lost honor" concave curving inward acetabular of the cup-shaped socket that receives the head of the thigh bone biconcave concave on both sides boat-shaped having a concave shape like a boat bowl-shaped having a concave shape with an open top like a bowl bursiform shaped like a pouch concavo-convex concave on one side and convex on the other with the concavity being greater than the convexity cuplike resembling the shape of a cup cupular shaped like (or supporting) a cupule dished shaped like a dish or pan planoconcave flat on one side and concave on the other recessed resembling an alcove saucer-shaped having a concave shape like a saucer umbilicate depressed like a navel urn-shaped having a concave shape like an urn convex curving or bulging outward bell-shaped having a convex shape that resembles a bell biconvex convex on both sides; shaped like a lentil broken-backed (of a ship) so weakened as to sag at each end having the spine damaged; "a broken-backed book"; "a broken-backed old horse" (of a horse) having bones of the back united by a bony growth convexo-concave convex on one side and concave on the other with the convexity being greater than the concavity gibbous (used of the moon) more than half full helmet-shaped having the convex shape of a helmet planoconvex flat on one side and convex on the other umbellate resembling an umbel in form bearing or consisting of or resembling umbels concentrated gathered together or made less diffuse; "their concentrated efforts"; "his concentrated attention"; "concentrated study"; "a narrow thread of concentrated ore" of or relating to a solution whose dilution has been reduced intensely focused; "her concentrated passion held them at bay" bunchy occurring close together in bunches or clusters cumulous thrown together in a pile; "a desk heaped with books"; "heaped-up ears of corn"; "ungraded papers piled high" single(a) not divided among or brought to bear on more than one object or objective; "judging a contest with a single eye"; "a single devotion to duty"; "undivided affection"; "gained their exclusive attention" having uniform application; "a single legal code for all" thickset planted or growing close together; "thickset trees" distributed spread out or scattered about or divided up apportioned given out in portions diffused (of light rays) subjected to scattering by reflection from a rough surface or transmission through a translucent material; "diffused light" dispensed distributed or weighted out in carefully determined portions; "medicines dispensed to the sick" dispersed distributed or spread over a considerable extent; "has ties with many widely dispersed friends"; "eleven million Jews are spread throughout Europe" divided distributed in portions (often equal) on the basis of a plan or purpose having a median strip or island between lanes of traffic moving in opposite directions; "a divided highway" separated into parts or pieces; "opinions are divided" fanned especially spread in a fan shape; "the peacock's fanned tail"; "the spread-out cards" low-density(a) having low concentration; "low-density urban areas" rationed distributed equitably in limited individual portions; "got along as best we could on rationed meat and sugar" scattered occurring or distributed over widely spaced and irregular intervals in time or space; "scattered showers"; "scattered villages" separated spaced apart sparse not dense; "a thin beard"; "trees were sparse" splashed (of a fluid) having been propelled about in flying drops or masses; "with clothes wet by splashed water" straggly growing or spreading sparsely or irregularly; "straggly ivy" unfocused not concentrated at one point or upon one objective; "diversity...in our huge unfocused country"- Owen Wister (of an image) not being in or brought into focus; "at their edges things were pretty much unfocused" concentric having a common center; "concentric rings" coaxial having a common axis acentric not centered or having no center lacking a centromere; "an acentric chromosome fragment" off-center situated away from the center or axis concerned feeling or showing worry or solicitude; "concerned parents of youthful offenders"; "was concerned about the future"; "we feel concerned about accomplishing the task at hand"; "greatly concerned not to disappoint a small child" involved in or affected by or having a claim to or share in; "a memorandum to those concerned"; "an enterprise in which three men are concerned"; "factors concerned in the rise and fall of epidemics"; "the interested parties met to discuss the business" afraid filled with regret or concern; used often to soften an unpleasant statement; "I'm afraid I won't be able to come"; "he was afraid he would have to let her go"; "I'm afraid you're wrong" feeling worry or concern or insecurity; "She was afraid that I might be embarrassed"; "terribly afraid of offending someone"; "I am afraid we have witnessed only the first phase of the conflict" having feelings of aversion or unwillingness; "afraid of hard work"; "afraid to show emotion" haunted having or showing excessive or compulsive concern with something; "became more and more haunted by the stupid riddle"; "was absolutely obsessed with the girl"; "got no help from his wife who was preoccupied with the children"; "he was taken up in worry for the old woman" inhabited by or as if by apparitions; "a haunted house" showing emotional affliction or disquiet; "her expression became progressively more haunted" unconcerned lacking in interest or care or feeling; "the average American...is unconcerned that his or her plight is the result of a complex of personal and economic and governmental actions...beyond the normal citizen's comprehension and control"; "blithely unconcerned about his friend's plight" not occupied or engaged with; "readers unconcerned with style" easy in mind; not worried; "the prisoner seems entirely unconcerned as to the outcome of the examination" blase nonchalantly unconcerned; "a blase attitude about housecleaning" uninterested because of frequent exposure or indulgence; "his blase indifference"; "a petulant blase air"; "the bored gaze of the successful film star" very sophisticated especially because of surfeit; versed in the ways of the world; "the blase traveler refers to the ocean he has crossed as `the pond'"; "the benefits of his worldly wisdom" degage showing lack of emotional involvement; "adopted a degage pose on the arm of the easy chair"- J.S.Perelman; "she may be detached or even unfeeling but at least she's not hypocritically effusive"; "an uninvolved bystander" free and relaxed in manner; "rather degage after the nervousness he had shown at dinner"- Edmund Wilson indifferent showing no care or concern in attitude or action; "indifferent to the sufferings of others"; "indifferent to her plea" neither too great nor too little; "a couple of indifferent hills to climb" being neither good nor bad; "an indifferent performance"; "a gifted painter but an indifferent actor"; "her work at the office is passable"; "a so-so golfer"; "feeling only so-so"; "prepared a tolerable dinner"; "a tolerable working knowledge of French" characterized by a lack of partiality; "a properly indifferent jury"; "an unbiased account of her family problems" marked by no especial liking or dislike or preference for one thing over another; "indifferent about which book you would give them"; "was indifferent to their acceptance or rejection of her invitation" fairly poor to not very good; "has an indifferent singing voice"; "has indifferent qualifications for the job" concise expressing much in few words; "a concise explanation" aphoristic terse and witty and like a maxim; "much given to apothegmatic instruction" compendious briefly giving the gist of something; "a short and compendious book"; "a compact style is brief and pithy"; "succinct comparisons"; "a summary formulation of a wide-ranging subject" crisp brief and to the point; effectively cut short; "a crisp retort"; "a response so curt as to be almost rude"; "the laconic reply; `yes'"; "short and terse and easy to understand" (of something seen or heard) clearly defined; "a sharp photographic image"; "the sharp crack of a twig"; "the crisp snap of dry leaves underfoot" (of hair) in small tight curls pleasingly firm and fresh; "crisp lettuce" pleasantly cold and invigorating; "crisp clear nights and frosty mornings"; "a nipping wind"; "a nippy fall day"; "snappy weather" tender and brittle; "crisp potato chips" cryptic having a puzzling terseness; "a cryptic note" of an obscure nature; "the new insurance policy is written without cryptic or mysterious terms"; "a deep dark secret"; "the inscrutable workings of Providence"; "in its mysterious past it encompasses all the dim origins of life"- Rachel Carson; "rituals totally mystifying to visitors from other lands" elliptic characterized by extreme economy of expression or omission of superfluous elements; "the dialogue is elliptic and full of dark hints"; "the explanation was concise, even elliptical to the verge of obscurity"- H.O.Taylor (of a leaf shape) in the form of an ellipse pithy concise and full of meaning; "welcomed her pithy comments"; "the peculiarly sardonic and sententious style in which Don Luis composed his epigrams"- Hervey Allen telegraphic having the style of a telegram with many short words left out; "telegraphic economy of words"; "the strange telegraphic speech of some aphasics" of or relating to or transmitted by telegraph; "a telegraphic machine"; "telegraphic news reports" prolix tediously prolonged or tending to speak or write at great length; "editing a prolix manuscript"; "a prolix lecturer telling you more than you want to know" long-winded using or containing too many words; "long-winded (or windy) speakers"; "verbose and ineffective instructional methods"; "newspapers of the day printed long wordy editorials"; "proceedings were delayed by wordy disputes" pleonastic repetition of same sense in different words; "`a true fact' and `a free gift' are pleonastic expressions"; "the phrase `a beginner who has just started' is tautological"; "at the risk of being redundant I return to my original proposition"- J.B.Conant conclusive forming an end or termination; especially putting an end to doubt or question; "conclusive proof"; "the evidence is conclusive" definitive supplying or being a final or conclusive settlement; "a definitive verdict"; "a determinate answer to the problem" clearly defined or formulated; "the plain and unequivocal language of the laws"- R.B.Taney inconclusive not conclusive; not putting an end to doubt or question; "an inconclusive reply"; "inconclusive evidence"; "the inconclusive committee vote" equivocal uncertain as a sign or indication; "the evidence from bacteriologic analysis was equivocal" open to two or more interpretations; or of uncertain nature or significance; or (often) intended to mislead; "an equivocal statement"; "the polling had a complex and equivocal (or ambiguous) message for potential female candidates"; "the officer's equivocal behavior increased the victim's uneasiness"; "popularity is an equivocal crown"; "an equivocal response to an embarrassing question" open to question; "aliens of equivocal loyalty"; "his conscience reproached him with the equivocal character of the union into which he had forced his son"-Anna Jameson indeterminate not leading to a definite ending or result; "an indeterminate campaign" (of a quantity) having no definite value, as an equation that cannot be solved; "0/0 is an indeterminate form" not precisely determined or established; not fixed or known in advance; "of indeterminate age"; "a zillion is a large indeterminate number"; "an indeterminate point of law"; "the influence of environment is indeterminate"; "an indeterminate future" having a capacity for continuing to grow at the apex; "an indeterminate stem" of uncertain or ambiguous nature; "the equivocal (or indeterminate) objects painted by surrealists" neck and neck inconclusive as to outcome; close or just even in a race or comparison or competition; "as they approached the finish line they were neck and neck"; "the election was a nip and tuck affair" even or close in a race or competition or comparison; "the horses ran neck and neck"; "he won nip and tuck" nisi not final or absolute; "the decree is nisi and not absolute" consummated brought to completion; "a consummated transaction" fulfilled completed to perfection unconsummated not consummated (especially of a marriage); "an unconsummated marriage can be annulled" coordinating(a) serving to connect two grammatical constituents of identical construction; "`and' in `John and Mary' or in `John walked and Mary rode' is a coordinating conjunction; and so is `or' in `will you go or stay?'" subordinating(a) serving to connect a subordinate clause to a main clause; "`when' in `I will come when I can' is a subordinating conjunction" accordant being in agreement or harmony; often followed by `with'; "a place perfectly accordant with man's nature"-Thomas Hardy in keeping; "salaries agreeable with current trends"; "plans conformable with your wishes"; "expressed views concordant with his background" concordant being of the same opinion consensual existing by consent; "a consensual contract" consentaneous in complete agreement; "a unanimous decision" discordant not in agreement or harmony; "views discordant with present-day ideas" lacking in harmony at variance(p) not in accord; "desires at variance with his duty"; "widely discrepant statements" dissentious dissenting (especially dissenting with the majority opinion) contracted reduced in size or pulled together; "the contracted pupils of her eyes" contractile capable of contracting or being contracted; "the contractile wings of an insect" expanded increased in extent or size or bulk or scope atrophied (of an organ or body part) diminished in size or strength as a result of disease or injury or lack of use; "partial paralysis resulted in an atrophied left arm" hypertrophied (of an organ or body part) excessively enlarged as a result of increased size in the constituent cells; "hypertrophied myocardial fibers" conditional imposing or depending on or containing a condition; "conditional acceptance of the terms"; "lent conditional support"; "the conditional sale will not be complete until the full purchase price is paid" qualified by reservations counterfactual going counter to the facts (usually as a hypothesis) probationary under terms not final or fully worked out or agreed upon; "probationary employees"; "a provisional government"; "just a tentative schedule" provisory subject to a proviso; "a provisory clause" unconditional not conditional; "unconditional surrender" not contingent; not determined or influenced by someone or something else vested fixed and absolute and without contingency; "a vested right" enforceable capable of being enforced unenforceable not enforceable; not capable of being brought about by compulsion; "an unenforceable law"; "unenforceable reforms" enforced forced or compelled or put in force; "a life of enforced inactivity"; "enforced obedience" unenforced not enforced; not compelled especially by legal or police action; "too many unenforced laws can breed contempt for law" conductive having the quality or power of conducting heat or electricity or sound; exhibiting conductivity semiconducting having characteristics of a semiconductor; that is having electrical conductivity greater than insulators but less than good conductors nonconductive not able to conduct heat or electricity or sound confined not free to move about not invading healthy tissue pent closely confined snowbound confined or shut in by heavy snow stormbound delayed or confined or cut off by a storm; "the airport was filled with stormbound passengers" weather-bound delayed or shut in by bad weather; "weather-bound traffic"; "irritable weather-bound children" unconfined not confined free from confinement or physical restraint free-range of livestock and domestic poultry; permitted to graze or forage rather than being confined to a feedlot crowded overfilled or compacted or concentrated; "a crowded theater"; "a crowded program"; "crowded trains"; "a young mother's crowded days" huddled crowded or massed together; "give me...your huddled masses"; "the huddled sheep turned their backs against the wind" jammed extremely crowed or filled to capacity; "a suitcase jammed with dirty clothes"; "stands jam-packed with fans"; "a packed theater" thronged filled with great numbers crowded together; "I try to avoid the thronged streets and stores just before Christmas" uncrowded having or allowing sufficient room; "an uncrowded train"; "an uncrowded view" congruent coinciding when superimposed coincident matching point for point; "coincident circles" occurring or operating at the same time; "a series of coincident events" incongruent not congruent incongruous lacking in harmony or compatibility or appropriateness; "a plan incongruous with reason"; "incongruous behavior"; "a joke that was incongruous with polite conversation" discrepant not in agreement not compatible with other facts inharmonious lacking in harmony of parts; "an inharmonious (or incongruous) mixture of architectural styles" not in harmony ironic characterized by often poignant difference or incongruity between what is expected and what actually is; "madness, an ironic fate for such a clear thinker"; "it was ironical that the well-planned scheme failed so completely" conjunctive serving or tending to connect copulative syntactically connecting sentences or elements of a sentence; "`and' is a copulative conjunction" connective connecting or tending to connect; "connective remarks between chapters"; "connective tissue in animals"; "conjunctive tissue in plants" disjunctive serving or tending to divide or separate adversative expressing antithesis or opposition; "the adversative conjunction `but' in `poor but happy'" alternative necessitating a choice between mutually exclusive possibilities; "alternative possibilities were neutrality or war" pertaining to unconventional choices; "an alternative life style" contrastive syntactically establishing a relation of contrast between sentences or elements of a sentence; "disjunctive conjunctions like `but', `or', or `though' serve a contrastive function" of words so related that one contrasts with the other; "`rich' and `hard-up' are contrastive terms" conjunct progressing melodically by intervals of a second; "conjunct motion of an ascending scale" bound in close association; "conjunct influences"; "conjunct ideas" disjunct progressing melodically by intervals larger than a major second used of distributions, as of statistical or natural populations; "disjunct distribution of king crabs" marked by separation of or from usually contiguous elements; "little isolated worlds, as abruptly disjunct and unexpected as a palm-shaded well in the Sahara"- Scientific Monthly having deep constrictions separating head, thorax, and abdomen, as in insects connected joined or linked together plugged in; "first check to see whether the appliance is connected" wired together to an alarm system; "all the window alarms are connected" adjunctive joining; forming an adjunct affined closely related; "syllable to blessed syllable affined"- Wallace Stevens conterminous connecting without a break; within a common boundary; "the 48 conterminous states"; "the contiguous 48 states" coupled connected by a link, as railway cars or trailer trucks well-connected connected by blood or close acquaintance with people of wealth or social position; "a well-connected Edinburgh family" unconnected not joined or linked together not connected by birth or family apart(p) remote and separate physically or socially; "existed over the centuries as a world apart"; "preserved because they inhabited a place apart"- W.H.Hudson; "tiny isolated villages remote from centers of civilization"; "an obscure village" having characteristics not shared by others; "scientists felt they were a group apart"- Vannever Bush asternal not connected to the sternum or breastbone; "asternal ribs" disjoined have the connection undone; having become separate exploded showing the parts of something separated but in positions that show their correct relation to one another; "the manufacturer provided an exploded view of the apparatus" uncoupled having the coupling undone; "the uncoupled caboose rolled down the incline" conquerable subject to being conquered or overcome; "knew her fears were ultimately conquerable" capable of being surmounted or excelled beatable susceptible to being defeated subduable susceptible to being subjugated unconquerable not capable of being conquered or vanquished or overcome; "a tribute to his courage...and his unconquerable will"- R.E.Danielson; "faced unconquerable difficulties" impregnable incapable of being overcome, challenged or refuted; "an impregnable argument"; "impregnable self-confidence" immune to attack; incapable of being tampered with; "an impregnable fortress"; "fortifications that made the frontier inviolable"; "a secure telephone connection" indomitable impossible to subdue insuperable impossible to surmount incapable of being surmounted or excelled; "insuperable odds"; "insuperable heroes" invincible incapable of being overcome or subdued; "an invincible army"; "her invincible spirit" all-victorious never having lost conscious knowing and perceiving; having awareness of surroundings and sensations and thoughts; "remained conscious during the operation"; "conscious of his faults"; "became conscious that he was being followed" intentionally conceived; "a conscious effort to speak more slowly"; "a conscious policy" semiconscious partially conscious; not completely aware of sensations unconscious not conscious; lacking awareness and the capacity for sensory perception as if asleep or dead; "lay unconscious on the floor" without conscious volition comatose in a state of deep and usually prolonged unconsciousness; unable to respond to external stimuli; "a comatose patient" relating to or associated with a coma; "comatose breathing"; "comatose state" insensible unresponsive to stimulation; "he lay insensible where he had fallen"; "drugged and senseless" incapable of physical sensation; "insensible to pain"; "insensible earth" knocked out(p) knocked unconscious by a heavy blow semicomatose in a state of partial coma subconscious just below the level of consciousness consecrated solemnly dedicated to or set apart for a high or sacred purpose; "a life consecrated to science"; "the consecrated chapel"; "a chapel dedicated to the dead of World War II" made or declared or believed to be holy; devoted to a deity or some religious ceremony or use; "a consecrated church"; "the sacred mosque"; "sacred elephants"; "sacred bread and wine"; "sanctified wine" ordained invested with ministerial or priestly functions; "an ordained priest" votive dedicated in fulfillment of a vow; "votive prayers" desecrated treated with disrespect and contempt; "many desecrated shrines and cemeteries" deconsecrated divested of consecration profaned treated irreverently or sacrilegiously priestly befitting or characteristic of a priest or the priesthood; "priestly dedication to the people of his parish" associated with the priesthood or priests; "priestly (or sacerdotal) vestments"; "hieratic gestures" unpriestly not priestly; unbefitting a priest; "unpriestly behavior" blimpish pompously ultraconservative and nationalistic buttoned-up conservative in professional manner; "employers are looking for buttoned-up types" (British colloquial) not inclined to conversation fusty old-fashioned and out of date stale and unclean smelling hidebound stubbornly conservative and narrow-minded ultraconservative extremely conservative civil-libertarian having or showing active concern for protection of civil liberties protected by law liberalistic having or demonstrating belief in the essential goodness of man and the autonomy of the individual; favoring civil and political liberties, government by law with the consent of the governed, and protection from arbitrary authority socialized under group or government control; "socialized ownership"; "socialized medicine" welfarist of or relating to a welfare state consistent (sometimes followed by `with') in agreement or consistent or reliable; "testimony consistent with the known facts"; "I have decided that the course of conduct which I am following is consistent with my sense of responsibility as president in time of war"- FDR the same throughout in structure or composition; "bituminous coal is often treated as a consistent and homogeneous product" pursuant(p) (followed by `to') in conformance to or agreement with; "pursuant to our agreement"; "pursuant to the dictates of one's conscience" reconciled made compatible or consistent self-consistent not self-contradictory unchanging conforming to the same principles or course of action over time inconsistent displaying a lack of consistency; "inconsistent statements cannot both be true at the same time"; "inconsistent with the roadmap" not capable of being made consistent or harmonious; "inconsistent accounts" at odds(p) in disagreement; "the figures are at odds with our findings"; "contradictory attributes of unjust justice and loving vindictiveness"- John Morley spotty lacking consistency; "the golfer hit the ball well but his putting was spotty" unconformable not correspondent; "a description unconformable to previous accounts" unreconciled not made consistent or compatible; "two unreconciled accountings" conspicuous obvious to the eye or mind; "a tower conspicuous at a great distance"; "wore conspicuous neckties"; "made herself conspicuous by her exhibitionistic preening" big conspicuous in position or importance; "a big figure in the movement"; "big man on campus"; "he's very large in financial circles"; "a prominent citizen" given or giving freely; "was a big tipper"; "the bounteous goodness of God"; "bountiful compliments"; "a freehanded host"; "a handsome allowance"; "Saturday's child is loving and giving"; "a liberal backer of the arts"; "a munificent gift"; "her fond and openhanded grandfather" generous and understanding and tolerant; "a heart big enough to hold no grudges"; "that's very big of you to be so forgiving"; "a large and generous spirit"; "a large heart"; "magnanimous toward his enemies" marked by intense physical force; "a big wind" significant; "graduation was a big day in his life" loud and firm; "a big voice"; "big bold piano sounds" feeling self-importance; "too big for his britches"; "had a swelled head"; "he was swelled with pride" in a major way; "the play failed big at the box office" on a grand scale; "think big" extremely well; "his performance went over big" crying(a) conspicuously and outrageously bad or reprehensible; "a crying shame"; "an egregious lie"; "flagrant violation of human rights"; "a glaring error"; "gross ineptitude"; "gross injustice"; "rank treachery" in evidence clearly to be seen; "they were much in evidence during the fighting"; "she made certain that her engagement ring was in evidence" marked singled out for notice or especially for a dire fate; "a marked man" strongly marked; easily noticeable; "walked with a marked limp"; "a pronounced flavor of cinnamon" having or as if having an identifying mark or a mark as specified; often used in combination; "played with marked cards"; "a scar-marked face"; "well-marked roads" outstanding having a quality that thrusts itself into attention; "an outstanding fact of our time is that nations poisoned by anti semitism proved less fortunate in regard to their own freedom"; "a new theory is the most prominent feature of the book"; "salient traits"; "a spectacular rise in prices"; "a striking thing about Picadilly Circus is the statue of Eros in the center"; "a striking resemblance between parent and child" owed as a debt; "outstanding bills"; "the amount still owed"; "undischarged debts" distinguished from others in excellence; "did outstanding work in human relations"; "an outstanding war record" inconspicuous not prominent or readily noticeable; "he pushed the string through an inconspicuous hole"; "the invisible man" discernible perceptible by the senses or intellect; "things happen in the earth and sky with no discernible cause"; "the newspaper reports no discernible progress in the negotiations"; "the skyline is easily discernible even at a distance of several miles" capable of being seen or noticed; "a discernible change in attitude"; "a clearly evident erasure in the manuscript"; "an observable change in behavior" capable of being perceived clearly; "an essay with a meaning that was not always discernible" indiscernible difficult or impossible to perceive or discern; "an indiscernible increase in temperature" barely able to be perceived; "the transition was almost indiscernible"; "an almost insensible change" distinguishable capable of being perceived as different or distinct; "only the shine of their metal was distinguishable in the gloom"; "a project distinguishable into four stages of progress"; "distinguishable differences between the twins" differentiable capable of being perceived as different; "differentiable species" possessing a differential coefficient or derivative discriminable capable of being discriminated; "discriminable faults" indistinguishable not capable of being distinguished or differentiated; "the two specimens are actually different from each other but the differences are almost indistinguishable"; "the twins were indistinguishable"; "a colorless person quite indistinguishable from the colorless mass of humanity" steadfast firm and dependable especially in loyalty; "a steadfast ally"; "a staunch defender of free speech"; "unswerving devotion"; "unswerving allegiance" unfailing unceasing; "unfailing loyalty"; "unfailing good spirits"; "unflagging courtesy" always able to supply more; "an unfailing source of good stories"; "a subject of unfailing interest" inconstant likely to change frequently often without apparent or cogent reason; variable; "inconstant affections"; "an inconstant lover"; "swear not by...the inconstant moon"- Shakespeare false (used especially of persons) not dependable in devotion or affection; unfaithful; "a false friend"; "when lovers prove untrue" arising from error; "a false assumption"; "a mistaken view of the situation" inaccurate in pitch; "a false (or sour) note"; "her singing was off key" designed to deceive; "a suitcase with a false bottom" deliberately deceptive; "false pretenses" not in accordance with the fact or reality or actuality; "gave false testimony under oath"; "false tales of bravery" erroneous and usually accidental; "a false start"; "a false alarm" fickle marked by erratic changeableness in affections or attachments; "fickle friends"; "a flirt's volatile affections" constructive constructing or tending to construct or improve or promote development; "constructive criticism"; "a constructive attitude"; "a constructive philosophy"; "constructive permission" emphasizing what is laudable or hopeful or to the good; "constructive criticism" creative promoting construction or creation; "creative work" having the ability or power to create; "a creative imagination" inferential based on interpretation; not directly expressed derived or capable of being derived by inference of reasoning; proceeding from general premisses to a necessary and specific conclusion relating to or having the nature of illation or inference; "the illative faculty of the mind" reconstructive helping to restore to good condition; "reconstructive surgery"; "rehabilitative exercises" structural concerned with systematic structure in a particular field of study affecting or involved in structure or construction; "the structural details of a house such as beams and joists and rafters; not ornamental elements"; "structural damage" relating to or having or characterized by structure; "structural engineer"; "structural errors"; "structural simplicity" relating to or caused by structure, especially political or economic structure; "structural unemployment in a technological society" destructive causing destruction or much damage; "a policy that is destructive to the economy"; "destructive criticism" annihilative wreaking or capable of wreaking complete destruction; "possessing annihilative power"; "a devastating hurricane"; "the guns opened a withering fire" blasting causing injury or blight; especially affecting with sudden violence or plague or ruin; "the blasting effects of the intense cold on the budding fruit"; "the blasting force of the wind blowing sharp needles of sleet in our faces"; "a ruinous war" cataclysmal severely destructive; "cataclysmic nuclear war"; "a cataclysmic earthquake" crushing physically or spiritually devastating; often used in combination; "a crushing blow"; "a crushing rejection"; "bone-crushing" damaging designed or tending to discredit, especially without positive or helpful suggestions; "negative criticism" (sometimes followed by `to') causing harm or injury; "damaging to career and reputation"; "the reporter's coverage resulted in prejudicial publicity for the defendant" erosive wearing away by friction; "the erosive effects of waves on the shoreline" iconoclastic destructive of images used in religious worship; said of religions, such as Islam, in which the representation of living things is prohibited characterized by attack on established beliefs or institutions soul-destroying destructive to the spirit or soul; "soul-destroying labor" wasteful laying waste; "when wasteful war shall statues overturn"- Shakespeare tending to squander and waste contented satisfied or showing satisfaction with things as they are; "a contented smile" complacent contented to a fault with oneself or one's actions; "he had become complacent after years of success"; "his self-satisfied dignity" satisfied filled with satisfaction; "a satisfied customer" smug marked by excessive complacency or self-satisfaction; "a smug glow of self-congratulation" discontented showing or experiencing dissatisfaction or restless longing; "saw many discontent faces in the room"; "was discontented with his position" disaffected discontented as toward authority disgruntled in a state of sulky dissatisfaction restless worried and uneasy ceaselessly in motion; "the restless sea"; "the restless wind" lacking or not affording physical or mental rest; "a restless night"; "she fell into an uneasy sleep" contestable capable of being contested challengeable capable of being challenged debatable capable of being disproved open to doubt or debate; "If you ever get married, which seems to be extremely problematic" shakable capable of being weakened; "the crisis proved his confidence was shakable" incontestable incapable of being contested or disputed not open to question; obviously true; "undeniable guilt"; "indisputable evidence of a witness" demonstrable necessarily or demonstrably true; "demonstrable truths" capable of being demonstrated or proved; "obvious lies"; "a demonstrable lack of concern for the general welfare"; "practical truth provable to all men"- Walter Bagehot demonstrated having been demonstrated or verified beyond doubt inarguable against which no argument can be made unassailable without flaws or loopholes; "an ironclad contract"; "a watertight alibi"; "a bulletproof argument" impossible to assail unanswerable impossible to answer; "an unanswerable argument" incontinent not having control over urination and defecation leaky used informally; unable to retain urine permitting the unwanted passage of fluids or gases; "a leaky roof"; "a leaky defense system" continual recurring regularly or frequently in a prolonged and closely spaced series; "the continual banging of the shutters" having no interruptions; "`continual' is often used interchangeably with `continuous'" insistent repetitive and persistent; "the bluejay's insistent cry" running(a) continually repeated over a period of time; "a running joke among us" (of e.g. a machine) performing or capable of performing; "in running (or working) order"; "a functional set of brakes" executed or initiated by running; "running plays worked better than pass plays"; "took a running jump"; "a running start" (of fluids) moving or issuing in a stream; "as mountain stream with freely running water"; "hovels without running water" of advancing the ball by running; "the team's running plays worked better than its pass plays" persistent never-ceasing; "the relentless beat of the drums" retained; not shed; "persistent leaves remain attached past maturity"; "the persistent gills of fishes" recurring coming back; "a revenant ghost" sporadic recurring in scattered and irregular or unpredictable instances; "a city subjected to sporadic bombing raids" intermittent stopping and starting at irregular intervals; "intermittent rain showers" periodic recurring or reappearing from time to time; "periodic feelings of anxiety" happening or recurring at regular intervals; "the periodic appearance of the seventeen-year locust" isolated not close together in time; "isolated instances of rebellion"; "a few stray crumbs" under forced isolation especially for health reasons; "a quarantined animal"; "isolated patients" cut off or left behind; "an isolated pawn"; "several stranded fish in a tide pool"; "travelers marooned by the blizzard" continuous continuing in time or space without interruption; "a continuous rearrangement of electrons in the solar atoms results in the emission of light"- James Jeans; "a continuous bout of illness lasting six months"; "lived in continuous fear"; "a continuous row of warehouses"; "a continuous line has no gaps or breaks in it"; "moving midweek holidays to the nearest Monday or Friday allows uninterrupted work weeks" of a function or curve; extending without break or irregularity around-the-clock at all times; "around-the-clock nursing care" ceaseless uninterrupted in time and indefinitely long continuing; "the ceaseless thunder of surf"; "in constant pain"; "night and day we live with the incessant noise of the city"; "the never-ending search for happiness"; "the perpetual struggle to maintain standards in a democracy"; "man's unceasing warfare with drought and isolation"; "unremitting demands of hunger" dogging relentless and indefatigable in pursuit or as if in pursuit; "impossible to escape the dogging fears" endless having the ends united so as to form a continuous whole; "an endless chain" infinitely great in number; "endless waves" tiresomely long; seemingly without end; "endless debates"; "an endless conversation"; "the wait seemed eternal"; "eternal quarreling"; "an interminable sermon" free burning (of an electric arc) continuous; "heat transfer to the anode in free burning arcs" sustained maintained at length without interruption or weakening; "sustained flight" discontinuous not continuing without interruption in time or space; "discontinuous applause"; "the landscape was a discontinuous mosaic of fields and forest areas"; "he received a somewhat haphazard and discontinuous schooling" of a function or curve; possessing one or more discontinuities disrupted marked by breaks or gaps; "many routes are unsafe or disrupted" continued without stop or interruption; "to insure the continued success of the war"; "the continued existence of nationalism"; "the continued popularity of Westerns" continuing remaining in force or being carried on without letup; "the act provided a continuing annual appropriation"; "the continuing struggle to put food on the table" discontinued stopped permanently or temporarily; "discontinued models"; "a discontinued magazine"; "a discontinued conversation" interrupted discontinued temporarily; "we resumed the interrupted discussion" out of print (of books) no longer offered for sale by a publisher; "that edition is out of print" controlled restrained or managed or kept within certain bounds; "controlled emotions"; "the controlled release of water from reservoirs" contained gotten under control; "the oil spill is contained" disciplined obeying the rules trained mentally or physically by instruction or exercise; "the beautiful coordination of his disciplined muscles"; "a disciplined mind" dominated controlled or ruled by superior authority or power harassed by persistent nagging harnessed brought under control and put to use; "electricity from the harnessed Colorado River"; "the harnessed power of the atom" obsessed influenced or controlled by a powerful force such as a strong emotion; "by love possessed" price-controlled having the price regulated or controlled by government regimented strictly controlled uncontrolled not being under control; out of control; "the greatest uncontrolled health problem is AIDS"; "uncontrolled growth" anarchic without law or control; "the system is economically inefficient and politically anarchic" errant uncontrolled motion that is irregular or unpredictable; "an errant breeze" straying from the right course or from accepted standards; "errant youngsters" irrepressible impossible to repress or control; "an irrepressible chatterbox"; "uncontrollable laughter" lordless having no lord or master; "harsh punishments for sturdy vagabonds and masterless men" undisciplined lacking in discipline or control; "undisciplined behavior"; "ungoverned youth" not subjected to discipline; "undisciplined talent" controversial marked by or capable of arousing controversy; "the issue of the death penalty is highly controversial"; "Rushdie's controversial book"; "a controversial decision on affirmative action" arguable open to argument or debate; "that is a moot question" capable of being supported by argument contentious involving or likely to cause controversy; "a central and contentious element of the book"- Tim W.Ferfuson inclined or showing an inclination to dispute or disagree, even to engage in law suits; "a style described as abrasive and contentious"; "a disputatious lawyer"; "a litigious and acrimonious spirit" disputed subject to disagreement and debate uncontroversial not likely to arouse controversy unchallengeable not open to challenge; "unchallengeable facts"; "a position of unchallengeable supremacy" undisputed generally agreed upon; not subject to dispute; "the undisputed fact" agreed upon(p) constituted or contracted by stipulation or agreement; "stipulatory obligations" argumentative given to or characterized by argument; "an argumentative discourse"; "argumentative to the point of being cantankerous"; "an intelligent but argumentative child" quarrelsome given to quarreling; "arguing children"; "quarrelsome when drinking" unargumentative not given to or characterized by argument noncontentious of persons; not given to controversy convenient suited to your comfort or purpose or needs; "a convenient excuse for not going" inconvenient not suited to your comfort, purpose or needs; "it is inconvenient not to have a telephone in the kitchen"; "the back hall is an inconvenient place for the telephone" not conveniently timed; "an early departure is inconvenient for us" conventional following accepted customs and proprieties; "conventional wisdom"; "she had strayed from the path of conventional behavior"; "conventional forms of address" unimaginative and conformist; "conventional bourgeois lives"; "conventional attitudes" (weapons) using energy for propulsion or destruction that is not nuclear energy; "conventional warfare"; "conventional weapons" in accord with or being a tradition or practice accepted from the past; "a conventional church wedding with the bride in traditional white"; "the conventional handshake" conforming with accepted standards; "a conventional view of the world" represented in simplified or symbolic form received widely accepted as true or worthy; "a received moral idea"; "Received political wisdom says not; surveys show otherwise"- Economist customary in accordance with convention or custom; "sealed the deal with the customary handshake" formulaic characterized by or in accordance with some formula stodgy excessively conventional and unimaginative and hence dull; "why is the middle class so stodgy, so utterly without a sense of humor?"; "a stodgy dinner party" heavy and starchy and hard to digest; "stodgy food"; "a stodgy pudding served up when everyone was already full" unconventional not conforming to accepted rules or standards; "her unconventional dress and hair style" not conventional or conformist; "unconventional life styles" go-as-you-please not bound by rule or law or convention; "bewildered by the old go-as-you-please liberty of alliterative rhythm"- George Saintsbury stereotyped lacking spontaneity or originality or individuality; "stereotyped phrases of condolence"; "even his profanity was unimaginative" white-bread of or belonging to or representative of the white middle class; "white-bread America"; "a white-bread college student" bizarre conspicuously or grossly unconventional or unusual; "restaurants of bizarre design--one like a hat, another like a rabbit"; "famed for his eccentric spelling"; "a freakish combination of styles"; "his off-the-wall antics"; "the outlandish clothes of teenagers"; "outre and affected stage antics" devil-may-care marked by a carefree unconventionality or disreputableness; "a cocktail party given by some...raffish bachelors"- Crary Moore far-out (informal) strikingly unconventional thermonuclear using nuclear weapons based on fusion as distinguished from fission traditional consisting of or derived from tradition; "traditional history"; "traditional morality" pertaining to time-honored orthodox doctrines; "the simple security of traditional assumptions has vanished" handed-down having been passed along from generation to generation; "among Biblical critics a tralatitious interpretation is one received by expositor from expositor" traditionalistic adhering to tradition especially in cultural or religious practices nontraditional not conforming to or in accord with tradition; "nontraditional designs"; "nontraditional practices" convergent tending to come together from different directions confluent flowing together divergent tending to move apart in different directions diverging from another or from a standard; "a divergent opinion" radiating(a) diverging from a common point branchy having many branches; "a branchy tree trunk" branched having branches bushy resembling a bush in being thickly branched and spreading used of hair; thick and poorly groomed; "bushy locks"; "a shaggy beard" long-branched having long branches maplelike resembling maple; "maplelike leaves" mop-headed (of trees) having a bushy top without a leader; "mop-headed cabbage palms" stiff-branched having stiff branches thick-branched having thick branches well-branched having good branches branchless having no branches palmlike resembling a palm tree unbranched without branches; "a tree with an unbranched trunk" convincing causing one to believe the truth of something; "a convincing story"; "a convincing manner" credible appearing to merit belief or acceptance; "a credible witness" capable of being believed; "completely credible testimony"; "credible information" (a common but incorrect usage where `credulous' would be appropriate) credulous; "she was not the...credible fool he expected" disenchanting freeing from illusion or false belief unconvincing not convincing; "a flimsy argument"; "as unconvincing as a forced smile" unpersuasive not capable of persuading cooked having been prepared for eating by the application of heat au gratin cooked while covered with browned breadcrumbs (and sometimes cheese) baked (bread and pastries) cooked by dry heat (as in an oven); "baked goods" barbecued cooked over an outdoor grill batter-fried fried in batter boiled cooked in hot water braised cooked by browning in fat and then simmering in a closed container broiled cooked by radiant heat (as over a grill) burned ruined by overcooking; "she served us underdone bacon and burnt biscuits" destroyed or badly damaged by fire; "a row of burned houses"; "a charred bit of burnt wood"; "a burned-over site in the forest"; "barricaded the street with burnt-out cars" treated by heating to a high temperature but below the melting or fusing point; "burnt sienna" candy-like resembling candy done cooked until ready to serve having finished or arrived at completion; "certain to make history before he's done"; "it's a done deed"; "after the treatment, the patient is through except for follow-up"; "almost through with his studies" fried cooked by frying in fat hard-baked baked until hard hard-boiled (eggs) cooked until the yolk is solid lyonnaise cooked with onions overdone cooked too long but still edible pancake-style cooked as pancakes are cooked parched toasted or roasted slightly; "parched corn was a staple of the Indian diet" rare-roasted (meat) roasted with the meat inside still rare ready-cooked cooked in such a way as to be ready for sale seared having the surface burned quickly with intense heat; "the seared meat is then covered with hot liquid for braising" soft-boiled (eggs) having the yolk still liquid; "soft-boiled eggs" souffle-like resembling a souffle steamed cooked in steam; "steamed clams" sunny-side up (eggs) fried on only one side toasted browned over by exposure to heat; "he liked toasted marshmallows" wafer-like resembling a thin crisp wafer well-done (meat) cooked until there is no pink meat left inside half-baked insufficiently cooked uncooked not cooked untoasted not having been browned by exposure to heat collaborative accomplished by collaboration; "collaborative research" synergetic working together; used especially of groups, as subsidiaries of a corporation, cooperating for an enhanced effect; "a synergistic effect" uncooperative unwilling to cooperate; "an uncooperative witness" corrupted ruined in character or quality corruptible capable of being corrupted; "corruptible judges"; "dishonest politicians"; "a purchasable senator"; "a venal police officer" depraved deviating from what is considered moral or right or proper or good; "depraved criminals"; "a perverted sense of loyalty"; "the reprobate conduct of a gambling aristocrat" Praetorian characteristic of or similar to the corruptible soldiers in the Praetorian Guard with respect to corruption or political venality; "a large Praetorian bureaucracy filled with ambitious...and often sycophantic people makes work and makes trouble"- Arthur M.Schlesinger Jr. putrid morally corrupt or evil; "the putrid atmosphere of the court" in an advanced state of decomposition and having a foul odor; "horrible like raw and putrid flesh"- Somerset Maugham of or relating to or attended by putrefaction; "putrid decomposition" sold-out(a) having taken a bribe or bribes; "a sold-out politician" incorrupt free of corruption or immorality; "a policeman who was incorrupt and incorruptible" incorruptible incapable of being morally corrupted; "incorruptible judges are the backbone of the society" uncorrupted not debased; "though his associates were dishonest, he remained uncorrupted"; "uncorrupted values" not decayed or decomposed (of language) not having its purity or excellence debased; "uncorrupted English"; "learn to speak pure English undefiled"- Van Wyck Brooks synergistic used especially of drugs or muscles that work together so the total effect is greater than the sum of the two (or more) of or relating to the theological doctrine of synergism antiphlogistic counteracting inflammation considerable large or relatively large in number or amount or extent or degree; "a considerable quantity"; "the economy was a considerable issue in the campaign"; "went to considerable trouble for us"; "spent a considerable amount of time on the problem" appreciable enough to be estimated or measured; "appreciable amounts of noxious wastes are dumped into the harbor" goodly large in amount or extent or degree; "it cost a considerable amount"; "a goodly amount"; "received a hefty bonus"; "a respectable sum"; "a tidy sum of money"; "a sizable fortune" right smart (Southern or Midland) considerable; "it's a right smart distance" significant of considerable importance, size, or worth; "won by a substantial margin" important in effect or meaning; "a significant change in tax laws"; "a significant change in the Constitution"; "a significant contribution"; "significant details"; "statistically significant" too closely correlated to be attributed to chance and therefore indicating a systematic relation; "the interaction effect is significant at the .01 level"; "no significant difference was found" inconsiderable too small or unimportant to merit attention; "passed his life in an inconsiderable village"; "their duties were inconsiderable"; "had no inconsiderable influence" substantial having substance or capable of being treated as fact; not imaginary; "the substantial world"; "a mere dream, neither substantial nor practical"; "The wind was violent and felt substantial enough to lean against" of or relating to the real nature or essential elements of something; "a substantial argument" insubstantial lacking material form or substance; unreal; "as insubstantial as a dream"; "an insubstantial mirage on the horizon" lacking in nutritive value; "an insubstantial and unsatisfying meal" aeriform characterized by lightness and insubstantiality; as impalpable or intangible as air; "figures light and aeriform come unlooked for and melt away"- Thomas Carlyle; "aerial fancies"; "an airy apparition"; "physical rather than ethereal forms" resembling air or having the form of air shadowy lacking in substance; "strange fancies of unreal and shadowy worlds"- W.A.Butler; "dim shadowy forms"; "a wraithlike column of smoke" stringy consisting of or containing string or strings lean and sinewy physical having substance or material existence; perceptible to the senses; "a physical manifestation"; "surrounded by tangible objects" concerned with material things; "physical properties"; "the physical characteristics of the earth"; "the physical size of a computer" characterized by energetic bodily activity; "a very physical dance performance" according with material things or natural laws (other than those peculiar to living matter); "a reflex response to physical stimuli" involving the body as distinguished from the mind or spirit; "physical exercise"; "physical suffering"; "was sloppy about everything but her physical appearance" relating to the sciences dealing with matter and energy; especially physics; "physical sciences"; "physical laws" immaterial not consisting of matter; "immaterial apparitions"; "ghosts and other immaterial entities" (often followed by `to') lacking importance; not mattering one way or the other; "whether you choose to do it or not is a matter that is quite immaterial (or indifferent)"; "what others think is altogether indifferent to him" of no importance or relevance especially to a law case; "an objection that is immaterial after the fact" bodied having a body or a body of a specified kind; often used in combination; "strong-bodied"; "big-bodied" possessing or existing in bodily form; "what seemed corporal melted as breath into the wind"- Shakespeare; "an incarnate spirit"; "`corporate' is an archaic term" lithe-bodied having a lithe body long-bodied having a relatively long body narrow-bodied having a relatively narrow body oval-bodied having an oval body short-bodied having a relatively short body silver-bodied having a silver-colored body slim-bodied having a slim body smooth-bodied having a smooth body thick-bodied having a thick body unbodied having no body bodiless having no trunk or main part; "a bodiless head" formless having no physical form; "belief in a world filled with...formless but often malevolent beings" brainwashed subjected to intensive forced indoctrination resulting in the rejection of old beliefs and acceptance of new ones; "brainwashed prisoners of war"; "captive audiences for TV commercials can become brainwashed consumers" unbrainwashed not successfully subjected to brainwashing; "despite the torture and the psychological pressure some POWs remained unbrainwashed" corporeal having material or physical form or substance; "that which is created is of necessity corporeal and visible and tangible" - Benjamin Jowett bodily having or relating to a physical material body; "bodily existence" affecting or characteristic of the body as opposed to the mind or spirit; "bodily needs"; "a corporal defect"; "corporeal suffering"; "a somatic symptom or somatic illness" of or relating to or belonging to the body; "a bodily organ"; "bodily functions" in bodily form; "he was translated bodily to heaven" incorporeal without material form or substance; "an incorporeal spirit" discorporate not having a material body; "bodiless ghosts" letter-perfect correct to the last detail; especially being in or following the exact words; "a letter-perfect rendition of the soliloquy"; "she was word-perfect in her part" incorrect not correct; not in conformity with fact or truth; "an incorrect calculation"; "the report in the paper is wrong"; "your information is wrong"; "the clock showed the wrong time"; "found themselves on the wrong road"; "based on the wrong assumptions" (of a word or expression) not agreeing with grammatical principles erroneous containing or characterized by error; "erroneous conclusions" fallacious based on an incorrect or misleading notion or information; "fallacious hope" containing or based on a fallacy; "fallacious reasoning"; "an unsound argument" right-minded disposed toward or having views based on what is right; "respect for law which every right-minded citizen ought to have"- Bertrand Russell wrongheaded obstinately perverse in judgment or opinion; "a wrongheaded policy" corrected having something undesirable neutralized; "with glasses her corrected vision was 20:20" aplanatic free from or corrected for spherical aberration; "an aplanatic mirror" apochromatic corrected for both chromatic and spherical aberration; "an apochromatic lens" rectified having been put right uncorrected left faulty or wrong; "uncorrected astigmatism" not subjected to correction or discipline; "let her children grow up uncorrected" unremedied not having been put right; "unremedied errors" corrigible capable of being corrected or set right; "a corrigible defect"; "a corrigible prisoner" amendable capable of being corrected by additions; "an amendable flaw" improvable susceptible of improvement redeemable susceptible to improvement or reform; "a redeemable sinner" recoverable upon payment or fulfilling a condition; "redeemable goods in a pawnshop" incorrigible impervious to correction by punishment difficult or impossible to manage or control; "an incorrigible mess" unreformable unrepentant and incapable of being reformed; "an unregenerate criminal" uncontrollable incapable of being controlled or managed; "uncontrollable children"; "an uncorrectable habit" difficult to solve or alleviate; "uncontrollable pain" traveled familiar with many parts of the world; "a traveled, educated man"; "well-traveled people" traveled over or through; sometimes used as a combining term bumpkinly awkwardly simple and provincial; "bumpkinly country boys"; "rustic farmers"; "a hick town"; "the nightlife of Montmartre awed the unsophisticated tourists" corn-fed strong and healthy but not sophisticated fed on corn; "corn-fed livestock" insular narrowly restricted in outlook or scope; "little sympathy with parochial mentality"; "insular attitudes toward foreigners" suggestive of the isolated life of an island; "an exceedingly insular man; so deeply private as to seem inaccessible to the scrutiny of a novelist"- Leonard Michaels relating to or characteristic of or situated on an island; "insular territories"; "Hawaii's insular culture" jerkwater small and remote and insignificant; "a jerkwater college"; "passed a series of poky little one-horse towns" stay-at-home(a) not given to travel; "a stay-at-home friend" untraveled not having traveled much, especially to foreign lands; not having gained experience by travel not traveled over or through; "untraveled roads" costive retarding evacuation of feces; binding; constipating aperient mildly laxative cathartic strongly laxative emotionally purging (of e.g. art) emotionally purging constipated have difficult or incomplete or infrequent evacuation of the bowels unconstipated not constipated diarrheal of or relating to diarrhea lax emptying easily or excessively; "loose bowels" lacking in rigor or strictness; "such lax and slipshod ways are no longer acceptable"; "lax in attending classes"; "slack in maintaining discipline" lacking in firmness or tension; not taut; "a lax rope" pronounced with muscles of the tongue and jaw relatively relaxed (e.g., the vowel sound in `bet') considerate showing concern for the rights and feelings of others; "friends considerate enough to leave us alone" thoughtful considerate of the feelings or well-being of others having intellectual depth; "a deeply thoughtful essay" acting with or showing thought and good sense; "a sensible young man" exhibiting or characterized by careful thought; "a thoughtful paper" inconsiderate lacking regard for the rights or feelings of others; "shockingly inconsiderate behavior" without proper consideration or reflection; "slovenly inconsiderate reasoning"; "unconsidered words"; "prejudice is the holding of unconsidered opinions" thoughtless without care or thought for others; "the thoughtless saying of a great princess on being informed that the people had no bread; `Let them eat cake'" showing lack of careful thought; "the debate turned into thoughtless bickering" courteous characterized by courtesy and gracious good manners; "if a man be gracious and courteous to strangers it shows he is a citizen of the world"-Francis Bacon exhibiting courtesy and politeness; "a nice gesture" chivalrous being attentive to women like an ideal knight discourteous showing no courtesy; rude; "a distant and at times discourteous young" lacking social graces abrupt surprisingly and unceremoniously brusque in manner; "an abrupt reply" exceedingly sudden and unexpected; "came to an abrupt stop"; "an abrupt change in the weather" extremely steep; "an abrupt canyon"; "the precipitous rapids of the upper river"; "the precipitous hills of Chinese paintings"; "a sharp drop" marked by sudden changes in subject and sharp transitions; "abrupt prose" brusque marked by rude or peremptory shortness; "try to cultivate a less brusque manner"; "a curt reply"; "the salesgirl was very short with him" caddish offensively discourteous unceremonious without due formalities; "unceremonious dismissal from office" without ceremony or formality; "an unceremonious speech" polite showing regard for others in manners, speech, behavior, etc. mannerly socially correct in behavior impolite not polite bratty (used of an ill-mannered child) impolitely unruly ill-mannered socially incorrect in behavior; "resentment flared at such an unmannered intrusion" unparliamentary so rude and abusive as to be unsuitable for parliament uncivil lacking civility or good manners; "want nothing from you but to get away from your uncivil tongue"- Willa Cather sidereal (of divisions of time) determined by daily motion of the stars; "sidereal time" of or relating to the stars or constellations; "sidereal bodies"; "the sidereal system" fanciful indulging in or influenced by fancy; "a fanciful mind"; "all the notional vagaries of childhood" having a curiously intricate quality; "a fanciful pattern with intertwined vines and flowers" not based on fact; existing only in the imagination; "the falsehood about some fanciful secret treaties"- F.D.Roosevelt; "a small child's imaginary friends"; "to create a notional world for oneself" fictive capable of imaginative creation; "fictive talent" imaginative (used of persons or artifacts) marked by independence and creativity in thought or action; "an imaginative use of material"; "the invention of the knitting frame by another ingenious English clergyman"- Lewis Mumford; "an ingenious device"; "had an inventive turn of mind"; "inventive ceramics" yeasty exuberantly creative of or resembling or containing yeast uncreative not creative; "an uncreative imagination" sterile deficient in originality or creativity; lacking powers of invention; "a sterile ideology lacking in originality"; "unimaginative development of a musical theme"; "uninspired writing" incapable of reproducing; "an infertile couple" likely within the realm of credibility; "not a very likely excuse" has a good chance of being the case or of coming about; "these services are likely to be available to us all before long"; "she is likely to forget"; "a likely place for a restaurant"; "the broken limb is likely to fall"; "rain is likely"; "a likely topic for investigation"; "likely candidates for the job" expected to become or be; in prospect; "potential clients" presumptive affording reasonable grounds for belief or acceptance; "presumptive evidence"; "a strong presumptive case is made out" having a reasonable basis for belief or acceptance; "the presumptive heir (or heir apparent)" incredible beyond belief or understanding; "at incredible speed"; "the book's plot is simply incredible" astounding bewildering or striking dumb with wonder fabulous barely credible; "the fabulous endurance of a marathon runner" extremely pleasing; "a fabulous vacation" based on or told of in traditional stories; lacking factual basis or historical validity; "mythical centaurs"; "the fabulous unicorn" improbable too improbable to admit of belief; "a tall story" not likely to be true or to occur or to have occurred; "legislation on the question is highly unlikely"; "an improbable event" having a probability too low to inspire belief undreamed not imagined even in a dream credulous disposed to believe on little evidence; "the gimmick would convince none but the most credulous" showing a lack of judgment or experience; "so credulous he believes everything he reads" overcredulous too credulous for your own good unquestioning not inclined to ask questions incredulous not disposed or willing to believe; unbelieving disbelieving denying or questioning the tenets of especially a religion; "a skeptical approach to the nature of miracles" critical marked by a tendency to find and call attention to errors and flaws; "a critical attitude" characterized by careful evaluation and judgment; "a critical reading"; "a critical dissertation"; "a critical analysis of Melville's writings" being in or verging on a state of crisis or emergency; "a critical shortage of food"; "a critical illness"; "an illness at the critical stage" at or of a point at which a property or phenomenon suffers an abrupt change especially having enough mass to sustain a chain reaction; "a critical temperature of water is 100 degrees C--its boiling point at standard atmospheric pressure"; "critical mass"; "go critical" forming or having the nature of a turning point or crisis; "a critical point in the campaign"; "the critical test" urgently needed; absolutely necessary; "a critical element of the plan"; "critical medical supplies"; "vital for a healthy society"; "of vital interest" of or involving or characteristic of critics or criticism; "critical acclaim" captious tending to find and call attention to faults; "a captious pedant"; "an excessively demanding and faultfinding tutor" censorious harshly critical or expressing censure; "was censorious of petty failings" deprecative given to expressing disapproval hypercritical inclined to judge too severely; "hypercritical of colloquial speech"; "the overcritical teacher can discourage originality" searing severely critical scathing marked by harshly abusive criticism; "his scathing remarks about silly lady novelists"; "her vituperative railing" uncritical not critical; not tending to find or call attention to errors; "a devoted and almost uncritical admirer" marked by disregard for critical standards or procedures; "news sources reflected uncritical estimates of the number of juvenile addicts" judgmental depending on judgment; "a judgmental error"; "I think that she is too judgmental to be a good therapist" faultfinding(a) tending to make moral judgments or judgments based on personal opinions; "a counselor tries not to be faultfinding" nonjudgmental refraining from making judgments especially ones based on personal opinions or standards; "sympathetic and nonjudgmental" appraising(a) exercising or involving careful evaluations; "looked him over with an appraising eye"; "the literary judge uses many evaluative terms" discriminative expressing careful judgment; "discriminative censure"; "a biography ...appreciative and yet judicial in purpose"-Tyler Dennett capable of making fine distinctions dangerous causing fear or anxiety by threatening great harm; "a dangerous operation"; "a grave situation"; "a grave illness"; "grievous bodily harm"; "a serious wound"; "a serious turn of events"; "a severe case of pneumonia"; "a life-threatening disease" involving or causing danger or risk; liable to hurt or harm; "a dangerous criminal"; "a dangerous bridge"; "unemployment reached dangerous proportions" noncritical not in a state of crisis or emergency not critical; not at a point of abrupt change acritical without a crisis (as of some diseases) supercritical (especially of fissionable material) able to sustain a chain reaction in such a manner that the rate of reaction increases crossed placed crosswise; "spoken with a straight face but crossed fingers"; "crossed forks"; "seated with arms crossed" (of a check) marked for deposit only as indicated by having two lines drawn across it crosstown going or extending across a town or city; "the crosstown bus"; "crosstown traffic" across a town or city; "he traveled crosstown" uncrossed not crossed; "sitting primly with uncrossed legs" (of a check) not crossed cross-eyed having convergent strabismus boss-eyed (British informal) cross-eyed walleyed having divergent strabismus crowned provided with or as if with a crown or a crown as specified; often used in combination; "a high-crowned hat"; "an orange-crowned bird"; "a crowned signet ring" having an (artificial) crown on a tooth; "had many crowned teeth" capped covered as if with a cap or crown especially of a specified kind; "cloud-capped mountains"; "brown-capped mushrooms"; "snow-capped peaks" used especially of front teeth having (artificial) crowns; "capped teeth gave her a beautiful smile" chapleted provided with a chaplet high-crowned (of a hat) having a high crown uncrowned not (especially not yet) provided with a crown; "the uncrowned king" not having an (artificial) crown on a tooth; used especially of molars and bicuspids; "uncrowned teeth badly in need of attention" quasi-royal having the power but not the rank or title of a king; "one of the quasi-royal rulers of Africa" uncapped used especially of front teeth; "natural uncapped teeth" crucial of extreme importance; vital to the resolution of a crisis; "a crucial moment in his career"; "a crucial election"; "a crucial issue for women" having crucial relevance; "crucial to the case"; "relevant testimony" life-and-death vitally important; "a life-and-death struggle" pivotal being of crucial importance; "a pivotal event"; "Its pivotal location has also exposed it to periodic invasions"- Henry Kissinger; "the polar events of this study"; "a polar principal" noncrucial of little importance; not decisive uncrystallized not finally or definitely formed; "uncrystallized ideas" cubic having the shape of a cube; having three dimensions involving the cube and no higher power of a quantity or variable; "a cubic equation" blockish resembling a block in shape boxlike resembling a box in rectangularity brick-shaped shaped like a brick cubelike shaped like a cube linear of or in or along or relating to a line; involving or having a single dimension; "a linear measurement" designating or involving an equation whose terms are of the first degree measured lengthwise; "cost of lumber per running foot" (of a leaf shape) long and narrow collinear lying on the same line lineal arranged in a line in a straight unbroken line of descent from parent to child; "lineal ancestors"; "lineal heirs"; "a direct descendant of the king"; "direct heredity" linelike resembling a line rectilinear characterized by a straight line or lines; "rectilinear patterns in wallpaper"; "the rectilinear propagation of light" planar involving or having two dimensions coplanar lying in the same plane placoid as the hard flattened scales of e.g. sharks planate having been flattened tabular flat; like a table in form of or pertaining to or arranged in table form unidimensional relating to a single dimension or aspect; having no depth or scope; "a prose statement of fact is unidimensional, its value being measured wholly in terms of its truth"- Mary Sheehan; "a novel with one-dimensional characters" multidimensional having or involving or marked by several dimensions or aspects; "multidimensional problems"; "a multidimensional proposition"; "a multidimensional personality" dimensional having dimension--the quality or character or stature proper to a person; "never matures as a dimensional character; he is pasty, bland, faceless"- Norman Cousins of or relating to dimensions two-dimensional lacking the expected range or depth; not designed to give an illusion or depth; "a film with two-dimensional characters"; "a flat two-dimensional painting" three-dimensional involving or relating to three dimensions or aspects; giving the illusion of depth; "lifelike three-dimensional characters"; "a three-dimensional account of conditions under the new government"; "they shot the movie in three-D" four-dimensional involving or relating to the fourth dimension or time chopped prepared by cutting; "sliced tomatoes"; "sliced ham"; "chopped clams"; "chopped meat"; "shredded cabbage" cut up cut into pieces incised cut into with a sharp instrument sharply and deeply indented perforated having a number or series of holes; "a perforated steel plate"; "perforated cancellation"; "perforated stamp" pierced having a hole cut through; "pierced ears"; "a perforated eardrum"; "a punctured balloon" severed detached by cutting; "cut flowers"; "a severed head"; "an old tale of Anne Bolyn walking the castle walls with her poor cut-off head under her arm" uncut not cut (of pages of a book) having adjacent leaves still joined at the fore edge; "a book with its leaves still uncut" not shaped by cutting or trimming; "an uncut diamond"; "rough gemstones" not cut; "glad to get out of the house with my throat uncut"- Tobias Smollett imperforate not perforated; having no opening unpierced not pierced; "unpierced ears" hewn cut or shaped with hard blows of a heavy cutting instrument like an ax or chisel; "a house built of hewn logs"; "rough-hewn stone"; "a path hewn through the underbrush" sheared (used especially of fur or wool) shaped or finished by cutting or trimming to a uniform length; "a coat of sheared lamb" having the hair or wool cut or clipped off as if with shears or clippers; "picked up the baby's shorn curls from the floor"; "naked as a sheared sheep" slashed having long and narrow ornamental cuts showing an underlying fabric; "a slashed doublet"; "slashed cuffs showing the scarlet lining" patterned by having color applied with sweeping strokes; "brown iris...slashed with yellow"- Willa Cather unsheared (used especially of fur or wool) not having been sheared; "unsheared beaver" not sheared; "a grizzly unshorn beard"; "unshorn sheep" curious eager to investigate and learn or learn more (sometimes about others' concerns); "a curious child is a teacher's delight"; "a trap door that made me curious"; "curious investigators"; "traffic was slowed by curious rubberneckers"; "curious about the neighbor's doings" beyond or deviating from the usual or expected; "a curious hybrid accent"; "her speech has a funny twang"; "they have some funny ideas about war"; "had an odd name"; "the peculiar aromatic odor of cloves"; "something definitely queer about this town"; "what a rum fellow"; "singular behavior" inquisitive showing curiosity; "if someone saw a man climbing a light post they might get inquisitive"; "raised a speculative eyebrow" inquiring or appearing to inquire; "an inquiring look"; "the police are proverbially inquisitive" nosy offensively curious or inquisitive; "curious about the neighbor's doings"; "he flipped through my letters in his nosy way"; "prying eyes"; "the snoopy neighbor watched us all day" overcurious showing excessive curiosity incurious showing absence of intellectual inquisitiveness or natural curiosity; "strangely incurious about the cause of the political upheaval surrounding them" uninterested having no care or interest in knowing; "she appeared totally uninterested" not having or showing interest; "an uninterested spectator" uninquiring deficient in curiosity not inquiring afoot(p) currently in progress; "there is mischief afoot"; "plans are afoot"; "preparations for the trial are underway" traveling by foot; "she was afoot when I saw her this morning" circulating(a) passing from one to another; "circulating bills and coins" occurrent presently occurring (either causally or incidentally); "technical terms are rarely occurrent in literature" ongoing currently happening; "an ongoing economic crisis" on-line(a) being in progress now; "on-line editorial projects" topical of interest at the present time; "a topical reference"; "a topical and timely study of civil liberty" pertaining to the surface of a body part; "a drug for topical (or local) application"; "a topical anesthesia" of or relating to or arranged by topics; "a detailed record on both a chronological and a topical basis" up-to-date reflecting the latest information or changes; "an up-to-date issue of the magazine" in accord with the most fashionable ideas or style; "wears only the latest style"; "the last thing in swimwear"; "cutting-edge technology"; "a with-it boutique" up-to-the-minute up to the immediate present; most recent or most up-to-date; "the news is up-to-the-minute"; "the very latest scientific discoveries" noncurrent not current or belonging to the present time disused no longer in use; "obsolete words" outdated old; no longer valid or fashionable; "obsolete words"; "an obsolete locomotive"; "outdated equipment"; "superannuated laws"; "out-of-date ideas" obsolescent becoming obsolete cursed deserving a curse; sometimes used as an intensifier; "villagers shun the area believing it to be cursed"; "cursed with four daughter"; "not a cursed drop"; "his cursed stupidity"; "I'll be cursed if I can see your reasoning" in danger of the eternal punishment of Hell; "poor damned souls" accursed under a curse blasted expletives used informally as intensifiers; "he's a blasted idiot"; "it's a blamed shame"; "a blame cold winter"; "not a blessed dime"; "I'll be damned (or blessed or darned or goddamned) if I'll do any such thing"; "he's a damn (or goddam or goddamned) fool"; "a deuced idiot"; "an infernal nuisance" cursed with(p) burdened with; "stuck with the tab" damnable deserving a curse; "her damnable pride" blessed highly favored or fortunate (as e.g. by divine grace); "our blessed land"; "the blessed assurance of a steady income" characterized by happiness and good fortune; "a blessed time" enjoying the bliss of heaven endowed provided or supplied or equipped with (especially as by inheritance or nature); "a well-endowed college"; "endowed with good eyesight"; "endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable rights" dowered supplied with a dower or dowry unendowed not equipped or provided; "unendowed with genius"- J.L.Lowes dowerless lacking a dowry unblessed not provided with something desirable; "a hovel unblessed with electricity or running water" curtained furnished or concealed with curtains or draperies; "a curtained alcove" draped covered in folds of cloth; "velvet-draped windows" curtainless not provided with curtains; "blank, curtainless windows stared back at her" bespoke (of clothing) custom-made custom-built built for a particular individual made produced by a manufacturing process; "bought some made goods at the local store; rope and nails" (of a bed) having the sheets and blankets set in order; "a neatly made bed" successful or assured of success; "now I am a made man forever"- Christopher Marlowe off-the-rack (especially of clothing) made in standard sizes and available from merchandise in stock; "a ready-made jacket"; "ready-to-wear clothes" ready-to-eat food products that are prepared in advance and can be eaten as sold handmade made by hand or a hand process; "delicate handmade baby dresses" camp-made made as part of the arts-and-crafts program at summer camp; "my camp-made leather wallet" hand-loomed made on a handloom; "handwoven tablecloth" handsewn sewn by hand rather than machine overhand sewn together with overhand stitches (close vertical stitches that pass over and draw the two edges together) with hand brought forward and down from above shoulder level; "an overhand pitch"; "an overhand stroke" machine-made made by machine homemade made or produced in the home or by yourself; "homemade bread" do-it-yourself done by yourself; "their house was a do-it-yourself project"; "he opened a do-it-yourself store" home-baked baked at home; "home-baked cakes and pies" home-brewed brewed at home; "home-brewed beer" home-cured cured at home; "home-cured hams" factory-made produced in quantity at a factory boughten purchased; not homemade; "my boughten clothes"; "a store-bought dress" manufactured produced in a large-scale industrial operation mass-produced produced in quantity often by assembly-line techniques cyclic recurring in cycles of a compound having atoms arranged in a ring structure forming a whorl or having parts arranged in a whorl; "cyclic petals"; "cyclic flowers" marked by repeated cycles conforming to the Carnot cycle alternate(a) occurring by turns; first one and then the other; "alternating feelings of love and hate" every second one of a series; "the cleaning lady comes on alternate Wednesdays"; "jam every other day"- the White Queen noncyclic not cyclic not having repeated cycles bicyclic having molecules consisting of two fused rings closed-chain having atoms linked by bonds represented in circular or triangular form heterocyclic containing a closed ring of atoms of which at least one is not a carbon atom homocyclic containing a closed ring of atoms of the same kind especially carbon atoms acyclic having an open chain structure not cyclic; especially having parts arranged in spirals rather than whorls aliphatic having carbon atoms linked in open chains verticillate forming one or more whorls (especially a whorl of leaves around a stem) diurnal of or belonging to or active during the day; "diurnal animals are active during the day"; "diurnal flowers are open during the day and closed at night"; "diurnal and nocturnal offices" having a daily cycle or occurring every day; "diurnal rotation of the heavens" nocturnal belonging to or active during the night; "nocturnal animals are active at night"; "nocturnal plants have flowers that open at night and close by day" of or relating to or occurring in the night; "nocturnal darkness" damaged harmed or injured or spoiled; "I won't buy damaged goods"; "the storm left a wake of badly damaged buildings" knocked-out(a) damaged; "the gym has some of the most knocked-out equipment since Vic Tanny" riddled (often followed by `with') damaged throughout by numerous perforations or holes; "a sweater riddled with moth holes"; "cliffs riddled with caves"; "the bullet-riddled target" spread throughout; "cities riddled with corruption" storm-beaten damaged by storm undamaged not harmed or spoiled; sound intact undamaged in any way; "the vase remained intact despite rough handling" (of a woman) having the hymen unbroken; "she was intact, virginal" datable that can be given a date; "a concrete and datable happening"- C.W.Shumaker undatable not capable of being given a date deaf-and-dumb lacking the sense of hearing and the ability to speak deafened caused to hear poorly or not at all hard-of-hearing having a hearing loss profoundly deaf totally deaf; unable to hear anything tone-deaf unable to appreciate music hearing(a) able to perceive sound sharp-eared having keen hearing decent conforming to conventions of sexual behavior; "speech in this circle, if not always decent, never became lewd"- George Santayana observing conventional sexual mores in speech or behavior or dress; "though one of her shoulder straps had slipped down, she was perfectly decent by current standards" sufficiently clothed to see visitors or appear in public; "are you decent?" socially or conventionally correct; refined or virtuous; "from a decent family"; "a nice girl" indecent offensive to good taste especially in sexual matters; "an earthy but not indecent story"; "an indecent gesture" offending against sexual mores in conduct or appearance; "a bathing suit considered indecent by local standards" not in keeping with accepted standards of what is right or proper in polite society; "was buried with indecent haste"; "indecorous behavior"; "language unbecoming to a lady"; "unseemly to use profanity"; "moved to curb their untoward ribaldry" indelicate verging on the indecent; "an indelicate proposition" in violation of good taste even verging on the indecent; "an indelicate remark"; "an off-color joke" obscene designed to incite to indecency or lust; "the dance often becomes flagrantly obscene"-Margaret Mead suggestive tending to suggest something improper or indecent; "a suggestive nod"; "suggestive poses" decisive determining or having the power to determine an outcome; "cast the decisive vote"; "two factors had a decisive influence" characterized by decision and firmness; "an able and decisive young woman"; "we needed decisive leadership"; "she gave him a decisive answer" unmistakable; "had a decisive lead in the polls" deciding(a) having the power or quality of deciding; "the crucial experiment"; "cast the deciding vote"; "the determinative (or determinant) battle" fateful having momentous consequences; of decisive importance; "that fateful meeting of the U.N. when...it declared war on North Korea"- Saturday Rev; "the fatal day of the election finally arrived" ominously prophetic peremptory putting an end to all debate or action; "a peremptory decree" not allowing contradiction or refusal; "spoke in peremptory tones"; "peremptory commands" indecisive not definitely settling something; "a long and indecisive war" characterized by lack of decision and firmness; "an indecisive manager brought the enterprise to a standstill" not clearly defined; "indecisive boundaries running through mountains" unhesitating characterized by quickness and firmness; "his reply was unhesitating" on the fence(p) characterized by indecision; "some who had been on the fence came out in favor of the plan"; "too many voters still declare they are undecided" hesitant lacking decisiveness of character; unable to act or decide quickly or firmly suspensive undecided or characterized by indecisiveness declarative relating to the use of or having the nature of a declaration interrogative relating to the use of or having the nature of an interrogation relating to verbs in the so-called interrogative mood; "not all questions have an interrogative construction" declared made known or openly avowed; "their declared and their covert objectives"; "a declared liberal" declared as fact; explicitly stated alleged declared but not proved; "alleged abuses of housing benefits"- Wall Street Journal announced declared publicly; made widely known; "their announced intentions"; "the newspaper's proclaimed adherence to the government's policy" asserted confidently declared to be so; "the asserted value of the painting" avowed(a) openly declared as such; "an avowed enemy"; "her professed love of everything about that country"; "McKinley was assassinated by a professed anarchist" professed(a) claimed with intent to deceive; "his professed intentions" professing to be qualified; "a professed philosopher" self-proclaimed proclaimed to be or described as such by oneself, without endorsement by others; "self-proclaimed experts" undeclared not announced or openly acknowledged; "fighting an undeclared war" decorous characterized by propriety and dignity and good taste in manners and conduct; "the tete-a-tete was decorous in the extreme" in good taste(p) satisfying generally accepted social or esthetic standards indecorous lacking propriety and good taste in manners and conduct; "indecorous behavior" allowable deductible according to the tax laws deserving to be allowed or considered nondeductible not allowable as a deduction abysmal resembling an abyss in depth; so deep as to be unmeasurable; "the abyssal depths of the ocean" very great; limitless; "abysmal misery"; "abysmal stupidity" deep-water of or carried on in waters of great depth; "a deep-water port" profound situated at or extending to great depth; too deep to have been sounded or plumbed; "the profound depths of the sea"; "the dark unfathomed caves of ocean"-Thomas Gray; "unplumbed depths of the sea"; "remote and unsounded caverns" coming from deep within one; "a profound sigh" of the greatest intensity; complete; "a profound silence"; "a state of profound shock" showing intellectual penetration or emotional depth; "the differences are profound"; "a profound insight"; "a profound book"; "a profound mind"; "profound contempt"; "profound regret" walk-in(a) (of e.g. closets or refrigerators) extending very far enough back to allow a person to enter; "a deep walk-in refrigerator"; "walk-in closets" ankle-deep coming only to the ankle or knee fordable shallow enough to be crossed by walking or riding on an animal or in a vehicle; "the stream was fordable" neritic relating to the region of shallow water adjoining the seacoast; "neritic fauna" of or relating to the region of the sea over the continental shelf which is less than 200 meters deep; "neritic fauna"; "neritic oil" superficial occurring on or near the surface of the skin; "superficial burns"; "superficial facial injuries" concerned with or comprehending only what is apparent or obvious; not deep or penetrating emotionally or intellectually; "superficial similarities"; "a superficial mind"; "his thinking was superficial and fuzzy"; "superficial knowledge"; "the superficial report didn't give the true picture"; "only superficial differences" of little substance or significance; "a few superficial editorial changes"; "only trivial objections" of, affecting, or being on or near the surface; "superficial measurements"; "the superficial area of the wall"; "a superficial wound" reefy full of submerged reefs or sandbanks or shoals; "reefy shallows"; "shoaly waters" de facto existing in fact whether with lawful authority or not; "de facto segregation is as real as segregation imposed by law"; "a de facto state of war" in reality or fact; "the result was, de facto, a one-party system" de jure by right; according to law; "de jure recognition of the new government" defeasible capable of being annulled or voided or terminated; "a claim to an estate may be defeasible so long as the claimant is under 21 and unmarried" indefeasible not liable to being annulled or voided or undone; "an indefeasible right to freedom"; "an indefeasible claim to the title" unforfeitable not subject to forfeiture; "an unforfeitable right" licked having been got the better of; "I'm pretty beat up but I don't feel licked yet" subjugated reduced to submission; "subjugated peoples" undefeated victorious; "undefeated in battle"; "an undefeated team" triumphant experiencing triumph unbeaten not conquered unbowed not forced to bow down to a conqueror defiant boldly resisting authority or an opposing force; "brought up to be aggressive and defiant"; "a defiant attitude" insubordinate disposed to or engaged in defiance of established authority not submissive to authority; "a history of insubordinate behavior"; "insubordinate boys" recalcitrant marked by stubborn resistance to authority; "the University suspended the most recalcitrant demonstrators" compliant inclined to comply; "children compliant with the parental will" amenable disposed or willing to conform; "someone amenable to the instruction of others" liable to answer to a higher authority; "the president is amenable to the constitutional court" open to being acted upon in a certain way; "an amenable hospitalization should not result in untimely death"; "the tumor was not amenable to surgical treatment" responsive to suggestions and influences; "a tractable student"; "an amenable child" lamblike like a lamb in meekness and gentleness nonresistant not resistant defined clearly characterized or delimited; "lost in a maze of words both defined and undefined"; "each child has clearly defined duties" showing clearly the outline or profile or boundary; "hills defined against the evening sky"; "the setting sun showed the outlined figure of a man standing on the hill" undefined not precisely limited, determined, or distinguished; "an undefined term"; "undefined authority"; "some undefined sense of excitement"; "vague feelings of sadness"; "a vague uneasiness" indefinable not capable of being precisely or readily described; not easily put into words; "an indefinable feeling of terror"; "an abstract concept that seems indefinable" defying expression or description; "indefinable yearnings"; "indescribable beauty"; "ineffable ecstasy"; "inexpressible anguish"; "unspeakable happiness"; "unutterable contempt"; "a thing of untellable splendor" well-defined accurately stated or described; "a set of well-defined values" ill-defined poorly stated or described; "he confuses the reader with ill-defined terms and concepts" derived formed or developed from something else; not original; "the belief that classes and organizations are secondary and derived"- John Dewey derivable capable of being derived plagiaristic copied and passed off as your own; "used plagiarized data in his thesis"; "a work dotted with plagiarized phrases" underived not derived; primary or simple inflected showing alteration in form (especially by the addition of affixes); "`boys' and `swam' are inflected English words"; "German is an inflected language" (of the voice) altered in tone or pitch; "his southern Yorkshire voice was less inflected and singing than her northern one" uninflected not inflected; "`boy' and `swim' are uninflected English words" (of the voice) not inflected; "uninflected words"; "monotonic uninflected speech" modulated altered in volume as well as tone or pitch changed or adjusted in pitch, tone, or volume certain(a) definite but not specified or identified; "set aside a certain sum each week"; "to a certain degree"; "certain breeds do not make good pets"; "certain members have not paid their dues"; "a certain popular teacher"; "a certain Mrs. Jones" distinct recognizable; marked; "noticed a distinct improvement"; "at a distinct (or decided) disadvantage" easy to perceive; especially clearly outlined; "a distinct flavor"; "a distinct odor of turpentine"; "a distinct outline"; "the ship appeared as a distinct silhouette"; "distinct fingerprints" (often followed by `from') not alike; different in nature or quality; "plants of several distinct types"; "the word `nationalism' is used in at least two distinct senses"; "gold is distinct from iron"; "a tree related to but quite distinct from the European beech"; "management had interests quite distinct from those of their employees" nebulous lacking definition or definite content; "nebulous reasons"; "unfixed as were her general notions of what men ought to be"- Jane Austen noncommittal refusing to bind oneself to a particular course of action or view or the like; "her boyfriend was noncommittal about their future together" one(a) indefinite in time or position; "he will come one day"; "one place or another" (informal) very; used informally as an intensifier; "that is one fine dog"; "a right fine day" of the same kind or quality; "two animals of one species" having the indivisible character of a unit; "a unitary action"; "spoke with one voice" dehiscent (of e.g. fruits and anthers) opening spontaneously at maturity to release seeds indehiscent (of e.g. fruits) not opening spontaneously at maturity to release seeds dejected affected or marked by low spirits; "is dejected but trying to look cheerful" amort utterly cast down chapfallen brought low in spirit; "left us fatigued and deflated spiritually" gloomy filled with melancholy and despondency; "gloomy at the thought of what he had to face"; "gloomy predictions"; "a gloomy silence"; "took a grim view of the economy"; "the darkening mood"; "lonely and blue in a strange city"; "depressed by the loss of his job"; "a dispirited and resigned expression on her face"; "downcast after his defeat"; "feeling discouraged and downhearted" glum moody and melancholic lonely marked by dejection from being alone; "felt sad and lonely"; "the loneliest night of the week"; "lonesome when her husband is away"; "spent a lonesome hour in the bar" devoid of creatures; "a lonely crossroads"; "a solitary retreat"; "a trail leading to an unfrequented lake" elated exultantly proud and joyful; in high spirits; "the elated winner"; "felt elated and excited" full of high-spirited delight; "a joyful heart" exultant joyful and proud especially because of triumph or success; "rejoicing crowds filled the streets on VJ Day"; "a triumphal success"; "a triumphant shout" gladdened made joyful; "the sun and the wind on his back made him feel exhilarated--happy to be alive" uplifted exalted emotionally especially with pride delicate exquisitely fine and subtle and pleasing; susceptible to injury; "a delicate violin passage"; "delicate china"; "a delicate flavor"; "the delicate wing of a butterfly" easily broken or damaged or destroyed; "a kite too delicate to fly safely"; "fragile porcelain plates"; "fragile old bones"; "a frail craft" difficult to handle; requiring great tact; "delicate negotiations with the big powers"; "hesitates to be explicit on so ticklish a matter"; "a touchy subject" of an instrument or device; capable of registering minute differences or changes precisely; "almost undetectable with even the most delicate instruments" marked by great skill especially in meticulous technique; "a surgeon's delicate touch" easily hurt; "soft hands"; "a baby's delicate skin" ethereal characterized by unusual lightness and delicacy; "this smallest and most ethereal of birds"; "gossamer shading through his playing" of or containing or dissolved in ether; "ethereal solution" fragile vulnerably delicate; "she has the fragile beauty of youth" light-handed having a metaphorically delicate touch; "the translation is...light-handed...and generally unobtrusive"- New Yorker overdelicate extremely delicate; "an overdelicate digestive system" rugged sturdy and strong in constitution or construction; enduring; "with a house full of boys you have to have rugged furniture" very difficult; severely testing stamina or resolution; "a rugged competitive examination"; "the rugged conditions of frontier life"; "the competition was tough"; "it's a tough life"; "it was a tough job" sturdy substantially made or constructed; "sturdy steel shelves"; "sturdy canvas"; "a tough all-weather fabric"; "some plastics are as tough as metal" crumbly easily broken into small fragments or reduced to powder; "friable sandstone"; "friable carcinomatous tissue"; "friable curds formed in the stomach"; "crumbly cookies" frangible capable of being broken; "the museum stored all frangible articles in locked showcases" splintery subject to breaking into sharp slender pieces resembling or consisting of or embedded with long slender fragments of (especially) wood having sharp points; "a rough splintery floor of old pine boards" unbreakable impossible to break especially under ordinary usage; "unbreakable plastic dinnerwear" infrangible difficult or impossible to break or separate into parts; "an infrangible series" shatterproof resistant to shattering or splintering; "shatterproof automobile windows" demanding requiring more than usually expected or thought due; especially great patience and effort and skill; "found the job very demanding"; "a baby can be so demanding" exigent requiring precise accuracy; "an exacting job"; "became more exigent over his pronunciation" hard-to-please(a) (of persons) fussy and demanding; "his father was a hard-to-please taskmaster"; "was very hard to please" rigorous demanding strict attention to rules and procedures; "rigorous discipline"; "tight security"; "stringent safety measures" rigidly accurate; allowing no deviation from a standard; "rigorous application of the law"; "a strict vegetarian" undemanding requiring little if any patience or effort or skill; "the pay was adequate and the job undemanding"; "simple undemanding affection"; "an undemanding boss" easygoing relaxed and informal in attitude or standards; "an easygoing teacher who allowed extra time for assignments" unexacting not rigorous; "relaxed and unexacting standards" adjuratory containing a solemn charge or command earnestly or solemnly entreating; "in adjuratory terms" clamant demanding attention; "clamant needs"; "a crying need"; "regarded literary questions as exigent and momentous"- H.L.Mencken; "insistent hunger"; "an instant need" strident being sharply insistent on being heard; "strident demands"; "shrill criticism" beseeching begging importunate expressing persistant and earnest entreaty; "an importunate job applicant" mendicant practicing beggary; "mendicant friars" petitionary of the nature of or expressing a petition; "the petitionary procedure had a quality of indecisiveness" precatory expressing entreaty or supplication; "precatory overtures" suppliant humbly entreating; "a suppliant sinner seeking forgiveness" antiauthoritarian opposed to authoritarianism classless favoring social equality; "a classless society" parliamentary having the supreme legislative power resting with a body of cabinet ministers chosen from and responsible to the legislature or parliament; "parliamentary government" in accord with rules and customs of a legislative or deliberative assembly; "parliamentary law" relating to or having the nature of a parliament; "parliamentary reform"; "a parliamentary body" participatory affording the opportunity for individual participation; "participatory democracy" undemocratic not in agreement with or according to democratic doctrine or practice or ideals; "the union broke with its past undemocratic procedures" despotic ruled by or characteristic of a despot; "moved from a feudal to a despotic order"; "his administration was arrogant and despotic" belonging to or having the characteristics of a despot monarchal ruled by or having the supreme power resting with a monarch; "monarchal government"; "monarchical systems" having the characteristics of or befitting or worthy of a monarch; "monarchical gestures"; "monarchal pomp" arbitrary based on or subject to individual discretion or preference or sometimes impulse or caprice; "an arbitrary decision"; "the arbitrary rule of a dictator"; "an arbitrary penalty"; "of arbitrary size and shape"; "an arbitrary choice"; "arbitrary division of the group into halves" capricious determined by chance or impulse or whim rather than by necessity or reason; "a capricious refusal"; "authoritarian rulers are frequently capricious"; "the victim of whimsical persecutions" changeable; "a capricious summer breeze"; "freakish weather" discretionary having or using the ability to act or decide according to your own discretion or judgment; "The commission has discretionary power to award extra funds" (especially of funds) not earmarked; available for use as needed; "discretionary funds"; "discretionary income" nonarbitrary not subject to individual determination prescribed set down as a rule or guide demonstrative given to or marked by the open expression of emotion; "an affectionate and demonstrative family" serving to demonstrate effusive extravagantly demonstrative; "insincere and effusive demonstrations of sentimental friendship"; "a large gushing female"; "write unrestrained and gushy poetry" epideictic designed primarily for rhetorical display; "epideictic orations" undemonstrative not given to open expression of emotion restrained cool and formal in manner under restraint deniable capable of being denied or contradicted disavowable capable of being disavowed questionable able to be refuted subject to question; "questionable motives"; "a questionable reputation"; "a fire of questionable origin" undeniable not possible to deny incontrovertible impossible to deny or disprove; "incontrovertible proof of the defendant's innocence"; "proof positive"; "an irrefutable argument" denotative having the power of explicitly denoting or designating or naming in accordance with fact or the primary meaning of a term appellative inclined to or serving for the giving of names; "the appellative faculty of children"; "the appellative function of some primitive rites" pertaining to or dealing with or used as a common noun designative serving to designate extensional defining a word by listing the class of entities to which the word correctly applies referential referring or pointing to something; "symbols are inherently referential" connotative having the power of implying or suggesting something in addition to what is explicit connotational of or relating to a connotation implicative tending to suggest or imply; "artifacts suggestive of an ancient society"; "an implicative statement" intensional used of the set of attributes that distinguish the referents of a given word reliable worthy of reliance or trust; "a reliable source of information"; "a dependable worker" tested tested and proved to be reliable tested and proved useful or correct; "a tested method" undeviating used of values and principles; not subject to change; steady; "undeviating loyalty" going directly ahead from one point to another without veering or turning aside; "some people see evolution as an undeviating upward march from simple organisms to the very complex"; "a straight and narrow tree-lined road unswerving across the lowlands" unreliable not worthy of reliance or trust; "in the early 1950s computers were large and expensive and unreliable"; "an undependable assistant" lacking a sense of responsibility unsound of e.g. advice not sound financially; "unsound banking practices" not in good condition; damaged or decayed; "an unsound foundation" babelike like a baby especially in dependence; "babelike innocence and dependence" helpless unable to manage independently; "as helpless as a baby" unable to function; without help lacking in or deprived of strength or power; "lying ill and helpless"; "helpless with laughter" interdependent mutually dependent myrmecophilous living symbiotically with ants parasitic of plants or persons; having the nature or habits of a parasite or leech; living off another; "a wealthy class parasitic upon the labor of the masses"; "parasitic vines that strangle the trees"; "bloodsucking blackmailer"; "his indolent leechlike existence" relating to or caused by parasites; "parasitic infection" reliant relying on another for support; "dependent on Middle Eastern oil" symbiotic used of organisms (especially of different species) living together but not necessarily in a relation beneficial to each underage dependent by virtue of youth independent free from external control and constraint; "an independent mind"; "a series of independent judgments"; "fiercely independent individualism" (of a clause) capable of standing syntactically alone as a complete sentence; "the main (or independent) clause in a complex sentence has at least a subject and a verb" not controlled by a party or interest group autarkic of countries; not relying on imports autonomous (of persons) free from external control and constraint in e.g. action and judgment existing as an independent entity; "the partitioning of India created two separate and autonomous jute economies" (of political bodies) not controlled by outside forces; "an autonomous judiciary"; "a sovereign state" commutative (of a binary operation) independent of order; as in e.g. "a x b = b x a" free-living not parasitic on another organism self-sufficient able to provide for your own needs without help from others; "a self-sufficing economic unit" self-supporting financially independent; "now that my children are self-supporting" single-handed without help from others; "a single-handed accomplishment" unsupported by other people without assistance; "I built this house single-handedly" strong-minded marked by vigorous independence of thought and judgment having a determined will unaffiliated not affiliated party-spirited devoted to a political party tendentious having or marked by a strong tendency especially a controversial one; "a tendentious account of recent elections"; "distinguishing between verifiable fact and tendentious assertion" bipartisan supported by both sides; "a two-way treaty" unbiased without bias aligned brought into agreement or cooperation on the side of a faction, party, or cause in a straight line; "pearly teeth evenly aligned" allied joined by treaty or agreement related by common characteristics or ancestry; "allied species"; "allied studies" united in a confederacy or league nonaligned not affiliated with any faction, party, or cause descriptive of or relating to an approach to linguistic analysis that aims at the description of a language's forms, structures and usage; "descriptive grammar" serving to describe or inform or characterized by description; "the descriptive variable"; "a descriptive passage" prescriptive pertaining to giving directives or rules; "prescriptive grammar is concerned with norms of or rules for correct usage" undescriptive not successful in describing desirable worth having or seeking or achieving; "a desirable job"; "computer with many desirable features"; "a desirable outcome" worthy of being chosen especially as a spouse; "the parents found the girl suitable for their son" coveted greatly desired delectable capable of arousing sexual desire; "the delectable Miss Haynes" extremely pleasing to the sense of taste enviable causing envy; "an enviable position" preferable more desirable than another; "coffee is preferable to tea"; "Danny's preferred name is `Dan'" unenviable so undesirable as to be incapable of arousing envy; "unenviable notoriety" destroyed spoiled or ruined or demolished; "war left many cities destroyed"; "Alzheimer's is responsible for her destroyed mind" destroyed physically or morally annihilated destroyed completely blighted affected by blight; anything that mars or prevents growth or prosperity; "a blighted rose"; "blighted urban districts" blotted out reduced to nothingness demolished torn down and broken up despoiled having been robbed and destroyed by force and violence; "the raped countryside" done for(p) destroyed or killed; "we are gone geese" doomed to extinction extinguished of a conditioned response; caused to die out because of the absence or withdrawal of reinforcement finished brought to ruin; "after the revolution the aristocracy was finished"; "the unsuccessful run for office left him ruined politically and economically" ended or brought to an end; "are you finished?"; "gave me the finished manuscript" (of materials or goods) brought to the desired final state; "a finished product" having a surface coating or finish applied; "the finished bookcase costs much more than the unfinished ones" (of skills or the products of skills) brought to or having the greatest excellence; perfected; "a dazzling and finished piece of writing"; "a finished violinist" scorched having everything destroyed so nothing is left salvageable by an enemy; "Sherman's scorched earth policy" shattered ruined or disrupted; "our shattered dreams of peace and prosperity"; "a tattered remnant of its former strength"; "my torn and tattered past" totaled used of automobiles; completely demolished; "the insurance adjuster declared the automobile totaled" war-torn laid waste by war wrecked destroyed in an accident; "a wrecked ship"; "a highway full of wrecked cars" preserved kept intact or in a particular condition prevented from decaying or spoiling and prepared for future use conserved protected from harm or loss kept up(p) kept in good condition preservable capable of being preserved protected guarded from injury or destruction kept safe or defended from danger or injury or loss; "the most protected spot I could find" retained continued in your keeping or use or memory; "in...the retained pattern of dancers and guests remembered" destructible easily destroyed; "destructible glassware" abolishable capable of being abolished destroyable capable of being destroyed indestructible not easily destroyed undestroyable not capable of being destroyed determinable capable of being determined or limited or fixed; "determinable velocities"; "matters determinable by law" ascertainable capable of being ascertained or found out; "ascertainable facts" definable capable of being defined, limited, or explained; "definable terms"; "definable rules" judicable capable of being judged or decided; "judicable issues" unascertainable not able to be ascertained; resisting discovery unpredictable unknown in advance; "an unpredictable (or indeterminable) future" not capable of being foretold determinate precisely determined or limited or defined; especially fixed by rule or by a specific and constant cause; "a determinate distance"; "a determinate number"; "determinate variations in animals" not continuing to grow indefinitely at the apex; "determinate growth" cost-plus determining payment based on the actual cost of production plus an agreed-upon fee or rate of profit; "a cost-plus government contract" cymose having a usually flat-topped flower cluster in which the main and branch stems each end in a flower that opens before those below it or to its side racemose having stalked flowers along an elongated stem that continue to open in succession from below as the stem continues to grow; "lilies of the valley are racemose" developed being changed over time so as to be e.g. stronger or more complete or more useful; "the developed qualities of the Hellenic outlook"; "they have very small limbs with only two fully developed toes on each" (of real estate) made more useful and profitable as by building or laying out roads; "condominiums were built on the developed site" (used of societies) having high industrial development; "developed countries" formulated devised; developed according to an orderly plan; "he had well formulated opinions on schooling" undeveloped not developed, mature, or fully formulated; "courses in interior design were rare and undeveloped"; "undeveloped social awareness" vestigial not fully developed in mature animals; "rudimentary wings" dextral of or on the right; "a dextral gastropod shell with the apex upward has its opening on the right when facing the observer"; "a dextral flatfish lies with the right eye uppermost" preferring to use right foot or hand or eye; "dextral individuals exhibit dominance of the right hand and eye" dexter on or starting from the wearer's right dextrorse spiraling upward from left to right; "dextrorse vines" sinistral of or on the left; "a sinistral gastropod shell with the apex upward has its opening on the left when facing the observer"; "a sinistral flatfish lies with the left eye uppermost" preferring to use left foot or hand or eye; "sinistral individuals exhibit dominance of the left hand and eye" sinister on or starting from the wearer's left; "bar sinister" sinistrorse spiraling upward from right to left; "sinistrorse vines" diabatic involving a transfer of heat; "a diabatic process" adiabatic occurring without loss or gain of heat; "adiabatic expansion" differentiated made different (especially in the course of development) or shown to be different; "the differentiated markings of butterflies"; "the regionally differentiated results" exhibiting biological specialization; adapted during development to a specific function or environment undifferentiated not differentiated dedifferentiated having experienced or undergone dedifferentiation or the loss of specialization in form or function; "the hebephrenic--the most severely dedifferentiated of all schizophrenic patients" difficult not easy; requiring great physical or mental effort to accomplish or comprehend or endure; "a difficult task"; "nesting places on the cliffs are difficult of access"; "difficult times"; "why is it so hard for you to keep a secret?" arduous difficult to accomplish; demanding considerable mental effort and skill; "the arduous work of preparing a dictionary" characterized by effort to the point of exhaustion; especially physical effort; "worked their arduous way up the mining valley"; "a grueling campaign"; "hard labor"; "heavy work"; "heavy going"; "spent many laborious hours on the project"; "set a punishing pace" taxing to the utmost; testing powers of endurance; "his final, straining burst of speed"; "a strenuous task"; "your willingness after these six arduous days to remain here"- F.D.Roosevelt baffling making great mental demands; hard to comprehend or solve or believe; "a baffling problem"; "I faced the knotty problem of what to have for breakfast"; "a problematic situation at home" catchy having concealed difficulty; "a catchy question"; "a tricky recipe to follow" fractious unpredictably difficult in operation; likely to be troublesome; "rockets were much too fractious to be tested near thickly populated areas"; "fractious components of a communication system" stubbornly resistant to authority or control; "a fractious animal that would not submit to the harness"; "a refractory child" hard-fought requiring great effort; "a hard-fought primary" herculean extremely difficult; requiring the strength of a Hercules; "a herculean task" displaying superhuman strength or power; "herculean exertions" nasty exasperatingly difficult to handle or circumvent; "a nasty problem"; "a good man to have on your side in a tight situation" offensive or even (of persons) malicious; "in a nasty mood"; "a nasty accident"; "a nasty shock"; "a nasty smell"; "a nasty trick to pull"; "Will he say nasty things at my funeral?"- Ezra Pound rocky full of hardship or trials; "the rocky road to success"; "they were having a rough time" abounding in rocks or stones; "rocky fields"; "stony ground"; "bouldery beaches" liable to rock; "on high rocky heels" serious requiring effort or concentration; complex and not easy to answer or solve; "raised serious objections to the proposal"; "the plan has a serious flaw" of great consequence; "marriage is a serious matter" concerned with work or important matters rather than play or trivialities; "a serious student of history"; "a serious attempt to learn to ski"; "gave me a serious look"; "a serious young man"; "are you serious or joking?"; "Don't be so serious!" tall(a) impressively difficult; "a tall order" thorny bristling with perplexities; "the thorny question of states' rights" troublesome causing difficulty or annoyance; "a troublesome infection"; "a troublesome situation" trying hard to endure; "fell upon trying times" vexed causing difficulty in finding an answer or solution; much disputed; "the vexed issue of priorities"; "we live in vexed and troubled times" cushy not burdensome or demanding; borne or done easily and without hardship; "what a cushy job!"; "the easygoing life of a parttime consultant"; "a soft job" elementary easy and not involved or complicated; "an elementary problem in statistics"; "elementary, my dear Watson"; "a simple game"; "found an uncomplicated solution to the problem" of or being the essential or basic part; "an elementary need for love and nurturing"; "a basal reader" of or pertaining to or characteristic of elementary school or elementary education; "the elementary grades"; "elementary teachers" hands-down achieved without great effort; "a hands-down victory" painless requiring little hard work or exertion; "a painless solution to the problem" not causing physical or psychological pain; "painless dentistry" user-friendly easy to use digitigrade (of mammals) walking on the toes with the posterior part of the foot raised (as cats, dogs, and horses do) plantigrade (of mammals) walking on the whole sole of the foot (as rabbits, raccoons, bears, and humans do) dignified having or expressing dignity; especially formality or stateliness in bearing or appearance; "her dignified demeanor"; "the director of the school was a dignified white-haired gentleman" having or showing self-esteem courtly refined or imposing in manner or appearance; befitting a royal court; "a courtly gentleman" distinguished used of a person's appearance or behavior; befitting an eminent person; "his distinguished bearing"; "the monarch's imposing presence"; "she reigned in magisterial beauty" (used of persons) standing above others in character or attainment or reputation; "our distinguished professor" undignified lacking dignity demeaning causing awareness of your shortcomings; "golf is a humbling game" infra dig(p) beneath your dignity; "considered helping with the dishes to be infra dig" pathetic inspiring scornful pity; "how silly an ardent and unsuccessful wooer can be especially if he is getting on in years"- Dashiell Hammett inspiring mixed contempt and pity; "their efforts were pathetic"; "pitiable lack of character"; "pitiful exhibition of cowardice" statesmanlike marked by the qualities of or befitting a statesman; "a man of statesmanlike judgment"; "a statesmanlike solution of the present perplexities"-V.L.Parrington unstatesmanlike not statesmanlike; "unstatesmanlike procedure" presidential befitting a president; "criticized the candidate for not looking presidential" relating to a president or presidency; "presidential aides"; "presidential veto" unpresidential not presidential; "very unpresidential behavior" dicotyledonous (of a flowering plant) having two cotyledons in the seed monocotyledonous (of a flowering plant) having a single cotyledon in the seed as in grasses and lilies diligent characterized by care and perseverance in carrying out tasks; "a diligent detective investigates all clues"; "a diligent search of the files" quietly and steadily persevering especially in detail or exactness; "a diligent (or patient) worker"; "with persevering (or patient) industry she revived the failing business" assiduous marked by care and persistent effort; "her assiduous attempts to learn French"; "assiduous research"; "sedulous pursuit of legal and moral principles" hardworking characterized by hard work and perseverance negligent characterized by neglect and undue lack of concern; "negligent parents"; "negligent of detail"; "negligent in his correspondence" hit-and-run(a) involving a driver of a motor vehicle who leaves the scene of an accident diluted reduced in strength or concentration or quality or purity; "diluted alcohol"; "a dilute solution"; "dilute acetic acid" watery overly diluted; thin and insipid; "washy coffee"; "watery milk"; "weak tea" relating to or resembling or consisting of water; "a watery substance"; "a watery color" filled with water; "watery soil" undiluted not diluted; "undiluted milk"; "an undiluted racial strain" neat (of an alcoholic drink) without water; "took his whiskey neat" clean or organized; "her neat dress"; "a neat room" showing care in execution; "neat homework"; "neat handwriting" monounsaturated (of long-chain carbon compounds especially fats) saturated except for one multiple bond polyunsaturated (of long-chain carbon compounds especially fats) having many unsaturated bonds supersaturated being more concentrated than normally possible and therefore not in equilibrium diplomatic using or marked by tact in dealing with sensitive matters or people; "the hostess averted a confrontation with a diplomatic chenage of subject" relating to or characteristic of diplomacy; "diplomatic immunity" politic smoothly agreeable and courteous with a degree of sophistication; "he was too politic to quarrel with so important a personage"; "the manager pacified the customer with a smooth apology for the error" marked by artful prudence, expedience, and shrewdness; "it is neither polite nor politic to get into other people's quarrels"; "a politic decision"; "a politic manager"; "a politic old scoundrel"; "a shrewd and politic reply" tactful showing skill and sensitivity in dealing with people; "by diplomatic conduct he avoided antagonizing anyone"; "a tactful way of correcting someone"; "the agency got the kid-glove treatment on Capitol Hill" having or showing a sense of what is fitting and considerate in dealing with others; "she was tactful enough not to shatter his illusion"; "a tactful remark eased her embarrassment" undiplomatic not skilled in dealing with others conciliatory intended to placate; "spoke in a conciliating tone"; "a conciliatory visit" appeasing(a) intended to pacify by acceding to demands or granting concessions; "the appeasing concessions to the Nazis at Munich"; "placating (or placative) gestures"; "an astonishingly placatory speech" pacific promoting peace; "the result of this pacific policy was that no troops were called up" disposed to peace or of a peaceful nature; "the pacific temper seeks to settle disputes on grounds of justice rather than by force"; "a quiet and peaceable person"; "in a peaceable and orderly manner" propitiative intended to reconcile or appease; "sent flowers as a propitiatory gesture" alienating causing hostility or loss of friendliness; "her sudden alienating aloofness" nonstop (of a journey especially a flight) occurring without stops; "a nonstop flight to Atlanta" without stopping; "we are flying nonstop form New York to Tokyo" point-blank close enough to go straight to the target; "point-blank range"; "a point-blank shot" in a direct and unequivocal manner; "I asked him point-blank whether he wanted the job" straightforward pointed directly ahead; "a straightforward gaze" free from ambiguity; "a straightforward set of instructions" through(a) (of a route or journey etc.) continuing without requiring stops or changes; "a through street"; "a through bus"; "through traffic" indirect not direct in spatial dimension; not leading by a straight line or course to a destination; "sometimes taking an indirect path saves time"; "you must take an indirect course in sailing" extended senses; not direct in manner or language or behavior or action; "making indirect but legitimate inquiries"; "an indirect insult"; "doubtless they had some indirect purpose in mind"; "though his methods are indirect they are not dishonest"; "known as a shady indirect fellow" having intervening factors or persons or influences; "reflection from the ceiling provided a soft indirect light"; "indirect evidence"; "an indirect cause" not as a direct effect or consequence; "indirect benefits"; "an indirect advantage" askance (used especially of glances) directed to one side with or as if with doubt or suspicion or envy; "her eyes with their misted askance look"- Elizabeth Bowen; "sidelong glances" with a side or oblique glance; "did not quite turn all the way back but looked askance at me with her dark eyes" with suspicion or disapproval; "he looked askance at the offer" devious deviating from a straight course; "a scenic but devious route"; "a long and circuitous journey by train and boat"; "a roundabout route avoided rush-hour traffic" indirect in departing from the accepted or proper way; misleading; "used devious means to achieve success"; "gave oblique answers to direct questions"; "oblique political maneuvers" characterized by insincerity or deceit; evasive; "a devious character"; "shifty eyes" diversionary (of tactics e.g.) likely or designed to confuse or deceive meandering(a) of a path e.g.; "meandering streams"; "rambling forest paths"; "the river followed its wandering course"; "a winding country road" alternating (of a current) reversing direction; "alternating current" brutal disagreeably direct and precise; "he spoke with brutal honesty" punishingly harsh; "the brutal summer sun"; "a brutal winter" flat-footed forthright and explicit; "a flat-footed refusal" with feet flat on the ground; not tiptoe having broad flat feet that usually turn outward; "a slow flat-footed walk" unprepared and unable to react quickly; "the new product caught their competitors flat-footed" man-to-man forthright and honest; "had a man-to-man talk about the facts of life" directly; "we must talk man-to-man" no-nonsense not tolerating irrelevancies; "the no-nonsense tones of a stern parent" pointed direct and obvious in meaning or reference; often unpleasant; "a pointed critique"; "a pointed allusion to what was going on"; "another pointed look in their direction" having a point square(a) without evasion or compromise; "a square contradiction"; "he is not being as straightforward as it appears" upfront frank and honest; "he was upfront about his intentions" allusive characterized by indirect references; "allusive speech is characterized by allusions" backhanded roundabout or ambiguous; "attacks from that source amounted to a backhanded compliment to his integrity"; "a backhanded and dishonest way of reaching his goal" circuitous marked by obliqueness or indirection in speech or conduct; "the explanation was circuitous and puzzling"; "a roundabout paragraph"; "hear in a roundabout way that her ex-husband was marrying her best friend" circumlocutious roundabout and unnecessarily wordy; "had a preference for circumlocutious (or circumlocutory) rather than forthright expression"; "A periphrastic study in a worn-out poetical fashion,/ Leaving one still with the intolerable wrestle/ With words and meanings."-T.S.Eliot; (`ambagious' is archaic) digressive (of e.g. speech and writing) tending to depart from the main point or cover a wide range of subjects; "amusingly digressive with satirical thrusts at women's fashions among other things"; "a rambling discursive book"; "his excursive remarks"; "a rambling speech about this and that" of superficial relevance if any; "a digressive allusion to the day of the week"; "a tangential remark" hearsay heard through another rather than directly; "hearsay information" mealymouthed hesitant to state facts or opinions simply and directly as from e.g. timidity or hypocrisy; "a mealymouthed politician" tortuous not straightforward; "his tortuous reasoning" marked by repeated turns and bends; "a tortuous road up the mountain"; "winding roads are full of surprises"; "had to steer the car down a twisty track" immediate having no intervening medium; "an immediate influence" performed with little or no delay; "an immediate reply to my letter"; "a prompt reply"; "was quick to respond"; "a straightaway denial" immediately before or after as in a chain of cause and effect; "the immediate result"; "the immediate cause of the trouble" of the present time and place; "the immediate revisions" mediated acting or brought about through an intervening agency; "the mediated settlement brought satisfaction to both sides" discerning having or revealing keen insight and good judgment; "a discerning critic"; "a discerning reader" able to make or detect effects of great subtlety; sensitive; "discerning taste"; "a discerning eye for color" unobtrusively perceptive and sympathetic; "a discerning editor"; "a discreet silence" clear-eyed mentally acute or penetratingly discerning; "too clear-eyed not to see what problems would follow"; "chaos could be prevented only by clear-sighted leadership"; "much too perspicacious to be taken in by so spurious an argument" prescient perceiving the significance of events before they occur; "extraordinarily prescient memoranda on the probable course of postwar relations"-R.H.Rovere undiscerning lacking discernment obtuse lacking in insight or discernment; "too obtuse to grasp the implications of his behavior"; "a purblind oligarchy that flatly refused to see that history was condemning it to the dustbin"- Jasper Griffin of an angle; between 90 and 180 degrees (of a leaf shape) rounded at the apex uncomprehending lacking understanding; "tried to explain to her uncomprehending husband" discreet marked by prudence or modesty and wise self-restraint; "his trusted discreet aide"; "a discreet, finely wrought gold necklace" indiscreet lacking discretion; injudicious; "her behavior was indiscreet at the very best" bigmouthed unwisely talking too much imprudent lacking wise self-restraint; "an imprudent remark" not prudent or wise; "very imprudent of her mother to encourage her in such silly romantic ideas"; "would be imprudent for a noneconomist to talk about the details of economic policy"- A.M.Schlesinger indiscriminate not marked by fine distinctions; "indiscriminate reading habits"; "an indiscriminate mixture of colors and styles" failing to make or recognize distinctions promiscuous not selective of a single class or person; "Clinton was criticized for his promiscuous solicitation of campaign money" discriminating showing or indicating careful judgment and discernment especially in matters of taste; "the discriminating eye of the connoisseur" appreciative having or showing appreciation or a favorable critical judgment or opinion; "appreciative of a beautiful landscape"; "an appreciative laugh from the audience" feeling or expressive of gratitude; "was appreciative of his efforts"; "an appreciative word" diacritic capable of distinguishing; "students having superior diacritic powers"; "the diacritic elements in culture"- S.F.Nadel selective tending to select; characterized by careful choice; "an exceptionally quick and selective reader"- John Mason Brown characterized by very careful or fastidious selection; "the school was very selective in its admissions" undiscriminating not discriminating scattershot covering a wide range in a haphazard way unperceptive lacking sensitivity, taste, or judgment lacking perception; "as unperceptive as a boulder" unselective not selective or discriminating; "unselective in her reading habits; her choices seemed completely random" throwaway(p) intended to be thrown away after use; "throwaway diapers" nondisposable not designed to be thrown away after use (of assets) unavailable for use returnable that may be returned; "returnable bottles and cans"; "this merchandise is returnable if you save the receipt" revertible to be returned to the former owner or that owner's heirs nonreturnable that may not be returned; "nonreturnable bottles cannot be exchanged for a deposit"; "sale merchandise is nonreturnable" expendable (used of funds) remaining after taxes; "spendable income" suitable to be expended frozen not convertible to cash; "frozen assets" turned into ice; affected by freezing or by long and severe cold; "the frozen North"; "frozen pipes"; "children skating on a frozen brook" not thawed distal situated farthest from point of attachment or origin, as of a limb or bone directed away from the midline or mesial plane of the body proximal situated nearest to point of attachment or origin; "the proximal end of a bone" lateral lying away from the median and sagittal plane of a body; "lateral lemniscus" situated at or extending to the side; "the lateral branches of a tree"; "shot out sidelong boughs"- Tennyson mesial being in or directed toward the midline or mesial plane of the body medial dividing an animal into right and left halves sagittal located in a plane that is parallel to the central plane of the sagittal suture chiseled having a clean and distinct outline as if precisely cut along the edges; "a finely chiseled nose"; "well-defined features" knifelike having a sharp or distinct edge; "a narrow knifelike profile" cutting or able to cut as if with a knife razor-sharp very clearly delineated; "razor-sharp definition" as sharp as a razor indistinct not clearly defined or easy to perceive or understand; "indistinct shapes in the gloom"; "an indistinct memory"; "only indistinct notions of what to do" bedimmed made dim or indistinct; "a sun bedimmed by clouds" bleary indistinct or hazy in outline; "a landscape of blurred outlines"; "the trees were just blurry shapes" tired to the point of exhaustion veiled muted or unclear; "veiled sounds"; "the image is veiled or foggy" having or as if having a veil or concealing cover; "a veiled dancer"; "a veiled hat"; "veiled threats"; "veiled insults" diversified having variety of character or form or components; or having increased variety; "a diversified musical program ranging from classical to modern"; "diversified farming"; "diversified manufacturing"; "diversified scenery"; "diversified investments" undiversified not diversified monolithic characterized by massiveness and rigidity and total uniformity; "a monolithic society"; "a monolithic worldwide movement" undistributed (of investments) not distributed among a variety of securities divisible capable of being or liable to be divided or separated; "even numbers are divisible by two"; "the Americans fought a bloody war to prove that their nation is not divisible" cleavable capable of being cleaved dissociable capable of being divided or dissociated; "often drugs and crime are not dissociable"; "the siamese twins were not considered separable"; "a song...never conceived of as severable from the melody" dissociative tending to produce dissociation dividable can be divided usually without leaving a remainder; "15 is dividable by 3" partible (of e.g. property) capable of being parted or divided; "a partible estate" indivisible impossible of undergoing division; "an indivisible union of states"; "one nation indivisible" indiscrete not divided or divisible into parts; "layers that were fused into an indiscrete mass" undividable cannot be divided without leaving a remainder inseparable not capable of being separated; "inseparable pieces of rock" documented furnished with or supported by documents; "the first documented case of shark attack in those waters" referenced supported with written references or citations; "a carefully referenced biography" registered (of a boat or vessel) furnished with necessary official documents specifying ownership etc listed or recorded officially; "record is made of `registered mail' at each point on its route to assure safe delivery"; "registered bonds" (of animals) officially recorded with or certified by a recognized breed association; especially in a stud book; "a registered Percheron" undocumented lacking necessary documents (as for e.g. permission to live or work in a country); "undocumented aliens"; "undocumented tax deductions" unregistered (a boat or vessel) not furnished with official documents not registered; "an unregistered citizen" (of animals) not recorded with or certified by an official breed association; "unregistered dairy cattle" domineering tending to domineer autocratic offensively self-assured or given to exercising usually unwarranted power; "an autocratic person"; "autocratic behavior"; "a bossy way of ordering others around"; "a rather aggressive and dominating character"; "managed the employees in an aloof magisterial way"; "a swaggering peremptory manner" blustery noisily domineering; tending to browbeat others heavy-handed unjustly domineering; "incensed at the government's heavy-handed economic policies"; "a manager who rode roughshod over all opposition" oppressive marked by unjust severity or arbitrary behavior; "the oppressive government"; "oppressive laws"; "a tyrannical parent"; "tyrannous disregard of human rights" weighing heavily on the senses or spirit; "the atmosphere was oppressive"; "oppressive sorrows" submissive inclined or willing to submit to orders or wishes of others or showing such inclination; "submissive servants"; "a submissive reply"; "replacing troublemakers with more submissive people" abject showing humiliation or submissiveness; "an abject apology" of the most contemptible kind; "abject cowardice"; "a low stunt to pull"; "a low-down sneak"; "his miserable treatment of his family"; "You miserable skunk!"; "a scummy rabble"; "a scurvy trick" most unfortunate or miserable; "the most abject slaves joined in the revolt"; "abject poverty" showing utter resignation or hopelessness; "abject surrender" bowed showing an excessively deferential manner of a stringed instrument; sounded by stroking with a bow meek evidencing little spirit or courage; overly submissive or compliant; "compliant and anxious to suit his opinions of those of others"; "a fine fiery blast against meek conformity"- Orville Prescott; "she looked meek but had the heart of a lion"; "was submissive and subservient" humble in spirit or manner; suggesting retiring mildness or even cowed submissiveness; "meek and self-effacing" very docile; "tame obedience"; "meek as a mouse"- Langston Hughes cringing totally submissive servile submissive or fawning in attitude or behavior; "spoke in a servile tone"; "the incurably servile housekeeper"; "servile tasks such as floor scrubbing and barn work" bootlicking attempting to win favor by flattery attempting to win favor from influential people by flattery obsequious attentive in an ingratiating or servile manner; "obsequious shop assistants" slavish abjectly submissive; characteristic of a slave or servant; "slavish devotion to her job ruled her life"; "a slavish yes-man to the party bosses"- S.H.Adams; "she has become submissive and subservient" blindly imitative; "a slavish copy of the original" slavelike suitable for a slave or servant unservile not servile or submissive controlling able to control or determine policy; "a controlling interest in the firm" governing responsible for making and enforcing rules and laws; "governing bodies" overriding having superior power and influence; "the predominant mood among policy-makers is optimism" associate(a) having partial rights and privileges or subordinate status; "an associate member"; "an associate professor" under(a) lower in rank, power, or authority; "an under secretary" recessive (of genes) producing its characteristic phenotype only when its allele is identical single-barreled having one barrel; "most guns are single-barreled" double-breasted (of clothing) fastened by lapping one edge of the front well over the other usually with a double row of buttons; "double-breasted jacket"; "double-breasted suit" single-breasted (of clothing) closing with a narrow overlap and fastened with a single row of buttons; "a single-breasted jacket" dramatic suitable to or characteristic of drama; "a dramatic entrance in a swirling cape"; "a dramatic rescue at sea" sensational in appearance or thrilling in effect; "a dramatic sunset"; "a dramatic pause"; "a spectacular display of northern lights"; "it was a spectacular play"; "his striking good looks always created a sensation" used of a singer or singing voice that is marked by power and expressiveness and a histrionic or theatrical style; "a dramatic tenor"; "a dramatic soprano" pertaining to or characteristic of drama; "dramatic arts" melodramatic having the excitement and emotional appeal of melodrama; "a melodramatic account of two perilous days at sea" hammy affectedly dramatic; overacted undramatic lacking dramatic force and quality; "moved with quiet force and undramatic bearing" unspectacular not spectacular; "an unspectacular but necessary task" actable capable of being acted; suitable for the stage; "an actable scene" unactable not actable; "an unactable play" theatrical suited to or characteristic of the stage or theater; "a theatrical pose"; "one of the most theatrical figures in public life" of or relating to the theater histrionic characteristic of acting or a stage performance; often affected; "histrionic gestures"; "an attitude of melodramatic despair"; "a theatrical pose" showy displaying brilliance and virtuosity stagy having characteristics of the stage especially an artificial and mannered quality; "stagy heroics" untheatrical not suited to or characteristic of the stage or theater; "a well-written but untheatrical play"; "an untheatrical personality" drinkable suitable for drinking undrinkable unsuitable for drinking intoxicated stupefied or excited by a chemical substance (especially alcohol); "a noisy crowd of intoxicated sailors"; "helplessly inebriated" as if under the influence of alcohol; "felt intoxicated by her success"; "drunk with excitement" bacchanalian used of riotously drunken merrymaking; "a night of bacchanalian revelry"; "carousing bands of drunken soldiers"; "orgiastic festivity" beery smelling of beer besotted very drunk potty slightly intoxicated (British informal) trivial; "potty little details" bibulous given to or marked by the consumption of alcohol; "a bibulous fellow"; "a bibulous evening"; "his boozy drinking companions"; "thick boozy singing"; "a drunken binge"; "two drunken gentlemen holding each other up"; "sottish behavior" doped under the influence of narcotics; "knocked out by doped wine"; "a drugged sleep"; "were under the effect of the drugged sweets"; "in a stuperous narcotized state" treated or impregnated with a foreign substance half-seas-over British informal for `intoxicated' hopped-up under the influence of narcotics (of an automobile) having the engine modified to give extra power; "a hopped-up jalopy" cold sober totally sober drug-free characteristic of a person not taking illegal drugs or of a place where no illegal drugs are used uninebriated not inebriated blunted made dull or blunt edgeless lacking a cutting edge unsharpened not sharpened carnassial (of a tooth) adapted for shearing flesh; "the carnassial teeth of carnivores" chisel-like resembling a chisel dagger-like resembling a dagger drill-like resembling a drill fang-like resembling a fang file-like resembling a file incisive suitable for cutting or piercing; "incisive teeth" metal-cutting hard and sharp enough to cut metal; "metal-cutting tools" penetrative tending to penetrate; having the power of entering or piercing; "a toxic penetrative spray applied to the surface"; "a cold penetrating wind"; "a penetrating odor" sharpened made sharp or sharper; "a sharpened knife cuts more cleanly" having the point made sharp; "a sharpened pencil" sharp-toothed having sharp teeth fulgurating sharp and piercing deadened made or become less intense; "the deadened pangs of hunger" eventful full of events or incidents; "the most exhausting and eventful day of my life" uneventful marked by no noteworthy or significant events; "an uneventful life"; "the voyage was pleasant and uneventful"; "recovery was uneventful" bouncing marked by lively action; "a bouncing gait"; "bouncy tunes"; "the peppy and interesting talk"; "a spirited dance" vigorously healthy; "a bouncing baby" breezy fresh and animated; "her breezy nature" bubbly full of or showing high spirits; "bright bubbly children"; "a bubbly personality" bubbling marked by high spirits or excitement; "his fertile effervescent mind"; "scintillating personality"; "a row of sparkly cheerleaders" emitting or filled with bubbles as from carbonation or fermentation; "bubbling champagne"; "foamy (or frothy) beer" burbling uttered with unrestrained enthusiasm; "a novel told in burbly panting tones" arid lacking vitality or spirit; lifeless; "a technically perfect but arid performance of the sonata"; "a desiccate romance"; "a prissy and emotionless creature...settles into a mold of desiccated snobbery"-C.J.Rolo lacking sufficient water or rainfall; "an arid climate"; "a waterless well"; "miles of waterless country to cross" humdrum tediously repetitious or lacking in variety; "a humdrum existence; all work and no play"; "nothing is so monotonous as the sea" dynamic characterized by action or forcefulness or force of personality; "a dynamic market"; "a dynamic speaker"; "the dynamic president of the firm" of or relating to dynamics can-do marked by a willingness to tackle a job and get it done; "a can-do kind of person"; "the city's indomitable optimism and can-do spirit" changing marked by continuous change or effective action high-octane vigorously energetic or forceful; "a high-octane sales manager"; "a high-octane marketing plan"; "high-powered executives"; "a high-voltage theatrical entrepreneur" used of gasoline; having a high octane number self-propelled moved forward by its own force or momentum; "a self-propelled egotist"; "the arms program is now self-propelled" slashing as if striking with slashing blows; "his slashing demon-ridden cadenza" undynamic characterized by an absence of force or forcefulness stagnant not growing or changing; without force or vitality eager having or showing keen interest or intense desire or impatient expectancy; "eager to learn"; "eager to travel abroad"; "eager for success"; "eager helpers"; "an eager look" anxious(p) eagerly desirous; "anxious to see the new show at the museum"; "dying to hear who won" impatient(p) (usually followed by `to') full of eagerness; "impatient to begin"; "raring to go" overeager excessively eager; "overeager in his pursuit of the girl" uneager lacking interest or spirit or animation; "decrepit, colorless uneager things" reluctant not eager; "foreigners stubbornly reluctant to accept our ways"; "fresh from college and reluctant for the moment to marry him" disinclined to become involved; "they were usually reluctant to socialize"; "reluctant to help" eared having ears (or appendages resembling ears) or having ears of a specified kind; often used in combination auriculate having auricles lop-eared having bent or drooping ears; "a lop-eared hound" mouse-eared having ears like a mouse's short-eared having short ears small-eared having small ears earless lacking external ears; "earless seals" early at or near the beginning of a period of time or course of events or before the usual or expected time; "early morning"; "an early warning"; "early diagnosis"; "an early death"; "took early retirement"; "an early spring"; "early varieties of peas and tomatoes mature before most standard varieties" being or occurring at an early stage of development; "in an early stage"; "early forms of life"; "early man"; "an early computer" of an early stage in the development of a language or literature; "the Early Hebrew alphabetical script is that used mainly from the 11th to the 6th centuries B.C."; "Early Modern English is represented in documents printed from 1476 to 1700" very young; "at an early age" expected in the near future; "look for an early end to the negotiations" before the usual time or the time expected; "she graduated early"; "the house was completed ahead of time" in good time; "he awoke betimes that morning" aboriginal having existed from the beginning; in an earliest or original stage or state; "aboriginal forests"; "primal eras before the appearance of life on earth"; "the forest primeval"; "primordial matter"; "primordial forms of life" archean of or relating to the earliest known rocks formed during the Precambrian Eon archeozoic of or belonging to earlier of two divisions of the Precambrian era; "archeozoic life forms" azoic before the appearance of life; "azoic rocks contain not organic remains" earlier (comparative and superlative of `early') more early than; most early; "a fashion popular in earlier times"; "his earlier work reflects the influence of his teacher"; "Verdi's earliest and most raucous opera" earlier in time; previously; "I had known her before"; "as I said before"; "he called me the day before but your call had come even earlier"; "her parents had died four years earlier"; "I mentioned that problem earlier" earlyish being somewhat early; "at an earlyish hour" premature uncommonly early or before the expected time; "illness led to his premature death"; "alcohol brought him to an untimely end" born after a gestation period of less than the normal time; "a premature infant" previous(p) too soon or too hasty; "our condemnation of him was a bit previous"; "a premature judgment" proterozoic formed in the later of two divisions of the Precambrian era; "proterozoic life forms" proto(a) indicating the first or earliest or original; "`proto' is a combining form in a word like `protolanguage' that refers to the hypothetical ancestor of another language or group of languages" intervening occurring or falling between events or points in time; "so much had happened during the intervening years" mid(a) used in combination to denote the middle; "midmorning"; "midsummer"; "in mid-1958"; "a mid-June wedding" late being or occurring at an advanced period of time or after a usual or expected time; "late evening"; "late 18th century"; "a late movie"; "took a late flight"; "had a late breakfast" at or toward an end or late period or stage of development; "the late phase of feudalism"; "a later symptom of the disease"; "later medical science could have saved the child" of a later stage in the development of a language or literature; used especially of dead languages; "Late Greek" later than usual or than expected; "the train arrived late"; "we awoke late"; "the children came late to school"; "notice came so tardily that we almost missed the deadline"; "I belatedly wished her a happy birthday" at an advanced age or stage; "she married late"; "undertook the project late in her career" after-hours after closing time especially a legally established closing time; "after-hours socializing"; "an after-hours club" latish somewhat late posthumous occurring or coming into existence after a person's death; "a posthumous award"; "a posthumous book"; "a posthumous daughter" archaic little evolved from or characteristic of an earlier ancestral type; "archaic forms of life"; "primitive mammals"; "the okapi is a short-necked primitive cousin of the giraffe" embryonic in an early stage of development; "the embryonic government staffed by survivors of the massacre"; "an embryonic nation, not yet self-governing" of an organism prior to birth or hatching; "in the embryonic stage"; "embryologic development" incipient only partly in existence; imperfectly formed; "incipient civil disorder"; "an incipient tumor"; "a vague inchoate idea" precocious appearing or developing early; "precocious flowers appear before the leaves as in some species of magnolias" characterized by or characteristic of exceptionally early development or maturity (especially in mental aptitude); "a precocious child"; "a precocious achievement" advanced(a) comparatively late in a course of development; "the illness had reached an advanced stage"; "an advanced state of exhaustion" tardive late-occurring (especially with reference to symptoms of a disease); "tardive dyskinesia" Old of a very early stage in development; "Old English is also called Anglo Saxon"; "Old High German is High German from the middle of the 9th to the end of the 11th century" Modern used of a living language; being the current stage in its development; "Modern English"; "New Hebrew is Israeli Hebrew" New in use after medieval times; "New Eqyptian was the language of the 18th to 21st dynasties" earned gained or acquired; especially through merit or as a result of effort or action; "a well-earned reputation for honesty"; "earned income"; "an earned run in baseball" attained achieved or reached; "the actual attained achievement test score" unearned not gained by merit or labor or service; "accepted the unearned rewards that came his ways as well as the unearned criticism"; "unearned income"; "an unearned run" honorary given as an honor without the normal duties; "an honorary degree" precarious affording no ease or reassurance; "a precarious truce" not secure; beset with difficulties; "a shaky marriage" eastbound moving toward the east; "eastbound trains" easterly from the east; used especially of winds; "an eastern wind"; "the winds are easterly" lying in or toward the east; "the east side of New York"; "eastern cities" from the east; "the winds blew easterly all night" eastern lying toward or situated in the east; "the eastern end of the island" relating to or characteristic of regions of eastern parts of the world; "Eastern Europe"; "the Eastern religions" of or characteristic of eastern regions of the United States; "the Eastern establishment" easternmost farthest to the east eastside of the eastern part of a city e.g. Manhattan; "the eastside silk-stocking district" westbound moving toward the west; "westbound pioneers" westerly of wind; from the west from the west; "the wind blew westerly" toward the west; "we began to steer away westerly"- Daniel Defoe westernmost farthest to the west westside of the western part of a city; "he lives in upper westside Manhattan" occidental denoting or characteristic of countries of Europe and the western hemisphere; "occidental civilization"; "Hesperian culture" oriental denoting or characteristic of countries of the Far East; "oriental civilization" southwestern of a region of the United States generally including New Mexico; Arizona; Texas; California; and sometimes Nevada; Utah; Colorado midwestern of a region of the United States generally including Ohio; Indiana; Illinois; Iowa; Missouri; Kansas; Nebraska; and sometimes Michigan; Wisconsin; Minnesota; "a midwestern city"; "midwestern accent" northwestern of a region of the United States generally including Washington; Oregon; Idaho; and sometimes Montana; Wyoming situated in or oriented toward the northwest west-central of a region of the United States usually including Colorado; Nevada; Utah east-central of a region of the United States generally including Kentucky, West Virginia middle Atlantic of a region of the United States generally including Delaware; Maryland; Virginia; and usually New York; Pennsylvania; New Jersey; "mid-Atlantic states" northeastern of a region of the United States generally including the New England states; New York; and sometimes New Jersey and Pennsylvania situated in or oriented toward the northeast; "the northeasterly part of the island" southeastern of a region of the United States generally including Alabama; Georgia; Florida; Tennessee; South Carolina; North Carolina ectomorphic having a build with little fat or muscle but with long limbs asthenic having a slender physique endomorphic having a squat and fleshy build; "a pyknic practical joke" mesomorphic having a robust muscular body-build characterized by predominance of structures (bone and muscle and connective tissue) developed from the embryonic mesodermal layer athletic having a sturdy and well proportioned body; "an athletic build" relating to or befitting athletics or athletes; "athletic facilities" edible suitable for use as food killable fit to kill, especially for food nonpoisonous safe to eat not producing poison pareve containing no meat or milk (or their derivatives) and thus eatable with both meat and dairy dishes according to the dietary laws of Judaism; "pareve margarine"; "parvebread" inedible not suitable for food educated possessing an education (especially having more than average knowledge) characterized by full comprehension of the problem involved; "an educated guess"; "an enlightened electorate" self-educated educated by your own efforts rather than by formal instruction semiliterate literate but poorly informed barely able to read and write; "an semiliterate scrawl" able to read but not to write uneducated not having a good education ignorant uneducated in the fundamentals of a given art or branch of learning; lacking knowledge of a specific field; "she is ignorant of quantum mechanics"; "he is musically illiterate" uneducated in general; lacking knowledge or sophistication; "an ignorant man"; "nescient of contemporary literature"; "an unlearned group incapable of understanding complex issues"; "exhibiting contempt for his unlettered companions" unaware because of a lack of relevant information or knowledge; "he was completely ignorant of the circumstances"; "an unknowledgeable assistant"; "his rudeness was unwitting" undereducated poorly or insufficiently educated unschooled lacking in schooling; "untaught people whose verbal skills are grossly deficient"; "an untutored genius"; "uneducated children" unstudied lacking knowledge gained by study often in a particular field; "is unstudied in Latin as he is in may other matters" not by design or artifice; unforced and impromptu; "an air of unstudied spontaneous utterance is apt to be painstakingly achieved"; "simple unstudied charm" innumerate lacking knowledge and understanding of mathematical concepts and methods operative being in force or having or exerting force; "operative regulations"; "the major tendencies operative in the American political system" effective; producing a desired effect; "the operative word" operant having influence or producing an effect; "many emotional determinants at work"; "an operant conscience" operational being in effect or operation; "de facto apartheid is still operational even in the `new' African nations"- Leslie Marmon Silko; "bus service is in operation during the emergency"; "the company had several operating divisions" (military) of or intended for or involved in military operations pertaining to a process or series of actions for achieving a result; "operational difficulties"; "they assumed their operational positions" inoperative not working or taking effect; "an inoperative law" impelling markedly effective as if by emotional pressure; "impelling skill as a teller of tales"; "an impelling personality" impressive producing a strong effect; "gave an impressive performance as Othello"; "a telling gesture" making a strong or vivid impression; "an impressive ceremony" rough-and-ready crude but effective for the purpose at hand toothless lacking necessary force for effectiveness; "a toothless piece of legislation" lacking teeth; "most birds are toothless"; "a toothless old crone" unproductive not producing desired results; "the talks between labor and management were unproductive" not producing or capable of producing; "elimination of high-cost or unproductive industries" effortful requiring great physical effort dragging marked by a painfully slow and effortful manner; "it was a strange dragging approach"; "years of dragging war" exhausting producing exhaustion; "an exhausting march"; "the visit was especially wearing" labor-intensive requiring a large expenditure of labor but not much capital; "cottage industries are labor intensive" leaden (of movement) slow and laborious; "leaden steps" made heavy or weighted down with weariness; "his leaden arms"; "weighted eyelids" made of lead; "a leaden weight" Sisyphean both extremely effortful and futile of or relating to Sisyphus effortless requiring or apparently requiring no effort; "the swallows glided in an effortless way through the busy air" facile performing adroitly and without effort; "a facile hand" superficially impressive, but lacking depth and attention to the true complexities of a subject; "too facile a solution for so complex a problem"; "it was a neat plan, but bound to fail"; "a slick advertising campaign" unforced not resulting from undue effort; not forced; "a voice with a pleasingly unforced quality"; "his playing is facile and unstrained" efficacious marked by qualities giving the power to produce an intended effect; "written propaganda is less efficacious than the habits and prejudices...of the readers"-Aldous Huxley; "the medicine is efficacious in stopping a cough" inefficacious lacking the power to produce a desired effect; "laws that are inefficacious in stopping crime" efficient being effective without wasting time or effort or expense; "an efficient production manager"; "efficient engines save gas" businesslike exhibiting methodical and systematic characteristics that would be useful in business not distracted by anything unrelated to the goal cost-efficient productive relative to the cost economic using the minimum of time or resources necessary for effectiveness; "an economic use of home heating oil"; "a modern economical heating system"; "an economical use of her time" financially rewarding; "it was no longer economic to keep the factory open"; "have to keep prices high enough to make it economic to continue the service" concerned with worldly necessities of life (especially money); "he wrote the book primarily for economic reasons"; "gave up the large house for economic reasons"; "in economic terms they are very privileged" of or relating to the science of economics; "economic theory" of or relating to an economy, the system of production and management of material wealth; "economic growth"; "aspects of social, political, and economical life" expeditious marked by speed and efficiency streamlined made efficient by stripping off nonessentials; "short streamlined meetings"; "a streamlined hiring process" designed or arranged to offer the least resistant to fluid flow; "a streamlined convertible" inefficient not producing desired results; wasteful; "an inefficient campaign against drugs"; "outdated and inefficient design and methods" uneconomical inefficient in use of time and effort and materials; "a clumsy and wasteful process"; "wasteful duplication of effort"; "uneconomical ebb and flow of power" wasteful of resources forceful characterized by or full of force or strength (often but not necessarily physical); "a forceful speaker"; "a forceful personality"; "forceful measures"; "a forceful plan for peace" bruising brutally forceful and compelling; "protected from the bruising facts of battle" causing mental or emotional injury; "a bruising experience"; "protected from the bruising facts of battle"- John Mason Brown drastic forceful and extreme and rigorous; "drastic measures" forcible impelled by physical force especially against resistance; "forcible entry"; "a real cop would get physical"; "strong-arm tactics" impellent forcing forward or onward; impelling; "an impellent power"; "an impellent cause" impetuous marked by violent force; "impetuous heaving waves" forceless lacking force; feeble; "a forceless argument" wimpish weak and ineffectual bouncy elastic; rebounds readily; "clean bouncy hair"; "a lively tennis ball"; "as resilient as seasoned hickory"; "springy turf" chewy (of a consistency) requiring chewing; "chewy caramels" requiring much chewing elasticized made with strands or inserts of elastic; "slacks with an elasticized waistband" expandable (of gases) capable of expansion able to expand or be expanded fictile capable of being molded or modeled (especially of earth or clay or other soft material); "plastic substances such as wax or clay" susceptible to being led or directed; "fictile masses of people ripe for propaganda" of or relating to the craft of pottery; "the fictile art"; "fictile ware" flexible bending and snapping back readily without breaking able to flex; able to bend easily; "slim flexible birches" capable of being changed; "flexible schedules" rubbery having an elastic texture resembling rubber in flexibility or toughness springlike resembling a spring or the action of a spring stretchable capable of being easily stretched and resuming former size or shape viscoelastic having viscous as well as elastic properties inelastic not elastic; "economists speak of an inelastic price structure" nonresilient not resilient springless lacking in elasticity or vitality; "went off with springless steps" elective subject to popular election; "elective official" not compulsory; "elective surgery"; "an elective course of study" electoral relating to or composed of electors; "electoral college" of or relating to elections; "electoral process" nonappointive filled by popular election rather than by appointment appointive subject to appointment relating to the act of appointing; "appointive powers" nominated appointed by nomination nonelective filled by appointment rather than by election; "a nonelective office" assigned appointed to a post or duty; "assigned personnel"; "assigned duties" allotted given as a task; "her allotted chores" appointed selected for a job; "the one appointed for guard duty" provided with furnishing and accessories (especially of a tasteful kind); "a house that is beautifully appointed" fixed or established especially by order or command; "at the time appointed (or the appointed time)" unassigned not assigned; "unassigned personnel" optional possible but not necessary; left to personal choice ex gratia as a favor; not compelled by legal right; "ex gratia payments made to nonstriking workers" nonmandatory not required by rule or law obligatory morally or legally constraining or binding; "attendance is obligatory"; "an obligatory contribution" required by obligation or compulsion or convention; "he made all the obligatory apologies" bounden morally obligatory; "my bounden duty" compulsory required by rule; "in most schools physical education is compulsory"; "attendance is mandatory"; "required reading" de rigueur required by etiquette or usage or fashion; "instruction as to when and where a silk hat is de rigueur" imposed set forth authoritatively as obligatory; "the imposed taxation"; "rules imposed by society" incumbent on(p) morally binding or necessary; "it is incumbent on me to attend" indispensable unavoidable; "the routine but indispensable ceremonies of state" not to be dispensed with; essential; "foods indispensable to good nutrition" elegant refined and tasteful in appearance or behavior or style; "elegant handwriting"; "an elegant dark suit"; "she was elegant to her fingertips"; "small churches with elegant white spires"; "an elegant mathematical solution--simple and precise and lucid" displaying effortless beauty and simplicity in movement or execution; "an elegant dancer"; "an elegant mathematical solution -- simple and precise" suggesting taste, ease, and wealth dandified affecting extreme elegance in dress and manner deluxe elegant and sumptuous; "a deluxe car"; "luxe accommodations" ostentatiously rich and superior in quality; "a princely sum"; "gilded dining rooms"; "these architecture magazines are full of the lush interiors of the rich and famous" high-class pretentiously elegant; "a high-toned restaurant" ritzy luxuriously elegant soigne polished and well-groomed; showing sophisticated elegance inelegant lacking in refinement or grace or good taste gauche lacking social polish; "too gauche to leave the room when the conversation became intimate"; "their excellent manners always made me feel gauche" eligible qualified for or allowed or worthy of being chosen; "eligible to run for office"; "eligible for retirement benefits"; "an eligible bachelor" bailable eligible for bail; "a bailable defendant" admitting of bail; "a bailable offense" entitled qualified for by right according to law; "we are all entitled to equal protection under the law" legal allowed by official rules; "a legal pass receiver" established by or founded upon law or official or accepted rules having legal efficacy or force; "a sound title to the property" of or relating to jurisprudence; "legal loophole" relating to or characteristic of the profession of law; "the legal profession" pensionable entitled to receive a pension; "a pensionable employee" ineligible not eligible; "ineligible to vote"; "ineligible for retirement benefits" prohibited by official rules; "an ineligible pass receiver" disqualified disqualified by law or rule or provision barred from competition for violation of rules; "a disqualified player" unentitled having no right or entitlement; "a distinction to which he was unentitled" emotional of more than usual emotion; "his behavior was highly emotional" determined or actuated by emotion rather than reason; "it was an emotional judgment" of or pertaining to emotion; "emotional health"; "an emotional crisis" affectional characterized by emotion bathetic effusively or insincerely emotional; "a bathetic novel"; "maudlin expressions of sympathy"; "mushy effusiveness"; "a schmaltzy song"; "sentimental soap operas"; "slushy poetry" het up(p) worked up emotionally by anger or excitement; "was terribly het up over the killing of the eagle"; "got really het up over the new taxes"; "he was suddenly het up about racing cars" hot-blooded prone to emotion; "hot-blooded Latin-Americans" mind-blowing intensely affecting the mind or emotions; "spending a week in the jungle was a mind-blowing experience"; "a mind-blowing horror story" moody subject to sharply varying moods; "a temperamental opera singer" overemotional excessively or abnormally emotional soulful full of or expressing deep emotion; "soulful eyes"; "soulful music" warm-toned used of music unemotional unsusceptible to or destitute of or showing no emotion chilly not characterized by emotion; "a female form in marble--a chilly but ideal medium for depicting abstract virtues"-C.W.Cunningham lacking warmth of feeling; "a chilly greeting" appreciably or disagreeably cold impassive having or revealing little emotion or sensibility; not easily aroused or excited; "her impassive remoteness"; "he remained impassive, showing neither interest in nor concern for our plight"- Nordhoff & Hall; "a silent stolid creature who took it all as a matter of course"-Virginia Woolf; "her face showed nothing but stolid indifference" philosophical characterized by the attitude of a philosopher; meeting trouble with level-headed detachment; "philosophical resignation"; "a philosophic attitude toward life" phlegmatic showing little emotion; "a phlegmatic...and certainly undemonstrative man" empirical derived from experiment and observation rather than theory; "an empirical basis for an ethical theory"; "empirical laws"; "empirical data"; "an empirical treatment of a disease about which little is known" confirmable capable of being tested (verified or falsified) by experiment or observation experiential derived from experience or the experience of existence; "the rich experiential content of the teachings of the older philosophers"- Benjamin Farrington; "formal logicians are not concerned with existential matters"- John Dewey relating to or resulting from experience; "a personal, experiential reality" experimental relying on observation or experiment; "experimental results that supported the hypothesis" of the nature of or undergoing an experiment; "an experimental drug" relating to or based on experiment; "experimental physics" semiempirical relying to some extent on observation or experiment theoretical concerned primarily with theories or hypotheses rather than practical considerations; "theoretical science" concerned with theories rather than their practical applications; "theoretical physics" abstractive of an abstracting nature or having the power of abstracting; "abstractive analysis" conjectural based primarily on surmise rather than adequate evidence; "theories about the extinction of dinosaurs are still highly conjectural"; "the supposed reason for his absence"; "suppositious reconstructions of dead languages"; "hypothetical situation" notional not based on fact or investigation; "a notional figure of cost helps in determining production costs"; "speculative knowledge" metaphysical highly abstract and overly theoretical; "metaphysical reasoning" transcending physical matter or the laws of nature; "metaphysical forces" pertaining to or of the nature of metaphysics; "metaphysical philosophy" theory-based based in theory rather than experiment; "theory-based arguments and positions" academic hypothetical or theoretical and not expected to produce an immediate or practical result; "an academic discussion"; "an academic question" marked by a narrow focus on or display of learning especially its trivial aspects associated with academia or an academy; "the academic curriculum"; "academic gowns" applied concerned with concrete problems or data rather than with fundamental principles; "applied physics"; "applied psychology"; "technical problems in medicine, engineering, economics and other applied disciplines"- Sidney Hook forensic used or applied in the investigation and establishment of facts or evidence in a court of law; "forensic photograph"; "forensic ballistics" of, relating to, or used in public debate or argument practical having or put to a practical purpose or use; "practical mathematics"; "practical applications of calculus" concerned with actual use or practice; "he is a very practical person"; "the idea had no practical application"; "a practical knowledge of Japanese"; "woodworking is a practical art" salaried receiving a salary; "salaried members of the staff" employed having your services engaged for; or having a job especially one that pays wages or a salary; "most of our graduates are employed" hired having services engaged for a fee; "hired hands"; "a hired gun" working(a) actively engaged in paid work; "the working population"; "the ratio of working men to unemployed"; "a working mother"; "robots can be on the job day and night" adopted as a temporary basis for further work; "a working draft"; "a working hypothesis" unemployed not engaged in a gainful occupation; "unemployed workers marched on the capital" discharged having lost your job unemployable not acceptable for employment as a worker; "his illiteracy made him unemployable" enchanted influenced as by charms or incantations beguiled filled with wonder and delight bewitched captured, as if under a spell star-struck fascinated by a famous person fascinated having your attention fixated as though by a spell disenchanted freed from enchantment disabused(p) freed of a mistaken or misguided notion; "some people are still not disabused of the old idea that the universe revolves around the Earth" disillusioned freed from illusion encouraging giving courage or confidence or hope; "encouraging advances in medical research" furnishing support and encouragement; "the anxious child needs supporting and accepting treatment from the teacher" exhortative giving strong encouragement heartening cheerfully encouraging promotive tending to further or encourage discouraging depriving of confidence or hope or enthusiasm and hence often deterring action; "where never is heard a discouraging word" expressing disapproval in order to dissuade daunting discouraging through fear demoralizing destructive of morale and self-reliance frustrating discouraging by hindering preventing realization or attainment of a desire unencouraging not encouraging encumbered loaded to excess or impeded by a heavy load; "a summer resort...encumbered with great clapboard-and-stucco hotels"- A.J.Liebling; "a hiker encumbered with a heavy backpack"; "an encumbered estate" burdened bearing a physically heavy weight or load; "tree limbs burdened with ice"; "a heavy-laden cart"; "loaded down with packages" bearing a heavy burden of work or difficulties or responsibilities; "she always felt burdened by the load of paper work" clogged loaded with something that hinders motion; "The wings of birds were clogged with ice and snow"-Dryden thickened or coalesced in soft thick lumps (such as clogs or clots); "clotted blood"; "seeds clogged together" mortgaged burdened with legal or financial obligations; "his house, his business, indeed, his whole life was heavily mortgaged" unencumbered free of encumbrance; "inherited an unencumbered estate" not burdened with cares or responsibilities; "living an unencumbered life" burdenless not encumbered with a physical burden or load bowed down(p) heavily burdened with work or cares; "bowed down with troubles"; "found himself loaded down with responsibilities"; "overburdened social workers"; "weighed down with cares" laden burdened psychologically or mentally; "laden with grief"; "oppressed by a sense of failure" filled with a great quantity; "a tray loaded with dishes"; "table laden with food"; "`ladened' is not current usage" unburdened not burdened with difficulties or responsibilities; "unburdened by an overarching theory"- Alex Inkeles endocentric fulfilling the grammatical role of one of its constituents; "when `three blind mice' serves as a noun it is an endocentric construction" exocentric not fulfilling the same grammatical role of any of its constituents; "when `until last Easter' serves as an adverb it is an exocentric construction" endogamous pertaining to or characterized by the custom of marrying only within the limits of a clan or tribe characterized by or fit for fertilization by pollen from another flower of the same kind exogamous pertaining to or characterized by the custom of marrying only outside the limits of a clan or tribe characterized by or fit for fertilization by a flower that is not closely related autogamous characterized by or fit for autogamy self-fertilized fertilized by its own pollen endoergic (of a nuclear reaction) occurring with absorption of energy exoergic (of a nuclear reaction) occurring with evolution or releasing of energy endothermic (of a chemical reaction or compound) occurring or formed with absorption of heat decalescent absorbing heat without increase in temperature when heated beyond a certain point; "the decalescent point of steel" exothermic (of a chemical reaction or compound) occurring or formed with the liberation of heat endogenous derived or originating internally of or resembling an endogen exogenous derived or originating externally end-stopped (verse) having a rhetorical pause at the end of each line run-on (verse) without a rhetorical pause between lines energetic possessing or exerting or displaying energy; "an energetic fund raiser for the college"; "an energetic group of hikers"; "it caused an energetic chemical reaction" working hard to promote an enterprise canty lively and brisk high-energy providing a relatively large amount of energy upon undergoing a chemical reaction of or relating to elementary particles having energies of hundreds of thousands of electron volts indefatigable showing sustained enthusiastic action with unflagging vitality; "an indefatigable advocate of equal rights"; "a tireless worker"; "unflagging pursuit of excellence" strenuous characterized by or performed with much energy or force; "strenuous exercise" vigorous characterized by forceful and energetic action or activity; "a vigorous hiker"; "gave her skirt a vigorous shake"; "a vigorous campaign"; "a vigorous foreign policy"; "vigorous opposition to the war" strong and active physically or mentally; "a vigorous old man who spent half of his day on horseback"- W.H.Hudson lethargic deficient in alertness or activity; "bullfrogs became lethargic with the first cold nights" listless lacking zest or vivacity; "he was listless and bored" enfranchised endowed with the rights of citizenship especially the right to vote disenfranchised deprived of the rights of citizenship especially the right to vote; "labor was voiceless"; "disenfrenchised masses took to the streets" exportable suitable for export; "exportable cultural achievements" marketable capable of being marketed; "the marketable surplus" being in demand by especially employers; "marketable skills" fit to be offered for sale; "marketable produce" unexportable not suitable for export exploratory serving in or intended for exploration or discovery; "an exploratory operation"; "exploratory reconnaissance"; "digging an exploratory well in the Gulf of Mexico"; "exploratory talks between diplomats" searching exploring thoroughly having keenness and forcefulness and penetration in thought, expression, or intellect; "searching insights"; "trenchant criticism" nonexploratory not exploratory inquiring given to inquiry; "an inquiring mind" fact-finding designed to find information or ascertain facts; "a fact-finding committee"; "investigative reporting" inquisitorial having the authority to conduct official investigations; "the inquisitorial power of the Senate" marked by inquisitive interest; especially suggestive of an ecclesiastical inquisitor; "the press was inquisitorial to the point of antagonism"; "a practical police force with true inquisitorial talents"- Waldo Frank especially indicating a form of prosecution in which proceedings are secret and the accused is questioned by a prosecutor who acts also as the judge inquisitory diligent and thorough in inquiry or investigation; "a probing inquiry"; "a searching investigation of their past dealings" increased made greater in size or amount or degree accrued periodically accumulated over time; "accrued interest"; "accrued leave" augmented added to or made greater in amount or number or strength; "his augmented renown"; "a greatly augmented collection of books" enhanced increased or intensified in value or beauty or quality; "her enhanced beauty was the result of a good night's sleep rather than makeup"; "careful cleaning was responsible for the enhanced value of the painting" hyperbolic enlarged beyond truth or reasonableness; "a hyperbolic style" of or relating to a hyperbola; "hyperbolic functions" exaggerated enlarged to an abnormal degree; "thick lenses exaggerated the size of her eyes" represented as greater than is true or reasonable; "an exaggerated opinion of oneself" multiplied greatly increased as by multiplication raised(a) increased in amount or degree; "raised temperature" redoubled become much greater in intensity or size or amount; "we faced redoubled attacks from the enemy"; "despite our redoubled efforts" decreased made less in size or amount or degree ablated made smaller or less by melting or erosion or vaporization; "the rocket's ablated head shield" attenuated of an electrical signal; reduced in amplitude with little or no distortion bated diminished or moderated; "our bated enthusiasm"; "his bated hopes" belittled made to seem smaller or less (especially in worth); "her comments made me feel small" diminished (of musical intervals) reduction by a semitone of any perfect or minor musical interval; "a diminished fifth" impaired by diminution minimized reduced to the smallest possible size or amount or degree remittent (of a disease) characterized by periods of diminished severity; "a remittent fever" shriveled reduced in efficacy or vitality or intensity; "our shriveled receipts during the storm"; "as the project wore on she found her enthusiasm shriveled"; "the dollar's shrunken buying power" lean and wrinkled by shrinkage as from age or illness; "the old woman's shriveled skin"; "he looked shriveled and ill"; "a shrunken old man"; "a lanky scarecrow of a man with withered face and lantern jaws"-W.F.Starkie; "he did well despite his withered arm"; "a wizened little man with frizzy grey hair" reducible capable of being reduced; "reducible to a set of principles of human nature"- Edmund Wilson irreducible incapable of being made smaller or simpler; "an irreducible minimum"; "an irreducible formula"; "an irreducible hernia" enlightened having knowledge and spiritual insight edified instructed and encouraged in moral, intellectual, and spiritual improvement unenlightened not enlightened; ignorant; "the devices by which unenlightened men preserved the unjust social order" benighted lacking enlightenment or knowledge or culture; "this benighted country"; "benighted ages of barbarism and superstition"; "the dark ages"; "a dark age in the history of education" overtaken by night or darkness; "benighted (or nighted) travelers hurrying toward home" enterprising marked by imagination, initiative, and readiness to undertake new projects; "an enterprising foreign policy"; "an enterprising young man likely to go far" entrepreneurial willing to take risks in order to make a profit of or relating to an entrepreneur; "entrepreneurial risks" unenterprising lacking in enterprise; not bold or venturesome slowgoing not inclined to be enterprising enthusiastic having or showing great excitement and interest; "enthusiastic crowds filled the streets"; "an enthusiastic response"; "was enthusiastic about taking ballet lessons" avid marked by active interest and enthusiasm; "an avid sports fan" (often followed by `for') ardently or excessively desirous; "avid for adventure"; "an avid ambition to succeed"; "fierce devouring affection"; "the esurient eyes of an avid curiosity"; "greedy for fame" evangelical marked by ardent or zealous enthusiasm for a cause of or pertaining to or in keeping with the Christian gospel especially as in the first 4 books of the New Testament relating to or being a Christian church believing in personal conversion and the inerrancy of the Bible especially the 4 Gospels; "evangelical Christianity"; "an ultraconservative evangelical message" glowing highly enthusiastic; "glowing praise" gung ho very enthusiastic and dedicated overenthusiastic unduly enthusiastic unenthusiastic not enthusiastic; lacking excitement or ardor; "an unenthusiastic performance by the orchestra"; "unenthusiastic applause" halfhearted feeling or showing little interest or enthusiasm; "a halfhearted effort"; "gave only lukewarm support to the candidate" desirous having or expressing desire for something; "desirous of high office"; "desirous of finding a quick solution to the problem" appetent marked by eager desire; "a big rich appetent Western city" athirst(p) (usually followed by `for') extremely desirous; "athirst for knowledge"; "hungry for recognition"; "thirsty for information" covetous showing extreme cupidity; painfully desirous of another's advantages; "he was never covetous before he met her"; "jealous of his success and covetous of his possessions"; "envious of their art collection" nostalgic unhappy about being away and longing for familiar things or persons homesick longing to return home undesirous having or feeling no desire; "a very private man, totally undesirous of public office" entozoic living within a living animal usually as a parasite; "entozoic worms" epizoic living or growing on the exterior surface of an animal usually as a parasite; "an epizoic plant parasite" coequal having the same standing before the law equidistant the same distance apart at every point isochronal equal in duration or interval; "the oscillations were isochronal" isoclinal having equal magnetic inclinations isothermal of a process or change taking place at constant temperature quits on equal terms by payment or requital; "we're now quits"; "finally quits with the loan" tied(p) of the score in a contest; "the score is tied" unequal poorly balanced or matched in quantity or value or measure anisometric having unsymmetrical parts or unequal dimensions or measurements mismatched (of a contest or contestants) not fairly matched as opponents; "vaudeville...waged an uneven battle against the church" either not matched or unsuitably matched nonequivalent not equal or interchangeable in value, quantity, or significance odds-on having a better than even chance of success; "the odds-on favorite" unbalanced debits and credits are not equal being or thrown out of equilibrium unequalized not caused to be equal balanced being in a state of proper equilibrium; "the carefully balanced seesaw"; "a properly balanced symphony orchestra"; "a balanced assessment of intellectual and cultural history"; "a balanced blend of whiskeys"; "the educated man shows a balanced development of all his powers" counterbalanced brought into equipoise by means of a weight or force that offsets another poised marked by balance or equilibrium and readiness for action; "a gull in poised flight"; "George's poised hammer" self-balancing of someone or something that balances himself or itself well-balanced in an optimal state of balance or equilibrium; "a well-balanced wheel" labile liable to change; "an emotionally labile person" (chemistry, physics, biology) readily undergoing change or breakdown hypertonic (of a solution) having a higher osmotic pressure than a comparison solution (of living tissue) in a state of abnormally high tension; "hypertonic muscle tissue" hypotonic (of a solution) having a lower osmotic pressure than a comparison solution (of living tissue) lacking normal tone or tension evasive deliberately vague or ambiguous; "his answers were brief, constrained and evasive"; "an evasive statement" avoiding or escaping from difficulty or danger especially enemy fire; "pilots are taught to take evasive action" unequivocal admitting of no doubt or misunderstanding; having only one meaning or interpretation and leading to only one conclusion; "unequivocal evidence"; "took an unequivocal position"; "an unequivocal success"; "an unequivocal promise"; "an unequivocal (or univocal) statement" unquestionable not open to question; "an unquestionable (or unequivocal) loss of prestige" incapable of being questioned; "unquestionable authority" eradicable able to be eradicated or rooted out delible capable of being deleted effaceable capable of being effaced; "the fire's worst scars were effaceable by a comprehensive program of reforestation"; "a signal too loud to be erasable in a single pass through the erase head" exterminable capable of being totally destroyed or wiped out obliterable able to be obliterated completely ineradicable not able to be destroyed or rooted out; "ineradicable superstitions" indelible cannot be removed or erased; "an indelible stain"; "indelible memories" inexpungible not capable of being expunged; "the inexpungible scent of a bottle of perfume he had broken"- Louis Auchincloss inexterminable incapable of extermination or extirpation; "some weeds seem inextirpable" esoteric confined to and understandable by only an enlightened inner circle; "a compilation of esoteric philosophical theories" abstruse difficult to penetrate; incomprehensible to one of ordinary understanding or knowledge; "the professor's lectures were so abstruse that students tended to avoid them"; "a deep metaphysical theory"; "some recondite problem in historiography" arcane requiring secret or mysterious knowledge; "the arcane science of dowsing" cabalistic having a secret or hidden meaning; "cabalistic symbols engraved in stone"; "cryptic writings"; "thoroughly sibylline in most of his pronouncements"- John Gunther mysterious having an import not apparent to the senses nor obvious to the intelligence; beyond ordinary understanding; "mysterious symbols"; "the mystical style of Blake"; "occult lore"; "the secret learning of the ancients" exoteric suitable for the general public; "writings of an exoteric nature" essential basic and fundamental; "the essential feature" absolutely necessary; vitally necessary; "essential tools and materials"; "funds essential to the completion of the project"; "an indispensable worker" being or relating to or containing the essence of a plant etc; "essential oil" biogenic essential for maintaining the fundamental life processes; "sleep and food and water are among the biogenic needs of the organism" produced by living organisms or biological processes; "fermentation is a biogenic process" constituent(a) constitutional in the structure of something (especially your physical makeup) must(a) highly recommended; "a book that is must reading" no-frills(a) characterized by the absence of inessential features; "he got a no-frills introduction to the job" virtual(a) existing in essence or effect though not in actual fact; "a virtual dependence on charity"; "a virtual revolution"; "virtual reality" being actually such in almost every respect; "a practical failure"; "the once elegant temple lay in virtual ruin" accessorial nonessential but helpful; "accessorial services included sorting and packing" adscititious supplemental; not part of the real or essential nature of a thing; "adscititious vowels" added or derived from something outside; not inherent; "an adscititious habit rather than an inherent taste" dispensable capable of being dispensed with or done without; "dispensable items of personal property" estimable deserving of respect or high regard deserving of esteem and respect; "all respectable companies give guarantees"; "ruined the family's good name" admirable deserving of the highest esteem or admiration; "an estimable young professor"; "trains ran with admirable precision"; "his taste was impeccable, his health admirable" inspiring admiration or approval; "among her many admirable qualities are generosity and graciousness" contemptible deserving of contempt or scorn bastardly of no value or worth; "I was caught in the bastardly traffic" born out of wedlock; "the dominions of both rulers passed away to their spurious or doubtful offspring"- E.A.Freeman ethical conforming to accepted standards of social or professional behavior; "an ethical lawyer"; "ethical medical practice"; "an ethical problem"; "had no ethical objection to drinking"; "Ours is a world of nuclear giants and ethical infants"- Omar N. Bradley adhering to ethical and moral principles; "it seems ethical and right"; "followed the only honorable course of action" of or relating to the philosophical study of ethics; "ethical codes"; "ethical theories" unethical not conforming to approved standards of social or professional behavior; "unethical business practices" complimentary conveying or resembling a compliment; "a complimentary remark" costing nothing; "complimentary tickets"; "free admission" encomiastic formally expressing praise laudatory full of or giving praise; "a laudatory remark" uncomplimentary tending to (or intended to) detract or disparage derogative expressive of low opinion; "derogatory comments"; "disparaging remarks about the new house" dyslogistic expressing disapproval; "dyslogistic terms like `nitwit' and `scalawag'" supercilious expressive of contempt; "curled his lip in a supercilious smile"; "spoke in a sneering jeering manner"; "makes many a sharp comparison but never a mean or snide one" flattering showing or representing to advantage; "a flattering color" adulatory obsequiously complimentary; "they listened with flattering interest" becoming displaying or setting off to best advantage; "a becoming new shade of rose"; "a becoming portrait" according with custom or propriety; "her becoming modesty"; "comely behavior"; "it is not comme il faut for a gentleman to be constantly asking for money"; "seemly behavior" ingratiating calculated to please or gain favor; "a smooth ingratiating manner" capable of winning favor; "with open arms and an ingratiating smile" unflattering showing or representing unfavorably; "an unflattering portrait"; "an uncomplimentary dress" euphemistic of or the nature of euphemism; "`peepee' is a common euphemistic term" dysphemistic of or the nature of dysphemism; "`kick the bucket' is a dysphemistic term for `die'" euphoric exaggerated feeling of well-being or elation dysphoric generalized feeling of distress flatbottom having a flat bottom; "a flatbottom kettle"; "a flat-bottomed boat" flush(p) of a surface exactly even with an adjoining one, forming the same plane; "a door flush with the wall"; "the bottom of the window is flush with the floor" justified having words so spaced that lines have straight even margins lap-jointed jointed so as to produce a flush surface straight-grained of timber; having fibers that run in parallel uneven not even or uniform as e.g. in shape or texture; "an uneven color"; "uneven ground"; "uneven margins"; "wood with an uneven grain" variable and recurring at irregular intervals; "an uneven gait"; "uneven spacing" crinkled uneven by virtue of having wrinkles or waves curly-grained of timber; having fibers running irregularly rather than in parallel jagged having a sharply uneven surface or outline; "the jagged outline of the crags"; "scraggy cliffs" lumpy having lumps; not smooth and even in texture; "lumpy gravy" out of true not accurately fitted; not level; "the frame was out of true"; "off-level floors and untrue doors and windows" patchy irregular or uneven in quality, texture, etc.; "a patchy essay"; "patchy fog" pebble-grained (of leather) having a rough surface as the result of being treated with a patterned roller ragged having an irregular outline; "text set with ragged right margins"; "herded the class into a ragged line" worn out from stress or strain; "run ragged" being or dressed in clothes that are worn or torn; "clothes as ragged as a scarecrow's"; "a ragged tramp" unparallel not straight or parallel coniferous of or relating to or part of trees or shrubs bearing cones and evergreen leaves semi-evergreen of a plant that is incompletely evergreen; "it was evergreen where the weather was mild but deciduous in the rigorous parts of the range" deciduous (of plants and shrubs) shedding foliage at the end of the growing season (of teeth, antlers, etc.) being shed at the end of a period of growth; "deciduous teeth" broadleaf having relatively broad rather than needlelike or scalelike leaves exact marked by strict and particular and complete accordance with fact; "an exact mind"; "an exact copy"; "hit the exact center of the target" literal without interpretation or embellishment; "a literal depiction of the scene before him" limited to the explicit meaning of a word or text; "a literal translation" avoiding embellishment or exaggeration (used for emphasis); "it's the literal truth" mathematical characterized by the exactness or precision of mathematics; "mathematical precision" statistically possible though highly improbable; "have a mathematical chance of making the playoffs" beyond question; "a mathematical certainty" of or pertaining to or of the nature of mathematics; "a mathematical textbook"; "slide rules and other mathematical instruments"; "a mathematical solution to a problem"; "mathematical proof" photographic representing people or nature with the exactness and fidelity of a photograph relating to photography or obtained by using photography; "photographic equipment" inexact not exact cashable able to be converted into ready money or the equivalent; "a cashable check"; "cashable gambling chips"; "redeemable stocks and bonds"; "a redeemable coupon" irredeemable (of paper money) not convertible into coin at the pleasure of the holder exchangeable suitable to be exchanged capable of replacing or changing places with something else; permitting mutual substitution without loss of function or suitability; "interchangeable electric outlets"; "interchangeable parts" transposable capable of changing sequence vicarious suffered or done by one person as a substitute for another; "vicarious atonement" occurring in an abnormal part of the body instead of the usual site involved in that function; "vicarious menstruation" experienced at secondhand; "read about mountain climbing and felt vicarious excitement" unexchangeable not suitable to be exchanged excitable easily excited capable of responding to stimuli high-keyed (of persons) excitable skittish unpredictably excitable (especially of horses) unexcitable not easily excited; "an unexcitable temperament" excited in an aroused state aflutter excited in anticipation agog highly excited by eagerness, curiosity, etc.; "I've been agog all afternoon, waiting for the next episode in your mystery story" fevered highly or nervously excited; "a fevered imagination" overexcited unduly excited stimulated emotionally aroused teased feeling mild pleasurable excitement thrilled feeling intense pleasurable excitement thrillful full of excitement; thrilled unexcited not excited; "made an unexcited appraisal of the situation" exciting creating or arousing excitement; "an exciting account of her trip" stimulating interest and discussion; "an exciting novel" elating making lively and joyful electrifying causing a surge of emotion or excitement; "she gave an electrifying performance"; "a thrilling performer to watch" glamorous having an air of allure, romance and excitement; "glamorous movie stars" heady extremely exciting as if by alcohol or a narcotic titillating pleasantly and superficially exciting tickling exciting by touching lightly so as to cause laughter or twitching movements unexciting not exciting; "an unexciting novel"; "lived an unexciting life" commonplace not challenging; dull and lacking excitement; "an unglamorous job greasing engines" completely ordinary and unremarkable; "air travel has now become commonplace"; "commonplace everyday activities" uninspired having no intellectual or emotional or spiritual excitement; "the production was professional but uninspired" exculpatory clearing of guilt or blame absolvitory providing absolution extenuating partially excusing or justifying; "extenuating circumstances" justificative providing justification inculpatory causing blame to be imputed to comminatory containing warning of punishment condemnatory containing or imposing condemnation or censure; "a condemnatory decree" criminative charging or suggestive of guilt or blame; "incriminatory testimony" damnatory threatening with damnation recriminative countering one charge with another; "recriminatory arguments" exhaustible capable of being used up capable of being used up; capable of being exhausted; "our exhaustible reserves of fossil fuel" depletable capable of being depleted inexhaustible incapable of being entirely consumed or used up; "an inexhaustible supply of coal" that cannot be entirely consumed or used up; "an inexhaustible supply of coal" renewable capable of being renewed; replaceable; "renewable energy such as solar energy is theoretically inexhaustible" that can be renewed or extended; "a renewable lease"; "renewable subscriptions" exhausted depleted of energy, force, or strength; "impossible to grow tobacco on the exhausted soil"; "the exhausted food sources"; "exhausted oil wells" drained physically; "the day's events left her completely exhausted--her strength drained" drained of energy or effectiveness; extremely tired; completely exhausted; "the day's shopping left her exhausted"; "he went to bed dog-tired"; "was fagged and sweaty"; "the trembling of his played out limbs"; "felt completely washed-out"; "only worn-out horses and cattle"; "you look worn out" unexhausted not used up completely; "an unexhausted well" unconsumed not consumed unspent (of financial resources) not spent; "unexpended funds"; "his unspent allowance" existent having existence or being or actuality; "an attempt to refine the existent machinery to make it more efficient"; "much of the beluga caviar existing in the world is found in the Soviet Union and Iran" nonexistent not having existence or being or actuality; "chimeras are nonexistent" lacking nonexistent; "the thumb is absent"; "her appetite was lacking" nonextant no longer existing or inaccessible through loss or destruction; "its nonextant original was written on vellum"- G.B.Saul vanished having passed out of existence; "vanished civilizations" extant still in existence; not extinct or destroyed or lost; "extant manuscripts"; "specimens of graphic art found among extant barbaric folk"- Edward Clodd surviving still in existence; "the Wollemi pine found in Australia is a surviving specimen of a conifer thought to have been long extinct and therefore known as a living fossil"; "the only surviving frontier blockhouse in Pennsylvania" expected considered likely or probable to happen or arrive; "prepared for the expected attack" anticipated expected hopefully due(p) scheduled to arrive; "the train is due in 15 minutes" expectable to be expected; "differences of opinion are quite expectable given the present information" matter-of-course expected or depended upon as a natural or logical outcome unexpected not expected or anticipated; "unexpected guests"; "unexpected news" unannounced without warning or announcement; "they arrived unannounced"; "a totally unheralded telegram that his daughter...died last night"- M.A.D.Howe unanticipated not anticipated; "unanticipated and disconcerting lines of development"- H.W.Glidden; "unforeseen circumstances"; "a virtue unlooked-for in people so full of energy"; "like a bolt out of the blue"; "unseen problems" unhoped so unexpected as to have not been imagined; "an unhoped-for piece of luck"; "an unthought advantage"; "an unthought-of place to find the key" unprovided for(p) not prepared or ready for without income or means; "left his family unprovided for" upset(a) used of an unexpected defeat of a team favored to win; "the Bills' upset victory over the Houston Oilers" inexpedient not suitable or advisable; "an inexpedient tactic" not appropriate to the purpose consumable may be used up sacrificeable may be deliberately sacrificed to achieve an objective unexpendable not suitable to be expended expensive high in price or charging high prices; "expensive clothes"; "an expensive shop" big-ticket(a) very expensive; "big-ticket items like cars and furs"; "a big-ticket government program" costly having a high price; "costly jewelry"; "high-priced merchandise"; "much too dear for my pocketbook"; "a pricey restaurant" dearly-won entailing great loss or sacrifice; "a dearly-won victory" overpriced too costly for the value; "overpriced items at resort shops" cheap relatively low in price or charging low prices; "it would have been cheap at twice the price"; "inexpensive family restaurants" embarrassingly stingy bargain-priced costing less than standard price; "buying bargain-priced clothes for the children"; "cut-rate goods" catchpenny(a) designed to sell quickly without concern for quality; "catchpenny ornaments" dirt cheap very cheap; "a dirt cheap property" low-budget made on or suited to a limited budget; "a low-budget movie"; "a low-budget menu" low-cost that you have the financial means for; "low-cost housing" nickel-and-dime(a) low-paying; "a nickel-and-dime job" sixpenny of trifling worth experienced having experience; having knowledge or skill from observation or participation full-fledged (of persons, e.g.) having gained full status; "a full-fledged lawyer"; "by the age of seventeen I was a full-fledged atheist"; "sees itself as a fully fledged rival party" (of a bird) having reached full development with fully grown adult plumage; ready to fly practiced skillful after much practice seasoned rendered competent through trial and experience; "a seasoned traveler"; "veteran steadiness"; "a veteran officer" aged or processed; "seasoned wood" inexperienced lacking practical experience or training unpracticed not having had extensive practice unseasoned not tried or tested by experience; "unseasoned artillery volunteers"; "still untested in battle"; "an illustrator untried in mural painting"; "a young hand at plowing" not aged or processed; "unseasoned timber" expired having come to an end or become void after passage of a period of time; "an expired passport"; "caught driving with an expired license" terminated (of e.g. a contract or term of office) having come to an end unexpired not having come to an end or been terminated by passage of time; "elected to fill the senator's unexpired term"; "an unexpired driver's license" valid still legally acceptable; "the license is still valid" well grounded in logic or truth or having legal force; "a valid inference"; "a valid argument"; "a valid contract" explicable capable of being explicated or accounted for; "explicable behavior" explainable capable of being understood; "explainable phenomena" inexplicable incapable of being explained or accounted for; "inexplicable errors"; "left the house at three in the morning for inexplicable reasons" paradoxical seemingly contradictory but nonetheless possibly true; "it is paradoxical that standing is more tiring than walking" unaccountable not to be accounted for or explained; "perceptible only as unaccountable influences that hinder progress"; "an unexplainable fear" free from control or responsibility unexplained having the reason or cause not made clear; "an unexplained error" not explained; "accomplished by some unexplained process" explicit precisely and clearly expressed or readily observable; leaving nothing to implication; "explicit instructions"; "she made her wishes explicit"; "explicit sexual scenes" hard-core extremely explicit; "hard-core pornography" intensely loyal; "his hard-core supporters" stubbornly resistant to change or improvement; "hard-core addicts" implicit in(p) in the nature of something though not readily apparent; "shortcomings inherent in our approach"; "an underlying meaning" unexpressed not made explicit; "the unexpressed terms of the agreement"; "things left unsaid"; "some kind of unspoken agreement"; "his action is clear but his reason remains unstated" exploited developed or used to greatest advantage (of persons) taken advantage of; "after going out of his way to help his friend get the job he felt not appreciated but used" unexploited not developed, improved, exploited or used; "vast unexploited (or undeveloped) natural resources"; "taxes on undeveloped lots are low" untapped not drawn upon or used; "untapped reserves of coal"; "the untapped stockrooms of our minds"- G.R.Harrison not subjected to tapping; "an untapped keg"; "an untapped sugar maple" expressible capable of being expressed; "an expressible emotion" describable capable of being described representable expressible in symbolic form; "uniquely representable in the form..." speakable capable of being uttered in words or sentences inexpressible defying expression extensile capable of being protruded or stretched or opened out; "an extensile tongue"; "an extensible measuring rule" protractile able to be extended; "protractile muscle" protrusile capable of being thrust forward, as the tongue nonextensile not extensile extricable capable of being extricated inextricable not permitting extrication; incapable of being disentangled or untied; "an inextricable knot"; "inextricable unity" unresolvable not capable of being resolved; "unresolvable confusion" arco (of instruments in the violin family) to be played with the bow plucked of a stringed instrument; sounded with the fingers or a plectrum having the feathers removed, as from a pelt or a fowl; "a plucked chicken"; "an unfeathered goose" fingered having or resembling a finger or fingers; often used in combination; "the fingered roots of giant trees"; "rosy-fingered"; "three-fingered cartoon characters" digitate resembling a finger; "digitate leaves of the horse chestnut" fingerless not having or having lost fingers distensible capable of being distended; able to stretch and expand; "the stomach is a distensible organ" erectile filled with vascular sinuses and capable of becoming distended and rigid as the result of being filled with blood; "erectile tissue"; "the penis is an erectile organ" capable of being raised to an upright position; "erectile feathers" inflatable designed to be filled with air or gas; "an inflatable mattress"; "an inflatable boat" unexpansive showing no tendency to expand; "unexpansive bodies" not given to high spirits or effusiveness; "an unexpansive man" extinguishable capable of being extinguished or killed; "an extinguishable fire"; "hope too is extinguishable" inextinguishable difficult or impossible to extinguish; "an inextinguishable flame"; "an inextinguishable faith" outer being on or toward the outside of the body; "the outer ear" located outside; "outer reality" internal happening or arising or located within some limits or especially surface; "internal organs"; "internal mechanism of a toy"; "internal party maneuvering" occurring within an institution or community; "intragroup squabbling within the corporation" inner inside or closer to the inside of the body; "the inner ear" located inward; "Beethoven's manuscript looks like a bloody record of a tremendous inner battle"- Leonard Bernstein; "she thinks she has no soul, no interior life, but the truth is that she has no access to it"- David Denby; "an internal sense of rightousness"- A.R.Gurney,Jr. innermost or essential; "the inner logic of Cubism"; "the internal contradictions of the theory"; "the intimate structure of matter" exclusive to a center; especially a center of influence; "inner regions of the organization"; "inner circles of government" intrinsic situated within or belonging solely to the organ or body part on which it acts; "intrinsic muscles" belonging to a thing by its very nature; "form was treated as something intrinsic, as the very essence of the thing"- John Dewey outer(a) being on the outside or further from a center; "spent hours adorning the outer man"; "the outer suburbs" outermost situated at the farthest possible point from a center inner(a) located or occurring within or closer to a center; "an inner room" inmost situated or occurring farthest within; "the innermost chamber" being deepest within the self; "one's innermost feelings" outward relating to physical reality rather than with thoughts or the mind; "a concern with outward beauty rather than with inward reflections" toward the outside; "move the needle further outward!" inward relating to or existing in the mind or thoughts; "a concern with inward reflections" toward the center or interior; "move the needle further inwards!" indwelling existing or residing as an inner activating spirit or force or principle; "an indwelling divinity"; "an indwelling goodness" self-whispered as if whispered to yourself exterior situated in or suitable for the outdoors or outside of a building; "an exterior scene"; "exterior grade plywood"; "exterior paints" out(a) outside or external; "the out surface of a ship's hull" directed outward or serving to direct something outward; "the out doorway"; "the out basket" out of power; especially having been unsuccessful in an election; "now the Democrats are out" outside(a) leading to or from the outside; "an outside door" indoor within doors; "an indoor setting" inside(a) being or applying to the inside of a building; "an inside wall" eyed having an eye or eyes or eyelike feature especially as specified; often used in combination; "a peacock's eyed feathers"; "red-eyed" almond-eyed having almond-shaped eyes blue-eyed having blue eyes eyelike suggesting an eye or eyes; "eyelike markings on a butterfly's wings"; "the eyelike gleam of two distant windows in the dark" keen-eyed having keen eyesight left-eyed having only the left eye one-eyed having or showing only one eye; "one-eyed Jacks are wild"; "the three one-eyed Cyclopes of Greek myth" ox-eyed having large round eyes like those of an ox; "ox-eyed Juno" popeyed having bulging eyes purple-eyed (of flowers) having a purple eyelike marking right-eyed having only the right eye saucer-eyed having large round wide-open eyes skew-eyed having eyes that look in different directions eyeless lacking eyes or eyelike features; "eyeless fish that evolved in dark caves"; "an eyeless needle" lacking sight; "blind as an eyeless beggar" playable capable of or suitable for being played or played on; "a playable lie in golf"; "the baseball fan reached out and caught a foul that was judged playable"; "the ball field was playable"; "harpsichord music is readily playable"- P.H.Lang unplayable not capable of or suitable for being played or played on; "the golf ball was in an unplayable lie"; "the field was unplayable"; "some music seems almost unplayable" in-bounds between the first and third base lines out-of-bounds outside the foul lines antimonopoly of laws and regulations; designed to protect trade and commerce from unfair business practices fair-minded of a person; just and impartial; not prejudiced fair-and-square just and honest unfair not fair; marked by injustice or partiality or deception; "used unfair methods"; "it was an unfair trial"; "took an unfair advantage" below the belt disregarding the rules (from the notion of an illegal low blow in boxing); "her accusations were below the belt" cheating(a) violating accepted standards or rules; "a dirty fighter"; "used foul means to gain power"; "a nasty unsporting serve"; "fined for unsportsmanlike behavior" equitable fair to all parties as dictated by reason and conscience; "equitable treatment of all citizens"; "an equitable distribution of gifts among the children" honest gained or earned without cheating or stealing; "an honest wage"; "an fair penny" not disposed to cheat or defraud; not deceptive or fraudulent; "honest lawyers"; "honest reporting" marked by truth; "gave honest answers"; "honest reporting" without pretensions; "worked at an honest trade"; "good honest food" without dissimulation; frank; "my honest opinion" evenhanded without partiality; "evenhanded justice" inequitable not equitable or fair; "the inequitable division of wealth"; "inequitable taxation" apostate not faithful to religion or party or cause punic tending to betray; especially having a treacherous character as attributed to the Carthaginians by the Romans; "Punic faith"; "the perfidious Judas"; "the fiercest and most treacherous of foes"; "treacherous intrigues" untrue not true to an obligation or trust; "is untrue to his highest opportunity and duty"-Bruno Laske not according with the facts; "unfortunately the statement was simply untrue" true to(p) sexually faithful; "she was true to her significant other" adulterous not faithful to a spouse or lover; "adulterous husbands and wives"; "a two-timing boyfriend" characterized by adultery; "an adulterous relationship"; "extramarital affairs"; "the extracurricular activities of a philandering husband" loyal steadfast in allegiance or duty; "loyal subjects"; "loyal friends stood by him" allegiant steadfast in devotion (especially to your lawful monarch or government); "it is impossible to be allegiant to two opposing forces" doglike resembling a dog; especially in devotion; "a doglike affection" leal faithful and true; "leal to the core of her intrepid Scottish heart"- Harry Lauder true-blue marked by unswerving loyalty; "a true-blue American"; "a reliable true-blue country club conservative" disloyal deserting your allegiance or duty to leader or cause or principle; "disloyal aides revealed his indiscretions to the papers" faithless having the character of, or characteristic of, a traitor; "the faithless Benedict Arnold"; "a lying traitorous insurrectionist" mutinous consisting of or characterized by or inciting to mutiny; "mutinous acts"; "mutinous thoughts"; "a mutinous speech" disposed to or in a state of mutiny; "the men became mutinous and insubordinate" rebellious participating in organized resistance to a constituted government; "the rebelling confederacy" resisting control or authority; "temperamentally rebellious"; "a rebellious crew" recreant having deserted a cause or principle; "some provinces had proved recreant"; "renegade supporters of the usurper" fallible likely to fail or make errors; "everyone is fallible to some degree" wanting in moral strength, courage, or will; having the attributes of man as opposed to e.g. divine beings; "I'm only a fallible human"; "frail humanity" erring capable of making an error; "all men are error-prone" undependable liable to be erroneous or misleading; "an undependable generalization" infallible incapable of failure or error; "an infallible antidote"; "an infallible memory"; "the Catholic Church considers the Pope infallible"; "no doctor is infallible" foolproof not liable to failure; "a foolproof identification system"; "the unfailing sign of an amateur"; "an unfailing test" inerrable not liable to error; "the Church was...theoretically inerrant and omnicompetent"-G.G.Coulton; "lack an inerrant literary sense"; "an unerring marksman" acquainted(p) having fair knowledge of; "they were acquainted"; "fully acquainted with the facts" beaten(a) much trodden and worn smooth or bare; "did not stray from the beaten path" long-familiar frequently experienced; known closely or intimately; "a long-familiar face"; "a well-known voice reached her ears" old(a) (used for emphasis) very familiar; "good old boy"; "same old story" unfamiliar not known or well known; "a name unfamiliar to most"; "be alert at night especially in unfamiliar surroundings" strange not known before; "used many strange words"; "saw many strange faces in the crowd"; "don't let anyone unknown into the house" being definitely out of the ordinary and unexpected; slightly odd or even a bit weird; "a strange exaltation that was indefinable"; "a strange fantastical mind"; "what a strange sense of humor she has" unacquainted(p) having little or no knowledge of; "unacquainted with city ways" eerie inspiring a feeling of fear; strange and frightening; "an uncomfortable and eerie stillness in the woods"; "an eerie midnight howl" suggestive of the supernatural; mysterious; "an eerie feeling of deja vu" exotic strikingly strange or unusual; "an exotic hair style"; "protons, neutrons, electrons and all their exotic variants"; "the exotic landscape of a dead planet" freaky strange and somewhat frightening; "the whole experience was really freaky" gothic characterized by gloom and mystery and the grotesque; "gothic novels like `Frankenstein'" oddish somewhat strange other very unusual; different in character or quality from the normal or expected; "a strange, other dimension...where his powers seemed to fail"- Lance Morrow not the same one or ones already mentioned or implied; "today isn't any other day"- the White Queen; "the construction of highways and other public works"; "he asked for other employment"; "any other person would tell the truth"; "his other books are still in storage"; "then we looked at the other house"; "hearing was good in his other ear"; "the other sex"; "she lived on the other side of the street from me"; "went in the other direction" quaint strange in an interesting or pleasing way; "quaint dialect words"; "quaint streets of New Orleans, that most foreign of American cities" very strange or unusual; odd or even incongruous in character or appearance; "the head terminating in the quaint duck bill which gives the animal its vernacular name"- Bill Beatty; "came forth a quaint and fearful sight"- Sir Walter Scott; "a quaint sense of humor" weird strikingly odd or unusual; "some trick of the moonlight; some weird effect of shadow"- Bram Stoker everyday commonplace and ordinary; "the familiar everyday world" found in the ordinary course of events; "a placid everyday scene"; "it was a routine day"; "there's nothing quite like a real...train conductor to add color to a quotidian commute"- Anita Diamant fashionable being or in accordance with current social fashions; "fashionable clothing"; "the fashionable side of town"; "a fashionable cafe" popular and considered appealing or fashionable at the time dapper marked by up-to-dateness in dress and manners; "a dapper young man"; "a jaunty red hat" faddish intensely fashionable for a short time groovy (British informal) very chic; "groovy clothes" in currently fashionable; "the in thing to do"; "large shoulder pads are in" to or toward the inside of; "come in"; "smash in the door" old-time attractively old-fashioned (but not necessarily authentic); "houses with quaint thatched roofs"; "a vaulted roof supporting old-time chimney pots" swank imposingly fashionable and elegant; "a swank apartment" trendsetting initiating or popularizing a trend trendy in accord with the latest fad; "trendy ideas"; "trendy clothes"; "voguish terminology" unfashionable not in accord with or not following current fashion; "unfashionable clothes"; "melodrama of a now unfashionable kind" unpopular and considered unappealing or unfashionable at the time dated marked by features of the immediate and usually discounted past fogyish (used pejoratively) out of fashion; old fashioned; "moss-grown ideas about family life" prehistoric no longer fashionable; "my mother has these prehistoric ideas about proper clothes" belonging to or existing in times before recorded history; "prehistoric settlements"; "prehistoric peoples" of or relating to times before written history; "prehistoric archeology" stylish having elegance or taste or refinement in manners or dress; "a little less posh but every bit as stylish as Lord Peter Wimsey"; "the stylish resort of Gstadd" classy elegant and fashionable; "classy clothes"; "a classy dame"; "a posh restaurant"; "a swish pastry shop on the Rue du Bac"- Julia Child snazzy flashily stylish; "a snazzy outfit" styleless lacking in style or elegance; "a styleless way of dressing"; "expensive but styleless country tweeds"; "wearing unstylish clothes" accelerated speeded up, as of an academic course; "in an accelerated program in school" alacritous quick and eager; "an alacritous response to the invitation" blistering very fast; capable of quick response and great speed; "a hot sports car"; "a blistering pace"; "got off to a hot start"; "in hot pursuit"; "a red-hot line drive" hot enough to raise (or as if to raise) blisters; "blistering sun" double-quick (of a marching cadence) very quick fast-breaking occurring rapidly as a series of events in rapid succession; "the broadcast was interrupted by a fast-breaking news story about the invasion" fast-paced of communication that proceeds rapidly; "a fast-paced talker"; "fast-paced fiction" high-speed operating at high speed; "a high-speed food processor"; "a high-velocity shell" hurrying moving with great haste; "affection for this hurrying driving...little man"; "lashed the scurrying horses" instantaneous occurring with no delay; "relief was instantaneous"; "instant gratification" meteoric like a meteor in speed or brilliance or transience; "a meteoric rise to fame" pertaining to or consisting of meteors or meteoroids; "meteoric shower"; "meteoric impacts" winged very fast; as if with wings; "on winged feet" having wings or as if having wings of a specified kind; "the winged feet of Mercury" windy resembling the wind in speed, force, or variability; "a windy dash home" bumper-to-bumper used of traffic; "bumper-to-bumper traffic" dilatory wasting time drawn-out (used of speech) uttered slowly with prolonged vowels relatively long in duration; tediously protracted; "a drawn-out argument"; "an extended discussion"; "a lengthy visit from her mother-in-law"; "a prolonged and bitter struggle"; "protracted negotiations" lazy moving slowly and gently; "up a lazy river"; "lazy white clouds"; "at a lazy pace" long-play (used of records) playing at a slower speed and for a longer time than earlier records slow-moving moving slowly; "slow-moving cars" sluggish moving slowly; "a sluggish stream" andantino (of tempo) moderately fast presto (of tempo) very fast suddenly; "Presto! begone! 'tis here again"- Swift at a very fast tempo (faster than allegro) prestissimo (of tempo) as fast as possible extremely fast; as fast as possible; "this passage should be played prestissimo" vivace (of tempo) very fast and lively lively, in music; "play this section vivace!" lento (of tempo) slow in music; "Play this lento, please" lentissimo (of tempo) very slow larghissimo (of tempo) as slow and broad as possible moderato (of tempo) moderate fastidious giving careful attention to detail; hard to please; excessively concerned with cleanliness; "a fastidious and incisive intellect"; "fastidious about personal cleanliness" having complicated nutritional requirements; especially growing only in special artificial cultures; "fastidious microorganisms"; "certain highly specialized xerophytes are extremely exacting in their requirements" choosy difficult to please finical exacting especially about details; "a finicky eater"; "fussy about clothes"; "very particular about how her food was prepared" meticulous marked by extreme care in treatment of details; "a meticulous craftsman"; "almost worryingly meticulous in his business formalities" marked by precise accordance with details; "meticulous research"; "punctilious in his attention to rules of etiquette" pernickety characterized by excessive precision and attention to trivial details; "a persnickety job"; "a persnickety school teacher" old-maidish primly fastidious unfastidious marked by an absence of due or proper care or attention to detail; not concerned with cleanliness; "unfastidious in her dress" not exacting in nutritional requirements abdominous having a large belly blubbery swollen with fat; "blubber cheeks"; "blubber lips"; "a coarse blubbery individual" chubby sufficiently fat so as to have a pleasing fullness of figure; "a chubby child"; "pleasingly plump" buxom (of a female body) healthily plump and vigorous; "a generation ago...buxom actresses were popular"- Robt.A.Hamilton corpulent excessively fat; "a weighty man" double-chinned having sagging folds of flesh beneath the chin or lower jaw dumpy short and plump resembling a garbage dump fattish somewhat fat fleshy usually describes a large person who is fat but has a large frame to carry it of or relating to or resembling flesh portly euphemisms for `fat'; "men are portly and women are stout" cadaverous very thin especially from disease or hunger or cold; "a nightmare population of gaunt men and skeletal boys"; "eyes were haggard and cavernous"; "small pinched faces"; "kept life in his wasted frame only by grim concentration" of or relating to a cadaver or corpse; "we had long anticipated his cadaverous end" deep-eyed characteristic of the bony face of a cadaver gangling tall and thin tall and thin and having long slender limbs; "a gangling teenager"; "a lanky kid transformed almost overnight into a handsome young man" lank long and lean long and thin and often limp; "grown lank with fasting"; "lank mousy hair" rawboned having a lean and bony physique; "a rawboned cow hand" reedy resembling a reed in being upright and slender having a tone of a reed instrument twiggy thin as a twig scarecrowish resembling a scarecrow in being thin and ragged; "a forlorn scarecrowish figure" scraggy being very thin; "a child with skinny freckled legs"; "a long scrawny neck"; "pale bony hands" slender being of delicate or slender build; "she was slender as a willow shoot is slender"- Frank Norris; "a slim girl with straight blonde hair"; "watched her slight figure cross the street" small in quantity; "slender wages"; "a slim chance of winning"; "a small surplus" having little width in proportion to the length or height; "a slender pole" very narrow; "a thin line across the page" slender-waisted having a small waist spindle-legged having long slender legs sylphlike (of a woman or girl) slender and graceful like a sylph wisplike thin and weak; "a wispy little fellow with small hands and feet"- Edmund Wilson fatty containing or composed of fat; "fatty food"; "fat tissue" adipose composed of animal fat; "adipose tissue constitutes the fat of meat" suety like or full of suet; "suety lamb chops" superfatted (of soap) containing extra unsaponified fat; "superfatted toilet soaps" nonfat without fat or fat solids; "nonfat or fat-free milk" nonfatal not bringing death; "nonfatal heart attack" nonlethal not capable of causing death curable able to be cured or healed; "curable diseases" capable of being hardened by some additive or other agent unsoundable too deep to determine the depth of favorable (of winds or weather) tending to promote or facilitate; "the days were fair and the winds were favorable" encouraging or approving or pleasing; "a favorable reply"; "he received a favorable rating"; "listened with a favorable ear"; "made a favorable impression" unfavorable (of winds or weather) tending to hinder or oppose; "unfavorable winds" not encouraging or approving or pleasing; "unfavorable conditions"; "an unfavorable comparison"; "unfavorable comments"; "unfavorable impression" adverse in an opposing direction; "adverse currents"; "a contrary wind" contrary to your interests or welfare; "adverse circumstances"; "made a place for themselves under the most untoward conditions" approving expressing or manifesting praise or approval; "approbative criticism"; "an affirmative nod" indulgent being favorably inclined; "an indulgent attitude" characterized by or given to yielding to the wishes of someone; "indulgent grandparents" tolerant or lenient; "indulgent parents risk spoiling their children"; "too soft on the children"; "they are soft on crime" admonitory expressing reproof or reproach especially as a corrective serving to warn; "shook a monitory finger at him"; "an exemplary jail sentence" disapproving expressing or manifesting disapproval feathered having or covered with feathers; "our feathered friends" aftershafted having an aftershaft (a small feather at the base of some feathers) featherlike resembling or suggesting a feather or feathers; "feathery palm trees" fledged (of an arrow) equipped with feathers (of birds) having developed feathers or plumage; often used in combination flighted(ip) having feathers; "arrows flighted argent" pennate having feathered wings plumaged having or covered in plumage; often used as a combining form; "fully plumaged young bird"; "brilliantly plumaged parrots" plumate having an ornamental plume or feathery tuft plumed having or covered with or abounding in plumes; "the plumed serpent"; "white-plumed egrets" plumelike resembling a plume; "the dog's plumy tail" velvety-plumaged plumage resembling velvet unfeathered having no feathers; "a featherless biped"; "the unfeathered legs of an Orpington" not having feathers; "the unfeathered brood" unfledged (of an arrow) not equipped with feathers; "shot an unfledged arrow" (of birds) not yet having developed feathers; "a small unfledged sparrow on the window sill" felicitous exhibiting an agreeably appropriate manner or style; "a felicitous speaker" marked by good fortune; "a felicitous life"; "a happy outcome" congratulatory expressive of sympathetic pleasure or joy on account of someone's success or good fortune; "a congratulatory telegram"; "the usual congratulatory crowd was conspicuously absent"; "a gratulatory address" happy well expressed and to the point; "a happy turn of phrase"; "a few well-chosen words" enjoying or showing or marked by joy or pleasure; "a happy smile"; "spent many happy days on the beach"; "a happy marriage" well-turned (of language) aptly and pleasingly expressed; "a well-turned phrase" of a pleasing shape; "a well-turned ankle" well-wishing(a) extending good wishes for success; "his well-wishing supporters" infelicitous not appropriate in application; defective; "an infelicitous remark"; "infelicitous phrasing"; "the infelicitous typesetting was due to illegible copy" marked by or producing unhappiness; "infelicitous circumstances"; "unhappy caravans, straggling afoot through swamps and canebrakes"- American Guide Series fertile capable of reproducing conceptive capable of conceiving fecund capable of producing offspring or vegetation intellectually productive; "a prolific writer"; "a fecund imagination" fertilizable capable of being fertilized sterilized made infertile unfertilized not having been fertilized; "an unfertilized egg" done with(p) having no further concern with; "he was through with school and he was through with family"- John Dos Passos; "done with gambling"; "done with drinking" up(p) used up; "time is up" (used of computers) operating properly; "how soon will the computers be up?" (usually followed by `on' or `for') in readiness; "he was up on his homework"; "had to be up for the game" unfinished not brought to an end or conclusion; "unfinished business"; "the building is still unfinished" not brought to the desired final state pending awaiting conclusion or confirmation; "business still pending" undone not done; "the work could be done or undone and nobody cared" not fastened or tied or secured; "her blouse had come undone at the neck"; "his shoelaces were undone" unended not ended; lacking an end or conclusion; "he did with the book still unended" dressed (of lumber or stone) to trim and smooth treated with medications and protective covering fattened (of market animals) made ready for market fattening subject to or used in the process of finishing or fattening up for slaughter; "a fattening hog"; "fattening pens" raw(a) used of wood and furniture; "raw wood" roughhewn of stone or timber; shaped roughly without finishing undressed of lumber or stone or hides; not finished or dressed; "undressed granite"; "undressed hides" unfattened (of market animals) not optimal for marketing unhewn (of stone especially) not given a finished form by or as if by hewing; "a house of unhewn grey stone roughly cemented together" finite bounded or limited in magnitude or spatial or temporal extent (of verbs) relating to forms of the verb that are limited in time by a tense and (usually) show agreement with number and person bounded having the limits or boundaries established; "a delimited frontier through the disputed region" impermanent existing or enduring for a limited time only not permanent; not lasting; "politics is an impermanent factor of life"- James Thurber; "impermanent palm cottages"; "a temperary arrangement"; "temporary housing" boundless seemingly boundless in amount, number, degree, or especially extent; "unbounded enthusiasm"; "children with boundless energy"; "a limitless supply of money" tensed having inflections to indicate tense beginning(a) serving to begin; "the beginning canto of the poem"; "the first verse" inaugural serving to set in motion; "the magazine's inaugural issue"; "the initiative phase in the negotiations"; "an initiatory step toward a treaty"; "his first (or maiden) speech in Congress"; "the liner's maiden voyage" occurring at or characteristic of a formal investiture or induction; "the President's inaugural address"; "an inaugural ball" starting appropriate to the beginning or start of an event; "the starting point"; "hands in the starting position" (especially of eyes) bulging or protruding as with fear; "with eyes starting from their sockets" concluding occurring at or forming an end or termination; "his concluding words came as a surprise"; "the final chapter"; "the last days of the dinosaurs"; "terminal leave" terminative coming to an end; "a contract terminative with the end of the war" archetypal representing or constituting an original type after which other similar things are patterned; "archetypal patterns"; "she was the prototypal student activist" premier(a) first in rank or degree; "an architect of premier rank"; "the prime minister" prime(a) used of the first or originating agent; "prime mover" senior(a) used of the fourth and final year in United States high school or college; "the senior prom" sunset(a) providing for termination; "a program with a sunset provision" in-between being neither at the beginning nor at the end in a series; "adolescence is an awkward in-between age"; "in a mediate position"; "the middle point on a line" junior(a) used of the third or next to final year in United States high school or college; "the junior class"; "a third-year student" penultimate second last; "the author inadvertently reveals the murderer in the penultimate chapter"; "the figures in the next-to-last column" sophomore(a) used of the second year in United States high school or college; "the sophomore class"; "his sophomore year" subterminal near but not precisely at an end; "a subterminal band of color on the tail feathers" antepenultimate third from last fissile capable of being split or cleft or divided in the direction of the grain; "fissile crystals"; "fissile wood" nonfissile not fissile fissionable capable of undergoing nuclear fission; "a fissionable nucleous"; "fissionable material" nonfissionable not capable of undergoing fission conditioned physically fit; "exercised daily to keep herself in condition" established by conditioning or learning; "a conditioned response" unfit not in good physical or mental condition; out of condition; "fat and very unfit"; "certified as unfit for army service"; "drunk and unfit for service" below the required standards for a purpose; "an unfit parent"; "unfit for human consumption" afflicted mentally or physically unfit grievously affected especially by disease apractic having uncoordinated muscular movements, symptomatic of a CNS disorder crippled disabled in the feet or legs; "a crippled soldier"; "a game leg" crookback characteristic of or suffering from kyphosis, an abnormality of the vertebral column gammy (British informal) sore or lame; "a gammy foot" knock-kneed having the knees abnormally close together and the ankles wide apart spavined (of horses) afflicted with a swelling of the hock-joint dipped having abnormal sagging of the spine (especially in horses) maimed having a part of the body crippled or disabled suitable meant or adapted for an occasion or use; "a tractor suitable (or fit) for heavy duty"; "not an appropriate (or fit) time for flippancy" subhuman unfit for human beings; "subhuman conditions of life" less than human or not worthy of a human being; "treated natives as subhuman"; "a subhuman spectacle"; "the subhuman primates" unsuitable not meant or adapted for a particular purpose; "a solvent unsuitable for use on wood surfaces" not conducive to good moral development; "the movie is unsuitable for children" contrasty having sharp differences between black and white bendable capable of being bent or flexed or twisted without breaking; "a flexible wire"; "a pliant young tree" double-jointed having unusually flexible joints especially of the limbs or fingers spinnable capable of being spun into fibres capable or susceptible to being influenced by biased information stretched (of muscles) relieved of stiffness by stretching; "well-stretched muscles are less susceptible to injury" extended or spread over a wide area or distance; "broad fields lay stretched on both sides of us" inflexible resistant to being bent; "an inflexible iron bar"; "an inflexible knife blade" incapable of change; "a man of inflexible purpose" incapable of adapting or changing to meet circumstances; "a rigid disciplinarian"; "an inflexible law"; "an unbending will to dominate" muscle-bound having stiff muscles as the result of excessive exercise; "he arrived accompanied by two muscle-bound body guards" rigid incapable of or resistant to bending; "a rigid strip of metal"; "a table made of rigid plastic"; "a palace guardsman stiff as a poker"; "stiff hair"; "a stiff neck" designating an airship or dirigible having a form maintained by a stiff unyielding frame or structure incapable of compromise or flexibility semirigid not fully rigid having a form maintained by a rigid internal structure as well as by internal gas pressure negotiable able to be negotiated or arranged by compromise; "negotiable demands"; "the proposal is still on the table" capable of being passed or negotiated; "a negotiable road" adamant impervious to pleas, persuasion, requests, reason; "he is adamant in his refusal to change his mind"; "Cynthia was inexorable; she would have none of him"- W.Churchill; "an intransigent conservative opposed to every liberal tendency" die-hard(a) tradition-bound and obstinately opinionated; "an inflexible (or die-hard) conservative"; "rock-ribbed republican" fossilized set in a rigidly conventional pattern of behavior, habits, or beliefs; "obsolete fossilized ways"; "an ossified bureaucratic system" uncompromising not making concessions; "took an uncompromising stance in the peace talks"; "uncompromising honesty" hard-line firm and uncompromising; "a hard-line policy" compromising making or willing to make concessions; "loneliness tore through him...whenever he thought of...even the compromising Louis du Tillet" vulnerable to danger especially of discredit or suspicion; "she found herself in a compromising situation" yielding tending to give in or surrender or agree; "too yielding to make a stand against any encroachments"- V.I.Parrington lacking stiffness and giving way to pressure; "a deep yielding layer of foam rubber" inclined to yield to argument or influence or control; "a timid yielding person" nonrigid designating an airship having a shape maintained only by internal gas pressure and without a supporting structure adaptable capable of adapting (of becoming or being made suitable) to a particular situation or use; "to succeed one must be adaptable"; "the frame was adaptable to cloth bolts of different widths" all-mains(a) used of a radio receiver that is adaptable to all voltages; "an all-mains set" filmable (used of a story or literary work) capable of being adapted to motion picture form unadaptable not adaptable campylotropous (of a plant ovule) curved with the micropyle near the base almost touching its stalk orthotropous (of a plant ovule) completely straight with the micropyle at the apex anatropous (of a plant ovule) completely inverted; turned back 180 degrees on its stalk amphitropous (of a plant ovule) partly inverted; turned back 90 degrees on its stalk curly (of hair) having curls or waves; "they envied her naturally curly hair" curled (of hair) making curls or having been made to curl permed (of hair) styled with permanent waves ringleted (of hair) shaped into ringlets wavy (of hair) having waves; "she had long wavy hair" uncurled not having been curled not curled; "lay uncurled on the bed" unpermed not having had a permanent wave; "smooth glossy unpermed hair" footed having feet; "footed creatures"; "a footed sofa" pedate having or resembling a foot of a leaf shape; having radiating lobes, each deeply cleft or divided swift-footed having rapidly moving feet web-footed having feet with webbed toes footless having no feet or analogous appendages apodal (of snakes and eels) naturally footless; "eels are apodal" toed having a toe or toes of a specified kind; often used in combination; "long-toed"; "five-toed" pointy-toed having a pointed toe; "pointy-toed shoes" square-toed having a square toe; "square-toed shoes" two-toed having two toes toeless lacking a toe or toes; "a toeless shoe" pigeon-toed having feet that turn inward splayfooted having feet that turn outward fore(a) situated at or toward the bow of a vessel aft(a) (nautical, aeronautical) situated at or toward the stern or tail after(a) located farther aft aftermost located closest to the stern or tail forehand(a) (of racket strokes) made with palm facing direction of stroke backhand(a) (of racket strokes) made across the body with back of hand facing direction of stroke connatural normally existing at birth; "mankind's connatural sense of the good" similar in nature; "and mix with our connatural dust"- John Milton adopted acquired as your own by free choice; "my adopted state"; "an adoptive country" foreign relating to or originating in or characteristic of another place or part of the world; "foreign nations"; "a foreign accent"; "on business in a foreign city" of concern to or concerning the affairs of other nations (other than your own); "foreign trade"; "a foreign office" adventive not native and not fully established; locally or temporarily naturalized; "an adventive weed" nonnative of plants or animals originating in a part of the world other than where they are growing not being or composed of aborigines; "the nonnative population of South Africa" established introduced from another region and persisting without cultivation brought about or set up or accepted; especially long established; "the established social order"; "distrust the constituted authority"; "a team established as a member of a major league"; "enjoyed his prestige as an established writer"; "an established precedent"; "the established Church" shown to be valid beyond a reasonable doubt; "the established facts in the case" foreign-born of persons born in another area or country than that lived in; "our large nonnative population" imported used of especially merchandise brought from a foreign source; "imported wines" unnaturalized not having acquired citizenship autochthonal originating where it is found; "the autochthonal fauna of Australia includes the kangaroo"; "autochthonous rocks and people and folktales"; "endemic folkways"; "the Ainu are indigenous to the northernmost islands of Japan" homegrown grown or originating in a particular place; "stands selling homegrown fruits and vegetables" native-born belonging to a place by birth; "a native-born Scot"; "a native Scot" abroad in a foreign country; "markets abroad"; "overseas markets" to or in a foreign country; "they had never travelled abroad" home(a) inside the country; "the British Home Office has broader responsibilities than the United States Department of the Interior"; "the nation's internal politics" used of your own ground; "a home game" municipal of or relating to the government of a municipality; "international law...only authorizes a belligerent to punish a spy under its municipal law"- J.L.kuntz relating or belonging to or characteristic of a municipality; "municipal government"; "municipal bonds"; "a municipal park"; "municipal transportation" domesticated accustomed to home life; "some men think it unmanly to be domesticated; others find gratification in it" home-loving devoted to home duties and pleasures home-style as if in the home; "home-style cooking" housewifely related or suited to a housewife; "housewifely virtues" husbandly related to or suited to a husband; "assumed husbandly duties like mowing the lawn" befitting or characteristic of a husband undomestic not domestic or related to home; "had established herself in her career at the price of being so undomestic she didn't even know how to light the oven" undomesticated unaccustomed to home life; "after years of marriage he remained essentially undomesticated" not domesticated; "a few undomesticated horses left" forgettable easily forgotten unmemorable not worth remembering unforgettable impossible to forget haunting continually recurring to the mind; "haunting memories"; "the cathedral organ and the distant voices have a haunting beauty"- Claudia Cassidy having a deeply disquieting or disturbing effect; "from two handsome and talented young men to two haunting horrors of disintegration"-Charles Lee memorable worth remembering red-letter memorable for being a special occasion; "on red-letter nights a large gathering greeted the celebrity" forgiving inclined or able to forgive and show mercy; "a kindly forgiving nature"; "a forgiving embrace to the naughty child" unvindictive not vindictive unforgiving unwilling or unable to forgive or show mercy; "a surly unforgiving old woman" revengeful disposed to seek revenge or intended for revenge; "more vindictive than jealous love"- Shakespeare; "punishments...essentially vindictive in their nature"- M.R.Cohen formal being in accord with established forms and conventions and requirements (as e.g. of formal dress); "pay one's formal respects"; "formal dress"; "a formal ball"; "the requirement was only formal and often ignored"; "a formal education" (of spoken and written language) adhering to traditional standards of correctness and without casual, contracted, and colloquial forms; "the paper was written in formal English" logically deductive; "formal proof" characteristic of or befitting a person in authority; "formal duties"; "an official banquet" ceremonial marked by pomp or ceremony or formality; "a ceremonial occasion"; "ceremonial garb" ceremonious rigidly formal or bound by convention; "their ceremonious greetings did not seem heartfelt" form-only(a) being a matter of form only; lacking substance; "a form-only requirement that is usually ignored" nominal existing in name only; "the nominal (or titular) head of his party" insignificantly small; a matter of form only (`tokenish' is informal); "the fee was nominal"; "a token gesture of resistance"; "a tokenish gesture" of, relating to, or characteristic of an amount that is not adjusted for inflation; "the nominal GDP"; "nominal interest rates" pertaining to a noun or to a word group that functions as a noun; "nominal phrase"; "noun phrase" relating to or constituting or bearing or giving a name; "the Russian system of nominal brevity"; "a nominal lists of priests"; "taxable males as revealed by the nominal rolls" pro forma done or produced as a formality only; "a one-candidate pro forma election" semiformal moderately formal; requiring a dinner jacket; "he wore semiformal attire"; "a black-tie dinner" starchy rigidly formal; "a starchy manner"; "the letter was stiff and formal"; "his prose has a buckram quality" consisting of or containing starch; "starchy foods" white-tie requiring white ties and tailcoats for men; "a white-tie occasion" informal not formal; "conservative people unaccustomed to informal dress"; "an informal free-and-easy manner"; "an informal gathering of friends" used of spoken and written language not officially recognized or controlled; "an informal agreement"; "a loose organization of the local farmers" free-and-easy natural and unstudied; "using their Christian names in a casual way"; "lectured in a free-and-easy style" folksy very informal and familiar; "a folksy radio commentator"; "a folksy style" belonging to the common people, especially in regard to speech patterns, attitudes, etc.; "folksy humor" literary appropriate to literature rather than everyday speech or writing; "when trying to impress someone she spoke in an affected literary style" knowledgeable about literature; "a literary style" of or relating to or characteristic of literature; "literary criticism" colloquial characteristic of informal spoken language or conversation; "wrote her letters in a colloquial style"; "the broken syntax and casual enunciation of conversational English" epistolary written in the form of or carried on by letters or correspondence; "an endless sequence of epistolary love affairs"; "the epistolatory novel" slangy constituting or expressed in slang or given to the use of slang; "a slangy expression"; "slangy speech" subliterary not written as or intended to be literature; "subliterary works such as letters and diaries" unliterary marked by lack of affectation or pedantry; "her talk was very unliterary"- W.D.Howells former(a) referring to the first of two things or persons mentioned (or the earlier one or ones of several); "the novel was made into a film in 1943 and again in 1967; I prefer the former version to the latter one" (used especially of persons) of the immediate past; "the former president"; "our late President is still very active"; "the previous occupant of the White House" latter(a) referring to the second of two things or persons mentioned (or the last one or ones of several); "in the latter case" last mentioned the one most recently mentioned; "the last mentioned pianist" better off(p) in a more fortunate or prosperous condition; "she would have been better off if she had stuck with teaching"; "is better off than his classmate" fortuitous occurring by happy chance; "profits were enhanced by a fortuitous drop in the cost of raw materials" heaven-sent peculiarly fortunate or appropriate; as if by divine intervention; "a heaven-sent rain saved the crops"; "a providential recovery" lucky occurring by chance; "a lucky escape"; "a lucky guess" having or bringing good fortune; "my lucky day"; "a lucky man" well-off fortunately situated; "doesn't know when he's well-off" dispossessed physically or spiritually homeless or deprived of security; "made a living out of shepherding dispossed people from one country to another"- James Stern hapless deserving or inciting pity; "a hapless victim"; "miserable victims of war"; "the shabby room struck her as extraordinarily pathetic"- Galsworthy; "piteous appeals for help"; "pitiable homeless children"; "a pitiful fate"; "Oh, you poor thing"; "his poor distorted limbs"; "a wretched life" downtrodden abused or oppressed by people in power regrettable deserving regret; "regrettable remarks"; "it's regrettable that she didn't go to college"; "it's too bad he had no feeling himself for church" fragrant pleasant-smelling aromatic having a strong pleasant odor; "the pine woods were more redolent"- Jean Stafford (chemistry) of or relating to or containing one or more benzene rings; "an aromatic organic compound" odoriferous having a natural fragrance; "odoriferous spices"; "the odorous air of the orchard"; "the perfumed air of June"; "scented flowers" emitting an odor; "odorous salt pork and weevily hardtack" perfumed filled or impregnated with perfume; "perfumed boudoir"; "perfumed stationery"; "scented soap" musky resembling the smell of musk malodorous having an unpleasant smell bilgy smelling like bilge water fetid offensively malodorous; "a foul odor"; "the kitchen smelled really funky" gamey (used of the smell of meat) smelling spoiled or tainted miasmic of noxious stench from atmospheric pollution niffy (British informal) malodorous putrid-smelling having the putrid odor of decaying organic matter rank-smelling having an offensive rancid odor reeking giving off a strong unpleasant smell wet with secreted or exuded moisture such as sweat or tears; "wiped his reeking neck" odorous having odor or a characteristic odor; "odorous jasmine flowers"; "odorous garbage"; "fresh odorous bread" alliaceous smelling of onions or garlic of or pertaining to the botanical genus Allium; "onions, leeks, garlic, chives are alliaceous plants" almond-scented smelling of almond anise-scented smelling of anise apple-scented smelling of apples balsam-scented smelling of balsam resin candy-scented smelling of candy cedar-scented smelling like cedar cinnamon-scented smelling of cinnamon clove-scented smelling of clove ginger-scented smelling of ginger honey-scented smelling of honey lemon-scented smelling of lemons mint-scented smelling of mint musk-scented smelling of musk pleasant-smelling having an odor that is pleasing redolent(p) (used with `of' or `with') noticeably odorous; "the hall was redolent of floor wax"; "air redolent with the fumes of beer and whiskey" scented (used in combination) having the odor of; "clean-scented laundry"; "a manure-scented barnyard" having the sense of smell; "keen-scented hounds" spice-scented smelling of spices strong-smelling having a strong odor tansy-scented smelling of tansy tea-scented smelling of tea vanilla-scented smelling of vanilla violet-scented smelling of violets odorless having no odor; "odorless gas"; "odorless flowers" non-aromatic not aromatic scentless emitting or holding no odor; "scentless wisps of straw"; "a scentless stretch of rocky ground" lacking the sense of smell liberated (of a gas e.g.) released from chemical combination geostationary of or having a geosynchronous orbit such that the position in such an orbit is fixed with respect to the earth; "a geostationary satellite" geosynchronous of or having an orbit with a fixed period of 24 hours (although the position in the orbit may not be fixed with respect to the earth) leaded (of panes of glass) fixed in place by means of thin strips of lead; "leaded windowpanes" treated or mixed with lead; "leaded gasoline"; "leaded zinc" having thin strips of lead between the lines of type stationary not capable of being moved; "stationary machinery" standing still; "the car remained stationary with the engine running" taped secured or held in place by tape; "carefully taped pieces of glass served as a windowpane" recorded on tape unadjustable not adjustable unfixed not firmly placed or set or fastened unfirm not firmly or solidly positioned; "climbing carefully up the unsteady ladder"; "an unfirm stance" at large(p) having escaped, especially from confinement; "a convict still at large"; "searching for two escaped prisoners"; "dogs loose on the streets"; "criminals on the loose in the neighborhood" aweigh (of an anchor) just clear of the bottom (used of an anchor) hanging clear of the bottom; "anchors aweigh" clear(p) free from contact or proximity or connection; "we were clear of the danger"; "the ship was clear of the reef" emancipated free from traditional social restraints; "an emancipated young woman pursuing her career"; "a liberated lifestyle" footloose free to go or do as one pleases; "Americans have always been a footloose people always moving on"; "a footloose young man eager to see the big city" out-of-school not attending school and therefore free to work; "opportunities for out-of-school youth" unconstrained free from constraint; "he was unconstrained by any of the sanctions of polite society"; "the dog was unconstrained"; "idle, unconstrained gossip" unhampered not held in check or subject to control; "unhampered dissemination of news"; "this would give black people the opportunity to live unhampered by racism" not slowed or blocked or interfered with; "an outlet for healthy and unhampered action"; "a priest unhampered by scruple"; "the new stock market was unhampered by tradition" unrestricted free of restrictions on conduct; "I had unrestricted access" not restricted or modified in meaning; "unrestricted verbs are usually stronger than those qualified by adverbs" not subject to or subjected to restriction unfree hampered and not free; not able to act at will held in servitude; "he was born of slave parents" adscript (used of persons) bound to a tract of land; hence their service is transferable from owner to owner; "an adscript serf" written or printed immediately following another character and aligned with it apprenticed bound by contract at bay(p) forced to turn and face attackers; "a stag at bay"; "she had me cornered between the porch and her car"; "like a trapped animal" nonautonomous (of peoples and political bodies) controlled by outside forces prisonlike resembling a prison serflike like someone in servitude freeborn born free of free parents free-soil where slavery was prohibited; "a free-soil state" servile(a) relating to or involving slaves or appropriate for slaves or servants; "Brown's attempt at servile insurrection"; "the servile wars of Sicily"; "servile work" slaveholding allowing slavery; "the slaveholding South" prevailing most frequent or common; "prevailing winds" infrequent not frequent; not occurring regularly or at short intervals; "infrequent outbursts of temper" occasional(a) occurring from time to time; "took an occasional glass of wine" fresh-cut cut recently; "fresh-cut flowers" undecomposed not decayed new-made newly made; "the aroma of new-made bread" strong freshly made or left; "a warm trail"; "the scent is warm" not faint or feeble; "a strong odor of burning rubber" of verbs not having standard (or regular) inflection; "`sing' is a strong verb" having strength or power greater than average or expected; "a strong radio signal"; "strong medicine"; "a strong man" day-old not fresh today; "day-old bread is cheaper than fresh" hard dried out; "hard dry rolls left over from the day before" unfortunate or hard to bear; "had hard luck"; "a tough break" resisting weight or pressure dispassionate; "took a hard look"; "a hard bargainer" (of speech sounds); produced with the back of the tongue raised toward or touching the velum; "Russian distinguished between hard consonants and palatalized or soft consonants" (of light) transmitted directly from a pointed light source being distilled rather than fermented; having a high alcoholic content; "hard liquor" very strong or vigorous; "strong winds"; "a hard left to the chin"; "a knockout punch"; "a severe blow" with effort or force or vigor; "the team played hard"; "worked hard all day"; "pressed hard on the lever"; "hit the ball hard"; "slammed the door hard" to the full extent possible; all the way; "hard alee"; "the ship went hard astern"; "swung the wheel hard left" slowly and with difficulty; "prejudices die hard"; "he was so dizzy he could hardly stand up straight" causing great damage or hardship; "industries hit hard by the depression"; "she was severely affected by the bank's failure" with firmness; "held hard to the railing" earnestly or intently; "thought hard about it"; "stared hard at the accused" with pain or distress or bitterness; "he took the rejection very hard" very near or close in space or time; "it stands hard by the railroad tracks"; "they were hard on his heels"; "a strike followed hard upon the plant's opening" into a solid condition; "concrete that sets hard within a few hours" moldy covered with or smelling of mold; "moldy bread"; "a moldy (or musty) odor" rancid (used of decomposing oils or fats) having a rank smell or taste usually due to a chemical change or decomposition; "rancid butter"; "rancid bacon" rotten having decayed or disintegrated; usually implies foulness; "dead and rotten in his grave" putrescent becoming putrid; "a trail lined by putrescent carcasses" unprocessed not treated or prepared by a special process not altered from an original or natural state; "unprocessed commodities" candied (used especially of fruits) preserved by coating with or allowing to absorb sugar encrusted with sugar or syrup; "candied grapefruit peel" canned sealed in a can or jar recorded for broadcast; "a transcribed announcement"; "canned laughter" corned (used especially of meat) cured in brine cured (used of hay e.g.) allowed to dry (used of concrete or mortar) kept moist to assist the hardening (used of rubber) treated by a chemical or physical process to improve its properties (hardness and strength and odor and elasticity) freed from illness or injury; "the patient appears cured"; "the incision is healed"; "appears to be entirely recovered"; "when the recovered patient tries to remember what occurred during his delirium"- Normon Cameron dried preserved by removing natural moisture; "dried beef"; "dried fruit"; "dehydrated eggs"; "shredded and desiccated coconut meat" not still wet; "the ink has dried"; "a face marked with dried tears" flash-frozen (used of foods) preserved by freezing sufficiently rapidly to retain flavor and nutritional value; "frozen foods" freeze-dried preserved by freezing and drying in a vacuum; "freeze-dried coffee" lyophilized used of tissue or blood or serum or other biological substances; dried by freezing in a high vacuum pickled (used of foods) preserved in a pickling liquid salted (used especially of meats) preserved in salt smoked (used especially of meats and fish) dried and cured by hanging in wood smoke sun-dried dried naturally by the sun; "sun-dried apricots" salty containing or filled with salt; "salt water" one of the four basic taste sensations; like the taste of sea water brackish slightly salty (especially from containing a mixture of seawater and fresh water); "a brackish lagoon"; "the briny deep" distasteful and unpleasant; spoiled by mixture; "a thin brackish gruel" saliferous containing or yielding salt; "saliferous formations"; "salt domes" saline containing salt; "a saline substance "; "salty tears" saltish somewhat salty affable diffusing warmth and friendliness; "an affable smile"; "an amiable gathering"; "cordial relations"; "a cordial greeting"; "a genial host" companionate like a companion; "companionate marriage"; "a companionate dog" comradely heartily friendly and congenial couthie (chiefly Scottish) agreeable and genial neighborly exhibiting the qualities expected in a friendly neighbor social marked by friendly companionship with others; "a social cup of coffee" living together or enjoying life in communities or organized groups; "a human being is a social animal"; "mature social behavior" tending to move or live together in groups or colonies of the same kind; "ants are social insects" composed of sociable people or formed for the purpose of sociability; "a purely social club"; "the church has a large social hall"; "a social director" relating to human society and its members; "social institutions"; "societal evolution"; "societal forces"; "social legislation" relating to or belonging to or characteristic of high society; "made fun of her being so social and high-toned"; "a social gossip colum"; "the society page" unfriendly not disposed to friendship or friendliness; "an unfriendly coldness of manner"; "an unfriendly action to take" not easy to understand or use; "user-unfriendly" not friendly; "an unfriendly act of aggression"; "an inimical critic" beetle-browed sullen or unfriendly in appearance uncordial lacking warmth or friendliness; "looked uncordial as we approached" unneighborly not exhibiting the qualities expected in a friendly neighbor frostbitten injured by freezing or partial freezing; "frostbitten fingers"; "frostbitten grapes unsalable as fresh fruit" frost-bound (of the ground) made hard by frost glaciated covered with ice (as by a glacier) or affected by glacial action icebound locked in by ice; "icebound harbors" ice-clogged obstructed by ice; "ice-clogged rivers" icy covered with or containing or consisting of ice; "icy northern waters" shiny and slick as with a thin coating of ice; "roads and trees glazed with an icy film" sleety consisting of or of the nature of frozen or partially frozen rain unthawed still frozen; "there wasn't time to cook the unthawed turkey, so they had to settle for hotdogs" unfrozen not frozen; "unfrozen ground" ice-free free of ice and open to travel; "an ice-free channel in the river" liquescent becoming liquid slushy being or resembling melting snow; "slushy snow"; "deep slushy mud" thawed no longer frozen; "the thawed ground was muddy" no longer frozen solid; "the thawed ice was treacherous" fruitful productive or conducive to producing in abundance; "be fruitful and multiply" berried producing or bearing berries blue-fruited bearing blue fruit bountiful producing in abundance; "the bountiful earth"; "a plentiful year"; "fruitful soil" dark-fruited bearing dark fruit generative producing new life or offspring; "the reproductive potential of a species is its relative capacity to reproduce itself under optimal conditions"; "the reproductive or generative organs" having the ability to produce or originate; "generative power"; "generative forces" high-yield yielding a large amount of agricultural or industrial production oval-fruited bearing oval fruit prolific bearing in abundance especially offspring; "flying foxes are extremely prolific"; "a prolific pear tree" red-fruited bearing red fruit round-fruited bearing round fruit small-fruited bearing small fruit unfruitful not fruitful; not conducive to abundant production abortive failing to accomplish an intended result; "an abortive revolt"; "a stillborn plot to assassinate the President" acarpous producing no fruit childless without offspring; "in some societies a childless woman is rejected by her tribesmen" air-filled full of air brimful filled to capacity; "a brimful cup"; "I am brimful of chowder"; "a child brimming over with curiosity"; "eyes brimming with tears" chockablock(p) packed full to capacity; "chowder chockablock with pieces of fish" congested overfull as with blood egg-filled full of eggs filled (usually followed by `with' or used as a combining form) generously supplied with; "theirs was a house filled with laughter"; "a large hall filled with rows of desks"; "fog-filled air" (of time) taken up; "well-filled hours" of purchase orders that have been filled fraught(p) filled with or attended with; "words fraught with meaning"; "an incident fraught with danger"; "a silence pregnant with suspense" gas-filled full of a gas glutted exceeding demand; "a glutted market" instinct(p) (followed by `with') deeply filled or permeated; "imbued with the spirit of the Reformation"; "words instinct with love"; "it is replete with misery" overladen loaded past capacity sperm-filled filled with sperm stuffed filled with something; "a stuffed turkey" crammed with food; "a full stomach"; "I feel stuffed" untouched still full; "an untouched cocktail in her hand" not having come in contact well-lined full of money; "a well-lined purse" empty-handed carrying nothing in the hands having acquired or gained nothing; "the returned from the negotiations empty-handed" glassy (used of eyes) lacking liveliness; "empty eyes"; "a glassy stare"; "his eyes were glazed over with boredom" (of ceramics) having the surface made shiny and nonporous by fusing a vitreous solution to it; "glazed pottery"; "glassy porcelain"; "hard vitreous china used for plumbing fixtures" resembling glass in smoothness and shininess and slickness; "the glassy surface of the lake"; "the pavement was...glassy with water"- Willa Cather looted wrongfully emptied or stripped of anything of value; "the robbers left the looted train"; "people returned to the plundered village" vacant without an occupant or incumbent; "the throne is never vacant" void of intelligence or thought; "a vacant mind" vacuous devoid of matter; "a vacuous space" drained emptied or exhausted of (as by drawing off e.g. water or other liquid); "a drained marsh"; "a drained tank"; "a drained and apathetic old man...not caring any longer about anything" undrained not drained; "preserve wetlands; keep them undrained" full-time for the entire time appropriate to an activity; "a full-time job" for the standard number of hours; "she works full-time" part-time involving less than the standard or customary time for an activity; "part-time employees"; "a part-time job" half-time involving half the standard or customary time for an activity; "he had two years of half-time training" for less than the standard number of hours; "he works part-time" odd-job(a) not regular or skilled; "found only odd-job employment" underemployed employed only part-time when one needs full-time employment or not making full use of your skills; "migrants are likely to be poor and underemployed"; "able people are kept underemployed" functional designed for or capable of a particular function or use; "a style of writing in which every word is functional"; "functional architecture" involving or affecting function rather than physiology; "functional deafness" designed for or adapted to a function or use; "functional education selects knowledge that is concrete and usable rather than abstract and theoretical"; "functional architecture" fit or ready for use or service; "the toaster was still functional even after being dropped"; "the lawnmower is a bit rusty but still usable"; "an operational aircraft"; "the dishwasher is now in working order" relating to or based on function especially as opposed to structure; "the problem now is not a constitutional one; it is a functional one"; "delegates elected on a functional rather than a geographical basis" nonfunctional not having or performing a function nonstructural not structural functioning performing or able to perform its regular function; "a functioning flashlight" malfunctioning not performing or able to perform its regular function; "a malfunctioning valve" amiss(p) not functioning properly; "something is amiss"; "has gone completely haywire"; "something is wrong with the engine" out of whack out of balance or out of adjustment; "the front wheel of my bicycle is out of whack" run-down having the spring unwound; "a run-down watch" rigged fitted or equipped with necessary rigging (sails and shrouds and stays etc) outrigged rigged with a structure projecting from or over the side of a boat for various purposes; to prevent capsizing or to support an oarlock or to help secure a mast etc square-rigged rigged with square sails as the principal ones unrigged stripped of rigging accoutered provided with necessary articles of equipment for a specialized purpose (especially military); "troops accoutered for battle"; "properly accoutered for the trip" helmeted equipped with or wearing a helmet outfitted equipped with appropriate wearing apparel and accessories; "children properly outfitted for school"; "equipt in the...national dress of the Scottish people"- Sir Walter Scott prepared equipped or prepared with necessary intellectual resources; "graduates well equipped to handle such problems"; "equipped to be a scholar" made ready or fit or suitable beforehand; "a prepared statement"; "be prepared for emergencies" transistorized (of an electronic device) equipped with transistors visored having or provided with a visor or a visor of a particular kind; "their spic, red-visored caps" unequipped without necessary physical or intellectual equipment; "guerrillas unequipped for a pitched battle"; "unequipped for jobs in a modern technological society" ill-equipped poorly supplied with physical equipment; "the school was ill-equipped" fledgling(a) (of a young bird) having acquired its flight feathers; "a fledgling robin" framed provided with a frame; "there were framed snapshots of family and friends on her desk" unframed not provided with a frame; "unframed pictures" furnished provided with whatever is necessary for a purpose (as furniture or equipment or authority); "a furnished apartment"; "a completely furnished toolbox" fitted out furnished with essential equipment for a particular occupation or undertaking occupation; "a well outfitted expedition to the South Pole" stocked furnished with more than enough; "rivers well stocked with fish"; "a well-stocked store" volumed furnished with volumes; "a large room volumed with ancient books" formed or rising in rounded masses; "gasping with the volumed smoke" (often used in combination) consisting of or having a given number or kind of volumes; "the poet's volumed works"; "a two-volumed history"; "multi-volumed encyclopedias"; "large-volumed editions" well-appointed having a full array of suitable equipment or furnishings; "a well-appointed kitchen"; "a well-appointed apartment" unfurnished not equipped with what is needed especially furniture; "an unfurnished apartment" funded furnished with funds; "well-funded research" unfunded not furnished with funds; "an unfunded project" fueled heated, driven, or produced by burning fuel clean-burning leaving little contamination while consuming fuel; "natural gas is a clean-burning fuel" coal-fired fueled by burning coal; "a coal-fired ship" wood-fired fueled by wood; "a wood-burning stove" liquid-fueled fueled by a liquid fuel oil-fired fueled by burning oil; "an oil-fired furnace" unfueled not provided with fuel self-sustained needing no outside support unfed not given support; "a grudge that remained unfed" not fed specified clearly and explicitly stated; "meals are at specified times" mere(a) being nothing more than specified; "a mere child" unspecified not stated explicitly or in detail; "threatened unspecified reprisals" geared equipped with or connected by gears or having gears engaged back-geared (of a lathe) equipped with gearing for reducing the speed of the spindle from that of the driving pulley; "a back-geared lathe" double-geared equipped with compound gearing consisting of 2 pinions and 2 wheels in mesh to increase the mechanical advantage; "the double-geared lifting mechanism of a crane" in gear having gears engaged; "the car is in gear" ungeared having gears not engaged or disconnected; "the machine's ungeared pinion" out of gear(p) not having gears engaged; "threw the machine's pinion out of gear" general-purpose not limited in use or function widespread widely circulated or diffused; "a widespread doctrine"; "widespread fear of nuclear war" ad hoc for or concerned with one specific purpose; "a coordinated policy instead of ad hoc decisions" often improvised or impromptu; "an ad hoc committee meeting" for one specific case; "they were appointed ad hoc" circumstantial fully detailed and specific about particulars; "a circumstantial report about the debate" particularized directed toward a specific object; "particularized thinking as distinct from stereotyped sloganeering" proper(ip) limited to the thing specified; "the city proper"; "his claim is connected with the deed proper" unique(p) (followed by `to') applying exclusively to a given category or condition or locality; "a species unique to Australia" nonspecific not caused by a specific agent; used also of staining in making microscope slides; "nonspecific enteritis" federal national; especially in reference to the government of the United States as distinct from that of its member units; "the Federal Bureau of Investigation"; "federal courts"; "the federal highway program"; "federal property" characterized by or constituting a form of government in which power is divided between one central and several regional authorities; "a federal system like that of the United States"; "federal governments often evolved out of confederations" of or relating to the central government of a federation; "a federal district is one set aside as the seat of the national government" branchiate provided with gills; "a gilled tadpole" abranchiate having no gills unitary characterized by or constituting a form of government in which power is held by one central authority; "a unitary as opposed to a federal form of government" of or pertaining to or involving the use of units; "a unitary method was applied"; "established a unitary distance on which to base subsequent calculations" relating to or characterized by or aiming toward unity; "the unitary principles of nationalism"; "a unitary movement in politics" centralized drawn toward a center or brought under the control of a central authority; "centralized control of emergency relief efforts"; "centralized government" decentralized withdrawn from a center or place of concentration; especially having power or function dispersed from a central to local authorities; "a decentralized school administration" localized made local or oriented locally; "a decentralized and localized political authority" confined or restricted to a particular location; "the localized infection formed a definite abscess" redistributed having population and industries relocated from urban to outlying areas; "redistributed industries" suburbanized surrounded by many suburbs; "a highly suburbanized city" nontechnical not characteristic of or skilled in applied arts and sciences; "nontechnical aspects of the job"; "nontechnical training"; "an untechnical reader"; "in clear effective nontechnical language" nonproprietary not protected by trademark or patent or copyright; "nonproprietary products are in the public domain and anyone can produce or distribute them" unpatented (of devices and processes) not protected by patent; "unpatented inventions" proprietary protected by trademark or patent or copyright; made or produced or distributed by one having exclusive rights; "`Tylenol' is a proprietary drug of which `acetaminophen' is the generic form" branded (of goods and merchandise) marked or labeled by a distinctive word or symbol indicating exclusive rights; "branded merchandise is that bearing a standard brand name" marked with a brand; "branded cattle"; "branded criminal" copyrighted (of literary or musical or dramatic or artistic work) protected by copyright; "permission to publish copyright material" patented (of devices and processes) protected by patent; "they are patented inventions" trademarked (of goods and merchandise) labeled with proprietary (and legally registered) identification guaranteeing exclusive use; "trademarked goods" benevolent generous in providing aid to others intending or showing kindness; "a benevolent society" unselfish not greedy disregarding your own advantages and welfare over those of others stingy unwilling to spend (money, time, resources, etc.); "she practices economy without being stingy"; "an ungenerous response to the appeal for funds" beggarly (used of sums of money) so small in amount as to deserve contempt marked by poverty befitting a beggar; "a beggarly existence in the slums"; "a mean hut" cheeseparing giving or spending with reluctance; "our cheeseparing administration"; "very close (or near) with his money"; "a penny-pinching miserly old man" closefisted unwilling to part with money grudging petty or reluctant in giving or spending; "a niggardly tip" of especially an attitude; "gave grudging consent"; "grudging acceptance of his opponent's victory" parsimonious excessively unwilling to spend; "parsimonious thrift relieved by few generous impulses"; "lived in a most penurious manner--denying himself every indulgence" ungrudging without envy or reluctance; "ungrudging admiration" ungenerous lacking in magnanimity; "it seems ungenerous to end this review of a splendid work of scholarship on a critical note"- Times Litt. Sup.; "a meanspirited man unwilling to forgive" genuine not fake or counterfeit; "a genuine Picasso"; "genuine leather" not pretended; sincerely felt or expressed; "genuine emotion"; "her interest in people was unfeigned"; "true grief" authentic not counterfeit or copied; "an authentic signature"; "a bona fide manuscript"; "an unquestionable antique"; "photographs taken in a veritable bull ring" conforming to fact and therefore worthy of belief; "an authentic account by an eyewitness"; "reliable information" attested established as genuine honest-to-god (used informally especially for emphasis) real or genuine; "a real honest-to-god live cowboy"; "went upriver to look at a sure-enough fish wheel" assumed adopted in order to deceive; "an assumed name"; "an assumed cheerfulness"; "a fictitious address"; "fictive sympathy"; "a pretended interest"; "a put-on childish voice"; "sham modesty" bogus fraudulent; having a misleading appearance inauthentic false or fake; not what it appears to be; "a spurious work of art" ostensible represented or appearing as such; pretended; "His ostensible purpose was charity, his real goal popularity" pseudo (often used in combination) not genuine but having the appearance of; "a pseudo esthete"; "pseudoclassic" geocentric having the earth as the center Ptolemaic of or relating to the geocentric Ptolemaic system; "in the Ptolemaic system of planetary motion the earth is fixed as the center of the universe with the sun and moon and planets revolving around it" of or relating to the astronomer Ptolemy heliocentric having the sun as the center Copernican according to Copernicus; "in the Copernican system the earth and other planets revolve around the sun" of radical or major importance; "a Copernican revolution in modern art" talented endowed with talent or talents; "a gifted writer" untalented devoid of talent; not gifted glazed having a shiny surface or coating; "glazed fabrics"; "glazed doughnuts" fitted or covered with glass; "four glazed walls" (of foods) covered with a shiny coating by applying e.g. beaten egg or a sugar or gelatin mixture; "glazed doughnuts"; "a glazed ham" glass-like resembling glass unglazed not having a shiny coating; "unglazed paper" not furnished with glass; "windows were unglazed to admit as much light and air as possible" unvitrified (of ceramics) lacking a vitreous finish; "unvitrified pottery" celebrated having an illustrious past widely known and esteemed; "a famous actor"; "a celebrated musician"; "a famed scientist"; "an illustrious judge"; "a notable historian"; "a renowned painter" empyreal inspiring awe; "well-meaning ineptitude that rises to empyreal absurdity"- M.S.Dworkin; "empyrean aplomb"- Hamilton Basso; "the sublime beauty of the night" illustrious having or conferring glory; "an illustrious achievement" lustrous brilliant; "set a lustrous example for others to follow"; "lustrous actors of the time" inglorious not bringing honor and glory; "some mute inglorious Milton here may rest" a-ok(p) in perfect condition or order no-go not functioning properly or in suitable condition for proceeding; "the space launch was no-go" bang-up very good; "he did a bully job"; "a neat sports car"; "had a great time at the party"; "you look simply smashing"; "we had a grand old time" good enough adequately good for the circumstances; "if it's good enough for you it's good enough for me" goodish moderately good of its kind; "a goodish wine" redeeming(a) compensating for some fault or defect; "the redeeming feature of the plan is its simplicity"; "his saving grace was his sense of humor" satisfactory meeting requirements; "the step makes a satisfactory seat"; "I would kill for a decent cup of coffee"; "a decent wage" giving satisfaction; "satisfactory living conditions"; "his grades were satisfactory" superb surpassingly good; "a superb meal" well-behaved (usually of children) someone who behaves in a manner that the speaker believes is correct; "a well-behaved child" corked (of wine) tainted in flavor by a cork containing excess tannin; "a corked port" deplorable bad; unfortunate; "my finances were in a deplorable state"; "a lamentable decision"; "her clothes were in sad shape"; "a sorry state of affairs" of very poor quality or condition; "deplorable housing conditions in the inner city"; "woeful treatment of the accused"; "woeful errors of judgment" hopeless (informal to emphasize how bad it is) beyond hope of management or reform; "she handed me a hopeless jumble of papers"; "he is a hopeless romantic" without hope because there seems to be no possibility of comfort or success; "in an agony of hopeless grief"; "with a hopeless sigh he sat down" certain to fail; "the situation is hopeless" of a person unable to do something skillfully; "I'm hopeless at mathematics" horrid exceedingly bad; "when she was bad she was horrid" icky very bad; "a lousy play"; "it's a stinking world" mediocre poor to middling in quality; "there have been good and mediocre and bad artists" moderate to inferior in quality; "they improved the quality from mediocre to above average" naughty badly behaved; "a naughty boy" severe very bad in degree or extent; "a severe worldwide depression"; "the house suffered severe damage" unsparing and uncompromising in discipline or judgment; "a parent severe to the pitch of hostility"- H.G.Wells; "a hefty six-footer with a rather severe mien"; "a strict disciplinarian"; "a Spartan upbringing" intensely or extremely bad or unpleasant in degree or quality; "severe pain"; "a severe case of flu"; "a terrible cough"; "under wicked fire from the enemy's guns"; "a wicked cough" swingeing severe; punishingly bad; "swingeing taxation"; "swingeing damages awarded by the judge" uncool (spoken slang) unfashionable and boring angelic marked by utter benignity; resembling or befitting an angel or saint; "angelic beneficence"; "a beatific smile"; "a saintly concern for his fellow men"; "my sainted mother" having a sweet nature befitting an angel or cherub; "an angelic smile"; "a cherubic face"; "looking so seraphic when he slept"; "a sweet disposition" of or relating to angels; "angelic messenger" redemptive bringing about salvation or redemption from sin; "saving faith"; "redemptive (or redeeming) love" of or relating to or resulting in redemption; "a redemptive theory about life"- E.K.Brown corruptive tending to corrupt or pervert demonic extremely evil or cruel; expressive of cruelty or befitting hell; "something demonic in him--something that could be cruel"; "fires lit up a diabolic scene"; "diabolical sorcerers under the influence of devils"; "a fiendish despot"; "hellish torture"; "infernal instruments of war"; "satanic cruelty"; "unholy grimaces" despicable morally reprehensible; "would do something as despicable as murder"; "ugly crimes"; "the vile development of slavery appalled them"; "a slimy little liar" devilish showing the cunning or ingenuity or wickedness typical of a devil; "devilish schemes"; "the cold calculation and diabolic art of some statesmen"; "the diabolical expression on his face"; "a mephistophelian glint in his eye" playful in an appealingly bold way; "a roguish grin" evil-minded having evil thoughts or intentions good-natured having an easygoing and cheerful disposition; "too good-natured to resent a little criticism"; "the good-natured policeman on our block"; "the sounds of good-natured play" amiable disposed to please; "an amiable villain with a cocky sidelong grin"- Hal Hinson equable not easily irritated; "an equable temper"; "not everyone shared his placid temperament"; "remained placid despite the repeated delays" not varying; "an equable climate" ill-natured having an irritable and unpleasant disposition atrabilious irritable as if suffering from indigestion bristly very irritable; "bristly exchanges between the White House and the press"; "he became prickly and spiteful"; "witty and waspish about his colleagues" cantankerous having a difficult and contrary disposition; "a cantankerous and venomous-tongued old lady"- Dorothy Sayers churlish having a bad disposition; surly; "churlish as a bear"- Shakespeare rude and boorish crabbed annoyed and irritable cranky easily irritated or annoyed; "an incorrigibly fractious young man"; "not the least nettlesome of his countrymen" crusty brusque and surly and forbidding; "crusty remarks"; "a crusty old man"; "his curmudgeonly temper"; "gruff manner"; "a gruff reply" currish resembling a cur; snarling and rude base and cowardly huffish sullen or moody misanthropic hating mankind in general misogynous hating women in particular shirty (British informal) ill-tempered or annoyed shrewish continually complaining or faultfinding; "a shrewish wife"; "nagging parents" snappish apt to speak irritably; "a snappish tone of voice" spoiled having the character or disposition harmed by pampering or oversolicitous attention; "a spoiled child" surly inclined to anger or bad feelings with overtones of menace; "a surly waiter"; "an ugly frame of mind" vinegary having a sour disposition; ill-tempered graceful characterized by beauty of movement, style, form, or execution fluent smooth and unconstrained in movement; "a long, smooth stride"; "the fluid motion of a cat"; "the liquid grace of a ballerina" gainly graceful and pleasing; "gainly conduct"; "a gainly youth with dark hair and eyes" gracile slender and graceful lissome gracefully thin and bending and moving with ease gawky lacking grace in movement or posture; "a gawky lad with long ungainly legs"; "clumsy fingers"; "what an ungainly creature a giraffe is"; "heaved his unwieldy figure out of his chair" graceless lacking grace; clumsy; "a graceless production of the play"; "his stature low...his bearing ungraceful"- Sir Walter Scott lacking graciousness; "a totally graceless hostess" labored lacking natural ease; "a labored style of debating" wooden lacking ease or grace; "the actor's performance was wooden"; "a wooden smile" made or consisting of (entirely or in part) or employing wood; "a wooden box"; "an ancient cart with wooden wheels" merciful (used conventionally of royalty and high nobility) gracious; "our merciful king" showing or giving mercy; "sought merciful treatment for the captives"; "a merciful god" ungracious lacking charm and good taste; "an ungracious industrial city"; "this curt summary is not meant to be ungracious"; "ungracious behavior" bit-by-bit one thing at a time gradational taking place by degrees sudden happening without warning or in a short space of time; "a sudden storm"; "a sudden decision"; "a sudden cure" fulminant sudden and severe; "fulminant pain"; "fulminant fever" sloping having a slanting form or direction; "an area of gently sloping hills"; "a room with a sloping ceiling" steepish somewhat steep steep-sided having very steep sides grammatical conforming to the rules of grammar or usage accepted by native speakers; "spoke in grammatical sentences" of or pertaining to grammar; "the grammatic structure of a sentence"; "grammatical rules"; "grammatical gender" ungrammatical not grammatical; not conforming to the rules of grammar or accepted usage grateful feeling or showing gratitude; "a grateful heart"; "grateful for the tree's shade"; "a thankful smile" affording comfort or pleasure; "the grateful warmth of the fire" glad feeling happy appreciation; "glad of the fire's warmth" showing or causing joy and pleasure; especially made happy; "glad you are here"; "glad that they succeeded"; "gave a glad shout"; "a glad smile"; "heard the glad news"; "a glad occasion" eagerly disposed to act or to be of service; "glad to help" ungrateful not feeling or showing gratitude; "ungrateful heirs"; "How sharper than a serpent's tooth it is / To have a thankless child!"- Shakespeare disagreeable; "I will not perform the ungrateful task of comparing cases of failure"- Abraham Lincoln unappreciative not feeling or expressing gratitude; "unappreciative of nature's bounty" triploid of a cell or organism having three complete sets of chromosomes; "human triploid fetuses are usually spontaneously aborted" blissful completely happy and contented; "blissful young lovers"; "in blissful ignorance" laughing(a) showing or feeling mirth or pleasure or happiness; "laughing children" unhappy experiencing or marked by or causing sadness or sorrow or discontent; "unhappy over her departure"; "unhappy with her raise"; "after the argument they lapsed into an unhappy silence"; "had an unhappy time at school"; "the unhappy (or sad) news"; "he looks so sad" causing discomfort; "the unhappy truth" lovesick languishing because of love; "strong men behaving like lovesick boys" regretful feeling or expressing regret or sorrow or a sense of loss over something done or undone; "felt regretful over his vanished youth"; "regretful over mistakes she had made"; "he felt bad about breaking the vase" unregretful feeling no regret; "was completely unregretful about what had happened" adamantine having the hardness of a diamond consisting of or having the hardness of adamant al dente of pasta cooked so as to be firm when eaten corneous made of horn (or of a substance resembling horn) tumid of sexual organs; stiff and rigid granitic hard as granite; "a granitic fist" hardened converted to solid form (as concrete) protected against attack (especially by nuclear weapons); "hardened missile silos" woody made hard like wood as the result of the deposition of lignin in the cell walls made of or containing or resembling wood; "woody plants"; "perennial herbs with woody stems"; "a woody taste" petrous (of bone especially the temporal bone) resembling stone in hardness semihard somewhat hard steely resembling steel in hardness resembling steel as in hardness; "steely eyes"; "steely nerves like those of a steeplejack" unyielding resistant to physical force or pressure; "an unyielding head support" brushed (of fabrics) having soft nap produced by brushing; "a dress of brushed cotton"; "a fleecy lining"; "napped fabrics" (of hair or clothing) groomed with a brush; "with shining hair neatly brushed"; "the freshly brushed clothes hung in the closet" touched lightly in passing; grazed against; "of all the people brushed against in a normal day on a city street I remember not a one" cheeselike having the consistency of cheese cottony resembling cotton; as soft as cotton cushioned softened by the addition of cushions or padding flaccid drooping without elasticity; wanting in stiffness; "a flaccid penis" flocculent having a fluffy character or appearance mushy having the consistency of mush overstuffed upholstered thickly and deeply; "an overstuffed sofa" softish somewhat soft calculating acting with a specific goal; "the most calculating and selfish men in the community" case-hardened used of persons; emotionally hardened; "faced a case-hardened judge" fricative of speech sounds produced by forcing air through a constricted passage (as `f', `s', `z', or `th' in both `thin' and `then') flinty showing unfeeling resistance to tender feelings; "his flinty gaze"; "the child's misery would move even the most obdurate heart" containing flint softhearted easily moved to pity or sorrow; "a softhearted judge" spirituous containing or of the nature of alcohol; "spiritous beverages"; "spirituous liquors" nonalcoholic characterized by the absence of alcohol; "nonalcoholic beverages" harmless not causing or capable of causing harm; "harmless bacteria"; "rendered the bomb harmless" harmful causing or capable of causing harm; "too much sun is harmful to the skin"; "harmful effects of smoking" abusive characterized by physical or psychological maltreatment; "abusive punishment"; "argued...that foster homes are abusive" expressing offensive reproach deleterious harmful to living things; "deleterious chemical additives" calumniatory (used of statements) harmful and often untrue; tending to discredit or malign catastrophic extremely harmful; bringing physical or financial ruin; "a catastrophic depression"; "catastrophic illness"; "a ruinous course of action" counterproductive tending to hinder the achievement of a goal insidious working or spreading in a hidden and usually injurious way; "glaucoma is an insidious disease"; "a subtle poison" intended to entrap beguiling but harmful; "insidious pleasures" mischievous deliberately causing harm or damage; "mischievous rumors and falsehoods" nocent having a tendency to cause harm stabbing causing physical or especially psychological injury; "a stabbing remark"; "wounding and false charges of disloyalty" on-key in tune; accurate in pitch; "a true note" symphonic harmonious in sound; "the symphonic hum of a million insects" relating to or characteristic or suggestive of a symphony; "symphonic choir" unresolved characterized by musical dissonance; harmonically unresolved healthful conducive to good health of body or mind; "a healthful climate"; "a healthful environment"; "healthful nutrition"; "healthful sleep"; "Dickens's relatively healthful exuberance" anthelmintic capable of expelling or destroying parasitic worms antimicrobial capable of destroying or inhibiting the growth of disease-causing microorganisms curative tending to cure or restore to health; "curative powers of herbal remedies"; "her gentle healing hand"; "remedial surgery"; "a sanative environment of mountains and fresh air"; "a therapeutic agent"; "therapeutic diets" drugless without the use of drugs; "drugless therapy" medicative having the properties of medicine; "medicative drugs"; "medicinal herbs"; "medicinal properties" orthomolecular designating or relating to a form of treatment of mental disorders that seeks to restore biochemical balance in the body with large doses of vitamins and minerals; "orthomolecular medicine"; "orthomolecular therapy" recuperative promoting recuperation; "recuperative powers"; "strongly recuperative remedies"; "restorative effects of exercise" unhealthful detrimental to good health; "unhealthful air pollution"; "unhealthful conditions in old apartments with peeling lead-based paint" crippling that cripples or disables or incapacitates; "a crippling injury" cytopathogenic of or relating to or causing pathological changes in cells infective able to cause disease; "infective agents"; "pathogenic bacteria" unmedicinal not having a medicinal effect or not medically prescribed; "he took mind-altering drugs for nonmedicinal reasons" unhealthy not conducive to good health; "an unhealthy diet of fast foods"; "an unhealthy climate" not in or exhibiting good health in body or mind; "unhealthy ulcers" medical requiring or amenable to treatment by medicine especially as opposed to surgery; "medical treatment"; "pneumonia is a medical disease" relating to the study or practice of medicine; "the medical profession"; "a medical student"; "medical school" preoperative happening or done before and in preparation for a surgical operation postoperative happening or done after a surgical operation; "postoperative complications"; "postoperative care" operable capable of being treated by surgical operation; "an operable cancer" usable for a specific purpose; "an operable plan"; "a practicable solution" inoperable not suitable for surgery; "metastasis has rendered the tumor inoperable" not able to perform its normal function pyretic causing fever healthy having or indicating good health in body or mind; free from infirmity or disease; "a rosy healthy baby"; "staying fit and healthy" exercising or showing good judgment; "healthy scepticism"; "a healthy fear of rattlesnakes"; "the healthy attitude of French laws"; "healthy relations between labor and management"; "an intelligent solution"; "a sound approach to the problem"; "sound advice"; "no sound explanation for his decision" financially secure and functioning well; "a healthy economy" promoting health; healthful; "a healthy diet"; "clean healthy air"; "plenty of healthy sleep"; "healthy and normal outlets for youthful energy"; "the salubrious mountain air and water"- C.B.Davis; "carrots are good for you" flushed having the pinkish flush of health hale exhibiting or restored to vigorous good health; "hale and hearty"; "whole in mind and body"; "a whole person again" anicteric not affected by jaundice without jaundice; "anicteric hepatitis" rock-loving of plants that flourish in a rocky environment rubicund inclined to a healthy reddish color often associated with outdoor life; "a ruddy complexion"; "Santa's rubicund cheeks"; "a fresh and sanguine complexion" sun-loving (of plants) flourishing in strong sunlight water-loving (of plants) flourishing with lots of water well-preserved used of older persons who are healthy wholesome sound or exhibiting soundness in body or mind; "exercise develops wholesome appetites"; "a grin on his ugly wholesome face" conducive to or characteristic of physical or moral well-being; "wholesome attitude"; "wholesome appearance"; "wholesome food" blebby covered with small blisters puffy abnormally distended especially by fluids or gas; "hungry children with bloated stomachs"; "he had a grossly distended stomach"; "eyes with puffed (or puffy) lids"; "swollen hands"; "tumescent tissue"; "puffy tumid flesh" bloodshot (of an eye) reddened as a result of locally congested blood vessels; inflamed; "bloodshot eyes" cankerous having an ulcer or canker carious (of teeth) affected with cavities or decay caseous of damaged or necrotic tissue; cheeselike chilblained having chilblains; "her poor chilblained hands" colicky suffering from excessive gas in the alimentary canal cytomegalic of or relating to or characterized by greatly enlarged cells dehydrated suffering from excessive loss of water from the body; "fever resulted from becoming dehydrated"; "was dehydrated after the marathon" diseased caused by or altered by or manifesting disease or pathology; "diseased tonsils"; "a morbid growth"; "pathologic tissue"; "pathological bodily processes" edematous swollen with an excessive accumulation of fluid enlarged larger than normal; "enlarged joints" foaming producing or covered with lathery sweat or saliva from exhaustion or disease; "the rabid animal's frothing mouth" gangrenous suffering from tissue death inflammatory characterized or caused by inflammation; "an inflammatory process"; "an inflammatory response" ingrowing growing abnormally into the flesh; "an ingrown toenail" membranous characterized by formation of a membrane (or something resembling a membrane); "membranous gastritis" relating to or made of or similar to a membrane; "membranous lining" mental affected by a disorder of the mind; "a mental patient"; "mental illness" involving the mind or an intellectual process; "mental images of happy times"; "mental calculations"; "in a terrible mental state"; "mental suffering"; "free from mental defects" of or relating to the chin- or liplike structure in insects and certain mollusks of or relating to the mind; "mental powers"; "mental development"; "mental hygiene" proinflammatory tending to cause inflammation sore-eyed having sore eyes; suffering from pinkeye or conjunctivitis sunburned suffering from overexposure to direct sunlight varicose abnormally swollen or knotty; "varicose veins" windburned suffering from windburn phlegmy characterized by phlegm; "a phlegmy discharge" heavenly of or belonging to heaven or god ambrosial worthy of the gods extremely pleasing to the taste; sweet and fragrant; "a nectarous drink"; "ambrosial food" celestial of heaven or the spirit; "celestial peace"; "ethereal melodies"; "the supernal happiness of a quiet death" relating to or inhabiting a divine heaven; "celestial beings"; "heavenly hosts" of or relating to the sky; "celestial map"; "a heavenly body" paradisiacal relating to or befitting Paradise; "together in that paradisal place"; "paradisiacal innocence" providential resulting from divine providence; "providential care"; "a providential visitation" relating to or characteristic of providence; "assumption that nature operates only according to a providential plan"- M.R.Cohen translunar unworldly or ethereal; "high translunary dreams" situated beyond the moon or its orbit around the earth; "who can imagine a translunary visitor in Times Square?" earthly of or belonging to or characteristic of this earth as distinguished from heaven; "earthly beings"; "believed that our earthly life is all that matters"; "earthly love"; "our earthly home" earthborn connected with earthly life; of earthly origin; "earthborn cares and pleasures" springing from or born on the earth; "earthborn beings" of earthly origin (as mortals are); "earthborn existence" earthbound confined to the earth mundane belonging to this earth or world; not ideal or heavenly; "not a fairy palace; yet a mundane wonder of unimagined kind"; "so terrene a being as himself" concerned with the world or worldly matters; "mundane affairs"; "he developed an immense terrestrial practicality" sublunar of this earth; "transcendental motives for sublunary actions"; "fleeting sublunary pleasures"; "the nearest to an angelic being that treads this terrestrial ball" situated between the earth and the moon temporal of this earth or world; "temporal joys"; "our temporal existence" not eternal; "temporal matters of but fleeting moment"- F.D.Roosevelt of or relating to the temples (the sides of the skull behind the orbit); "temporal bone" of or relating to or limited by time; "temporal processing"; "temporal dimensions"; "temporal and spacial boundaries"; "music is a temporal art" digestible capable of being converted into assimilable condition in the alimentary canal assimilable able to be absorbed and incorporated into body tissues predigested artificially partially digested as by enzymatic action; "predigested foods are a boon for those who are ill or have impaired digestion" indigestible digested with difficulty flatulent generating excessive gas in the alimentary canal nondigestible not digestible undigested not digested; "undigested food" not thought over and arranged systematically in the mind; not absorbed or assimilated mentally; "an undigested mass of facts gathered at random" headed having a head of a specified kind or anything that serves as a head; often used in combination; "headed bolts"; "three-headed Cerberus"; "a cool-headed fighter pilot" having a heading or caption; "a headed column"; "headed notepaper" of leafy vegetables; having formed into a head; "headed cabbages" having a heading or course in a certain direction; "westward headed wagons" bicephalous having two heads burr-headed having a head of straight hair cut very short (hence bristly) headlike having a protuberance that resembles a head large-headed having a large head headless not having a head or formed without a head; "the headless horseman"; "brads are headless nails" acephalous lacking a head or a clearly defined head; "acephalous worms" beheaded having had the head cut off; "the beheaded prisoners" unheaded not having a heading or caption; "unheaded sections" doughy having the consistency of dough because of insufficient leavening or improper cooking; "the cake fell; it's a doughy mess" heavier-than-air relating to an aircraft heavier than the air it displaces hefty of considerable weight and size; "a hefty dictionary" massive consisting of great mass; containing a great quantity of matter; "Earth is the most massive of the terrestrial planets" imposing in size or bulk or solidity; "massive oak doors"; "Moore's massive sculptures"; "the monolithic proportions of Stalinist architecture"; "a monumental scale" imposing in scale or scope or degree or power; "massive retaliatory power"; "a massive increase in oil prices"; "massive changes" being the same substance throughout; "massive silver" non-buoyant tending to sink in a liquid or fall in air ponderous having great mass and weight and unwieldiness; "a ponderous stone"; "a ponderous burden"; "ponderous weapons" labored and dull; "a ponderous speech" airy having little or no perceptible weight; so light as to resemble air; "airy gauze curtains" not practical or realizable; speculative; "airy theories about socioeconomic improvement"; "visionary schemes for getting rich" lighter-than-air relating to a balloon or other aircraft that flies because it weighs less than the air it displaces low-density(p) having low relative density or specific gravity weighty having relatively great weight; heavy; "a weighty load"; "a weighty package" weighing heavily on the spirit; causing anxiety or worry; "weighty problems" weightless having little or no weight or apparent gravitational pull; light; "floating freely in a weightless condition"; "a baby bat...fluffy and weightless as a moth"; "jackets made of a weightless polyester fabric" light-duty not designed for heavy work; "a light-duty detergent" heavy-duty designed for heavy work; "a heavy-duty detergent"; "heavy-duty gloves" industrial suitable to stand up to hard wear; "industrial carpeting" having highly developed industries; "the industrial revolution"; "an industrial nation" employed in industry; "the industrial classes"; "industrial work" of or relating to or resulting from industry; "industrial output" burdensome not easily borne; wearing; "the burdensome task of preparing the income tax return"; "my duties weren't onerous; I only had to greet the guests"; "a taxing schedule" distressing causing distress or worry or anxiety; "distressing (or disturbing) news"; "lived in heroic if something distressful isolation"; "a disturbing amount of crime"; "a revelation that was most perturbing"; "a new and troubling thought"; "in a particularly worrisome predicament"; "a worrying situation"; "a worrying time" fooling characterized by a feeling of irresponsibility; "a broken back is nothing to be casual about; it is no fooling matter" light-footed (of movement) having a light and springy step; "a light-footed girl" heavy-footed (of movement) lacking ease or lightness; "his tired heavy-footed walk" careless(p) (usually followed by `of') without due thought or consideration; "careless of the consequences"; "crushing the blooms with regardless tread" deaf(p) (usually followed by `to') unwilling or refusing to pay heed; "deaf to her warnings" heedful taking heed; giving close and thoughtful attention; "heedful of the warnings"; "so heedful a writer"; "heedful of what they were doing" enabling providing legal power or sanction; "an enabling resolution"; "enabling power" facultative granting a privilege or permission or power to do or not do something; "a facultative enactment" able to exist under more than one set of conditions; "a facultative parasite can exist as a parasite or a saprophyte" of or relating to the mental faculties sanctionative implying sanction or serving to sanction; "the guardian's duties were primarily sanctionative rather than administrative" disabling depriving of legal right; rendering legally disqualified; "certain disabling restrictions disqualified him for citizenship" helpful providing assistance or serving a useful function assistive giving assistance face-saving maintaining dignity or prestige; "a face-saving compromise" facilitative freeing from difficulty or impediment; "facilitative changes in the economic structure" facilitatory inducing or aiding in facilitating neural activity implemental serving or acting as a means or aid; "instrumental in solving the crime" laborsaving designed to replace or conserve human and especially manual labor; "laborsaving devices like washing machines" reformative tending to reform; "reformative and rehabilitative agencies"; "reformatory punishment" right-hand most helpful and reliable; "my right-hand man" stabilizing causing to become stable; "the family is one of the great stabilizing elements in society" steadying causing to become steady; "had a steadying effect on her nerves" unhelpful providing no assistance unconstructive not constructive heterodactyl (of bird feet) having the first and second toes directed backward the third and fourth forward zygodactyl (of bird feet) having the first and fourth toes directed backward the second and third forward heterogeneous consisting of elements that are not of the same kind or nature; "the population of the United States is vast and heterogeneous" assorted consisting of a haphazard assortment of different kinds; "an arrangement of assorted spring flowers"; "assorted sizes"; "miscellaneous accessories"; "a mixed program of baroque and contemporary music"; "a motley crew"; "sundry sciences commonly known as social"- I.A.Richards of many different kinds purposefully arranged but lacking any uniformity; "assorted sizes"; "his disguises are many and various"; "various experiments have failed to disprove the theory"; "cited various reasons for his behavior" disparate including markedly dissimilar elements; "a disparate aggregate of creeds and songs and prayers" fundamentally different or distinct in quality or kind; "such disparate attractions as grand opera and game fishing"; "disparate ideas" inhomogeneous not homogeneous homogeneous all of the same or similar kind or nature; "a close-knit homogeneous group" homogenized made homogeneous formed by blending unlike elements especially by reducing one element to particles and dispersing them throughout another substance homozygous having identical alleles at corresponding chromosomal loci; "these two fruit flies are homozygous for red eye color" heterozygous having dissimilar alleles at corresponding chromosomal loci; "heterozygous for eye color" gay homosexual or arousing homosexual desires given to social pleasures often including dissipation; "led a gay Bohemian life"; "a gay old rogue with an eye for the ladies" offering fun and gaiety; "a festive (or festal) occasion"; "gay and exciting night life"; "a merry evening" full of or showing high-spirited merriment; "when hearts were young and gay"; "a poet could not but be gay, in such a jocund company"- Wordsworth; "the jolly crowd at the reunion"; "jolly old Saint Nick"; "a jovial old gentleman"; "have a merry Christmas"; "peals of merry laughter"; "a mirthful laugh" homoerotic of or concerning homosexual love hierarchical classified according to various criteria into successive levels or layers; "it has been said that only a hierarchical society with a leisure class at the top can produce works of art"; "in her hierarchical set of values honesty comes first" class-conscious (used of society) socially hierarchical; "American society is becoming increasingly stratified" gradable capable of being graded (for quality or rank or size etc.) graded arranged in a sequence of grades or ranks; "stratified areas of the distribution" nonhierarchical not classified hierarchically ungraded not arranged in order hierarchically altitudinous indefinitely high; lofty commanding used of a height or viewpoint; "a commanding view of the ocean"; "looked up at the castle dominating the countryside"; "the balcony overlooking the ballroom" eminent of imposing height; especially standing out above others; "an eminent peak"; "lofty mountains"; "the soaring spires of the cathedral"; "towering icebergs" standing above others in quality or position; "people in high places"; "the high priest"; "eminent members of the community" high-level occurring at or from a relative high altitude; "high-level bombing" at an elevated level in rank or importance; "a high-level official"; "a high-level corporate briefing"; "upper-level management" high-stepped having or moving with a high step; "his high-stepped stride"; "a high-stepping horse" high-top (of shoes or boots) having relatively high uppers low-growing of plants that grow relatively low to the ground low-level occurring at a relatively low altitude; "a low-level strafing run" not intense; "low-level radiation" at a low level in rank or importance; "a low-level job"; "low-level discussions" low-lying having a small elevation above the ground or horizon or sea level; "low-lying clouds" lying below the normal level; "a low-lying desert" lowset lower than average; "lowset ears"; "a stocky low-set animal" nether located below or beneath something else; "nether garments"; "the under parts of a machine" lower; "gnawed his nether lip" raised located or moved above the surround or above the normal position; "a raised design"; "raised eyebrows" elevated raised above the ground; "an elevated platform" upraised held up in the air; "stood with arms upraised"; "her upraised flag" lowered below the surround or below the normal position; "with lowered eyes" high-tech resembling or making use of highly advanced technology or devices low-tech not involving high technology necked having a neck or having a neck especially as specified (often used in combination) decollete (of a garment) having a low-cut neckline; "a low-cut neckline" high-necked (of a garment) having a high neckline; "a high-necked blouse" necklike resembling a neck throated having a throat as specified; "deep-throated"; "white-throated" neckless lacking or apparently lacking a neck ceilinged provided with a ceiling especially the overhead interior surface; "the large beam-ceilinged living room" high-ceilinged having a higher than normal ceiling low-ceilinged having a lower than normal ceiling raftered having the rafters especially having them visible; "a raftered ceiling" floored provided with a floor low-sudsing (used of e.g. detergents) producing few suds high-sudsing (used of e.g. detergents) producing many suds low-interest (used of loans) charging a relatively small percentage of the amount borrowed high-interest (used of loans) charging a relatively large percentage of the amount borrowed broad(a) being at a peak or culminating point; "broad daylight"; "full summer" graduate(a) of or relating to studies beyond a bachelor's degree; "graduate courses" higher(a) of education beyond the secondary level; "higher education"; "higher learning" advanced in complexity or elaboration; "higher finance"; "higher mathematics" soaring ascending to a level markedly higher than the usual; "soaring prices" debased lowered in value; "the dollar is low"; "a debased currency" depressed lower than previously; "the market is depressed"; "prices are down" flattened downward as if pressed from above or flattened along the dorsal and ventral surfaces reduced well below normal (especially in price) adenoidal sounding as if the nose were pinched; "a whining nasal voice" of or pertaining to the adenoids altissimo very high peaky having or as if having especially high-pitched spots; "absence of peaky highs and beefed-up bass" screaky having or making a high-pitched sound such as that made by a mouse or a rusty hinge sopranino higher in range than soprano; "a sopranino recorder" contrabass pitched an octave below normal bass instrumental or vocal range; "contrabass or double-bass clarinet" throaty sounding as if pronounced low in the throat; "a rich throaty voice" imitative marked by or given to imitation; "acting is an imitative art"; "man is an imitative being" apish being or given to servile imitation mimetic exhibiting mimicry; "mimetic coloring of a butterfly"; "the mimetic tendency of infancy"- R.W.Hamilton characterized by or of the nature of or using mimesis; "a mimetic dance"; "the mimetic presentation of images" parrotlike mechanically imitated or repeated without thought or understanding; "a mere parrotlike word-calling process"; "a voice quality sounding parrotlike" simulated reproduced or made to resemble; imitative in character; "under simulated combat conditions" nonimitative not marked by or given to imitation echoic (of words) formed in imitation of a natural sound; "onomatopoeic words are imitative of noises"; "it was independently developed in more than one place as an onomatopoetic term"- Harry Hoijer like or characteristic of an echo nonechoic not echoic or imitative of sound high-resolution producing images that are sharp and finely detailed; "high-resolution photography"; "a high-resolution lens"; "high-resolution television" low-resolution of computer output devices; producing images that are not sharply defined multistory having more than one story storied having stories as indicated; "a six-storied building" low-rise used of buildings of one or only a few stories and usually no elevator; low; "looking out over the roofs of low-rise apartment buildings" upland used of high or hilly country alpestrine growing at high altitudes alpine living or growing above the timber line; "alpine flowers" relating to or characteristic of alps; "alpine sports" mountainous containing many mountains like a mountain in size and impressiveness; "mountainous waves"; "a mountainous dark man" homologous corresponding or similar in position or structure or function or characteristics; especially derived from an organism of the same species; "a homologous tissue graft" having the same evolutionary origin but not necessarily the same function; "the wing of a bat and the arm of a man are homologous" heterologous derived from organisms of a different but related species; "a heterologous graft" not corresponding in structure or evolutionary origin autologous derived from organisms of the selfsame individual; "autologous blood donation" homologic similar in evolutionary origin but not in function analogous corresponding in function but not in evolutionary origin; "the wings of a bee and those of a hummingbird are analogous" similar or equivalent in some respects though otherwise dissimilar; "brains and computers are often considered analogous"; "salmon roe is marketed as analogous to caviar" gabled (of a roof) constructed with a single slope on each side of the ridge supported at the end by a gable or vertical triangular portion of an end wall; "a gabled roof" hipped (of a roof) sloping on all sides; "a hipped roof has sloping ends rather than gables" having hips; or having hips as specified (usually in combination); "broad-hipped" hipless having or seeming to have no hips; "slim and hipless" downright characterized by plain blunt honesty; "a downright answer"; "a downright kind of person" thoroughgoing; "he is outright dishonest" dishonest deceptive or fraudulent; disposed to cheat or defraud or deceive ambidextrous marked by deliberate deceptiveness especially by pretending one set of feelings and acting under the influence of another; "she was a deceitful scheming little thing"- Israel Zangwill; "a double-dealing double agent"; "a double-faced infernal traitor and schemer"- W.M.Thackeray equally skillful with each hand; "an ambidextrous surgeon" beguiling misleading by means of pleasant or alluring methods; "taken in by beguiling tales of overnight fortunes" deceitful intended to deceive; "deceitful advertising"; "fallacious testimony"; "smooth, shining, and deceitful as thin ice" - S.T.Coleridge; "a fraudulent scheme to escape paying taxes" deceptive designed to deceive or mislead either deliberately or inadvertently; "the deceptive calm in the eye of the storm"; "deliberately deceptive packaging"; "a misleading similarity"; "statistics can be presented in ways that are misleading" causing one to believe what is not true or fail to believe what is true; "deceptive calm"; "a delusory pleasure" picaresque involving clever rogues or adventurers especially as in a type of fiction; "picaresque novels"; "waifs of the picaresque tradition"; "a picaresque hero" rascally lacking principles or scruples; "the rascally rabble"; "the tyranny of a scoundrelly aristocracy" - W.M. Thackaray; "the captain was set adrift by his roguish crew" thieving(a) given to thievery truthful expressing or given to expressing the truth; "a true statement"; "gave truthful testimony"; "a truthful person" conforming to truth; "I wouldn't have told you this if it weren't so"; "a truthful statement" untruthful not expressing or given to expressing the truth; "the statement given under oath was untruthful"; "an untruthful person" mendacious given to lying; "a mendacious child" intentionally untrue; "a mendacious statement" honorable worthy of being honored; entitled to honor and respect; "an honorable man"; "led an honorable life"; "honorable service to his country" august profoundly honored; "revered holy men" of or befitting a lord; "heir to a lordly fortune"; "of august lineage" time-honored honored because of age or long usage; "time-honored institutions" acceptable for a long time; "time-honored customs" dishonorable lacking honor or integrity; deserving dishonor; "dishonorable in thought and deed" debasing used of conduct; characterized by dishonor shabby mean and unworthy and despicable; "shabby treatment" unprincipled having little or no integrity lacking principles or moral scruples; "freedom from coarse unprincipled calumny"- A.E.Stevenson hopeful having or manifesting hope; "a line of people hopeful of obtaining tickets"; "found a hopeful way of attacking the problem" anticipant marked by eager anticipation; "an expectant hush" despairing arising from or marked by despair or loss of hope; "a despairing view of the world situation"; "the last despairing plea of the condemned criminal"; "a desperate cry for help"; "helpless and desperate--as if at the end of his tether"; "her desperate screams" despondent without or almost without hope; "despondent about his failure"; "too heartsick to fight back" forlorn marked by or showing hopelessness; "the last forlorn attempt"; "a forlorn cause" futureless having no prospect or hope of a future insoluble without hope of solution; "an insoluble problem" (of a substance) incapable of being dissolved admitting of no solution or explanation; "an insoluble doubt" institutionalized officially placed in or committed to a specialized institution; "had hopes of rehabilitating the institutionalized juvenile delinquents" given the character of an institution or incorporated into a structured and usually well-established system; "institutionalized graft"; "institutionalized suicide as practiced in Japan" noninstitutionalized not committed to an institution institutional organized as or forming an institution; "institutional religion" relating to or constituting or involving an institution; "institutional policy" uninteresting characteristic or suggestive of an institution especially in being uniform or dull or unimaginative; "institutional food" arousing no interest or attention or curiosity or excitement; "a very uninteresting account of her trip" noninstitutional not institutional iodinating combining or causing to combine with iodine; "the active iodinating species"; "the in vivo iodinating mechanism" de-iodinating removing iodine from consolable able to be consoled inconsolable sad beyond comforting; incapable of being consoled; "inconsolable when her son died" desolate crushed by grief; "depressed and desolate of soul"; "a low desolate wail" crosswise in the shape of (a horizontal piece on) a cross lying or extending across the length of a thing or in a cross direction; "a crosswise street"; "the crosswise dimension" not in the intended manner; "things are going crosswise" naiant applied to a fish depicted horizontally upended turned up on end inclined at an angle to the horizontal or vertical position; "an inclined plane" atilt departing or being caused to depart from the true vertical or horizontal; "the leaning tower of Pisa"; "the headstones were tilted" aslant having an oblique or slanted direction over or across in a slanting direction high-pitched set at a sharp or high angle or slant; "a high-pitched roof" low-pitched set at a low angle or slant; "a low-pitched roof" monoclinal of a geological structure in which all strata are inclined in the same direction pitched set at a slant; "a pitched rather than a flat roof" (of sound) set to a certain pitch or key; usually used as a combining form; "high-pitched" salient(ip) represented as leaping (rampant but leaning forward) sidelong inclining or directed to one side; "moved downward in a sidelong way" - Bram Stoker to, toward or at one side; "darting eyes looking sidelong out of a wizened face" with the side toward someone or something; "seated sidelong to the window"- Nathaniel Hawthorne on the side; "the plow lay sidelong on the ground" erect upright in position or posture; "an erect stature"; "erect flower stalks"; "for a dog, an erect tail indicates aggression"; "a column still vertical amid the ruins"; "he sat bolt upright" fastigiate having clusters of erect branches (often appearing to form a single column) orthostatic pertaining to an upright standing posture; "orthostatic hypotension" passant(ip) in walking position with right foreleg raised rampant(ip) rearing on left hind leg with forelegs elevated and head usually in profile; "a lion rampant" semi-climbing of plants that are semi-climbers semi-erect of plants that are partly erect semi-upright of animals that are partly erect standing(a) having a supporting base; "a standing lamp" executed in or initiated from a standing position; "race from a standing start"; "a standing jump"; "a standing ovation" (of fluids) not moving or flowing; "mosquitoes breed in standing water" not created for a particular occasion; "a standing committee" stand-up requiring a standing position; "a stand-up bar"; "a stand-up comic" statant(ip) standing on four feet unerect not upright in position or posture accumbent lying down; in a position of comfort or rest bended used of the back and knees; stooped; "on bended knee"; "with bent (or bended) back" cernuous having branches or flower heads that bend downward; "nodding daffodils"; "the pendulous branches of a weeping willow"; "lilacs with drooping panicles of fragrant flowers" couchant(ip) lying on the stomach with head raised with legs pointed forward dormant(ip) lying with head on paws as if sleeping hunched having the back and shoulders rounded; not erect; "a little oldish misshapen stooping woman" procumbent having stems that trail along the ground without putting down roots prone lying face downward having a tendency (to); often used in combination; "a child prone to mischief"; "failure-prone" semi-prostrate imperfectly prostrate; prostrate for part of its length; "the semi-prostrate evergreen, purple heather" seated (of persons) having the torso erect and legs bent with the body supported on the buttocks; "the seated Madonna"; "the audience remained seated" gushing flowing profusely; "a gushing hydrant"; "pouring flood waters" jetting propelled violently in a usually narrow stream passing(a) of advancing the ball by throwing it; "a team with a good passing attack"; "a pass play" allowing you to pass (e.g., an examination or inspection) satisfactorily; "a passing grade" hospitable favorable to life and growth; "soil sufficiently hospitable for forest growth"; "a hospitable environment" disposed to treat guests and strangers with cordiality and generosity; "a good-natured and hospitable man"; "a hospitable act"; "hospitable invitations" having an open mind; "hospitable to new ideas"; "open to suggestions" inhospitable unfavorable to life or growth; "the barren inhospitable desert"; "inhospitable mountain areas" not hospitable; "they are extremely inhospitable these days"; "her greeting was cold and inhospitable" godforsaken located in a dismal or remote area; desolate; "a desert island"; "a godforsaken wilderness crossroads"; "a wild stretch of land"; "waste places" water-washed washed or swept with water especially waves of the sea windswept open to or swept by wind; "windswept headlands" welcoming very cordial; "a welcoming smile" at loggerheads in a dispute or confrontation; "Sam and his parents were at loggerheads over the question of car privileges" head-on characterized by direct opposition; "a head-on confrontation" with the front foremost; "the cars collided head-on" in direct opposition; directly; "we must meet the problem head-on" opponent characterized by active hostility; "opponent (or opposing) armies" amicable characterized by friendship and good will; "an amicable agreement" well-meaning not unfriendly or threatening; "her well-meaning words were received in silence"; "the exasperation of a...well-meaning cow worried by dogs" calefacient producing the sensation of heat when applied to the body; "a mustard plaster is calefacient" calefactory serving to heat; "a heating pad is calefactory" calorifacient producing heat; usually used of foods; "calorifacient chili peppers" calorific heat-generating; "the calorific properties of fuels" fervent (archaic) extremely hot, burning, or glowing; "the fervent heat...merely communicated a genial warmth to their half-torpid systems"- Nathaniel Hawthorne; "set out...when the fervid heat subsides"- Frances Trollope fiery like or suggestive of fire; "a fiery desert wind"; "an igneous desert atmosphere" very intense; "a fiery temper"; "flaming passions" heatable capable of becoming hot; "the heatable tip of a soldering iron" heated made warm or hot (`het' is a dialectal variant of `heated'); "a heated swimming pool"; "wiped his heated-up face with a large bandana"; "he was all het up and sweaty" marked by emotional heat; vehement; "a heated argument" hottish somewhat hot overheated heated beyond a safe or desirable point; "the child became overheated"; "overheated metal" red-hot glowing red with heat characterized by intense emotion or interest or excitement; "a red-hot speech"; "sizzling political issues" scorching hot and dry enough to burn or parch a surface; "scorching heat" capable of causing burns; "it was scorching hot" sizzling hot enough to burn with or as if with a hissing sound; "a sizzling steak"; "a sizzling spell of weather" sultry characterized by oppressive heat and humidity; "the summer was sultry and oppressive"; "the stifling atmosphere"; "the sulfurous atmosphere preceding a thunderstorm" sweltering excessively hot and humid or marked by sweating and faintness; "a sweltering room"; "sweltering athletes" torrid extremely hot and dry; "the torrid heat of the noonday sun" emotionally charged and vigorously energetic; "a torrid dance"; "torrid jazz bands"; "hot trumpets and torrid rhythms" tropical of weather or climate; hot and humid as in the tropics; "tropical weather" characterized by or of the nature of a trope or tropes; changed from its literal sense relating to or situated in or characteristic of the tropics (the region on either side of the equator); "tropical islands"; "tropical fruit" of or relating to the tropics, or either tropic; "tropical year" acold of persons; feeling cold; "Poor Tom's acold"- Shakespeare algid chilly; "a person who is algid is marked by prostration and has cold clammy skin and low blood pressure" bleak unpleasantly cold and damp; "bleak winds of the North Atlantic" frigorific causing cold; cooling or chilling frore very cold; "whatever the evenings be--frosty and frore or warm and wet" frosty covered with frost; "a frosty glass"; "hedgerows were rimed and stiff with frost"-Wm.Faulkner heatless without generating heat; "luminescent organisms emit heatless light" ice-cold as cold as ice refrigerated made or kept cold by refrigeration; "keep the milk refrigerated"; "a refrigerated truck" shivery cold enough to cause shivers; "felt all shivery"; "shivery weather" stone-cold completely cold; "by the time he got back to his coffee it was stone-cold" unheated not having been heated or warmed; "an unheated room"; "unwarmed rolls" vernal of or characteristic of or occurring in spring; "the vernal equinox" spring-flowering of plants that bloom during the spring summery belonging to or characteristic of or occurring in summer; "summery weather"; "summery dresses" aestival (rare) of or occurring in summer; "the sky was a burnished aestival blue"; "estival winds" summer-flowering of plants that bloom during the summer autumnal of or characteristic of or occurring in autumn; "the autumnal equinox"; "autumnal fruits" characteristic of late maturity verging on decline; "a serene autumnal mood" autumn-flowering of plants that bloom during the autumn late-ripening of plants that ripen in the fall wintry characteristic of or occurring in winter; "suffered severe wintry weather"; "brown wintry grasses" brumal characteristic of or relating to winter; "bears in brumal sleep" winter-blooming of plants that bloom during the winter sensual sexually exciting or gratifying; "sensual excesses"; "a sultry look"; "a sultry dance" white-hot intensely zealous or fervid; "fierce white-hot loyalty" emotionless unmoved by feeling; "he kept his emotionless objectivity and faith in the cause he served"; "this passionless girl was like an icicle in the sunshine"-Margaret Deland frigid devoid of warmth and cordiality; expressive of unfriendliness or disdain; "a frigid greeting"; "got a frosty reception"; "a frozen look on their faces"; "a glacial handshake"; "icy stare"; "wintry smile" human having human form or attributes as opposed to those of animals or divine beings; "human beings"; "the human body"; "human kindness"; "human frailty" characteristic of humanity; "human nature" relating to a person; "the experiment was conducted on 6 monkeys and 2 human subjects" anthropomorphic suggesting human characteristics for animals or inanimate things hominal of humankind as a species; "the hominal kingdom" hominian characterizing the family Hominidae, which includes Homo sapiens as well as extinct species of manlike creatures hominine characteristic of humankind nonhuman not human; not belonging to or produced by or appropriate to human beings; "nonhuman primates such as chimpanzees" dehumanized divested of human qualities or attributes inhuman belonging to or resembling something nonhuman; "something dark and inhuman in form"; "a babel of inhuman noises" superhuman above or beyond the human or demanding more than human power or endurance; "superhuman beings"; "superhuman strength"; "soldiers driven mad by superhuman misery" infrahuman belonging to a group below humans in evolutionary development; "infrahuman animals" child-centered designed to promote a child's personal qualities rather than to provide training or information human-centered marked by humanistic values and devotion to human welfare; "a humane physician"; "released the prisoner for humanitarian reasons"; "respect and humanistic regard for all members of our species" inhumane lacking and reflecting lack of pity or compassion; "humans are innately inhumane; this explains much of the misery and suffering in the world"; "biological weapons are considered too inhumane to be used" beastly resembling a beast; showing lack of human sensibility; "beastly desires"; "a bestial nature"; "brute force"; "a dull and brutish man"; "bestial treatment of prisoners" (informal) very unpleasant; "hellish weather"; "stop that god-awful racket" in a beastly manner; "she behaved beastly toward her mother-in-law" cannibalic marked by barbarity suggestive of a cannibal; rapaciously savage pitiless deficient in humane and kindly feelings without mercy or pity; "an act of ruthless ferocity"; "a monster of remorseless cruelty" humorous full of or characterized by humor; "humorous stories"; "humorous cartoons"; "in a humorous vein" bantering cleverly amusing in tone; "a bantering tone"; "facetious remarks"; "tongue-in-cheek advice" buffoonish like a clown; "a buffoonish walk"; "a clownish face"; "a zany sense of humor" amusing arousing or provoking laughter; "an amusing film with a steady stream of pranks and pratfalls"; "an amusing fellow"; "a comic hat"; "a comical look of surprise"; "funny stories that made everybody laugh"; "a very funny writer"; "it would have been laughable if it hadn't hurt so much"; "a mirthful experience"; "risible courtroom antics" providing enjoyment; pleasantly entertaining; "an amusing speaker"; "a diverting story" droll comical in an odd or whimsical manner; "a droll little man with a quiet tongue-in-cheek kind of humor" farcical broadly or extravagantly humorous; resembling farce; "the wild farcical exuberance of a clown"; "ludicrous green hair" Gilbertian wildly comic and improbable as in Gilbert and Sullivan operas; "a Gilbertian world people with foundlings and changelings"- T.C.Worsley of or pertaining to or characteristic of the style of William S. Gilbert; "Gilbertian libretti" hilarious marked by or causing boisterous merriment or convulsive laughter; "hilarious broad comedy"; "a screaming farce"; "uproarious stories" jesting characterized by jokes and good humor seriocomic mixing the serious with the comic with comic predominating; "a seriocomic novel" tragicomic having pathetic as well as ludicrous characteristics; "her life...presented itself to me as a tragicomical adventure"--Joseph Conrad manifesting both tragic and comic aspects; "the tragicomic disparity...between's man's aspirations and his accomplishments"- B.R.Redman of or relating to or characteristic of tragicomedy; "a playwright specializing in tragicomic drama" waggish witty or joking; "Muskrat Castle as the house has been facetiously named by some waggish officer"- James Fenimore Cooper witty combining clever conception and facetious expression; "his sermons were unpredictably witty and satirical as well as eloquent" humorless lacking humor; "it was a humorless wink; a wink of warning"- Truman Capote sobersided completely lacking in humor or lightness of touch; "choreography that was sobersided and sententious"; "a play with a sobersided social message" po-faced humorless and disapproving unfunny not funny; especially failing to achieve the intended humor; "a very unfunny joke" hungry feeling hunger; feeling a need or desire to eat food; "a world full of hungry people" famished extremely hungry; "they were tired and famished for food and sleep"; "a ravenous boy"; "the family was starved and ragged"; "fell into the esurient embrance of a predatory enemy" peckish somewhat hungry supperless without supper; "went to bed supperless" hurried moving rapidly or performed quickly or in great haste; "a hurried trip to the store"; "the hurried life of a city"; "a hurried job" flying hurried and brief; "paid a flying visit"; "took a flying glance at the book"; "a quick inspection"; "a fast visit" hasty excessively quick; "made a hasty exit"; "a headlong rush to sell" done with very great haste and without due deliberation; "hasty marriage seldom proveth well"- Shakespeare; "hasty makeshifts take the place of planning"- Arthur Geddes; "rejected what was regarded as an overhasty plan for reconversion"; "wondered whether they had been rather precipitate in deposing the king" helter-skelter with undue hurry and confusion; "a helter-skelter kind of existence with never a pause"; "a pell-mell dash for the train" haphazardly; "the books were piled up helter-skelter" rush(a) done under pressure; "a rush job" unhurried relaxed and leisurely; without hurry or haste; "people strolling about in an unhurried way"; "an unhurried walk"; "spoke in a calm and unhurried voice" capable of accepting delay with equanimity; "was unhurried with the small children" identifiable capable of being identified acknowledgeable capable of being acknowledged classifiable capable of being classified diagnosable capable of being diagnosed recognizable capable of being recognized easily perceived; easy to become aware of; "this situation produces recognizable stress symptoms" specifiable capable of being specified; "specifiable complaints" unidentifiable impossible to identify unclassifiable not possible to classify undiagnosable not possible to diagnose unrecognizable defying recognition as e.g. because of damage or alteration transeunt of a mental act; causing effects outside the mind impaired diminished in strength, quality, or utility; "impaired eyesight" anosmic having impaired sense of smell relating to an impairment or loss of the sense of smell dicky (British informal) faulty; "I've got this dicky heart"- John le Carre unimpaired not damaged or diminished in any respect; "his speech remained unimpaired" important of great significance or value; "important people"; "the important questions of the day" having or suggesting a consciousness of high position; "recited the decree with an important air"; "took long important strides in the direction of his office" all-important(a) of the greatest importance; "the all-important subject of disarmament"; "crucial information"; "in chess cool nerves are of the essence" burning(a) of immediate import; "burning issues of the day" chief(a) most important element; "the chief aim of living"; "the main doors were of solid glass"; "the principal rivers of America"; "the principal example"; "policemen were primary targets"; "the master bedroom"; "a master switch" consequential having important issues or results; "the year's only really consequential legislation"; "an eventful decision" grand the most important and magnificent in adornment; "grand ballroom"; "grand staircase" large and impressive in physical size or extent; "the bridge is a grand structure" historic important in history; "the historic first voyage to outer space" belonging to the past; of what is important or famous in the past; "historic victories"; "historical (or historic) times"; "a historical character" in-chief(ip) indicating the head of a staff; "editor-in-chief" measurable of distinguished importance; "a measurable figure in literature" capable of being measured; "measurable depths" most-valuable designating the player judged to be the most important to the sport; "the most-valuable player award" strategic highly important to or an integral part of a strategy or plan of action especially in war; "a strategic chess move"; "strategic withdrawal"; "strategic bombing missions" relating to or concerned with strategy; "strategic weapon"; "the islands are of strategic importance"; "strategic considerations" unimportant not important; "a relatively unimportant feature of the system"; "the question seems unimportant" inconsequent lacking worth or importance; "his work seems trivial and inconsequential"; "the quite inconsequent fellow was managed like a puppet" fiddling (informal) small and of little importance; "a fiddling sum of money"; "a footling gesture"; "our worries are lilliputian compared with those of countries that are at war"; "a little (or small) matter"; "a dispute over niggling details"; "limited to petty enterprises"; "piffling efforts"; "giving a police officer a free meal may be against the law, but it seems to be a picayune infraction" amazing inspiring awe or admiration or wonder; "New York is an amazing city"; "the Grand Canyon is an awe-inspiring sight"; "the awesome complexity of the universe"; "this sea, whose gently awful stirrings seem to speak of some hidden soul beneath"- Melville; "Westminster Hall's awing majesty, so vast, so high, so silent" surprising greatly; "she does an amazing amount of work"; "the dog was capable of astonishing tricks" arresting commanding attention; "an arresting drawing of people turning into animals"; "a sensational concert--one never to be forgotten"; "a stunning performance" astonishing so surprisingly impressive as to stun or overwhelm; "such an enormous response was astonishing"; "an astounding achievement"; "the amount of money required was staggering"; "suffered a staggering defeat"; "the figure inside the boucle dress was stupefying" baronial impressive in appearance; "a baronial mansion"; "an imposing residence"; "a noble tree"; "severe-looking policemen sat astride noble horses"; "stately columns" dazzling amazingly impressive; suggestive of the flashing of lightning; "the skater's dazzling virtuosic leaps"; "these great best canvases still look as astonishing and as invitingly new as they did...when...his fulgurant popularity was in full growth"- Janet Flanner; "adventures related...in a style both vivid and fulgurous"- Idwal Jones grandiose impressive because of unnecessary largeness or grandeur; used to show disapproval affectedly genteel mind-boggling intellectually or emotionally overwhelming; "a mind-boggling display"; "a mind-boggling puzzle" palatial suitable for or like a palace; "palatial furnishings"; "a palatial yacht" relating to or being a palace; "the palatial residence" thundering extraordinarily big or impressive; "a thundering success"; "the thundering silence of what was left unsaid" sounding like thunder; "the thundering herd" unimpressive not capable of impressing unimposing lacking in impressiveness; "on the whole the results of this system are unimposing" noticeable capable or worthy of being noticed; "noticeable shadows under her eyes"; "noticeable for its vivid historical background"; "a noticeable lack of friendliness" detectable easily seen or detected; "a detectable note of sarcasm"; "he continued after a perceptible pause" capable of being detected; "after a noticeable pause the lecturer continued" obtrusive undesirably noticeable; "the obtrusive behavior of a spoiled child"; "equally obtrusive was the graffiti" sticking out; protruding unnoticeable not noticeable; not drawing attention; "her clothes were simple and unnoticeable"- J.G.Cozzens unobtrusive not obtrusive or undesirably noticeable; "a quiet, unobtrusive life of self-denial" built (used of soaps or cleaning agents) having a substance (an abrasive or filler) added to increase effectiveness; "the built liquid detergents" landscaped (of land) improved by gardening or landscape architecture; "carefully landscaped gardens" unimproved not made more desirable or valuable or profitable; especially not made ready for use or marketing; "taxes on unimproved land are low"; "unimproved dirt roads" (of land) not cleared of trees and brush; in the wild or natural state; "a farm with 50 acres of unimproved and 68 acres of improved land"; "unimproved woodlands" cleared rid of objects or obstructions such as e.g. trees and brush; "cleared land"; "cleared streets free of fallen trees and debris"; "a cleared passage through the underbrush"; "played poker on the cleared dining room table" uncleared not cleared; not rid of objects or obstructions; "uncleared land"; "many cars were stuck in the snow on uncleared streets" exaugural occurring at or marking the close of a term of office; "an exaugural message" valedictory of a speech expressing leave-taking; "a valedictory address" of or relating to an occasion or expression of farewell; "a valedictory address"; "valedictory praise for his uniformly manly course"; "a suitable valedictory gesture" inboard located within the hull or nearest the midline of a vessel or aircraft; "the inboard flaps on the wing" outboard located away from the midline of a vessel or aircraft; "the outboard section of a wing"; "outboard rigging" inbred produced by inbreeding interbred bred of closely related parents outbred bred of parents not closely related; having parents of different classes or tribes inclined(p) (often followed by `to') having a preference, disposition, or tendency; "wasn't inclined to believe the excuse"; "inclined to be moody" apt(p) (usually followed by `to') naturally disposed toward; "he is apt to ignore matters he considers unimportant"; "I am not minded to answer any questions" at risk of or subject to experiencing something usually unpleasant; "he is apt to lose"; "she is liable to forget" fond(p) (followed by `of' or `to') having a strong preference or liking for; "fond of chocolate"; "partial to horror movies" accident-prone having more than the average number of accidents disinclined unwilling because of mild dislike or disapproval; "disinclined to say anything to anybody" antipathetic (usually followed by `to') strongly opposed; "antipathetic to new ideas"; "averse to taking risks"; "loath to go on such short notice"; "clearly indisposed to grant their request" incoming entering upon a position of office vacated by another; "the incoming president" arriving at a place or position; "incoming class"; "incoming mail" outgoing retiring from a position or office; "the outgoing president" leaving a place or a position; "an outgoing steamship" inbound directed or moving inward or toward a center; "the inbound train"; "inward flood of capital" designate(ip) appointed but not yet installed in office elect(ip) elected but not yet installed in office; "the president elect" future(a) (of elected officers) elected but not yet serving; "our next president" in(a) directed or bound inward; "took the in bus"; "the in basket" inflowing flowing inward outbound that is going out or leaving; "the departing train"; "an outward journey"; "outward-bound ships" past(a) of a person who has held and relinquished a position or office; "a retiring member of the board" deductive involving inferences from general principles relating to logical deduction; "deductive reasoning" deducible capable of being deduced illative expressing or preceding an inference; "`therefore' is an illative word" resembling or dependent on or arrived at by inference; "an illative conclusion"; "inferential reasoning" dissipated preoccupied with the pursuit of pleasure and especially games of chance; "led a dissipated life"; "a betting man"; "a card-playing son of a bitch"; "a gambling fool"; "sporting gents and their ladies" epicurean displaying luxury and furnishing gratification to the senses; "an epicurean banquet"; "enjoyed a luxurious suite with a crystal chandelier and thick oriental rugs"; "Lucullus spent the remainder of his days in voluptuous magnificence"; "a chinchilla robe of sybaritic lavishness" hedonic devoted to pleasure; "a hedonic thrill"; "lives of unending hedonistic delight"; "epicurean pleasures" intemperate given to excessive indulgence of bodily appetites especially for intoxicating liquors; "a hard drinker" excessive in behavior; "intemperate rage" (of weather or climate) not mild; subject to extremes; "an intemperate climate"; "intemperate zones" overindulgent excessively indulgent pampering(a) gratifying tastes, appetites, or desires; "pampering parents often have spoilt children"; "a very pampering cruise experience" self-indulgent indulgent of your own appetites and desires; "a self-indulgent...way of looking at life"- Havelock Ellis nonindulgent characterized by strictness, severity, or restraint austere of a stern or strict bearing or demeanor; forbidding in aspect; "an austere expression"; "a stern face" severely simple; "a stark interior" blue(a) morally rigorous and strict; "puritanic distaste for alcohol"; "she was anything but puritanical in her behavior"; "blue laws" monkish befitting a monk; inclined to self-denial renunciant used especially of behavior self-disciplined used of nonindulgent persons industrialized made industrial; converted to industrialism; "industrialized areas" postindustrial of or relating to a society or economy marked by a lessened importance of manufacturing and an increase of services, information, and research; "postindustrial countries" nonindustrial not having highly developed manufacturing enterprises; "a nonindustrial society" developing relating to societies in which capital needed to industrialize is in short supply unindustrialized not converted to industrialism infectious easily spread; "fear is exceedingly infectious; children catch it from their elders"- Bertrand Russell caused by infection or capable of causing infection; "viruses and other infective agents"; "a carrier remains infective without himself showing signs of the disease" of or relating to infection; "infectious hospital"; "infectious disease" contagious easily diffused or spread as from one person to another; "a contagious grin" corrupting that infects or taints harmful to the mind or morals; "corrupt judges and their corrupting influence"; "the vicious and degrading cult of violence" seducing into corrupt practices noninfectious not infectious noncommunicable (of disease) not capable of being passed on chthonian dwelling beneath the surface of the earth; "nether regions" Stygian hellish; "Hence loathed Melancholy.../In Stygian cave forlorn"- Milton supernal being or coming from on high; "interpret the plague as a visitation from heaven, a supernal punishment for the sins of men" informative providing or conveying information exemplifying clarifying by use of examples newsy full of news; "a newsy letter" revealing disclosing unintentionally something concealed; "a telling smile"; "a telltale panel of lights"; "a telltale patch of oil on the water marked where the boat went down" showing or making known; "a revealing glance" uninformative lacking information newsless not providing news or information not having or receiving news or information gnostic possessing intellectual or esoteric knowledge of spiritual things nescient holding that only material phenomena can be known and knowledge of spiritual matters or ultimate causes is impossible informed having much knowledge or education; "an informed public"; "informed opinion"; "the informed customer" abreast(p) being up to particular standard or level especially in being up to date in knowledge; "kept abreast of the latest developments"; "constant revision keeps the book au courant"; "always au fait on the latest events"; "up on the news" advised having received information; "be kept advised" conversant(p) (usually followed by `with') well informed about or knowing thoroughly; "conversant with business trends"; "familiar with the complex machinery"; "he was familiar with those roads" hep informed about the latest trends knowledgeable alert and fully informed; "a knowing collector of rare books"; "surprisingly knowledgeable about what was going on" privy(p) (followed by `to') informed about something secret or not generally known; "privy to the details of the conspiracy" well-read well informed or deeply versed through reading; "respect for a well-read man"; "well-read in medieval history" uninformed not informed; lacking in knowledge or information; "the uninformed public" clueless totally uninformed about what is going on; not having even a clue from which to infer what is occurring innocent(p) not knowledgeable about something specified; "American tourists wholly innocent of French"; "a person unacquainted with our customs" unadvised having received no information; "a defendant unadvised of her legal rights" uninstructed lacking information or instruction; "lamentably unenlightened as to the laws" unread not informed through reading; "he seems to have been wholly unread in political theory"- V.L.Parrington ingenuous characterized by an inability to mask your feelings; not devious; "an ingenuous admission of responsibility" candid openly straightforward and direct without reserve or secretiveness; "his candid eyes"; "an open and trusting nature"; "a heart-to-heart talk" informal or natural; especially caught off guard or unprepared; "a candid photograph"; "a candid interview" undistorted without alteration or misrepresentation; "his judgment was undistorted by emotion" disingenuous not straightforward or candid; giving a false appearance of frankness; "an ambitious, disingenuous, philistine, and hypocritical operator, who...exemplified...the most disagreeable traits of his time"- David Cannadine; "a disingenuous excuse" distorted having an intended meaning altered or misrepresented; "many of the facts seemed twisted out of any semblance to reality"; "a perverted translation of the poem" inhabited having inhabitants; lived in; "the inhabited regions of the earth" colonized inhabited by colonists occupied resided in; having tenants; "not all the occupied (or tenanted) apartments were well kept up" held or filled or in use; "she keeps her time well occupied"; "the wc is occupied" seized and controlled as by military invasion; "the occupied countries of Europe" owner-occupied lived in by the owner; "one owner-occupied and three rental apartments" peopled furnished with people; "sparsely peopled arctic regions" populated furnished with inhabitants; "the area is well populated"; "forests populated with all kinds of wild life" populous densely populated rock-inhabiting of ferns and lichens that grow on rocks underpopulated having a lower population density than normal or desirable; "the richly endowed but underpopulated Ivory Coast" uninhabited not having inhabitants; not lived in; "an uninhabited island"; "gaping doors of uninhabited houses" abandoned forsaken by owner or inhabitants; "weed-grown yard of an abandoned farmhouse" unrestrained and uninhibited; "an abandoned sadness born of grief"- Liam O'Flaherty depopulated having lost inhabitants as by war or disease; "the 15th century plagues left vast areas of Europe depopulated" unoccupied not leased to or occupied by a tenant; "an unoccupied apartment"; "very little unclaimed and untenanted land" not held or filled or in use; "an unoccupied telephone booth"; "unoccupied hours" not seized and controlled; "unoccupied areas of France" unpeopled with no people living there; "vast unpopulated plains" unsettled not yet settled; "unsettled territory" not settled or established; "an unsettled lifestyle" still in doubt; "an unsettled issue"; "an unsettled state of mind" inheritable capable of being inherited; "inheritable traits such as eye color"; "an inheritable title" ancestral inherited or inheritable by established rules (usually legal rules) of descent; "ancestral home"; "ancestral lore"; "hereditary monarchy"; "patrimonial estate"; "transmissible tradition" of or belonging to or inherited from an ancestor familial occurring among members of a family usually by heredity; "an inherited disease"; "familial traits"; "genetically transmitted features" relating to or having the characteristics of a family; "children of the same familial background"; "familial aggregation" monogenic of or relating to an inheritable character that is controlled by a single pair of genes polygenic of or relating to an inheritable character that is controlled by several genes at once; of or related to or determined by polygenes inheriting having the legal right to inherit nee (meaning literally `born') used to indicate the maiden or family name of a married woman; "Hillary Clinton nee Rodham" noninheritable not inheritable acquired gotten through environmental forces; "acquired characteristics (such as a suntan or a broken nose) cannot be passed on" congenital present at birth but not necessarily hereditary; acquired during fetal development nonhereditary not acquirable by inheritance nurtural resulting from nurture inhibited held back or restrained or prevented; "in certain conditions previously inhibited conditioned reactions can reappear" pent-up characterized by or showing the suppression of impulses or emotions; "her severe upbringing had left her inhibited"; "a very inhibited young man, anxious and ill at ease"; "their reactions were partly the product of pent-up emotions"; "repressed rage turned his face scarlet" smothered held in check with difficulty; "a smothered cough"; "a stifled yawn"; "a strangled scream"; "suppressed laughter" completely covered; "bonnets smothered with flowers"; "smothered chicken is chicken cooked in a seasoned gravy" uninhibited not inhibited or restrained; "uninhibited exuberance" earthy hearty and lusty; "an earthy enjoyment of life" not far removed from or suggestive of nature; "the earthy taste of warm milk fresh from the cow"; "earthy smells of new-mown grass" of or consisting of or resembling earth; "it had an earthy smell"; "only a little earthy bank separates me from the edge of the ocean" unrepressed not repressed; "unrepressed hostilities" unsuppressed given vent to; "unsuppressed rage"; "unsuppressed feelings" injectable (used of drugs) capable of being injected uninjectable (used of drugs) not capable of being injected injured harmed; "injured soldiers" battle-scarred scarred by battle black-and-blue discolored by coagulation of blood beneath the skin; "beaten black and blue"; "livid bruises" disjointed separated at the joint; "a dislocated knee"; "a separated shoulder" taken apart at the joints; "a disjointed fowl" uninjured not injured physically or mentally unharmed not injured or harmed unwounded not wounded absolved freed from any question of guilt; "is absolved from all blame"; "was now clear of the charge of cowardice"; "his official honor is vindicated" acquitted declared not guilty of a specific offense or crime; legally blameless; "he stands acquitted on all charges"; "the jury found him not guilty by reason of insanity" blameless free of guilt; not subject to blame; "has lived a blameless life"; "of irreproachable character"; "an unimpeachable reputation" at fault deserving blame; "admitted to being at fault" blameworthy deserving blame or censure as being wrong or evil or injurious; "blameworthy if not criminal behavior"; "censurable misconduct"; "culpable negligence" bloodguilty guilty of murder or bloodshed chargeable liable to be accused, or cause for such liability; "the suspect was chargeable"; "an indictable offense" conscience-smitten affected by conscience finable liable to a fine guilt-ridden feeling or revealing a sense of guilt; "so guilt-ridden he could not face his father" punishable liable to or deserving punishment; "punishable offenses" red-handed in the act of committing a crime or other reprehensible act; "caught red-handed" doing something reprehensible or showing clear evidence of having done something reprehensible; "he was caught red-handed" inspiring stimulating or exalting to the spirit ennobling tending to exalt; "an exalting eulogy"; "ennobling thoughts" uninspiring depressing to the spirit; "a villa of uninspiring design" instructive serving to instruct or enlighten or inform clarifying that makes clear; "a clarifying example" didactic instructive (especially excessively) doctrinaire stubbornly insistent on theory without regard for practicality or suitability educative resulting in education; "an educative experience" educational providing knowledge; "an educational film" relating to the process of education; "educational psychology" explanatory serving or intended to explain or make clear; "explanatory notes"; "an explanatory paragraph" expository serving to expound or set forth; "clean expository writing" interpretative that provides interpretation ostensive manifestly demonstrative preachy inclined to or marked by tedious moralization uninstructive failing to instruct edifying enlightening or uplifting so as to encourage intellectual or moral improvement; "the paintings in the church served an edifying purpose even for those who could not read" unedifying not edifying enlightening tending to increase knowledge or dissipate ignorance; "an enlightening glimpse of government in action"; "an illuminating lecture" unenlightening failing to inform or clarify; "an unenlightening comment" integrated not segregated; designated as available to all races or groups; "integrated schools" formed into a whole or introduced into another entity; "a more closely integrated economic and political system"- Dwight D.Eisenhower; "an integrated Europe" resembling a living organism in organization or development; "society as an integrated whole" desegrated rid of segregation; having had segregation ended interracial involving or composed of different races; "interracial schools"; "a mixed neighborhood" between races; "interracial conflict" mainstreamed (of the handicapped) placed in regular school classes segregated separated or isolated from others or a main group; "a segregated school system"; "a segregated neighborhood" sequestered kept separate and secluded; "a sequestered jury" embedded inserted as an integral part of a surrounding whole; "confused by the embedded Latin quotations"; "an embedded subordinate clause" enclosed firmly in a surrounding mass; "found pebbles embedded in the silt"; "stone containing many embedded fossils"; "peach and plum seeds embedded in a sweet edible pulp" incorporated introduced into as a part of the whole; "the ideas incorporated in his revised manuscript" introjected incorporated unconsciously into your own psyche tight-knit closely and firmly integrated; "a tight-knit organization" nonintegrated not integrated; not taken into or made a part of a whole blended combined or mixed together so that the constituent parts are indistinguishable alloyed (used of metals) blended to obtain a desired property (used of metals) debased by mixture with an inferior element unblended not blended or mixed together unhomogenized not having undergone homogenization combined made or joined or united into one compounded combined into or constituting a chemical compound occluded (of a substance) taken into and retained in another substance; "the sorbed oil mass"; "large volumes of occluded hydrogen in palladium" closed off; "an occluded artery" rolled into one(p) made up of several components combined into a single entity uncombined not joined or united into one uncompounded not constituting a compound integrative combining and coordinating diverse elements into a whole compositional arranging or grouping endogenic of rocks formed or occurring beneath the surface of the earth; "endogenic rocks are not clastic" disintegrative tending to cause breakup into constituent elements or parts decompositional causing organic decay rational having its source in or being guided by the intellect (as distinguished from experience or emotion); "a rational analysis" consistent with or based on or using reason; "rational behavior"; "a process of rational inference"; "rational thought" capable of being expressed as a quotient of integers; "rational numbers" reflective devoted to matters of the mind; "the reflective type" capable of physically reflecting light or sound; "a reflective surface" sophisticated intellectually appealing; "a sophisticated drama" having or appealing to those having worldly knowledge and refinement and savoir-faire; "sophisticated young socialites"; "a sophisticated audience"; "a sophisticated lifestyle"; "a sophisticated book" nonintellectual not intellectual anti-intellectual smug and ignorant and indifferent or hostile to artistic and cultural values lowbrow characteristic of a person who is not cultivated or does not have intellectual tastes; "lowbrow tastes" mindless requiring little mental effort; "mindless tasks" lacking the thinking capacity characteristic of a conscious being; "the shrieking of the mindless wind" not marked by the use of reason; "mindless violence"; "reasonless hostility"; "a senseless act" devoid of intelligence or thought; "a vacuous mind"; "a vacant expression" intelligent having the capacity for thought and reason especially to a high degree; "is there intelligent life in the universe?"; "an intelligent question" endowed with the capacity to reason possessing sound knowledge; "well-informed readers" apt mentally quick and resourceful; "an apt pupil"; "you are a clever man...you reason well and your wit is bold"-Bram Stoker brainy having or marked by unusual and impressive intelligence; "our project needs brainy women"; "a brilliant mind"; "a brilliant solution to the problem" scintillating brilliantly clever; "scintillating wit"; "a play full of scintillating dialogue" unintelligent lacking intelligence; "a dull job with lazy and unintelligent co-workers" brainless not using intelligence intelligible well articulated or enunciated, and loud enough to be heard distinctly; "intelligible pronunciation" unintelligible poorly articulated or enunciated, or drowned by noise; "unintelligible speech" slurred spoken as if with a thick tongue; "the thick speech of a drunkard"; "his words were slurred" deliberate carefully thought out in advance; "a calculated insult"; "with measured irony"; "he made a deliberate decision not to respond negatively" intentional characterized by conscious design or purpose; "intentional damage"; "a knowing act of fraud"; "a deliberate attempt to provoke a response" well-intentioned marked by good intentions though often producing unfortunate results; "a well-intentioned but clumsy waiter"; "a well-meaning but tactless fellow"; "the son's well-meaning efforts threw a singular chill upon the father's admirers"- S.W.Maughm; "blunt but well-meant criticism" unintended not deliberate causeless having no cause or apparent cause; "a causeless miracle"; "fortuitous encounters--strange accidents of fortune"; "we cannot regard artistic invention as...uncaused and unrelated to the times" having no justifying cause or reason; "a senseless, causeless murder"; "a causeless war that never had an aim"; "an apparently arbitrary and reasonless change" unintentional not done with purpose or intent; "an unintended slight"; "an unintentional pun"; "the offense was unintentional"; "an unwitting mistake may be overlooked" designed done or made or performed with purpose and intent; "style...is more than the deliberate and designed creation"- Havelock Ellis; "games designed for all ages"; "well-designed houses" fashioned planned and made or fashioned artistically; "beautifully fashioned dresses" undesigned not done or made or performed with purpose or intent intensifying increasing in strength or intensity aggravating making worse augmentative intensifying by augmentation and enhancement increasing or having the power to increase especially in size or amount or degree; "`up' is an augmentative word in `hurry up'" deepening(a) accumulating and becoming more intense; "the deepening gloom"; "felt a deepening love"; "the thickening dusk" heightening(a) reaching a higher intensity; "their heightening fears" moderating lessening in intensity or strength alleviative moderating pain or sorrow by making it easier to bear tempering moderating by making more temperate interspecies arising or occurring between species; "an interspecific hybrid" intraspecies arising or occurring within a species; involving the members of one species; "intraspecific competition" interested having or showing interest; especially curiosity or fascination or concern; "an interested audience"; "interested in sports"; "was interested to hear about her family"; "interested in knowing who was on the telephone"; "interested spectators" apathetic marked by a lack of interest; "an apathetic audience"; "the universe is neither hostile nor friendly; it is simply indifferent" showing little or no emotion or animation; "a woman who became active rather than apathetic as she grew older" interesting arousing or holding the attention absorbing capable of arousing and holding the attention; "a fascinating story" entertaining agreeably diverting; "an entertaining puppet show"; "films should be entertaining" intriguing capable of arousing interest or curiosity; "our team came up with some most intriguing finds" newsworthy sufficiently interesting to be reported in a newspaper insipid lacking interest or significance or impact; "an insipid personality"; "jejune novel" putdownable (of a book) poorly written and not entertaining intramural carried on within the bounds of an institution or community; "most of the students participated actively in the college's intramural sports program" extramural carried on outside the bounds of an institution or community; "extramural sports" intercollegiate used of competition between colleges or universities; "intercollegiate basketball" intermural between two or more institutions etc; "an intermural track meet" interscholastic used of competition or cooperation between secondary schools intra vires within the legal power or authority or a person or official or body etc ultra vires beyond the legal power or authority of a person or official or body etc; "an ultra vires contract" beyond the scope or in excess of legal power or authority built-in existing as an essential constituent or characteristic; "the Ptolemaic system with its built-in concept of periodicity"; "a constitutional inability to tell the truth" extrinsic not forming an essential part of a thing or arising or originating from the outside; "extrinsic evidence"; "an extrinsic feature of the new building"; "that style is something extrinsic to the subject"; "looking for extrinsic aid" adventitious associated by chance and not an integral part; "poetry is something to which words are the accidental, not by any means the essential form"- Frederick W. Robertson; "they had to decide whether his misconduct was adventitious or the result of a flaw in his character" extraneous not essential; "the ballet struck me as extraneous and somewhat out of keeping with the rest of the play" not pertinent to the matter under consideration; "an issue extraneous to the debate"; "the price was immaterial"; "mentioned several impertinent facts before finally coming to the point" not belonging to that in which it is contained; introduced from an outside source; "water free of extraneous matter"; "foreign particles in milk" introspective given to examining own sensory and perceptual experiences extrospective not introspective; examining what is outside yourself introversive directed inward; marked by interest in yourself or concerned with inner feelings introvertish somewhat introverted extroversive directed outward; marked by interest in others or concerned with external reality extrovertish being somewhat extroverted ambiversive intermediate between introversive and extroversive intrusive tending to intrude (especially upon privacy); "she felt her presence there was intrusive" thrusting inward; "an intrusive arm of the sea" of rock material; forced while molten into cracks between layers of other rock encroaching(a) gradually intrusive without right or permission; "we moved back from the encroaching tide"; "invasive tourists"; "trespassing hunters" interfering intrusive in a meddling or offensive manner; "an interfering old woman"; "bustling about self-importantly making an officious nuisance of himself"; "busy about other people's business" unintrusive not interfering or meddling intruding projecting inward protrusive thrusting outward jutting extending out above or beyond a surface or boundary; "the jutting limb of a tree"; "massive projected buttresses"; "his protruding ribs"; "a pile of boards sticking over the end of his truck" overshot having an upper part projecting beyond the lower; "an overshot jaw" underhung having a lower part projecting beyond the upper; "an underhung jaw"; "undershot bulldog" supported from below especially resting on a track instead of suspended from above; "underhung sliding doors" ventricose having a swelling on one side; "the ventricose gullet of an insect" igneous produced by the action of fire or intense heat; "rocks formed by igneous agents" produced under conditions involving intense heat; "igneous rock is rock formed by solidification from a molten state; especially from molten magma"; "igneous fusion is fusion by heat alone"; "pyrogenic strata" aqueous produced by the action of water similar to or containing or dissolved in water; "aqueous solutions" irruptive of igneous rock that has solidified beneath the earth's surface; granite or diorite or gabbro extrusive of rock material; forced out while molten through cracks in the earth's surface volcanic igneous rock produced by eruption and solidified on or near the earth's surface; rhyolite or andesite or basalt; "volcanic rock includes the volcanic glass obsidian" explosively unstable; "a volcanic temper" relating to or produced by or consisting of volcanoes; "volcanic steam"; "volcanic islands such as Iceland"; "a volcanic cone is a conical mountain or hill built up of material from volcanic eruptions" invasive marked by a tendency to spread especially into healthy tissue; "invasive cancer cells" relating to a technique in which the body is entered by puncture or incision noninvasive relating to a technique that does not involve puncturing the skin or entering a body cavity invigorating imparting strength and vitality; "the invigorating mountain air" animating giving spirit and vivacity bracing imparting vitality and energy; "the bracing mountain air" corroborant used of a medicine that is strengthening exhilarating making lively and cheerful; "the exhilarating effect of mountain air" life-giving giving or having the power to give life and spirit; "returning the life-giving humus to the land"- Louis Bromfield; "life-giving love and praise"; "the vitalizing rays of the warming sun" renewing tending to impart new life and vigor to; "the renewing warmth of the sunshine" debilitating impairing the strength and vitality debilitative causing debilitation draining having a debilitating effect; "an exhausting job in the hot sun" inviting attractive and tempting; "an inviting offer" invitatory conveying an invitation; "a brief invitatory note" tantalizing very pleasantly inviting; "a tantalizing aroma"; "a tempting repast" arousing desire or expectation for something unattainable or mockingly out of reach; "a tantalizing taste of success" uninviting neither attractive nor tempting not tempting in vitro of a biological process occurring in an artificial environment outside the living organism; "in vitro fertilization" in an artificial environment outside the living organism; "an egg fertilized in vitro" in vivo of a biological process occurring within a living organism; "in vivo techniques" in the living organism; "studies conducted in vivo" ironed (of linens or clothes) smoothed with a hot iron pressed compacted by ironing smoothed made smooth by ironing unironed (of linens or clothes) not ironed; "a pile of unironed laundry"; "wore unironed jeans" roughdried (of laundry) dried but not ironed unpressed (of clothing) not smoothed with heat wrinkled marked by wrinkles; "tired travelers in wrinkled clothes" unsmoothed not having been made smooth by having hands run over the surface unwrinkled not wrinkled or creased isotropic invariant with respect to direction anisotropic not invariant with respect to direction; "anisotropic crystals" aeolotropic having properties with different values along different axes gladsome experiencing or expressing gladness or joy; "a gladsome smile"; "a gladsome occasion" sad experiencing or showing sorrow or unhappiness; "feeling sad because his dog had died"; "Better by far that you should forget and smile / Than that you should remember and be sad"- Christina Rossetti of things that make you feel sad; "sad news"; "she doesn't like sad movies"; "it was a very sad story"; "When I am dead, my dearest, / Sing no sad songs for me"- Christina Rossetti doleful filled with or evoking sadness; "the child's doleful expression"; "stared with mournful eyes"; "mournful news" heavyhearted depressed pensive showing pensive sadness; "the sensitive and wistful response of a poet to the gentler phases of beauty" tragic very sad; especially involving grief or death or destruction; "a tragic face"; "a tragic plight"; "a tragic accident" of or relating to or characteristic of tragedy; "tragic hero" joyful full of or producing joy; "make a joyful noise"; "a joyful occasion" beatific experiencing or bestowing celestial joy; "beatific peace" overjoyed extremely joyful sorrowful experiencing or marked by or expressing sorrow especially that associated with irreparable loss; "sorrowful widows"; "a sorrowful tale of death and despair"; "sorrowful news"; "even in laughter the heart is sorrowful"- Proverbs 14:13 anguished experiencing intense pain especially mental pain; "an anguished conscience"; "a small tormented schoolboy"; "a tortured witness to another's humiliation" brokenhearted full of sorrow dolorous showing sorrow elegiac expressing sorrow often for something past; "an elegiac lament for youthful ideals" resembling or characteristic of or appropriate to an elegy; "an elegiac poem on a friend's death" grievous causing or marked by grief or anguish; "a grievous loss"; "a grievous cry"; "her sigh was heartbreaking"; "the heartrending words of Rabin's granddaughter" lamenting vocally expressing grief or sorrow or resembling such expression; "lamenting sinners"; "wailing mourners"; "the wailing wind"; "wailful bagpipes"; "tangle her desires with wailful sonnets"- Shakespeare lugubrious excessively mournful mournful expressing sorrow woebegone affected by or full of grief or woe; "his sorrow...made him look...haggard and...woebegone"- George du Maurier joyous full of or characterized by joy; "felt a joyous abandon"; "joyous laughter" ecstatic feeling great rapture or delight joyless not experiencing or inspiring joy; "a joyless man"; "a joyless occasion"; "joyless evenings" funereal suited to or suggestive of a grave or burial; "funereal gloom"; "hollow sepulchral tones" mirthless lacking mirth unsmiling not smiling juicy full of juice having strong sexual appeal; "juicy barmaids"; "a red-hot mama"; "a voluptuous woman"; "a toothsome blonde in a tight dress" au jus served in its natural juices or gravy; "roast beef au jus" lush tender and full of juice; "lush fruits"; "succulent roast beef"; "succulent plants with thick fleshy leaves" sappy abounding in sap; "sappy maple trees"; "sappy kindling wood" juiceless lacking juice sapless destitute of sap and other vital juices; dry; "the rats and roaches scurrying along the sapless planks"- Norman Mailer just used especially of what is legally or ethically right or proper or fitting; "a just and lasting peace"- A.Lincoln; "a kind and just man"; "a just reward"; "his just inheritance" exactly at this moment or the moment described; "we've just finished painting the walls, so don't touch them" only a moment ago; "he has just arrived"; "the sun just now came out" (used for emphasis) absolutely; "I just can't take it anymore"; "he was just grand as Romeo"; "it's simply beautiful!" possibly (indicating a slight chance of something being true); "it might just happen" conscionable acceptable to your conscience retributive given or inflicted in requital according to merits or deserts; "retributive justice" rightful(a) legally valid; "a rightful inheritance" unjust violating principles of justice; "unjust punishment"; "an unjust judge"; "an unjust accusation" actionable affording grounds for legal action; "slander is an actionable offense" wrongful not just or fair; "a wrongful act"; "a wrongful charge" unlawfully violating the rights of others; "wrongful death"; "a wrongful diversion of trust income" merited properly deserved; "a merited success" condign fitting or appropriate and deserved; used especially of punishment; "condign censure" unmerited not merited or deserved; "received an unmerited honorary degree" not merited; "unmerited treatment of a potentially fine subject" gratuitous without cause; "a gratuitous insult" unnecessary and unwarranted; "a strikers' tent camp...was burned with needless loss of life" undeserved not deserved or earned; "has an undeserved reputation as a coward" keyed fitted with or secured by a key; "a keyed instrument"; "the locks have not yet been keyed" set to a key or tone keyless lacking or not requiring a key; "a keyless lock operated by a series of pushbuttons" benignant characterized by kindness and warm courtesy especially of a king to his subjects; "our benignant king" kindhearted having or proceeding from an innately kind disposition; "a generous and kindhearted teacher" unkind lacking kindness; "a thoughtless and unkind remark"; "the unkindest cut of all" hurtful causing hurt; "her hurtful unconsidered words" unkindly lacking in sympathy and kindness; "unkindly ancts" in an unkind manner or with unkindness; "The teacher treats the children unkindly" knowable capable of being known unknowable not knowable; "the unknowable mysteries of life" transcendent beyond and outside the ordinary range of human experience or understanding; "the notion of any transcendent reality beyond thought" exceeding or surpassing usual limits especially in excellence known apprehended with certainty; "a known quantity"; "the limits of the known world"; "a musician known throughout the world"; "a known criminal" best-known most familiar or renowned; "Stevenson's best-known work is probably `Treasure Island'" better-known more familiar or renowned than the other of two; "the better-known book of the two" identified having the identity known or established; "the identified bodies were released for burial" legendary so celebrated as to having taken on the nature of a legend; "the legendary exploits of the arctic trailblazers" proverbial widely known and spoken of; "her proverbial lateness"; "the proverbial absentminded professor"; "your proverbial dizzy blonde" of or relating to or resembling or expressed in a proverb; "he kicked the proverbial bucket"; "the proverbial grasshopper" well-known widely or fully known; "a well-known politician"; "well-known facts"; "a politician who is well known"; "these facts are well known" chartless (of unknown regions) not yet surveyed or investigated; "uncharted seas" little-known unknown to most people unbeknown(p) (usually used with `to') occurring or existing without the knowledge of; "a crisis unbeknown to me"; "she had been ill for months, unbeknownst to the family" undiagnosed eluding diagnosis; "undiagnosed disease" undiscovered not yet discovered; "undiscovered islands" not discovered; "with earth-based telescopes many stars remain undiscovered" unheard-of previously unknown; "a first novel by an unheard of writer"; "developments on an unheard-of scale" unidentified not yet identified; "an unidentified species"; "an unidentified witness" understood fully apprehended as to purport or meaning or explanation; "the understood conditions of troop withdrawal were clear" appreciated fully understood or grasped; "dangers not yet appreciated"; "these apprehended truths"; "a thing comprehended is a thing known as fully as it can be known" interpreted understood in a certain way; made sense of; "a word taken literally"; "a smile taken as consent"; "an open door interpreted as an invitation" ununderstood not understood; "should not tamely submit to the unpredictable and ununderstood cycles of wars"- Psychiatry misunderstood wrongly understood; "a misunderstood criticism"; "a misunderstood question" uncomprehended not fully understood; "an uncomprehended mystery" ungrasped not fully apprehended; "the ungrasped infinite ground of all being"- Philip Wheelwright labeled bearing or marked with a label or tag; "properly labeled luggage" unlabeled lacking a label or tag; "unlabeled luggage is liable to be lost" lamented mourned or grieved for; "the imprint of our wise and lamented friend"- A.E.Stevenson unlamented not grieved for; causing no mourning; "interred in an unlamented grave" aerial existing or living or growing or operating in the air; "aerial roots of a philodendron"; "aerial particles"; "small aerial creatures such as butterflies"; "aerial warfare"; "aerial photography"; "aerial cable cars" free-flying able to fly through the air (as a bird); "three chicks were raised to the free-flying stage" deep-sea of or taking place in the deeper parts of the sea; "deep-sea fishing"; "deep-sea exploration" oceangoing used on the high seas; "seafaring vessels" oceanic constituting or living in the open sea; "oceanic waters"; "oceanic life" resembling the ocean in apparent limitlessness in extent or degree; "the oceanic violence of his rage" relating to or occurring or living in or frequenting the open ocean; "oceanic islands like Bermuda"; "oceanic currents"; "oceanic birds"; "pelagic organisms"; "pelagic whaling" oversea being or passing over or across the sea; "some overseas trade in grain arose" beyond or across the sea; "He lived overseas for many years" suboceanic formed or situated or occurring beneath the ocean or the ocean bed; "suboceanic oil resources" laureled crowned with or as if with laurel symbolizing victory unlaureled not crowned with laurel; having no acclaim or reward; "the unlaureled heroism of endurance"- Francis Parkman astronomic inconceivably large relating or belonging to the science of astronomy; "astronomic telescope" bear-sized large as a bear bigger large or big relative to something else biggish somewhat large blown-up as of a photograph; made larger; "the enlarged photograph revealed many details" bulky of large size for its weight capacious large in capacity; "she carried a capacious bag" colossal so great in size or force or extent as to elicit awe; "colossal crumbling ruins of an ancient temple"; "has a colossal nerve"; "a prodigious storm"; "a stupendous field of grass"; "stupendous demand" enormous extraordinarily large in size or extent or amount or power or degree; "an enormous boulder"; "enormous expenses"; "tremendous sweeping plains"; "a tremendous fact in human experience; that a whole civilization should be dependent on technology"- Walter Lippman; "a plane took off with a tremendous noise" cosmic inconceivably extended in space or time of or from or pertaining to or characteristic of the cosmos or universe; "cosmic laws"; "cosmic catastrophe"; "cosmic rays" elephantine of great mass; huge and bulky; "a jumbo jet"; "jumbo shrimp" epic very imposing or impressive; surpassing the ordinary (especially in size or scale); "an epic voyage"; "of heroic proportions"; "heroic sculpture" constituting or having to do with or suggestive of a literary epic; "epic tradition" extensive large in spatial extent or range or scope or quantity; "an extensive Roman settlement in northwest England"; "extended farm lands"; "surgeons with extended experience"; "they suffered extensive damage" of agriculture; increasing productivity by using large areas with minimal outlay and labor; "producing wheat under extensive conditions"; "agriculture of the extensive type" gigantic so exceedingly large or extensive as to suggest a giant or mammoth; "a gigantic redwood"; "gigantic disappointment"; "a mammoth ship"; "a mammoth multinational corporation" huge unusually great in size or amount or degree or especially extent or scope; "huge government spending"; "huge country estates"; "huge popular demand for higher education"; "a huge wave"; "the Los Angeles aqueduct winds like an immense snake along the base of the mountains"; "immense numbers of birds"; "at vast (or immense) expense"; "the vast reaches of outer space"; "the vast accumulation of knowledge...which we call civilization"- W.R.Inge hulking of great size and bulk; "a hulking figure of a man"; "three hulking battleships" humongous (used informally) very large; "a thumping loss" king-size extra large; "a king-size bed" large-mouthed having a relatively large mouth large-scale unusually large in scope; "a large-scale attack on AIDS is needed" constructed or drawn to a big scale; "large-scale maps" life-size being of the same size as an original; "a life-size sculpture" macroscopic large enough to be visible with the naked eye visible to the naked eye; using the naked eye man-sized very large; appropriate to the size of a man; "a man-sized piece of cake" calling for the strength of a man; "a man-sized job" medium-large of anything that is large but not the largest monstrous abnormally large overlarge excessively large plumping very large; of exceptional size for its kind; "won by a plumping majority" queen-size (used especially of beds) not as large as king-size; "a queen-sized bed" rangy allowing ample room for ranging adapted to wandering or roaming titanic of great force or power voluminous large in volume or bulk; "a voluminous skirt" whacking (British informal) enormous; "a whacking phone bill"; "a whacking lie" extremely; "a whacking good story" wide-ranging including much; "the pianist's wide-ranging repertoire" atomic immeasurably small of or relating to or comprising atoms; "atomic structure"; "atomic hydrogen" subatomic of smaller than atomic dimensions of or relating to constituents of the atom or forces within the atom; "subatomic particles"; "harnessing subatomic energy" bitty (used informally) very small; "a wee tot" dwarfish atypically small; "dwarf tree"; "dwarf star" elfin small and delicate; "she was an elfin creature--graceful and delicate"; "obsessed by things elfin and small" suggestive of an elf in strangeness and otherworldliness; "thunderbolts quivered with elfin flares of heat lightning"; "the fey quality was there, the ability to see the moon at midday"- John Mason Brown usually good-naturedly mischievous; "perpetrated a practical joke with elfin delight"; "elvish tricks" relating to or made or done by or as if by an elf; "elfin bells"; "all the little creatures joined in the elfin dance" gnomish used of small deformed creatures half-size half the usual or regular size lesser smaller in size or amount or value; "the lesser powers of Europe"; "the lesser anteater" of less size or importance; "the lesser anteater"; "the lesser of two evils" microscopic so small as to be invisible without a microscope; "differences were microscopic" extremely precise with great attention to details; "examined it with microscopic care" visible under a microscope; using a microscope of or relating to or used in microscopy; "microscopic analysis"; "microscopical examination" micro extremely small in scale or scope or capability olive-sized about the size of an olive pocket-size small enough to be carried in a garment pocket; "pocket-size paperbacks" puny (used especially of persons) of inferior size inferior in strength or significance; "a puny physique"; "puny excuses" smaller small or little relative to something else smallish rather small small-scale created or drawn on a small scale; "small-scale maps"; "a small-scale model" undersize smaller than normal for its kind greater greater in size or importance or degree; "for the greater good of the community"; "the greater Antilles" lawful conformable to or allowed by law; "lawful methods of dissent" authorized, sanctioned by, or in accordance with law; "a legitimate government" according to custom or rule or natural law law-abiding (of individuals) adhering strictly to laws and rules and customs; "law-abiding citizens"; "observant of the speed limit" unlawful contrary to or prohibited by or defiant of law; "unlawful measures"; "unlawful money"; "unlawful hunters" having no legally established claim; "the wrongful heir to the throne" not morally right or permissible; "unlawful love" lawless disobedient to or defiant of law; "lawless bands roaming the plains" wide-open lax in enforcing laws; "a wide-open town" open wide; "left the doors wide-open" unleaded not treated with lead; "unleaded gasoline" not having leads between the lines lead-free (of gasoline) not containing tetraethyl lead; "lead-free gasoline" drafty not airtight drippy leaking in drops; "a drippy faucet" wet with light rain; "a sad drizzly day"; "a wet drippy day" oozing leaking out slowly holey allowing passage in and out; "our unfenced and largely unpoliced border inevitably has been very porous" airtight not allowing air or gas to pass in or out having no weak points; "an airtight defense"; "an airtight argument" dripless designed to prevent dripping; "a dripless faucet"; "dripless candles" hermetic completely sealed; completely airtight leakproof not subject to leaks rainproof not permitting the passage of water snug well and tightly constructed; "a snug house"; "a snug little sailboat" offering safety; well protected or concealed; "a snug harbor"; "a snug hideout" watertight not allowing water to pass in or out caulked having cracks and crevices stopped up with a filler chinked having narrow opening filled weather-stripped having cracks blocked with weather stripping uncaulked not caulked or sealed leavened made light by aerating, as with yeast or baking powder; often used as a combining form; "leavened bread"; "well-leavened"; "yeast-leavened breads" unleavened made without leavening; "unleavened bread is often simply flour mixed with water" downwind towards the side away from the wind with the wind; in the direction the wind is blowing; "they flew downwind" upwind towards the side exposed to wind in the direction opposite to the direction the wind is blowing; "they flew upwind" court-ordered ordered by a court of law judicial decreed by or proceeding from a court of justice; "a judicial decision" relating to the administration of justice or the function of a judge; "judicial system" belonging or appropriate to the office of a judge; "judicial robes" jural of or relating to law or to legal rights and obligations ratified formally approved and invested with legal authority statutory prescribed or authorized by or punishable under a statute; "statutory restrictions"; "a statutory age limit"; "statutory crimes"; "statutory rape" relating to or created by statutes; "statutory matters"; "statutory law" sub judice before a judge or court of law; awaiting judicial determination illegal prohibited by law or by official or accepted rules; "an illegal chess move" amerciable of a crime or misdemeanor; punishable by a fine set by a judge banned forbidden by law embezzled taken for your own use in violation of a trust; "the banker absconded with embezzled funds" extrajudicial beyond the usual course of legal proceedings; legally unwarranted; "an extrajudicial penalty" extralegal not regulated or sanctioned by law; "there were only extralegal recourses for their grievances" illegitimate contrary to or forbidden by law; "an illegitimate seizure of power"; "illicit trade"; "an outlaw strike"; "unlawful measures" of marriages and offspring; not recognized as lawful misbranded branded or labeled falsely and in violation of statutory requirements; "confiscated the misbranded drugs" penal (of an act or offense) subject to punishment by law; "a penal offense" serving as or designed to impose punishment; "penal servitude"; "the juvenile was sentenced to six months in a penal institution" of or relating to punishment; "penal reform"; "penal code" under-the-counter done or sold illicitly and secretly unratified lacking legal authority; "the unratified Equal Right Amendment" legible (of handwriting, print, etc.) capable of being read or deciphered; "legible handwriting" illegible (of handwriting, print, etc.) not legible; "illegible handwriting" deciphered converted from cryptic to intelligible language undeciphered not deciphered; "Linear A is still undeciphered" biological (of a parent or child) related by blood; genetically related; "biological child"; "natural parent" pertaining to biology or to life and living things begotten (of offspring) generated by procreation; "naturally begotten child" adoptive of parents and children; related by adoption; "adoptive parents" lawfully-begotten born in wedlock; enjoying full filial rights morganatic (of marriages) of a marriage between one of royal or noble birth and one of lower rank; valid but with the understanding that the rank of the inferior remains unchanged and offspring do not succeed to titles or property of the superior true(a) having a legally established claim; "the legitimate heir"; "the true and lawful king" determined with reference to the earth's axis rather than the magnetic poles; "true north is geographic north" rightly so called; "true courage"; "a spirit which true men have always admired"; "a true friend" adulterine conceived in adultery fatherless not having a known or legally responsible father having no living father leptorrhine having a long narrow nose catarrhine of or related to Old World monkeys that have nostrils together and opening downward platyrrhine of or related to New World monkeys having nostrils far apart or to people with broad noses leptosporangiate (of ferns) having each sporangium formed from a single epidermal cell; "leptosporangiate ferns" eusporangiate (of ferns) having sporangia that arise from a group of epidermal cells; "eusporangiate ferns of the families Ophioglossaceae and Marattiaceae" like-minded of the same turn of mind look-alike resembling closely; "they have look-alike cars" suchlike of the same kind; "a locker that usually contained paper, ink, and suchlike equipment" unlike marked by dissimilarity; "for twins they are very unlike" not equal in amount; "they distributed unlike (or unequal) sums to the various charities" alike(p) having the same or similar characteristics; "all politicians are alike"; "they looked utterly alike"; "friends are generally alike in background and taste" unalike not alike or similar; "as unalike as two people could be" promising showing possibility of achievement or excellence; "a promising young man" unlikely has little chance of being the case or coming about; "an unlikely story"; "an unlikely candidate for reelection"; "a butcher is unlikely to preach vegetarianism" farfetched (of a theory or explanation) highly imaginative but unlikely and unconvincing; "a farfetched excuse" (of an idea or story) so exaggerated or ludicrous as to be improbable; "He was always full of far-fetched plans, none of which ever worked" equiprobable equally probable verisimilar appearing to be true or real; "a verisimilar tale" supposed(a) mistakenly believed; "the supposed existence of ghosts" limbed having or as if having limbs, especially limbs of a specified kind (usually used in combination); "strong-limbed" boughed having boughs (of trees) flipper-like having limbs that are used as flippers heavy-limbed having heavy limbs sharp-limbed having sharp limbs limbless having no limbs; "a snake is a limbless reptile" boughless having no boughs (of trees) unlimited having no limits in range or scope; "to start with a theory of unlimited freedom is to end up with unlimited despotism"- Philip Rahv; "the limitless reaches of outer space" untrammeled not confined or limited; "the gift of a fresh eye and an untrammeled curiosity"- Russell Lord; "the untrammeled rush that the snows had shown in the first spring sun"- Farley Mowat matrilineal based on or tracing descent through the female line; "matrilineal inheritance" patrilineal based on or tracing descent through the male line; "a patrilineal society" bilinear linear with respect to each of two variables or positions nonlinear designating or involving an equation whose terms are not of the first degree silk-lined having a silk lining unlined not having a lining or liner; "a thin unlined jacket" listed on a list unlisted not on a list; "an unlisted telephone number" not having your name entered on a voting list; "an unlisted voter" ex-directory (of telephone numbers) not listed in the telephone directory; "an ex-directory number" over-the-counter (of securities) not traded on a stock exchange; "over-the-counter stocks" figurative (used of the meanings of words or text) not literal; using figures of speech; "figurative language" analogical expressing, composed of, or based on an analogy; "the analogical use of a metaphor" extended beyond the literal or primary sense; "`hot off the press' shows an extended sense of `hot'" fully extended or stretched forth; "an extended telescope"; "his extended legs reached almost across the small room"; "refused to accept the extended hand" metaphorical expressing one thing in terms normally denoting another; "a metaphorical expression"; "metaphoric language" metonymic using the name of one thing for that of another with which it is closely associated; "to say `he spent the evening reading Shakespeare' is metonymic because it substitutes the author himself for the author's works" poetic characterized by romantic imagery; "Turner's vision of the rainbow...was poetic" characteristic of or befitting poetry; "poetic diction" of or relating to poetry; "poetic works"; "a poetic romance" of or relating to poets; "poetic insight" synecdochic using the name of a part for that of the whole or the whole for the part; or the special for the general or the general for the special; or the material for the thing made of it; "to use `hand' for `worker' or `ten sail' for `ten ships' or `steel' for `sword' is to use a synecdochic figure of speech" belletristic written and regarded for aesthetic value rather than content functionally illiterate having reading and writing skills insufficient for ordinary practical needs unfilmed not recorded on film or tape recorded set down or registered in a permanent form especially on film or tape for reproduction; "recorded music" (of securities) having the owner's name entered in a register; "recorded holders of a stock" filmed recorded on film; made into a movie; "a filmed documentary"; "the filmed version of the novel" prerecorded recorded at one time for transmission later livable fit or suitable to live in or with; "livable conditions" habitable fit for habitation; "the habitable world" unlivable unfit or unsuitable to live in or with; "unlivable substandard housing" uninhabitable not fit for habitation liveried wearing livery; "liveried footmen stood on the palace steps" unliveried not wearing livery; "an unliveried chauffeur" undischarged still capable of exploding or being fired; "undischarged ammunition"; "an unexploded bomb" unloaded (of weapons) not charged with ammunition; "many people are killed by guns thought to be unloaded" dud failing to detonate; especially not charged with an active explosive; "he stepped on a dud mine" loamy consisting of or having the character of loam; "richy loamy soil" loamless having no loam; "a stony loamless yard" systemic affecting an entire system; "a systemic poison" epiphytotic (of plants) epidemic among plants of a single kind especially over a wide area; "an epiphytotic blight of potatoes"; "epiphytotic conditions associated with a single-plant agriculture" epizootic (of animals) epidemic among animals of a single kind within a particular region; "an epizootic disease" pestilent likely to spread and cause an epidemic disease; "a pestilential malignancy in the air"- Jonathan Swift; "plaguey fevers" ecdemic of or relating to a disease that originates outside the locality in which it occurs enzootic of a disease that is constantly present in an animal community but only occurs in a small number of cases gloved having the hands covered with gloves gauntleted wearing a protective glove; "gestured with his gauntleted hand" gloveless devoid of gloves hatted wearing a hat or a hat of a particular kind; "two old ladies, neatly hatted and gloved"; "a bearskin-hatted sentry" turbaned wearing a turban hatless not wearing a hat; "stood hatless in the rain with water dripping down his neck" guided subject to guidance or control especially after launching; "a guided missile" radio-controlled operated and guided by radio; "a radio-controlled airplane" target-hunting guided automatically toward the target unguided not subject to guidance or control after launching; "unguided missiles" legged having legs of a specified kind or number; "four-legged animals"; "a peg-legged man" leglike resembling or functioning like a leg; "leglike appendages" straight-legged having straight legs three-legged having or as if having three legs; "a three-legged stool"; "a three-legged race" legless not having legs; "a legless man in a wheelchair" logical capable of or reflecting the capability for correct and valid reasoning; "a logical mind" dianoetic proceeding to a conclusion by reason or argument rather than intuition ratiocinative based on exact thinking; "one's ratiocinative powers" illogical lacking in correct logical relation inconsequential not following logically as a consequence intuitive obtained through intuition rather than from reasoning or observation spontaneously derived from or prompted by a natural tendency; "an intuitive revulsion" outspread fully extended in width; "outspread wings"; "with arms spread wide" outstretched fully extended especially in length; "a kitten with one paw outstretched" sprawly extended out irregularly; "a big sprawly city" unextended not extended or stretched out; "an unextended arm" mini used of women's clothing; very short with hemline above the knee; "a mini dress"; "miniskirts" midi used of women's clothing having a hemline at mid-calf; "midiskirts"; "wore her dresses midi length" lossy characterized by or causing dissipation of energy lossless characterized by or causing no dissipation of energy elongated drawn out or made longer spatially; "Picasso's elongated Don Quixote"; "lengthened skirts are fashionable this year"; "the extended airport runways can accommodate larger planes"; "a prolonged black line across the page" extendible capable of being lengthened long-handled having a long handle long-range suitable for or reaching long distances; "long-range nuclear capability" involving an extended span of time; "long-range goals" long-snouted having a snout that is longer than average long-staple having relatively long fibers; "long-staple cotton" long-wool (of sheep) having relatively long wool polysyllabic (of words) long and ponderous; having many syllables; "sesquipedalian technical terms" having or characterized by words of more than three syllables stretch(a) having an elongated seating area; "a stretch limousine" abbreviated (of clothing) very short; "an abbreviated swimsuit"; "a brief bikini" cut short in duration; "the abbreviated speech"; "her shortened life was clearly the result of smoking"; "an unsatisfactory truncated conversation" curtal (archaic) cut short; "a dog with a curtal tail" sawed-off cut short; "a sawed-off shotgun"; "a sawed-off broomstick"; "the shortened rope was easier to use" shortish somewhat short short-range limited to short distances; "short-range planes"; "a short-range shot" relating to the near future; "a short-range policy" short-snouted having a snout that is shorter than average stubby short and blunt; "stubby fingers"; "a stubby pencil" telescoped shortened by or as if by means of parts that slide one within another or are crushed one into another; "a miracle that anyone survived in the telescoped cars"; "years that seemed telescoped like time in a dream" agelong lasting through all time; "agelong struggle for freedom" bimestrial two months long; lasting two months daylong lasting through an entire day during the entire day; "light pours daylong into the parlor" durable existing for a long time; "hopes for a durable peace"; "a long-lasting friendship" very long lasting; "less durable rocks were gradually worn away to form valleys"; "the perdurable granite of the ancient Appalachian spine of the continent" capable of withstanding wear and tear and decay; "durable denim jeans" eight-day lasting for eight days hourlong lasting for an hour; "an hourlong examination" lifelong continuing through life; "a lifelong friend"; "from lifelong habit"; "his lifelong study of Greek art" long-acting active over a long period of time long-dated of a gilt-edged security; having more than 15 years to run before redemption longish somewhat long long-life (of perishable goods) treated to stay fresh longer than usual; "long-life milk" longitudinal over an extended time; "a longitudinal study of twins" running lengthwise; "a thin longitudinal strip"; "longitudinal measurements of the hull" of or relating to lines of longitude; "longitudinal reckoning by the navigator" long-run relating to or extending over a relatively long time; "the long-run significance of the elections"; "the long-term reconstruction of countries damaged by the war"; "a long-term investment" longstanding having existed for a long time; "a long-standing friendship"; "the longstanding conflict" monthlong last through a month; "a monthlong stay in the hospital" nightlong lasting, open, or operating through the whole night; "a nightlong vigil"; "an all-night drugstore"; "an overnight trip" time-consuming of a task that takes time and patience weeklong lasting through a week; "her weeklong vacation" yearlong lasting through a year; "attending yearlong courses" clipped (of speech) having quick short sounds; "a clipped upper-class accent" cut or trimmed by clipping; "a handsome man with a clipped moustache"; "clipped hedges"; "close-clipped lawns"; "a clipped poodle" fleeting lasting for a markedly brief time; "a fleeting glance"; "fugitive hours"; "rapid momentaneous association of things that meet and pass"; "a momentary glimpse" short and sweet(p) dealt with very quickly; to the point; "the conference was short and sweet"; "make your statement short and sweet" short-dated of a gilt-edged security; having less than 5 years to run before redemption short-run relating to or extending over a limited period; "short-run planning"; "a short-term lease"; "short-term credit" lengthwise running or extending in the direction of the length of a thing; "the lengthwise dimension" axial situated on or along or in the direction of an axis of or relating to or resembling an axis of rotation end-to-end with the end of one object in contact lengthwise with the end of another object fore-and-aft parallel with the keel of a boat or ship cross(a) extending or lying across; in a crosswise direction; at right angles to the long axis; "cross members should be all steel"; "from the transverse hall the stairway ascends gracefully"; "transversal vibrations"; "transverse colon" cross-section(a) representing a plane made by cutting across something at right angles to its length; "cross-section views of the neck" lidded having or covered with a lid or lids; often used in combination; "milk is left in a large lidded mug"; "heavy-lidded eyes" having a lid; "milk in a heavy lidded mug" baggy not fitting closely; hanging loosely; "baggy trousers"; "a loose-fitting blouse is comfortable in hot weather" flyaway (of hair or clothing) worn loose; "her flyaway hair"; "a flyaway coat" choky so tight as to tend to choke; "a choky collar" clenched closed or squeezed together tightly; "a clenched fist"; "his clenched (or clinched) teeth" skintight so tight as to cling to the skin; "skintight jeans" tight-fitting fitting snugly; "a tightly-fitting cover"; "tight-fitting clothes" viselike clamped as in a vise; "a viselike grip" constricted drawn together or squeezed physically or by extension psychologically; "a constricted blood vessel"; "a constricted view of life" especially tense; especially in some dialects narrowed made narrow; limited in breadth; "narrowed arteries impair blood circulation"; "a narrowed view of the world" reduced in size as by squeezing together; "his narrowed eyes" pinched as if squeezed uncomfortably tight; "her pinched toes in her pointed shoes were killing her" stenosed abnormally constricted body canal or passage; "a stenosed coronary artery" unconstricted not constricted physically or by extension psychologically; "healthy unconstricted arteries" mislaid lost temporarily; as especially put in an unaccustomed or forgotten place; "the mislaid hat turned up eventually"; "misplaced tickets" missing not able to be found; "missing in action"; "a missing person" squandered not used to good advantage; "squandered money cannot be replaced"; "a wasted effort" straying unable to find your way; "found the straying sheep" recovered(p) found after being lost saved rescued; especially from the power and consequences of sin; "a saved soul" ransomed reclaimed by payment of a ransom saved from the bondage of sin rescued delivered from danger salvageable capable of being saved from ruin; "their marriage was not salvageable" confiscate surrendered as a penalty won not subject to defeat; "with that move it's a won game" loud characterized by or producing sound of great volume or intensity; "a group of loud children"; "loud thunder"; "her voice was too loud"; "loud trombones" blaring unpleasantly loud and penetrating; "the blaring noise of trumpets"; "shut our ears against the blasting music from his car radio" deafening loud enough to cause (temporary) hearing loss earthshaking loud enough to shake the very earth sufficiently significant to affect the whole world; "earthshaking proposals"; "the contest was no world-shaking affair"; "the conversation...could hardly be called world-shattering" harsh-voiced having an unusually harsh sound loud-mouthed given to loud offensive talk loud-voiced having an unusually loud voice shattering seemingly loud enough to break something; violently rattling or clattering; "shattering rain striking the windowpanes"; "the shattering tones of the enormous carillon"; "the shattering peal of artillery" shouted in a vehement outcry; "his shouted words of encouragement could be heard over the crowd noises" trumpet-like resembling the sound of a trumpet vocal full of the sound of voices; "a playground vocal with the shouts and laughter of children" having or using the power to produce speech or sound; "vocal organs"; "all vocal beings hymned their praise" relating to or designed for or using the singing voice; "vocal technique"; "the vocal repertoire"; "organized a vocal group to sing his compositions" hushed in a softened tone; "hushed voices"; "muted trumpets"; "a subdued whisper"; "a quiet reprimand" murmuring making a low continuous indistinct sound; "like murmuring waves"; "susurrant voices" murmurous characterized by soft sounds; "a murmurous brook"; "a soughing wind in the pines"; "a slow sad susurrous rustle like the wind fingering the pines"- R.P.Warren soft-footed sound of quiet gentle steps soft-spoken having a speaking manner that is not loud or harsh; "she was always soft-spoken" booming (used of the voice or sound) deep and resonant very lively and profitable; "flourishing businesses"; "a palmy time for stockbrokers"; "a prosperous new business"; "doing a roaring trade"; "a thriving tourist center"; "did a thriving business in orchids" grumbling continuous full and low-pitched throbbing sound; "the rumbling rolling sound of thunder" plangent loud and resounding; "plangent bells"; "the plangent minority" rich pleasantly full and mellow; "a rich tenor voice" very productive; "rich seams of coal" possessing material wealth; "her father is extremely rich"; "many fond hopes are pinned on rich uncles" having an abundant supply of desirable qualities or substances (especially natural resources); "blessed with a land rich in minerals"; "rich in ideas"; "rich with cultural interest" suggestive of or characterized by great expense; "a rich display" high in mineral content; having a high proportion of fuel to air; "a rich vein of copper"; "a rich gas mixture" of great worth or quality; "a rich collection of antiques" containing plenty of fat, or eggs, or sugar; "rich desserts"; "they kept gorging on rich foods" orotund (of sounds) full and rich; "orotund tones"; "the rotund and reverberating phrase"; "pear-shaped vowels" pianissimo (chiefly a direction or description in music) very soft a direction in music; to be played very softly pianissimo assai (chiefly a direction or description in music) very soft fortemente (chiefly a direction or description in music) loud and strong lovable having characteristics that attract love or affection; "a mischievous but lovable child" adorable lovable especially in a childlike or naive way cuddlesome inviting cuddling or hugging; "a cuddlesome baby"; "a cuddly teddybear" hateful evoking or deserving hatred; "no vice is universally as hateful as ingratitude"- Joseph Priestly characterized by malice; "a hateful thing to do"; "in a mean mood" abominable unequivocally detestable; "abominable treatment of prisoners"; "detestable vices"; "execrable crimes"; "consequences odious to those you govern"- Edmund Burke unlovable incapable of inspiring love or affection; "she was in some mysterious way...unlovable"-Joseph Conrad liked found pleasant or attractive; often used as a combining form; "a well-liked teacher" likable easy to like; agreeable; "an attractive and likable young man" disliked regarded with aversion; "he was intensely disliked" dislikable such as to provoke dislike unlikable difficult or impossible to like; "a disagreeable and unlikable old woman" loved held dear; "his loved companion of many years" admired regarded with admiration adored regarded with deep or rapturous love (especially as if for a god); "adored grandchildren"; "an idolized wife" blue-eyed(a) favorite; "the fair-haired boy of the literary set" cherished characterized by feeling or showing fond affection for; "a cherished friend"; "children are precious"; "a treasured heirloom"; "so good to feel wanted" favored preferred above all others and treated with partiality; "the favored child" unloved not loved alienated caused to be unloved socially disoriented; "anomic loners musing over their fate"; "we live in an age of rootless alienated people" bereft unhappy in love; suffering from unrequited love despised treated with dislike or contempt disinherited deprived of your rightful heritage jilted rebuffed (by a lover) without warning; "jilted at the altar" loveless receiving no love; "a loveless childhood" without love; "a loveless marriage" loving feeling or showing love and affection; "loving parents"; "loving glances" adoring extravagantly or foolishly loving and indulgent; "adoring grandparents"; "deceiving her preoccupied and doting husband with a young captain"; "hopelessly spoiled by a fond mother" showing adoration affectionate having or displaying warmth or affection; "affectionate children"; "a fond embrace"; "fond of his nephew"; "a tender glance" amative inclined toward or displaying love; "feeling amorous" amatory expressive of or exciting sexual love or romance; "her amatory affairs"; "amorous glances"; "a romantic adventure"; "a romantic moonlight ride" captivated strongly attracted enamored marked by foolish or unreasoning fondness; "he was infatuated with her"; "Narcissus was a beautiful Greek youth who became enamored of his own reflection" idolatrous blindly or excessively devoted or adoring relating to or practicing idolatry; "idolatrous worship" loverlike like or in the manner of a lover overfond excessively fond touchy-feely (often derogatory) openly expressing love and affection (especially through physical contact) uxorious foolishly fond of or submissive to your wife unloving not giving or reciprocating affection unromantic neither expressive of nor exciting sexual love or romance lowercase relating to small (not capitalized) letters that were kept in the lower half of a compositor's type case; "lowercase letters; a and b and c etc" uppercase relating to capital letters which were kept in the top half of a compositor's type case; "uppercase letters; X and Y and Z etc" apotropaic having the power to prevent evil or bad luck serendipitous lucky in making unexpected and fortunate discoveries unlucky having or bringing misfortune; "Friday the 13th is an unlucky date" hexed (usually used colloquially) causing or accompanied by misfortune unmade (of a bed) not having the sheets and blankets set in order; "an unmade bed with tangled sheets and blankets" magnetic having the properties of a magnet; i.e. of attracting iron or steel; "the hard disk is covered with a thin coat of magnetic material" determined by earth's magnetic fields; "magnetic north"; "the needle of a magnetic compass points to the magnetic north pole" capable of being magnetized of or relating to or caused by magnetism; "magnetic forces" attractable capable of being magnetized or attracted by a magnet; "the magnetic chips of steel produced by a cutting tool are attractable by a magnet" antimagnetic impervious to the effects of a magnetic field; resistant to magnetization; "an antimagnetic watch" geographic determined by geography; "the north and south geographic poles" of or relating to the science of geography nonmagnetic not capable of being magnetized leading(p) indicating the most important performer or role; "the leading man"; "prima ballerina"; "prima donna"; "a star figure skater"; "the starring role"; "a stellar role"; "a stellar performance" insignificant of little importance or influence or power; of minor status; "a minor, insignificant bureaucrat"; "peanut politicians" signifying nothing; "insignificant sounds" devoid of importance, meaning, or force majuscule of or relating to a style of writing characterized by somewhat rounded capital letters; 4th to 8th centuries majuscular of the nature of a majuscule or written in majuscules manageable capable of being managed or controlled administrable capable of being administered or managed controllable capable of being controlled directed manageable by a supervising agent; "a directed program of study" (often used in combination) having a specified direction; "a positively directed vector"; "goal-directed" steerable capable of being steered or directed unmanageable hard to control; "a difficult child"; "an unmanageable situation" indocile incapable of being controlled; "the little boy's parents think he is spirited, but his teacher finds him unruly" uncheckable incapable of being checked or restrained manly possessing qualities befitting a man unmanly not possessing qualities befitting a man effeminate having unsuitable feminine qualities womanish having characteristics associated with women and considered undesirable in men; "womanish tears" antheral capable of fertilizing female organs phallic resembling or being a phallus; "a phallic symbol"; "phallic eroticism"; "priapic figurines" relating to a phallus especially as an embodiment of generative power; "a phallic cult"; "phallic worship" priapic overly concerned with masculinity and male sexuality; "priapic episodes"; "priapic victories" young-begetting(a) capable of fathering offspring egg-producing(a) capable of producing eggs and bearing offspring pistillate having gynoecia, or pistils, the ovule-bearing organ of a seed plant androgynous having both male and female characteristics relating to or exhibiting both female and male sex organs but with a predominantly female appearance gynandromorphic having both male and female morphological characteristics hermaphroditic of animal or plant; having both male female reproductive organs of or relating to monoclinous plants intersexual having sexual characteristics intermediate between those of male and female existing or occurring between the sexes pseudohermaphroditic having internal reproductive organs of one sex and external sexual characteristics of the other sex unisex not distinguished on the basis of sex manned having a crew; "a manned earth satellite was considered a necessary research step" unmanned lacking a crew; "an unmanned satellite to Mars" pilotless lacking a pilot; "a drone is a pilotless aircraft" asterisked marked with an asterisk; "the starred items" barred marked with stripes or bands scarred deeply affected or marked by mental or physical pain or injury; "Could her scarred mind ever be free of fear?"; "a face scarred by anxiety"; "the fire left her arm badly scarred" well-marked clearly indicated; "a well-marked route" masked having markings suggestive of a mask; "the masked face of a raccoon" unmarked not having an identifying mark; "unmarked cards"; "an unmarked police car" unasterisked not marked with an asterisk; "unasterisked items" unbranded not marked with a brand; "unbranded cattle" joined of or relating to two people who are married to each other mated of or relating to a marriage partner mated sexually occurring in pairs or as a pair; "paired fangs"; "paired gloves" ringed wearing a wedding ring; lawfully married; "a ringed wife"- Tennyson having colored rings around the body wed having been taken in marriage unmarried not married or related to the unmarried state; "unmarried men and women"; "unmarried life"; "sex and the single girl"; "single parenthood"; "are you married or single?" divorced of someone whose marriage has been legally dissolved mateless of someone who has no marriage partner not mated sexually unwed of someone who has not been married; "unwed mother" widowed single because of death of the spouse paired mated sexually unmated not mated sexually mannish characteristic of a man as distinguished from a woman; "true mannish arrogance" resembling or imitative of or suggestive of a man rather than a woman; "a mannish stride" fair(a) attractively feminine; "the fair sex" maidenlike befitting or characteristic of a maiden; "a maidenly blush" powder-puff used of competitive activities in which only women take part; "powder-puff baseball"; "a powder-puff football game" womanly befitting or characteristic of a woman especially a mature woman; "womanly virtues of gentleness and compassion" matronly befitting or characteristic of a fully mature woman; "her matronly figure" womanlike resembling a woman; "a womanlike stone image" unwomanly not womanly; "the logical clearness of her arguments...condemned her as eccentric and unwomanly" hoydenish used of girls; wild and boisterous unfeminine not suitable for a woman; "an unfeminine depth of voice" one-to-one used of relations such that each member of one set is associated with one member of a second set ill-sorted not easy to combine harmoniously abloom bursting into flower; "flowering spring trees" fruiting capable of bearing fruit marriageable of girls or women who are eligible to marry overblown past the stage of full bloom; "overblown roses" immature not yet mature characteristic of a lack of maturity; "immature behavior" larval immature of its kind; especially being or characteristic of immature insects in the newly hatched wormlike feeding stage; "larval societies"; "larval crayfishes"; "the larval stage" relating to or typical of a larva; "the larval eye" prepubescent (especially of human beings) at the age immediately before puberty; often marked by accelerated growth prepupal of an inactive stage in the development of some insects, between the larval and the pupal stages; "the prepupal stage" pubescent (of animals especially human beings) having arrived at the onset of puberty (the age at which sex glands become functional) but not yet fully mature; "the budding breasts of a pubescent girl and the downy chin of pubescent boy" pupal of the insects in the chrysalis (cocoon) or post larval stage; "the pupal stage" underdeveloped not yet fully developed ripe at the highest point of development especially in judgment or knowledge; "a ripe mind" fully developed or matured and ready to be eaten or used; "ripe peaches"; "full-bodied mature wines" babyish characteristic of a baby; "babyish tears and petulance" childish indicating a lack of maturity; "childish tantrums"; "infantile behavior" overripe too ripe and beginning to turn soft unaged not subjected to an aging process; "vodka is an unaged liquor from Russia" seasonal occurring at or dependent on a particular season; "seasonal labor"; "a seasonal rise in unemployment" year-round operating or continuing throughout the year; "a year-round resort"; "a year-round job" seasonable in keeping with the season; "a hard but seasonable frost"; "seasonable clothes" unseasonable not in keeping with (and usually undesirable for) the season; "a sudden unseasonable blizzard"; "unseasonable bright blue weather in November" uncured not seasoned; "uncured pelts" full-term gestated for the entire duration of normal pregnancy; "a healthy full-term baby" maximal the greatest or most complete or best possible; "maximal expansion"; "maximum pressure" supreme greatest or maximal in degree; extreme; "supreme folly"; "the supreme confidence of youth"; "the sublime absurdity of the creative process"; "His face assumed an expression of sublime conceit" final or last in your life or progress; "the supreme sacrifice"; "the supreme judgment" highest in excellence or achievement; "supreme among musicians"; "a supreme endeavor"; "supreme courage" minimal the least possible; "needed to enforce minimal standards"; "her grades were minimal"; "minimum wage"; "a minimal charge for the service" borderline of questionable or minimal quality; "borderline grades"; "marginal writing ability" negligible so small as to be meaningless; insignificant; "the effect was negligible" not worth considering; "he considered the prize too paltry for the lives it must cost"; "piffling efforts"; "a trifling matter" meaningful having a meaning or purpose; "a meaningful explanation"; "a meaningful discussion"; "a meaningful pause" meaty being on topic and prompting thought; "a meaty discussion" like or containing meat; "enough of vegetarianism; let's have a meaty meal" meaning(a) rich in significance or implication; "a meaning look"; "a significant silence" purposeful having meaning through having an aim; "led a happy purposeful life" serving as or indicating the existence of a purpose or goal meaningless having no meaning or direction or purpose; "a meaningless endeavor"; "a meaningless life"; "a verbose but meaningless explanation" nonsense(a) having no intelligible meaning; "nonsense syllables"; "a nonsensical jumble of words" unmeaning without meaning; "Silence is better than unmeaning words"--Pythagoras; "an unmeaning smile" immeasurable impossible to measure; "unmeasurable reaches of outer space"; "immeasurable suffering" illimitable without limits in extent or size or quantity; "limitless vastness of our solar system"; "The long unmeasured pulse of time moves everything. There is nothing hidden that it cannot bring to light, nothing once known that may not become unknown."--Sophocles meatless lacking meat; "meatless days" mechanical using (or as if using) mechanisms or tools or devices; "a mechanical process"; "his smile was very mechanical"; "a mechanical toy" relating to or governed by or in accordance with mechanics; "a belief that the universe is a mechanical contrivance"; "the mechanical pressure of a strong wind" relating to or concerned with machinery or tools; "mechanical arts"; "mechanical design"; "mechanical skills"; "a technical fault" mechanic resembling the action of a machine; "from blank to blank a threadless way I pushed mechanic feet"- Emily Dickenson mechanistic explained in terms of physical forces; "a mechanistic universe" of or relating to the philosophical theory of mechanism mechanized equipped with machinery; "a mechanized factory" using vehicles; "motorized warfare" windup(a) operated by a mechanism; "windup toys" nonmechanical not mechanical nonmechanistic not mechanistic unmechanized not mechanized; "production of furniture remained largely unmechanized"- Gordon Russell melodious containing or constituting or characterized by pleasing melody; "the melodious song of a meadowlark" ariose having a melody (as distinguished from recitative) canorous richly melodious cantabile smooth and flowing dulcet pleasing to the ear; "the dulcet tones of the cello" extremely pleasant in a gentle way; "the most dulcet swimming on the most beautiful and remote beaches" lyrical suitable for or suggestive of singing unmelodious lacking melody tuneful having a musical sound; especially a pleasing tune tuneless not having a musical sound or pleasing tune membered having members; normally used in chemistry in combination with a number three-membered of a chemical compound having a ring with three members four-membered of a chemical compound having a ring with four members five-membered of a chemical compound having a ring with five members six-membered of a chemical compound having a ring with six members; "having three carbon and three nitrogen atoms in a six-membered ring" seven-membered of a chemical compound having a ring with seven members eight-membered of a chemical compound having a ring with eight members nine-membered of a chemical compound having a ring with nine members ten-membered of a chemical compound having a ring with ten members memberless of a group or set having no members mined extracted from a source of supply as of minerals from the earth deep-mined of coal, as contrasted with coal obtained from a strip mine; "deep-mined coal" well-mined well known and commonly used; "Shakespeare exploited many well-mined sources for his plays" strip-mined mined near the earth's surface by stripping unmined not mined; "deposits of unmined uranium" chanted sung or uttered rhythmically in a monotone; "a chanted psalm" singable suitable for singing; "singable melody is the essence of music"- Winthrop Sargeant unmusical not musical in nature; "the unmusical cry of the bluejay" lacking interest in or talent for music; "too unmusical to care for concerts"; "it is unfortunate that her children were all nonmusical" philharmonic devoted to or appreciative of music; "the most philharmonic ear is at times deeply affected by a simple air" composing or characteristic of an orchestral group; "philharmonic players" melted changed from a solid to a liquid state; "rivers filled to overflowing by melted snow" dissolved (of solid matter) reduced to a liquid form; "add the dissolved gelatin" fusible capable of being melted and fused molten reduced to liquid form by heating; "a mass of molten rock" unmelted not melted; "streets unpassable because of piles of unmelted snow" undissolved retaining a solid form; "undissolved sugar in the bottom of the cup" merciless having or showing no mercy; "the merciless enemy"; "a merciless critic"; "gave him a merciless beating" mortal(a) unrelenting and deadly; "mortal enemy" tigerish resembling a tiger in fierceness and lack of mercy; "a tigerish fury" metabolic undergoing metamorphosis of or relating to metabolism; "metabolic rate" ametabolic undergoing slight or no metamorphosis undergoing no (or only slight) metamorphosis mild moderate in type or degree or effect or force; far from extreme; "a mild winter storm"; "a mild fever"; "fortunately the pain was mild"; "a mild rebuke"; "mild criticism" mild-mannered behaving in or having a mild or gentle manner blood-and-guts marked by great zeal or violence; "real blood-and-guts fiction"; "blood-and-guts football" consuming very strong; urgently felt; "politics is his consuming passion"; "overwhelming joy" fierce marked by extreme intensity of emotions or convictions; inclined to react violently; fervid; "fierce loyalty"; "in a tearing rage"; "vehement dislike"; "violent passions" intensified made more intense; "the intensified scrutiny of the candidate's background" intensive characterized by a high degree or intensity; often used as a combining form; "the questioning was intensive"; "intensive care"; "research-intensive"; "a labor-intensive industry" of agriculture; intended to increase productivity of a fixed area by expending more capital and labor; "intensive agriculture"; "intensive conditions" tending to give force or emphasis; "an intensive adverb" main(a) of force; of the greatest possible intensity; "by main strength" palpable so intense as to be almost touched or felt; "there was a palpable sense of joy in the air" capable of being perceived; especially capable of being handled or touched or felt; "a barely palpable dust"; "felt sudden anger in a palpable wave"; "the air was warm and close--palpable as cotton"; "a palpable lie" (medicine) can be felt by palpation; "a palpable tumor" raging very severe; "a raging thirst"; "a raging toothache" screaming(a) so extremely intense as to evoke screams; "in screaming agony"; "a screaming rage" resembling a scream in effect; "screaming headlines"; "screaming colors and designs" shitless (used as complement) to the utmost degree; "he was scared witless"; "the students were bored shitless" unabated continuing at full strength or intensity; "the winds are unabated"; "the popularity of his books among young people continued unabated" violent (of colors or sounds) intensely vivid or loud; "a violent clash of colors"; "her dress was a violent red"; "a violent noise"; "wild colors"; "wild shouts" effected by force or injury rather than natural causes; "a violent death" acting with or marked by or resulting from great force or energy or emotional intensity; "a violent attack"; "a violent person"; "violent feelings"; "a violent rage"; "felt a violent dislike" caught up(p) having become involved involuntarily; "caught up in the excitement of the crowd"; "caught up in the scandal" embroiled deeply involved especially in something complicated; "embroiled in the conflict"; "felt unwilling entangled in their affairs" implicated culpably involved; "all those concerned in the bribery case have been identified"; "named three officials implicated in the plot"; "an innocent person implicated by circumstances in a crime" neck-deep deeply involved; "neck-deep in work"; "up to their necks in debt" uninvolved not involved; "being uninvolved he remained objective" expeditionary (used of military forces) designed for military operations abroad; "the French expeditionary force in Indochina" martial(a) of or relating to the armed forces; "martial law" militaristic imbued with militarism soldierly (of persons) befitting a warrior; "a military bearing" warlike suggesting war or military life unmilitary not associated with soldiers or the military; "unmilitary circles of government"; "fatigue duty involves nonmilitary labor" unsoldierly not conforming to military standards; "unsoldierly posture" mitigated made less severe or intense; "he gladly accepted the mitigated penalty" alleviated (of pain or sorrow) made easier to bear lessened decreased in severity; made less harsh quenched allayed; "his thirst quenched he was able to continue" unmitigated not diminished or moderated in intensity or severity; sometimes used as an intensifier; "unmitigated suffering"; "an unmitigated horror"; "an unmitigated lie" arrant(a) without qualification; used informally as (often pejorative) intensifiers; "an arrant fool"; "a complete coward"; "a consummate fool"; "a double-dyed villain"; "gross negligence"; "a perfect idiot"; "pure folly"; "what a sodding mess"; "stark staring mad"; "a thorough nuisance"; "a thoroughgoing villain"; "utter nonsense"; "the unadulterated truth" bally(a) informal intensifiers; "what a bally (or blinking) nuisance"; "a bloody fool"; "a crashing bore"; "you flaming idiot" bodacious incorrigible; "a bodacious gossip" undiminished not lessened or diminished; "unrelieved suffering" tempered adjusted or attuned by adding a counterbalancing element; "criticism tempered with kindly sympathy" made hard or flexible or resilient especially by heat treatment; "a sword of tempered steel"; "tempered glass" untempered not moderated or controlled; "his untempered individualism" not brought to a proper consistency or hardness; "untempered mortar"; "untempered steel" unmoderated not made less extreme; "spoke with unmoderated harshness" sunbaked baked or hardened by exposure to sunlight; not burned; "sunbaked adobe bricks" airborne moved or conveyed by or through air ambulant able to walk about; "the patient is ambulatory" maneuverable capable of maneuvering or changing position; "a highly maneuverable ship" movable capable of being moved or conveyed from one place to another (of personal property as opposed to real estate) can be moved from place to place (especially carried by hand) perambulating strolling or walking around; "perambulating nursemaids with their charges" racy designed or suitable for competing in a race raisable capable of being raised; "the roadster had a raisable sunroof" rotatable capable of being rotated; "the theater had a rotatable stage" seaborne conveyed by sea transplantable capable of being transplanted versatile able to move freely in all directions; "an owl's versatile toe can move backward and forward"; "an insect's versatile antennae can move up and down or laterally"; "a versatile anther of a flower moves freely in the wind" competent in many areas and able to turn with ease from one thing to another; "a versatile writer" changeable or inconstant; "versatile moods" having great diversity or variety; "his various achievements are impressive"; "his vast and versatile erudition" immobile not capable of movement or of being moved immovable not able or intended to be moved; "the immovable hills" nonmotile (of spores or microorganisms) not capable of movement man-portable portable by one man unportable not portable; not easily moved or transported removable capable of being removed or taken away or dismissed; "a removable cord"; "removable partitions" dismissible subject to dismissal; "appointed and removable by the mayor" extractable capable of being extracted irremovable incapable of being removed or away or dismiss; "irremovable boulders"; "irremovable obstacles" tenured appointed for life and not subject to dismissal except for a grave crime; "an irremovable officer"; "a tenured professor" all-metal consisting completely of metal; "all-metal airplanes" aluminiferous containing alum or aluminum antimonial containing antimony; "antimonial lead" argentiferous containing or yielding silver; "argentiferous ore" auriferous containing gold; "auriferous quartz veins" metallike resembling metal tinny thin and metallic in sound; lacking resonance; "an unpleasant tinny voice" of or containing tin nonmetallic not containing or resembling or characteristic of a metal; "nonmetallic elements" metalloid of or being a nonmetallic element that has some of the properties of metal; "arsenic is a metalloid element" metamorphic characterized by metamorphosis or change in physical form or substance of or relating to metamorphosis (especially of rocks); "metamorphic stage"; "marble is a metamorphic rock that takes a high polish" epimorphic characterized by incomplete metamorphosis; having the same number of body segments in successive stages hemimetabolous (of an insect with aquatic young) undergoing incomplete metamorphosis in which the young does not resemble the adult heterometabolous (of an insect) undergoing incomplete metamorphosis in which the nymph is essentially like the adult and there is no pupal stage holometabolic (of an insect) undergoing complete metamorphosis metamorphous produced by metamorphosis; "most insects are metamorphic as witness the stages as a butterfly develops from a caterpillar" nonmetamorphic not metamorphic middle-of-the-road not extreme, especially in political views modest not large but sufficient in size or amount; "a modest salary"; "modest inflation"; "helped in my own small way" not offensive to sexual mores in conduct or appearance; "a modest neckline in her dress covered her up to her collarbone" marked by simplicity; having a humble opinion of yourself; "a modest apartment"; "too modest to wear his medals" free from pomp or affectation; "comfortable but modest cottages"; "a simple rectangular brick building"; "a simple man with simple tastes" immoderate beyond reasonable limits; "immoderate laughter"; "immoderate spending" abnormal much greater than the normal; "abnormal profits"; "abnormal ambition" not normal; not typical or usual or regular or conforming to a norm; "abnormal powers of concentration"; "abnormal amounts of rain"; "abnormal circumstances"; "an abnormal interest in food" departing from the normal in e.g. intelligence and development; "they were heartbroken when they learned their child was abnormal"; "an abnormal personality" all-fired extreme; "why is he in such an all-fired hurry?" excessive beyond normal limits; "excessive charges"; "a book of inordinate length"; "his dress stops just short of undue elegance"; "unreasonable demands" unrestrained, especially with regard to feelings; "extravagant praise"; "exuberant compliments"; "overweening ambition"; "overweening greed" exorbitant greatly exceeding bounds of reason or moderation; "exorbitant rent"; "extortionate prices"; "spends an outrageous amount on entertainment"; "usurious interest rate"; "unconscionable spending" extraordinary far more than usual or expected; "an extraordinary desire for approval"; "it was an over-the-top experience" beyond what is ordinary or usual; highly unusual or exceptional or remarkable; "extraordinary authority"; "an extraordinary achievement"; "her extraordinary beauty"; "enjoyed extraordinary popularity"; "an extraordinary capacity for work"; "an extraordinary session of the legislature" stark complete or extreme; "stark poverty"; "a stark contrast" completely; "stark mad"; "mouth stark open" neo (used as a combining form) recent or new; "`neo' is a combining form in words like `neocolonialism'" red-brick of or relating to British universities founded in the late 19th century or the 20th century ultramodern extremely modern; "Dadism and ultramodern art" moderne of or relating to a popularization of art deco that used bright colors and rectangular shapes nonmodern not modern; of or characteristic of an earlier time antebellum belonging to a period before a war especially the American Civil War horse-and-buggy relating to the time before automobiles (and other inventions) changed the way people lived in industrialized nations medieval as if belonging to the Middle Ages; old-fashioned and unenlightened; "a medieval attitude toward dating" relating to or belonging to the Middle Ages; "Medieval scholars"; "Medieval times" old-world characteristic of former times especially in Europe; "an old-world cottage" immodest offending against sexual mores in conduct or appearance having or showing an exaggerated opinion of your importance, ability, etc; "brash immodest boasting" retiring not arrogant or presuming; "unassuming to a fault, skeptical about the value of his work"; "a shy retiring girl" overweening presumptuously arrogant; "had a witty but overweening manner"; "no idea how overweening he would be"- S.V.Benet; "getting a little uppity and needed to be slapped down"- NY Times modified changed in form or character; "their modified stand made the issue more acceptable"; "the performance of the modified aircraft was much improved" adapted changed in order to improve or made more fit for a particular purpose; "seeds precisely adapted to the area"; "instructions altered to suit the children's different ages" unmodified not changed in form or character softened toned down unmodulated characterized by lack of variation in pitch, tone, or volume; "he lectured in an unmodulated voice edged with hysteria" molar(a) pertaining to large units of behavior; "such molar problems of personality as the ego functions"--R.R. Hunt molecular(a) relating to simple or elementary organization; "proceed by more and more detailed analysis to the molecular facts of perception"--G.A. Miller monoclinous having pistils and stamens in the same flower diclinous having pistils and stamens in separate flowers monoecious having male and female reproductive organs in the same plant or animal autoicous having male and female reproductive organs in separate clusters on the same plant heteroicous having several forms of gametoecia on the same plant synoicous having male and female reproductive organs mixed in the same gametoecium paroicous having male and female reproductive organs separate in a single gametoecium dioecious having male and female reproductive organs in separate plants or animals monophonic consisting of a single melodic line homophonic having a single melodic line with accompaniment having the same sound monodic having a single vocal part polyphonic having two or more independent but harmonically related melodic parts sounding together of or relating to or characterized by polyphony; "polyphonic traditions of the baroque" having two or more phonetic values; "polyphonic letters such as `a'" monogamous (used of relationships and of individuals) having one mate; "monogamous marriage"; "monogamous for life" monandrous having only one husband at a time monogynous having one head or chief wife at a time (along with concubines) polygamous having more than one mate at a time; used of relationships and individuals bigamous of illegal marriage to a second person while legally married to a first polyandrous having more than one husband at a time polygynous having more than one wife at a time multilingual using or knowing more than one language; "a multilingual translator"; "a multilingual nation" polyglot having a command of or composed in many languages; "a polyglot traveler"; "a polyglot Bible contains versions in different languages" trilingual using or knowing three languages; "trilingual speakers" monovalent having a valence of 1 containing only one kind of antibody polyvalent having more than one valence, or having a valence of 3 or higher containing several antibodies each capable of counteracting a specific antigen; "a polyvalent vaccine" univalent used of a chromosome that is not paired or united with its homologous chromosome during synapsis; "a univalent chromosome" bivalent used of homologous chromosomes associated in pairs in synapsis having a valence of two or having two valences monotonic of a sequence or function; consistently increasing and never decreasing or consistently decreasing and never increasing in value decreasing monotonic consistently decreasing; "a decreasing monotonic function" increasing monotonic consistently increasing; "an increasing monotonic function" nonmonotonic not monotonic moralistic narrowly and conventionally moral righteous morally justified; "righteous indignation" characterized by or proceeding from accepted standards of morality or justice; "the...prayer of a righteous man availeth much"- James 5:16 immoral deliberately violating accepted principles of right and wrong debauched unrestrained by convention or morality; "Congreve draws a debauched aristocratic society"; "deplorably dissipated and degraded"; "riotous living"; "fast women" disgraceful giving offense to moral sensibilities and injurious to reputation; "scandalous behavior"; "the wicked rascally shameful conduct of the bankrupt"- Thackeray; "the most shocking book of its time" licit sanctioned by custom or morality especially sexual morality; "a wife's licit love" illicit contrary to accepted morality (especially sexual morality) or convention; "an illicit association with his secretary" principled based on or manifesting objectively defined standards of rightness or morality; "principled pragmatism and unprincipled expediency"; "a principled person" high-principled having high principles many a quantifier that can be used with count nouns and is often preceded by `as' or `too' or `so' or `that'; amounting to a large but indefinite number; "many temptations"; "the temptations are many"; "a good many"; "a great many"; "many directions"; "take as many apples as you like"; "too many clouds to see"; "never saw so many people" galore(ip) in great numbers; "daffodils galore" many a(a) each of a large indefinite number; "many a man"; "many another day will come" numerous amounting to a large indefinite number; "numerous times"; "the family was numerous"; "Palomar's fans are legion" some(a) relatively many but unspecified in number; "they were here for some weeks"; "we did not meet again for some years" relatively much but unspecified in amount or extent; "we talked for some time"; "he was still some distance away" (quantifier) used with either mass nouns or plural count nouns to indicate an unspecified number or quantity; "have some milk"; "some roses were still blooming"; "having some friends over"; "some apples"; "some paper" umpteen innumerable but many a few(a) more than one but indefinitely small in number; "a few roses"; "a couple of roses" hardly a(a) very few; "hardly a man is now alive who remembers that famous date and year" much(a) (quantifier used with mass nouns) great in quantity or degree or extent; "not much rain"; "much affection"; "much grain is in storage" overmuch very great in quantity; overabundant; "showed overmuch affection" more than necessary; "she eats too much"; "let's not blame them overmuch" such(a) of so extreme a degree or extent; "such weeping"; "so much weeping"; "such a help"; "such grief"; "never dreamed of such beauty" untold too much to be measured; "untold suffering"; "incalculable riches" little(a) (quantifier used with mass nouns) small in quantity or degree; not much or almost none or (with `a') at least some; "little rain fell in May"; "gave it little thought"; "little time is left"; "we still have little money"; "a little hope remained"; "there's slight chance that it will work"; "there's a slight chance it will work" small(a) slight or limited; especially in degree or intensity or scope; "a series of death struggles with small time in between" more(a) (comparative of `much' used with mass nouns) a quantifier meaning greater in size or amount or extent or degree; "more land"; "more support"; "more rain fell"; "more than a gallon" (comparative of `many' used with count nouns) quantifier meaning greater in number; "a hall with more seats"; "we have no more bananas"; "more than one" less(a) (comparative of `little' usually used with mass nouns) a quantifier meaning not as great in amount or degree; "of less importance"; "less time to spend with the family"; "a shower uses less water"; "less than three years old" most(a) the superlative of `much' that can be used with mass nouns and is usually preceded by `the'; a quantifier meaning the greatest in amount or extent or degree; "made the most money he could"; "what attracts the most attention?"; "made the most of a bad deal" (superlative of `many' used with count nouns and often preceded by `the') quantifier meaning the greatest in number; "who has the most apples?"; "most people like eggs"; "most fishes have fins" least(a) the superlative of `little' that can be used with mass nouns and is usually preceded by `the'; a quantifier meaning smallest in amount or extent or degree; "didn't care the least bit"; "he has the least talent of anyone" fewer (comparative of `few' used with count nouns) quantifier meaning a smaller number of; "fewer birds came this year"; "the birds are fewer this year"; "fewer trains were late" less (nonstandard in some uses but often idiomatic with measure phrases) fewer; "less than three weeks"; "no less than 50 people attended"; "in 25 words or less" (usually preceded by `no') lower in quality; "no less than perfect" used to form the comparative of some adjectives and adverbs; "less interesting"; "less expensive"; "less quickly" comparative of little; "she walks less than she should"; "he works less these days" fewest(a) (superlative of `few' used with count nouns and usually preceded by `the') quantifier meaning the smallest in number; "the fewest birds in recent memory" mortal subject to death; "mortal beings" amaranthine of an imaginary flower that never fades of or related to the amaranth plant deathless never dying; "his undying fame" deific characterized by divine or godlike nature motivated provided with a motive or given incentive for action; "a highly motivated child can learn almost anything"; "a group of politically motivated men" actuated moved to action; "a man actuated by unworthy desired" driven urged or forced to action through moral pressure; "felt impelled to take a stand against the issue" compelled forcibly by an outside agency; "mobs goaded by blind hatred" unmotivated without motivation motiveless occurring without motivation or provocation; "motiveless malignity"; "unprovoked and dastardly attack"- F.D.Roosevelt motorized equipped with a motor or motors; "a motorized wheelchair" bimotored having two motors trimotored having three motors unmotorized having no motor moved(p) being excited or provoked to the expression of an emotion; "too moved to speak"; "very touched by the stranger's kindness" unmoved(p) emotionally unmoved; "always appeared completely unmoved and imperturbable" moving arousing or capable of arousing deep emotion; "she laid her case of destitution before him in a very moving letter"- N. Hawthorne in motion; "a constantly moving crowd"; "the moving parts of the machine" used of a series of photographs presented so as to create the illusion of motion; "Her ambition was to be in moving pictures or `the movies'" affecting arousing affect; "the homecoming of the released hostages was an affecting scene"; "poignant grief cannot endure forever"; "his gratitude was simple and touching" heartwarming causing gladness and pleasure; "Is there a sight more heartwarming than a family reunion?" unmoving not arousing emotions unaffecting not arousing affect ahorse(p) traveling on horseback; "a file of men ahorseback passed by" oncoming moving toward one automotive containing within itself the means of propulsion or movement; "a self-propelled vehicle" of or relating to motor vehicles; "automotive supplies" awheel traveling by wheeled vehicle such as bicycle or automobile e.g.; "the public was awheel" fast-flying moving swiftly; "fast-flying planes"; "played the difficult passage with flying fingers" aflare streaming or flapping or spreading wide as if in a current of air; "ran quickly, her flaring coat behind her"; "flags aflare in the breeze" kinetic characterized by motion; "modern dance has been called kinetic pantomime" relating to the motion of material bodies and the forces associated therewith; "kinetic energy" wiggly moving in a twisting or snake-like or wormlike fashion; "wiggly worms" vibratory moving very rapidly to and fro or up and down; "the vibrating piano strings" nonmoving not in motion becalmed rendered motionless for lack of wind frozen(p) absolutely still; "frozen with horror"; "they stood rooted in astonishment" mown (used of grass or vegetation) cut down with a hand implement or machine; "the smell of newly mown hay" new-mown newly mown unmown (used of grass or vegetation) not cut down with a hand implement or machine; "uncut grass"; "an unmown lawn" seamanlike characteristic of or befitting a seaman; indicating competent seamanship unseamanlike not seamanlike lubberly inexperienced in seamanship; "of all landlubbers the most lubberly" clumsy and unskilled; "a big stupid lubberly fellow" continental being or concerning or limited to a continent especially the continents of North America or Europe; "the continental United States"; "continental Europe"; "continental waters" of or relating to or characteristic of a continent; "the continental divide"; "continental drift" of or relating to or concerning the American colonies during and immediately after the American Revolutionary War; "the Continental Army"; "the Continental Congress" continent-wide involving the entire continent transcontinental spanning or crossing or on the farther side of a continent; "transcontinental railway"; "transcontinental travelers"; "a transcontinental city" intercontinental extending or taking place between or among continents; "intercontinental exploration"; "intercontinental flights" worldwide spanning or extending throughout the entire world; "worldwide distribution"; "a worldwide epidemic" international concerning or belonging to all or at least two or more nations; "international affairs"; "an international agreement"; "international waters" global involving the entire earth; not limited or provincial in scope; "global war"; "global monetary policy"; "neither national nor continental but planetary"; "a world crisis"; "of worldwide significance" multinational involving or operating in several nations or nationalities; "multinational corporations"; "transnational terrorist networks" supranational transcending established national boundaries or spheres of interest; "a supranational economy"; "supranational federations" intrastate relating to or existing within the boundaries of a state; "intrastate as well as interstate commerce" unnatural not in accordance with or determined by nature; contrary to nature; "an unnatural death"; "the child's unnatural interest in death" unbleached not artificially colored or bleached; "unbleached blonde hair"; "her hair is uncolored"; "undyed cotton" arranged deliberately arranged for effect; "one of those artfully staged photographs" planned in advance; "an arranged marriage" disposed or placed in a particular kind of order; "the carefully arranged chessmen"; "haphazardly arranged interlobular septa"; "comfortable chairs arranged around the fireplace" bionic having particular physiological functions augmented or replaced by electronic or electromechanical components of or relating to bionics conventionalized using artistic forms and conventions to create effects; not natural or spontaneous; "a stylized mode of theater production" factitious not produced by natural forces; "brokers created a factitious demand for stocks" man-made not of natural origin; prepared or made artificially; "man-made fibers"; "synthetic leather" painted lacking substance or vitality as if produced by painting; "in public he wore a painted smile" coated with paint; "freshly painted lawn furniture" having makeup applied; "brazen painted faces" apparitional resembling or characteristic of a phantom; "a ghostly face at the window"; "a phantasmal presence in the room"; "spectral emanations"; "spiritual tappings at a seance" eldritch suggesting the operation of supernatural influences; "an eldritch screech"; "the three weird sisters"; "stumps...had uncanny shapes as of monstrous creatures"- John Galsworthy; "an unearthly light"; "he could hear the unearthly scream of some curlew piercing the din"- Henry Kingsley charming possessing or using or characteristic of or appropriate to supernatural powers; "charming incantations"; "magic signs that protect against adverse influence"; "a magical spell"; "'tis now the very witching time of night"- Shakespeare; "wizard wands"; "wizardly powers" pleasing or delighting; "endowed with charming manners"; "a charming little cottage"; "a charming personality" marvelous being or having the character of a miracle necromantic given to or produced by or used in the art of conjuring up the dead; "a necromantic sorcerer"; "necromantic delusions"; "necromantic powders and other weird objects" relating to or associated with necromancy; "mysterious necromantic rites" nonnatural existing outside of or not in accordance with nature; "find transcendental motives for sublunary action"-Aldous Huxley talismanic possessing or believed to possess magic power especially protective power; "a talismanic amulet" transmundane existing or extending beyond the physical world; "whatever of transmundane...insight...we may carry"- William James witchlike being or having the character of witchcraft crowning(a) representing a level of the highest possible achievement or attainment; "the crowning accomplishment of his career" eventual(a) expected to follow in the indefinite future from causes already operating; "hope of eventual (or ultimate) rescue"; "if this trend continues it is not reasonable to expect the eventual collapse of the stock market" last-ditch of something done as a final recourse (especially to prevent a crisis or disaster); "a last-ditch attempt" needed necessary for relief or supply; "provided them with all things needful" unnecessary not necessary take-home (of salary or wages) remaining after all deductions including taxes abulic suffering from abulia; showing abnormal inability to act or make decisions delusional suffering from or characterized by delusions disturbed emotionally unstable and having difficulty coping with personal relationships having the place or position changed; "the disturbed books and papers on her desk"; "disturbed grass showed where the horse had passed" megalomaniacal suffering from megalomania monomaniacal obsessed with a single subject or idea nymphomaniacal (used of women) affected with excessive sexual desire obsessional characterized by or constituting an obsession; "the obsessional character of his response"; "obsessive gambling" pathological caused by or evidencing a mentally disturbed condition; "a pathological liar"; "a pathological urge to succeed" of or relating to the practice of pathology; "pathological laboratory" phobic suffering from irrational fears psychosomatic used of illness or symptoms resulting from neurosis schizoid marked by withdrawal and inability to form close relationships of or relating to or characteristic of schizophrenia unneurotic not neurotic; "successful mothers--mothers with unneurotic children"; "he's the most unneurotic person I know" together mentally and emotionally stable; "she's really together" at the same time; "we graduated together" with cooperation and interchange; "we worked together on the project" in contact with each other or in proximity; "the leaves stuck together" assembled in one place; "we were gathered together" in each other's company; "we went to the movies together"; "the family that prays together stays together" nice pleasant or pleasing or agreeable in nature or appearance; "what a nice fellow you are and we all thought you so nasty"- George Meredith; "nice manners"; "a nice dress"; "a nice face"; "a nice day"; "had a nice time at the party"; "the corn and tomatoes are nice today" done with delicacy and skill; "a nice bit of craft"; "a job requiring nice measurements with a micrometer"; "a nice shot" pleasant (of persons) having pleasing manners or behavior; "I didn't enjoy it and probably wasn't a pleasant person to be around" affording pleasure; being in harmony with your taste or likings; "we had a pleasant evening together"; "a pleasant scene"; "pleasant sensations" grotty very unpleasant or offensive; "a grotty little play" nidicolous (of birds) remaining in the nest for a time after hatching nidifugous (of birds) leaving the nest shortly after hatching noble having or showing or indicative of high or elevated character; "a noble spirit"; "noble deeds" of or belonging to or constituting the hereditary aristocracy especially as derived from feudal times; "of noble birth" inert especially toward oxygen; "a noble gas such as helium or neon"; "noble metals include gold and silver and platinum" dignifying investing with dignity or honor; "the dignifying effect of his presence"; "the ennobling influence of cultural surroundings" exalted of high moral or intellectual value; elevated in nature or style; "an exalted ideal"; "argue in terms of high-flown ideals"- Oliver Franks; "a noble and lofty concept"; "a grand purpose" greathearted noble and generous in spirit; "a greathearted general"; "a magnanimous conqueror" ignoble completely lacking nobility in character or quality or purpose; "something cowardly and ignoble in his attitude"; "I think it a less evil that some criminals should escape than that the government should play an ignoble part"- Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr. not of the nobility; "of ignoble (or ungentle) birth"; "untitled civilians" aristocratic belonging to or characteristic of the nobility or aristocracy; "an aristocratic family"; "aristocratic Bostonians"; "aristocratic government"; "a blue family"; "blue blood"; "the blue-blooded aristocracy"; "of gentle blood"; "patrician landholders of the American South"; "aristocratic bearing"; "aristocratic features"; "patrician tastes" coroneted belonging to the peerage; "the princess and her coroneted companions"; "the titled classes" kingly having the rank of or resembling or befitting a king; "symbolizing kingly power"; "the murder of his kingly guest" princely having the rank of or befitting a prince; "a princely bearing"; "princely manner" queenly having the rank of or resembling or befitting a queen; "queenly propriety"; "clad in her queenly raiment"; "Rosetti's queenly portraits of women" lowborn of humble birth or origins; "a topsy-turvy society of lowborn rich and blue-blooded poor" normal conforming with or constituting a norm or standard or level or type or social norm; not abnormal; "serve wine at normal room temperature"; "normal diplomatic relations"; "normal working hours"; "normal word order"; "normal curiosity"; "the normal course of events" being approximately average or within certain limits in e.g. intelligence and development; "a perfectly normal child"; "of normal intelligence"; "the most normal person I've ever met" in accordance with scientific laws forming a right angle median(a) relating to or constituting the middle value of an ordered set of values (or the average of the middle two in a set with an even number of values); "the median value of 17, 20, and 36 is 20"; "the median income for the year was $15,000" modal(a) relating to or constituting the most frequent value in a distribution; "the modal age at which American novelists reach their peak is 30" typical conforming to a type; "the typical (or normal) American"; "typical teenage behavior" exhibiting the qualities or characteristics that identify a group or kind or category; "a typical American girl"; "a typical suburban community"; "the typical car owner drives 10,000 miles a year"; "a painting typical of the Impressionist school"; "a typical romantic poem"; "a typical case of arteritis" anomalous deviating from the general or common order or type; "advanced forms of life may be anomalous in the universe" antidromic conducting nerve impulses in a direction opposite to normal atypical deviating from normal expectations; somewhat odd, strange, or abnormal; "these days large families are atypical"; "atypical clinical findings"; "atypical pneumonia"; "highly irregular behavior" not representative of a group, class, or type; "a class of atypical mosses"; "atypical behavior is not the accepted type of response that we expect from children" brachydactylic having abnormally short finger or toes defective markedly subnormal in structure or function or intelligence or behavior; "defective speech" having a defect; "I returned the appliance because it was defective" freakish characteristic of a freak; "a freakish extra toe" kinky (used of sexual behavior) showing or appealing to bizarre or deviant tastes; "kinky sex"; "perverted practices" supernormal exceeding the normal or average; "years of supernormal employment during the war"; "a phase of supernormal excitability" beyond the range of the normal or scientifically explainable; "supernormal intimations" exceptional(a) deviating widely from a norm of physical or mental ability; used especially of children below normal in intelligence; "special educational provisions for exceptional children" normotensive having normal blood pressure paranormal not in accordance with scientific laws; "what seemed to be paranormal manifestations" parapsychological beyond normal physical explanation psychokinetic moving an object without apparent use of physical means northbound moving toward the north; "the northbound lane"; "we took the north train"; "the northward flow of traffic" north-central situated in the northern part of a centrally located area in some geographical region; "the north-central part of Russia" being in or of a region of the United States generally including states of the upper Mississippi valley and Great Lakes region lying north of the Ohio River and the southern boundaries of Kansas and Missouri and between the western boundary of Pennsylvania and the eastern boundaries of Montana and Wyoming and Colorado northerly coming from the north; used especially of wind; "the north wind doth blow"; "a northern snowstorm"; "the winds are northerly" situated in or oriented toward the north; "the northern suburbs"; "going in a northerly direction" northernmost situated farthest north; "Alaska is our northernmost state" northeasterly coming from the northeast; "northeasterly winds" northeastward toward the northeast in a northeastward direction; "the river flows northeastward to the gulf" northwesterly coming from the northwest; "northwesterly winds" northwestward toward the northwest in a northwestward direction southbound moving toward the south; "a southbound train" south-central situated in the southern part of a centrally located area in some geographical region; "south-central London" being in or of a region of the United States including the states of the lower Mississippi valley and east of the Rio Grande southerly from the south; used especially of wind; "a hot southerly wind"; "southern breezes"; "the winds are southerly" situated in or oriented toward the south; "a southern exposure"; "took a southerly course" from the south; "a wind blew southerly" toward the south; "the ship turned southerly" southernmost situated farthest south; "Key West is the southernmost city in the continental United States" southeasterly coming from the southeast; "southeasterly breezes" southeastward toward the southeast in a southeastward direction; "the river flows southeastward to the gulf" southwesterly coming from the southwest; "the winds are southwesterly" southwestward toward the southwest in a southwestward direction northern situated in or coming from regions of the north; "the northern hemisphere"; "northern autumn colors" in or characteristic of a region of the United States north of (approximately) the Mason-Dixon line; "Northern liberals"; "northern industry"; "northern cities" boreal comprising or throughout far northern regions toward or located in the north; "the boreal signs of the Zodiac" relating to or marked by qualities associated with the north wind septrional of northern regions; from the seven stars (or seven plowing oxen) of Ursa Major southern situated in or coming from regions of the south; "the southern hemisphere"; "southern constellations" in or characteristic of a region of the United States south of (approximately) the Mason-Dixon line; "southern hospitality"; "southern cooking"; "southern plantations" meridional located in the south or characteristic of southern people or places of or relating to a meridian nosed having a nose (either literal or metaphoric) especially of a specified kind hook-nosed having an aquiline nose pug-nosed having a blunt nose; "a pug-nosed boy with freckles"; "a snub-nosed automatic" sharp-nosed having a sharply pointed nose tube-nosed having a tubular nose noseless having no nose noticed being perceived or observed; "an easily noticed effect on the rate of growth" detected perceived with the mind; "he winced at the detected flicker of irony in her voice" perceived or discerned; "the detected micrometeoritic material" unnoticed not noticed; "hoped his departure had passed unnoticed" disregarded not noticed inadvertently; "her aching muscles forgotten she danced all night"; "he was scolded for his forgotten chores" ignored disregarded; "his cries were unheeded"; "Shaw's neglected one-act comedy, `A Village Wooing'"; "her ignored advice" overlooked not taken into account; "his retirement was not allowed to go unmarked" unobserved not seen or observed; "managed to slip away unobserved"; "unseen forces at work" unperceived not perceived or commented on perceived detected by means of the senses; "a perceived difference in temperature" sensed detected by instinct or inference rather than by recognized perceptual cues; "the felt presence of an intruder"; "a sensed presence in the room raised goosebumps on her arms"; "a perceived threat" heard detected or perceived by the sense of hearing; "a conversation heard through the wall" undetected not perceived or discerned; "they feared some undetected trace of poison"; "she looked around to be sure her faux pas was undetected" determined having been learned or found or determined especially by investigation characterized by great determination; "a struggle against a determined enemy" determined or decided upon as by an authority; "date and place are already determined"; "the dictated terms of surrender"; "the time set for the launching" devoting full strength and concentrated attention to; "made continued and determined efforts to find and destroy enemy headquarters" ascertained discovered or determined by scientific observation; "variation in the ascertained flux depends on a number of factors"; "the discovered behavior norms"; "discovered differences in achievement"; "no explanation for the observed phenomena" undetermined not yet having been ascertained or determined; "of undetermined species" noxious injurious to physical or mental health; "noxious chemical wastes"; "noxious ideas" baneful exceedingly harmful vesicatory causing blisters innocuous not injurious to physical or mental health not causing disapproval; "it was an innocuous remark"; "confined himself to innocuous generalities"; "unobjectionable behavior" innoxious having no adverse effect obedient dutifully complying with the commands or instructions of those in authority; "an obedient soldier"; "obedient children"; "a little man obedient to his wife"; "the obedient colonies...are heavily taxed; the refractory remain unburdened"- Edmund Burke acquiescent willing to carry out the orders or wishes of another without protest; "too acquiescent to challenge authority"; "a gentle, biddable soul" conformable quick to comply; "I have been to you a true and humble wife, at all times to your will conformable"-Shakespeare dutiful willingly obedient out of a sense of duty and respect; "a dutiful child"; "a dutiful citizen"; "Patient Griselda was a chaste and duteous wife" Y2K compliant prepared to accurately process date and time data between and into the 20th and 21st centuries disobedient not obeying or complying with commands of those in authority; "disobedient children" unwilling to submit to authority; "unruly teenagers" froward habitually disposed to disobedience and opposition recusant refusing to submit to authority; "the recusant electors...cooperated in electing a new Senate"- Mary W.Williams clinical scientifically detached; unemotional; "he spoke in the clipped clinical monotones typical of police testimony" relating to a clinic or conducted in or as if in a clinic and depending on direct observation of patients; "clinical observation"; "clinical case study" impersonal having no personal preference; "impersonal criticism"; "a neutral observer" not relating to or responsive to individual persons; "an impersonal corporation"; "an impersonal remark" verifiable capable of being verified; "a verifiable account of the incident" subjective taking place within the mind and modified by individual bias; "a subjective judgment" unobjective (of e.g. evidence) not objective or easily verified obligated(p) caused by law or conscience to follow a certain course; "felt obligated to repay the kindness"; "was obligated to pay off the student loan" beholden(p) under a moral obligation to someone duty-bound(p) under a moral obligation to do something indebted(p) owing gratitude or recognition to another for help or favors etc under a legal obligation to someone supposed(p) required or under orders; "I'm supposed to be there at ten"; "he was supposed to go to the store" tributary paying tribute; "a tributary colony" (of a stream) flowing into a larger stream unobligated not obligated unbeholden(p) free of moral obligation obvious easily perceived by the senses or grasped by the mind; "obvious errors" apparent clearly revealed to the mind or the senses or judgment; "the effects of the drought are apparent to anyone who sees the parched fields"; "evident hostility"; "manifest disapproval"; "patent advantages"; "made his meaning plain"; "it is plain that he is no reactionary"; "in plain view"; "a palpable lie" axiomatic evident without proof or argument; "an axiomatic truth"; "we hold these truths to be self-evident" of or relating to or derived from axioms; "axiomatic physics"; "the postulational method was applied to geometry"- S.S.Stevens containing aphorisms or maxims; "axiomatic wisdom" open-and-shut so obvious as to be easily solved or decided; "an open-and-shut case" self-explanatory needing no explanation transparent easily understood or seen through (because of a lack of subtlety); "a transparent explanation"; "a transparent lie" writ large made more obvious or prominent; "the effect of...his irregular life could be seen writ large on his gaunt features" unobvious not immediately apparent; "in mathematical science connections are exhibited which...are extremely unobvious"- A.N.Whitehead unapparent not readily apparent; "the answer was at first unapparent" unprovable not provable; "it was both unproved and unprovable" obstructed shut off to passage or view or hindered from action; "a partially obstructed passageway"; "an obstructed view"; "justice obstructed is not justice" barricaded preventing entry or exit or a course of action; "a barricaded street"; "barred doors"; "the blockaded harbor" blocked completely obstructed or closed off; "the storm was responsible for many blocked roads and bridges"; "the drain was plugged" closed to traffic; "the repaving results in many blocked streets" choked stopped up; clogged up; "clogged pipes"; "clogged up freeways"; "streets choked with traffic" deadlocked at a complete standstill because of opposition of two unrelenting forces or factions; "the chess game ended with white stalemated"; "the two factions are deadlocked over fringe benefits" impeded made difficult or slow; "we blamed our impeded progress on lack of money" stopped (of a nose) blocked; "a stopped (or stopped-up) nose" stuffy affected with a sensation of stoppage or obstruction; "a stuffy feeling in my chest" thrombosed affected with or obstructed by a clot of coagulated blood unobstructed free from impediment or obstruction or hindrance; "an unobstructed view" unimpeded not slowed or prevented; "a time of unimpeded growth"; "an unimpeded sweep of meadows and hills afforded a peaceful setting" unclogged freed of obstructions; "an unclogged drain" relinquished that has been withdrawn or retreated from offensive unpleasant or disgusting especially to the senses; "offensive odors" causing anger or annoyance; "offensive remarks" for the purpose of attack rather than defense; "offensive weapons" violating or tending to violate or offend against; "violative of the principles of liberty"; "considered such depravity offensive against all laws of humanity" abhorrent offensive to the mind; "an abhorrent deed"; "the obscene massacre at Wounded Knee"; "morally repugnant customs"; "repulsive behavior"; "the most repulsive character in recent novels" charnel gruesomely indicative of death or the dead; "a charnel smell came from the chest filled with dead men's bones"; "ghastly shrieks"; "the sepulchral darkness of the catacombs" disgusting highly offensive; arousing aversion or disgust; "a disgusting smell"; "distasteful language"; "a loathsome disease"; "the idea of eating meat is repellent to me"; "revolting food"; "a wicked stench" ghoulish suggesting the horror of death and decay; "morbid details" objectionable causing disapproval or protest; "a vulgar and objectionable person" scrimy dirty and disgusting; "worry about the gossip and secretiveness and other scrimy sides"- Al Hine verminous of the nature of vermin; very offensive or repulsive inoffensive giving no offense; "a quiet inoffensive man"; "a refreshing inoffensive stimulant" not causing anger or annoyance; "inoffensive behavior" unsavory morally offensive; "an unsavory reputation"; "an unsavory scandal" offenseless incapable of offending or attacking antipersonnel designed to inflict death or personal injury rather than material destruction assaultive disposed to attack hit-and-run designed for or consisting of a brief attack followed by a quick escape; "hit-and-run units"; "tip-and-run assaults" incursive involving invasion or aggressive attack; "invasive war" marauding characterized by plundering or pillaging or marauding; "bands of marauding Indians"; "predatory warfare"; "a raiding party" on the offensive(p) actively attacking antisubmarine defensive against enemy submarines antitank designed for defense against armored vehicles defending attempting to or designed to prevent an opponent from winning or scoring en garde (fencing) in a defensive stance offending offending against or breaking a law or rule; "contracts offending against the statute were canceled" sinning transgressing a moral or divine law; "if it be a sin to covet honor, I am the most sinning soul alive"- Shakespeare unoffending not offending; "an unoffending motorist should not have been stopped" apologetic offering or expressing apology; "an apologetic note"; "an apologetic manner" self-deprecating conscious of your own shortcomings unapologetic unwilling to make or express an apology; "an unapologetic believer" authoritative sanctioned by established authority; "an authoritative communique"; "the authorized biography" having authority or ascendancy or influence; "an important official"; "the captain's authoritative manner" of recognized authority or excellence; "the definitive work on Greece" ex officio by virtue of an office or position; "the head of the department serves as an ex officio member of the board" by virtue of position; "the president sat on the committee ex officio" formalized given formal standing or endorsement; made official or legitimate by the observance of proper procedures semiofficial having some official authority or sanction unofficial not having official authority or sanction; "a sort of unofficial mayor"; "an unofficial estimate"; "he participated in an unofficial capacity" not officially established; "the early election returns are unofficial" unsanctioned without explicit official permission; "unsanctioned use of company cars" unconfirmed not finally established or settled; "an unconfirmed letter of credit"; "unconfirmed rumors" deep-rooted (used especially of ideas or principles) deeply rooted; firmly fixed or held; "deep-rooted prejudice"; "deep-seated differences of opinion"; "implanted convictions"; "ingrained habits of a lifetime"; "a deeply planted need" entrenched established firmly and securely; "the entrenched power of the nobility" dug in grooved established as if settled into a groove or rut recognized provided with a secure reputation; "a recognized authority" self-constituted constituted by or established by itself oldline long-established adhering to conservative or reactionary principles; "an oldline senator" unestablished not established; "a reputation as yet unestablished" unconditioned not established by conditioning or learning; "an unconditioned reflex" naive inexperienced marked by or showing unaffected simplicity and lack of guile or worldly experience; "a teenager's naive ignorance of life"; "the naive assumption that things can only get better"; "this naive simple creature with wide friendly eyes so eager to believe appearances" on-site taking place or located at the site; "on-site inspection" on-the-spot(a) at the scene of action; "an on-the-spot reporter"; "on-the-spot inspections"; "an on-the scene newscast" off-site taking place or located away from the site; "an off-site waste treatment operation" offstage situated or taking place in the area of a stage not visible to the audience; "offstage noises" concealed from public view or attention; "offstage political meetings" not in public; "the deal was done offstage" behind the scenes; not on stage; "the actors were waiting offstage" onstage situated or taking place on the area of a stage visible to the audience on the stage; "it was time for her to go onstage" off-street not on the streets; "off-street parking"; "off-street unloading of vehicles" on-street at the sides of streets; "on-street parking is prohibited at rush hour" age-old belonging to or lasting from times long ago; "age-old customs"; "the antique fear that days would dwindle away to complete darkness" auld a Scottish word; "auld lang syne" hoary ancient; "hoary jokes" immemorial(ip) long past; beyond the limits of memory or tradition or recorded history; "time immemorial" long-ago belonging to time long gone; "those long-ago dresses that swished along the floor" longtime(a) having existed or persisted or continued in a particular role or state for a long time; "a longtime friend" patched mended usually clumsily by covering a hole with a patch; "patched jeans" having spots or patches (small areas of contrasting color or texture); "a field patched with ice and snow"; "the wall had a spotty speckled effect"; "a black-and-white spotted cow" secondhand previously used or owned by another; "bought a secondhand (or used) car" derived from what is primary or original; not firsthand; "a secondhand report"; "a secondhand account of a memory of something once read"; "most of our knowledge is secondhand" by indirect means; "I heard about it only secondhand or thirdhand"; "he prefers to buy secondhand" brand-new conspicuously new; "shiny brand-new shoes"; "a spick-and-span novelty" newborn having just or recently arisen or come into existence; "new nations"; "with newborn fears" recently born; "a newborn infant" newfangled (of a new kind or fashion) gratuitously new; "newfangled ideas"; "she buys all these new-fangled machines and never uses them" newfound newly discovered; "his newfound aggressiveness"; "Hudson pointed his ship down the coast of the newfound sea" parvenu of or characteristic of a parvenu recent new; "recent graduates"; "a recent addition to the house"; "recent buds on the apple trees" revolutionary markedly new or introducing radical change; "a revolutionary discovery"; "radical political views" advocating or engaged in revolution; "revolutionary pamphlets"; "a revolutionary junta" relating to or having the nature of a revolution; "revolutionary wars"; "the Revolutionary era" rising newly come into prominence; "a rising young politician" advancing or becoming higher or greater in degree or value or status; "a rising trend"; "a rising market" sunrise(a) of an industry or technology; new and developing; "high-technology sunrise industries" untested not yet proved or subjected to testing; "an untested drug"; "untested theory"; "an untried procedure" unused not yet put into use; "we bought an unused car for a change" aged(a) having attained a specific age; (`aged' is pronounced as one syllable); "aged ten"; "ten years of age" anile of or like a feeble old woman doddering mentally or physically infirm with age; "his mother was doddering and frail" middle-aged being roughly between 45 and 65 years old oldish somewhat elderly venerable impressive by reason of age; "a venerable sage with white hair and beard" one-year-old one year of age two-year-old two years of age three-year-old three years of age four-year-old four years of age five-year-old five years of age infantile being or befitting or characteristic of an infant; "infantile games" of or relating to infants or infancy; "infantile paralysis" boyish befitting or characteristic of a young boy; "a boyish grin"; "schoolboyish pranks" childlike befitting a young child; "childlike charm" exhibiting childlike simplicity and credulity; "childlike trust"; "dewy-eyed innocence"; "listened in round-eyed wonder" girlish befitting or characteristic of a young girl; "girlish charm"; "a dress too schoolgirlish for office wear" puppyish characteristic of a puppy youngish somewhat young youthful suggestive of youth; vigorous and fresh; "he is young for his age" one-piece (of clothing) consisting of or fashioned in a single whole piece; "a one-piece garment" three-piece (of clothing) made in or consisting of three parts or pieces; "the standard three-piece business suit; jacket and trousers and vest" on-line connected to a computer network or accessible by computer; "an on-line database" on a regular route of a railroad or bus or airline system; "on-line industries" machine-accessible stored in, controlled by, or in direct communication with a central computer off-line not connected to a computer network; "off-line resources" not on a regular route of a transportation system; "an off-line ticket office" on in operation or operational; "left the oven on"; "the switch is in the on position" (of events) planned or scheduled; "the picnic is on, rain or shine"; "we have nothing on for Friday night" indicates continuity or persistence or concentration; "his spirit lives on"; "shall I read on?" in a state required for something to function or be effective; "turn the lights on"; "get a load on" disconnected not plugged in or connected to a power source; "the iron is disconnected" having been divided; having the unity destroyed; "Congress...gave the impression of...a confusing sum of disconnected local forces"-Samuel Lubell; "a league of disunited nations"- E.B.White; "a fragmented coalition"; "a split group" onside not offside; being within the prescribed area of play ajar(p) slightly open; "the door was ajar" shut not open; "the door slammed shut" opened made open or clear; "the newly opened road" unstoppered (of a container) having the stopper removed; "whiskey spilled from the unstoppered bottle" yawning gaping open as if threatening to engulf someone or something; "the yawning mine shaft"; "a yawning abyss" with the mouth wide open indicating boredom or sleepiness; "a yawning congregation" closed not open or affording passage or access; "the many closed streets made travel difficult"; "our neighbors peeped from behind closed curtains" used especially of mouth or eyes; "he sat quietly with closed eyes"; "his eyes were shut against the sunlight" blocked against entry; "a closed porch" (set theory) of an interval that contains both its endpoints not having an open mind; "a closed mind unreceptive to new ideas" not open to the general public; "a closed meeting" with shutters closed drawn having the curtains or draperies closed or pulled shut; "the drawn draperies kept direct sunlight from fading the rug" stoppered (of a container) having a stopper in the opening; "the tightly stoppered bottles" nonopening not open; not opening agape(p) with the mouth wide open as in wonder or awe; "the gaping audience"; "we stood there agape with wonder"; "with mouth agape" agaze (used of eyes) open and fixed as if in fear or wonder; "staring eyes" wide-eyed (used of eyes) fully open or extended; "stared with wide eyes" blinking closing the eyes intermittently and rapidly; "he stood blinking in the bright sunlight" squinched having eyes half closed in order to see better; "squinched eyes" spaced arranged with spaces between; often used as a combining form; "widely spaced eyes" double-spaced (of type or print) having a blank line between lines of type; "manuscripts must be double-spaced" single-spaced (of type or print) not having a blank space between lines; "business letters are usually single-spaced" unspaced arranged without spaces between enclosed closed in or surrounded or included within; "an enclosed porch"; "an enclosed yard"; "the enclosed check is to cover shipping and handling" basined enclosed in a basin besieged surrounded by hostile forces; "the besieged town" capsulate used of seeds or spores that are enclosed in a capsule clathrate designating or relating to a compound in which one component is physically enclosed within the crystal structure of another coarctate (of an insect pupa) enclosed in a rigid case fencelike resembling a fence included enclosed in the same envelope or package; "the included check" self-enclosed of self-imposed enclosure or confinement; "a self-enclosed Jewish cosmos" surrounded confined on all sides; "a camp surrounded by enemies"; "the encircled pioneers" unenclosed not closed in our surrounded or included; "an unenclosed porch"; "unenclosed common land" hypaethral partly or entirely open to the sky unfenced not enclosed by a fence tanned converted to leather by a tanning agent untanned not converted to leather by a tanning agent; "a whip made of untanned hide" tapped in a condition for letting out liquid drawn out as by piercing or drawing a plug; "latex from tapped rubber trees" abroach of a cask or barrel; "the cask was set abroach" nonoperational (military) not involved in military operations opportune suitable or at a time that is suitable or advantageous especially for a particular purpose; "an opportune place to make camp"; "an opportune arrival"; "an opportune time to receive guests" timely done or happening at the appropriate or proper time; "a timely warning"; "with timely treatment the patient has a good chance of recovery"; "a seasonable time for discussion"; "the book's publication was well timed" before a time limit expires; "the timely filing of his income tax return" inopportune not opportune; "arrived at a most inopportune hour"; "an inopportune visit" ill-timed badly timed; "an ill-timed intervention"; "you think my intrusion unseasonable"; "an untimely remark"; "it was the wrong moment for a joke" opposable capable of being placed opposite to something; "the thumb is opposable to the forefinger" unopposable not opposable opposed being in opposition or having an opponent; "two bitterly opposed schools of thought" conflicting on bad terms; "they were usually at odds over politics"; "conflicting opinions" unopposed not having opposition or an opponent; "unopposed military forces"; "the candidate was unopposed" opposite of leaves etc; growing in pairs on either side of a stem; "opposite leaves" altogether different in nature or quality or significance; "the medicine's effect was opposite to that intended"; "it is said that opposite characters make a union happiest"- Charles Reade the other one of a complementary pair; "the opposite sex"; "the two chess kings are set up on squares of opposite colors" being directly across from each other; facing; "And I on the opposite shore will be, ready to ride and spread the alarm"- Longfellow; "we lived on opposite sides of the street"; "at opposite poles" moving or facing away from each other; "looking in opposite directions"; "they went in opposite directions" optimistic expecting the best in this best of all possible worlds; "in an optimistic mood"; "optimistic plans"; "took an optimistic view" bullish expecting a rise in prices starry-eyed unrealistically or naively optimistic; "a starry-eyed reformer"; "starry-eyed idealism" pessimistic expecting the worst possible outcome bearish expecting prices to fall demoralized made less hopeful or enthusiastic; "desperate demoralized people looking for work"; "felt discouraged by the magnitude of the problem"; "the disheartened instructor tried vainly to arouse their interest" aboral opposite to or away from the mouth; "the aboral surface of a starfish" actinal (of radiate organisms) located on the surface or end on which the mouth is situated abactinal (of radiate animals) located on the surface or end opposite to that on which the mouth is situated disorderly undisciplined and unruly; "disorderly youths"; "disorderly conduct" in utter disorder; "a disorderly pile of clothes" mobbish characteristic of a mob; disorderly or lawless; "fanned mounting tension into mobbish terrorizing"; "moblike mentality" rough-and-tumble characterized by disorderly action and disregard for rules; "a rough-and-tumble fight"; "rough-and-tumble politics"; "undisguised bare-knuckle capitalism" ordered having a systematic arrangement; especially having elements succeeding in order according to rule; "an ordered sequence" consecutive in regular succession without gaps; "serial concerts" in a consecutive manner; "we numbered the papers consecutively" disordered not arranged in order organized methodical and efficient in arrangement or function; "how well organized she is"; "his life was almost too organized" formed into a structured or coherent whole, particularly on a large scale; "organized medicine" being a member of or formed into a labor union; "organized labor"; "unionized workers"; "a unionized shop" methodical characterized by method and orderliness; "a methodical scholar" well-conducted characterized by good organization and control; "a well-conducted meeting" disorganized lacking order or methodical arrangement or function; "a disorganized enterprise"; "a thousand pages of muddy and disorganized prose"; "she was too disorganized to be an agreeable roommate" chaotic lacking a visible order or organization completely unordered and unpredictable and confusing of or relating to a sensitive dependence on initial conditions fucked-up snarled or stalled in complete confusion; "situation normal--all fucked-up" scrambled thrown together in a disorderly fashion; "a scrambled plan of action" unmethodical not efficient or methodical; "the project failed through unmethodical planning" configured organized so as to give configuration to; "a magnet is surrounded by a configured field" corporate organized and maintained as a legal corporation; "a special agency set up in corporate form"; "an incorporated town" done by or characteristic of individuals acting together; "a joint identity"; "the collective mind"; "the corporate good" of or belonging to a corporation; "corporate rates"; "corporate structure" re-formed formed again or anew; "the re-formed scout troop has been very active" reorganized organized again; "a reorganized business" unorganized not having or belonging to a structured whole; "unorganized territories lack a formal government" not affiliated in a trade union; "the workers in the plant were unorganized" unformed not formed or organized; "an as yet unformed government" not having form or shape; "unformed clay" unincorporated not organized and maintained as a legal corporation structured having definite and highly organized structure; "a structured environment" unstructured lacking definite structure or organization; "an unstructured situation with no one in authority"; "a neighborhood gang with a relatively unstructured system"; "children in an unstructured environment often feel insecure"; "unstructured inkblots" unregulated without regulation or discipline; "an unregulated environment" not regulated; not subject to rule or discipline; "unregulated off-shore fishing" banausic (formal) ordinary and not refined; "he felt contempt for all banausic occupations" characterless lacking distinct or individual characteristics; dull and uninteresting; "women dressed in nondescript clothes"; "a nondescript novel" cut-and-dried according to ordinary expectations run-of-the-mill not special in any way; lacking distinction; "run-of-the-mill boxing"; "your run-of-the-mine college graduate"; "a unexceptional an incident as can be found in a lawyer's career" bonzer remarkable or wonderful exceeding far beyond what is usual in magnitude or degree; "a night of exceeding darkness"; "an exceptional memory"; "olympian efforts to save the city from bankruptcy"; "the young Mozart's prodigious talents" extraordinaire(ip) extraordinary in a particular capacity; "a woodworker extraordinaire"; "a self-starter extraordinaire" fantastic extraordinarily good or great; used especially as intensifiers; "a fantastic trip to the Orient"; "the film was fantastic!"; "a howling success"; "a marvelous collection of rare books"; "had a rattling conversation about politics"; "a tremendous achievement" extravagantly fanciful in design, construction, appearance; "Gaudi's fantastic architecture" existing in fancy only; "fantastic figures with bulbous heads the circumference of a bushel"- Nathaniel Hawthorne fanciful and unrealistic; foolish; "a fantastic idea of his own importance" phenomenal exceedingly or unbelievably great; "the bomb did fantastic damage"; "Samson is supposed to have had fantastic strength"; "phenomenal feats of memory" of or relating to a phenomenon; "phenomenal science" frightful extreme in degree or extent or amount or impact; "in a frightful hurry"; "spent a frightful amount of money" preternatural surpassing the ordinary or normal; "Beyond his preternatural affability there is some acid and some steel" - George Will; "his uncanny sense of direction" pyrotechnic suggestive of fireworks; "pyrotechnic keyboard virtuosity"; "a pyrotechnic wit" of or relating to the craft of making fireworks; "pyrotechnic smokes" remarkable unusual or striking; "a remarkable sight"; "such poise is singular in one so young" some remarkable; "that was some party"; "she is some skier" wonderworking performing or able to perform wonders or miracles inorganic relating or belonging to the class of compounds not having a carbon basis; "hydrochloric and sulfuric acids are called inorganic substances" lacking the properties characteristic of living organisms nonsynthetic involving or derived from living organisms; free from chemical treatments or additives; "organic gardening is more natural"; "nonsynthetic fertilizer" holistic emphasizing the organic or functional relation between parts and the whole atomistic divided into separate and often disparate elements laid set down according to a plan; "a carefully laid table with places set for four people"; "stones laid in a pattern" placed put in position in relation to other things; "end tables placed conveniently" disarranged having the arrangement disturbed; not in order; "her disarranged hair" disarrayed in disarray; "disarrayed bedclothes" misplaced put in the wrong place or position; "She was penalized for a spelling mistake or a misplaced accent" oriented adjusted or located in relation to surroundings or circumstances; sometimes used in combination; "the house had its large windows oriented toward the ocean view"; "helping freshmen become oriented to college life"; "the book is value-oriented throughout" homeward oriented toward home; "in a homeward direction"; "homeward-bound commuters" toward home; "fought his way homeward through the deep snow" minded (used in combination) mentally oriented toward something specified; "civic-minded"; "career-minded" unoriented not having position or goal definitely set or ascertained; "engaged in unoriented study"; "unoriented until she looked at the map" orienting positioning with respect to a reference system or determining your bearings physically or intellectually; "noticed the bee's momentary orienting pause before heading back to the hive"; "an orienting program for new employees" aligning causing to fall into line or into position dimensioning indicating or determining size and position in space; "the ultrasonic dimensioning measurement"; "an ultrasonic dimensioning arrangement of the heart" familiarizing serving to make familiar homing orienting or directing homeward or to a destination; "the homing instinct"; "a homing beacon" disorienting causing loss of physical or intellectual bearings; "making so many turns to the right and then the left was completely disorienting"; "a sharp blow to the head can be disorienting" estranging making one feel out of place or alienated; "the landscape was estranging" freehand done by hand without mechanical aids or devices; "a freehand drawing" germinal containing seeds of later development; "seminal ideas of one discipline can influence the growth of another" innovative being or producing something like nothing done or experienced or created before; "stylistically innovative works"; "innovative members of the artistic community"; "a mind so innovational, so original" underivative not derivative or imitative; "a natural underivative poet" unoriginal not original; not being or productive of something fresh and unusual; "the manuscript contained unoriginal emendations"; "his life had been unoriginal, conforming completely to the given pattern"- Gwethalyn Graham banal repeated too often; overfamiliar through overuse; "bromidic sermons"; "his remarks were trite and commonplace"; "hackneyed phrases"; "a stock answer"; "repeating threadbare jokes"; "parroting some timeworn axiom"; "the trite metaphor `hard as nails'" bromidic dull and tiresome but with pretensions of significance or originality; "bromidic sermons" given to uttering bromides cliched repeated regularly without thought or originality; "ready-made phrases" orthodox adhering to what is commonly accepted; "an orthodox view of the world" antiheretical opposed to heresy canonic conforming to orthodox or recognized rules; "the drinking of cocktails was as canonical a rite as the mixing"- Sinclair Lewis of or relating to or required by canon law appearing in a biblical canon; "a canonical book of the Christian New Testament" conforming adhering to established customs or doctrines (especially in religion) unreformed unaffected by the Reformation unorthodox breaking with convention or tradition; "an unorthodox lifestyle" dissident characterized by departure from accepted beliefs or standards nonconforming not conforming to established customs or doctrines especially in religion Reformed of or relating to the body of Protestant Christianity arising during the Reformation; used of some Protestant churches especially Calvinist as distinct from Lutheran; "Dutch Reformed theology" outdoor(a) located, suited for, or taking place in the open air; "outdoor clothes"; "badminton and other outdoor games"; "a beautiful outdoor setting for the wedding" alfresco in the open air; "an alfresco lunch"; "an open-air theater" outdoorsy characteristic of or suitable to outdoor life; "a rugged outdoorsy life" indoor(a) located, suited for, or taking place within a building; "indoor activities for a rainy day"; "an indoor pool" after-school(a) outside regular school hours; "a special after-school class" extracurricular outside the regular duties of your job or profession outside the regular academic curriculum; "sports and drama are popular extracurricular activities" right(a) (of the side of cloth or clothing) facing or intended to face outward; "the right side of the cloth showed the pattern"; "be sure your shirt is right side out" intended for the right hand; "a right-hand glove" covered overlaid or spread or topped with or enclosed within something; sometimes used as a combining form; "women with covered faces"; "covered wagons"; "a covered balcony" ariled (of some seeds) having a fleshy and usually brightly colored cover awninged covered with an awning; "with awninged windows on the west side" beaded covered with beads of liquid; "a face beaded with sweat" blanketed covered with (or as if with) a blanket canopied covered with or as with a canopy; "a canopied bed"; "streets canopied by stately trees" cloaked covered with or as if with clothes or a wrap or cloak; "leaf-clothed trees"; "fog-cloaked meadows"; "a beam draped with cobwebs"; "cloud-wrapped peaks" having its true character concealed with the intent of misleading; "hidden agenda"; "masked threat" crusted having a hardened crust as a covering dabbled covered with bright patches (often used in combination); "waves dabbled with moonlight"; "a blood-spattered room"; "gardens splashed with color"; "kitchen walls splattered with grease" drenched abundantly covered or supplied with; often used in combination; "drenched in moonlight"; "moon-drenched meadows" dusty covered with a layer of dust; "a dusty pile of books" moon-splashed splashed or covered patchily with moonlight; "the moon-splashed world" moss-grown overgrown with moss mud-beplastered covered with or as if with mud; "mud-beplastered arguments" muffled wrapped up especially for protection or secrecy; "children muffled almost to the eyebrows" peritrichous covered all over with uniformly distributed flagella plastered (of walls) covered with a coat of plaster (of hair) made smooth by applying a sticky or glossy substance; "black hair plastered with pomade" overgrown covered with growing plants abounding in usually unwanted vegetation sealed covered with a waterproof coating; "a sealed driveway" having been paved determined irrevocably; "his fate is sealed" closed or secured with or as if with a seal; "my lips are sealed"; "the package is still sealed"; "the premises are sealed" established irrevocably; "his fate is sealed" undisclosed for the time being; "sealed orders"; "a sealed move in chess" snow-clad covered with snow; "snow-clad hills"; "snow-covered roads"; "a long snowy winter" splashy covered with patches of bright color characterized by water flying about haphazardly sun-drenched covered with sunlight; "sun-drenched beaches along the Riviera" thickspread covered thickly; "toast thickspread with jam" tiled covered or furnished with tiles; "baths with tiled walls"; "a tiled kitchen" naked lacking any cover; "naked branches of the trees"; "lie on the naked rock" devoid of elaboration or diminution or concealment; bare and pure; "naked ambition"; "raw fury"; "you may kill someone someday with your raw power" having no protecting or concealing cover; "naked to mine enemies"- Shakespeare (of the eye or ear e.g.) without the aid of an optical or acoustical device or instrument; "visible to the naked eye" undraped lacking drapery or draperies; "undraped windows" stripped of drapery; "the undraped statue" unroofed having no roof; "an unroofed shed" black-coated coated with black oily coated or covered with oil; "oily puddles in the streets" uncoated not having a coating; "uncoated paper" roofed covered with a roof; having a roof as specified (often used in combination); "roofed picnic areas"; "a slate-roofed house"; "palmleaf-roofed huts" roofless not having a roof; "the hurricane left hundreds of house roofless" leafy having or covered with leaves; "leafy trees"; "leafy vegetables" bifoliate having two leaves bowery like a bower; leafy and shady; "a bowery lane" curly-leaved having curly leaves fan-leaved having fan-shaped leaves fine-leaved having fine leaves foliaceous bearing numerous leaves of or pertaining to or resembling the leaf of a plant foliolate (often used as a combining form) having leaflets (compound leaves) or a specified kind or number of leaflets; "`foliolate' is combined with the prefix `bi' to form the word `bifoliolate'" grassy-leaved having leaves that resemble grass ivied overgrown with ivy; "Harvard's ivied buildings" large-leaved having relatively large leaves leafed having leaves or leaves as specified; often used in combination; "a fully leafed tree"; "broad-leafed"; "four-leaved clover" leaflike resembling a leaf leather-leaved having leathery leaves petallike resembling a petal pinnate-leaved having pinnate leaves prickly-leaved having prickly leaves silky-leaved having glossy leaves silver-leaved having silvery leaves spiny-leaved having spiny leaves two-leaved having two leaves unifoliate having a single leaf leafless having no leaves aphyllous having no leaves scapose resembling or consisting of a scape; having a bare leafless stalk growing directly from the ground; "tulips are scapose flowers"; "a scapose stalk"; "a scapose column"; "the scapose portion of a feather" lipped having a lip or lips; "a lipped bowl"; "a virgin purest lipped"- John Keats bilabiate having two lips; "the corolla of a snapdragon is bilabiate" labiate having lips or parts that resemble lips thick-lipped having thick lips three-lipped having three lips lipless without a lip or lips overt open and observable; not secret or hidden; "an overt lie"; "overt hostility"; "overt intelligence gathering"; "open ballots" undisguised plain to see; "undisguised curiosity" visible obvious to the eye; "a visible change of expression" capable of being seen; or open to easy view; "a visible object"; "visible stars"; "mountains visible in the distance"; "a visible change of expression"; "visible files" backstair secret and sly or sordid; "backstairs gossip"; "his low backstairs cunning"- A.L.Guerard; "backstairs intimacies"; "furtive behavior" clandestine conducted with or marked by hidden aims or methods; "clandestine intelligence operations"; "cloak-and-dagger activities behind enemy lines"; "hole-and-corner intrigue"; "secret missions"; "a secret agent"; "secret sales of arms"; "surreptitious mobilization of troops"; "an undercover investigation"; "underground resistance" collusive acting together in secret toward a fraudulent or illegal end sub-rosa designed and carried out secretly or confidentially; "a sub-rosa report"; "has their under-the-table backing" subterranean lying beyond what is openly revealed or avowed (especially being kept in the background or deliberately concealed); "subterranean motives for murder"; "looked too closely for an ulterior purpose in all knowledge"- Bertrand Russell being or operating under the surface of the earth; "subterranean passages"; "a subsurface flow of water" under wraps(p) kept secret; "the plan was kept carefully under wraps" undisclosed not made known paid marked by the reception of pay; "paid work"; "a paid official"; "a paid announcement"; "a paid check" cashed for which money has been paid; "a cashed check" compensable for which money is paid; "a paying job"; "remunerative work"; "salaried employment"; "stipendiary services" compensated receiving or eligible for compensation; "salaried workers"; "a stipendiary magistrate" mercenary(a) serving for wages in a foreign army; "mercenary killers" paid-up paid in advance; "paid-up insurance"; "paid-up members" post-free postpaid having the postage paid by the sender; "I will send it post-paid" postpaid used especially of mail; paid in advance reply-paid with cost of reply prepaid by sender; "reply-paid postcard"; "reply-paid envelope" square(p) leaving no balance; "my account with you is now all square" unpaid not paid; "unpaid wages"; "an unpaid bill" without payment; "the soup kitchen was run primarily by unpaid helpers"; "a volunteer fire department" buckshee free of charge; "if they deposit these shares in the scheme they will get further buckshee shares on a one-for-one basis"- Economist non-paying paying nothing; "non-paying guests"; "non-paying bidders on eBay" pro bono done for the public good without compensation rent-free complimentary; without payment of rent; "with the job came a rent-free apartment" without paying rent; "I can live here rent-free" uncompensated not paying a salary; "an uncompensated federal post" painful causing physical or psychological pain; "worked with painful slowness" aching causing a dull and steady pain; "my aching head"; "her old achy joints" agonized expressing pain or agony; "agonized screams" agonizing extremely painful biting causing a sharply painful or stinging sensation; used especially of cold; "bitter cold"; "a biting wind" chafed painful from having the skin abraded poignant keenly distressing to the mind or feelings; "poignant anxiety" itchy causing an irritating cutaneous sensation; being affect with an itch; "he had an itchy toe from the mosquito bite" racking causing great physical or mental suffering; "a wrenching pain" saddle-sore (of a rider) sore after riding a horse traumatic psychologically painful; "few experiences are more traumatic than losing a child" of or relating to a physical injury or wound to the body pain-free not accompanied by pain sensations; "pain-free surgery" whitewashed coated with whitewash; "miles of whitewashed fences" unpainted not having a coat of paint or badly in need of a fresh coat; "an unpainted house"; "unpainted furniture" not having makeup on; "her sweet unpainted face" unoiled not having oil rubbed into the surface in need of oil treatment; "dusty unoiled roads"; "a dull unoiled table" rouged marked by the use of various kinds of red makeup; "freshly rouged lips"; "rouged cheeks" unrouged not wearing rouge; "unrouged lips" delineated represented accurately or precisely depicted represented graphically by sketch or design or lines described represented in words especially with sharpness and detail; "the vividly described wars" diagrammatic shown or represented by diagrams undelineated not represented accurately or precisely undepicted not pictured undrawn not represented in a drawing paintable lending itself to being painted; "a highly paintable landscape"; "made of sturdy eminently paintable wood" unpaintable not paintable especially not suitable for artistic representation on canvas; "the inexpressible, unpaintable `tick' in the unconscious" palatable acceptable to the taste or mind; "palatable food"; "a palatable solution to the problem" unpalatable not pleasant or acceptable to the taste or mind; "an unpalatable meal"; "unpalatable truths"; "unpalatable behavior" distasteful not pleasing in odor or taste impalpable imperceptible to the senses or the mind; "an impalpable cloud"; "impalpable shadows"; "impalpable distinctions"; "as impalpable as a dream" not perceptible to the touch; "an impalpable pulse" antiparallel (especially of vectors) parallel but oppositely directed; "antiparallel vectors" nonconvergent (of lines, planes, or surfaces) never meeting or crossing catacorner slanted across a polygon on a diagonal line; "set off in a catty-corner direction across the vacant lot" crabwise (of movement) at an angle nonparallel (of e.g. lines or paths) not parallel; converging oblique-angled having oblique angles orthogonal having a set of mutually perpendicular axes; meeting at right angles; "wind and sea may displace the ship's center of gravity along three orthogonal axes"; "a rectangular Cartesian coordinate system" statistically unrelated pardonable admitting of being pardoned excusable easily excused or forgiven; "a venial error" capable of being overlooked expiable capable of being atoned for unpardonable not admitting of pardon; "unpardonable behavior" inexcusable not excusable without excuse or justification inexpiable incapable of being atoned for justifiable capable of being justified indefensible incapable of being justified or explained (of theories etc) incapable of being defended or justified not able to be protected against attack parental relating to or characteristic of or befitting a parent; "parental guidance" designating the generation of organisms from which hybrid offspring are produced filial relating to or characteristic of or befitting an offspring; "filial respect" designating the generation or the sequence of generations following the parental generation daughterly befitting a daughter; "daughterly affection" biased favoring one person or side over another; "a biased account of the trial"; "a decision that was partial to the defendant" impartial showing lack of favoritism; "the cold neutrality of an impartial judge" disinterested unaffected by self-interest dispassionate unaffected by strong emotion or prejudice; "a journalist should be a dispassionate reporter of fact" nonparticulate not composed of distinct particles passable able to be passed or traversed or crossed; "the road is passable" navigable able to be sailed on or through safely; "navigable waters"; "a navigable channel" surmountable capable of being surmounted capable of being surmounted or overcome; "situations of measurable and surmountable danger" traversable capable of being traversed; "highway crews soon had the roads travelable" impassable incapable of being passed unsurmountable incapable of being surmounted or climbed unnavigable incapable of being navigated untraversable incapable of being traversed passionate having or expressing strong emotions demon-ridden as if possessed by demons lustful vigorously passionate passionless not passionate; "passionless observation of human nature" platonic free from physical desire; "platonic love" unimpassioned free from emotional appeal; marked by reasonableness; "answered with an unimpassioned defense"; "the unimpassioned intellect" ago gone by; or in the past; "two years ago"; "`agone' is an archaic word for `ago'" in the past; "long ago"; "sixty years ago my grandfather came to the U.S." chivalric characteristic of the time of chivalry and knighthood in the Middle Ages; "chivalric rites"; "the knightly years" early(a) belonging to the distant past; "the early inhabitants of Europe"; "former generations"; "in other times" erstwhile(a) belonging to some prior time; "erstwhile friend"; "our former glory"; "the once capital of the state"; "her quondam lover" last(a) immediately past; "last Thursday"; "the last chapter we read" olden relating to time long past; "olden days" other(a) recently past; "the other evening" then(a) at a specific prior time; "the then president" ultimo in or of the month preceding the present one; "your letter received on the 29th ult" present(a) temporal sense; intermediate between past and future; now existing or happening or in consideration; "the present leader"; "articles for present use"; "the present topic"; "the present system"; "present observations" existing presently existing; "the existing system" existing in something specified; "depletion of the oxygen existing in the bloodstream" instant in or of the present month; "your letter of the 10th inst" latter-day belonging to the present or recent times; "the latter-day problems of our society" approaching of the relatively near future; "the approaching election"; "this coming Thursday"; "the forthcoming holidays"; "the upcoming spring fashions" future-day yet to come; "a future-day Gibbon of Macaulay" emerging coming to maturity; "the rising generation" in store(p) in readiness; awaiting; "gave us a hint of the excitement that was in store for us" proximo in or of the next month after the present; "scheduled for the 6th prox" born brought into existence; "he was a child born of adultery" unborn not yet brought into existence; "unborn generations" unhatched not yet emerged from an egg parented having a parent or parents or cared for by parent surrogates unparented having no parent or parents or not cared for by parent surrogates orphaned deprived of parents by death or desertion motherless having no living or known mother paternal characteristic of a father belonging to or inherited from one's father; "spent his childhood on the paternal farm"; "paternal traits" fatherly like or befitting a father or fatherhood; kind and protective paternalistic benevolent but sometimes intrusive maternal characteristic of a mother; "warm maternal affection for her guest"- Dorothy Sayers relating to or derived from one's mother; "maternal genes" maternalistic showing maternal instincts motherlike suggestive of or acting like a mother motherly befitting a mother; warm and nurturing wifely befitting or characteristic of a wife enduring patiently bearing continual wrongs or trouble; "an enduring disposition"; "a long-suffering and uncomplaining wife" forbearing showing patient and unruffled self-control and restraint under adversity; slow to retaliate or express resentment; "seemly and forbearing...yet strong enough to resist aggression"; "was longanimous in the face of suffering" tolerant showing the capacity for endurance; "injustice can make us tolerant and forgiving"; "a man patient of distractions" able to tolerate environmental conditions or physiological stress; "the plant is tolerant of saltwater"; "these fish are quite tolerant as long as extremes of pH are avoided"; "the new hybrid is more resistant to drought" showing respect for the rights or opinions or practices of others impatient restless or short-tempered under delay or opposition; "impatient with the slower students"; "impatient of criticism" restive impatient especially under restriction or delay; "the government has done nothing to ease restrictions and manufacturers are growing restive" unforbearing unwilling to endure; "she was unforbearing with the slower students" patriarchal characteristic of a form of social organization in which the male is the family head and title is traced through the male line relating to or characteristic of a man who is older or higher in rank patriarchic (of societies) being ruled by or having descent traced through the male line patricentric centered upon the father matriarchal characteristic of a matriarchy matriarchic (of societies or families) having a female as the family head or having descent traced through the female line matricentric centered upon the mother patronized having patronage or clients; "street full of flourishing well-patronized shops" unpatronized having little patronage or few clients; "a restaurant unpatronized by the elite" briefless (of lawyers or barristers) lacking clients packaged enclosed in a package or protective covering; "packaged cereals" prepackaged prepared and wrapped beforehand and ready for sale; "prepackaged foods" unpackaged not packaged or put into packets; "unpackaged nuts" paved covered with a firm surface made-up having been paved unpaved not having a paved surface caliche-topped covered with caliche, a hard calcium-carbonate encrusted soil patriotic inspired by love for your country chauvinistic fanatically patriotic of or relating to persons convinced of the superiority of their own gender or kind unpatriotic showing lack of love for your country un-American considered contrary to the best interests of the United States peaceful not disturbed by strife or turmoil or war; "a peaceful nation"; "peaceful times"; "a far from peaceful Christmas"; "peaceful sleep" irenic conducive to peace; "irenic without being namby-pamby"; "an irenic attitude toward former antagonists" nonbelligerent not directly at war; "nonbelligerent nations" pacifist(a) opposed to war peaceable inclined or disposed to peace; "they met in a peaceable spirit"; "peace-loving citizens" unpeaceful not peaceful; "unpeaceful times"; "an unpeaceful marriage" belligerent engaged in war; "belligerent (or warring) nations" unpeaceable not disposed to peace contrite feeling or expressing pain or sorrow for sins or offenses penitential showing or constituting penance; "penitential tears"; "wrote a penitential letter apologizing for her hasty words" impenitent not penitent or remorseful impervious to moral persuasion perceptive having the ability to perceive or understand; keen in discernment; "a perceptive eye"; "a perceptive observation" of or relating to perception; "perceptive faculties" apperceptive able to relate new percepts to past experience insightful exhibiting insight or clear and deep perception; "an insightful parent"; "the chapter is insightful and suggestive of new perspectives"-R.C.Angell quick-sighted keenly perceptive or alert; "quick-sighted into the faults of the time"- Leonard Bacon subtle able to make fine distinctions; "a subtle mind" unobservant not consciously observing; "looked through him with blank unseeing eyes" perceptible capable of being perceived by the mind or senses; "a perceptible limp"; "easily perceptible sounds"; "perceptible changes in behavior"; "a perceptible sense of expectation in the court" perceivable capable of being perceived especially by sight or hearing; "perceivable through the mist" imperceptible impossible or difficult to perceive by the mind or senses; "an imperceptible drop in temperature"; "an imperceptible nod"; "color is unperceivable to the touch" incognizable incapable of being perceived or known subliminal below the threshold of conscious perception unobservable not accessible to direct observation errorless free from error; "an errorless baseball game" faultless without fault or error; "faultless logic"; "speaks impeccable French"; "timing and technique were immaculate"; "an immaculate record" flawless without a flaw; "a flawless gemstone" idealized exalted to an ideal perfection or excellence idyllic excellent and delightful in all respects; "an idyllic spot for a picnic" suggestive of an idyll; charmingly simple and serene; "his idyllic life in Tahiti" mint(a) as if new; "in mint condition" perfectible capable of becoming or being made perfect pluperfect more than perfect; "he spoke with pluperfect precision" imperfect not perfect; defective or inadequate; "had only an imperfect understanding of his responsibilities"; "imperfect mortals"; "drainage here is imperfect" imperfectible capable of being made imperfect biodegradable capable of being decomposed by e.g. bacteria; "a biodegradable detergent" decayable liable to decay or spoil or become putrid imperishable not perishable imputrescible not subject to decay permanent continuing or enduring without marked change in status or condition or place; "permanent secretary to the president"; "permanent address"; "literature of permanent value" not capable of being reversed or returned to the original condition; "permanent brain damage" abiding lasting a long time; "an abiding belief"; "imperishable truths" ageless continuing forever or indefinitely; "the ageless themes of love and revenge"; "eternal truths"; "life everlasting"; "hell's perpetual fires"; "the unending bliss of heaven" indissoluble used of decisions and contracts acting(a) serving temporarily especially as a substitute; "the acting president" ephemeral lasting a very short time; "the ephemeral joys of childhood"; "a passing fancy"; "youth's transient beauty"; "love is transitory but it is eternal"; "fugacious blossoms" episodic limited in duration to a single episode; "an account concerned primarily with episodic events such as the succession of rulers" occurring or appearing at usually irregular intervals; "episodic in his affections"; "occasional headaches" of writing or narration; divided into or composed of episodes; "the book is episodic and the incidents don't always hang together" evanescent tending to vanish like vapor; "evanescent beauty" improvised done or made using whatever is available; "crossed the river on improvised bridges"; "the survivors used jury-rigged fishing gear"; "the rock served as a makeshift hammer" pro tem for the time being; "he is the president pro tem"; "designated him to act as consul protempore"- H.H.Fiske for the time being; temporarily; "accepting pro tem that hypothesis consistent with the facts"- J.W.Krutch shipboard casual or ephemeral as if taking place on board a ship; "shipboard romances" terminable capable of being terminated after a designated time; "terminable employees"; "a terminable annuity" caducous shed at an early stage of development; "most amphibians have caducous gills"; "the caducous calyx of a poppy" correctable capable of being returned to the original condition; not necessarily permanent; "a correctable image" rechargeable capable of being recharged; "a rechargeable battery" irreversible incapable of being reversed; "irreversible momentum toward revolution" double-faced (of fabrics) having faces on both sides; "damask is a double-faced fabric" nonreversible not reversible or capable of having either side out revocable capable of being revoked or annulled; "a revocable order" rescindable capable of being rescinded or voided; "the judgment was rescindable"; "voidable contracts" irrevocable incapable of being retracted or revoked; "firm and irrevocable is my doom"- Shakespeare permissible that may be permitted especially as according to rule; "permissible behavior in school"; "a permissible tax deduction" that may be accepted or conceded; "a kind of speculation that was permissible in cosmology but inadmissible in medicine" impermissible not permitted; "impermissible behavior" not allowable forbidden excluded from use or mention; "forbidden fruit"; "in our house dancing and playing cards were out"; "a taboo subject" unmentionable unsuitable or forbidden as a topic of conversation; "unmentionable words" admissible deserving to be admitted; "admissible evidence" admittable deserving to be allowed to enter inadmissible not deserving to be admitted; "inadmissible evidence" permissive granting or inclined or able to grant permission; not strict in discipline; "direct primary legislation is largely permissive rather than prescriptive"; "permissive parents" not preventive unpermissive not inclined to grant permission; severe in discipline blockading blocking entrance to and exit from seaports and harbors; "the blockading ships prevented delivery of munitions" clogging preventing movement; "the clogging crowds of revelers overflowing into the street" deterrent tending to deter; "the deterrent effects of high prices" precautionary taken in advance to protect against possible danger or failure; "gave precautionary advice"; "I would take precautionary steps to keep him away" preclusive made impossible preemptive designed or having the power to deter or prevent an anticipated situation or occurrence; "a preemptive business offer" prohibitive tending to discourage (especially of prices); "the price was prohibitive" perplexed full of difficulty or confusion or bewilderment; "perplexed language"; "perplexed state of the world" at a loss(p) filled with bewilderment; "at a loss to understand those remarks"; "puzzled that she left without saying goodbye" metagrobolized totally perplexed and mixed up; "all this duncical nonsense has my brains metagrobolized"- Wall Street Journal unperplexed experiencing no difficulty or confusion or bewilderment unbaffled not perplexed by conflicting situations or statements ad hominem appealing to personal considerations (rather than to fact or reason); "ad hominem arguments" face-to-face in each other's presence; "a face-to-face encounter" within each other's presence; "she met the president face-to-face" directly facing each other; "the two photographs lay face-to-face on the table"; "lived all their lives in houses face-to-face across the street"; "they sat opposite at the table" individual(a) concerning one person exclusively; "we all have individual cars"; "each room has a private bath" individualized made for or directed or adjusted to a particular individual; "personalized luggage"; "personalized advice" in-person an appearance carried out personally in someone else's physical presence; "he carried out the negotiations in person"; "a personal appearance is an appearance by a person in the flesh" own(a) belonging to or on behalf of a specified person (especially yourself); preceded by a possessive; "for your own use"; "do your own thing"; "she makes her own clothes"; "`ain' is Scottish" personalized pointedly referring to or concerning a person's individual personality or intimate affairs especially offensively; "unnecessarily personalized remarks" person-to-person involving direct communication or contact between persons or parties; "a person-to-person interview"; "person-to-person telephone calls" nonpersonal lacking personality; "nonpersonal forces" persuasive intended or having the power to induce action or belief; "persuasive eloquence"; "a most persuasive speaker"; "a persuasive argument" coaxing pleasingly persuasive or intended to persuade; "a coaxing and obsequious voice"; "her manner is quiet and ingratiatory and a little too agreeable" cogent powerfully persuasive; "a cogent argument"; "a telling presentation"; "a weighty argument" compelling tending to persuade by forcefulness of argument; "new and compelling evidence" driving or forcing; "compelling ambition" glib artfully persuasive in speech; "a glib tongue"; "a smooth-tongued hypocrite" having only superficial plausibility; "glib promises"; "a slick commercial" marked by lack of intellectual depth; "glib generalizations"; "a glib response to a complex question" dissuasive deterring from action; "dissuasive advice"; "made a slight dissuasive gesture with her hand" penetrable admitting of penetration or passage into or through; "a penetrable wall"; "penetrable defenses" capable of being penetrated; "penetrable defenses" permeable allowing fluids or gases to pass or diffuse through; "permeable membranes"; "rock that is permeable by water" semipermeable (of a membrane) selectively permeable impermeable preventing especially liquids to pass or diffuse through; "impermeable stone"; "an impermeable layer of scum"; "a coat impermeable to rain" retentive having the power, capacity, or quality of retaining water; "soils retentive of moisture" good at remembering; "a retentive mind"; "tenacious memory" having the capacity to retain something water-repellent hindering the penetration of water; "a water-repellent coat" pervious admitting of passage or entrance; "pervious soil"; "a metal pervious to heat" impervious not admitting of passage or capable of being affected; "a material impervious to water"; "someone impervious to argument" acid-fast not easily decolorized by acid solutions; pertains to micro-organisms (especially the tubercle bacillus that causes tuberculosis) colorfast having color that is resistant to fading or running greaseproof resistant to penetration by grease or oil or wax; "greaseproof wrapping paper" proof(p) (used in combination or as a suffix) able to withstand; "temptation-proof"; "childproof locks" resistant impervious to being affected; "resistant to the effects of heat"; "resistant to persuasion" corrosion-resistant impervious to corrosion; "he was a great believer in the corrosion-resistant qualities of cast iron" rot-resistant resistant to rotting runproof (of hosiery) resistant to runs or (in Britain) ladders petalous (of flowers) having petals four-petaled (of flowers) having four petals five-petaled (of flowers) having five petals gamopetalous having a corolla composed of partially or wholly fused petals forming a corolla shaped like a tube or funnel polypetalous having a corolla composed of many separated or distinct petals salverform of or concerning a gamopetalous that has a slender tube and an abruptly expanded tip three-petaled (of flowers) having three petals apetalous (of flowers) having no petals puncturable capable of being punctured punctureless being without punctures or incapable of being punctured psychoactive affecting the mind or mood or other mental processes; "psychoactive drugs" hallucinogenic capable of producing hallucinations; "LSD is a powerful hallucinogenic drug" mind-altering producing mood changes or distorted perception; "hallucinogenic drugs are mind-altering substances" mind-expanding (of hallucinogenic drugs) giving a sense of heightened or broader awareness mind-bending intensely affecting the mind especially in producing hallucinations nonpsychoactive not affecting the mind or mental processes; "a nonpsychoactive pain reliever" animal(a) marked by the appetites and passions of the body; "animal instincts"; "carnal knowledge"; "fleshly desire"; "a sensual delight in eating"; "music is the only sensual pleasure without vice" physiologic of or consistent with an organism's normal functioning; "physiologic functions"; "physiological processes" somatogenic of or arising from physiological causes rather than being psychogenic in origin; "somatogenic theories of schizophrenia" psychogenic mental or emotional rather than physiological in origin; "a psychogenic disorder" psychological mental or emotional as opposed to physical in nature; "give psychological support"; "psychological warfare" of or relating to or determined by psychology; "psychological theories" monotheistic believing that there is only one god polytheistic worshipping or believing in more than one god pious having or showing or expressing reverence for a deity; "pious readings" godly showing great reverence for god; "a godly man"; "leading a godly life" holier-than-thou excessively or hypocritically pious; "a sickening sanctimonious smile" prayerful disposed to pray or appearing to pray impious lacking piety or reverence for a god lacking due respect or dutifulness; "impious toward one's parents"; "an undutiful son" godless not revering god secular of or relating to clergy not bound by monastic vows; "the secular clergy" of or relating to the doctrine that rejects religion and religious considerations churchgoing actively practicing a religion churchly resembling or suggesting or appropriate to a church; "churchlike silence"; "the pure fragrance of churchly incense" devout deeply religious; "a god-fearing and law-abiding people" H.L.Mencken interfaith involving persons of different religious faiths; "an interfaith marriage"; "interfaith good will" irreligious hostile or indifferent to religion atheistic rejecting any belief in gods lapsed no longer active or practicing; "a lapsed Catholic" nonobservant failing or refusing to observe religious customs placable easily calmed or pacified appeasable capable of being pacified mitigable capable of being alleviated implacable incapable of being placated; "an implacable enemy" grim not to be placated or appeased or moved by entreaty; "grim determination"; "grim necessity"; "Russia's final hour, it seemed, approached with inexorable certainty"; "relentless persecution"; "the stern demands of parenthood" unmitigable incapable of being mitigated; "stern and unmitigable accusations" solid-colored having the same color all over patterned having patterns (especially colorful patterns) black-and-tan having a pattern of black and tan black-barred having a pattern consisting of black bars black-marked having black marks blotched marked with irregularly shaped spots or blots brindled having a grey or brown streak or a pattern or a patchy coloring; used especially of the patterned fur of cats brown-speckled having brown speckles brown-striped having brown stripes burled (of wood) have a pattern from the grain of a tree burl checked patterned with alternating squares of color cross-banded (of snakes) having crossing bands on the back dappled having spots or patches of color dark-spotted having dark spots dotted having a pattern of dots figured (of e.g. fabric design) adorned with patterns; "my dress is richly figured"- Amy Lowell floral resembling or made of or suggestive of flowers; "an unusual floral design" of or relating to the plant life in a particular region; "characteristic alpine floral elements" relating to or associated with flowers; "floral organs" freckled relating to or covered with or resembling freckles marbled patterned with veins or streaks or color resembling marble; "marbleized pink skin" maroon-spotted having maroon spots pinstriped having very thin stripes purple-veined (of flowers) showing purple markings that resemble veins purple-spotted having purple spots red-striped having red stripes sprigged decorated with designs of sprigs; "sprigged muslin" streaked marked with or as if with stripes or linear discolorations; "streaked hair"; "fat legs and dirty streaky faces" striped marked or decorated with stripes tiger-striped having stripes resembling those of a tiger veined having or showing markings that resemble veins violet-streaked having streaks of violet color white-blotched having blotches of white white-ribbed having white ribs white-streaked having white streaks yellow-banded having yellow bands yellow-marked having yellow marks yellow-spotted having yellow spots yellow-striped having yellow stripes featureless lacking distinguishing characteristics or features; "the featureless landscape of the steppe" inelaborate not elaborate; lacking rich or complex detail tailored severely simple in line or design; "a neat tailored suit"; "tailored curtains" dressy in fancy clothing embattled having or resembling repeated square indentations like those in a battlement; "a crenelated molding" prepared for battle; "an embattled city" (of a person) beset by difficulties or conflict; "the state legislature called for the embattled governor's resignation" lacy made of or resembling lace; "a lacy gown"; "a lacy leaf" having open interstices or resembling a web vermicular decorated with wormlike tracery or markings; "vermicular (or vermiculated) stonework" planned designed or carried out according to a plan; "the planned outlays for new equipment" contrived showing effects of planning or manipulation; "a novel with a contrived ending" deep-laid secretly and carefully planned; "deep-laid plans" preset set in advance; "a preset plan of action"; "at a predetermined time" put-up planned secretly; "it was a put-up job" unplanned without apparent forethought or prompting or planning; "an unplanned economy"; "accepts an unplanned order"; "an unplanned pregnancy"; "unplanned remarks" unpremeditated not prepared or planned in advance; "asked an unpremeditated question" not premeditated studied produced or marked by conscious design or premeditation; "a studied smile"; "a note of biting irony and studied insult"- V.L.Parrington plausible apparently reasonable and credible, and therefore convincing; "a plausible excuse" given to or characterized by presenting specious arguments; "a plausible liar" implausible having a quality that provokes disbelief; "gave the teacher an implausible excuse" cockamamie informal term for ridiculous and implausible; "he gave me a cockamamie reason for not going" enjoyable affording satisfaction or pleasure; "the company was enjoyable"; "found her praise gratifying"; "full of happiness and pleasurable excitement"; "good printing makes a book more pleasurable to read" unpleasant offensive or disagreeable; causing discomfort or unhappiness; "an unpleasant personality"; "unpleasant repercussions"; "unpleasant odors" acerb harsh or corrosive in tone; "an acerbic tone piercing otherwise flowery prose"; "a barrage of acid comments"; "her acrid remarks make her many enemies"; "bitter words"; "blistering criticism"; "caustic jokes about political assassination, talk-show hosts and medical ethics"; "a sulfurous denunciation"; "a vitriolic critique" sour or bitter in taste dour harshly uninviting or formidable in manner or appearance; "a dour, self-sacrificing life"; "a forbidding scowl"; "a grim man loving duty more than humanity"; "undoubtedly the grimmest part of him was his iron claw"- J.M.Barrie embarrassing causing to feel shame or chagrin or vexation; "the embarrassing moment when she found her petticoat down around her ankles"; "it was mortifying to know he had heard every word" afflictive causing misery or pain or distress; "it was a sore trial to him"; "the painful process of growing up" rebarbative serving or tending to repel; "he became rebarbative and prickly and spiteful"; "I find his obsequiousness repellent" unpleasing unpleasant or disagreeable to the senses pleased experiencing or manifesting pleasure feeling pleasurable satisfaction over something by which you measures your self-worth; "proud of their child" amused pleasantly occupied; "We are not amused" -Queen Victoria bucked up(p) inspired with confidence; "felt bucked up by his success" chuffed very pleased; "I'm chuffed to have won" delighted greatly pleased gratified having received what was desired displeased not pleased; experiencing or manifesting displeasure annoyed aroused to impatience or anger; "made an irritated gesture"; "feeling nettled from the constant teasing"; "peeved about being left out"; "felt really pissed at her snootiness"; "riled no end by his lies"; "roiled by the delay" troubled persistently especially with petty annoyances; "harassed working mothers"; "a harried expression"; "her poor pestered father had to endure her constant interruptions"; "the vexed parents of an unruly teenager" exasperated greatly annoyed; out of patience; "had an exasperated look on his face"; "felt exasperated beyond endurance" disgusted having a strong distaste from surfeit; "grew more and more disgusted"; "fed up with their complaints"; "sick of it all"; "sick to death of flattery"; "gossip that makes one sick"; "tired of the noise and smoke" frowning showing displeasure or anger offended emotionally hurt or upset or annoyed; "she looked offended"; "face had a pained and puzzled expression"; "injured feelings" delightful greatly pleasing or entertaining; "a delightful surprise"; "the comedy was delightful"; "a delicious joke" gratifying pleasing to the mind or feeling; "sweet revenge" displeasing causing displeasure or lacking pleasing qualities; "displeasing news" disconcerting causing an emotional disturbance; "his disconcerting habit of greeting friends ferociously and strangers charmingly"- Herb Caen; "an upsetting experience" exasperating extremely annoying or displeasing; "his cavelier curtness of manner was exasperating"; "I've had an exasperating day"; "her infuriating indifference"; "the ceaseless tumult of the jukebox was maddening" acanthoid shaped like a spine or thorn acuate ending in a sharp point bristle-pointed pointed like bristles five-pointed having five points fusiform tapering at each end nibbed (used of pens) having a writing point or nib especially of a certain kind; "a broad-nibbed pen" peaked having or rising to a peak; "the peaked ceiling"; "the island's peaked hills" pyramidal resembling a pyramid six-pointed having six points spiked having a long sharp point spikelike resembling a spike pointless not having a point especially a sharp point; "my pencils are all pointless" polished perfected or made shiny and smooth; "his polished prose"; "in a freshly ironed dress and polished shoes"; "freshly polished silver" showing a high degree of refinement and the assurance that comes from wide social experience; "his polished manner"; "maintained an urbane tone in his letters" unpolished not carefully reworked or perfected or made smooth by polishing; "dull unpolished shoes" unburnished of metals e.g.; not made shiny and smooth by friction sagacious skillful in statecraft or management; "an astute and sagacious statesman" impolitic not politic; "an impolitic approach to a sensitive issue" political involving or characteristic of politics or parties or politicians; "calling a meeting is a political act in itself"- Daniel Goleman; "political pressure"; "a political machine"; "political office"; "political policy" of or relating to your views about social relationships involving authority or power; "political opinions" of or relating to the profession of governing; "political career" governmental relating to or dealing with the affairs or structure of government or politics or the state; "governmental policy"; "public confidence and governmental morale" policy-making concerned with policy, not administration semipolitical political in some (but not all) aspects nonpolitical not political apolitical politically neutral ponderable capable of being weighed or considered; "something ponderable from the outer world--something of which we can say that its weight is so and so"- James Jeans assessable capable of being considered carefully; "the assessable qualities of art" capable of being assessed especially for the purpose of taxation best-selling(p) selling in great numbers; "a best-selling novel" touristed visited by throngs of tourists; "of the three American Virgin islands St. Thomas is the most touristed"; "tourists descend in busloads...so the whole place is rather touristy" unpopular regarded with disfavor or lacking general approval; "unpopular ideas"; "an unpopular war" less-traveled not visited by many travelers; "the tourist's desire to visit less-traveled countries" perverse marked by a disposition to oppose and contradict; "took perverse satisfaction in foiling her plans" neutralized made neutral in some respect; deprived of distinctive characteristics viewless not having or expressing opinions or views nonnegative either positive or zero Gram-positive (of bacteria) being or relating to a bacterium that retains the violet stain used in Gram's method Gram-negative (of bacteria) being of or relating to a bacterium that does not retain the violet stain used in Gram's method accomplishable capable of existing or taking place or proving true; possible to do affirmable capable of being affirmed or asserted; "a quality affirmable of every member of the family" attainable capable of being attained or accomplished; "choose an attainable goal"; "art is not something that is come-at-able by dint of study" feasible capable of being done with means at hand and circumstances as they are impracticable not capable of being carried out or put into practice; "refloating the sunken ship proved impracticable because of its fragility"; "a suggested reform that was unfeasible in the prevailing circumstances" out(p) not worth considering as a possibility; "a picnic is out because of the weather" not allowed to continue to bat or run; "he was tagged out at second on a close play"; "he fanned out" unachievable impossible to achieve; "an unattainable goal" potent having a strong physiological or chemical effect; "a potent toxin"; "potent liquor"; "a potent cup of tea"; "a stiff drink" (of a male) capable of copulation having or wielding force or authority; "providing the ground soldier with increasingly potent weapons" having great influence equipotent having equal strength or efficacy multipotent able to many things; "multipotent drugs" impotent lacking power or ability; "Technology without morality is barbarous; morality without technology is impotent"- Freeman J.Dyson; "felt impotent rage" (of a male) unable to copulate effete deprived of vigor and the ability to be effective; "fundamentalism has flowered because it has concluded that liberalism is effete, ineffectual and impoverished" affected, overrefined, and effeminate; "the young man spoke in effete, accented English" impuissant lacking physical strength or vigor powerful having great power or force or potency or effect; "the most powerful government in western Europe"; "his powerful arms"; "a powerful bomb"; "the horse's powerful kick"; "powerful drugs"; "a powerful argument" almighty having unlimited power coercive serving or intended to coerce; "authority is directional instead of coercive" mighty having or showing great strength or force or intensity; "struck a mighty blow"; "the mighty logger Paul Bunyan"; "the pen is mightier than the sword"- Bulwer-Lytton (Southern regional intensive) very; to a great degree; "the baby is mighty cute"; "he's mighty tired"; "it is powerful humid"; "that boy is powerful big now"; "they have a right nice place"; "they rejoiced mightily" muscular having or suggesting great physical power or force; "the muscular and passionate Fifth Symphony" of or relating to or consisting of muscle; "muscular contraction" puissant powerful regent(ip) acting or functioning as a regent or ruler; "prince-regent" regnant exercising power or authority powerless lacking power feeble lacking strength; "a weak, nerveless fool, devoid of energy and promptitude"- Nathaniel Hawthorne pathetically lacking in force or effectiveness; "a feeble excuse"; "a lame argument" low-powered having little power to do work; "a low-powered engine" powered (often used in combination) having or using or propelled by means of power or power of a specified kind; "powered flight"; "kerosine-powered jet engines" battery-powered powered by one or more electric batteries; "a battery-powered radio" high-powered (used of microscopes) capable of a high degree of magnification; "a high-powered microscope" power-driven powered by a motor; "a power-driven hand tool" steam-powered powered by a steam engine; "a steam-powered locomotive" supercharged (of e.g. an engine) having the power increased by fitting with a supercharger unpowered not having or using power; "an autogiro is supported in flight by unpowered rotating wings" high-tension subjected to or capable of operating under relatively high voltage; "high-tension wire" high-voltage operating on or powered by a high voltage; "a high-voltage generator" low-tension subjected to or capable of operating under relative low voltage influential having or exercising influence or power; "an influential newspaper"; "influential leadership for peace" prestigious exerting influence by reason of high status or prestige; "a prestigious professor at a prestigious university" uninfluential not influential transplacental occurring through or by way of the placenta; "transplacental passage of nutrients" aplacental having no placenta; "monotremes and marsupials are aplacental mammals" planted set in the soil for growth cropped (of land or soil) used for growing crops; "cropped soil" naturalized planted so as to give an effect of wild growth; "drifts of naturalized daffodils" potbound (of a potted plant) grown too large for its container resulting in matting or tangling of the roots quickset(a) grown from cuttings planted directly in the ground; "a quickset hawthorn hedge" seeded sprinkled with seed; "a seeded lawn" (of the more skilled contestants) selectively arranged in the draw for position in a tournament so that they meet each other in later rounds having or supplied with seeds; "a seeded breadfruit"; "seeded rolls" having seeds as specified; "many-seeded"; "black-seeded" having the seeds extracted; "seeded raisins" self-seeded growing from seed dispersed by natural agency such as wind or birds soil-building (of crops) planted to improve the quality of the soil unplanted not planted uncropped not used for growing crops; "uncropped soil" unseeded (of a piece of ground) not have a crop sown on it; "farmland still unsown" not seeded; used of players of lesser skill plowed (of farmland) broken and turned over with a plow; "plowed fields" tilled turned or stirred by plowing or harrowing or hoeing; "tilled land ready for seed" unplowed (of farmland) not plowed; "unplowed fields"; "unbroken land" untilled not plowed or harrowed or hoed; "untilled land" cultivated (of land or fields) prepared for raising crops by plowing or fertilizing; "cultivated land" no longer in the natural state; developed by human care and for human use; "cultivated roses"; "cultivated blackberries" uncultivated (of land or fields) not prepared for raising crops; "uncultivated land" uncultivable not suitable for cultivation or tilling; "thickets of indigenous trees...on uncultivable land"- C.B.Palmer unpotted not planted in pots applicative readily applicable or practical interoperable able to exchange and use information matter-of-fact concerned with practical matters; "a matter-of-fact (or pragmatic) approach to the problem"; "a matter-of-fact account of the trip" not fanciful or imaginative; "local guides describe the history of various places in matter-of-fact tones"; "a prosaic and unimaginative essay" serviceable intended or able to serve a purpose without elaboration; "serviceable low-heeled shoes" ready for service or able to give long service; "serviceable equipment"; "heavy serviceable fabrics" capable of being put to good use; "a serviceable kitchen gadget" unimaginative dealing only with concrete facts impractical not practical; not workable or not given to practical matters; "refloating the ship proved impractical because of the expense"; "he is intelligent but too impractical for commercial work"; "an impractical solution" meshugge senseless; crazy quixotic not sensible about practical matters; idealistic and unrealistic; "as quixotic as a restoration of medieval knighthood"; "a romantic disregard for money"; "a wild-eyed dream of a world state" unfunctional not related to or suitable for everyday needs or activities unwieldy difficult to work or manipulate; "unwieldy rules and regulations" difficult to use or handle or manage because of size or weight or shape; "we set about towing the unwieldy structure into the shelter"; "almost dropped the unwieldy parcel" precise sharply exact or accurate or delimited; "a precise mind"; "specified a precise amount"; "arrived at the precise moment" finespun developed in excessively fine detail; "finespun distinctions" developed with extreme delicacy and subtlety; "the satire touches with finespun ridicule every kind of human pretense" on the nose being precise with regard to a prescribed or specified criterion; "his guess was on the nose"; "the prediction for snow was right on the button" refined precise to a fine degree; "due to the limitations of the available tools, a more refined analysis of the data may be necessary" (used of persons and their behavior) cultivated and genteel; "she was delicate and refined and unused to hardship"; "refined people with refined taste" freed from impurities by processing; "refined sugar"; "refined oil"; "to gild refined gold"- Shakespeare very(a) precisely as stated; "the very center of town" imprecise not precise; "imprecise astronomical observations"; "the terms he used were imprecise and emotional" retarded relatively slow in mental or emotional or physical development; "providing a secure and sometimes happy life for the retarded" imbecile having a mental age of three to seven years moronic having a mental age of between eight and twelve years cretinous afflicted with cretinism delayed not as far along as normal in development dim-witted lacking mental capacity and subtlety predictable capable of being foretold foreseeable capable of being anticipated; "foreseeable costs were well within the budget" aleatory dependent on chance; "the aleatory element in life" unforeseeable incapable of being anticipated; "unforeseeable consequences" premeditated characterized by deliberate purpose and some degree of planning; "a premeditated crime" aforethought(ip) with planning and intention; "with malice aforethought" impulsive without forethought; "letting him borrow her car was an impulsive act that she immediately regretted" proceeding from natural feeling or impulse without external stimulus; "an impulsive gesture of affection" braced positioned so as to be ready for confrontation or danger; "he stood to attention with his shoulders braced" held up by braces or buttresses oven-ready prepared before sale and ready to be cooked preconditioned having already been put into a suitable condition; "a surface preconditioned to receive paint"; "customers preconditioned to buy a product" precooked cooked partially or completely beforehand; "frozen precooked meals from the supermarket" processed subjected to a special process or treatment; "prepared ergot"; "processed cheeses are easy to spread" prepared or converted from a natural state by subjecting to a special process; "processed ores" unprepared without preparation; not prepared for; "unprepared remarks"; "the shock was unprepared"; "our treaty makers approached their immensely difficult problems unprepared"- R.E.Danielson spur-of-the-moment in response to an unforeseen need; "a spur-of-the-moment party" prescription(a) available only with a doctor's written prescription; "a prescription drug" nonprescription(a) purchasable without a doctor's prescription; "nonprescription drugs"; "an over-the-counter cold remedy" ever-present being always present here(p) being here now; "is everyone here?" naturally occurring existing by nature and without artificial aid; "one of the 93 naturally occurring chemical elements" omnipresent being present everywhere at once away(p) not present; having left; "he's away right now"; "you must not allow a stranger into the house when your mother is away" introuvable impossible to find; "the book is practically introuvable" ostentatious intended to attract notice and impress others; "an ostentatious sable coat" (of a display) tawdry or vulgar flaunty inclined to flaunt flamboyant marked by ostentation but often tasteless; "a cheap showy rhinestone bracelet"; "a splashy half-page ad" unostentatious not ostentatious; "his unostentatious office"; "unostentatious elegance" pretentious making claim to or creating an appearance of (often undeserved) importance or distinction; "a pretentious country house"; "a pretentious fraud"; "a pretentious scholarly edition" arty showily imitative of art or artists artsy-craftsy pretentiously artistic; cloyingly charming grandiloquent puffed up with vanity; "a grandiloquent and boastful manner"; "overblown oratory"; "a pompous speech"; "pseudo-scientific gobbledygook and pontifical hooey"- Newsweek lofty in style; "he engages in so much tall talk, one never really realizes what he is saying" high-flown pretentious (especially with regard to language or ideals); "high-flown talk of preserving the moral tone of the school"; "a high-sounding dissertation on the means to attain social revolution" jumped-up (British informal) upstart nouveau-riche characteristic of someone who has risen economically or socially but lacks the social skills appropriate for this new position sententious abounding in or given to pompous or aphoristic moralizing; "too often the significant episode deteriorates into sententious conversation"- Kathleen Barnes unpretentious lacking pretension or affectation; "an unpretentious country church"; "her quiet unpretentious demeanor" unpompous not pompous firsthand received directly from a source; "firsthand information" from the original source; directly; "I heard this story firsthand" first-string being a regular member of a team; "first-string players" of members of a team; not substitutes auxiliary functioning in a supporting capacity; "the main library and its auxiliary branches" second-string being a replacement or substitute for a regular member of a team; "a second-string pitcher" thirdhand derived from what is primary or original by two intermediate steps; "a thirdhand report" by doubly indirect means; "I got the news thirdhand" utility(a) capable of substituting in any of several positions on a team; "a utility infielder" used of beef; usable but inferior basal serving as or forming a base; "the painter applied a base coat followed by two finishing coats" omissible capable of being left out parenthetic qualifying or explaining; placed or as if placed in parentheses; "parenthetical remarks" clannish befitting or characteristic of those who incline to social exclusiveness and who rebuff the advances of people considered inferior characteristic of a clan especially in being unified; "clannish loyalty" cloistered providing privacy or seclusion; "the cloistered academic world of books"; "sat close together in the sequestered pergola"; "sitting under the reclusive calm of a shade tree"; "a secluded romantic spot" of communal life sequestered from the world under religious vows closed-door not open to the public; "a closed-door meeting" nonpublic not invested with or related to prominent position or status etc. privy hidden from general view or use; "a privy place to rest and think"; "a secluded romantic spot"; "a secret garden" semiprivate confined to a small number of hospital patients; "semiprivate room" toffee-nosed snobbish; pretentiously superior in the public eye(p) of great interest to the public; "a person in the public eye" semipublic having some of the features of public institution state-supported supported and operated by the government of a state; "a state university" unexclusive not restricted or exclusive white-shoe denoting a company or law firm owned and run by members of the WASP elite who are generally conservative; "the politician tried to hide his white-shoe background" inclusive including much or everything; and especially including stated limits; "an inclusive art form"; "an inclusive fee"; "his concept of history is modern and inclusive"; "from Monday to Friday inclusive" privileged blessed with privileges; "the privileged few" not subject to usual rules or penalties; "a privileged statement" underprivileged lacking the rights and advantages of other members of society deprived marked by deprivation especially of the necessities of life or healthful environmental influences; "a childhood that was unhappy and deprived, the family living off charity"; "boys from a deprived environment, wherein the family life revealed a pattern of neglect, moral degradation, and disregard for law" underclass(a) belonging to the lowest and least privileged social stratum; "underclass mothers and children" productive producing or capable of producing (especially abundantly); "productive farmland"; "his productive years"; "a productive collaboration" yielding positive results amentiferous (of plants) bearing or characterized by aments or catkins arable (of farmland) capable of being farmed productively fur-bearing of animals having fur (especially of commercial quality) nut-bearing (of shrubs or trees) producing nuts oil-bearing containing oil; "oil-bearing shale" bootless unproductive of success; "a fruitless search"; "futile years after her artistic peak"; "a sleeveless errand"; "a vain attempt" nonproductive not directly productive; "nonproductive labor" exploitative tending to exploit or make use of reproducible capable of being reproduced; "astonishingly reproducible results can be obtained" duplicable capable of being duplicated unreproducible impossible to reproduce or duplicate inimitable defying imitation; matchless; "an inimitable style" unrepeatable unique; "dogs and mice and flies are as unrepeatable as men are"- Theodosius Dobzhansky not able or fit to be repeated or quoted; "what he said was funny but unquotable" nonrecreational involving gainful employment in something often done as a hobby nonprofessional not professional; not engaged in a profession or engaging in as a profession or for gain; "the nonprofessional wives of his male colleagues"; "nonprofessional actors" unprofessional not characteristic of or befitting a profession or one engaged in a profession; "described in unprofessional language so that high school students could understand it"; "was censured for unprofessional conduct"; "unprofessional repairs" amateurish lacking professional skill or expertise; "a very amateurish job"; "inexpert but conscientious efforts"; "an unskilled painting" profitable yielding material gain or profit; "profitable speculation on the stock market" gainful yielding a fair profit lucrative producing a sizeable profit; "a remunerative business" unprofitable producing little or no profit or gain; "deposits abandoned by mining companies as unprofitable" marginal producing at a rate that barely covers production costs; "marginal industries" unremunerative not yielding profit or recompense; "an unremunerative occupation" apparent(a) appearing as such but not necessarily so; "for all his apparent wealth he had no money to pay the rent"; "the committee investigated some apparent discrepancies"; "the ostensible truth of their theories"; "his seeming honesty" dilettante showing frivolous or superficial interest; amateurish; "his dilettantish efforts at painting" skin-deep penetrating no deeper than the skin: "her beauty is only skin-deep" prognathous having a projecting lower jaw lantern-jawed having a protruding jaw giving the face a gaunt appearance opisthognathous having receding jaws chinless having a receding chin advancing moving forward modernized brought up to date; "modernized methods" state-of-the-art the highest level of development at a particular time (especially the present time); "state-of-the-art technology" regressive opposing progress; returning to a former less advanced state (of taxes) adjusted so that the rate decreases as the amount of income increases atavistic characteristic of an atavist returning tending to return to an earlier state unmodernized not brought up to date degressive (of taxes) gradually decreasing in rate on sums below a certain amount going down by steps pronounceable capable of being uttered or pronounced; "a pronounceable group of letters" rolled uttered with a trill; "she used rolling r's as in Spanish" priggish exaggeratedly proper; "my straitlaced Aunt Anna doesn't approve of my miniskirts" prophetic foretelling events as if by supernatural intervention; "prophetic writings"; "prophetic powers"; "words that proved prophetic" adumbrative indistinctly prophetic apocalyptic prophetic of devastation or ultimate doom of or relating to an apocalypse Delphic obscurely prophetic; "Delphic pronouncements"; "an oracular message" of or relating to Delphi or to the oracles of Apollo at Delphi; "Delphic oracle" divinatory resembling or characteristic of a prophet or prophecy; "the high priest's divinatory pronouncement"; "mantic powers"; "a kind of sibylline book with ready and infallible answers to questions" precursory warning of future misfortune predictive of or relating to prediction; having value for making predictions unprophetic not prophetic; not foreseeing correctly nonprognosticative not offering prognostications unpredictive having no predictive value prospective of or concerned with or related to the future; "prospective earnings"; "a prospective mother"; "a prospective bride"; "the statute is solely prospective in operation" ex post facto affecting things past; "retroactive tax increase"; "an ex-post-facto law"; "retro pay" bastioned secured with bastions or fortifications battlemented protected with battlements or parapets with indentations or embrasures for shooting through burglarproof secure against burglary moated protected by a deep wide ditch usually filled with water shielded (used especially of machinery) protected by a shield to prevent injury stormproof protected against or able to withstand storms unprotected lacking protection or defense unshielded (used especially of machinery) not protected by a shield protective intended or adapted to afford protection of some kind; "a protective covering"; "the use of protective masks and equipment"; "protective coatings"; "kept the drunken sailor in protective custody"; "animals with protective coloring"; "protective tariffs" showing care; "a protective mother" cautionary warding off; "the swastika...a very ancient prophylactic symbol occurring among all peoples"- Victor Schultze custodial providing protective supervision; watching over or safeguarding; "daycare that is educational and not just custodial"; "a guardian angel"; "tutelary gods" overprotective overly protective; "overprotective parents" protecting(a) shielding (or designed to shield) against harm or discomfort; "the protecting blanket of snow"; "a protecting alibi" restrictive (of tariff) protective of national interests by restricting imports serving to restrict; "teenagers eager to escape restrictive home environments" safety-related providing or ensuring safety unprotective not affording protection proud feeling self-respect or pleasure in something by which you measure your self-worth; or being a reason for pride; "proud parents"; "a proud moment"; "proud to serve his country"; "a proud name"; "proud princes" arrogant having or showing feelings of unwarranted importance out of overbearing pride; "an arrogant official"; "arrogant claims"; "chesty as a peacock" bigheaded (used colloquially) overly conceited or arrogant; "a snotty little scion of a degenerate family"-Laurent Le Sage; "they're snobs--stuck-up and uppity and persnickety" boastful exhibiting self-importance; "big talk" disdainful having or showing arrogant superiority to and disdain of those one views as unworthy; "some economists are disdainful of their colleagues in other social disciplines"; "haughty aristocrats"; "his lordly manners were offensive"; "walked with a prideful swagger"; "very sniffy about breaches of etiquette"; "his mother eyed my clothes with a supercilious air"; "a more swaggering mood than usual"- W.L.Shirer conceited characteristic of false pride; having an exaggerated sense of self-importance; "a conceited fool"; "an attitude of self-conceited arrogance"; "an egotistical disregard of others"; "so swollen by victory that he was unfit for normal duty"; "growing ever more swollen-headed and arbitrary"; "vain about her clothes" house-proud proud of your house or its furnishings or upkeep overproud excessively proud purse-proud proud or arrogant because of your wealth (especially in the absence of other distinction) shabby-genteel trying to maintain dignity and self respect despite shabbiness proved established beyond doubt; "a proven liar"; "a Soviet leader of proven shrewdness" evidenced supported by evidence; "their evidenced friendliness to the US" verified proved to be true; "a verified claim" unproved not proved; "unproved allegations"; "unproved assumptions" on trial in the process of being tested or tried unverified lacking proof or substantiation provident providing carefully for the future; "wild squirrels are provident"; "a provident father plans for his children's education" careful in regard to your own interests; "the prudent use and development of resources"; "wild squirrels are provident" farseeing planning prudently for the future; "large goals that required farsighted policies"; "took a long view of the geopolitical issues" forehanded having provided for the future forethoughtful thoughtful of the future; "careful forethoughtful planning" improvident not provident; not providing for the future thriftless careless of the future unforethoughtful lacking forethought provocative serving or tending to provoke, excite, or stimulate; stimulating discussion or exciting controversy; "a provocative remark"; "a provocative smile"; "provocative Irish tunes which...compel the hearers to dance"- Anthony Trollope intentionally arousing sexual desire; "her gestures and postures became more wanton and provocative" agitative causing or tending to cause anger or resentment; "a provoking delay at the airport" challenging disturbingly provocative; "an intriguing smile" stimulating interest or thought; "a challenging hypothesis"; "a thought-provoking book" rousing rousing to activity or heightened action as by spurring or goading; "tossed a rousing political comment into the conversation" capable of arousing enthusiasm or excitement; "a rousing sermon"; "stirring events such as wars and rescues" unprovocative not provocative noninflammatory not inflammatory prudent careful and sensible; marked by sound judgment; "a prudent manager"; "prudent rulers"; "prudent hesitation"; "more prudent to hide than to fight" circumspect heedful of potential consequences; "circumspect actions"; "physicians are now more circumspect about recommending its use"; "a discreet investor" judicious marked by the exercise of good judgment or common sense in practical matters; "judicious use of one's money"; "a wise decision" prudential arising from or characterized by prudence especially in business matters; "he abstained partly for prudential reasons" ill-considered not given careful consideration; "ill-considered actions often result in disaster"; "an ill-judged attempt" injudicious lacking or showing lack of judgment or discretion; unwise; "an injudicious measure"; "the result of an injudicious decision" punctual acting or arriving or performed exactly at the time appointed; "she expected guests to be punctual at meals"; "he is not a particularly punctual person"; "punctual payment"; "she is always on time for class" unpunctual not punctual; after the appointed time behindhand behind schedule; "was behindhand with the rent" belated after the expected or usual time; delayed; "a belated birthday card"; "I'm late for the plane"; "the train is late"; "tardy children are sent to the principal"; "always tardy in making dental appointments" last-minute just before a deadline; at the last minute; "last-minute arrangements" punished subjected to a penalty (as pain or shame or restraint or loss) for an offense or fault or in order to coerce some behavior (as a confession or obedience) tarred-and-feathered(a) smeared with tar and covered with feathers as a punishment; "the poor tarred-and-feathered wretch" unpunished not punished; "would he forget the crime and let it go unpunished?" punitive inflicting punishment; "punitive justice"; "punitive damages" correctional concerned with or providing correction; "a correctional institution" retaliatory of or relating to or having the nature of retribution; "retributive justice demands an eye for an eye" rehabilitative designed to accomplish rehabilitation; "from a penal to a rehabilitative philosophy"- J.B.Costello; "rehabilitative treatment" purebred bred for many generations from member of a recognized breed or strain full-blooded of unmixed ancestry; "full-blooded Native American"; "blooded Jersies" pedigree(a) having a list of ancestors as proof of being a purebred animal crossbred bred from parents of different varieties or species bigeneric resulting from a cross between species of different genera underbred of inferior or mixed breed; "an underbred dog" half-blooded (of animals) having only one purebred parent impure (used of persons or behaviors) immoral or obscene; "impure thoughts" combined with extraneous elements defiled morally blemished; stained or impure axenic (used of cultures of microorganisms) completely free from other organisms; "an axenic culture" (of experimental animals) raised under sterile conditions; "axenic conditions"; "germfree animals" straight up (of an alcoholic drink) stirred or shaken with ice, but served without it; "I like my martinis straight up" unadulterated not mixed with impurities; "unadulterated maple syrup" unalloyed free from admixture; "unalloyed metal"; "unalloyed pleasure" uncontaminated free from admixture with noxious elements; clean; "unpolluted streams"; "a contaminated lake" not corrupted by contact or association; "there is no culture uncontaminated by contact with the outside world" technical-grade containing small amounts of other chemicals, hence slightly impure; "technical-grade sulfuric acid" adulterate mixed with impurities bastardized deriving from more than one source or style contaminated rendered unwholesome by contaminants and pollution; "had to boil the contaminated water"; "polluted lakes and streams" corrupted by contact or association; "contaminated evidence" unpurified not made pure mercury-contaminated contaminated by mercury goal-directed having a purpose; "purposive behavior" purpose-built designed and constructed to serve a particular purpose purposeless not evidencing any purpose or goal desultory marked by lack of definite plan or regularity or purpose; jumping from one thing to another; "desultory thoughts"; "the desultory conversation characteristic of cocktail parties" qualified meeting the proper standards and requirements and training for an office or position or task; "many qualified applicants for the job" limited or restricted; not absolute; "gave only qualified approval" well-qualified more than adequately qualified; "a well-qualified officer" unqualified not meeting the proper standards and requirements and training not limited or restricted; "an unqualified denial" quack(a) medically unqualified; "a quack doctor" trained shaped or conditioned or disciplined by training; often used as a combining form; "a trained mind"; "trained pigeons"; "well-trained servants" drilled trained in a skill by repetitious practice; "well-drilled in military procedures" housebroken (of pets) trained to urinate and defecate outside or in a special place; "housebroken pets"; "`house-trained' is chiefly British" potty-trained (of children) trained to use the toilet untrained not disciplined or conditioned or made adept by training; "an untrained voice"; "untrained troops"; "young minds untrained in the habit of concentration" hedged evasively worded in order to avoid an unqualified statement categoric not modified or restricted by reservations; "a categorical denial"; "a flat refusal" outright without reservation or exception without reservation or concealment; "she asked him outright for a divorce" without restrictions or stipulations or further payments; "buy outright" qualitative involving distinctions based on qualities; "qualitative change"; "qualitative data"; "qualitative analysis determines the chemical constituents of a substance or mixture" relating to or involving comparisons based on qualities quantitative expressible as a quantity or relating to or susceptible of measurement; "export wheat without quantitative limitations"; "quantitative analysis determines the amounts and proportions of the chemical constituents of a substance or mixture" (of verse) having a metric system based on relative duration of syllables; "in typical Greek and Latin verse of the classical period the rhymic system is based on some arrangement of long and short elements" relating to the measurement of quantity; "quantitative studies" duodecimal based on twelve; "the duodecimal number system" numeric measured or expressed in numbers; "numerical value"; "the numerical superiority of the enemy" quantifiable capable of being quantified three-figure (of numbers) written with three figures; "100 through 999 are three-figure numbers" valued (usually used in combination) having value of a specified kind; "triple-valued" held in great esteem for admirable qualities especially of an intrinsic nature; "a valued friend"; "precious memories" vicenary of or relating to or based on 20 alleged(a) doubtful or suspect; "these so-called experts are no help" apocryphal being of questionable authenticity fishy not as expected; "there was something fishy about the accident"; "up to some funny business"; "some definitely queer goings-on"; "a shady deal"; "her motives were suspect"; "suspicious behavior" of or relating to or resembling fish; "the soup had a fishy smell" impugnable subject to being discredited self-styled as claimed by and for yourself often without justification; "the self-styled `doctor' has no degree of any kind" beyond doubt(p) too obvious to be doubted for sure not open to doubt; "she wanted to go; that was for sure" unimpeachable beyond doubt or reproach; "an unimpeachable source" noiseless making no sound; "th' inaudible and noiseless foot of time"- Shakespeare stilly (poetic) still or calm; "in the stilly night" blatant conspicuously and offensively loud; given to vehement outcry; "blatant radios"; "a clamorous uproar"; "strident demands"; "a vociferous mob" without any attempt at concealment; completely obvious; "blatant disregard of the law"; "a blatant appeal to vanity"; "a blazing indiscretion" abuzz noisy like the sound of a bee; "the room was abuzz over the latest scandal" clangorous having a loud resonant metallic sound; "the clangorous locomotive works"; "a clanging gong" clanking having a hard nonresonant metallic sound; "clanking chains"; "the clanking arms of the soldiers near him" clattery a rattling sound as of hard things striking together; "a clattery typewriter"; "the clattery sound of dishes" creaky having a rasping or grating sound; "creaky stairs" worn and broken down by hard use; "a creaky shack"; "a decrepit bus...its seats held together with friction tape"; "a flea-bitten sofa"; "a run-down neighborhood"; "a woebegone old shack" rackety uncontrollably noisy stertorous of breathing having a heavy snoring sound swishy resembling a sustained `sh' or soft whistle; "swishing windshield wipers"; "a swishy skirt" whirring like the sound of rapidly vibrating wings restful affording physical or mental rest; "she spent a restful night at home" untroubled free from turmoil or worries; "untroubled times" not beset by troubles or disturbance or distress; "seemed untroubled by doubts of any kind"; "untroubled sleep"; "a kind untroubled face" unquiet characterized by unrest or disorder; "unquiet days of riots"; "following the assassination of Martin Luter King ours was an unquiet nation"; "spent an unquiet night tossing and turning" disruptive characterized by unrest or disorder or insubordination; "effects of the struggle will be violent and disruptive"; "riotous times"; "these troubled areas"; "the tumultuous years of his administration"; "a turbulent and unruly childhood" random lacking any definite plan or order or purpose; governed by or depending on chance; "a random choice"; "bombs fell at random"; "random movements" ergodic positive recurrent aperiodic state of stochastic systems; tending in probability to a limiting form that is independent of the initial conditions stochastic being or having a random variable; "a stochastic variable"; "stochastic processes" nonrandom not random purposive having or showing or acting with a purpose or design; "purposive behavior" demythologized having mythical elements removed reasonable marked by sound judgment; "sane nuclear policy" showing reason or sound judgment; "a sensible choice"; "a sensible person" irrational not consistent with or using reason; "irrational fears"; "irrational animals" real but not expressible as the quotient of two integers; "irrational numbers" reasonless not endowed with the capacity to reason; "a reasonless brute" nonrational not based on reason; "there is a great deal that is nonrational in modern culture" superstitious showing ignorance of the laws of nature and faith in magic or chance; "finally realized that the horror he felt was superstitious in origin" cerebral involving intelligence rather than emotions or instinct; "a cerebral approach to the problem"; "cerebral drama" of or relating to the cerebrum or brain; "cerebral hemisphere"; "cerebral activity" racial of or characteristic of race or races or arising from differences among groups; "racial differences"; "racial discrimination" of or related to genetically distinguished groups of people; "racial groups" biracial consisting of or combining two races; "a biracial committee" multiracial made up of or involving or acting on behalf of various races; "a multiracial society"; "multiracial government" nonracial not racial; having nothing to do with race or races; "his remarks were intended to be completely nonracial"; "a nonracial reason for the peremptory challenge of the juror" reactive participating readily in reactions; "sodium is a reactive metal"; "free radicals are very reactive" reacting to a stimulus; "the skin of old persons is less reactive than that of younger persons" oxidizable capable of undergoing a chemical reaction with oxygen thermolabile (chemistry, physics, biology) readily changed or destroyed by heat unstable highly or violently reactive; "sensitive and highly unstable compounds" disposed to psychological variability; "his rather unstable religious convictions" lacking stability or fixity or firmness; "unstable political conditions"; "the tower proved to be unstable in the high wind"; "an unstable world economy" unreactive (chemistry) not reacting chemically not tending to react to stimulation at the ready(p) ready for immediate use; "soldiers with guns at the ready"; "students with pens and notebooks at the ready" fit(p) (usually followed by `to' or `for') on the point of or strongly disposed; "in no fit state to continue"; "fit to drop"; "laughing fit to burst"; "she was fit to scream"; "primed for a fight"; "we are set to go at any time" in order in a state of proper readiness or preparation or arrangement; "everything is in order for their arrival" ripe(p) fully prepared or eager; "the colonists were ripe for revolution" waiting being and remaining ready and available for use; "waiting cars and limousines lined the curb"; "found her mother waiting for them"; "an impressive array of food ready and waiting for the guests"; "military forces ready and waiting" unready not prepared or in a state of readiness; slow to understand or respond; "she cursed her unready tongue" napping not prepared or vigilant; "the blow caught him napping"; "caught in an off-guard moment"; "found him off his guard" unripe not fully prepared historical having once lived or existed or taken place in the real world as distinct from being legendary; "the historical Jesus"; "doubt that a historical Camelot every existed"; "actual historical events" of or relating to the study of history; "historical scholars"; "a historical perspective" unreal lacking in reality or substance or genuineness; not corresponding to acknowledged facts or criteria; "ghosts and other unreal entities"; "unreal propaganda serving as news" not actually such; being or seeming fanciful or imaginary; "this conversation is getting more and more unreal"; "the fantastically unreal world of government bureaucracy"; "the unreal world of advertising art" dreamed(a) conceived of or imagined or hoped for; "his dreamed symphony that would take the world of music by storm" envisioned seen in the mind as a mental image; "the glory of his envisioned future"; "the snow-covered Alps pictured in her imagination"; "the visualized scene lacked the ugly details of real life" eye-deceiving creating the illusion of seeing reality; "the visual deception of trompe-l'oeil art" fabled celebrated in fable or legend; "the fabled Paul Bunyan and his blue ox"; "legendary exploits of Jesse James" fabricated formed or conceived by the imagination; "a fabricated excuse for his absence"; "a fancied wrong"; "a fictional character" hallucinatory characterized by or characteristic of hallucination; "the bizarre hallucinatory dreams of fever"- Jean Stafford illusional marked by or producing illusion; "illusionary stage effects" illusive based on or having the nature of an illusion; "illusive hopes of finding a better job"; "Secret activities offer presidents the alluring but often illusory promise that they can achieve foreign policy goals without the bothersome debate and open decision that are staples of democracy" real(a) no less than what is stated; worthy of the name; "the real reason"; "real war"; "a real friend"; "a real woman"; "meat and potatoes--I call that a real meal"; "it's time he had a real job"; "it's no penny-ante job--he's making real money" proper(a) having all the qualities typical of the thing specified; "wanted a proper dinner, not just a snack"; "he finally has a proper job" dreamlike resembling a dream; "night invested the lake with a dreamlike quality"; "as irrational and surreal as a dream" phantom something apparently sensed but having no physical reality; "seemed to hear faint phantom bells"; "the amputee's illusion of a phantom limb" realistic aware or expressing awareness of things as they really are; "a realistic description"; "a realistic view of the possibilities"; "a realistic appraisal of our chances"; "the actors tried to create a realistic portrayal of the Africans" of or relating to the philosophical doctrine of realism; "a realistic system of thought" down-to-earth sensible and practical; "has a straightforward down-to-earth approach to a problem"; "her earthy common sense" hardheaded guided by practical experience and observation rather than theory; "a hardheaded appraisal of our position"; "a hard-nosed labor leader"; "completely practical in his approach to business"; "not ideology but pragmatic politics" unreasonably rigid in the face of argument or entreaty or attack true-to-life(a) representing things or actions or conditions as they actually are; "the novel about ghetto life was true to life"; "true-to-life duck decoys" veridical coinciding with reality; "perceptual error...has a surprising resemblance to veridical perception"- F.A.Olafson unrealistic not realistic; "unrealistic expectations"; "prices at unrealistic high levels" chimerical produced by a wildly fanciful imagination; "his Utopia is not a chimerical commonwealth but a practical improvement on what already exists"- Douglas Bush delusive inappropriate to reality or facts; "delusive faith in a wonder drug"; "delusive expectations"; "false hopes" kafkaesque characterized by surreal distortion and a sense of impending danger; "the kafkaesque terror of the endless interrogations" phantasmagoric characterized by fantastic imagery and incongruous juxtapositions; "a great concourse of phantasmagoric shadows"--J.C.Powys; "the incongruous imagery in surreal art and literature" commonsense exhibiting native good judgment; "arrive home at a reasonable hour"; "commonsense scholarship on the foibles of a genius"; "unlearned and commonsensical countryfolk were capable of solving problems that beset the more sophisticated" tenable based on sound reasoning or evidence; "well-founded suspicions" unreasonable not reasonable; not showing good judgment counterintuitive contrary to what common sense would suggest correlative expressing a reciprocal or complementary relation; "correlative conjunctions" mutually related interactional capable of acting on or influencing each other reciprocative moving alternately backward and forward given or done or owed to each other nonreciprocal not reciprocal nonreciprocating not moving alternately forward and backward unanswered not returned in kind; "unrequited (unanswered) love" mincing affectedly dainty or refined debonair having a sophisticated charm; "a debonair gentleman" gentlemanlike befitting a man of good breeding; "gentlemanly behavior" ladylike befitting a woman of good breeding; "ladylike manners" overrefined excessively delicate or refined well-bred of good upbringing unrefined (used of persons and their behavior) not refined; uncouth; "how can a refined girl be drawn to such an unrefined man?" not refined or processed; "unrefined ore"; "crude oil" agrestic (of behavior) rustic and uncouth; "the agrestic behavior of a country boy" characteristic of the fields or country; "agrestic simplicity"; "rustic stone walls" boorish ill-mannered and coarse and contemptible in behavior or appearance; "was boorish and insensitive"; "the loutish manners of a bully"; "her stupid oafish husband"; "aristocratic contempt for the swinish multitude" coarse lacking refinement or cultivation or taste; "he had coarse manners but a first-rate mind"; "behavior that branded him as common"; "an untutored and uncouth human being"; "an uncouth soldier--a real tough guy"; "appealing to the vulgar taste for violence"; "the vulgar display of the newly rich" of textures that are rough to the touch or substances consisting of relatively large particles; "coarse meal"; "coarse sand"; "a coarse weave" of low or inferior quality or value; "of what coarse metal ye are molded"- Shakespeare; "produced...the common cloths used by the poorer population" crass (of persons) so unrefined as to be lacking in discrimination and sensibility ill-bred (of persons) lacking in refinement or grace robust rough and crude; "a robust tale" sturdy and strong in form, constitution, or construction; "a robust body"; "a robust perennial" strong enough to withstand or overcome intellectual challenges or adversity; "the experiment yielded robust results"; "a robust faith" rough-spoken rude or uncouth in speech ungentlemanly not befitting a gentleman unladylike lacking the behavior or manner or style considered proper for a lady milled (of grains especially rice) having the husk or outer layers removed; "polished rice" semi-processed having been subjected to partial processing streaming (computer science) using or relating to a form of continuous tape transport; used mainly to provide backup storage of unedited data; "streaming audio"; "streaming video recording" exuding a bodily fluid in profuse amounts; "his streaming face"; "her streaming eyes" unvulcanized (used of rubber) not subjected to the process of vulcanization treated subjected to a physical (or chemical) treatment or action or agent; "the sludge of treated sewage can be used as fertilizer"; "treated timbers resist rot"; "treated fabrics resist wrinkling" given medical care or treatment; "a treated cold is usually gone in 14 days; if left untreated it lasts two weeks" aerated (of a liquid) treated by having air passed or bubbled through it for purification supplied with carbon dioxide fumed (of wood) darkened or colored by exposure to ammonia fumes; "fumed oak" proofed treated so as to become resistant; "rust-proofed automobiles"; "shrink-proofed fabrics" oiled treated with oil; "oiled country roads"; "an oiled walnut table" bandaged covered or wrapped with a bandage; "the bandaged wound on the back of his head"; "an injury bound in fresh gauze" dosed treated with some kind of application; "a mustache dosed with bear grease" recoverable capable of being recovered or regained; "recoverable truth of a past event" retrievable capable of being regained especially with effort; "he believed the information was retrievable" unrecoverable incapable of being recovered or regained irretrievable impossible to recover or recoup or overcome; "an irretrievable loss"; "irretrievable errors in judgment" born-again spiritually reborn or converted; "a born-again Christian" reformed caused to abandon an evil manner of living and follow a good one; "a reformed drunkard" unregenerate not reformed morally or spiritually; "unregenerate human nature"; "unregenerate conservatism" cussed stubbornly persistent in wrongdoing unconverted not converted timed regularly spaced in time; "closely timed intervals" well-ordered ordered well; "well-ordered work habits" asymmetrical irregular in shape or outline; "asymmetrical features"; "a dress with a crooked hemline" characterized by asymmetry in the spatial arrangement or placement of parts or components randomized set up or distributed in a deliberately random way regulated controlled or governed according to rule or principle or law; "well regulated industries"; "houses with regulated temperature" remediable capable of being remedied or redressed; "remediable problems"; "a remediable setback"; "not a crime but only a remediable blunder" irremediable impossible to remedy or correct or redress; "an irremediable error"; "irremediable defects of character" unrenewable that can not be renewed; "books on that shelf are unrenewable"; "gas and oil are nonrenewable resources" rentable that is able or fit be rented unrentable not able or fit to be rented; "the house was unrentable in that condition" reparable capable of being repaired or rectified; "reparable damage to the car"; "rectifiable wrongs" maintainable capable of being maintained irreparable impossible to repair, rectify, or amend; "irreparable harm"; "an irreparable mistake"; "irreparable damages" repeatable able or fit to be repeated or quoted; "what he said was not repeatable in polite company"; "he comes up with so many quotable phrases" repetitive characterized by repetition; "repetitive movement" nonrepetitive marked by the absence of repetition; "nonrepetitive DNA sequence"; "nonrepetitive dance movements" printable fit for publication because free of material that is morally or legally objectionable; "printable language" unprintable unfit for print because morally or legally objectionable or offensive to good taste; "an unprintable epithet"; "unprintable pictures" requested asked for; "the requested aid is forthcoming" unrequested not requested; "the merchandise was unrequested" unasked uninvited; "A swift picture of the sort of women he would have in his bed sprang unasked into her mind." unasked-for not requested or sought; "unasked-for advice"; "advice unasked for can be greatly resented"; "unsolicited junk mail" rhymed having corresponding sounds especially terminal sounds; "rhymed verse"; "rhyming words" alliterative having the same consonant at the beginning of each stressed syllable; "alliterative verse" assonant having the same vowel sound occurring with different consonants in successive words or stressed syllables having the same sound (especially the same vowel sound) occurring in successive stressed syllables; "note the assonant words and syllables in `tilting at windmills'" end-rhymed rhymed on the terminal syllables of the verses unrhymed not having rhyme; "writing unrhymed blank verse is like playing tennis without a net" multiform occurring in or having many forms or shapes or appearances; "the multiform universe of nature and man"- John Dewey polymorphic having or occurring in several distinct forms; "man is both polymorphic and polytypic"; "a polymorphous god" relating to the occurrence of more than one kind of individual (independent of sexual differences) in an interbreeding population; "a polymorphic species" oscillatory having periodic vibrations nightly happening every night; "nightly television now goes on until 3:00 or 4:00 a.m." at the end of each day; "she checks on her roses nightly" hourly occurring every hour or payable by the hour; "hourly chimes"; "hourly pay" every hour; by the hour; "daily, hourly, I grew stronger" half-hourly occurring ever half hour every thirty minutes, every half hour fortnightly occurring every two weeks every two weeks; "he visited his cousins fortnightly" semiannual occurring or payable twice each year triennial occurring every third year or lasting 3 years semestral occurring every six months or during every period of six months midweekly occurring during the middle of the week; "midweekly prayer meetings" aperiodic not recurring at regular intervals nonoscillatory not having periodic vibrations related connected by kinship, common origin, or marriage being connected either logically or causally or by shared characteristics; "painting and the related arts"; "school-related activities"; "related to micelle formation is the...ability of detergent actives to congregate at oil-water interfaces" affinal (anthropology) related by marriage akin(p) related by blood similar in quality or character; "a feeling akin to terror"; "kindred souls"; "the amateur is closely related to the collector" kindred related by blood or marriage; "kindred clans" unrelated not connected by kinship lacking a logical or causal relation affiliated being joined in close association; "affiliated clubs"; "all art schools whether independent or attached to universities" age-related changing (increasing or decreasing) as an individual's age increases connate related in nature; "connate qualities" of similar parts or organs; closely joined or united; "a connate tomato flower" coreferent related by sharing a symbolic link to a concrete object or an abstraction; "two expressions are coreferent if they denote the same object or individual" corresponding accompanying; "all rights carry with them corresponding responsibilities" similar especially in position or purpose; "a number of corresponding diagonal points" side by side closely related or associated; "a city in which communism and democracy had to live side by side" misrelated mistakenly related uncorrelated not varying together relevant having a bearing on or connection with the subject at issue; "the scientist corresponds with colleagues in order to learn about matters relevant to her own research" applicable capable of being applied; having relevance; "gave applicable examples to support her argument" germane(p) relevant and appropriate; "he asks questions that are germane and central to the issue" pertinent having precise or logical relevance to the matter at hand; "a list of articles pertinent to the discussion"; "remarks that were to the point" irrelevant having no bearing on or connection with the subject at issue; "an irrelevant comment"; "irrelevant allegations" inapplicable not capable of being applied; "rules inapplicable to day students" mindful bearing in mind; attentive to; "ever mindful of her health"; "mindful of his responsibilities"; "mindful of these criticisms, I shall attempt to justify my action" evocative serving to bring to mind; "cannot forbear to close on this redolent literary note"- Wilder Hobson; "a campaign redolent of machine politics" unmindful not mindful or attentive; "while thus unmindful of his steps he stumbled"- G.B.Shaw replaceable capable of being replaced irreplaceable impossible to replace; "irreplaceable antiques" representational (used especially of art) depicting objects, figures,or scenes as seen; "representational art"; "representational images" delineative depicted in a recognizable manner eidetic of visual imagery of almost photographic accuracy figural consisting of or forming human or animal figures; "a figural design"; "the figurative art of the humanistic tradition"- Herbert Read naturalistic representing what is real; not abstract or ideal; "realistic portraiture"; "a realistic novel"; "in naturalistic colors"; "the school of naturalistic writers" nonrepresentational of or relating to a style of art in which objects do not resemble those known in physical nature geometric characterized by simple geometric forms in design and decoration; "a buffalo hide painted with red and black geometric designs" of or relating to or determined by geometry protogeometric characteristic of the earliest phase of geometric art especially in Greece semiabstract characterized by stylized but recognizable subject matter allegorical used in or characteristic of or containing allegory; "allegorical stories"; "an allegorical painting of Victory leading an army" emblematic serving as a visible symbol for something abstract; "a crown is emblematic of royalty"; "the spinning wheel was as symbolic of colonical Massachusetts as the codfish" being or serving as an illustration of a type; "the free discussion that is emblematic of democracy"; "an action exemplary of his conduct" nonrepresentative not standing for something else reputable having a good reputation; "a reputable business"; "a reputable scientist"; "a reputable wine" esteemed having an illustrious reputation; respected; "our esteemed leader"; "a prestigious author" redoubtable worthy of respect or honor; "born of a redoubtable family" respected receiving deferential regard; "a respected family" disreputable lacking respectability in character or behavior or appearance discreditable tending to bring discredit or disrepute; blameworthy; "his marks were not at all discreditable" ill-famed known widely and usually unfavorably; "a notorious gangster"; "the tenderloin district was notorious for vice"; "the infamous Benedict Arnold" louche disreputable and dissolute, somewhat agreeably; "a louche nightclub"; "the louche world of the theater" seamy morally degraded; "a seedy district"; "the seamy side of life"; "sleazy characters hanging around casinos"; "sleazy storefronts with...dirt on the walls"- Seattle Weekly; "the sordid details of his orgies stank under his very nostrils"- James Joyce; "the squalid atmosphere of intrigue and betrayal" showing a seam admissive characterized by or allowing admission; "an Elizabethan tragedy admissive of comic scenes" assimilative capable of mentally absorbing; "assimilative processes"; "assimilative capacity of the human mind" unreceptive not receptive reconcilable capable of being reconciled; "her way of thinking is reconcilable with mine" harmonizable capable of being made harmonious or consistent resolvable capable of being settled or resolved; "all disputed points are potentially resolvable"; "a resolvable quarrel" irreconcilable impossible to reconcile; "irreconcilable differences" reserved marked by self-restraint and reticence; "was habitually reserved in speech, withholding her opinion"-Victoria Sackville-West set aside for the use of a particular person or party aloof remote in manner; "stood apart with aloof dignity"; "a distant smile"; "he was upstage with strangers" in an aloof manner; "the local gentry and professional classes had held aloof for the school had accepted their sons readily enough" indrawn tending to reserve or introspection; "a quiet indrawn man" unreserved not cautious or reticent; "unreserved behavior" not reserved booked reserved in advance bookable subject to being reserved or booked; "all seats bookable in advance" first-come-first-serve(p) not accepting reservations unbooked not reserved in advance resistible capable of being resisted or withstood or frustrated; "a resistible attack"; "such resistible temptations" overpowering so strong as to be irresistible; "an overpowering need for solitude"; "the temptation to despair may become overwhelming"; "an overwhelming majority" resolute firm in purpose or belief; characterized by firmness and determination; "stood resolute against the enemy"; "faced with a resolute opposition"; "a resolute and unshakeable faith" foursquare characterized by firm and unwavering conviction; "a foursquare refusal to yield" in a square position; "the building stood foursquare" hell-bent recklessly determined; "hell-bent on winning" single-minded determined; "she was firmly resolved to be a doctor"; "single-minded in his determination to stop smoking" spartan resolute in the face of pain or danger or adversity; "spartan courage" undeterred not deterred; "pursued his own path...undeterred by lack of popular appreciation and understanding"- Osbert Sitwell irresolute uncertain how to act or proceed; "the committee was timid and mediocre and irresolute" discouraged lacking in resolution; "the accident left others discouraged about going there" infirm lacking firmness of will or character or purpose; "infirm of purpose; give me the daggers" - Shakespeare vacillant uncertain in purpose or action weak-kneed lacking will power or resolution; "the role of the dissenter is not for the weak-kneed" respectable characterized by socially or conventionally acceptable morals; "a respectable woman" presentable fit to be seen; "presentable clothes" upstanding meriting respect or esteem; "an upstanding member of the community" unrespectable unworthy of respect respectful full of or exhibiting respect; "respectful behavior"; "a respectful glance" feeling or manifesting veneration deferent showing deference disrespectful exhibiting lack of respect; rude and discourteous; "remarks disrespectful of the law"; "disrespectful in the presence of his parents"; "disrespectful toward his teacher" annihilating making light of; "afire with annihilating invective"; "a devastating portrait of human folly"; "to compliments inflated I've a withering reply"- W.S.Gilbert contemptuous expressing extreme contempt contumelious arrogantly insolent derisive abusing vocally; expressing contempt or ridicule; "derisive laughter"; "a jeering crowd"; "her mocking smile"; "taunting shouts of `coward' and `sissy'" impudent marked by casual disrespect; "a flip answer to serious question"; "the student was kept in for impudent behavior" undeferential not showing courteous respect accountable liable to account for one's actions; "governments must be accountable to someone beside themselves"; "fully accountable for what they did"; "the court held the parents answerable for their minor child's acts of vandalism"; "he was answerable to no one" answerable morally or legally responsible to a higher authority; "parents are answerable for their child's acts" capable of being answered liable held legally responsible; "men between the ages of 18 and 35 were liable for military service" trustworthy taking responsibility for one's conduct and obligations; "trustworthy public servants" worthy of trust or belief; "a trustworthy report"; "an experienced and trustworthy traveling companion" irresponsible showing lack of care for consequences; "behaved like an irresponsible idiot"; "hasty and irresponsible action" carefree cheerfully irresponsible; "carefree with his money"; "freewheeling urban youths"; "had a harum-scarum youth" free of trouble and worry and care; "the carefree joys of childhood"; "carefree millionaires, untroubled financially" do-nothing(a) characterized by inability or unwillingness to work toward a goal or assume responsibility; "a do-nothing government" trigger-happy irresponsible in the use of firearms responsive readily reacting or replying to people or events or stimuli; showing emotion; "children are often the quickest and most responsive members of the audience" containing or using responses; alternating; "responsive reading"; "antiphonal laughter" answering replying; "an answering glance"; "an answering smile" unresponsive not responding to some influence or stimulus not susceptible to suggestion or influence aloof or indifferent; "was unresponsive to her passionate advances" refractory temporarily unresponsive or not fully responsive to a process or stimulus; "the refractory period of a muscle fiber" not responding to treatment; "a stubborn infection"; "a refractory case of acne"; "stubborn rust stains" low-key restrained in style or quality; "a little masterpiece of low-keyed eloquence" unrestrained not subject to restraint; "unrestrained laughter" freewheeling free of restraints or rules; "freewheeling foolishness"; "the versatility of his poetic freewheeling style" highflying(a) extravagant or ambitious or extreme in aims or opinions; "they did not understand what had happend at the once highflying company" moving upward or along at a considerable height; "some highflying fighter pilot fired a cannon shell into it" unbridled not restrained or controlled; "unbridled rage"; "an unchecked temper"; "ungoverned rage" circumscribed subject to limits or subjected to limits off-limits barred to a designated group; "that area is off-limits" all-weather usable or operative or practiced in all kinds of weather; "a good all-weather road"; "all-weather flying" open-plan (of rooms or buildings) having large rooms with few dividing partitions confining restricting the scope or freedom of action inhibitory restrictive of action; "a repressive regime"; "an overly strict and inhibitory discipline" limiting strictly limiting the reference of a modified word or phrase; "the restrictive clause in `Each made a list of the books that had influenced him' limits the books on the list to only those particular ones defined by the clause" regulative restricting according to rules or principles; "a regulatory gene" sumptuary regulating or controlling expenditure or personal behavior; "sumptuary laws discouraging construction of large houses on small plots"; "sumptuary laws forbidding gambling" suppressive tending to suppress; "the government used suppressive measures to control the protest" unrestrictive not tending to restrict emancipative tending to set free nonrestrictive not limiting the reference of a modified word or phrase; "the nonrestrictive clause in `I always buy his books, which have influenced me greatly,' refers to his books generally and adds an additional fact about them" unretentive (of memory) deficient in retentiveness or range; "a short memory" fretted having a pattern of fretwork or latticework having frets interconnected reciprocally connected meshed resembling a network; "a meshed road system" networklike having a network of veins or ribs nonreticulate not resembling or forming a network retractile capable of retraction; capable of being drawn back; "cats have retractile claws" retractable capable of being retracted; "retractable landing gear" nonretractile not capable of being retracted mirrorlike capable of reflecting light like a mirror; "mirrorlike surface of the lake"; "a specular metal" reflecting causing reflection or having a device that reflects; "a reflecting microscope" nonreflective not capable of physical reflection echoless having or producing no echo; "the echoless darkness" reflected (especially of incident sound or light) bent or sent back; "reflected light"; "reflected heat"; "reflected glory" mirrored like or characteristic of a mirror image unreflected (especially of incident sound or light) not turned back by physical reflection absorbed retained without reflection; "the absorbed light intensity" reverberant having a tendency to reverberate or be repeatedly reflected; "a reverberant room"; "the reverberant booms of cannon" clinking like the light sharp ringing sound of glasses being tapped echoing(a) (of sounds) repeating by reflection; "a hotel with echoing halls" jingling having a series of high-pitched ringing sounds like many small bells; "jingling sleigh bells" live(a) highly reverberant; "a live concert hall" resonant characterized by resonance; "a resonant voice"; "hear the rolling thunder" tinkling like the short high ringing sound of a small bell; "sounding brass and a tinkling cymbal" unreverberant not reverberant; lacking a tendency to reverberate anechoic not having or producing echoes; sound-absorbent; "an anechoic chamber" reverent feeling or showing profound respect or veneration; "maintained a reverent silence" awed inspired by a feeling of fearful wonderment or reverence; "awed by the silence"; "awful worshippers with bowed heads" having or showing a feeling of mixed reverence and respect and wonder and dread; "stood in awed silence before the shrine"; "in grim despair and awestruck wonder" irreverent showing lack of due respect or veneration; "irreverent scholars mocking sacred things"; "noisy irreverent tourists" aweless neither feeling nor showing respect devoid of any feeling of awe or reverence revived restored to consciousness or life or vigor; "felt revived hope" recrudescent the revival of an unfortunate situation after a period of abatement; "the patient presented with a case of recrudescent gastralgia" redux(ip) brought back; "the Victorian era redux"; "`Rabbit Redux' by John Updike" renewed restored to a new condition; "felt renewed strength" resurgent rising again as to new life and vigor; "resurgent nationalism" resuscitated restored to life or consciousness revitalized restored to new life and vigor; "a revitalized economy"; "a revitalized inner-city neighborhood"; "Berlin has been reborn after probably the most intense period of construction since the post-war period." unrevived not revived overawed overcome by a feeling of awe unawed not awed counterrevolutionary marked by opposition or antipathy to revolution; "ostracized for his counterrevolutionary tendencies" relating to or being a counterrevolution rewarding providing personal satisfaction; "a rewarding career as a paramedic" bountied rewarded or able to be rewarded by a bounty; "a bountied animal pelt" rewardful offering or productive of reward; "rewardful pursuits" unrewarding not rewarding; not providing personal satisfaction thankless not likely to be rewarded; "grading papers is a thankless task" profitless without profit or reward; "let us have no part in profitless quarrels"- D.D.Eisenhower; "How weary, flat, stale, and unprofitable / Seem to me all the uses of this world"- Shakespeare rhetorical given to rhetoric, emphasizing style at the expense of thought; "mere rhetorical frippery" of or relating to rhetoric; "accepted two or three verbal and rhetorical changes I suggested"- W.A.White; "the rhetorical sin of the meaningless variation"- Lewis Mumford bombastic ostentatiously lofty in style; "a man given to large talk"; "tumid political prose" flowery marked by elaborate rhetoric and elaborated with decorative details; "a flowery speech"; "ornate rhetoric taught out of the rule of Plato"-John Milton of or relating to or suggestive of flowers; "a flowery hat"; "flowery wine" empurpled excessively elaborate or showily expressed; "a writer of empurpled literature"; "many purple passages"; "an over-embellished story of the fish that got away" oratorical characteristic of an orator or oratory; "oratorical prose"; "harangued his men in an oratorical way"- Robert Graves stylistic of or relating to style (especially in the use of language); "stylistic devices" unrhetorical not rhetorical plainspoken using simple and direct language; "a plainspoken country doctor" rhythmical recurring with measured regularity; "the rhythmic chiming of church bells"- John Galsworthy; "rhythmical prose" cadenced marked by a rhythmical cadence; "the cadenced crunch of marching feet" danceable suitable for dancing jazzy resembling jazz (especially in its rhythm) lilting characterized by a buoyant rhythm; "an easy lilting stride"; "the flute broke into a light lilting air"; "a swinging pace"; "a graceful swingy walk"; "a tripping singing measure" measured the rhythmic arrangement of syllables Sapphic a meter used by Sappho and named after her chantlike uttered in a monotonous cadence or rhythm as in chanting; "their chantlike intoned prayers"; "a singsong manner of speaking" syncopated stressing a normally weak beat unrhythmical not rhythmic; irregular in beat or accent arrhythmic without regard for rhythm lacking a steady rhythm; "an arrhythmic heartbeat" nonrhythmic deliberately not rhythmic unmeasured not composed of measured syllables; not metrical; "unmeasured prose" ribbed furnished or strengthened with ribs costate having ribs (of the surface) having a rough, riblike texture riblike resembling a rib ribless having no ribs or no visible ribs poor having little money or few possessions; "deplored the gap between rich and poor countries"; "the proverbial poor artist living in a garret" lacking in quality or substances; "a poor land"; "the area was poor in timber and coal"; "food poor in nutritive value"; "the food in the cafeteria was of poor quality" characterized by or indicating poverty; "the country had a poor economy"; "they lived in the poor section of town" broke lacking funds; "`skint' is a British slang term" destitute poor enough to need help from others hard up not having enough money to pay for necessities moneyless having no money; "virtually moneyless rural regions" not based on the possession of money; "a moneyless economy" resourceless lacking or deficient in natural resources slummy (of housing or residential areas) indicative of poverty; "a slummy part of town"; "slum conditions" moneyed based on or arising from the possession of money or wealth; "moneyed interests" insolvent unable to meet or discharge financial obligations; "an insolvent person"; "an insolvent estate" rimmed having a rim or a rim of a specified kind; "do you wear rimmed or rimless glasses?" horn-rimmed having the frame made of horn or tortoise shell or plastic that simulates either; "horn-rimmed glasses" red-rimmed rimmed with red; "your red-rimmed eyes reveal that you have been crying" rimless lacking a rim or frame; "rimless glasses" handed having or involving the use of hands; "a handed, tree-living animal"; "a four-handed card game" one-handed having or using a single hand; "one-handed golfers"; "a one-handed backetball shot" two-handed requiring two hands or designed for two people; "a two-handed sledgehammer"; "a two-handed crosscut saw"; "a machine designed for bimanual operation" handless without a hand or hands; "a handless war veteran" handled having a usually specified type of handle; "pearl-handled revolver" handleless having no handle; "sleek cabinets with apparently handleless doors" right-handed using or intended for the right hand; "a right-handed batter"; "right-handed scissors" left(a) intended for the left hand; "I rarely lose a left-hand glove" equipoised lacking lateral dominance; being neither right-handed nor left-handed rightish tending toward the political right far left radical or extremely liberal leftish tending toward the political left leftist believing in or supporting tenets of the political left rightmost farthest to the right; "in the rightmost line of traffic" right-hand(a) located on or directed toward the right; "a right-hand turn" left-hand(a) located on or directed toward the left; "a car with left-hand drive" leftmost farthest to the left; "the leftmost non-zero digit" near(a) being on the left side; "the near or nigh horse is the one on the left"; "the animal's left side is its near or nigh side" horned having a horn or horns or hornlike parts or horns of a particular kind; "horned viper"; "great horned owl"; "the unicorn--a mythical horned beast"; "long-horned cattle" antlered having antlers antler-like resembling antlers hollow-horned having horns that are hollow horny having horns or hornlike projections; "horny coral"; "horny (or horned) frog" hornless having no horns; "hornless cattle" condemnable bringing or deserving severe rebuke or censure; "a criminal waste of talent"; "a deplorable act of violence"; "adultery is as reprehensible for a husband as for a wife" misguided wrong in e.g. opinion or judgment; "well-meaning but misguided teachers"; "a mistaken belief"; "mistaken identity" unrighteous not righteous; "an unrighteous man"; "an unrighteous law" sinful having committed unrighteous acts; "a sinful person" beefy muscular and heavily built; "a beefy wrestler"; "had a tall burly frame"; "clothing sizes for husky boys"; "a strapping boy of eighteen"; "`buirdly' is a Scottish term" big-boned having a bone structure that is massive in contrast with the surrounding flesh big-chested marked by a large or well-developed chest; "he was big-chested, big-shouldered and heavy-armed" big-shouldered having broad shoulders; "big-shouldered and heavy-armed" cast-iron extremely robust; "an iron constitution" hardy having rugged physical strength; inured to fatigue or hardships; "hardy explorers of northern Canada"; "proud of her tall stalwart son"; "stout seamen"; "sturdy young athletes" able to survive under unfavorable weather conditions; "strawberries are hardy and easy to grow"; "camels are tough and hardy creatures" half-hardy (of plants) requiring protection from frost; "half-hardy annuals" heavy-armed having massive arms; "he was big-chested, big-shouldered and heavy-armed" square-built broad and solidly built decrepit lacking bodily or muscular strength or vitality; "a feeble old woman"; "her body looked sapless" light-boned having a bone structure that is light with respect to the surrounding flesh apple-shaped having the general shape of an apple ball-shaped having the shape of a sphere or ball; "a spherical object"; "nearly orbicular in shape"; "little globular houses like mud-wasp nests"- Zane Grey barrel-shaped having the general shape of a barrel bulblike shaped like a bulb coccoid spherical; like a coccus; "a coccoid microorganism" cumuliform shaped like a cumulus cloud discoid having a flat circular shape goblet-shaped resembling the shape of a goblet moonlike resembling the moon in shape nutlike resembling a nut in shape and size pancake-like resembling a pancake in shape pear-shaped having a round shape tapered at one end pinwheel-shaped having the round shape of a pinwheel ringlike having the shape of a ring roundish somewhat round in appearance or form wheel-like round like a wheel right-angled forming a right angle or containing one or more right angles; "a right-angled bend" squared having been made square squarish somewhat square in appearance or form rounded curving and somewhat round in shape rather than jagged; "low rounded hills"; "rounded shoulders" allantoid shaped like a sausage almond-shaped shaped like an almond annular shaped like a ring aspheric varying slightly from a perfectly spherical shape auriform having a shape resembling an ear bean-shaped having a shape resembling a bean bowfront having an outward curving front; "a bowfront dresser"; "a bowfront house" crescent(a) resembling the new moon in shape cylindrical having the form of a cylinder disciform having a round or oval shape like a disc; "a disciform skin lesion" domed having a hemispherical vault or dome dome-shaped having the shape of a dome egg-shaped rounded like an egg hyperboloidal having the shape of a hyperboloid lingulate shaped like a tongue olivelike resembling an olive parabolic having the form of a parabola resembling or expressed by parables paraboloidal having the shape of a paraboloid pillar-shaped shaped like a cylindrical pillar pineal having the form of a pine cone relating to the pineal body; "pineal hormone" plumlike resembling a plum fruit rod-shaped resembling a rod rotund spherical in shape terete especially of plant parts; cylindrical and tapering umbrellalike resembling an umbrella angular having angles or an angular shape measured by an angle or by the rate of change of an angle; "angular momentum" angled forming or set at an angle; "angled parking" bicuspid having two cusps or points (especially a molar tooth); "bicuspid teeth"; "bicuspid leaves" cuspate having cusps or points equiangular having all angles equal isogonic having or making equal angles rectangular having four right angles; "a rectangular figure twice as long as it is wide" sharp-cornered having sharp corners square-shaped shaped like a square triangular having three angles; forming or shaped like a triangle; "a triangular figure"; "a triangular pyrimid has a triangle for a base" tricuspid having three cusps or points (especially a molar tooth); "tricuspid molar"; "tricuspid valve" unicuspid having a single cusp or point; "a unicuspid tooth" prolate having the polar diameter greater than the equatorial diameter; "a prolate spheroid is generated by revolving an ellipse about its major axis" cucumber-shaped shaped like a cucumber rural living in or characteristic of farming or country life; "rural people"; "large rural households"; "unpaved rural roads"; "an economy that is basically rural" of or relating to the countryside as opposed to the city; "rural electrification"; "rural free delivery" agrarian relating to farming or agriculture; "an agrarian (or agricultural) society"; "farming communities" arcadian (used with regard to idealized country life) idyllically rustic; "a country life of arcadian contentment"; "a pleasant bucolic scene"; "charming in its pastoral setting"; "rustic tranquility" campestral of fields or open country; "living in campestral seclusion" countrified characteristic of rural life; "countrified clothes"; "rustic awkwardness" country-bred rough and uncouth; "a country boy" country-style typical of the country; "country-style sausage"; "country music" cracker-barrel characteristic of country life; "cracker-barrel philosophy"; "the air of homespun country boys" hobnailed marked by the wearing of heavy boots studded with hobnails; "hobnailed laborers" urban located in or characteristic of a city or city life; "urban property owners"; "urban affairs"; "urban manners" relating to or concerned with a city or densely populated area; "urban sociology"; "urban development" citified being or having the customs or manners or dress of a city person city-like resembling a city urbanized made urban in nature; taking on urban characteristics; "the urbanized Eastern states" rusted having accumulated rust; "rusted hinges" rusty covered with or consisting of rust; "a rusty machine"; "rusty deposits" rustless without rust rust-free free of rust rustproof treated against rusting rust-resistant resistant to rust undercoated (of motor vehicles) having a coating of tar or other rustproof material applied to the underside holy belonging to or derived from or associated with a divine power beatified Roman Catholic; proclaimed one of the blessed and thus worthy of veneration Blessed worthy of worship; "the Blessed Trinity" hallowed worthy of religious veneration; "the sacred name of Jesus"; "Jerusalem's hallowed soil" unholy not hallowed or consecrated profane not holy because unconsecrated or impure or defiled not concerned with or devoted to religion; "sacred and profane music"; "secular drama"; "secular architecture"; "children being brought up in an entirely profane environment" ineffable too sacred to be uttered; "the ineffable name of the Deity" inspirational imparting a divine influence on the mind and soul inviolable must be kept sacred incapable of being transgressed or dishonored; "the person of the king is inviolable"; "an inviolable oath" numinous evincing the presence of a deity; "a numinous wood"; "the most numinous moment in the Mass" of or relating to or characteristic of a numen quasi-religious resembling something that is religious reverend worthy of adoration or reverence sacral of or relating to sacred rites; "sacral laws" of or relating to or near the sacrum laic characteristic of those who are not members of the clergy; "set his collar in laic rather than clerical position"; "the lay ministry" profanatory profaning or tending to desecrate sadistic deriving pleasure or sexual gratification from inflicting pain on another masochistic deriving pleasure or sexual gratification from being abused or dominated off the hook(p) freed from danger or blame or obligation; "I let him off the hook with a mild reprimand" risk-free thought to be devoid of risk safe and sound free from danger or injury; "the children were found safe and sound" breakneck moving at very high speed; "a breakneck pace" hazardous involving risk or danger; "skydiving is a hazardous sport"; "extremely risky going out in the tide and fog"; "a wild financial scheme" mordacious biting or given to biting; "they deliberately gave me a skittish and mordacious mount" on the hook(p) caught in a difficult or dangerous situation; "there I was back on the hook" parlous fraught with danger; "dangerous waters"; "a parlous journey on stormy seas"; "a perilous voyage across the Atlantic in a small boat"; "the precarious life of an undersea diver"; "dangerous surgery followed by a touch-and-go recovery" self-destructive dangerous to yourself or your interests; "suicidal impulses"; "a suicidal corporate takeover strategy"; "a kamikaze pilot" treacherous dangerously unstable and unpredictable; "treacherous winding roads"; "an unreliable trestle" safe(p) having reached a base without being put out; "the runner was called safe when the baseman dropped the ball" down(p) being put out by a strikeout; "two down in the bottom of the ninth" salable capable of being sold; fit for sale; "saleable at a low price" unsalable impossible to sell unmarketable not capable of being sold not fit for sale same closely similar or comparable in kind or quality or quantity or degree; "curtains the same color as the walls"; "two girls of the same age"; "mother and son have the same blue eyes"; "animals of the same species"; "the same rules as before"; "two boxes having the same dimensions"; "the same day next year" same in identity; "the same man I saw yesterday"; "never wore the same dress twice"; "this road is the same one we were on yesterday"; "on the same side of the street" cookie-cutter having the same appearance (as if mass-produced); "a suburb of cookie-cutter houses" synoptic presenting or taking the same point of view; used especially with regard to the first three gospels of the New Testament; "synoptic sayings" presenting a summary or general view of a whole; "a synoptic presentation of a physical theory" antithetic sharply contrasted in character or purpose; "practices entirely antithetical to her professed beliefs"; "hope is antithetic to despair" contrasting strikingly different; tending to contrast; "contrasting (or contrastive) colors" diametric characterized by opposite extremes; completely opposed; "in diametric contradiction to his claims"; "diametrical (or opposite) points of view"; "opposite meanings"; "extreme and indefensible polar positions" diverse distinctly dissimilar or unlike; "celebrities as diverse as Bob Hope and Bob Dylan"; "animals as various as the jaguar and the cavy and the sloth" divers(a) many and different; "tourist offices of divers nationalities"; "a person of diverse talents" several(p) distinct and individual; "three several times" variant differing from a norm or standard; "a variant spelling" exhibiting variation and change; "letters variant in size" aforesaid(a) being the one previously mentioned or spoken of; "works of all the aforementioned authors"; "said party has denied the charges" another(a) any of various alternatives; some other; "put it off to another (or some other) day" new(a) other than the former one(s); different; "they now have a new leaders"; "my new car is four years old but has only 15,000 miles on it"; "ready to take a new direction" otherwise other than as supposed or expected; "the outcome was otherwise" in other respects or ways; "he is otherwise normal"; "the funds are not otherwise available"; "an otherwise hopeless situation" similar marked by correspondence or resemblance; "similar food at similar prices"; "problems similar to mine"; "they wore similar coats" (of words) expressing closely related meanings confusable so similar as to be easily identified for another thing; "potentially confusable senses of words"; "easily mistakable signals" quasi(a) having some resemblance; "a quasi success"; "a quasi contract" sympathetic having similar disposition and tastes; "with their many similar tastes, he found her a most sympathetic companion" expressing or feeling or resulting from sympathy or compassion or friendly fellow feelings; disposed toward; "sympathetic to the students' cause"; "a sympathetic observer"; "a sympathetic gesture" (of characters in literature or drama) evoking empathic or sympathetic feelings; "the sympathetic characters in the play" of or relating to the sympathetic nervous system; "sympathetic neurons"; "sympathetic stimulation" dissimilar not similar; "a group of very dissimilar people"; "a pump not dissimilar to those once found on every farm"; "their understanding of the world is not so dissimilar from our own"; "took different (or dissimilar) approaches to the problem" sane mentally healthy; free from mental disorder; "appears to be completely sane" compos mentis(p) of sound mind, memory, and understanding; in law, competent to go to trial in his right mind(p) behaving responsibly lucid having a clear mind; "a lucid moment in his madness" insane afflicted with or characteristic of mental derangement; "was declared insane"; "insane laughter" brainsick affected with madness or insanity; "a man who had gone mad" crackbrained insanely irresponsible; "an idiotic idea" crazed driven insane fey slightly insane hebephrenic suffering from a form of schizophrenia characterized by foolish mannerisms and senseless laughter along with delusions and regressive behavior maniacal wildly disordered; "a maniacal frenzy" maniclike resembling the mania of manic-depressive illness mentally ill suffering from severe mental illness; "of unsound mind" non compos mentis(p) not of sound mind, memory, or understanding; in law, not competent to go to trial psychopathic suffering from an undiagnosed mental disorder raving mad talking or behaving irrationally; "a raving lunatic" screw-loose not behaving normally jaded dulled by surfeit; "the amoral, jaded, bored upper classes" exhausted; "my father's words had left me jaded and depressed"- William Styron satiable capable of being sated; "a satiable thirst"; "a satiable appetite" insatiate impossible to satisfy; "an insatiate appetite"; "an insatiable demand for old buildings to restore"; "his passion for work was unsatiable" quenchless impossible to quench; "unquenchable thirst" unsated not having been satisfied unsatisfiable not capable of being satisfied; "he knew the trap of unsatisfiable longing" sarcastic expressing or expressive of ridicule that wounds sardonic disdainfully or ironically humorous; scornful and mocking; "his rebellion is the bitter, sardonic laughter of all great satirists"- Frank Schoenberner; "a wry pleasure to be...reminded of all that one is missing"- Irwin Edman satirical exposing human folly to ridicule; "a persistent campaign of mockery by the satirical fortnightly magazine" saturnine bitter or scornful; "the face was saturnine and swarthy, and the sensual lips...twisted with disdain"- Oscar Wilde unsarcastic not sarcastic all right being satisfactory or in satisfactory condition; "an all-right movie"; "the passengers were shaken up but are all right"; "is everything all right?"; "everything's fine"; "things are okay"; "dinner and the movies had been fine"; "another minute I'd have been fine" without doubt (used to reinforce an assertion); "it's expensive all right" alright nonstandard usage copacetic completely satisfactory; "his smile said that everything was copacetic"; "You had to be a good judge of what a man was like, and the English was copacetic"- John O'Hara unsatisfactory not giving satisfaction; "shops should take back unsatisfactory goods"; "her performance proved to be unsatisfactory"; "life is becoming increasingly unsatifactory"; "our discussion was very unsatisfactory" disappointing not up to expectations; "a disappointing performance from one who had seemed so promising" scalable capable of being scaled; possible to scale; "the scalable slope of a mountain" ascendable capable of being ascended unscalable incapable of being ascended scholarly characteristic of scholars or scholarship; "scholarly pursuits"; "a scholarly treatise"; "a scholarly attitude" bookish characterized by diligent study and fondness for reading; "a bookish farmer who always had a book in his pocket"; "a quiet studious child" erudite having or showing profound knowledge; "a learned jurist"; "an erudite professor" unscholarly not scholarly unlearned not well learned unstudious not studious scientific conforming with the principles or methods used in science; "a scientific approach" of or relating to the practice of science; "scientific journals" technological based in scientific and industrial progress; "a technological civilization" unscientific not consistent with the methods or principles of science; "an unscientific lack of objectivity" pseudoscientific based on theories and methods erroneously regarded as scientific scrupulous having scruples; arising from a sense of right and wrong; principled; "less scrupulous producers sent bundles that were deceptive in appearance" unscrupulous without scruples or principles; "unscrupulous politicos who would be happy to sell...their country in order to gain power" unconscientious not conscientious conscienceless lacking a conscience; "a conscienceless villain"; "brash, unprincipled, and conscienceless"; "an unconscionable liar" unopened not yet opened or unsealed; "unopened Christmas presents" unsealed not closed or secured with or as if with a seal; "unsealed goods"; "the letter arrived unsealed" not established or confirmed; "his doom is as yet unsealed" wrapped enclosed securely in a covering of paper or the like; "gaily wrapped gifts" unwrapped not yet wrapped or having the wrapping removed; "she faced a mountainous pile of presents still unwrapped"; "the floor around the tree was littered with gifts already unwrapped" seaworthy fit for a sea voyage unseaworthy unfit for a voyage airworthy (of aircraft) fit to fly unairworthy not fit to fly concealed hidden on any grounds for any motive; "a concealed weapon"; "a concealed compartment in his briefcase" not accessible to view; "concealed (or hidden) damage"; "in stormy weather the stars are out of sight" bushwhacking lying in ambush; "bushwhacking guerrillas attacking from ambush" furtive marked by quiet and caution and secrecy; taking pains to avoid being observed; "a furtive manner"; "a sneak attack"; "stealthy footsteps"; "a surreptitious glance at his watch" hidden difficult to find; "hidden valleys"; "a hidden cave"; "an obscure retreat" designed to elude detection; "a hidden room or place of concealment such as a priest hole"; "a secret passage"; "the secret compartment in the desk" incognito(p) with your identity concealed sneaking(a) not openly expressed; "a sneaking suspicion" unconcealed not concealed or hidden; "her unconcealed hostility poisoned the atmosphere"; "watched with unconcealed curiosity" exhibitionistic compulsively attracting attention to yourself especially by public exposure or exaggerated behavior concealing covering or hiding; "the concealing darkness"; "concealing curtains prevented discovery" indicative (usually followed by `of') pointing out or revealing clearly; "actions indicative of fear" relating to the mood of verbs that is used simple in declarative statements; "indicative mood" skimpy (of clothing) revealing the body; "her dress was scanty and revealing" denominational adhering or confined to a particular sect or denomination; "denominational prejudice" relating to or characteristic of a particular religious denomination; "denominational politics" relating to the face value of a banknote, coin, or stamp nonsectarian not restricted to one sect or school or party; "religious training in a nonsectarian atmosphere"; "nonsectarian colleges"; "a wide and unsectarian interest in religion"- Bertrand Russell ecumenic concerned with promoting unity among churches or religions; "ecumenical thinking"; "ecumenical activities"; "the ecumenical movement" interchurch occurring between or among or common to different churches or denominations; "interchurch aid"; "interdenominational cooperation between Methodists and Presbyterians" nondenominational not restricted to a particular religious denomination; "a nondenominational church" undenominational not bound or devoted to the promotion of a particular denomination; "undenominational religious instruction" insecure lacking self-confidence or assurance; "an insecure person lacking mental stability" lacking in security or safety; "his fortune was increasingly insecure"; "an insecure future" not firm or firmly fixed; likely to fail or give way; "the hinge is insecure" not safe from attack overanxious anxious or nervous to an excessive degree unassured lacking boldness or confidence sure physically secure or dependable; "a sure footing"; "was on sure ground" certain not to fail; "a sure hand on the throttle" infallible or unfailing; "a sure (or true) sign of one's commitment" (of persons) worthy of trust or confidence; "a sure (or trusted) friend" unguaranteed without financial security; "an unsecured note" fastened firmly closed or secured; "found the gate fastened"; "a fastened seatbelt" pegged-down fastened by pegs; "the pegged-down branches of the plant will take root" unfastened not closed or secured; "the car door was unfastened"; "unfastened seatbelts" unbarred not firmly fastened or secured; "an unbarred door"; "went through the unlatched gate into the street"; "an unlocked room" insurable capable of being insured or eligible to be insured uninsured not covered by insurance; "an uninsured motorist" uninsurable not capable of being insured or not eligible to be insured seductive tending to entice into a desired action or state alluring highly attractive and able to arouse hope or desire; "an alluring prospect"; "her alluring smile"; "the voice was low and beguiling"; "difficult to say no to an enticing advertisement"; "a tempting invitation" unseductive not seductive selfish concerned chiefly or only with yourself and your advantage to the exclusion of others; "Selfish men were...trying to make capital for themselves out of the sacred cause of civil rights"- Maria Weston Chapman egotistic characteristic of those having an inflated idea of their own importance self-serving interested only in yourself public-spirited showing unselfish interest in the public welfare; "a public-spirited citizen" self-denying willing to deprive yourself self-forgetful showing lack of self-interest major(ip) of the elder of two boys with the same family name; "Jones major" precedential having precedence (especially because of longer service); "precedential treatment for senior members of the firm" ranking(a) having a higher rank; "superior officer" junior-grade inferior in rank or status; "the junior faculty"; "a lowly corporal"; "petty officialdom"; "a subordinate functionary" minor(ip) of the younger of two boys with the same family name; "Jones minor" younger used of the younger of two persons of the same name especially used to distinguish a son from his father; "John Junior"; "John Smith, Jr." sensational causing intense interest, curiosity, or emotion relating to or concerned in sensation; "the sensory cortex"; "sensory organs" unsensational not of such character as to arouse intense interest, curiosity, or emotional reaction anesthetic(a) characterized by insensibility; "the young girls are in a state of possession--blind and deaf and anesthetic"; "an anesthetic state" erogenous sensitive to sexual stimulation highly sensitive readily affected by various agents; "a highly sensitive explosive is easily exploded by a shock"; "a sensitive colloid is readily coagulated" irritable abnormally sensitive to a stimulus light-sensitive sensitive to visible light; "photographic film is light-sensitive" radiosensitive sensitive to radiation; "radiosensitive cancer cells can be treated with radiotherapy" nociceptive caused by or in response to pain; "a nociceptive spinal reflex" insensitive not responsive to physical stimuli; "insensitive to radiation" deficient in human sensibility; not mentally or morally sensitive; "insensitive to the needs of the patients" oversensitive unduly sensitive or thin-skinned dead(p) (followed by `to') not showing human feeling or sensitivity; unresponsive; "passersby were dead to our plea for help"; "numb to the cries for mercy" insensible(p) unaware of or indifferent to; "insensible to the suffering around him" soulless lacking sensitivity or the capacity for deep feeling thick-skinned insensitive to criticism desensitizing making less susceptible or sensitive to either physical or emotional stimuli numbing causing numbness or insensitivity; "the numbing effect of grief" sensory involving or derived from the senses; "sensory experience"; "sensory channels" extrasensory seemingly outside normal sensory channels telegnostic obtaining knowledge of distant events allegedly without use of normal sensory mechanisms telepathic communicating without apparent physical signals unsent not dispatched or transmitted; "the letter remained unwritten and unsent" asunder(p) widely separated especially in space; "as wide asunder as pole from pole" discrete constituting a separate entity or part; "a government with three discrete divisions"; "on two distinct occasions" isolable capable of being isolated or disjoined unaccompanied (of a state or an event) taking place without something specified occurring at the same time; "a headache unaccompanied by other symptoms" being without an escort playing or singing without accompaniment; "the soloist sang unaccompanied" concerted involving the joint activity of two or more; "concerted action"; "the conjunct influence of fire and strong wind"; "the conjunctive focus of political opposition"; "a cooperative effort"; "a united effort"; "joint military activities" conjoined consisting of two or more associated entities; "the interplay of these conjoined yet opposed factors"; "social order and prosperity, the conjoint aims of government"- J.K.Fairbank cosignatory signing jointly with others sanitary free from filth and pathogens; "sanitary conditions for preparing food"; "a sanitary washroom" hygienic tending to promote or preserve health; "hygienic habits like using disposable tissues"; "hygienic surroundings with plenty of fresh air" unsanitary not sanitary or healthful; "unsanitary open sewers"; "grim and unsanitary conditions" unhygienic unclean and constituting a likely cause of disease; "pathetic dogs kept in small unhygienic cages" septic containing or resulting from disease-causing organisms; "a septic sore throat"; "a septic environment"; "septic sewage" of or relating to or caused by putrefaction; "the septic action occurs at the bottom of the septic tank" abscessed infected and filled with pus; "an abscessed tooth" contaminative making impure by contact or mixing purulent containing pus; "a purulent wound" putrefactive causing or promoting bacterial putrefaction septicemic characteristic of septicemia; "a septicemic temperature curve" aseptic free of or using methods to keep free of pathological microorganisms; "a sterile operating area"; "aseptic surgical instruments"; "aseptic surgical techniques" bactericidal preventing infection by inhibiting the growth or action of microorganisms cleansing acting like an antiseptic nonpurulent not containing pus uninfected free from sepsis or infection; "a clean (or uninfected) wound" germfree free from germs or pathogenic organisms; sterile; "a germfree environment" germy full of germs or pathological microorganisms; "the water in New York harbor is oily and dirty and germy" unsterilized not sterilized adulterating making impure or corrupt by adding extraneous materials; "the adulterating effect of extraneous materials" purifying freeing from noxious matter; "filtration is a purifying agent" ablutionary cleansing the body by washing; especially ritual washing of e.g. hands; "ablutionary rituals" overserious excessively serious sobering tending to make sober or more serious; "the news had a sobering effect" frivolous not serious in content or attitude or behavior; "a frivolous novel"; "a frivolous remark"; "a frivolous young woman" airheaded lacking seriousness; given to frivolity; "a dizzy blonde"; "light-headed teenagers"; "silly giggles" flighty guided by whim and fancy; "flighty young girls" flippant showing inappropriate levity trivial concerned with trivialities; "a trivial young woman"; "a trivial mind" playful full of fun and high spirits; "playful children just let loose from school" coltish given to merry frolicking; "frolicsome students celebrated their graduation with parties and practical jokes" kittenish playful like a lively kitten ludic relating to play or playfulness mocking playfully vexing (especially by ridicule); "his face wore a somewhat quizzical almost impertinent air"- Lawrence Durrell unplayful completely lacking in playfulness selected chosen in preference to another unselected not selected unserviceable not ready for service; "unserviceable equipment may be replaced" not capable of being used broken-down not in working order; "had to push the broken-down car"; "a broken-down tractor fit only for children to play on" burned-out inoperative as a result of heat or friction; "a burned-out picture tube" exhausted as a result of longtime stress; "she was burned-out before she was 30" unrepaired unserviceable because necessary repairs have not been made based having a base of operations (often used as a combining form); "a locally based business"; "an Atlanta-based company"; "carrier-based planes" having a base; "firmly based ice" built-up peopled with settlers; "the built-up areas" located situated in a particular spot or position; "valuable centrally located urban land"; "strategically placed artillery"; "a house set on a hilltop"; "nicely situated on a quiet riverbank" nonnomadic not nomadic or wandering; "nonnomadic people" relocated settled in a new location aimless continually changing especially as from one abode or occupation to another; "a drifting double-dealer"; "the floating population"; "vagrant hippies of the sixties" rootless wandering aimlessly without ties to a place or community; "led a vagabond life"; "a rootless wanderer" unlocated lacking a particular location migratory used of animals that move seasonally; "migratory birds" nonmigratory used of animals that do not migrate deterministic an inevitable consequence of antecedent sufficient causes preconcerted previously arranged or agreed on; "following preconcerted plans" sexy marked by or tending to arouse sexual desire or interest; "feeling sexy"; "sexy clothes"; "sexy poses"; "a sexy book"; "sexy jokes" autoerotic sexually satisfying yourself (as by masturbation) coquettish like a coquette lascivious driven by lust; preoccupied with or exhibiting lustful desires; "libidinous orgies" lecherous given to excessive indulgence in sexual activity; "a lecherous gleam in his eye"; "a lecherous good-for-nothing" lubricious characterized by lust; "eluding lubricious embraces"; "prurient literature"; "prurient thoughts" having a smooth or slippery quality; "the skin of cephalopods is thin and lubricious" orgiastic used of frenzied sexual activity oversexed having excessive sexual desire or appeal pornographic designed to arouse lust; "pornographic films and magazines"; "adult movies" raunchy earthy and sexually explicit; "a raunchy novel" sexed characterized by sexuality; "highly sexed" having sexual differentiation sex-starved desiring but deprived of sexual gratification unsexy not sexually aroused or arousing sexless sexually unattractive having no sexual desire undersexed having a subnormal degree of sexual desire sexual having or involving sex; "sexual reproduction"; "sexual spores" of or relating to or characterized by sexuality; "sexual orientation"; "sexual distinctions" unisexual relating to only one sex or having only one type of sexual organ; not hermaphroditic asexual not having or involving sex; "an asexual spore"; "asexual reproduction" agamic (of reproduction) not involving the fusion of male and female gametes in reproduction fissiparous reproducing by fission vegetal (of reproduction) characterized by asexual processes castrated deprived of sexual capacity or sexual attributes spayed (of a female animal) having the ovaries removed uncastrated not castrated anaphrodisiac tending to diminish sexual desire estrous (of lower mammals) showing or in a state of estrus; in heat; "the estrous state"; "the estrous cycle" monestrous having one estrous cycle per year polyestrous having more than one period of estrus per year anestrous (of lower mammals) not in a state of estrus; not in heat; "an anestrous bitch" of or relating to anestrus diestrous (of animals that have several estrous cycles in one breeding season) in a period of sexual inactivity shapely having a well-proportioned and pleasing shape; "a slim waist and shapely legs" bosomy (of a woman's body) having a large bosom and pleasing curves; "Hollywood seems full of curvaceous blondes"; "a curvy young woman in a tight dress" callipygian pertaining to or having finely developed buttocks; "the quest for the callipygian ideal" clean-limbed having well-proportioned limbs full-fashioned knitted to fit the shape of the body; "full-fashioned hosiery" Junoesque suggestive of a statue modeled resembling sculpture; "her finely modeled features"; "rendered with...vivid sculptural effect"; "the sculpturesque beauty of the athletes' bodies" retrousse (used of noses) turned up at the end; "a retrousse nose"; "a small upturned nose" well-proportioned of pleasing proportions unshapely not well-proportioned and pleasing in shape; "a stout unshapely woman" acromegalic marked or affected by enlargement or hypertrophy of the extremities or the face; "a protruding acromegalic jaw" chunky like or containing small sticky lumps; "the dumplings were chunky pieces of uncooked dough" short and thick; as e.g. having short legs and heavy musculature; "some people seem born to be square and chunky"; "a dumpy little dumpling of a woman"; "dachshunds are long lowset dogs with drooping ears"; "a little church with a squat tower"; "a squatty red smokestack"; "a stumpy ungainly figure" clubfooted having a deformed foot deformed so badly formed or out of shape as to be ugly; "deformed thalidomide babies"; "his poor distorted limbs"; "an ill-shapen vase"; "a limp caused by a malformed foot"; "misshapen old fingers" ill-proportioned lacking pleasing proportions knobby having knobs; "had knobbly knees" nodular having nodules or occurring in the form of nodules; "nodular ores" relating to or characterized by or having nodules; "Nodular vaginitis" nodulose having minute nodules pigeon-breasted having a chest deformity marked by a projecting breastbone caused by infantile rickets shapeless lacking symmetry or attractive form; "a shapeless hat on his head" torulose of a cylindrical or ellipsoid body; swollen and constricted at intervals breasted having a breast or breasts; or breasts as specified; used chiefly in compounds; "small-breasted"; "red-breasted sandpiper" bosomed having a bosom as specified or having something likened to a bosom; usually used in compounds; "full-bosomed women"; "the green-bosomed earth" breastless without a breast formed having or given a form or shape ductile capable of being shaped or bent or drawn out; "ductile copper"; "malleable metals such as gold"; "they soaked the leather to made it pliable"; "pliant molten glass"; "made of highly tensile steel alloy" easily influenced acorn-shaped shaped like an acorn awl-shaped shaped like an awl bacillar formed like a bacillus relating to or produced by or containing bacilli bag-shaped shaped like a bag bar-shaped shaped like a rigid strip of metal or wood basket-shaped shaped like a basket belt-shaped shaped like a belt biform having or combining two forms; "a biform crystal"; "the biform body of a mermaid" boot-shaped shaped like a boot bottle-shaped shaped like a bottle botuliform shaped like a sausage butterfly-shaped shaped like a butterfly button-shaped shaped like a button; "button-shaped white flowers" catenulate having a chainlike form; "catenulate bacterial cell colonies" claw-shaped shaped like a claw club-shaped shaped in the form of a club that is larger at one end shaped in the form of the black trefoil or clover leaf on some playing cards cowl-shaped shaped like a cowl cross-shaped shaped in the form of a cross die-cast formed by forcing molten metal into a die; "a die-cast seal" drum-shaped shaped in a form resembling a drum eel-shaped shaped in the form of an eel fan-shaped shaped in the form of a fan fig-shaped shaped in the form of a fig foot-shaped shaped in the form of a foot football-shaped shaped in the form of a football funnel-shaped shaped in the form of a funnel guitar-shaped shaped in the form of a guitar hammer-shaped shaped in the form of a hammer harp-shaped shaped in the form of a harp hook-shaped shaped in the form of a hook horn-shaped shaped in the form of a horn hourglass-shaped shaped in the form of an hourglass H-shaped shaped in the form of the letter H keel-shaped shaped in the form of the keel of a boat lance-shaped shaped like a lance lancet-shaped shaped in the form of a lancet lip-shaped shaped in the form of a lip L-shaped shaped in the form of the letter L lyre-shaped shaped like a lyre navicular shaped like a boat nutmeg-shaped shaped like a nutmeg oven-shaped shaped like an oven paddle-shaped shaped in the form of a paddle; "paddle-shaped fins" perfected (of plans, ideas, etc.) perfectly formed; "a graceful but not yet fully perfected literary style" phylliform having the shape of a leaf pitcher-shaped shaped in the form of a pitcher precast of structural members especially of concrete; cast into form before being transported to the site of installation ribbon-shaped shaped in the form of a ribbon rudder-like formed like and serving like a rudder saddle-shaped shaped in the form of a horse's saddle slipper-shaped shaped in the form of a slipper shaped shaped to fit by or as if by altering the contours of a pliable mass (as by work or effort); "a shaped handgrip"; "the molded steel plates"; "the wrought silver bracelet" having the shape of; "a square shaped playing field" spade-shaped shaped in the form of a spade spider-shaped shaped in the form of a spider spoon-shaped shaped in the form of a spoon s-shaped shaped in the form of the letter S stirrup-shaped shaped in the form of a stirrup tassel-shaped shaped like a tassel T-shaped shaped in the form of the letter T tadpole-shaped shaped in the form of a tadpole thimble-shaped shaped in the form of a thimble trumpet-shaped shaped in the form of a trumpet; "trumpet-shaped flowers" turnip-shaped shaped in the form of a turnip umbrella-shaped shaped in the form of an umbrella U-shaped shaped in the form of the letter U vase-shaped shaped in the form of a vase vermiform resembling a worm; long and thin and cylindrical v-shaped shaped in the form of the letter V W-shaped shaped in the form of the letter W Y-shaped shaped in the form of the letter Y unshaped incompletely or imperfectly shaped; "unshaped dough"; "unshaped timbers" shared have in common; held or experienced in common; "two shared valence electrons forming a bond between adjacent nuclei"; "a shared interest in philately" unshared not shared shaven having the beard or hair cut off close to the skin clean-shaven closely shaved recently unshaven not shaved bestubbled having a short growth of beard; "his stubbled chin" goateed having a small pointed chin beard mustachioed having a moustache sheathed enclosed in a protective covering; sometimes used in combination; "his sheathed sword"; "the cat's sheathed claws"; "a ship's bottom sheathed in copper"; "copper-sheathed" clad having an outer covering especially of thin metal; "steel-clad"; "armor-clad" podlike resembling a pod unsheathed not having a protective covering; "unsheathed cables"; "a bare blade" shockable capable of being shocked unshockable incapable of being shocked; "he was warmhearted, sensible and unshockable" shod wearing footgear booted wearing boots ironshod shod or cased with iron; "ironshod hooves"; "ironshod wheels" roughshod (of a horse) having horseshoes with projecting nails to prevent slipping sandaled shod with sandals slippered shod with slippers unshod not shod barefoot without shoes; "the barefoot boy"; "shoeless Joe Jackson" stockinged wearing stockings; "walks about in his stockinged feet" calced used of certain religious orders who wear shoes discalced (used of certain religious orders) barefoot or wearing only sandals; "discalced friars" nearsighted unable to see distant objects clearly farsighted able to see distant objects clearly eagle-eyed capable of seeing to a great distance hyperopic abnormal ability to focus of distant objects shrinkable capable of being shrunk; "a shrinkable fabric" unshrinkable incapable of being shrunk or diminished or reduced sighted able to see clear-sighted having sharp clear vision seeing having vision, not blind blinded deprived of sight deuteranopic inability to see the color green or to distinguish green and purplish-red dim-sighted having greatly reduced vision protanopic inability to see the color red or to distinguish red and bluish-green stone-blind completely blind tritanopic inability to see the color blue or to distinguish the colors blue and yellow signed having a handwritten signature; "a signed letter" autographed bearing an autograph; "an autographed copy of his latest book" subscribed (of a contract or will or other document) having a signature written at the end; "the subscribed will" unsigned lacking a signature; "the message was typewritten and unsigned" momentous of very great significance; "deciding to drop the atom bomb was a very big decision"; "a momentous event" epochal highly significant or important especially bringing about or marking the beginning of a new development or era; "epochal decisions made by Roosevelt and Churchill"; "an epoch-making discovery" evidential serving as or based on evidence; "evidential signs of a forced entry"; "its evidentiary value" monumental of outstanding significance; "Einstein's monumental contributions to physics" relating or belonging to or serving as a monument; "the use of the arch in monumental architecture"; "monumental sculptures" noteworthy worthy of attention because interesting, significant, or unusual; "a noteworthy fact is that her students rarely complain"; "a noteworthy advance in cancer research"; "a remarkable achievement"; "a notable increase in the crime rate" probative tending to prove a particular proposition or to persuade you of the truth of an allegation; "evidence should only be excluded if its probative value was outweighed by its prejudicial effect" portentous of momentous or ominous significance; "such a portentous...monster raised all my curiosity"- Herman Melville; "a prodigious vision" hole-and-corner relating to the peripheral and unimportant aspects of life; "a hole-and-corner life in some obscure community"- H.G.Wells flimsy lacking substance or significance; "slight evidence"; "a tenuous argument"; "a thin plot"; "a fragile claim to fame" lacking solidity or strength; "a flimsy table"; "flimsy construction"; "vinyl siding has become the standard-bearer for cheap, insubstantial construction" inappreciable too small to make a significant difference; "inappreciable fluctuations in temperature" nonsignificant attributable to chance silenced reduced to silence; "the silenced crowd waited expectantly" unsilenced not silenced acerate narrow and long and pointed; as pine leaves apiculate (of a leaf shape) having a short sharply pointed tip cordate (of a leaf) shaped like a heart cuneate (of a leaf shape) narrowly triangular, wider at the apex and tapering toward the base dolabriform having the shape of the head of an ax or cleaver ensiform shaped like a sword blade; "the iris has an ensiform leaf" hastate (of a leaf shape) like a spear point, with flaring pointed lobes at the base lanceolate (of a leaf shape) shaped like a lance head; narrow and tapering to a pointed apex lyrate (of a leaf shape) having curvature suggestive of a lyre needled of trees whose leaves are acerate two-needled (of conifers) having two needles three-needled (of conifers) having three needles four-needled (of conifers) having four needles five-needled (of conifers) having five needles oblanceolate (of a leaf shape) having a broad rounded apex and a tapering base obovate (of a leaf shape) egg-shaped with the narrower end at the base orbiculate circular or nearly circular ovate of a leaf shape; egg-shaped with the broader end at the base pandurate (of a leaf shape) having rounded ends and a contracted center peltate (of a leaf shape) round, with the stem attached near the center of the lower surface rather than the margin (as a nasturtium leaf for example) perfoliate (of a leaf) having the base united around (and apparently pierced by) the stem reniform (of a leaf or bean shape) resembling the shape of kidney sagittate (of a leaf shape) like an arrow head without flaring base lobes spatulate (of a leaf shape) having a broad rounded apex and a narrow base unlobed without lobes bilobate having two lobes; "a bilobate leaf" binate growing in two parts or in pairs; "binate leaves" bipinnate of a leaf shape; having doubly pinnate leaflets (as ferns) bipinnatifid pinnatifid with the segments also pinnatifid decompound of a compound leaf; consisting of divisions that are themselves compound even-pinnate (of a leaf shape) pinnate with a pair of leaflets at the apex lobed having deeply indented margins but with lobes not entirely separate from each other odd-pinnate (a leaf shape) pinnate with a single leaflet at the apex palmate of a leaf shape; having leaflets or lobes radiating from a common point (of the feet of water birds) having three toes connected by a thin fold of skin palmatifid of a leaf shape; palmately cleft rather than lobed parted having a margin incised almost to the base so as to create distinct divisions or lobes pinnate (of a leaf shape) featherlike; having leaflets on each side of a common axis pinnatifid (of a leaf shape) cleft nearly to the midrib in broad divisions not separated into distinct leaflets pinnatisect (of a leaf shape) cleft nearly to the midrib in narrow divisions not separated into distinct leaflets quinquefoliate (of a leaf shape) having five leaflets ternate (of a leaf shape) consisting of three leaflets or sections trifoliate (of a leaf shape) having three leaflets trilobate (of a leaf shape) divided into three lobes tripinnate (of a leaf shape) thrice pinnate tripinnatifid (of a leaf shape) bipinnatifid with segments pinnatifid simplistic characterized by extreme and often misleading simplicity; "a simplistic theory of the universe"; "simplistic arguments of the ruling party" unanalyzable representing the furthest possible extent of analysis or division into parts; "a feeling is a simple and undecomposable mental state"- G.S.Brett; "this weight of evidence is something mystical and unanalyzable"-M.R.Cohen uncomplicated lacking complexity; "small and uncomplicated cars for those really interested in motoring"; "an unsophisticated machine" analyzable capable of being partitioned complicated difficult to analyze or understand; "a complicated problem"; "complicated Middle East politics"; "he's more complex than he seems on the surface" daedal complex and ingenious in design or function; "the daedal hand of nature" Gordian extremely intricate; usually in phrase `Gordian knot' interlacing linked or locked closely together as by dovetailing intricate having many complexly arranged elements; elaborate; "intricate lacework" labyrinthine resembling a labyrinth in form or complexity; "a labyrinthine network of tortuous footpaths" relating to or affecting or originating in the inner ear; "labyrinthine deafness" multifactorial involving or depending on several factors or causes (especially pertaining to a condition or disease resulting from the interaction of many genes) sincere open and genuine; not deceitful; "he was a good man, decent and sincere"; "felt sincere regret that they were leaving"; "sincere friendship" bona fide undertaken in good faith; "a bona fide offer" cordial sincerely or intensely felt; "a cordial regard for his visitor's comfort"; "a cordial abhorrence of waste" politely warm and friendly; "a cordial handshake" heart-whole with unconditional and enthusiastic devotion; "heart-whole friendship"; "gave wholehearted support to her candidacy"; "wholehearted commitment"; "demonstrated his whole-souled allegiance" insincere lacking sincerity; "a charming but thoroughly insincere woman"; "their praise was extravagant and insincere" dissimulative concealing under a false appearance with the intent to deceive; "dissimulative arts" feigned not genuine; "feigned sympathy" gilded based on pretense; deceptively pleasing; "the gilded and perfumed but inwardly rotten nobility"; "meretricious praise"; "a meretricious argument" hypocritical professing feelings or virtues one does not have; "hypocritical praise" dual a grammatical number category referring to two items or units as opposed to one item (singular) or more than two items (plural); "ancient Greek had the dual form but it has merged with the plural form in modern Greek" non-zero not involving zero thirty-one being one more than thirty thirty-two being two more than thirty thirty-three being three more than thirty thirty-four being four more than thirty thirty-five being five more than thirty thirty-six being six more than thirty thirty-seven being seven more than thirty thirty-eight being eight more than thirty thirty-nine being nine more than thirty forty-one being one more than forty forty-two being two more than forty forty-three being three more than forty forty-four being four more than forty forty-six being six more than forty forty-seven being seven more than forty forty-eight being eight more than forty forty-nine being nine more than forty fifty-one being one more than fifty fifty-two being two more than fifty fifty-three being three more than fifty fifty-four being four more than fifty fifty-five being five more than fifty fifty-six being six more than fifty fifty-seven being seven more than fifty fifty-eight being eight more than fifty fifty-nine being nine more than fifty sixty-one being one more than sixty sixty-two being two more than sixty sixty-three being three more than sixty sixty-four being four more than sixty sixty-five being five more than sixty sixty-six being six more than sixty sixty-seven being seven more than sixty sixty-eight being eight more than sixty sixty-nine being nine more than sixty seventy-one being one more than seventy seventy-two being two more than seventy seventy-three being three more than seventy seventy-four being four more than seventy seventy-five being five more than seventy seventy-six being six more than seventy seventy-seven being seven more than seventy seventy-nine being nine more than seventy eighty-one being one more than eighty eighty-two being two more than eighty eighty-three being three more than eighty eighty-four being four more than eighty eighty-five being five more than eighty eighty-six being six more than eighty eighty-seven being seven more than eighty eighty-eight being eight more than eighty eighty-nine being nine more than eighty ninety-one being one more than ninety ninety-two being two more than ninety ninety-three being three more than ninety ninety-four being four more than ninety ninety-five being five more than ninety ninety-six being six more than ninety ninety-seven being seven more than ninety ninety-eight being eight more than ninety ninety-nine being one less than one hundred and nine more than ninety hundred and one being one more than one hundred one hundred five being five more than one hundred one hundred ten being ten more than one hundred one hundred fifteen being five more than one hundred ten one hundred twenty being ten more than one hundred ten one hundred twenty-five being five more than one hundred twenty one hundred thirty being ten more than one hundred twenty one hundred thirty-five being five more than one hundred thirty one hundred forty being ten more than one hundred thirty one hundred forty-five being five more than one hundred forty one hundred fifty being ten more than one hundred forty one hundred fifty-five being five more than one hundred fifty one hundred sixty being ten more than one hundred fifty one hundred sixty-five being five more than one hundred sixty one hundred seventy being ten more than one hundred sixty one hundred seventy-five being five more than one hundred seventy one hundred eighty being ten more than one hundred seventy one hundred ninety being ten more than one hundred eighty two hundred being ten more than one hundred ninety three hundred being one hundred more than two hundred four hundred being one hundred more than three hundred zillion very large indeterminate number; "a zillion people were there" ordinal being or denoting a numerical order in a series; "ordinal numbers"; "held an ordinal rank of seventh" of or relating to a taxonomic order; "family and ordinal names of animals and plants" zeroth preceding even the first umpteenth last in an indefinitely numerous series twenty-first coming next after the twentieth in position twenty-second coming next after the twenty-first in position twenty-third coming next after the twenty-second in position twenty-fourth coming next after the twenty-third in position twenty-fifth coming next after the twenty-fourth in position twenty-sixth coming next after the twenty-fifth in position twenty-seventh coming next after the twenty-sixth in position twenty-eighth coming next after the twenty-seventh in position twenty-ninth coming next after the twenty-eighth in position thirty-first coming next after the thirtieth in position thirty-second the ordinal number of thirty-two in counting order thirty-third the ordinal number of thirty-three in counting order thirty-fourth the ordinal number of thirty-four in counting order thirty-fifth the ordinal number of thirty-five in counting order thirty-sixth the ordinal number of thirty-six in counting order thirty-seventh the ordinal number of thirty-seven in counting order thirty-eighth the ordinal number of thirty-eight in counting order thirty-ninth the ordinal number of thirty-nine in counting order forty-first the ordinal number of forty-one in counting order forty-second the ordinal number of forty-two in counting order forty-third the ordinal number of forty-three in counting order forty-fourth the ordinal number of forty-four in counting order forty-fifth the ordinal number of forty-five in counting order forty-sixth the ordinal number of forty-six in counting order forty-seventh the ordinal number of forty-seven in counting order forty-eighth the ordinal number of forty-eight in counting order forty-ninth the ordinal number of forty-nine in counting order fifty-fifth the ordinal number of fifty-five in counting order sixty-fourth the ordinal number of sixty-four in counting order sixty-fifth the ordinal number of sixty-five in counting order seventy-fifth the ordinal number of seventy-five in counting order eighty-fifth the ordinal number of eighty-five in counting order ninety-fifth the ordinal number of ninety-five in counting order hundred-and-first the ordinal number of one hundred one in counting order hundred-and-fifth the ordinal number of one hundred five in counting order hundred-and-tenth the ordinal number of one hundred ten in counting order hundred-and-fifteenth the ordinal number of one hundred fifteen in counting order hundred-and-twentieth the ordinal number of one hundred twenty in counting order hundred-and-twenty-fifth the ordinal number of one hundred twenty-five in counting order hundred-and-thirtieth the ordinal number of one hundred thirty in counting order hundred-and-thirty-fifth the ordinal number of one hundred thirty-five in counting order hundred-and-fortieth the ordinal number of one hundred forty in counting order hundred-and-forty-fifth the ordinal number of one hundred forty-five in counting order hundred-and-fiftieth the ordinal number of one hundred fifty in counting order hundred-and-fifty-fifth the ordinal number of one hundred fifty-five in counting order hundred-and-sixtieth the ordinal number of one hundred sixty in counting order hundred-and-sixty-fifth the ordinal number of one hundred sixty-five in counting order hundred-and-seventieth the ordinal number of one hundred seventy in counting order hundred-and-seventy-fifth the ordinal number of one hundred seventy-five in counting order hundred-and-eightieth the ordinal number of one hundred eighty in counting order hundred-and-ninetieth the ordinal number of one hundred eighty-five in counting order two-hundredth the ordinal number of two hundred in counting order three-hundredth the ordinal number of three hundred in counting order four-hundredth the ordinal number of four hundred in counting order five-hundredth the ordinal number of five hundred in counting order trillionth the ordinal number of one trillion in counting order quadrillionth the ordinal number of one quadrillion in counting order quintillionth the ordinal number of one quintillion in counting order nth last or greatest in an indefinitely large series; "to the nth degree" scripted written as for a film or play or broadcast unscripted not furnished with or using a script; "unrehearsed and unscript spot interviews"; "unscripted talk shows" sinkable capable of being sunk unsinkable incapable of being sunk; "they thought the Titanic was unsinkable" azygous occurring singly; not one of a pair; "the azygous muscle of the uvula" one-man(a) designed for or restricted to a single person; "a one-man show"; "a one-person tent"; "Sarah Silverman's hilarious one-woman show" lone(a) being the only one; single and isolated from others; "the lone doctor in the entire county"; "a lonesome pine"; "an only child"; "the sole heir"; "the sole example"; "a solitary instance of cowardice"; "a solitary speck in the sky" characterized by or preferring solitude; "a lone wolf"; "a lonely existence"; "a man of a solitary disposition"; "a solitary walk" sui generis constituting a class of its own; unique; "a history book sui generis"; "sui generis works like Mary Chestnut's Civil War diary" unary consisting of or involving a single element or component; "in a unary operation in a mathematical system one element is used to yield a single result" uninominal based on the system of having only one member from each district (as of a legislature); "a uninominal electoral system" bigeminal occurring in pairs; "a bigeminal pulse" dual-purpose designed for or serving two purposes; "a supercomputer can be used for civilian or military purposes" ternary having three units or components or elements; "a ternary operation"; "a treble row of red beads"; "overcrowding made triple sessions necessary"; "triple time has three beats per measure"; "triplex windows" triune being three in one; used especially of the Christian Trinity; "a triune God" quaternate consisting of or especially arranged in sets of four; "quaternate leaves"; "a quaternary compound" sextuple having six units or components septuple having seven units or components octuple having eight units or components nonuple having nine units or components tenfold containing ten or ten parts by ten times as much; "the population increased tenfold" multiple-choice offering several alternative answers from which the correct one is to be chosen; or consisting of such questions; "multiple-choice questions"; "a multiple-choice test" true-false offering a series of statements each of which is to be judged as true or false; "a true-false test" single-lane (of roads) having a single lane for traffic in both directions; when vehicles meet one must pull off the road to let the other pass multilane (of roads and highways) having two or more lanes for traffic two-lane having a lane for traffic in each direction three-lane having a lane for traffic in each direction and a center lane for passing four-lane having two lanes for traffic in each direction sized having a specified size having the surface treated or coated with sizing apple-sized having the approximate size of an apple cherry-sized having the approximate size of a cherry cookie-sized having the approximate size of a cookie crow-sized having the approximate size of a crow dog-sized having the approximate size of an average dog eightpenny used of nail size; 2 1/2 in or 6.4 cm long ferret-sized having the approximate size of a ferret fourpenny used of nail size; 1 3/8 in or 3.8 cm long grape-sized having the approximate size of a grape human-sized having the approximate size of a human being kiwi-sized having the approximate size of a kiwi fruit medium-sized intermediate in size mouse-sized having the approximate size of a mouse ninepenny used of nail size; 2 3/4 in or 7 cm long orange-sized having the approximate size of an orange pig-sized having the approximate size of a pig rabbit-sized having the approximate size of a rabbit shrew-sized having the approximate size of a shrew sorted arranged according to size sparrow-sized having the approximate size of a sparrow squirrel-sized having the approximate size of a squirrel threepenny used of nail size; 1 1/8 in long turkey-sized having the approximate size of a turkey wolf-sized having the approximate size of a wolf unsized not fashioned to sizes; "unsized gloves; one size fits all" not having the surface treated or coated with sizing; "unsized paper" unsorted not arranged according to size skilled having or showing or requiring special skill; "only the most skilled gymnasts make an Olympic team"; "a skilled surgeon has many years of training and experience"; "a skilled reconstruction of her damaged elbow"; "a skilled trade" adept having or showing knowledge and skill and aptitude; "adept in handicrafts"; "an adept juggler"; "an expert job"; "a good mechanic"; "a practiced marksman"; "a proficient engineer"; "a lesser-known but no less skillful composer"; "the effect was achieved by skillful retouching" ball-hawking used of a player skilled in stealing the ball or robbing a batter of a hit; "a ball-hawking center fielder" sure-handed proficient and confident in performance; "promising playwrights...sure-handed enough to turn out top-drawer scripts" unskilled not having or showing or requiring special skill or proficiency; "unskilled in the art of rhetoric"; "an enthusiastic but unskillful mountain climber"; "unskilled labor"; "workers in unskilled occupations are finding fewer and fewer job opportunities"; "unskilled workmanship" botchy poorly done; "a botchy piece of work"; "it was an unskillful attempt" bungled spoiled through incompetence or clumsiness; "a bungled job" bungling showing lack of skill or aptitude; "a bungling workman"; "did a clumsy job"; "his fumbling attempt to put up a shelf" out of practice(p) impaired in skill by neglect semiskilled(a) possessing or requiring limited skills; "semiskilled dockworkers"; "a semiskilled job" numerical relating to or having ability to think in or work with numbers; "tests for rating numerical aptitude"; "a mathematical whiz" coarse-grained not having a fine texture; "coarse-grained wood"; "large-grained sand" farinaceous composed of or covered with particles resembling meal in texture or consistency; "granular sugar"; "the photographs were grainy and indistinct"; "it left a mealy residue" granulated made grainy or formed into granules; "granulated sugar" plushy (of textures) resembling plush close-grained dense or compact in structure or texture, as a wood composed of small-diameter cells; "close-grained birch"; "fine-grained rock" dustlike as fine and powdery as dust floury resembling flour in fine powdery texture; "a floury clay" nongranular not having granules; "clear nongranular cytoplasm" powdered consisting of fine particles; "powdered cellulose"; "powdery snow"; "pulverized sugar is prepared from granulated sugar by grinding" smoky marked by or emitting or filled with smoke; "smoky rafters"; "smoky chimneys"; "a smoky fireplace"; "a smoky corridor" tasting of smoke; "smoky sausages" blackened darkened by smoke; "blackened rafters" smoking emitting smoke in great volume; "a smoking fireplace" smoke-filled containing smoke; "smoke-filled rooms" smokeless emitting or containing little or no smoke; "smokeless factory stacks"; "smokeless fuel"; "a smokeless environment" smoke-free free of smoke; "smoke-free offices and restaurants" slippery causing or tending to cause things to slip or slide; "slippery sidewalks"; "a slippery bar of soap"; "the streets are still slippy from the rain" not to be trusted; "how extraordinarily slippery a liar the camera is"- James Agee nonstick (of surfaces especially of cooking utensils) permitting easy removal of adherent food particles; "a frying pan with a nonstick surface" sliding being a smooth continuous motion slimed covered with or resembling slime; "a slimy substance covered the rocks" slipping moving as on a slippery surface; "his slipping and slithering progress over the ice" slithery having a slippery surface or quality; "slithery mud"; "slithery eels" nonslippery not slippery; not likely to slip or skid nonskid designed to reduce or prevent skidding; "nonskid tires" nonslip designed to reduce or prevent slipping; "a nonslip surface" lubricated smeared with oil or grease to reduce friction unlubricated not lubricated creaseless used especially of fabrics; "uncreased trousers" even-textured having an even texture fine-textured having a smooth, fine-grained structure alligatored of paint or varnish; having the appearance of alligator hide barky resembling the rough bark of a tree; "the rattlesnake's barky scales" bullate of leaves; appearing puckered as if blistered bumpy covered with or full of bumps; "a bumpy country road" chapped used of skin roughened as a result of cold or exposure; "chapped lips" corded of textiles; having parallel raised lines cragged having hills and crags; "hilly terrain" crushed treated so as to have a permanently wrinkled appearance; "crushed velvet" homespun(p) of textiles; having a rough surface; "a sweater knitted of nubbly homespun yarns" lepidote rough to the touch; covered with scales or scurf squamulose covered with tiny scales rock-ribbed abounding in or bordered by rocky cliffs or scarps; "the rock-ribbed coast of Maine" gravelly abounding in small stones; "landed at a shingly little beach" roughish somewhat rough rugose of leaves; ridged or wrinkled sandpapery having the abrasive texture of sandpaper saw-like having rough edges that can be used for sawing scabby covered with scabs shagged having a very rough nap or covered with hanging shags; "junipers with shagged trunks"; "shaggy rugs" textured having surface roughness; "a textured wall of stucco"; "a rough-textured tweed" verrucose (of skin) covered with warts or projections that resemble warts furrowed having long narrow shallow depressions (as grooves or wrinkles) in the surface; "furrowed fields"; "his furrowed face lit by a warming smile" canaliculate having thin parallel channels; "canaliculate leafstalks of certain plants" corrugated shaped into alternating parallel grooves and ridges; "the surface of the ocean was rippled and corrugated" rutted full of ruts; "rutty farm roads" unfurrowed not marked with shallow depressions or furrows; "an unfurrowed field"; "unfurrowed cheeks" repand having a slightly undulating margin sinuate having a strongly waved margin alternately concave and convex curved or curving in and out; "wiggly lines" unnotched having no notches bidentate having toothlike projections that are themselves toothed biserrate having saw-like notches with the notches themselves similarly notched crenate having a margin with rounded scallops crenulate having a margin with small rounded teeth; "a crenulate leaf" crispate wavy or notched and curled very irregularly dentate having toothlike projections in the margin denticulate having a very finely toothed margin emarginate having a notched tip erose having an irregularly notched or toothed margin as though gnawed fimbriate having a fringe of slender processes pectinate like a comb rimose having a surface covered with a network of cracks and small crevices; "a tree with rimose bark" runcinate having incised margins with the lobes or teeth pointing toward the base; as dandelion leaves serrulate minutely serrated spinose having spines rifled of a firearm; having rifling or internal spiral grooves inside the barrel unrifled of a firearm; not having rifling or internal spiral grooves inside the barrel cultural denoting or deriving from or distinctive of the ways of living built up by a group of people; "influenced by ethnic and cultural ties"- J.F.Kennedy; "ethnic food" relating to the raising of plants or animals; "a cultural variety" of or relating to the shared knowledge and values of a society; "cultural roots" of or relating to the arts and manners that a group favors; "cultural events"; "a person of broad cultural interests" gregarious instinctively or temperamentally seeking and enjoying the company of others; "he is a gregarious person who avoids solitude" (of animals) tending to form a group with others of the same species; "gregarious bird species" (of plants) growing in groups that are close together interpersonal occurring among or involving several people; "interpersonal situations in which speech occurs" multiethnic involving several ethnic groups unsocial not seeking or given to association; being or living without companions; "the unsocial disposition to neglect one's neighbors" antisocial hostile to or disruptive of normal standards of social behavior; "criminal behavior or conduct that violates the rights of other individuals is antisocial"; "crimes...and other asocial behavior"; "an antisocial deed" shunning contact with others; "standoffish and antisocial"; "he's not antisocial; just shy" asocial given to avoiding association with others; "bears are asocial secretive animals"; "are you asocial or do you just enjoy living in the Antarctic?" recluse withdrawn from society; seeking solitude; "lived an unsocial reclusive life" accompanied having companions or an escort; "there were lone gentlemen and gentlemen accompanied by their wives" playing or singing with instrumental or vocal accompaniment unattended lacking accompaniment or a guard or escort; "unattended women"; "problems unattended with danger" not watched; "she dashed out leaving the bar unattended"; "a fire left unattended" a cappella sung without instrumental accompaniment; "they sang an a cappella Mass" without musical accompaniment; "they performed a cappella" ungregarious (of animals) not gregarious (of plants) growing together in groups that are not close together not disposed to seek company; "a lonely ungregarious person" nongregarious of plants and animals; not growing or living in groups or colonies; "solitary bees" clustered growing close together but not in dense mats caespitose (of plants) growing in small dense clumps or tufts seamed having or joined by a seam or seams sewed fastened with stitches circular-knit knitted in tubular form; "circular-knit sweaters without seams" unseamed having no seams; "an unseamed garment made of plastic" seedy full of seeds; "as seedy as a fig" black-seeded having black seeds multi-seeded having many seeds single-seeded having a single seed small-seeded having relatively small seeds three-seeded having three seeds white-seeded having white seeds seedless lacking seeds; "seedless grapefruit" stoneless (of fruits having stones) having the stone removed; "stoneless dried dates" shuttered provided with shutters or shutters as specified; often used in combination; "a church with a shuttered belfry and spire"; "green-shuttered cottages" unshuttered not provided with shutters or having the shuttered open; "unshuttered windows" sleeved made with sleeves or sleeves especially as specified; often used in combination; "sleeved garments"; "short-sleeved" sleeveless having no sleeves; "sleeveless summer dresses" clubbable inclined to club together; "a clubbable man" clubbish effusively sociable; "a clubbish set"; "we got rather clubby" companionable suggestive of companionship; "a companionable pet" convivial occupied with or fond of the pleasures of good company; "a convivial atmosphere at the reunion"; "a woman of convivial nature"; "he was a real good-time Charlie" extroverted at ease in talking to others unsociable not inclined to society or companionship; "an unsociable nature...shy and reserved"; "generally unsociable except with intimate friends"; "unsociable behavior"; "an unsociable neighborhood" sold disposed of to a purchaser; "this merchandise is sold" oversubscribed sold in excess of available supply especially season tickets; "the opera season was oversubscribed" sold-out sold completely in advance; "had a sold-out house for both performances" unsold not disposed of by purchase; "the house has been on the market almost a year and is still unsold" soled having a sole or soles especially as specified; used in combination; "half-soled"; "rubber-soled" soleless having no sole coagulated changed into a solid mass congealed congealed into jelly; solidified by cooling; "in Georgia they serve congealed salads" semisolid partly solid; having a rigidity and viscosity intermediate between a solid and a liquid; "a semisolid mixture" solid-state consisting of semiconductor materials and components and related devices characteristic of or relating to the physical properties of solid materials especially electromagnetic or thermodynamic or structural properties of crystalline solids liquefiable capable of being liquefied liquefied reduced to a liquid state; "liquefied petroleum gas" semiliquid somewhat liquid gaseous existing as or having characteristics of a gas; "steam is water is the gaseous state" aerosolized in the form of ultramicroscopic solid or liquid particles dispersed or suspended in air or gas evaporated drawn off in the form of vapor; "evaporated molecules boil off" gasified converted into a gas or vapor gassy resembling gas vaporific resembling or characteristic of vapor; "vaporous clouds" cavernous being or suggesting a cavern; "vast cavernous chambers hollowed out of limestone" deep-set having a sunken area; "hunger gave their faces a sunken look" fistular hollow and tube-shaped like a reed tubular constituting a tube; having hollow tubes (as for the passage of fluids) soluble (of a substance) capable of being dissolved in some solvent (usually water) susceptible of solution or of being solved or explained; "the puzzle is soluble" alcohol-soluble soluble in alcohol dissolvable capable of dissolving fat-soluble soluble in fats; "fat-soluble vitamin A" meltable capable of melting oil-soluble soluble in oil; "oil-soluble pigments" water-soluble soluble in water water-insoluble not soluble in water solvable capable of being solved; "such problems are perfectly solvable" insolvable not easily solved; "an apparantly insolvable problem"; "public finance...had long presented problems unsolvable or at least unsolved"- C.L.Jones solved explained or answered; "mysteries solved and unsolved; problems resolved and unresolved" unsolved not solved; "many crimes remain unsolved"; "many problems remain unresolved" any(a) one or some or every or all without specification; "give me any peaches you don't want"; "not any milk is left"; "any child would know that"; "pick any card"; "any day now"; "cars can be rented at almost any airport"; "at twilight or any other time"; "beyond any doubt"; "need any help we can get"; "give me whatever peaches you don't want"; "no milk whatsoever is left" both(a) (used with count nouns) two considered together; the two; "both girls are pretty" several(a) (used with count nouns) of an indefinite number more than 2 or 3 but not many; "several letters came in the mail"; "several people were injured in the accident" no(a) (quantifier) used with either mass nouns or plural count nouns for indicating a complete or almost complete lack or zero quantity of; "we have no bananas"; "no eggs left and no money to buy any"; "have you no decency?"; "did it with no help"; "I'll get you there in no time" nary(a) (used with singular count nouns) colloquial for `not a' or `not one' or `never a'; "heard nary a sound" zero(a) having no measurable or otherwise determinable value; "the goal is zero population growth" all(a) (quantifier) used with either mass or count nouns to indicate the whole number or amount of or every one of a class; "we sat up all night"; "ate all the food"; "all men are mortal"; "all parties are welcome" each(a) (used of count nouns) every one considered individually; "each person is mortal"; "each party is welcome" every(a) (used of count nouns) each and all of the members of a group considered singly and without exception; "every person is mortal"; "every party is welcome"; "had every hope of success"; "every chance of winning" each and all of a series of entities or intervals as specified; "every third seat"; "every two hours" every last(p) (used as intensive) every; "every last one of you" worldly-wise experienced in and wise to the ways of the world fleeceable naive and easily deceived or tricked; "at that early age she had been gullible and in love" simple-minded lacking subtlety and insight; "a simple-minded argument" unsophisticated not wise in the ways of the world; "either too unsophisticated or too honest to promise more than he could deliver"; "this helplessly unworldly woman"- Kate O'Brien dependable financially safe; "a good investment"; "a secure investment" consistent in performance or behavior; "dependable in one's habits"; "a steady-going family man" worthy of being depended on; "a dependable worker"; "an honest working stiff"; "a reliable source of information"; "he was true to his word"; "I would be true for there are those who trust me" corroded eaten away as by acid or oxidation decayed damaged by decay; hence unsound and useless; "rotten floor boards"; "rotted beams"; "a decayed foundation" effervescent (of a liquid) giving off bubbles fizzing hissing and bubbling carbonated having carbonation (especially artificially carbonated) noneffervescent not effervescent noncarbonated not having carbonation sparkling used of wines and waters; charged naturally or artificially with carbon dioxide; "sparkling wines"; "sparkling water" shining with brilliant points of light like stars; "sparkling snow"; "sparkling eyes" specialized developed or designed for a special activity or function; "a specialized tool" specialistic showing focused training; "specialist training" of or related to or characteristic of specialists unspecialized not specialized or modified for a particular purpose or function generalized not biologically differentiated or adapted to a specific function or environment; "the hedgehog is a primitive and generalized mammal" spinous having spines; "the dorsal fin is spinous" spineless lacking spiny processes; "spineless fins" spirited displaying animation, vigor, or liveliness con brio with vigor (music) with vigor; "allegro con brio" dashing lively and spirited; "a dashing hero" ebullient joyously unrestrained feisty showing courage; "the champion is faced with a feisty challenger" impertinent characterized by a lightly pert and exuberant quality; "a certain irreverent gaiety and ease of manner" mettlesome having a proud and unbroken spirit resilient recovering readily from adversity, depression, or the like snappy smart and fashionable; "snappy conversation"; "some sharp and whipping lines" sprightly full of spirit and vitality; "a sprightly young girl"; "a sprightly dance" zestful marked by spirited enjoyment spiritless lacking ardor or vigor or energy; "a spiritless reply to criticism" dispirited marked by low spirits; showing no enthusiasm; "a dispirited and divided Party"; "reacted to the crisis with listless resignation" heartless devoid of courage or enthusiasm spontaneous happening or arising without apparent external cause; "spontaneous laughter"; "spontaneous combustion"; "a spontaneous abortion" induced brought about or caused; not spontaneous; "a case of steroid-induced weakness" elicited called forth from a latent or potential state by stimulation; "evoked potentials"; "an elicited response" iatrogenic induced by a physician's words or therapy (used especially of a complication resulting from treatment) spoken uttered through the medium of speech or characterized by speech; sometimes used in combination; "a spoken message"; "the spoken language"; "a soft-spoken person"; "sharp-spoken" expressed communicated in words; "frequently uttered sentiments" viva-voce expressed orally; "a viva-voce report"; "the film had good word-of-mouth publicity" written set down in writing in any of various ways; "written evidence" systematically collected and written down; "written laws" cursive having successive letter joined together; "cursive script" engrossed written formally in a large clear script, as a deed or other legal document handwritten written by hand holographic written wholly in the handwriting of the signer; "a holographic will" written entirely in one's own hand; "holographic document" of or relating to holography or holograms inscribed written (by handwriting, printing, engraving, or carving) on or in a surface scrivened copied in handwriting voiced produced with vibration of the vocal cords; "a frequently voiced opinion"; "voiced consonants such as `b' and `g' and `z'" unvoiced produced without vibration of the vocal cords; "unvoiced consonants such as `p' and `k' and `s'" whispered spoken in soft hushed tones without vibrations of the vocal cords; "a long whispered conversation" codified enacted by a legislative body; "statute law"; "codified written laws" unwritten based on custom rather than documentation; "an unwritten law"; "rites...so ancient that they well might have had their unwritten origins in Aurignacian times"- J.L.T.C.Spence common-law(p) based on common law; "a common-law right" vocalic being or containing or characterized by vowels; "vocalic sounds"; "the Gaelic language being uncommonly vocalic"- Walter Scott relating to or associated with or containing a vowel; "vocalic segments"; "the vocalic ablaut" vowellike having characteristics of a vowel sound; "the vowellike nature of `r'" consonantal being or marked by or containing or functioning as a consonant; "consonantal sounds"; "a consonantal Hebrew text"; "consonantal alliteration"; "a consonantal cluster" relating to or having the nature of a consonant stoppable capable of being stopped; "if we pick up our pace he may be stoppable" abatable capable of being abated unstoppable not capable of being stopped; "as unstoppable as the wind" unbeatable hard to defeat; "an unbeatable ball team" syllabic (of speech sounds) forming the nucleus of a syllable; "the syllabic `nl' in `riddle'" consisting of a syllable or syllables (of verse) having lines based on number of syllables rather than on rhythmical arrangement of stresses or quantities consisting of or using a syllabary; "eskimos of the eastern Arctic have a system of syllabic writing" of or relating to syllables; "syllabic accent"; "syllabic characters each represent a syllable" nonsyllabic (of speech sounds) not forming or capable of forming the nucleus of a syllable; "initial `l' in `little' is nonsyllabic" not forming a syllable or the nucleus of a syllable; consisting of a consonant sound accompanied in the same syllable by a vowel sound or consisting of a vowel sound dominated by other vowel sounds in a syllable (as the second vowel in a falling diphthong); "the nonsyllabic `n' in `botany' when it is pronounced `botny'"; "the nonsyllabic `i' in `oi'" disyllabic having or characterized by or consisting of two syllables monosyllabic having or characterized by or consisting of one syllable octosyllabic having or characterized by or consisting of eight syllables pentasyllabic having or characterized by or consisting of five syllables decasyllabic having or characterized by or consisting of ten syllables syllabled pronounced in syllables unsyllabled not articulated in syllables accentual (of verse) having a metric system based on stress rather than syllables or quantity; "accentual poetry is based on the number of stresses in a line"; "accentual rhythm" of or pertaining to accent or stress lasting lasting a long time without change; "a lasting relationship" stabilized made stable or firm coseismic being where earthquake waves arrive simultaneously rickety inclined to shake as from weakness or defect; "a rickety table"; "a wobbly chair with shaky legs"; "the ladder felt a little wobbly"; "the bridge still stands though one of the arches is wonky" affected with, suffering from, or characteristic of rickets; "rickety limbs and joints"; "a rachitic patient" seismic subject to or caused by an earthquake or earth vibration tipsy unstable and prone to tip as if intoxicated; "a tipsy boat" top-heavy unstable by being overloaded at the top tottering (of structures or institutions) having lost stability; failing or on the point of collapse; "a tottering empire" unsteady in gait as from infirmity or old age; "a tottering skeleton of a horse"; "a tottery old man" staccato (music) marked by or composed of disconnected parts or sounds; cut short crisply; "staccato applause"; "a staccato command"; "staccato notes" separating the notes; in music; "play this staccato, please" legato (music) without breaks between notes; smooth and connected; "a legato passage" connecting the notes; in music; "play this legato, please" staged written for or performed on the stage; "a staged version of the novel" unstaged not performed on the stage unperformed not performed; "the author of numerous unperformed plays" criterial serving as a basis for evaluation nonstandard not standard; not accepted as a model of excellence; "a nonstandard text" varying from or not adhering to a standard; "nonstandard windows"; "envelopes of nonstandard sizes"; "nonstandard lengths of board" not conforming to the language usage of a prestige group within a community; "a nonstandard dialect is one used by uneducated speakers or socially disfavored groups"; "the common core of nonstandard words and phrases in folk speech"- A.R.Dunlap modular constructed with standardized units or dimensions allowing flexibility and variety in use; "modular furniture"; "modular homes" standardized brought into conformity with a standard; "standardized education" nonnormative not based on a norm starchlike resembling starch starchless lacking starch starry abounding with or resembling stars; "a starry night"; "starry illumination" comet-like resembling a comet starlike resembling a star; "they saw a starlike object in the sky" starlit lighted only by stars; "the starlit darkness" starless not starry; having no stars or starlike objects; "dark starless nights" nourished being provided with adequate nourishment well-fed properly nourished overfed too well nourished stall-fed (of livestock) kept and fed in a stall in order to fatten for the market malnourished not being provided with adequate nourishment foodless being without food ill-fed not getting adequate food; "gaunt underfed children"; "badly undernourished" starved suffering from lack of food unnourished not nourished steadied made steady or constant; "the noise became a steadied roaring" surefooted not liable to stumble or fall; "on surefooted donkeys" unsteady subject to change or variation; "her unsteady walk"; "his hand was unsteady as he poured the wine"; "an unsteady voice" convulsive affected by involuntary jerky muscular contractions; resembling a spasm; "convulsive motions"; "his body made a spasmodic jerk"; "spastic movements" resembling a convulsion in being sudden and violent; "a convulsive rage"; "convulsive laughter" faltering unsteady in speech or action flickering shining unsteadily fluctuating having unpredictable ups and downs; "fluctuating prices" palpitant having a slight and rapid trembling motion; "palpitant movements rather than violent eruptions"; "my palpitating heart" shaky vibrating slightly and irregularly; as e.g. with fear or cold or like the leaves of an aspen in a breeze; "a quaking bog"; "the quaking child asked for more"; "quivering leaves of a poplar tree"; "with shaking knees"; "seemed shaky on her feet"; "sparkling light from the shivering crystals of the chandelier"; "trembling hands" quavering (of the voice) quivering as from weakness or fear; "the old lady's quavering voice"; "spoke timidly in a tremulous voice" shuddering shaking convulsively or violently wobbling (of sound) fluctuating unsteadily; "a low-pitched wobbling sound" stemmed having a stem or stems or having a stem as specified; often used in combination; "stemmed goblets"; "long-stemmed roses" having the stem removed; "stemmed berries" stemless not having a stem; "stemless glassware" stimulating rousing or quickening activity or the senses; "a stimulating discussion" piquant engagingly stimulating or provocative; "a piquant wit"; "salty language" having an agreeably pungent taste thrilling causing quivering or shivering as by cold or fear or electric shock; "a thrilling wind blew off the frozen lake" unstimulating not stimulating bland lacking stimulating characteristics; uninteresting; "a bland little drama"; "a flat joke" lacking taste or flavor or tang; "a bland diet"; "insipid hospital food"; "flavorless supermarket tomatoes"; "vapid beer"; "vapid tea" vapid lacking significance or liveliness or spirit or zest; "a vapid conversation"; "a vapid smile"; "a bunch of vapid schoolgirls" depressant capable of depressing physiological or psychological activity or response by a chemical agent ataractic tending to soothe or tranquilize; "valium has a tranquilizing effect"; "took a hot drink with sedative properties before going to bed" stimulative capable of arousing or accelerating physiological or psychological activity or response by a chemical agent adrenocorticotropic stimulating or acting on the adrenal cortex excitant (of drugs e.g.) able to excite or stimulate stomatous having a mouth or mouthlike opening mouthlike of an opening that resembles a mouth astomatous having no mouth or mouthlike opening unbent not bent; "looking for an unbent nail"; "trees with straight unbent trunks make the best lumber" untwisted not twisted; formerly twisted but now straight crooked having or marked by bends or angles; not straight or aligned; "crooked country roads"; "crooked teeth" not straight; dishonest or immoral or evasive akimbo(ip) (used of arms and legs) bent outward with the joint away from the body; "a tailor sitting with legs akimbo"; "stood with arms akimbo" anfractuous full of twists and turns; "anfractuous cliffs" aquiline curved down like an eagle's beak askew turned or twisted toward one side; "a...youth with a gorgeous red necktie all awry"- G.K.Chesterton; "his wig was, as the British say, skew-whiff" turned or twisted to one side; "rugs lying askew"; "with his necktie twisted awry" contorted twisted (especially as in pain or struggle); "his mad contorted smile"; "writhed lips"; "my writhen features"- Walter scott deflective capable of changing the direction (of a light or sound wave) geniculate bent at a sharp angle gnarled used of old persons or old trees; covered with knobs or knots; "gnarled and knotted hands"; "a knobbed stick" malposed characterized by malposition; "crooked malposed teeth" reflexed (of leaves) bent downward and outward more than 90 degrees squiggly wavy and twisting warped used especially of timbers or boards; bent out of shape usually by moisture; "the floors were warped and cracked" windblown used especially of trees; growing in a shape determined by the prevailing winds wry bent to one side; "a wry neck" trabeated not arcuate; having straight horizontal beams or lintels (rather than arches) uncurved having no curves curved having or marked by a curve or smoothly rounded bend; "the curved tusks of a walrus"; "his curved lips suggested a smile but his eyes were hard" arced forming or resembling an arch; "an arched ceiling" curvilineal characterized by or following a curved line; "curvilinear tracery"; "curvilinear motion" eellike resembling an eel in being long and thin and sinuous falcate curved like a sickle; "a falcate leaf"; "falcate claws"; "the falcate moon" curvy having curves; "a settee with only one curvy end" flexuous having turns or windings; "the flexuous bed of the stream" hooklike having or resembling a hook (especially in the ability to grasp and hold); "hooklike thorns" recurved curved backward or inward semicircular curved into a half circle serpentine resembling a serpent in form; "a serpentine wall"; "snaky ridges in the sand" sinusoidal having a succession of waves or curves upcurved curving upward coiled curled or wound (especially in concentric rings or spirals); "a coiled snake ready to strike"; "the rope lay coiled on the deck" coiling in the shape of a coil convolute rolled longitudinally upon itself; "a convolute petal" involute (of some shells) closely coiled so that the axis is obscured especially of petals or leaves in bud; having margins rolled inward uncoiled no longer coiled aboveboard without concealment or deception; honest; "their business was open and aboveboard"; "straightforward in all his business affairs" guileless free of deceit straightarrow(a) conventionally moral and upright sneaky marked by deception; "achieved success in business only by underhand methods" stressed bearing a stress or accent; "an iambic foot consists of an unstressed syllable followed by a stressed syllable as in `delay'" suffering severe physical strain or distress; "he dropped out of the race, clearly distressed and having difficulty breathing" unstressed not bearing a stress or accent; "short vowels are unstressed" unaccented (used of vowels or syllables) pronounced with little or no stress; "a syllable that ends in a short vowel is a light syllable"; "a weak stress on the second syllable" unemphatic not emphasized atonic (used of syllables) carrying no stress; "an atonic syllable carries no stress" characterized by a lack of tonus beardown(a) with full strength; "his beardown performance in the exhibition game" beefed-up made greater or stronger; "beefed-up sales efforts" brawny (of a person) possessing physical strength and weight; rugged and powerful; "a hefty athlete"; "a muscular boxer"; "powerful arms" bullnecked having a thick short powerful neck bullocky resembling a bullock in strength and power; "thick bullocky shoulders" fortified having something added to increase the strength; "fortified wine" industrial-strength extremely strong or concentrated or durable; "industrial-strength detergent"; "weapons-grade salsa" ironlike exhibiting strength or hardness like that of iron; "ironlike determination"; "ironlike nerves"; "ironlike discipline of the Marines" knock-down(a) strong enough to knock down or overwhelm; "a knock-down blow" reinforced given added strength or support; "reinforced concrete contains steel bars or metal netting" vehement characterized by great force or energy; "vehement deluges of rain"; "vehement clapping"; "a vehement defense" virile characterized by energy and vigor; "a virile and ever stronger free society"; "a new and virile leadership" well-knit strongly and firmly constructed; "a well-knit argument"; "a well-knit theatrical production"; "well-knit athletes"; "a sailor short but well-set"- Alexander Hamilton anemic lacking vigor or energy; "an anemic attempt to hit the baseball" relating to anemia or suffering from anemia adynamic lacking energy or vitality jerry-built badly or hastily built; "mean little jerry-built houses" vulnerable capable of being wounded or hurt; "vulnerable parts of the body" susceptible to criticism or persuasion or temptation; "vulnerable to bribery"; "an argument vulnerable to refutation" susceptible to attack; "a vulnerable bridge" weakened made weak or weaker wilted without energy or will; "gave a limp handshake"; "a limp gesture as if waving away all desire to know" G.K.Chesterton; "the afternoon heat left her feeling wilted" (of plants) limp due to heat, loss of water, or disease; "wilted lettuce" stubborn tenaciously unwilling or marked by tenacious unwillingness to yield bloody-minded stubbornly obstructive and unwilling to cooperate; "unions...have never been as bloody-minded about demarcation as the shipbuilders"- Spectator bolshy obstreperous bullheaded obstinate and stupid dogged stubbornly unyielding; "dogged persistence"; "dour determination"; "the most vocal and pertinacious of all the critics"; "a mind not gifted to discover truth but tenacious to hold it"- T.S.Eliot; "men tenacious of opinion" contrarious difficult to deal with stiff-necked haughtily stubborn; "a stiff-necked old Boston brahmin" docile willing to be taught or led or supervised or directed; "the docile masses of an enslaved nation" easily handled or managed; "a gentle old horse, docile and obedient" ready and willing to be taught; "docile pupils eager for instruction"; "teachable youngsters" sheeplike like or suggestive of a sheep in docility or stupidity or meekness or timidity feudatory owing feudal allegiance to or being subject to a sovereign; "it remained feudatory to India until 1365" of or pertaining to the relation of a feudal vassal to his lord; "a feudatory relationship" ruled subject to a ruling authority; "the ruled mass" subservient compliant and obedient to authority; "editors and journalists who express opinions in print that are opposed to the interests of the rich are dismissed and replaced by subservient ones"-G. B. Shaw contumacious wilfully obstinate; stubbornly disobedient; "a contumaceous witness is subject to punishment" successful having succeeded or being marked by a favorable outcome; "a successful architect"; "a successful business venture" boffo resoundingly successful and popular; "for years he was a boffo box office certainty" in(p) holding office; "the in party" no-hit of a game (or the pitching) in which a pitcher allows the opponent no hits; "a no-hit pitcher"; "a no-hit game" self-made having achieved success or recognition by your own efforts; "a self-made millionaire" sure-fire certain to be successful; "a sure-fire way to get rich" triple-crown unofficial championship title for player who heads the league in batting average and home runs and runs batted in of a horse that has won the Kentucky Derby and the Belmont Stakes and the Preakness races victorious having won; "the victorious entry"; "the winning team" unsuccessful not successful; having failed or having an unfavorable outcome attempted tried unsuccessfully; "attempted murder" hitless (of a batter) without a hit; "he went hitless for three innings" no-win certain to end in failure and disappointment; "a no-win situation" scoreless having no points scores; "a scoreless inning" self-defeating acting to defeat its own purpose; "it is self-defeating...to ignore the progress of events" unfulfilled of persons; marked by failure to realize full potentialities; "unfulfilled and uneasy men"; "unrealized dreams and ambitions" unplaced not one of the first three in a race or competition winless having no wins; "the team had a very disappointing winless season" sufficient of a quantity that can fulfill a need or requirement but without being abundant; "sufficient food" insufficient of a quantity not able to fulfill a need or requirement; "insufficient funds" depleted no longer sufficient; "supplies are low"; "our funds are depleted" shy(p) short; "eleven is one shy of a dozen" sugary containing sugar; "he eats too much sugary food" honeyed with honey added honeylike resembling honey sugared with sweetening added sugarless not containing sugar unsugared with no sugar added unsweetened not made sweet leading(a) greatest in importance or degree or significance or achievement; "our greatest statesmen"; "the country's leading poet"; "a preeminent archeologist" majestic majestic in manner or bearing; superior to mundane matters; "his majestic presence"; "olympian detachment"; "olympian beauty and serene composure" middle-level intermediate in rank or position; "middle-level management" outclassed decisively surpassed by something else so as to appear to be of a lower class blue-ribbon(a) selected or chosen for special qualifications; "the blue-ribbon event of the season" excellent very good; of the highest quality; "made an excellent speech"; "he was a splendid teacher"; "a first-class mind" greatest highest in quality high-performance modified to give superior performance; "a high-performance car" out of the ordinary exceptionally or unusually good; "the food here is out of this world" pukka absolutely first class and genuine; "pukka sahib"; "pukka quarters with a swarm of servants" spiffing excellent or splendid; "that's a perfectly spiffing idea" top-flight excellent; best possible weapons-grade of a quality adequate for use in weapons (especially in weapons of mass destruction); "weapons-grade plutonium"; "weapons-grade anthrax" well-made skillfully constructed bush-league not of the highest quality or sophistication coarsened made coarse or crude by lack of skill low-grade of inferior quality ropey (British informal) very poor in quality; "ropey food"; "a ropey performance" scrawny inferior in size or quality; "scrawny cattle"; "scrubby cut-over pine"; "old stunted thorn trees" second-class of inferior status or quality; "a second-class citizen"; "second-class accommodations" third-rate of lesser quality than second-rate superjacent lying immediately above or on something else overlying placed on or over something else; "an overlying image" superincumbent lying or resting on and exerting pressure on something else; "superincumbent layers of dead plants cut off the air and arrested decomposition" subjacent lying nearby but lower; "hills and subjacent valleys" underlying located beneath or below supervised under observation or under the direction of a superintendent or overseer; "supervised play" unsupervised not supervised or under constant observation; "the school maintains unsupervised study halls during free periods"; "reliable workers are generally unsupervised" supported held up or having the weight borne especially from below; "supported joints in a railroad track have ties directly under the rail ends" sustained or maintained by aid (as distinct from physical support); "a club entirely supported by membership dues"; "well-supported allegations" gimbaled supported on gimbals and remaining steady or level when the base tips pendent held from above and hanging down; "a pendant bunch of grapes" suspended (of undissolved particles in a fluid) supported or kept from sinking or falling by buoyancy and without apparent attachment; "suspended matter such as silt or mud..."; "dust particles suspended in the air"; "droplets in suspension in a gas" underslung supported from above especially in a vehicle having springs attached to the axle from below unsupported not held up or borne; "removal of the central post left the roof unsupported" not sustained or maintained by nonmaterial aid; "unsupported accusations" unbraced without braces or props subsidized having partial financial support from public funds; "lived in subsidized public housing" baseless without a basis in reason or fact; "baseless gossip"; "the allegations proved groundless"; "idle fears"; "unfounded suspicions"; "unwarranted jealousy" uncorroborated unsupported by other evidence assisted having help; often used as a combining form motor-assisted relying on an engine for propulsion in addition to muscle power; "a motor-assisted bicycle" power-assisted supplementing or replacing manual effort; "power-assisted steering" unassisted lacking help unaided carried out without aid or assistance; "his first unaided walk through the park" supportive furnishing support or assistance; "a supportive family network"; "his family was supportive of his attempts to be a writer" accessary aiding and abetting in a crime; "he was charged with being accessory to the crime" certificatory serving to certify or endorse authoritatively demonstrative of(p) serving to prove or demonstrate; "the oath of office is...demonstrative of the legislative opinion on this subject"- John Marshall unsupportive not furnishing support or assistance confounding that confounds or contradicts or confuses disconfirming establishing as invalid or untrue insurmountable not capable of being surmounted or overcome; "insurmountable disadvantages" surprised taken unawares or suddenly and feeling wonder or astonishment; "surprised by her student's ingenuity"; "surprised that he remembered my name"; "a surprised expression" amazed filled with the emotional impact of overwhelming surprise or shock; "an amazed audience gave the magician a standing ovation"; "I stood enthralled, astonished by the vastness and majesty of the cathedral"; "astounded viewers wept at the pictures from the Oklahoma City bombing"; "stood in stunned silence"; "stunned scientists found not one but at least three viruses" dumbfounded as if struck dumb with astonishment and surprise; "a circle of policemen stood dumbfounded by her denial of having seen the accident"; "the flabbergasted aldermen were speechless"; "was thunderstruck by the news of his promotion" gobsmacked utterly astounded goggle-eyed with eyes or mouth open in surprise jiggered (British informal expletive) surprised; "Well I'm jiggered!" startled excited by sudden surprise or alarm and making a quick involuntary movement; "students startled by the teacher's quiet return"; "the sudden fluttering of the startled pigeons"; "her startled expression" unsurprised not surprised or expressing surprise; "that unsuprised obstinate look on his face" surprising causing surprise or wonder or amazement; "the report shows a surprising lack of hard factual data"; "leaped up with surprising agility"; "she earned a surprising amount of money" startling so remarkably different or sudden as to cause momentary shock or alarm; "Sydney's startling new Opera House"; "startling news"; "startling earthquake shocks" unsurprising not causing surprise susceptible (often followed by `of' or `to') yielding readily to or capable of; "susceptible to colds"; "susceptible of proof" easily impressed emotionally allergic having an allergy or peculiar or excessive susceptibility (especially to a specific factor); "allergic children"; "hypersensitive to pollen" characterized by or caused by allergy; "an allergic reaction" convincible being susceptible to persuasion liable(p) (often followed by `to') likely to be affected with; "liable to diabetes" subject to legal action; "liable to criminal charges" predisposed made susceptible; "because of conditions in the mine, miners are predisposed to lung disease" suggestible susceptible or responsive to suggestion; "suggestible young minds" temptable susceptible to temptation unvaccinated not vaccinated unsusceptible not susceptible to immunized having been rendered unsusceptible to a disease immunogenic possessing the ability to elicit an immune response incapable(p) not being susceptible to or admitting of something (usually followed by `of'); "incapable of solution" unpersuadable not susceptible to persuasion impressionable easily impressed or influenced; "an impressionable youngster"; "an impressionable age"; "a waxy mind" unimpressionable not sensitive or susceptible to impression; "an unimpressionable mind" excused granted exemption; "one of the excused jurors planned to write a book" nonexempt (of persons) not exempt from an obligation or liability taxpaying not exempt from paying taxes; "after training they became productive taxpaying citizens" unexcused not excused; "too many unexcused absences" scheduled planned or scheduled for some certain time or times; "the scheduled meeting"; "the scheduled flights had to be cancelled because of snow" unscheduled not scheduled or not on a regular schedule; "an unscheduled meeting"; "the plane made an unscheduled stop at Gander for refueling" forced made necessary by an unexpected situation or emergency; "a forced landing" forced or compelled; "promised to abolish forced labor" produced by or subjected to forcing; "forced-air heating"; "furnaces of the forced-convection type"; "forced convection in plasma generators" brut (of champagne) extremely dry medium-dry of a wine that is dry but not extremely dry sec (of champagne) moderately dry cloying overly sweet sweetish somewhat sweet acetose tasting or smelling like vinegar lemony tasting sour like a lemon subacid slightly sour to the taste soured having turned bad unsoured not having turned bad suspected believed likely; "a suspected thief"; "a suspected infection" unsuspected not suspected or believed likely; "remained unsuspected as the head of the spy ring"; "he was able to get into the building unspotted and unsuspected"; "unsuspected difficulties arose"; "unsuspected turnings in the road" swept possessing sweep; "the sleek swept wings of the plane" sweptback (especially of aircraft wings) angled rearward from the point of attachment; "aircraft with sweptback wings" sweptwing (of an aircraft) having sweptback wings; "a sweptwing aircraft" sworn bound by or stated on oath; "now my sworn friend and then mine enemy"- Shakespeare unsworn not bound by or stated on oath; "the witness stands unsworn"; "unsworn testimony" symmetrical having similarity in size, shape, and relative position of corresponding parts biradial showing both bilateral and radial symmetry; "some sea anemones are biradial" cruciate shaped like a cross interchangeable (mathematics, logic) such that the arguments or roles can be interchanged; "the arguments of the symmetric relation, `is a sister of,' are interchangeable" isosceles (of a triangle) having two sides of equal length radially symmetrical having a symmetrical arrangement of radiating parts about a central point rhombohedral having threefold symmetry lopsided having one side lower or smaller or lighter than the other noninterchangeable such that the terms of an expression cannot be interchanged without changing the meaning; "the arguments of the symmetric relation, `is the father of', are noninterchangeable" unsymmetric lacking symmetry actinomorphic capable of division into symmetrical halves by any longitudinal plane passing through the axis zygomorphic capable of division into symmetrical halves by only one longitudinal plane passing through the axis commiserative feeling or expressing sympathy; "made commiserative clicking sounds with his tongue"- Kenneth Roberts condolent expressing sympathy with a person who experienced the death of a loved one empathic showing empathy or ready comprehension of others' states; "a sensitive and empathetic school counselor" unsympathetic not sympathetic or disposed toward; "unsympathetic officialdom"; "people unsympathetic to the revolution"; "his dignity made him seem aloof and unsympathetic" (of characters in literature or drama) tending to evoke antipathetic feelings; "all the characters were peculiarly unsympathetic" unsympathizing not showing or expressing sympathy; "an uncharitable and unsympathizing attitude" sympatric (of biological species or speciation) occurring in the same or overlapping geographical areas allopatric (of biological species or speciation) occurring in areas isolated geographically from one another synchronic concerned with phenomena (especially language) at a particular period without considering historical antecedents; "synchronic linguistics" (of taxa) occurring in the same period of geological time diachronic used of the study of a phenomenon (especially language) as it changes through time; "diachronic linguistics" synchronous occurring or existing at the same time or having the same period or phase; "recovery was synchronous with therapy"- Jour.A.M.A.; "a synchronous set of clocks"; "the synchronous action of a bird's wings in flight"; "synchronous oscillations" (digital communication) pertaining to a transmission technique that requires a common clock signal (a timing reference) between the communicating devices in order to coordinate their transmissions coetaneous of the same period coexistent existing at the same time contemporaneous occurring in the same period of time; "a rise in interest rates is often contemporaneous with an increase in inflation"; "the composer Salieri was contemporary with Mozart" synchronized operating in unison; "the synchronized flapping of a bird's wings" asynchronous not synchronous; not occurring or existing at the same time or having the same period or phase (digital communication) pertaining to a transmission technique that does not require a common clock between the communicating devices; timing signals are derived from special characters in the data stream itself allochronic (of taxa) occurring in different geologic times anachronic chronologically misplaced; "English public schools are anachronistic" nonsynchronous not occurring together syndetic connected by a conjunction asyndetic lacking conjunctions synonymous (of words) meaning the same or nearly the same substitutable (of words) interchangeable in a given context without changing the import of the expression antonymous of words: having opposite meanings complementary of words or propositions so related that each is the negation of the other; "`male' and `female' are complementary terms" systematic characterized by order and planning; "the investigation was very systematic"; "a systematic administrator" unsystematic lacking systematic arrangement or method or organization; "unsystematic and fragmentary records"; "he works in an unsystematic manner" taciturn habitually reserved and uncommunicative voluble marked by a ready flow of speech; "she is an extremely voluble young woman who engages in soliloquies not conversations" tactless lacking or showing a lack of what is fitting and considerate in dealing with others; "in the circumstances it was tactless to ask her age" in height(p) having a specified height; "five feet tall"; "five feet in height" leggy having long legs (of plants) having tall spindly stems long-stalked of plants having relatively long stalks stately of size and dignity suggestive of a statue tallish somewhat tall pint-size well below average height short-stalked of plants having relatively short stalks tamed brought from wildness; "the once inhospitable landscape is now tamed" feral wild and menacing; "a pack of feral dogs" semi-wild partially wild subdued quieted and brought under control; "children were subdued and silent" delirious marked by uncontrolled excitement or emotion; "a crowd of delirious baseball fans"; "something frantic in their gaiety"; "a mad whirl of pleasure" experiencing delirium frenzied affected with or marked by frenzy or mania uncontrolled by reason; "a frenzied attack"; "a frenzied mob"; "the prosecutor's frenzied denunciation of the accused"- H.W.Carter; "outbursts of drunken violence and manic activity and creativity" unsubdued not brought under control; "the horse remained unsubdued" tangible perceptible by the senses especially the sense of touch; "skin with a tangible roughness" (of especially business assets) having physical substance and intrinsic monetary value; "tangible property like real estate"; "tangible assets such as machinery" tactile producing a sensation of touch; "tactile qualities"; "the tactual luxury of stroking silky human hair" realizable capable of being realized; "realizable benefits of the plan" tasteful having or showing or conforming to good taste understated exhibiting restrained good taste; "the room is pleasant and understated" tasteless lacking aesthetic or social taste lacking flavor barbaric unrestrained and crudely rich; "barbaric use of color or ornament" brassy tastelessly showy; "a flash car"; "a flashy ring"; "garish colors"; "a gaudy costume"; "loud sport shirts"; "a meretricious yet stylish book"; "tawdry ornaments" resembling the sound of a brass instrument Brummagem cheap and showy; "a cheap Brummagem imitation" tasty pleasing to the sense of taste; "a tasty morsel" acid-tasting having a sour acidic taste bitterish somewhat bitter flavorful full of flavor fruity tasting or smelling richly of or as of fruit full-bodied marked by richness and fullness of flavor; "a rich ruby port"; "full-bodied wines"; "a robust claret"; "the robust flavor of fresh-brewed coffee" peppery having the piquant burning taste of peppers; "corn chips with peppery salsa" gingery having a taste like that of ginger grapey having a taste like that of grapes; "a grapey wine" mild-tasting having a mild taste minty of the flavor of mint, particularly peppermint relating to or suggestive of mint nippy a sharp biting taste; "a nippy cheese" nutty having the flavor of nuts; "a nutty sherry" pungent strong and sharp; "the pungent taste of radishes"; "the acrid smell of burning rubber" strong-flavored having a strong taste winy having the taste of wine; "a rich winy taste" unflavored without flavoring added unsalted without salt or seasoning taxable (of goods or funds) subject to taxation; "taxable income"; "nonexempt property" dutiable subject to import tax; "dutiable imports" ratable liable to payment of locally assessed property taxes; "the ratable value of property" nontaxable (of goods or funds) not subject to taxation; "the funds of nonprofit organizations are nontaxable"; "income exempt from taxation" duty-free exempt from duty; "duty-free liquor" tax-exempt (of goods or funds) not taxed; "tax-exempt bonds"; "an untaxed expense account" unratable not subject to locally assessed property taxes; "unratable properties" temperate not extreme in behavior; "temperate in his habits"; "a temperate response to an insult"; "temperate in his eating and drinking" (of weather or climate) free from extremes; mild; or characteristic of such weather or climate; "a temperate region"; "the temperate zones"; "temperate plants" big(a) prodigious; "big spender"; "big eater"; "heavy investor" cold-temperate the colder parts of temperate waters overstrung too tightly strung; "an overstrung archery bow" taut pulled or drawn tight; "taut sails"; "a tight drumhead"; "a tight rope" subjected to great tension; stretched tight; "the skin of his face looked drawn and tight"; "her nerves were taut as the strings of a bow" drooping hanging down (as from exhaustion or weakness) weak from exhaustion floppy hanging limply; "a spaniel with floppy ears" loose-jointed loosely articulated or constructed; "a loose-jointed paragraph" tensionless free from tension cliff-hanging (of a situation) characterized by or causing suspense antsy nervous and unable to relax; "a constant fretful stamping of hooves"; "a restless child" edgy being in a tense state nervous easily agitated; "a nervous addict"; "a nervous thoroughbred" of or relating to the nervous system; "nervous disease"; "neural disorder" strained showing signs of mental and emotional tension; "her voice was strained as she asked the question" unrelaxed nor relaxed; "his life was drawing to a close in baffled zeal and unrelaxed strain"- U.B.Phillips pumped-up(a) tense with excitement and enthusiasm as from a rush of adrenaline; "we were really pumped up for the race"; "he was so pumped he couldn't sleep" relaxed without strain or anxiety; "gave the impression of being quite relaxed"; "a relaxed and informal discussion" laid-back unhurried and relaxed; "a mellow conversation" unstrained not placed under psychological stress; "the campaign would not leave party loyalties unstrained" jurisdictional restricted to the geographic area under a particular jurisdiction; "the jurisdictional limits of a state" regional related or limited to a particular region; "a regional dialect" characteristic of a region; "regional flora" extraterritorial outside territorial limits or jurisdiction; "fishing in extraterritorial waters"; "enjoying exterritorial privileges and rights" nonterritorial not displaying territoriality; "a nonterritorial species" thermosetting having the property of becoming permanently hard and rigid when heated or cured; "the phenol resins and plastics were the original synthetic thermosetting materials" deep-chested thick in the chest; "a deep-chested breed of dog" four-ply having a thickness made up of four layers or strands; "four-ply yarns" quilted made of layers of fabric held together by patterned stitching thickened made or having become thick; "thickened bronchial arteries" made thick in consistency; "flour-thickened gravy"; "dust-thickened saliva" three-ply having a thickness made up of three layers or strands; "three-ply cloth"; "three-ply yarn" two-ply having a thickness made up of two layers or strands bladed composed of thin flat plates resembling a knife blade; "bladed arsenopyrite" bearing or characterized by a blade or sword; often used in combination; "he fought on, broken-bladed but unbowed" having a blade or blades; often used in combination; "a single-bladed leaf"; "narrow-bladed grass" diaphanous so thin as to transmit light; "a hat with a diaphanous veil"; "filmy wings of a moth"; "gauzy clouds of dandelion down"; "gossamer cobwebs"; "sheer silk stockings"; "transparent chiffon"; "vaporous silks" filamentous thin in diameter; resembling a thread hyperfine extremely fine or thin, as in a spectral line split into two or more components; "hyperfine structure" paper thin thin as paper; "her blouse was paper thin" papery thin and paperlike; "papery leaves"; "wasps that make nests of papery material" ribbonlike long and thin; resembling a ribbon; "ribbonlike noodles" sleazy of cloth; thin and loosely woven; "the coat has a sleazy lining" tenuous very thin in gauge or diameter; "a tenuous thread" having thin consistency; "a tenuous fluid" wafer-thin very thin; "wafer-thin sheets of metal" very thin; "it was cut wafer-thin" coagulable capable of coagulating and becoming thick coagulate transformed from a liquid into a soft semisolid or solid mass; "coagulated blood"; "curdled milk"; "grumous blood" gelatinous thick like gelatin ropy forming viscous or glutinous threads of or resembling rope (or ropes) in being long and strong soupy having the consistency and appearance of soup; "a soupy fog" syrupy having a relatively high resistance to flow thinkable capable of being conceived or imagined or considered cogitable capable of being thought about; "space flight to other galaxies becomes more cogitable" conceivable capable of being imagined; "that is one possible answer" presumable capable of being inferred on slight grounds unthinkable incapable of being conceived or considered bemused deeply absorbed in thought; "as distant and bemused as a professor listening to the prattling of his freshman class"; "lost in thought"; "a preoccupied frown" cogitative given to cogitation; "he looked at me with cogitative eyes" of or relating to having capacities for cogitation; "the cogitative faculty" well thought out(p) resulting from careful thought; "the paper was well thought out" deliberative involved in or characterized by deliberation and discussion and examination; "a deliberative body" excogitative concerned with excogitating or having the power of excogitation unreflective not exhibiting or characterized by careful thought thrifty careful and diligent in the use of resources economical avoiding waste; "an economical meal"; "an economical shopper"; "a frugal farmer"; "a frugal lunch"; "a sparing father and a spending son"; "sparing in their use of heat and light"; "stinting in bestowing gifts"; "thrifty because they remember the great Depression"; "`scotch' is used only informally" penny-wise thrifty in small matters only saving characterized by thriftiness; "wealthy by inheritance but saving by constitution"- Ellen Glasgow extravagant recklessly wasteful; "prodigal in their expenditures" pound-foolish unwise in dealing with large sums clean-cut neat and smart in appearance; "a clean-cut and well-bred young man"; "the trig corporal in his jaunty cap"; "a trim beard" ruly neat and tidy; "a small ruly beard" shipshape of places; characterized by order and neatness; free from disorder; "even the barn was shipshape"; "a trim little sailboat" slicked up having been made especially tidy; "slicked up for visitors" uncluttered having nothing extraneous; "an uncluttered room"; "the unlittered shoulders of the road" untidy not neat and tidy; "careless and untidy in her personal habits"; "an untidy living room"; "untidy and casual about money" blowsy characteristic of or befitting a slut or slattern; used especially of women cluttered filled or scattered with a disorderly accumulation of objects or rubbish; "the storm left the drivewaylittered with sticks nd debris"; "his library was a cluttered room with piles of books on every chair" disheveled in disarray; extremely disorderly; "her clothing was disheveled"; "powder-smeared and frowzled"; "a rumpled unmade bed"; "a bed with tousled sheets"; "his brown hair was tousled, thick, and curly"- Al Spiers frowsy negligent of neatness especially in dress and person; habitually dirty and unkempt; "filled the door with her frowzy bulk"; "frowzy white hair"; "slovenly appearance" messy dirty and disorderly; "a mussy fussy bedroom"; "a child's messy eating habits" scraggly ragged, thin, or untidy in appearance; "the old man's scraggly beard"; "a scraggly little path to the door" sloppy lacking neatness or order; "a sloppy room"; "sloppy habits" wet or smeared with a spilled liquid or moist material; "a sloppy floor"; "a sloppy saucer" slouchy lacking stiffness in form or posture; "a slouchy sweater" sprawling spreading out in different directions or distributed irregularly; "sprawling handwriting"; "straggling branches"; "straggly hair" unkempt not properly maintained or cared for; "an unkempt garden"; "native vistas and unkempt rambling paths"; "an ukempt appearance" not neatly combed; "wild unkempt hair" groomed neat and smart in appearance; well cared for; "the manager was a beautifully groomed young man"; "his horse was always groomed" kempt (of hair) neat and tidy; "a nicely kempt beard" pomaded (of hair) groomed with pomade; "pomaded hair" sleek well-groomed and neatly tailored; especially too well-groomed; "sleek figures in expensive clothes" well-groomed having your hair neatly brushed and combed having tasteful clothing and being scrupulously neat ungroomed not neat and smart in appearance; "he was wrinkled and ungroomed, with a two-day beard"; "ungroomed hair" ill-dressed not well dressed unbrushed (of hair or clothing) not brushed; "snarled unbrushed hair"; "the suit was wrinkled and unbrushed, as if it had been slept in" combed (of hair) made tidy with a comb; "with hair combed to the side" uncombed (of hair) not combed; "he was unwashed and uncombed with his clothes half buttoned"; "wild unkempt hair" uncombable not capable of being combed timbered furnished with or made of wood or timbers; "timbered walls" covered with growing timber; "thickly timbered ridges clothed with loblolly pine and holly"; "hills timbered up to their summits" half-timber having exposed wood framing with spaces filled with masonry, as in Tudor architecture timber-framed framed by exposed timbers; "a magnificently timbered old barn" untimbered lacking timbers; "an untimbered boat" without trees; "an untimbered area" toned having or distinguished by a tone; often used in combination; "full-toned"; "silver-toned" having or characterized or distinguished by tone or a specific tone; often used in combination; "full-toned"; "shrill-toned"; "deep-toned" toneless lacking in tone or expression; "his toneless mechanical voice" tonguelike resembling a tongue in form or function tongueless lacking a tongue; "tongueless moccasins" tipped having a tip; or having a tip as specified (used in combination); "a rubber-tipped cane" filter-tipped of a cigar or cigarette; having a tip designed to filter the smoke; "filter-tipped cigarettes" pink-tipped of a leaf tipped with pink plume-tipped of a plant tipped with a plume spine-tipped of a plant tipped with a spine thorn-tipped of a plant tipped with a thorn yellow-tipped of a flower tipped with yellow untipped not provided with a special tip; "untipped cigarettes" tired depleted of strength or energy; "tired mothers with crying babies"; "too tired to eat" all in(p) very tired; "was all in at the end of the day"; "so beat I could flop down and go to sleep anywhere"; "bushed after all that exercise"; "I'm dead after that long trip" aweary physically and mentally fatigued; "`aweary' is archaic" bored tired of the world; "bored with life"; "strolled through the museum with a bored air" careworn showing the wearing effects of overwork or care or suffering; "looking careworn as she bent over her mending"; "her face was drawn and haggard from sleeplessness"; "that raddled but still noble face"; "shocked to see the worn look of his handsome young face"- Charles Dickens footsore having sore or tired feet knackered very tired travel-worn tired by travel unrefreshed not rested or refreshed whacked (British informal) exhausted or worn out rested not tired; refreshed as by sleeping or relaxing; "came back rested from her vacation" untired with unreduced energy tolerable capable of being borne or endured; "the climate is at least tolerable" bearable capable of being borne though unpleasant; "sufferable punishment" intolerable incapable of being tolerated or endured; "an intolerable degree of sentimentality" insufferable too extreme to bear; "the insufferable heat of August in a New York apartment with no air conditioning" unbearably arrogant or conceited; "insufferable insolence" unsupportable not able to be supported or defended unbigoted not opinionated intolerant unwilling to tolerate difference of opinion bigoted blindly and obstinately attached to some creed or opinion and intolerant toward others; "a bigoted person"; "an outrageously bigoted point of view" tonal having tonality; i.e. tones and chords organized in relation to one tone such as a keynote or tonic polytonal using more than one key or tonality simultaneously; "exciting rhythms and polytonal harmonies" atonal characterized by avoidance of traditional western tonality toothed having teeth especially of a certain number or type; often used in combination; "saw-toothed" buck-toothed having protruding upper front teeth cogged having cogs; "a cogged wheel" fine-toothed(a) having fine teeth set close together; "a fine-toothed comb" gap-toothed having widely spaced teeth; "his gap-toothed grin" saber-toothed having teeth that resemble sabers; "a saber-toothed tiger" small-toothed having small teeth toothlike resembling a tooth toothy having or showing prominent teeth; "a toothy smile" tusked having tusks edental having few if any teeth; "anteaters are edentate animals" edentulous having lost teeth top(a) situated at the top or highest position; "the top shelf" apical situated at an apex crowning forming or providing a crown or summit; "the crowning star on a Christmas tree"; "her hair was her crowning glory" topmost at or nearest to the top; "the uppermost book in the pile"; "on the topmost step" bottom(a) situated at the bottom or lowest position; "the bottom drawer" bottommost farthest down; "bottommost shelf" side(a) located on a side; "side fences"; "the side porch" topped having a top of a specified character flat-topped having a flat or flattened upper surface screw-topped having a lid with a spiral groove topless having no top; "a topless jar" bottomed having a bottom of a specified character bell-bottomed (of trousers) having legs that flare at the bottom; "bell-bottomed trousers" copper-bottomed having a bottom of copper or sheathed with copper; "copper-bottomed pots"; "a copper-bottomed ship" round-bottomed having a rounded bottom; "round-bottom flasks" top-down of an approach to a problem that begins at the highest conceptual level and works down to the details; "a top-down analysis might begin by looking at macro-economic trends"; "top-down programming" bottom-up of an approach to a problem that begins with details and works up to the highest conceptual level; "bottom-up parser"; "a bottom-up model of the reading process" pantropical distributed throughout the tropics circumpolar located or found throughout a polar region (of a celestial body) continually visible above the horizon during the entire 360 degrees of daily travel; "a circumpolar star" north-polar of or relating to the Arctic; "the Arctic summer" south-polar at or near the south pole testate having made a legally valid will before death intestate having made no legally valid will before death or not disposed of by a legal will; "he died intestate"; "intestate property" touched having come into contact grazed scraped or touched lightly in passing; "his grazed and bleeding arm proved he had been in the line of fire" tough resistant to cutting or chewing physically toughened; "the tough bottoms of his feet" not given to gentleness or sentimentality; "a tough character" cartilaginous difficult to chew of or relating to cartilage coriaceous resembling or made to resemble leather; tough but pliable fibrous (of meat) full of sinews; especially impossible to chew hempen having or resembling fibers especially fibers used in making cordage such as those of jute tough-skinned having a relatively tough outer covering chewable able to be chewed or cut flaky made of or easily forming flakes made of or resembling flakes; "flaky soap" tenderized made tender as by marinating or pounding; "tenderized meat" calloused having calluses; having skin made tough and thick through wear; "calloused skin"; "with a workman's callous hands" enured made tough by habitual exposure; "hardened fishermen"; "a peasant, dark, lean-faced, wind-inured"- Robert Lynd; "our successors...may be graver, more inured and equable men"- V.S.Pritchett weather-beaten tanned and coarsened from being outdoors; "a weather-beaten face" worn by exposure to the weather; "a house of weathered shingles" hard-bitten tough and callous by virtue of experience tough-minded facing facts or difficulties realistically and with determination sentimental given to or marked by sentiment or sentimentality toxic of or relating to or caused by a toxin or poison; "suffering from exposure to toxic substances" cyanogenetic capable of producing cyanide; "amygdalin is a cyanogenetic glucoside" hepatotoxic toxic to the liver nephrotoxic toxic to the kidney ototoxic toxic to the organs of hearing or balance or to the auditory nerve; "some drugs are ototoxic" nontoxic not producing or resulting from poison antitoxic counteracting a toxin or poison nonvenomous not producing venom; "nonvenomous snakes" tractable easily managed (controlled or taught or molded); "tractable young minds"; "the natives...being...of an intelligent tractable disposition"- Samuel Butler tamable capable of being tamed intractable not tractable; difficult to manage or mold; "an intractable disposition"; "intractable pain"; "the most intractable issue of our era"; "intractable metal" balking stopping short and refusing to go on; "a balking"; "a balky mule"; "a balky customer" unmalleable difficult or impossible to shape or work untraceable incapable of being traced or tracked down; "an untraceable source" tracked having tracks; "new snow tracked by rabbits"; "tracked vehicles" caterpillar-tracked having caterpillar treads or tracks on the wheels; "a caterpillar-tracked earthmover" half-track having caterpillar treads on the rear and wheels in front; "half-track armored vehicles" trackless having no tracks; "a trackless trolley"; "the trackless snowy meadow" heavily traveled subject to much traffic or travel; "the region's most heavily traveled highways" untraversed not traveled over or through; "an untraversed region" trimmed made neat and tidy by trimming; "his neatly trimmed hair" untrimmed not trimmed; "shaggy untrimmed locks" unclipped not clipped; "unclipped rosebushes"; "unclipped hair" troubled characterized by or indicative of distress or affliction or danger or need; "troubled areas"; "fell into a troubled sleep"; "a troubled expression"; "troubled teenagers" anxious causing or fraught with or showing anxiety; "spent an anxious night waiting for the test results"; "cast anxious glances behind her"; "those nervous moments before takeoff"; "an unquiet mind" buffeted pounded or hit repeatedly by storms or adversities care-laden burdened by cares; "all ye that labor and are heavy-laden"-Matt.11:28 disquieted afflicted with or marked by anxious uneasiness or trouble or grief; "too upset to say anything"; "spent many disquieted moments"; "distressed about her son's leaving home"; "lapsed into disturbed sleep"; "worried parents"; "a worried frown"; "one last worried check of the sleeping children" distressed facing or experiencing financial trouble or difficulty; "distressed companies need loans and technical advice"; "financially hard-pressed Mexican hotels are lowering their prices"; "we were hard put to meet the mortgage payment"; "found themselves in a bad way financially" fraught marked by distress; "a fraught mother-daughter relationship" hag-ridden tormented or harassed by nightmares or unreasonable fears; "hagridden...by visions of an imminent heaven or hell upon earth"- C.S.Lewis mothy infested with moths struggling engaged in a struggle to overcome especially poverty or obscurity; "a financially struggling theater"; "struggling artists" troublous full of trouble; "these are troublous times" dreamless untroubled by dreams; "a sound and dreamless sleep" trouble-free without problems or difficulties; "NASA reported a trouble-free launch" undisturbed untroubled by interference or disturbance; "he could pursue his studies undisturbed" unmolested not interfered with, disturbed, or harmed apodictic of a proposition; necessarily true or logically certain specious plausible but false; "a specious claim"; "spurious inferences" trumped-up(a) concocted with intent to deceive; "trumped-up charges" trustful inclined to believe or confide readily; full of trust; "great brown eye, true and trustful"- Nordhoff & Hall confiding willing to entrust personal matters; "first she was suspicious, then she became confiding" distrustful having or showing distrust; "a man of distrustful nature"; "my experience...in other fields of law has made me distrustful of rules of thumb generally"- B.N.Cardozo; "vigilant and distrustful superintendence"- Thomas Jefferson cynical believing the worst of human nature and motives; having a sneering disbelief in e.g. selflessness of others doubting marked by or given to doubt; "a skeptical attitude"; "a skeptical listener" jealous suspicious or unduly suspicious or fearful of being displaced by a rival; "a jealous lover" leery openly distrustful and unwilling to confide misogynic (used of men) having deep-seated distrust of women oversuspicious unduly suspicious creditworthy having an acceptable credit rating; "a responsible borrower" fiducial based on trust used as a fixed standard of reference for comparison or measurement; "a fiducial point" untrustworthy not worthy of trust or belief; "an untrustworthy person" tubed of a tire; having an inner tube tucked having tucked or being tucked; "tightly tucked blankets"; "a fancy tucked shirt" untucked lacking tucks or not being tucked; "the sheet came untucked"; "plain untucked shirt front" turned moved around an axis or center inverted being in such a position that top and bottom are reversed; "a quotation mark is sometimes called an inverted comma"; "an upside-down cake" overturned having been turned so that the bottom is no longer the bottom; "an overturned car"; "the upset pitcher of milk"; "sat on an upturned bucket" reversed turned inside out and resewn; "the reversed collar looked as good as new" rotated turned in a circle around an axis wrong-side-out(p) with the inside surface on the outside unturned not turned; "left no stone unturned" right-side-out(p) of fabric or clothing right-side-up(p) of objects having a top and bottom regular(a) often used as intensifiers; "a regular morass of details"; "a regular nincompoop"; "he's a veritable swine" unrepresentative not exemplifying a class; "I soon tumbled to the fact that my weekends were atypical"; "behavior quite unrepresentative (or atypical) of the profession" underhand with hand brought forward and up from below shoulder level; "an underhand pitch"; "an underhand stroke" round-arm with the arm swung round at shoulder height; "round-arm bowling" with an outward or horizontal swing of the arm; "he hit the ball round-arm" aboveground on or above the surface of the ground; "aboveground nuclear testing"; "surface instruments for detecting oil deposits"; "surface transportation" grade-constructed constructed at ground level; "grade-constructed accesses to the freeway" opencast (of mines and mining) worked from the exposed surface; "opencast mining"; "an opencut iron mine" subsurface beneath the surface; "subsurface materials of the moon" submerged beneath the surface of the water; "submerged rocks" nonsubmersible not submersible or submergible tearful filled with or marked by tears; "tearful eyes"; "tearful entreaties" misty-eyed having eyes blurred as with tears; "sad and misty-eyed" teary with eyes full of tears sniffly liable to sniffle weepy liable to weep easily tearless free from tears closed(a) requiring union membership; "a closed shop" nonunion not belonging to or not allowing affiliation with a trade union; "nonunion carpenters"; "a nonunion contractor" open(a) not requiring union membership; "an open shop employs nonunion workers" uniparous producing only one offspring at a time multiparous producing more than one offspring at a time biparous producing two offspring at a time unipolar having a single pole bipolar having two poles of, pertaining to, or occurring in both polar regions; "the bipolar distribution of certain species" of or relating to manic depressive illness united characterized by unity; being or joined into a single entity; "presented a united front" agreed united by being of the same opinion; "agreed in their distrust of authority" amalgamate joined together into a whole; "United Industries"; "the amalgamated colleges constituted a university"; "a consolidated school" coalescent growing together, fusing; "coalescent tradititions"; "coalescent bones" in league(p) (usually followed by `with') united in effort as if in a league; "they found out that some policemen were in league with the criminals" suprasegmental pertaining to a feature of speech that extends over more than a single speech sound unpartitioned not divided by partitions unsegmented having a body that is not divided into segments; "unsegmented worms" bifid divided into two lobes; "a bifid petal" bifurcated divided into or made up of two parts; "socially bifurcated populations" bilocular divided into or containing two cells or chambers; "having a bilocular capsule" chambered having compartmental chambers; "a spiral chambered seashell" cloven (used of hooves) split, divided; "bisulcate hoof" dichotomous divided or dividing into two sharply distinguished parts or classifications four-pronged having four prongs many-chambered having many chambers metameric having the body divided into successive metameres or segments, as in earthworms or lobsters mullioned of windows; divided by vertical bars or piers usually of stone; "mullioned windows" pentamerous divided into five parts; specifically, having each floral whorl consist of five (or a multiple of five) members; "pentamerous flowers" pronged having prongs or tines; usually used in combination; "a three-tined fork" segmental divided or organized into speech segments or isolable speech sounds three-pronged having three prongs torn disrupted by the pull of contrary forces; "torn between love and hate"; "torn by conflicting loyalties"; "torn by religious dissensions" trifid divided into three lobes; "trifid petals" two-pronged having two prongs adnate of unlike parts or organs; growing closely attached; "a calyx adnate to the ovary" univalve used of mollusks, especially gastropods, as snails etc. single-shelled univalve lamellibranch bivalve ascending(a) moving or going or growing upward; "the ascending plane"; "the ascending staircase"; "the ascending stems of chickweed" acclivitous sloping upward assurgent growing or extending upward; "an assurgent stem or leaf" rising from the sea; "a seahorse assurgent" scandent used especially of plants; having a tendency to climb; "plants of a creeping or scandent nature" up(a) extending or moving toward a higher place; "the up staircase"; "a general upward movement of fish" descending(a) coming down or downward declivitous sloping down rather steeply down(a) extending or moving from a higher to a lower place; "the down staircase"; "the downward course of the stream" becoming progressively lower; "the down trend in the real estate market" downward-arching curving downward drizzling (of rain) falling lightly in very small drops; "a raw drizzing rain" dropping coming down freely under the influence of gravity; "the eerie whistle of dropping bombs"; "falling rain" raining falling in drops or as if falling like rain; "watched the raining apple blossoms" improving getting higher or more vigorous; "its an up market"; "an improving economy" falling becoming lower or less in degree or value; "a falling market"; "falling incomes" decreasing in amount or degree; "falling temperature" climactic consisting of or causing a climax; "a climactic development" anticlimactic coming after the climax especially of a dramatic or narrative plot; "everything after the discovery of the murderer was anticlimactic" of or relating to a sudden change from an impressive to a ludicrous style upmarket designed for consumers with high incomes; "he turned up in well-cut clothes...and upmarket felt hats"- New Yorker upscale appropriate for people with good incomes; "an upscale neighborhood"; "an upscale motel" downmarket designed for low-income consumers downscale intended for people with low incomes; "mass-produced downscale versions of high-priced fashions" transitive designating a verb that requires a direct object to complete the meaning intransitive designating a verb that does not require or cannot take a direct object translatable capable of being put into another form or style or language; "substances readily translatable to the American home table"; "his books are eminently translatable" untranslatable not capable of being put into another form or style or language; "an untranslatable idiom"; "untranslatable art" solid-hoofed having solid hooves clawlike resembling a claw ahead(p) having the leading position or higher score in a contest; "he is ahead by a pawn"; "the leading team in the pennant race" dormie in match play a side that stands as many holes ahead as there are holes remaining to be played; "he was dormie three and still lost the match" heavenward directed toward heaven or the sky; "the soul in its heavenward flight" toward heaven; "he pointed heavenward" risen (of e.g. celestial bodies) above the horizon; "the risen sun" sprouted (of growing vegetation) having just emerged from the ground; "the corn is sprouted" upbound heading in any direction that is conventionally up; "upbound shipping lanes" upfield away from the defending teams' end of the playing field upward directed up; "the cards were face upward"; "an upward stroke of the pen" behind(p) having the lower score or lagging position in a contest; "behind by two points"; "the 8th inning found the home team trailing" downbound heading in any direction that is conventionally down; "a downbound channel"; "the downbound train" downfield toward or in the defending team's end of the playing field; "he threw to a downfield receiver" toward or in the defending team's end of the playing field; "he caught the ball and ran downfield 15 yards" downward(ip) on or toward a surface regarded as a base; "he lay face downward"; "the downward pull of gravity" set(p) being below the horizon; "the moon is set" downstairs on or of lower floors of a building; "the downstairs (or downstair) phone" on a floor below; "the tenants live downstairs" ground-floor on the floor closest to level with the ground; "the ground-floor entrance is kept locked" upstream in the direction against a stream's current downstream in the direction of a stream's current downtown of or located in the lower part of a town, or in the business center; "downtown Manhattan"; "delinquents roaming the downtown streets" toward or in the lower or central part of town used employed in accomplishing something; "the principle of surprise is the most used and misused of all the principles of war"- H.H.Arnold & I.C.Eaker in use currently being used; "robots are in use throughout industry" utilized put to use misused used incorrectly or carelessly or for an improper purpose; "misused words are often laughable but one weeps for misused talents" useful being of use or service; "the girl felt motherly and useful"; "a useful job"; "a useful member of society" multipurpose having multiple uses; "a multipurpose tool" reclaimable capable of being used again useable capable of being put to use; "usable byproducts" utilizable capable of being put to a profitable or practical use useless having no beneficial use or incapable of functioning usefully; "a kitchen full of useless gadgets"; "she is useless in an emergency" futile producing no result or effect; "a futile effort"; "the therapy was ineffectual"; "an otiose undertaking"; "an unavailing attempt" inutile not worth using utopian characterized by or aspiring to impracticable perfection; "the dim utopian future"; "utopian idealists"; "recognized the utopian nature of his hopes" of or pertaining to or resembling a utopia; "a Utopian novel" dystopian as bad as can be; characterized by human misery; "AIDS is one of the dystopian harbingers of the global villages"- Susan Sontag of or pertaining to or resembling a dystopia reasoned logically valid; "a sound argument" validated declared or made legally valid; "a validated claim" spurious ostensibly valid, but not actually valid; "a spurious argument" invalidated deprived of legal force null lacking any legal or binding force; "null and void" sophistic plausible but misleading of or pertaining to sophists blue-chip extremely valuable; "Rembrandt is considered a blue-chip artist" invaluable having incalculable monetary, intellectual, or spiritual worth precious of high worth or cost; "diamonds, sapphires, rubies, and emeralds are precious stones" extremely; "there is precious little time left" semiprecious used of gemstones having less commercial value than precious stones; "such semiprecious stones as amethyst, garnet, jade, and tourmaline" worth(p) having a specified value; "not worth his salt"; "worth her weight in gold"; "an appraisal determined the antique carved chair was worth $900" worthless lacking in usefulness or value; "a worthless idler" chaffy value; "an empty chaffy book by a foolish chaffy fellow" abounding in or covered with or resembling or consisting of chaff good-for-nothing without merit; of little or no value or use; "a sorry horse"; "a sorry excuse"; "a lazy no-count, good-for-nothing goldbrick"; "the car was a no-good piece of junk" manky inferior and worthless nugatory of no real value; "a nugatory law" otiose serving no useful purpose; having no excuse for being; "otiose lines in a play"; "advice is wasted words"; "a pointless remark"; "a life essentially purposeless"; "senseless violence" rubbishy cheap and inferior; of no value; "rubbishy newspapers that form almost the sole reading of the majority"; "trashy merchandise" tinpot(a) inferior (especially of a country's leadership); "he's a tinpot Hitler" valueless of no value covariant changing so that interrelations with another variable quantity or set of quantities remain unchanged multivariate pertaining to any procedure involving two or more variables protean taking on different forms; "eyes...of that baffling protean grey which is never twice the same" invariable not liable to or capable of change; "an invariable temperature"; "an invariable rule"; "his invariable courtesy" hard-and-fast (of rules) stringently enforced; "hard-and-fast rules" omnifarious of all varieties or forms or kinds; "omnifarious reading" varicolored having a variety of colors variform varying in form or shape varying marked by diversity or difference; "the varying angles of roof slope"; "nature is infinitely variable" unvaried lacking variety unveiled revealed; especially by having a veil removed; "a new generation of unveiled women in Iran"; "applauding the unveiled statue of Winston Churchill" disclosed made known (especially something secret or concealed); "the disclosed purpose of their wicked plan" ventilated exposed to air; "a well ventilated room" aired open to or abounding in fresh air; "airy rooms" louvered supplied with louvers for ventilation; "a louvered door" vented supplied with a vent or vents for intake of air or discharge of gases unventilated not ventilated; "stuffy unventilated rooms" airless lacking fresh air; "a dusty airless attic"; "the dreadfully close atmosphere"; "hot and stuffy and the air was blue with smoke" fuggy (British informal) poorly ventilated unaerated (used of blood) not supplied with oxygen unvented not provided with vents violable capable of being violated; "a violable rule"; "a violable contract" ferocious marked by extreme and violent energy; "a ferocious beating"; "fierce fighting"; "a furious battle" knockdown-dragout extremely violent; "a knock-down-and-drag-out fight" rampageous displaying raging violence; often destructive; "the hot rampageous horses of my will"- W.H.Auden ruffianly violent and lawless; "the more ruffianly element"; "tough street gangs" slam-bang violent and sudden and noisy; "a slam-bang collision" in a violent or sudden or noisy manner; "the pans fell slam-bang and woke the whole house" with heedless speed; "yachts ran slap-bang into the convoy at 15 knots an hour" virtuous morally excellent impeccable not capable of sin impeccant free from sin wicked morally bad in principle or practice flagitious extremely wicked, deeply criminal; "a flagitious crime"; "heinous accusations" iniquitous characterized by iniquity; wicked because it is believed to be a sin; "iniquitous deeds"; "he said it was sinful to wear lipstick"; "ungodly acts" irreclaimable insusceptible of reform; "vicious irreclaimable boys"; "irredeemable sinners" nefarious extremely wicked; "nefarious schemes"; "a villainous plot"; "a villainous band of thieves" peccable liable to sin; "a frail and peccable mortal"- Sir Walter Scott in sight at or within a reasonable distance for seeing; "not a policeman in sight"; "kept the monkey in view" ocular visible; "be sure of it; give me the ocular proof"- Shakespeare; "a visual presentation"; "a visual image" relating to or using sight; "ocular inspection"; "an optical illusion"; "visual powers"; "visual navigation" of or relating to or resembling the eye; "ocular muscles"; "an ocular organ"; "ocular diseases"; "the optic (or optical) axis of the eye"; "an ocular spot is a pigmented organ or part believed to be sensitive to light"; "ophthalmic defect" megascopic visible to the naked eye (especially of rocks and anatomical features) subgross too small to be visible to the naked eye panoptic including everything visible in one view; "a panoptic aerial photograph of the missile base"; "a panoptic stain used in microscopy" viewable capable of being viewed invisible impossible or nearly impossible to see; imperceptible by the eye; "the invisible man"; "invisible rays"; "an invisible hinge"; "invisible mending" camouflaged made invisible by means of protective coloring nonvisual not resulting in vision; "nonvisual stimuli" undetectable not easily seen unseen not seen or perceived; "unseen natural resources" viviparous producing living young (not eggs) oviparous egg-laying broody physiologically ready to incubate eggs; "a broody hen" ovoviviparous producing living young from eggs that hatch within the body evaporable (used of substances) capable of being volatilized nonvolatile not volatilizing readily; "a nonvolatile acid" willful done by design; "the insult was intentional"; "willful disobedience" freewill done of your own accord; "a freewill offering" self-imposed voluntarily assumed or endured; "self-imposed exile" uncoerced not brought about by coercion or force; "the confession was uncoerced" involuntary not subject to the control of the will; "involuntary manslaughter"; "involuntary servitude"; "an involuntary shudder"; "It (becoming a hero) was involuntary. They sank my boat"- John F.Kennedy controlled by the autonomic nervous system; without conscious control; "involuntary muscles"; "gave an involuntary start" unwilled without deliberate volition, desire, or intention; "my heart with unwilled love grew warm"- George Macdonald unwilling in spite of contrary volition; "an unwilling smile" not disposed or inclined toward; "an unwilling assistant"; "unwilling to face facts" autonomic relating to or controlled by the autonomic nervous system; "autonomic reflexes" vegetative relating to involuntary bodily functions; "vegetative functions such as digestion or growth or circulation" of or relating to an activity that is passive and monotonous; "a dull vegetative lifestyle" assailable not defended or capable of being defended; "an open city"; "open to attack" endangered (of flora or fauna) in imminent danger of extinction; "an endangered species" threatened (of flora or fauna) likely in the near future to become endangered; "the spotted owl is a threatened species, not yet an endangered one" under attack(p) subjected to enemy attack or censure; "an official under fire for mismanagement" invulnerable immune to attack; impregnable; "gunners raked the beach from invulnerable positions on the cliffs" defendable capable of being defended sheltered protected from danger or bad weather; "a sheltered harbor" wanted desired or wished for or sought; "couldn't keep her eyes off the wanted toy"; "a wanted criminal"; "a wanted poster" craved wanted intensely; "the child could no longer resist taking one of the craved cookies"; "it produced the desired effect" longed-for greatly desired sought being searched for; "the most sought-after item was the silver candelabrum" that is looked for; "the long sought relatives" unwanted not wanted; not needed; "tried to give away unwanted kittens" abdicable capable of being discarded or renounced or relinquished; "abdicable responsibilites" cast-off(a) thrown away; "wearing someone's cast-off clothes"; "throwaway children living on the streets"; "salvaged some thrown-away furniture" friendless excluded from a society uncalled-for not required or requested; "uncalled-for suggestions" unclaimed not claimed or called for by an owner or assignee; "unclaimed luggage" undesired not desired; "an undesired result" uninvited (of a person) not having been invited; "uninvited guests" (of a thought or act) unwelcome or involuntary; "uninvited thoughts"; "uninvited advances" unwelcome not welcome; "unwelcome publicity" not welcome; not giving pleasure or received with pleasure; "unwelcome publicity"; "unwelcome interruptions"; "unwelcome visitors" lukewarm moderately warm; "he hates lukewarm coffee"; "tepid bath water" warmed having been warmed up; "a cup of warmed milk" warming imparting heat; "a warming fire" air-conditioned cooled by air conditioning air-cooled cooled by a flow of air; "an air-cooled engine" precooled cooled in advance water-cooled kept cool or designed to be kept cool by means of water especially circulating water; "a water-cooled engine" warm-blooded having warm blood (in animals whose body temperature is internally regulated) homoiothermic of birds and mammals; having constant and relatively high body temperature cold-blooded having cold blood (in animals whose body temperature is not internally regulated) poikilothermic of animals except birds and mammals; having body temperature that varies with the environment warmhearted marked by warmth of feeling like kindness and sympathy and generosity; "gave a warmhearted welcome to the stranger" coldhearted lacking in sympathy or feeling washable capable of being washed without injury; "washable woolens"; "acrylic blankets are both warm and washable" nonwashable not washable waxed treated with wax; "waxed floors"; "waxed mustache" unwaxed not waxed; "the unwaxed floor" increasing becoming greater or larger; "increasing prices" (music) increasing in tempo and/or volume accelerative tending to increase velocity accretionary marked or produced by accretion accretive growing by accretion incorporative growing by taking over and incorporating adjacent territories; "the Russian Empire was a typical incorporative state" maximizing making as great as possible multiplicative tending or having the power to multiply or increase in number or quantity or degree; "the multiplicative tendency of proportional representation" profit-maximizing making the profit as great as possible; "the profit-maximizing price" decreasing becoming less or smaller (music) decreasing in tempo and/or volume depreciating tending to decrease or cause a decrease in value; "a depreciating currency"; "depreciatory effects on prices" detractive causing to decrease in importance or value; "detractive influences on the volume of investment" diminishing becoming smaller or less or appearing to do so; "diminishing returns"; "his diminishing respect for her" allargando (music) gradually decreasing in tempo and broadening in manner calando (music) gradually decreasing in tempo and volume rallentando (music) gradually decreasing in tempo slowing down; "this passage should be played rallentando" inflationary associated with or tending to cause increases in inflation; "inflationary prices" deflationary associated with or tending to cause decreases in consumer prices or increases in the purchasing power of money; "deflationary measures" weaned freed of dependence on something especially (for mammals) mother's milk; "the just-weaned calf bawled for its mother" unweaned not weaned; "some children remain unweaned until their second or third birthdays" wearable suitable for wear or able to be worn; "wearable evening clothes"; "a wearable hearing aid" unwearable not suitable for wear or able to be worn; "shoes so dilapidated as to be unwearable" weedy abounding with or resembling weeds; "a weedy path"; "weedy plants that take over a garden" weedless free from weeds; "a weedless garden" asymptomatic having no symptoms of illness or disease aguish affected by ague ailing somewhat ill or prone to illness; "my poor ailing grandmother"; "feeling a bit indisposed today"; "you look a little peaked"; "feeling poorly"; "a sickly child"; "is unwell and can't come to work" airsick experiencing motion sickness autistic characteristic of or affected with autism; "autistic behavior"; "autistic children" bedfast confined to bed (by illness) bilious suffering from or suggesting a liver disorder or gastric distress relating to or containing bile bronchitic suffering from or prone to bronchitis funny experiencing odd bodily sensations; "told the doctor about the funny sensations in her chest" gouty suffering from gout laid low(p) put out of action (by illness) laid up(p) ill and usually confined; "laid up with a bad cold" milk-sick affected with or related to milk sickness nauseated feeling nausea; feeling about to vomit palsied affected with palsy or uncontrollable tremor; "palsied hands" sneezy inclined to sneeze tubercular constituting or afflicted with or caused by tuberculosis or the tubercle bacillus; "a tubercular child"; "tuberculous patients"; "tubercular meningitis" relating to tuberculosis or those suffering from it; "a tubercular hospital" pertaining to or of the nature of a normal tuberosity or tubercle; "a tubercular process for the attachment of a ligament or muscle" characterized by the presence of tuberculosis lesions or tubercles; "tubercular leprosy" unhealed not healed; "an unhealed wound" bedewed wet with dew besprent sprinkled over; "glistening grass besprent with raindrops" boggy (of soil) soft and watery; "the ground was boggy under foot"; "a marshy coastline"; "miry roads"; "wet mucky lowland"; "muddy barnyard"; "quaggy terrain"; "the sloughy edge of the pond"; "swampy bayous" clammy unpleasantly cool and humid; "a clammy handshake"; "clammy weather"; "a dank cellar"; "dank rain forests" sodden wet through and through; thoroughly wet; "stood at the door drenched (or soaked) by the rain"; "the speaker's sodden collar"; "soppy clothes" humid containing or characterized by a great deal of water vapor; "humid air"; "humid weather" misty wet with mist; "the misty evening" muggy hot or warm and humid; "muggy weather"; "the steamy tropics"; "sticky weather" rheumy moist, damp, wet (especially of air); "the raw and theumy damp of night air" showery (of weather) wet by periods of rain; "showery weather"; "rainy days" steaming filled with steam or emitting moisture in the form of vapor or mist; "a steaming kettle"; "steamy towels" tacky (of a glutinous liquid such as paint) not completely dried and slightly sticky to the touch; "tacky varnish" undried still wet or moist air-dried made dry by contact with unheated air air-dry not giving off moisture on exposure to the air bone-dry(a) without a trace of moisture; as dry as a weathered bone; "bone-dry leaves are a fire hazard"; "a drier to get the clothes bone dry" desiccated thoroughly dried out; "old boxes of desiccated Cuban cigars"; "dried-out boards beginning to split" dried-up depleted of water; "a dried-up water hole" (used especially of vegetation) having lost all moisture; "dried-up grass"; "the desert was edged with sere vegetation"; "shriveled leaves on the unwatered seedlings"; "withered vines" dry-shod having or keeping the feet or shoes dry; "a land bridge over which man and beasts could have crossed dry-shod" kiln-dried dried in a kiln rainless lacking rain; "a rainless month"; "rainless skies" semiarid somewhat arid; "a semiarid region with little annual rainfall" semi-dry somewhat dry; "swabbing left the deck semi-dry but still slippery" milkless having no milk; "milkless breasts" hydrous containing combined water (especially water of crystallization as in a hydrate) anhydrous without water; especially without water of crystallization wheeled having wheels; often used in combination wheelless having no wheels or having no wheeled vehicles; "dragging a wheelless stoneboat filled with rocks"; "wheelless societies" white-collar of or designating salaried professional or clerical work or workers; "the coal miner's son aspired to a white-collar occupation as a bookkeeper" clerical appropriate for or engaged in office work; "clerical skills"; "a clerical job"; "the clerical staff" of or relating to the clergy; "clerical collar" of or relating to clerks; "clerical work" pink-collar of or relating to a class of jobs once traditionally filled by women; "a pink-collar employee" blue-collar of or designating manual industrial work or workers manual(a) doing or requiring physical work; "manual labor"; "manual laborer" wage-earning working for hourly wages rather than fixed (e.g. annual) salaries; "working-class occupations include manual as well as industrial labor" alimentary of or providing nourishment; "good nourishing stew" heart-healthy of foods that are low in fats and sodium and other ingredients that may foster heart disease salubrious favorable to health of mind or body; "not the most salubrious campsite"; "one of the less salubrious suburbs" unwholesome detrimental to physical or moral well-being; "unwholesome food"; "unwholesome habits like smoking" insalubrious detrimental to health morbid suggesting an unhealthy mental state; "morbid interest in death"; "morbid curiosity" nauseating causing or able to cause nausea; "a nauseating smell"; "nauseous offal"; "a sickening stench" beamy broad in the beam; "a beamy cargo ship" bird's-eye as from an altitude or distance; "a bird's-eye survey"; "a panoramic view" broad-brimmed (of hats) having a broad brim fanlike resembling a fan wide-screen(a) (motion pictures) projected on a screen with much greater width than height constricting (of circumstances) tending to constrict freedom narrow-mouthed having a narrow mouth straplike long and narrow like a strap; "straplike leaves" tapered becoming gradually narrower; "long tapering fingers"; "trousers with tapered legs" wieldy easy to handle or use or manage; "a large but wieldy book" cumbersome difficult to handle or use especially because of size or weight; "a cumbersome piece of machinery"; "cumbrous protective clothing" wigged wearing a wig; "the judges all wigged and robed" peruked wearing a wig popular for men in the 17th and 18th centuries toupeed wearing a small hairpiece to cover partial baldness wigless not wearing a wig willing disposed or inclined toward; "a willing participant"; "willing helpers" consenting having given consent; "consenting adults" disposed(p) having made preparations; "prepared to take risks" volitional with deliberate intention; "a volitional act" willing and able not reluctant loath unwillingness to do something contrary to your custom; "a reluctant smile"; "loath to admit a mistake" alar having or resembling wings alate (of seeds or insects) having winglike extensions; "alate leaves"; "alate seeds of a maple tree" brachypterous (especially of certain insects) having very short or rudimentary wings one-winged having a single wing slender-winged having slender wings small-winged having small wings volant(ip) with wings extended in a flying position winglike resembling a wing in shape or position wingless lacking wings apterous (of insects) without wings flightless incapable of flying bugged having hidden electronic eavesdropping devices; "wired hotel rooms"; "even the car is bugged" all-knowing infinitely wise perspicacious acutely insightful and wise; "much too perspicacious to be taken in by such a spurious argument"; "observant and thoughtful, he was given to asking sagacious questions"; "a source of valuable insights and sapient advice to educators" owlish resembling an owl; solemn and wise in appearance sapiential characterized by wisdom, especially the wisdom of God; "a sapiential government" foolish devoid of good sense or judgment; "foolish remarks"; "a foolish decision" goofy ludicrous, foolish; "wore a goofy hat"; "a silly idea"; "some wacky plan for selling more books" fond absurd or silly because unlikely; "fond hopes of becoming President"; "fond fancies" harebrained very foolish; "harebrained ideas"; "took insane risks behind the wheel"; "a completely mad scheme to build a bridge between two mountains" ill-conceived poorly conceived or thought out; "an ill-conceived plan to take over the company" rattlebrained lacking sense or discretion; "his rattlebrained crackpot ideas"; "how rattlepated I am! I've forgotten what I came for"- Glenway Westcott unwise showing or resulting from lack of judgment or wisdom; "an unwise investor is soon impoverished" wooded covered with growing trees and bushes etc; "wooded land"; "a heavily wooded tract" arboraceous abounding in trees; "an arboreous landscape"; "violets in woodsy shady spots"; "a woody area near the highway" bosky covered with or consisting of bushes or thickets; "brushy undergrowth"; "`bosky' is a literary term"; "a bosky park leading to a modest yet majestic plaza"- Jack Beatty forested covered with forest; "efforts to protect forested lands of the northwest" jungly overgrown with tropical vegetation rushy abounding in rushes; "a rushy marsh" scrabbly sparsely covered with stunted trees or vegetation and underbrush; "open scrubby woods" thicket-forming tending to form dense thickets woodsy characteristic or suggestive of woods; "a fresh woodsy fragrance" unwooded not wooded unforested not covered with forest; "unforested lands" beechen consisting of or made of wood of the beech tree cedarn consisting of or made of cedar; "carved cedarn doors" ligneous consisting of or containing lignin or xylem; "ligneous (or woody) tissue" oaken consisting of or made of wood of the oak tree; "a solid oak table"; "the old oaken bucket" suffrutescent of a plant; having a woody base that does not die down each year nonwoody not woody; not consisting of or resembling wood herbaceous characteristic of a nonwoody herb or plant part pulpy like a pulp or overripe; not having stiffness worldly characteristic of or devoted to the temporal world as opposed to the spiritual world; "worldly goods and advancement"; "temporal possessions of the church" materialistic marked by materialism unworldly not concerned with the temporal world or swayed by mundane considerations; "was unworldly and did not greatly miss worldly rewards"- Sheldon Cheney anchoritic characterized by ascetic solitude; "the eremitic element in the life of a religious colony"; "his hermitic existence" unmercenary not mercenary; not influenced by financial gains woven made or constructed by interlacing threads or strips of material or other elements into a whole; "woven fabrics"; "woven baskets"; "the incidents woven into the story"; "folk songs woven into a symphony" braided woven by (or as if by) braiding; "braided cordage" plain-woven (of cloth) made in plain weave unwoven not woven; "tapa cloth is an unwoven fabric made by pounding bark into a thin sheet" felted made by combining fibers with a binder using heat and pressure; "felt is a felted cloth" knitted made by intertwining threads in a series of connected loops rather than by weaving; "knitted garments"; "a hand-knitted sweater" worn affected by wear; damaged by long use; "worn threads on the screw"; "a worn suit"; "the worn pockets on the jacket" attrited worn by rubbing or friction clapped out worn from age or heavy use and no longer able to operate (of cars or machines or people) dog-eared worn or shabby from overuse or (of pages) from having corners turned down; "a somewhat dog-eared duke...a bit run down"-Clifton Fadiman; "an old book with dog-eared pages" eroded worn away as by water or ice or wind frayed worn away or tattered along the edges; "frayed cuffs" mangy having many worn or threadbare spots in the nap; "a mangy carpet"; "a mangy old fur coat" moth-eaten worn or eaten away by (or as if by) moths; "moth-eaten blankets" showing signs of wear and tear; "a ratty old overcoat"; "shabby furniture"; "an old house with dirty windows and tatty curtains" played out worn out; "a played out deck of cards" raddled used until no longer useful; "battered trumpets and raddled radios"; "worn-out shoes with flapping soles" scruffy shabby and untidy; "a surge of ragged scruffy children"; "he was soiled and seedy and fragrant with gin"- Mark Twain shopworn worn or faded from being on display in a store; "shopworn merchandise at half price" tattered worn to shreds; or wearing torn or ragged clothing; "a man in a tattered shirt"; "the tattered flag"; "tied up in tattered brown paper"; "a tattered barefoot boy"; "a tatterdemalion prince" threadbare having the nap worn away so that the threads show through; "threadbare rugs" thumbed (of pages) worn or soiled by thumb and fingers by frequent handling or turning; "well-thumbed pages of the dictionary" waterworn (of rocks especially) worn smooth by the action of water well-worn showing signs of much wear or use unweathered not worn by exposure to the weather; "chemical weathering was beginning to attack the unweathered bedrock" applaudable worthy of high praise; "applaudable efforts to save the environment"; "a commendable sense of purpose"; "laudable motives of improving housing conditions"; "a significant and praiseworthy increase in computer intelligence" creditable worthy of often limited commendation; "the student's effort on the essay--though not outstanding--was creditable" cum laude with honor; with academic distinction; "a cum laude graduate" with honor; "he graduated cum laude" deserving (often used ironically) worthy of being treated in a particular way; "an idea worth considering"; "the deserving poor"; "a deserving cause" exemplary worthy of imitation; "exemplary behavior"; "model citizens" magna cum laude with high honor; with high academic distinction; "a magna cum laude graduate" with high honor; "he graduated magna cum laude" meritorious deserving reward or praise; "a lifetime of meritorious service"; "meritorious conduct" quotable suitable for or worthy of quotation; "a quotable slogan"; "his remarks are not quotable in mixed company" summa cum laude with highest honor; with the highest academic distinction; "a summa cum laude graduate" with highest honor; "he graduated summa cum laude" worthwhile sufficiently valuable to justify the investment of time or interest; "a worthwhile book" unworthy lacking in value or merit; "dispel a student whose conduct is deemed unworthy"; "unworthy of forgiveness" undeserving not deserving; "the undeserving poor" unmeritorious without merit; "protect...from unmeritorious criticism" xeric being deficient in moisture; "deserts provide xeric environments" xerophytic adapted to a xeric (or dry) environment; "cacti are xerophytic plants"; "xerophytic adaptations" hydric having or characterized by excessive moisture; "a hydric habitat" hydrophytic growing wholly or partially in water; "water lilies are hydrophytic" hygrophytic requiring an abundance of moisture; "some tropical ferns are hygrophytic" mesic having or characterized by moderate or a well-balanced supply of moisture; "mesic habitats" mesophytic being or growing in or adapted to a moderately moist environment; "mesophytic habitats"; "mesophytic plants" zonal associated with or divided into zones; "a zonal pattern of cell structure"; "zonal division" relating to or of the nature of a zone; "the zonal frontier" azonal not divided into zones; "azonal heating" azonic not restricted to any particular zone or region acrocarpous (of mosses) having the archegonia at the top of the stem pleurocarpous (of mosses) having the archegonia on short lateral branches cursorial (of limbs and feet) adapted for running fossorial (of limbs and feet) adapted for digging homocercal possessing a symmetrical tail that extends beyond the end of the vertebral column (as in most bony fishes) heterocercal possessing a tail with the upper lobe larger than the lower and with the vertebral column prolonged into the upper lobe webbed (of the feet of some animals) having the digits connected by a thin fold of skin unwebbed (of the feet of some animals) not webbed; "a primitive frog with unwebbed toes" faceted having facets; "a faceted diamond" unfaceted lacking facets; "an unfaceted gem" ipsilateral on or relating to the same side (of the body) contralateral on or relating to the opposite side (of the body) re-entrant (of angles) pointing inward; "a polygon with re-entrant angles" retroactive descriptive of any event or stimulus or process that has an effect on the effects of events or stimuli or process that occurred previously rh-positive of persons (or their blood) having the Rh factor present in their red blood cells rh-negative of persons (or their blood) lacking the Rh factor present in their red blood cells categorematic of a term or phrase capable of standing as the subject or (especially) the predicate of a proposition autosemantic of a word or phrase meaningful in isolation, independent of context syncategorematic of a term that cannot stand as the subject or (especially) the predicate of a proposition but must be used in conjunction with other terms; "`or' is a syncategorematic term" synsemantic of a word or phrase meaningful only when it occurs in the company of other words idiographic relating to or involving the study of individuals nomothetic relating to or involving the search for abstract universal principles pro-choice advocating a woman's right to control her own body (especially her right to an induced abortion) pro-life advocating full legal protection of embryos and fetuses (especially opposing the legalization of induced abortions) baptized having undergone the Christian ritual of baptism unbaptized not having undergone the Christian ritual of baptism malignant dangerous to health; characterized by progressive and uncontrolled growth (especially of a tumor) calcicolous growing or living in soil rich in lime calcifugous growing or living in acid soil invertible having an additive or multiplicative inverse non-invertible not admitting an additive or multiplicative inverse immunocompetent capable of developing an immune response following exposure to an antigen; "immunocompetent cells" immunodeficient incapable of developing an immune response following exposure to an antigen; "immunodeficient rodents" allogeneic denoting or relating to cells or tissues from individuals belonging to the same species but genetically dissimilar (and hence immunologically incompatible) xenogeneic denoting or relating to cells or tissues from individuals belonging to different species long-spurred of flowers having a long extension at the base of the corolla short-spurred of flowers have a short extension at the base of the corolla shelled of animals or fruits that have a shell hard-shelled of animals or plants that have a hard shell smooth-shelled having a smooth shell spiral-shelled having a shell that forms a spiral thin-shelled of animals or plants that have a thin shell unshelled of animals or fruits that have no shell jawed of animals having jaws of a specified type long-jawed having relatively long jaws square-jawed having a relatively square jaw jawless of animals having no jaw skinned having skin of a specified kind smooth-skinned having smooth skin velvety-skinned having skin like velvet skinless having no skin flowering having a flower or bloom; "a flowering plant" flowerless without flower or bloom and not producing seeds; "a flowerless plant" spore-bearing bearing spores instead of producing seeds pederastic of homosexuality between a man and a boy transgender involving a partial or full reversal of gender transsexual(a) identifying with the opposite gender from the one that one is born with transvestic receiving sexual gratification from wearing clothing of the opposite sex tribadistic of female homosexual behavior that attempts to simulate heterosexual behavior abasic of or relating to abasia (inability to walk) abbatial of or having to do with or belonging to an abbey or abbot, or abbess abdominovesical of or relating to the abdomen and the urinary bladder Aberdonian of or relating to Aberdeen abient characterized by avoidance or withdrawal abiogenetic originating by abiogenesis acanthotic of or relating to or having acanthosis acapnic relating to or demonstrating acapnia acervate pertaining to a growth of fungi that forms a heaped-up mass; "acervate fungous sporophores" acetonic of or relating to acetone acetylenic of or related to acetylene acetylic of or related to acetic acid achenial pertaining to dry one-seeded indehiscent fruit achlorhydric lacking hydrochloric acid aciculate related to plants or animals or crystals having aciculae or needlelike parts acidimetric involving or related to acidimetry acidotic having or being characterized by acidosis acinar pertaining to the individual parts making up an aggregate fruit like a blackberry pertaining to one of the small sacs (as in a compound gland) acneiform resembling acne acrogenic pertaining to flowerless plants (ferns or mosses) in which growth occurs only at the tip of the main stem actinometric of or related to actinometry actinomycetal of or belonging to the actinomycetes actinomycotic of or related to actinomycosis infection aculeate having or resembling a stinger or barb; "aculeate insects such as bees and wasps" adactylous without fingers and/or toes adenocarcinomatous of or pertaining to adenocarcinoma adenoid relating to or resembling lymphatic glands or lymphoid tissue adient characterized by acceptance or approach adjudicative concerned with adjudicating adnexal of or pertaining to adnexa adrenal of or pertaining to the adrenal glands or their secretions near the kidneys Aleutian of or relating to the Aleut or their language or culture antheridial relating to or characterized by an antheridium antiadrenergic relating to blocking or reducing adrenergic effects in the body antiapartheid opposing the policy of apartheid in South Africa; "an antiapartheid leader" antidotal counteracting the effects of a poison antiferromagnetic relating to antiferromagnetism antipollution intended to reduce pollution; "antipollution laws"; "antipollution devices on automobile exhaust systems" antisatellite of or relating to a system to destroy satellites in orbit; "antisatellite weapons" adrenocortical of or derived from the cortex of the adrenal glands advective of or relating to advection adventitial of or pertaining to the adventitia adventuristic of or pertaining to adventurism aecial of or belonging to an aecium aeriferous conveying air; as the bronchial tubes aerological of or pertaining to aerology aerolitic of or pertaining to certain stony meteorites aeromechanic of or pertaining to aerodynamics aeromedical of or relating to aviation medicine aeronautical of or pertaining to aeronautics aesculapian of or belonging to Aesculapius or the healing art affixal of or pertaining to a linguistic affix agential of or relating to an agent or agency agonal pertaining to or associated with agony (especially death agonies) agranulocytic relating to the blood disorder of agranulocytosis agraphic relating to or having agraphia agrobiologic of or pertaining to agrobiology agrologic of or related to agrology agronomic of or relating to or promoting agronomy agrypnotic of or pertaining to agrypnia air-breathing deriving oxygen from the air; "he studied respiration in marine air-breathing vertebrates"; "large air-breathing ichthyosaurs had hydrofoils" Albigensian of or relating to Albigenses or Albigensianism albinal of or pertaining to or affected by albinism albitic of or related to albite feldspar albuminous relating to or containing or resembling albumin albuminuric of or related to the state of albuminuria alchemic related to or concerned with alchemy alchemistic of or relating to alchemists aldehydic of or related to or containing aldehydes aleuronic of or related to aleurone algoid of or resembling algae algolagnic of or relating to algolagnia algometric of or related to algometry alimentative related to the supply of aliment alkahestic of or pertaining to the alkahest that alchemists assumed to exist alkaloidal pertaining to or consisting of alkaloids alkalotic marked by alkalosis (or a tendency toward alkalosis) alkylic of or related to an alkyl allantoic relating to or characterized by an allantois allelic of or relating to alleles allergenic relating to or having the effect of an allergen Allied of or relating to or denoting the Allies in World War I; "an allied offensive"; "the Allied powers" of or relating to or denoting the Allies in World War II; "an Allied victory"; "the Allied armies" allogamous relating to cross-fertilization in plants allographic of or relating to an allograph allomerous pertaining to allomerism allometric relating to or marked by allometry allomorphic pertaining to allomorphs allophonic pertaining to allophones allotropic of or related to or exhibiting allotropism; "carbon and sulfur and phosphorus are allotropic elements" allylic of or pertaining to the allyl radical alopecic pertaining to loss of hair or wool or feathers alphanumeric of or pertaining to alphanumeric characters altitudinal pertaining to altitude alular pertaining to alulae aluminous pertaining to or containing aluminum or alum alveolar pertaining to the tiny air sacs of the lungs pertaining to the sockets of the teeth or that part of the upper jaw; "alveolar processes" amalgamative characterized by or tending toward amalgamation amaurotic pertaining to blindness caused by amaurosis amblyopic pertaining to a kind of visual impairment without apparent organic pathology Ambrosian of or by or relating to Saint Ambrose; "Ambrosian chants" ambulacral pertaining to the ambulacra of radial echinoderms ameboid like an amoeba (especially in having a variable irregular shape) amenorrheic related to the suppression of normal menstrual flow for any reason other than pregnancy amethystine containing or resembling amethyst amitotic pertaining to a simple method of cell division ammino pertaining to or characteristic of an ammine (an inorganic coordination compound of ammonia and a metallic salt) ammonitic of or related to an order of fossil cephalopods amnestic of or relating to or caused by amnesia amniotic of or related to the amnion or characterized by developing an amnion; "amniotic membrane" amoristic of or pertaining to romantic love amphitheatric of or related to an amphitheater amphoric the sound heard in auscultation resembling the hollow sound made by blowing across the mouth of a bottle; "amphoric breathing indicates a cavity in the lung" ampullar of or related to an ampulla amygdaline related to or resembling an almond amylolytic of or related to the process of amylolysis anabiotic of or related to the state of anabiosis anaclitic of or related to relationships that are characterized by the strong dependence of one person on another anacoluthic of or related to syntactic inconsistencies of the sort known as anacoluthons anaglyphic related to anaglyphs or anaglyphy anagogic based on or exemplifying anagoge anagrammatic related to anagrams or containing or making an anagram anamnestic of or relating to anamnesis; aiding the memory anamorphic pertaining to a kind of distorting optical system; "an anamorphic lense" pertaining to gradual evolution from one type of organism to another anaphasic of or related to the stage of mitosis known as anaphase anaplastic of or relating to anaplasia anarchistic of or related to anarchism or tending toward anarchism anasarcous characterized by or affected by dropsy Andalusian in or relating to Andalusia androgenetic of or related to androgenesis androgenic of or related to the male hormone androgen anemographic pertaining to the recording of wind measurements anemometric pertaining to the measurement of wind speed and direction anencephalic characterized by partial or total absence of a brain anginal of or related to the pain of angina pectoris angiocarpic having or being fruit enclosed in a shell or husk angiomatous of or related to or having a tumor of the kind known as an angioma angiospermous of or related to or characteristic of plants that are angiosperms Anglophilic characterized by Anglophilia Anglophobic characterized by Anglophobia anguine of or related to or resembling a snake animalistic of or pertaining to animalism animatistic of or pertaining to animatism aniseikonic relating to or characteristic of the visual defect aniseikonia anisogamic relating to a type of sexual reproduction in which the gametes are dissimilar in some respect (as size or shape) anisogametic relating to either of a pair of dissimilar (anisogamic) gametes combining in sexual reproduction anisometropic relating to a difference in the refractive power of the two eyes ankylotic relating to or characteristic of the abnormality ankylosis annalistic relating to annals; "a book with an annalistic approach" Bayesian of or relating to statistical methods based on Bayes' theorem Biedermeier of or relating to a style of furniture developed in Germany in the 19th century annexational relating to annexation hermeneutic interpretive or explanatory Middle Eastern of or relating to or located in the Middle East annunciatory relating to the act of announcing or being announced anodic of or at or relating to an anode cathodic of or at or pertaining to a cathode; "cathodic deposition of metals" anoperineal relating to the anus and surrounding perineum anorectal pertaining to the anus and rectum considered together anorthitic characteristic of anorthite anoxemic relating to or marked by abnormally little oxygen in arterial blood anoxic relating to or marked by a severe deficiency of oxygen in tissues or organs antecubital of or relating to the region of the arm in front of the elbow; "blood was drawn from the antecubital region" antennal of or relating to antennae; "antennal senses of insects" anthracitic relating to or resembling anthracite coal anthropic relating to mankind or the period of mankind's existence anthropogenetic of or relating to the study of the origins and development of human beings anthropometric of or relating to anthropometry anthropophagous of or relating to eaters of human flesh anticancer used in the treatment of cancer; "anticancer drug"; "an antineoplastic effect" anticoagulative of or relating to an anticoagulant anticyclonic of or relating to or characteristic of the atmosphere around a high pressure center antigenic of or relating to antigens antimonic relating to or derived from antimony; "antimonious oxide" antistrophic of or relating to an antistrophe antitypic of or relating to an antitype that is a symbol of or relating to an antitype that represents an opposite anuran relating to frogs and toads anuretic of or relating to an inability to urinate anxiolytic anxiety relieving aoristic of or relating to the aorist tense aortal of or relating to the aorta aphaeretic relating to or formed by or consisting of aphaeresis aphanitic of or relating to aphanite aphetic produced by aphesis apian relating to or having the characteristics of bees apiarian relating to bees or beekeeping apicultural relating to the care and breeding of bees aplitic of or related to aplite apneic of or relating to apnea Apocryphal of or belonging to the Apocrypha apocynaceous of or relating to tropical plants of the family Apocynaceae apogamic of or relating to the development of an embryo in the absence of fertilization apogean relating to or characteristic of an apogee; "apogean tides occur when the moon is at the apogee of its orbit" apomictic of or relating to a plant that reproduces by apomixis aponeurotic of or relating to an aponeurosis; "muscles attached by a flat aponeurotic membrane" apophatic of or relating to the belief that God can be known to humans only in terms of what He is not (such as `God is unknowable') apophyseal of or relating to an apophysis apoplectic pertaining to or characteristic of apoplexy; "apoplectic seizure" apoplectiform resembling apoplexy aposiopetic relating to or characteristic of aposiopesis apostrophic of or characteristic of apostrophe; "a passage of apostrophic grandeur" apothecial of or relating to the apothecium of some lichens and fungi apothegmatic given to or characterized by terse apothegms appendicular relating to or consisting of an appendage or appendages; especially the limbs; "the appendicular skeleton" appositional relating to or being in apposition; "an appositive noun" appropriative of or relating to or given to the act of taking for yourself apsidal of or relating to an apse aptitudinal of or relating to aptitudes aquiferous of or relating to an aquifer araneidal relating to or resembling a spider Arawakan of or relating to the peoples who speak the language of the Arawak arbitral relating to or resulting from arbitration; "the arbitral adjustment of the controversy"; "an arbitrational settlement" arbitrative relating to or having the authority to arbitrate; "an arbitrative board" arborical of or relating to or formed by trees; "an arborous roof" archaeological related to or dealing with or devoted to archaeology; "an archaeological dig"; "a dramatic archaeological discovery" archaistic imitative of an archaic style or manner; "archaistic writing" archangelic of or relating to or resembling archangels arched constructed with or in the form of an arch or arches; "an arched passageway" archdiocesan of or relating to an archdiocese archducal belonging to or befitting an archduke or his archduchy archegonial of or relating to an archegonium archesporial of or relating to the cells in a sporangium that give rise to spores archidiaconal of or relating to an archdeacon or his office archiepiscopal of or associated with an archbishop; "an archiepiscopal see" archipelagic relating to or part of an archipelago; "an archipelagic war" archival of or relating to or contained in or serving as an archive archosaurian of or relating to reptiles of the subclass Archosauria areal of or relating to or involving an area arenicolous growing or living or burrowing in sand; "arenicolous worms" areolar relating to or like or divided into areolae; "areolar tissue" argentic relating to compounds in which silver is bivalent argentous relating to compounds in which silver is univalent armillary of or relating to bracelets aroid relating to a plant of the family Araceae arsenious relating to compounds in which arsenic is trivalent arterial of or involving or contained in the arteries; "arterial disease"; "the arterial system"; "arterial blood" venous of or contained in or performing the function of the veins; "venous inflammation"; "venous blood as contrasted with arterial blood"; "venous circulation" arteriovenous connecting an artery to a vein; "an arteriovenous fistula" arthralgic of or relating to arthralgia arthromeric of or relating to one of the body segments of jointed animals arthropodal of or relating to invertebrates of the phylum Arthropoda arthrosporic of or relating to arthrospores Arthurian of or relating to King Arthur and the Knights of the Round Table articular relating to or affecting the joints of the body; "the articular surfaces of bones"; "articular disease" articulatory of or relating to articulation; "articulatory features"; "articulatory phonetics" artiodactyl of or relating to or belonging to mammals of the order Artiodactyla arundinaceous of or relating to or resembling reedlike plants of the genus Arundinaria ascensional tending to rise ascitic of or relating to or resulting from an abnormal accumulation of protein and electrolyte rich fluid in the peritoneal cavity asclepiadaceous of or relating to plants of the milkweed family ascocarpous of or relating to ascocarps ascosporic of or relating to ascospores associational of or relating to associations or associationism asteriated (of some crystals especially gemstones) exhibiting asterism asterismal relating to asterisms or constellations stoloniferous producing stolons stomatal relating to or constituting plant stomata; "stomatal openings" relating to or of the nature of or having a mouth or mouthlike opening astomatal lacking a stoma or stomata stored-program of or concerning programs stored in the computer's own memory astragalar of or relating to the anklebone astrocytic of or relating to or containing large star-shaped cells in the neuroglia astronautic of or belonging to astronauts or the science of astronautics asynergic of or relating to the state of asynergy; lacking synergy ataxic lacking motor coordination; marked or caused by ataxia atherosclerotic of or relating to atherosclerosis atonalistic of or relating to atonalism atrial of or relating to a cavity or chamber in the body (especially one of the upper chambers of the heart) atrioventricular relating to or affecting the atria and ventricles of the heart; "atrioventricular disease" attentional of or relating to attention attitudinal of or relating to attitudes attritional relating to or caused by attrition audiometric of or relating to audiometry augitic of or relating to or containing the mineral augite aural relating to or characterized by an aura; "various aural effects that precede a migraine headache" of or pertaining to hearing or the ear; "an animal with a very sensitive aural apparatus" auricular pertaining to an auricle of the heart; "auricular fibrillation" relating to or perceived by or shaped like the organ of hearing; "my apprehension of words is auricular; I must hear what I read"- George Santayana; "an auricular confession"; "an auricular appendage" autoimmune of or relating to the immune response of the body against substance normally present in the body biauricular relating to the two auditory openings; "the biauricular diameter of the skull" auroral characteristic of the dawn; "a dim auroral glow" of or relating to the atmospheric phenomenon auroras; "a prominent green line in the spectrum of the auroras is called the `auroral line'" aurous of or relating to or containing or derived from gold auscultatory of or relating to auscultation austenitic composed of austenite; "austenitic alloy steel" Australasian relating to or found in Australasia autacoidal of or relating to an autacoid autarchic of or relating to or characterized by autarchy authorial of or by or typical of an author; "authorial comments"; "auctorial flights of imagination" autobiographical relating to or in the style of an autobiography; "they compiled an autobiographical history of the movement" of or relating to or characteristic of an autobiographer; "he seldom suppressed his autobiographical tendencies" autocatalytic relating to or proceeding by autocatalysis autogenetic of or relating to autogenesis autographic written in the author's own handwriting autolytic of or relating to self-digestion autoplastic of or relating to or involved in autoplasty autoradiographic of or relating to or produced by autoradiography autotelic of or relating to or believing in autotelism autotomic of or relating to autotomy autotrophic of or relating to organisms (as green plants) that can make complex organic nutritive compounds from simple inorganic sources by photosynthesis heterotrophic requiring organic compounds of carbon and nitrogen for nourishment; "most animals are heterotrophic" autotypic of or relating to autotypy auxetic of or relating to growth by auxesis auxinic relating to or containing auxins avellan pertaining to filberts or hazelnuts avian pertaining to or characteristic of birds avifaunal of or relating to birds of a particular region or period avionic of or relating to avionics avitaminotic of or relating to or characteristic of avitaminosis avocational of or involved in an avocation avuncular being or relating to an uncle resembling a uncle in kindness or indulgence award-winning having received awards; "this award-winning bridge spans a distance of five miles" axile relating to or attached to the axis; "axial angle" axillary of or relating to the armpit; "axillary gland" of or relating to the axil axiological of or relating to the study of values axonal of or relating to or resembling an axon azido relating to or containing the azido group N3 azimuthal of or relating to or in azimuth azo relating to or containing the azo radical diazo relating to or containing diazonium zoic pertaining to animals or animal life or action azotemic of or involving excess nitrogenous waste products in the urine (usually due to kidney insufficiency) baboonish resembling a baboon baccate resembling a berry bacchantic of or relating to or resembling a bacchanalian reveler back-channel via a back channel; "the failure of back-channel negotiations" bacteremic of or relating to or having bacteremia bacteriolytic of or relating to or causing bacteriolysis bacteriophagic of or relating to bacteriophages bacteriostatic of or relating to or causing bacteriostasis bacteroidal resembling bacteria balletic characteristic of or resembling or suitable for ballet ballistic relating to or characteristic of the motion of objects moving under their own momentum and the force of gravity; "ballistic missile" balsamic of or relating to or containing balsam; "a balsamic fragrance" baric of or relating to or containing barium barographic relating to or registered by a barograph barometric relating to atmospheric pressure or indicated by a barometer; "barometric pressure" barytic of or relating to or containing baryta basaltic of or relating to or containing basalt; "basaltic magma is fluid" basidial relating to or characterized by basidia basidiomycetous pertaining to or characteristic of fungi of the class Basidiomycetes basidiosporous of or relating to or characterized by spores produced by basidia basilar of or relating to or located at the base; "the basilar membrane of the cochlea" basilican of or relating to or resembling a basilica basinal of or relating to a basin; "basinal deposits" batholithic of or relating to a batholith bathymetric of or relating to measurements of the depths of oceans or lakes bauxitic resembling or containing bauxite behavioristic of or relating to behaviorism; "behavioristic psychology" belemnitic of or relating to belemnites benedictory expressing benediction benthic of or relating to or happening on the bottom under a body of water bentonitic of or relating to or containing bentonite benzenoid similar to benzene in structure or linkage benzoic containing or derived from benzoic acid or benzoin benzylic relating to benzyl betulaceous of or pertaining to or characteristic of trees of the birch family biaxial having two axes; "biaxial crystals" bibliographic relating to or dealing with bibliography bibliolatrous given to Bible-worship bibliomaniacal characteristic of or characterized by or noted for bibliomania bibliophilic of or relating to bibliophiles bibliopolic of or relating to bibliopoles bibliothecal of or relating to a library or bibliotheca or a librarian bibliotic of or relating to bibliotics bicapsular divided into two capsules or having a two-part capsule bichromated treated or combined with bichromate bicipital having two heads or points of origin as a biceps bignoniaceous of or pertaining to or characteristic of plants of the family Bignoniaceae biliary relating to the bile ducts or the gallbladder billiard of or relating to billiards; "a billiard ball"; "a billiard cue"; "a billiard table" bimetallistic pertaining to a monetary system based on two metals; "in a bimetallistic system both gold and silver can constitute legal tender" bimillenial of or relating to a bimillennium biocatalytic of or relating to biocatalysts biochemical of or relating to biochemistry; involving chemical processes in living organisms bioclimatic of or concerned with the relations of climate and living organisms biogenetic of or relating to the production of living organisms from other living organisms biogenous producing or produced by living things biogeographic of or relating to or involved with biogeography biologistic of or relating to biologism sociobiologic of or relating to sociobiology neurobiological of or relating to the biological study of the nervous system with respect to neurobiology; "explain the phenomenon neurobiologically" biosynthetic of or relating to biosynthesis biosystematic of or relating to biosystematics biotitic relating to or involving biotite biotypic of or relating to a biotype blastogenetic of or relating to blastogenesis bolographic of or relating to a bolograph bolometric of or relating to a bolometer Boolean of or relating to a combinatorial system devised by George Boole that combines propositions with the logical operators AND and OR and IF THEN and EXCEPT and NOT borated mixed or impregnated with borax boronic of or relating to boron boskopoid belonging or relating to or resembling Boskop man botanic of or relating to plants or botany; "botanical garden" botryoid resembling a cluster of grapes in form Botswanan of or pertaining to Botswana or the people of Botswana bottom-dwelling of or relating to fish and marine life that dwell on the bottom of a body of water bottom-feeding of or relating to fish and marine life that feed on the bottom of a body of water boustrophedonic of or relating to writing alternate lines in opposite directions brachial of or relating to an arm; "brachial artery" brachyurous of or belonging to the suborder Brachyura bracteal pertaining to or resembling or functioning as a bract bracteate having bracts bracteolate having bracteoles brahminic of or relating to or characteristic of a brahmin branchial of or relating to gills (or to parts of the body derived from embryonic gills) branchiopod of or relating to or characteristic of the subclass Branchiopoda breech-loading (of guns) designed to be loaded at the breech bregmatic of or relating to the bregma of the skull brimless without a brim; "a brimless hat" brisant of or relating to the power (the shattering effect) of an explosive broadband responding to or operating at a wide band of frequencies; "a broadband antenna" of or relating to or being a communications network in which the bandwidth can be divided and shared by multiple simultaneous signals (as for voice or data or video) Brobdingnagian huge; relating to or characteristic of the imaginary country of Brobdingnag bromic relating to or containing bromine (especially pentavalent bromine) buccal of or relating to or toward the cheek; "the buccal aspect of the gum" burrlike resembling a burr; especially in being prickly bursal relating to or affecting a bursa butyraceous having the qualities of butter or yielding or containing a substance like butter butyric relating to or producing butyric acid cachectic relating to or having the symptoms of cachexia cacodemonic of or relating to evil spirits cacodylic of or relating to cacodyl cadastral of or relating to the records of a cadastre caducean of or relating to a caduceus caesural of or relating to a caesura caffeinic of or containing caffein cairned marked by cairns calcaneal relating to the heel bone or heel calcareous composed of or containing or resembling calcium carbonate or calcite or chalk calceolate of slipper-shaped blossoms; "the calceiform lip of certain orchids" calcic derived from or containing calcium or lime calciferous bearing or producing or containing calcium or calcium carbonate or calcite calcitic of or relating to or containing calcite calculous relating to or caused by or having a calculus or calculi calendric relating to or characteristic of or used in a calendar or time measurement; "calendric systems"; "solstice is a time of calendric importance" calisthenic of or relating to calisthenics callithumpian of or relating to a callithump caloric of or relating to calories in food; "comparison of foods on a caloric basis"; "the caloric content of foods" noncaloric of food have no (or few) calories; "a noncaloric drink" calorimetric of or relating to the measurement of heat calyceal of or relating to or resembling a calyx calycular relating to or resembling a calyculus calyculate having a calyculus calyptrate having a calyptra having calypters cambial of or relating to or functioning as a cambium campanulate shaped like a bell or campana; "campanulate flowers of the genus Campanula" camphoraceous being or having the properties of camphor; "camphoraceous odor" camphoric relating to or derived from or containing camphor; "camphoric liniments" canalicular relating to or like or having a canaliculus canicular relating to or especially immediately preceding or following the heliacal rising of Canicula (the Dog Star); "canicular days" of or relating to the dog days of summer; "the canicular heat of the Deep South" capacitive of or relating to capacitance capitular of or pertaining to an ecclesiastical chapter; "capitular estates" Cappadocian of or pertaining to Cappadocia or its people or culture caprine being or pertaining to or resembling a goat or goats; "caprine creatures"; "a caprine strain of virus"; "a caprine voice" capsular of or relating to a capsule resembling a capsule; "the capsular ligament is a sac surrounding the articular cavity of a freely movable joint and attached to the bones" carangid of or relating to fish of the family Carangidae carbocyclic having or relating to or characterized by a ring composed of carbon atoms carbolated containing or treated with carbolic acid carcinogenic causing or tending to cause cancer; "the carcinogenic action of certain chemicals" carcinomatous being or relating to carcinoma; "a carcinomatous lesion" cardiographic of or relating to a cardiograph cardiopulmonary of or pertaining to or affecting both the heart and the lungs and their functions; "cardiopulmonary resuscitation" carinal relating to or resembling a carina Caroline of or relating to the life and times of kings Charles I or Charles II of England carotid of or relating to either of the two major arteries supplying blood to the head and neck carpellary belonging to or forming or containing carpels carposporic relating to or resembling a carpospore carposporous having carpospores cartographic of or relating to the making of maps or charts caruncular resembling a caruncle carunculate having a caruncle caryophyllaceous of or pertaining to plants of the family Caryophyllaceae cash-and-carry sold for cash and the customer carries it away (no delivery service); "cash-and-carry business" catachrestic constituting or characterized by or given to catachresis catalatic of or relating to the enzyme catalase cataphatic of or relating to the religious belief that God can be known to humans positively or affirmatively cataplastic of or relating to cataplasia catapultic of or like a catapult; "a catapultic kind of action" catarrhal of or relating to a catarrh; "catarrhal fever is any of several respiratory or oral diseases of livestock such as bluetongue in horses and sheep" categorial of or relating to the concept of categories categorical relating to or included in a category or categories cathectic of or relating to cathexis catkinate resembling a catkin catoptric of or relating to catoptrics; produced by or based on mirrors cecal of or like a cecum celebratory used for celebrating extracellular located or occurring outside a cell or cells; "extracellular fluid" integumentary of or relating to the integument intercellular located between cells interest-bearing of financial obligations on which interest is paid intracellular located or occurring within a cell or cells; "intracellular fluid" cellulosid of or containing or made from cellulose; "cellulosic fibers" cementitious like or relevant to or having the properties of cement; "the adhesion of cementitious materials" cenobitic of or relating to or befitting cenobites or their practices of communal living eremitic of or relating to or befitting eremites or their practices of hermitic living; "eremitic austerities" cenogenetic of or relating to cenogenesis palingenetic of or relating to palingenesis censorial belonging or relating to a censor or a censor's functions centesimal relating to or divided into hundredths centigrade(ip) of or relating to a temperature scale on which the freezing point of water is 0 degrees and the boiling point of water is 100 degrees centralist advocating centralization centroidal of or relating to (especially passing through) a centroid centrosomic of or relating to a centrosome cercarial of or relating to cercaria cerebellar relating to or associated with the cerebellum; "cerebellar artery" cerebrospinal of or relating to the brain and spinal cord; "cerebrospinal fluid" cerebrovascular of or relating to the brain and the blood vessels that supply it; "a cerebrovascular accident" cervical relating to or associated with the neck of or relating to the cervix of the uterus; "cervical cancer" ceric of or relating to or containing cerium especially with valence 4 cerous of or relating to or containing cerium with valence 3 ceruminous relating to or secreting cerumen cervine relating to or resembling deer chaetal of or relating to chaetae (setae or bristles) chaetognathan of or relating to arrowworms chalybeate containing or impregnated with or tasting of iron chancroidal of or relating to or having chancroids chancrous of or having chancres chartaceous of or like paper cheliferous having chelae cheliceral of or relating to or resembling chelicerae chelicerous having chelicerae photochemical of or relating to or produced by the effects of light on chemical systems physicochemical relating to physical chemistry chemiluminescent relating to the phenomenon of chemiluminescence; "fireflies are chemiluminescent" chemoreceptive of or relating to chemoreceptors chemotherapeutic of or relating to chemotherapy cherty resembling or containing chert Chian of or relating to Chios chiasmal of or relating to a chiasm childbearing relating to or suitable for childbirth; "of childbearing age" chimeric being or relating to or like a chimera; "his Utopia is not as chimeric commonwealth but a practical improvement on what already exists"- Douglas Bush chirpy (birds or insects) characterized by or tending to chirp chitinous of or resembling chitin chlamydial of or pertaining to the sexually transmitted infection or to the parasite chlorophyllose relating to or being or containing chlorophyll chlorotic of or pertaining to or suffering from chlorosis choleraic relating to or resulting from or resembling cholera choragic pertaining to or characteristic of a choragus chordal relating to or consisting of or emphasizing chords; "chordal assonance in modern music"; "chordal rather than contrapuntal music" Christological of or relating to Christology chromatinic (of substance of a cell nucleus) readily colored by stains Churchillian of or relating to or suggestive of Winston Churchill Wilsonian of or relating to or suggestive of Woodrow Wilson achromatinic (of substance of a cell nucleus) not readily colored by stains cinematic of or pertaining to or characteristic of the cinema civic of or relating or belonging to a city; "civic center"; "civic problems" clamatorial of or relating to Clamatores cleistogamous exhibiting or relating to cleistogamy clonal of or relating to a clone closed-circuit relating to or consisting of a closed circuit; "closed-circuit television" cloven-hoofed of or relating to the cloven feet of ruminants or swine cloze based on or being a test of reading skill using the cloze procedure coccal of or pertaining to or resembling a coccus coccygeal of or relating to or near the coccyx coin-operated of devices that do not operate without the prior insertion of one or more coins; "a coin-operated telephone" collagenous relating to or consisting of collagen collarless without a collar collegiate of or resembling or typical of a college or college students; "collegiate living"; "collegiate attitudes"; "collegiate clothes" collegial characterized by or having authority vested equally among colleagues; "collegial harmony"; "a tendency to turn from collegial to one-man management"- Merle Fainsod colonic of or relating to the colon colorectal relating to or affecting the colon and the rectum; "most colorectal cancers arise from adenomatous polyps" colorimetric of or relating to colorimetry conceptualistic involving or characteristic of conceptualism concretistic of or relating to concrete representations of abstractions; "a concretistic-seeming statement" condylar of or relating to or resembling a condyle configurational of or relating to or characterized by configuration confrontational of or relating to confrontation congregational relating to or conducted or participated in by a congregation; "congregational membership"; "congregational singing" conjunctival of or relating to the conjunctiva consubstantial regarded as the same in substance or essence (as of the three persons of the Trinity) contractual relating to or part of a binding legal agreement; "contractual obligations" cosmologic pertaining to the branch of philosophy dealing with the elements and laws and especially the characteristics of the universe such as space and time and causality; "cosmologic philosophy"; "a cosmological argument is an argument that the universe demands the admission of an adequate external cause which is God" pertaining to the branch of astronomy dealing with the origin and history and structure and dynamics of the universe; "cosmologic science"; "cosmological redshift"; "cosmogonic theories of the origin of the universe" cordless not having a cord; "cordless telephone" coreferential relating to coreference cormous having or producing corms corneal of or related to the cornea correlational relating to or employing correlation corymbose resembling a corymb corinthian of or relating to or characteristic of Corinth or its inhabitants or pertaining to the Corinthian style of architecture costal of or relating to or near a rib intertidal of or relating to the littoral area above the low-tide mark covalent of or relating to or characterized by covalence; "covalent bond" cross-ply of or relating to an older kind of automobile tire that had a flexible tread and relatively stiff sidewalls cross-pollinating of or relating to or characteristic of cross-pollination croupy resembling or arising from or indicating croup crural of or relating the leg from the knee to the foot crustal of or relating to or characteristic of the crust of the earth or moon crustaceous being or having or resembling a hard crust or shell of or belonging to the class Crustacea crustose (of lichens) having a thin crusty thallus that adheres closely to the surface on which it is growing; "crustose lichens" cryogenic of or relating to very low temperatures cryonic of or relating to cryonics cryptanalytic of or relating to cryptanalysis cryptogamic of or relating to a cryptogam cryptobiotic of or related to the state of cryptobiosis ctenoid resembling a comb; having projections like the teeth of a comb cubital of or relating to the elbow cucurbitaceous of or relating to plants of the family Cucurbitaceae culinary of or relating to or used in cooking cupric of or containing divalent copper curricular of or relating to an academic course of study custard-like resembling custard in consistency cytoarchitectural of or relating to cytoarchitecture cytolytic of or relating to cytolysis, the dissolution or destruction of a cell cytophotometric of or relating to the study of cells by means of a cytophotometer cytoplasmic of or relating to cytoplasm cytoplastic of or relating to a cytoplast bicylindrical having two cylindrical surfaces usually with parallel axes; "certain lenses are bicylindrical" cystic of or relating to or resembling a cyst of or relating to a normal cyst (as the gallbladder or urinary bladder) cytogenetic of or relating to cytogenetics cytokinetic of or relating to the division of the cytoplasm of a cell following the division of the nucleus cytological of or relating to the science of cytology cytotoxic of or relating to substances that are toxic to cells czarist of or relating to or characteristic of a czar Democratic belong to or relating to the Democratic Party; "Democratic senator" dental of or relating to the teeth; "dental floss" of or relating to dentistry; "dental student" diagonalizable capable of being transformed into a diagonal matrix diamagnetic relating to or exhibiting diamagnetism; slightly repelled by a magnet diamantine consisting of diamonds or resembling diamonds diametral related to or along a diameter; "the diametral plane" diastolic of or relating to a diastole or happening during a diastole dicarboxylic containing two carboxyls per molecule Dickensian of or like the novels of Charles Dickens (especially with regard to poor social and economic conditions) dictatorial of or characteristic of a dictator; "dictatorial powers" dimorphic occurring or existing in two different forms; "dimorphic crystals"; "dimorphous organisms" Dionysian of or relating to or worshipping Dionysus dipterous of or relating to or belonging to the Diptera directional relating to or indicating directions in space; "a directional microphone" relating to direction toward a (nonspatial) goal; "he tried to explain the directional trends of modern science" omnidirectional not directional; "omnidirectional antenna" discomycetous relating to or characteristic of fungi of the subclass Discomycetes distributional of or relating to spatial distribution; "distributional requirements" dithyrambic of or in the manner of a dithyramb drupaceous of or related to a drupe dural of or relating to the dura mater dynastic of or relating to or characteristic of a dynasty dysgenic pertaining to or causing degeneration in the offspring produced dysplastic relating to or evidencing dysplasia Eucharistic of or relating to the sacrament of the Eucharist; "the Eucharistic cup" eugenic pertaining to or causing improvement in the offspring produced Eurocentric focussed on Europe and the Europeans eutrophic (ecology) of a lake or other body of water rich in nutrients and subject to eutrophication Ebionite of or relating to the Ebionites or their religion ebracteate without bracts socioeconomic involving social as well as economic factors; "socioeconomic status" ectopic exhibiting ectopia editorial of or relating to an article stating opinions or giving perspectives; "editorial column" relating to or characteristic of an editor; "editorial duties" electrocardiographic of or relating to an electrocardiograph electrochemical of or involving electrochemistry electroencephalographic of or relating to an electroencephalograph electromechanical of or relating to or involving an electrically operated mechanical device electromotive concerned with or producing electric current electronic of or relating to electronics; concerned with or using devices that operate on principles governing the behavior of electrons; "electronic devices" of or concerned with electrons; "electronic energy" electrophoretic of or relating to electrophoresis electrostatic concerned with or producing or caused by static electricity; "an electrostatic generator produces high-voltage static electricity" elemental relating to or being an element; "elemental sulphur" relating to severe atmospheric conditions; "a race against hail or cold rains or some other elemental catastrophe"- J.K.Howard empyrean of or relating to the sky or heavens; "the empyrean sphere" eonian of or relating to a geological eon (longer than an era) epenthetic of or pertaining to epenthesis epidural on or outside the dura mater epigastric lying on or over the stomach of or relating to the anterior walls of the abdomen; "epigastric artery" epilithic growing on stone; "epilithic mosses" episcopal denoting or governed by or relating to a bishop or bishops equestrian of or relating to or featuring horseback riding of or relating to or composed of knights equinoctial relating to an equinox (when the lengths of night and day are equal) relating to the vicinity of the equator ergonomic of or relating to ergonomics ergotic relating to or produced by ergot ergotropic of or relating to ergotropism erythematous relating to or characterized by erythema erythroid relating to erythrocytes erythropoietic of or relating to the formation of red blood cells eschatological of or relating to or dealing with or regarding the ultimate destiny of mankind and the world esophageal relating to the esophagus estrogenic relating to or caused by estrogen estuarine of or relating to or found in estuaries evidentiary pertaining to or constituting evidence; "evidentiary technique"; "an evidentiary fact" excrescent forming an outgrowth (usually an excessive outgrowth) excretory of or relating to the process of excretion exegetic relating to exegesis exilic of or relating to a period of exile (especially the exile of the Jews known as the Babylonian Captivity) existential relating to or dealing with existence (especially with human existence) of or as conceived by existentialism; "an existential moment of choice" extropic of or relating to extropy factor analytical of or relating to or the product of factor analysis Fahrenheit(ip) of or relating to a temperature scale proposed by the inventor of the mercury thermometer; "water freezes at 32 degrees Fahrenheit under normal conditions" fanged having fangs femoral of or relating to or near the femur or thigh fenestral of or relating to windows of or relating to or having a fenestra fermentable capable of being fermented ferric of or relating to or containing iron feudal of or relating to or characteristic of feudalism febrile of or relating to or characterized by fever; "a febrile reaction caused by an allergen" afebrile having no fever fiber-optic of or relating to fiber optics fibrillose covered with fibrils more or less evenly disposed fibrinous characterized by the presence of fibrin fibrocartilaginous of or relating to fibrocartilage fictional related to or involving literary fiction; "clever fictional devices"; "a fictional treatment of the train robbery" nonfictional not fictional field-crop of or relating to field crops; "field-crop management" filar related to or having filaments (especially across a field of view as in the eyepiece of a telescope); "a filar eyepiece" bifilar having or using two filaments; "a bifilar suspension of a waving part of an instrument" unifilar having or using only one filament filarial related to or infested with or transmitting parasitic worms especially filaria filariid of or relating to or belonging to the family Filariidae fisheye of or relating to a fisheye lens fistulous of or pertaining to or resembling a fistula floricultural of or relating to or involving floriculture fluvial of or relating to or happening in a river; "fluvial deposits" forcipate shaped like a forceps; deeply forked formalistic concerned with or characterized by rigorous adherence to recognized forms (especially in religion or art); "highly formalized plays like `Waiting for Godot'" formic of or containing or derived from formic acid of or relating to or derived from ants fossiliferous bearing or containing fossils; "fossiliferous strata" three-wheel of or relating to vehicles having three wheels; "a three-wheel bike" fourhanded (of card games) involving or requiring four players four-wheel of or relating to vehicles with four wheels; "a four-wheel drive" Frankish of or relating to the Franks unfretted without frets frictional pertaining to or worked or produced by friction; "frictional electricity"; "frictional heat"; "frictional gearing" frictionless lacking all friction; "a perpetual motion machine would have to be frictionless" Gallican relating to or characteristic of Gallicanism garlicky relating to or tasting or smelling of garlic; "garlicky sauce" gastric relating to or involving the stomach; "gastric ulcer" gastroduodenal of or relating to the stomach and the duodenum gastroesophageal of or relating to or involving the stomach and esophagus pneumogastric of or relating to or involving the lungs and stomach gemmiferous bearing or reproducing by a gemma generational of or relating to a generation genetic of or relating to the science of genetics; "genetic research" pertaining to or referring to origin; "genetic history reconstructs the origins of a literary work" genic of or relating to or produced by or being a gene; "genic combinations"; "genetic code" genial of or relating to the chin or median part of the lower jaw geophytic of or relating to geophytes geostrategic of or relating to geostrategy; "Pakistan became a country of paramount geostrategic importance to the United States" geothermal of or relating to the heat in the interior of the earth gingival of or relating to the gums glabellar of or relating to the glabella glacial relating to or derived from a glacier; "glacial deposit" glial of or relating to neuroglia gluteal of or relating to or near the gluteus muscles glycogenic of or relating to or involving glycogen granuliferous producing or full of granules granulomatous relating to or characterized by granulomas grapelike resembling the fruit of a grape vine gravitational of or relating to or caused by gravitation hair-shirt self-sacrificing or austere nonharmonic not harmonic; "a nonharmonic note" Hasidic of or relating to the Jewish Hasidim or its members or their beliefs and practices heathlike resembling heath Hebridean of or relating to the Hebrides heliacal pertaining to or near the sun; especially the first rising of a star after and last setting before its invisibility owing to its conjunction with the sun; "the heliacal rising of the Dog Star"; "the heliacal or Sothic year is determined by the heliacal rising of Sothis (the Egyptian name for the Dog Star)" hematopoietic pertaining to the formation of blood or blood cells; "hemopoietic stem cells in bone marrow" hemodynamic or of relating to or involved in hemodynamics hemispherical of or relating to or being a hemisphere hemorrhagic of or relating to a hemorrhage hepatic pertaining to or affecting the liver; "hepatic ducts"; "hepatic cirrhosis" heterosporous characterized by heterospory homeostatic related to or characterized by homeostasis homonymic of or related to or being homonyms homosporous characterized by homospory homostylous (botany) having styles all of the same length horse-drawn pulled by a horse; "a horse-drawn carriage" hexadecimal of or pertaining to a number system having 16 as its base hexangular having six sides or divided into hexagons hidrotic of or relating to sweat hieroglyphic written in or belonging to a writing system using pictorial symbols resembling hieroglyphic writing hircine of or pertaining to or suggestive of a goat (especially in strong odor) hooflike resembling a hoof; especially having the horny texture of a hoof; "hooflike calluses" horary relating to the hours; "the horary cycle" humanistic of or pertaining to Renaissance humanism; "the humanistic revival of learning" humic of or relating to or derived from humus; "humic acid" humified converted to humus; "humified soil" hyaloplasmic of or relating to hyaloplasm hydrocephalic relating to or characterized by or evidencing hydrocephalus hydrographic of or relating to the science of hydrography hydrolyzable capable of undergoing hydrolysis hydroxy being or containing a hydroxyl group hymenopterous of or relating to insects of the order Hymenoptera ideographic of or relating to or consisting of ideograms idiopathic (of diseases) arising from an unknown cause; "idiopathic epilepsy" immunochemical of or relating to immunochemistry immunocompromised unable to develop a normal immune response usually because of malnutrition or immunodeficiency or immunosuppressive therapy immunological of or relating to immunology immunosuppressed of persons whose immune response is inadequate immunosuppressive of or relating to a substance that lowers the body's normal immune response and induces immunosuppression immunotherapeutic of or relating to immunotherapy; "various immunotherapeutic techniques have been employed with AIDS patients" impetiginous of or relating to or having impetigo impressionistic of or relating to or based on an impression rather than on facts or reasoning; "a surprisingly impressionistic review bearing marks of hasty composition"; "she had impressionistic memories of her childhood" Incan of or pertaining to the Incas or their culture or empire incestuous relating to or involving incest resembling incest as by excessive intimacy indusial of or relating to or being an indusium inertial of or relating to inertia informational relating to or having the nature of information inguinal of or relating to or near the groin ink-jet of or relating to an ink-jet printer inscriptive of or relating to an inscription insecticidal of or relating to insecticide interlinear written between lines of text intracerebral within the brain intracranial within the skull intraventricular within the system of ventricles in the brain; "intraventricular pressure" intervertebral pertaining to the space between two vertebrae intuitionist of or relating to intuitionism ionic containing or involving or occurring in the form of ions; "ionic charge"; "ionic crystals"; "ionic hydrogen" Ionic of or relating to Ionia or its inhabitants or its language of or pertaining to the Ionic order of classical Greek architecture nonionic not ionic; "a nonionic substance" iridaceous of or pertaining to or characteristic of plants of the family Iridaceae iritic of or relating to located near the iris of the eye ischemic relating to or affected by ischemia isentropic with unchanging entropy; at constant entropy isthmian of or relating to or forming an isthmus Jamesian of or relating to or characteristic of Henry James or his writing of or relating to or characteristic of William James or his philosophy or his teachings jet-propelled propelled by (or as if propelled by) a jet engine jihadi of or relating to a jihad jittery characterized by jerky movements; "a jittery ride" jumentous smelling strongly like a beast of burden; "jumentous urine" pre-Jurassic of or relating to or denoting the time before the Jurassic period juridical of or relating to the law or jurisprudence; "juridical days" jurisprudential relating to the science or philosophy of law or a system of laws labial relating to or near the female labium of or relating to the lips of the mouth; "labial stops" lactogenic inducing lactation large-capitalization of stocks of companies with a market capitalization of five billion dollars or more lathery resembling lather or covered with lather Latin-American of or relating to the countries of Latin America or their people; "Latin-American countries"; "Latin-American music" leguminous relating to or consisting of legumes leonine of or characteristic of or resembling a lion Levitical of or relating to the book of Leviticus in the Bible lexicalized expressed by a word life-support of or pertaining to equipment or methods used to sustain life liliaceous of or pertaining to or characteristic of plants of the family Liliaceae limacine of or resembling a slug limnological of or relating to limnology lobeliaceous belonging to the family Lobeliaceae locker-room relating to or appropriate for a locker room; "locker-room humor" logogrammatic of or relating to logograms or logographs loopy consisting of or covered with or having loops lucifugous light-avoiding lunar of or relating to or associated with the moon; "lunar surface"; "lunar module" lung-like performing functions similar to those performed by lungs lunisolar relating to or attributed to the moon and the sun or their mutual relations luteal of or relating to the corpus luteum macaronic of or containing a mixture of Latin words and vernacular words jumbled together; "macaronic verse" macroeconomic of or relating to macroeconomics mandibulate having mandibles matutinal pertaining to or occurring in the morning; "took his matutinal walk" mealy containing meal or made of meal mecopterous of or relating to mecopterans biomedical relating to the activities and applications of science to clinical medicine; "biomedical research laboratory" medicolegal pertaining to legal aspects of the practice of medicine (as malpractice or patient consent for operations or patient information) medullary of or relating to the medulla of any body part of or relating to the medulla oblongata containing or consisting of or resembling bone marrow medusoid relating to or resembling a medusa meningeal relating to the meninges menopausal of or relating to the menopause Prakritic of or relating to Prakrit Procrustean of or relating to the mythical giant Procrustes or the mode of torture practiced by him provencal of or relating to Provence or its people or their culture pre-Christian of or relating to or being the time before the beginning of the Christian era prejudicial tending to favor preconceived ideas; "the presence of discriminatory or prejudicial attitudes in the white population" premenopausal prior to menopause presocratic before the time of Socrates postexilic of or relating to the period in Jewish history after 539 BC (after the Babylonian Captivity) postglacial relating to or occurring during the time following a glacial period postmenopausal subsequent to menopause postpositive (of a modifier) placed after another word pouched having a pouch pteridological of or relating to the study of ferns meiotic of or relating to meiosis mercuric of or containing mercury meretricious like or relating to a prostitute; "meretricious relationships" metrological of or relating to metrology micaceous hydrous silicates of or relating to or resembling mica microeconomic of or relating to microeconomics ministerial of or relating to a government minister or ministry; "ministerial decree" of or relating to a minister of religion or the minister's office; "ministerial duties" Mishnaic of or relating to the Mishna (the first part of the Talmud) omissive characterized by omissions; "omissive crimes" miotic of or relating to or causing constriction of the pupil of the eye; "a miotic drug" monocarboxylic containing one carboxyl group monoclonal forming or derived from a single clone monotypic consisting of only one type moraceous of or pertaining to or characteristic of plants of the family Moraceae morbilliform of a rash that resembles that of measles motivational of or relating to motivation myalgic of or relating to myalgia myelinated (of neurons) covered with a layer of myelin unmyelinated (of neurons) not myelinated myopathic of or relating to any disease of the muscles that is not caused by nerve dysfunction nasopharyngeal of or relating to or located near the nasopharynx natal relating to or accompanying birth; "natal injuries"; "natal day"; "natal influences" of or relating to the buttocks natriuretic of or relating to natriuresis naval connected with or belonging to or used in a navy; "naval history"; "naval commander"; "naval vessels" neonatal relating to or affecting the infant during the first month after birth; "neonatal care"; "the neonatal period" neoplastic of or related to or having the properties of a neoplasm; "neoplastic cells" neotenic of or relating to or characterized by neoteny; "neotenic development" New Caledonian of or relating to New Caledonia Noachian of or relating to Noah or his time; "Noachian deluge" nominalistic of or relating to nominalism North Vietnamese of or relating to North Vietnam or its people or culture nosocomial taking place or originating in a hospital; "nosocomial infection" numerological of or relating to numerology oleaceous of or pertaining to or characteristic of trees or shrubs of the olive family olfactory of or relating to olfaction oligarchic of or relating to or supporting or characteristic of an oligarchy one-humped having one hump; "a one-humped camel" oneiric of or relating to or suggestive of dreams onomastic of or related to onomastics; "he published a collection of his onomastic essays" on-the-job relating to or associated with a job or employment; "on-the-job training"; "on-the-job requirements" orb-weaving of spiders who weave circular webs oropharyngeal of or relating to or located near the oropharynx Orphic ascribed to Orpheus or characteristic of ideas in works ascribed to Orpheus Orwellian of or relating to the works of George Orwell (especially his picture of a future totalitarian state) pachydermatous of or relating to or characteristic of pachyderms packable capable of being packed palatoglossal relating to the palate and tongue paleontological of or relating to paleontology Palladian referring to or relating to or having the style of architecture created by Andrea Palladio; "the much imitated arch and column compositions known as the Palladian motif" palmar relating to the palm of the hand or the sole of the foot; "the volar surface"; "the palmar muscle" palpatory relating to or involving palpation panicled having panicles; occurring in panicles; "a panicled inflorescence" papilliform shaped like a papilla paradigmatic related as members of a substitution class; "paradigmatic word associations" of or relating to a typical example; "paradigmatic learning" of or relating to a grammatical paradigm; "paradigmatic inflection" paramedical of or denoting a person who is trained to assist physicians and nurses in their activities; "ambulance drivers are paramedical to give emergency medical aid"; "ambulance drivers are paramedical personnel" paranasal adjacent to the nasal cavities; "paranasal sinus" parhelic relating to or resembling a parhelion parous having given birth to one or more viable children parotid relating to or located near the parotid gland paroxysmal accompanied by or of the nature of paroxysms paschal of or relating to Passover or Easter; "paschal lamb" nonpasserine relating to or characteristic of birds that are not perching birds Pauline relating to Paul the Apostle or his doctrines peaty of or pertaining to or of the nature of peat perigonal of or relating to a perigone perithelial of or relating to the tissue layer around small blood vessels monetary relating to or involving money; "monetary rewards"; "he received thanks but no pecuniary compensation for his services" pectineal of or relating to the pubis pemphigous of or relating to or manifesting pemphigus petaloid resembling a flower petal phagocytic capable of functioning as a phagocyte phalangeal of or relating to the bones of the fingers or toes Pharaonic of or relating to the ancient Egyptian kings phonogramic of or relating to a phonogram phonological of or relating to phonology; "the phonological component of language" photomechanical of or relating to or involving various methods of using photography to make plates for printing photometric of or relating to photometry photosynthetic relating to or using or formed by photosynthesis nonphotosynthetic not photosynthetic phreatic of or relating to ground water phrenological of or relating to phrenology pictographic consisting of or characterized by the use of pictographs; "a pictographic script"; "pictographic stage in the development of writing" plagioclastic of or relating to plagioclase pilar of or relating to a hair pilosebaceous of or relating to a hair follicle and its sebaceous gland planetal of or relating to or resembling the physical or orbital characteristics of a planet or the planets; "planetary motion"; "planetary year" planktonic of or relating to plankton planographic of or relating to or involving planography plantar relating to or occurring on the undersurface of the foot; "plantar warts can be very painful" interplanetary between or among planets; "interplanetary travel" penicillin-resistant unaffected by penicillin; "penicillin-resistant bacteria" penumbral of or pertaining to the region of partial shadow around an umbra plane-polarized (of a moving wave) vibrating in a single plane; "plane-polarized light" planetary of or relating to or characteristic of the planet Earth or its inhabitants; "planetary rumblings and eructations"- L.C.Eiseley; "the planetary tilt"; "this terrestrial ball" extraterrestrial originating or located or occurring outside Earth or its atmosphere; "is there extraterrestrial life?" Platonistic pertaining to or characteristic of or in accordance with Platonism Platonic of or relating to or characteristic of Plato or his philosophy; "Platonic dialogues" pleomorphic relating to or characterized by pleomorphism plumbaginaceous of or pertaining to or characteristic of plants of the family Plumbaginaceae plumbic relating to or consisting of lead plutocratic of or relating to or characteristic of a plutocrat polarographic of or involving polarography polemoniaceous of or pertaining to or characteristic of plants of the family Polemoniaceae politically correct exhibiting political correctness politically incorrect exhibiting political incorrectness polydactyl of or relating to a person (or other vertebrate) having more than the normal number of digits polyhedral of or relating to or resembling a polyhedron polymeric of or relating to or consisting of a polymer; "a polymeric compound" pompous characterized by pomp and ceremony and stately display popliteal of or relating to the area behind the knee joint positionable capable of being positioned positional of or relating to or determined by position pragmatic of or concerning the theory of pragmatism prandial of or relating to a meal preanal situated in front of the anus preclinical of or relating to the early phases of a disease when accurate diagnosis is not possible because symptoms of the disease have not yet appeared precancerous of or relating to a growth that is not malignant but is likely to become so if not treated precordial in front of the heart; involving the precordium predestinarian of or relating to predestination; holding the doctrine of predestination prelapsarian of or relating to the time before the Fall of Adam and Eve premenstrual of or relating to or occurring during the period just before menstruation presentational of or relating to a presentation (especially in psychology or philosophy); "what Whitehead calls `perception in the presentational immediacy'" pressor increasing (or tending to increase) blood pressure; "pressor reflexes" prodromal symptomatic of the onset of an attack or a disease professorial relating to or characteristic of professors; "professorial demeanor" prolusory of or relating to or having the character of a prolusion propagative characterized by propagation or relating to propagation prostate relating to the prostate gland prosthetic relating to or serving as a prosthesis of or relating to prosthetics prosthodontic of or relating to prosthodontics proteinaceous relating to or of the nature of protein pubertal of or related to puberty pupillary of or relating to the pupil of the eye Puranic of or relating to the Purana rabid of or infected by rabies radial-ply of or relating to automobile tires that have a strip under the tread and relatively little stiffening in the sidewalls; "radial-ply tires" radiological of or relating to radiology radiotelephonic relating to or by means of radiotelephony rationalistic of or relating to the philosophical doctrine of rationalism real-time of or relating to computer systems that update information at the same rate they receive information recoilless of or being a weapon that is designed to minimize recoil recreational of or relating to recreation; "a recreational area with a pool and ball fields" refractive of or relating to or capable of refraction; "the refractive characteristics of the eye" refractory-lined (of furnaces) lined with material that has a high melting point resinlike resembling resin in properties or texture Rhodesian of or relating to the former country of Rhodesia (now Zimbabwe) rocket-propelled propelled by (or as if propelled by) a rocket engine nonruminant not ruminant agricultural relating to or used in or promoting agriculture or farming; "agricultural engineering"; "modern agricultural (or farming) methods"; "agricultural (or farm) equipment"; "an agricultural college" aquicultural of or relating to aquiculture; "aquacultural methods"; "hydroponic lettuce" saccadic of or related to the rapid movement of the eyes between points of fixation sacculated formed with or having saclike expansions; "the alimentary tract is partially sacculated" sadomasochistic of or relating to sadomasochism; "sadomasochistic sexual practices" Sadducean of or relating to the Sadducees sapiens of or relating to or characteristic of Homo sapiens sarcolemmic of or relating to sarcolemma sartorial of or relating to a tailor or to tailoring of or relating to the sartorius muscle scalene of or relating to any of the scalene muscles of a triangle having three sides of different lengths scapulohumeral relating to the shoulder blade and upper arm bone scholastic of or relating to schools; "scholastic year" of or relating to the philosophical doctrine of scholasticism; "scholastic philosophy" sclerotic of or relating to the sclera of the eyeball; "sclerotic tissue" relating to or having sclerosis; hardened; "a sclerotic patient" scurfy having or producing or covered with scurf secretarial of or relating to a secretary or to a secretary's work secretory of or relating to or producing a secretion; "a secretory cell" sectorial relating to or resembling a sector; "a sectorial box" self-aggrandizing of or relating to or characteristic of self-aggrandizement self-limited relating to a disease that tends to run a definite course without treatment self-pollinating of or relating to or characteristic of self-pollination self-renewing of or relating to self-renewal semiautobiographical of or relating to a work that combines autobiography and fiction; "a semiautobiographical novel" seminal pertaining to or containing or consisting of semen; "seminal fluid" seminiferous bearing or producing seed or semen; "seminiferous tubules" semiotic of or relating to semiotics; "semiotic analysis" semiparasitic of or relating to plants that are semiparasites senatorial of or relating to senators; "senatorial election" sepaloid resembling or characteristic of a sepal septal of or relating to a septum sepulchral of or relating to a sepulchre; "sepulchral inscriptions"; "sepulchral monuments in churches" siliceous relating to or containing or resembling silica; "gritrock is siliceous sandstone" single-stranded having a single strand; "single-stranded RNA" snow-capped (of mountains) capped with a covering of snow soft-finned of or relating to fish with soft fins soft-nosed (of a bullet) made of soft material that expands on impact solar relating to or derived from the sun or utilizing the energies of the sun; "solar eclipse"; "solar energy" sociopathic of or relating to a sociopathic personality disorder solanaceous of or relating to plants of the family Solanaceae (the potato family) Solomonic exhibiting or requiring the wisdom of Solomon in making difficult decisions somatosensory of or relating to the somatosenses soteriological of or relating to soteriology squint-eyed affected by strabismus squinty characterized by squinting; "he looked with squinty eyes" spectral of or relating to a spectrum; "spectral colors"; "spectral analysis" spectrographic relating to or employing a spectrograph spermicidal destructive to spermatozoa spermous consisting of or resembling spermatozoa spherical of or relating to spheres or resembling a sphere; "spherical geometry" nonspherical not spherical sphingine resembling a sphinx; "a sphingine smile" splenic of or relating to the spleen sporogenous producing spores or reproducing by means of spores sportive relating to or interested in sports spousal relating to a spouse; "a fitting symbol of spousal love" spring-loaded containing a compressed spring that presses one part against another stagflationary characteristic of or promoting stagflation stainable capable of being stained (especially of cells and cell parts) stannic of or relating to or containing tin staphylococcal of or relating to the staphylococcus bacteria; "a staphylococcal infection" stellar being or relating to or resembling or emanating from stars; "an astral body"; "stellar light" interstellar between or among stars; "the density of hydrogen in interplanetary and interstellar space" stemmatic of or relating to a textual stemma stenographic of or relating to or employing stenography steroidal of or relating to steroid hormones or their effects nonsteroidal not steroidal or not having the effects of steroid hormones stoichiometric of or relating to stoichiometry stovepiped of or relating to data stored in separate databases; "stovepiped information" subarctic of or relating to latitudes just south of the Arctic Circle subcortical of or relating to or being or involving nerve centers below the cerebral cortex subdural below the dura mater but above the arachnoid membrane of the meninges sublingual beneath the tongue suburban relating to or characteristic of or situated in suburbs; "suburban population" sub-Saharan of or relating to or situated in the region south of the Sahara Desert suctorial adapted for sucking or clinging by suction sulfurous of or related to or containing sulfur or derived from sulfur suppurative relating to or characterized by suppuration nonsuppurative not suppurative supraorbital located or occurring above the eye socket surficial pertaining to or occurring on or near the earth's surface; "a surficial geologic deposit" sustainable capable of being sustained sustentacular serving to sustain or support; "sustentacular cells" symbolic relating to or using or proceeding by means of symbols; "symbolic logic"; "symbolic operations"; "symbolic thinking" using symbolism; "symbolic art" symptomatic relating to or according to or affecting a symptom or symptoms; "symptomatic relief"; "symptomatic treatment"; "a symptomatic classification of diseases" syncretic of or characterized by syncretism relating to a historical tendency for a language to reduce its use of inflections; "modern English is a syncretic language" synesthetic relating to or experiencing synesthesia; involving more than one sense; "synesthetic response to music"; "synesthetic metaphor" synovial relating to or secreting synovia syntagmatic related as members of a syntagma; "syntagmatic word associations" tangential of or relating to or acting along or in the direction of a tangent; "tangential forces" Tasmanian of or relating to Tasmania technophilic of or relating to or showing technophilia technophobic of or relating to or showing technophobia telemetered of or pertaining to telemetry; "the telemetered information was recorded and analyzed" semiterrestrial chiefly but not exclusively terrestrial telluric of or relating to or containing the chemical element tellurium temperamental relating to or caused by temperament; "temperamental indifference to neatness"; "temperamental peculiarities" tendinous consisting of tendons or resembling a tendon tendril-climbing of or relating to plants that climb by means of tendrils tensile of or relating to tension; "tensile stress"; "tensile pull" tensional of or relating to or produced by tension tentacular of or relating to or resembling tentacles tentacled having tentacles teratogenic of or relating to substances or agents that can interfere with normal embryonic development testaceous relating to or possessing a testa or hard shell; "testaceous fish" testamentary of or relating to a will or testament or bequeathed by a will or testament testimonial of or relating to or constituting testimony expressing admiration or appreciation; "testimonial dinner" thematic relating to or constituting a topic of discourse of or relating to a melodic subject unthematic not relating to a melodic subject; "there is nothing unthematic in this composition" thenal of or relating to the palm of the hand or to the area at the base of the thumb nonthermal not involving heat; "nonthermal luminescence" thermoelectric involving or resulting from thermoelectricity threaded (of bolts or screws) having screw threads tibial relating to or located near a tibia tidal of or relating to or caused by tides; "tidal wave" tiered having or arranged in tiers; "a tiered mound" time-release of or relating to a preparation that gradually releases an active substance (especially a drug) over a period of time titular of or associated with or bearing a title signifying nobility; "titular dignitaries" of or pertaining to the title of a work of art; "performed well in the titular (or title) role"; "the titular theme of the book" of or bearing a title signifying status or function; "of titular rank" of or relating to a legal title to something; "titulary rights" toll-free having no toll levied for its use; "a toll-free road"; "a toll-free telephone number" clonic of or relating to abnormal neuromuscular activity characterized by rapidly alternating muscle contraction and relaxation; "clonic spasm" topological of or relating to topology toroidal of or relating to or shaped like a toroid; doughnut shaped tortious of or pertaining to the nature of a tort; "tortious acts" totipotent having the ability to give rise to unlike cells; "embryonic stem cells are totipotent" tuberculate covered with tubercles tuberculoid resembling tuberculosis; "tuberculoid lesions"; "tuberculoid leprosy" turbinate of or relating to the scroll-shaped turbinate bones in the nasal passages two-humped having two humps two-wheel of or relating to vehicles with two wheels; "a two-wheeled cart" umbelliform resembling or in the form of an umbel umbelliferous relating to or belonging to plants of the family Umbelliferae Uniate of or relating to former Eastern Christian or Orthodox churches that have been received under the jurisdiction of the Church of Rome but retain their own rituals and practices and canon law unicellular having or consisting of a single cell uniovular having a single ovule unpigmented having no pigmentation urceolate urn-shaped; large below and contracted toward the mouth urethral of or relating to the urethra urogenital of or relating to the urinary and reproductive systems uveal of or relating to the uvea of the eye vacuolate formed into or containing one or more vacuoles or small membrane-bound cavities within a cell vagal of or relating to the vagus nerve apopemptic addressed to one who is departing; "apopemptic hymns" valent (chemistry) having valence; usually used in combination valved (of brass instruments) having valves variolar relating to small pox Vedic of or relating to the Vedas or to the ancient Sanskrit in which they were written; "the Vedic literature" ventilatory provided with ventilation or involving pulmonary ventilation ventricular of or relating to a ventricle (of the heart or brain) viatical pertaining to the purchase of insurance policies from terminally ill policy holders; "viatical business"; "viatical companies"; "National Viatical Association" vibrational of or relating to or characterized by vibration vicarial of or relating to or characteristic of a vicar vicennial occurring once every 20 years vigesimal relating to or based on the number twenty vitreous relating to or resembling or derived from or containing glass; "vitreous rocks"; "vitreous silica" of or relating to or constituting the vitreous humor of the eye; "the vitreous chamber" instrumental relating to or designed for or performed on musical instruments; "instrumental compositions"; "an instrumental ensemble" electrical relating to or concerned with electricity; "an electrical engineer"; "electrical and mechanical engineering industries" voltaic pertaining to or producing electric current by chemical action; "a galvanic cell"; "a voltaic (or galvanic) couple" photoconductive of or relating to photoconductivity; "selenium is a photoconductive substance" photoemissive of or relating to photoemission photovoltaic producing a voltage when exposed to radiant energy (especially light) photoelectric of or pertaining to photoelectricity; "the photoelectric effect" hydroelectric of or relating to or used in the production of electricity by waterpower; "hydroelectric power" hydrostatic relating to fluids at rest or to the pressures they exert or transmit; "hydrostatic pressure" hydrokinetic relating to fluids in motion or the forces that produce or affect such motion interlocutory consisting of dialogue interstitial of or relating to interstices isomeric of or relating to or exhibiting isomerism isomorphous having similar appearance but genetically different legislative of or relating to or created by legislation; "legislative proposal" relating to a legislature or composed of members of a legislature; "legislative council" leprous relating to or resembling or having leprosy Linnaean of or relating to Linnaeus or to the system of taxonomic classification that Linnaeus proposed long-chain of molecules having relatively long chains of atoms in a molecule lithic relating to or composed of stone; "lithic sandstone" of or containing lithium lymphatic of or relating to or produced by lymph lymphocytic of or relating to lymphocytes; "lymphocytic leukemia" lymphoid resembling lymph or lymphatic tissues lysogenic capable of producing or undergoing lysis of or relating to lysogeny magisterial of or relating to a magistrate; "official magisterial functions" atmospheric relating to or located in the atmosphere; "atmospheric tests" insectan of or relating to the class Insecta mammalian of or relating to the class Mammalia piscine of or relating to fish reptilian of or relating to the class Reptilia algal of or relating to alga fungal of or relating to fungi fungicidal capable of destroying fungi fungoid resembling fungi plantal of or relating to plants bacterial relating to or caused by bacteria; "bacterial infection" cyanobacterial relating to or caused by photosynthetic bacteria of the class Cyanobacteria quadrangular of or relating to or shaped like a quadrangle tetragonal of or relating to or shaped like a quadrilateral tetrametric of or relating to verse lines written in tetrameter pentangular of or relating to or shaped like a pentagon octangular of or relating to or shaped like an octagon postmodernist of or relating to postmodernism; "postmodernist architecture" relativistic relating or subject to the special or the general theory of relativity; "relativistic quantum mechanics"; "relativistic increase in mass"; "radiation from relativistic particles" of or relating to the philosophical doctrine of relativism raptorial relating to or characteristic of birds of prey; "raptorial claws and bill for seizing prey" ulnar relating to or near the ulna radiographic relating to or produced by radiography birefringent relating to or characterized by double refraction bisectional of or relating to bisection bismuthal of or relating to bismuth bismuthic containing bismuth (especially in the pentavalent state) bisontine relating to or characteristic of bison bistered colored with or as if with bister bistroic of or relating to or resembling a bistro transpolar extending across or crossing either pole; "transpolar air routes" photic of or relating to or caused by light pneumatic of or relating to or using air (or a similar gas); "pneumatic drill"; "pneumatic tire" pneumococcal of or derived from or caused by bacteria of the genus pneumococcus vulpine resembling or characteristic of a fox; "vulpine cunning" wolflike resembling or characteristic (or considered characteristic) of a wolf; "ran in wolflike packs"; "wolfish rapacity" vulvar of or relating to the vulva clitoral of or relating to the clitoris vocational of or relating to a vocation or occupation; especially providing or undergoing training in special skills; "vocational school"; "vocational students learning to repair a motor" ungual of or relating to a nail or claw or hoof succinic of or relating to or obtained from amber umbilical relating to or resembling the umbilicus; "umbilical cord" spatial pertaining to or involving or having the nature of space; "the first dimension to concentrate on is the spatial one"; "spatial ability"; "spatial awareness"; "the spatial distribution of the population" nonspatial not spatial; "a nonspatial continuum" sigmoid of or relating to the sigmoid flexure in the large intestine curved in two directions (like the letter S) sciatic of or relating to the ischium (or the part of the hipbone containing it); "sciatic nerve" relating to or caused by or afflicted with sciatica semantic of or relating to meaning or the study of meaning; "semantic analysis" linguistic consisting of or related to language; "linguistic behavior"; "a linguistic atlas"; "lingual diversity" of or relating to the scientific study of language; "linguistic theory" nonlinguistic not consisting of or related to language; "depended on his nonlinguistic skills" intralinguistic within a particular language; "intralinguistic variation" sociolinguistic of or relating to sociolinguistics cross-linguistic relating to different languages; "cross-linguistic evidence" cardiac of or relating to the heart; "cardiac arrest" cephalic of or relating to the head cranial of or relating to the cranium which encloses the brain; "cranial pressure" craniometric of or relating to craniometry conic relating to or resembling a cone; "conical mountains"; "conelike fruit" corvine relating to or resembling a crow ciliary of or relating to the human eyelash of or relating to cilia projecting from the surface of a cell relating to the ciliary body and associated structures of the eye counterinsurgent of or relating or characteristic of actions taken by a government to defeat insurgency counterterror intended to prevent terrorism; "the government took counterterror measures" diluvian of or connected with a deluge dominical of or relating to Sunday as the Lord's Day of or relating to or coming from Jesus Christ doric of or pertaining to the Doric style of architecture fiscal involving financial matters; "fiscal responsibility" nonfinancial not involving financial matters funicular relating to or operated by a cable; "funicular railway" lactic of or relating to or obtained from milk (especially sour milk or whey); "lactic acid"; "lactic fermentation" galactic of or relating to a galaxy (especially our galaxy the Milky Way); "the galactic plane" extragalactic outside or beyond a galaxy; "extragalactic nebula" intergalactic between or among galaxies; "intergalactic space" gnomic relating to or containing gnomes; "gnomic verse" gymnastic of or relating to or used in exercises intended to develop strength and agility; "gymnastic horse" gyral relating to or associated with or comprising a convolution of the brain; "the gyral sulcus" alvine of or relating to the intestines epistemic of or relating to epistemology; "epistemic modal" hemal relating to the blood vessels or blood hemic relating to or containing or affecting blood; "a hematic cyst"; "a hematic crisis" hemiparasitic of or relating to plants that are hemiparasites haemophilic relating to or having hemophilia humoral of or relating to bodily fluids chylaceous consisting of chyle or having the properties of chyle chylific producing or converting into chyle chyliferous transmitting chyle; "chyliferous vessels" iconic relating to or having the characteristics on an icon ichorous of or resembling or characterized by ichor or sanies; "an ichorous discharge"; "the sanious discharge from an ulcer" icosahedral of or relating to an icosahedron icterogenic producing jaundice ictal of or relating to a seizure or convulsion iridic of or relating to the iris of the eye of or containing iridium marital of or relating to the state of marriage; "marital status"; "marital fidelity"; "married bliss" resinated impregnated or flavored with resin; "resinated wine" sulphuretted treated or impregnated with sulfur; "sulfuretted hydrogen" phocine of or relating to seals stearic of or relating to or composed of fat vinous of or relating to wine tegular of or relating to or resembling a series of tiles dyadic of or relating to a dyad or based on two algebraic of or relating to algebra; "algebraic geometry" biblical of or pertaining to or contained in or in accordance with the Bible; "biblical names"; "biblical Hebrew" in keeping with the nature of the Bible or its times or people; "biblical styles in writing"; "a beard of biblical proportions"; "biblical costumes" postbiblical subsequent to biblical times Koranic of or related to the sacred texts of Islam; "Koranic laws" polymorphous relating to the crystallization of a compound in two or more different forms; "polymorphous crystallization" contrapuntal relating to or characteristic of or according to the rules of counterpoint; "contrapuntal base" epicanthic relating to the epicanthus; "epicanthic folds" oxalic of or derived from oxalic acid perianal around the anus pericardial located around the heart or relating to or affecting the pericardium; "pericardial space" perineal of or relating to the perineum; "perineal pains" peroneal of or relating to the fibula or the outer part of the leg below the knee phonetic of or relating to the scientific study of speech sounds; "phonetic analysis" of or relating to speech sounds; "phonetic transcription" phonemic of or relating to phonemes of a particular language; "phonemic analysis" by phonemics; "phonemically transcribed" philosophic of or relating to philosophy or philosophers; "philosophical writing"; "a considerable knowledge of philosophical terminology" Rousseauan of or pertaining to or characteristic of French philosopher Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712-1778) litigious of or relating to litigation acronymic characterized by the use of acronyms apostolic of or relating to or deriving from the Apostles or their teachings eudemonic producing happiness and well-being eukaryotic having cells with `good' or membrane-bound nuclei prokaryotic having cells that lack membrane-bound nuclei particularistic relating to particularism (exclusive interest in one group or class or sect etc.); "a particularistic-seeming statement" patellar near or relating to the patella or kneecap; "patellar tendon" optical of or relating to or involving light or optics; "optical supplies" nucleated having a nucleus or occurring in the nucleus; "nucleated cells" visceral relating to or affecting the viscera; "visceral bleeding"; "a splanchnic nerve" carbonaceous relating to or consisting of or yielding carbon Melanesian of or relating to Melanesia or its people or culture melodic of or relating to melody; "melodic harmony" modal relating to or expressing the mood of a verb; "modal auxiliary" of or relating to a musical mode; especially written in an ecclesiastical mode millennial relating to a millennium or span of a thousand years meteorologic of or pertaining to atmospheric phenomena, especially weather and weather conditions; "meteorological factors"; "meteorological chart"; "meteoric (or meteorological) phenomena" metastable (of physical systems) continuing in its present state of equilibrium unless sufficiently disturbed to pass to a more stable state of equilibrium mercurial relating to or containing or caused by mercury; "mercurial preparations"; "mercurial sore mouth" Mercurial relating to or having characteristics (eloquence, shrewdness, swiftness, thievishness) attributed to the god Mercury; "more than Mercurial thievishness" relating to or under the (astrological) influence of the planet Mercury; "the Mercurial canals" mesoblastic relating to or derived from the mesoderm messianic of or relating to a messiah promising deliverance; "messianic cult" muciferous containing or secreting mucus mucosal of or relating to mucous membranes musicological of or relating to musicology exteroceptive of or relating to exteroception proprioceptive of or relating to proprioception interoceptive of or relating to interoception auditory of or relating to the process of hearing; "auditory processing"; "an audile person" gustatory of or relating to gustation haptic of or relating to or proceeding from the sense of touch; "haptic data"; "a tactile reflex" ocellated having ocelli octal of or pertaining to a number system having 8 as its base; "an octal digit" orbital of or relating to the eye socket; "orbital scale"; "orbital arch" of or relating to an orbit; "orbital revolution"; "orbital velocity" suborbital situated on or below the floor of the eye socket; "a suborbital bone" having or involving a trajectory of less than one orbit; "the first manned suborbital flight" kinesthetic of or relating to kinesthesis seraphic of or relating to an angel of the first order; "he imagined a seraphic presence in the room" firmamental relating to the firmament or upper regions elysian relating to the Elysian Fields eparchial of or relating to an eparchy parochial relating to or supported by or located in a parish; "parochial schools" vicinal belonging to or limited to a vicinity conjugal of or relating to marriage or to the relationship between a wife and husband; "connubial bliss"; "conjugal visits" binocular relating to both eyes; "binocular vision" sociocultural relating to both social and cultural matters multicultural of or relating to or including several cultures; "a multicultural event" cross-cultural dealing with or comparing two or more cultures; "a cross-cultural survey" transcultural extending through all human cultures; "a transcultural ideal of freedom embracing all the peoples of the world" transcendental of or characteristic of a system of philosophy emphasizing the intuitive and spiritual above the empirical and material transuranic having an atomic number greater than 92 vascular of or relating to or having vessels that conduct and circulate fluids; "vascular constriction"; "a vascular bundle" avascular without blood vessels cardiovascular of or pertaining to or involving the heart and blood vessels; "cardiovascular conditioning" choral related to or written for or performed by a chorus or choir; "choral composition"; "choral ensemble" choric relating to or written for or in the style of a Greek chorus; "a choric Greek tragedy" chorionic of or relating to a chorion; "a chorionic villus is a minute vascular projection on the fetal chorion" post-communist no longer communist; subsequent to being communistic; "the bank announced its first loan to a post-communist country" Marxist-Leninist following the ideas of Marx expanded to include those of Lenin cutaneous relating to or existing on or affecting the skin; "cutaneous nerves"; "a cutaneous infection" dermal of or relating to or located in the dermis cuticular of or relating to a cuticle or cuticula ectodermal of or relating to the ectoderm encysted enclosed in (or as if in) a cyst endermic acting by absorption through the skin; "endermic ointment" hypodermal of or relating to the hypodermis hypodermic relating to or located below the epidermis; "hypodermic needle"; "subcutaneous implant" hypoglycemic of or relating to hypoglycemia; "hypoglycemic agents" hypovolemic of or relating to a decrease in the volume of circulating blood intradermal relating to areas between the layers of the skin; "an intradermal injection" mandibular relating to the lower jaw mandibulofacial of or relating to the lower jaw and face maxillary of or relating to the upper jaw maxillodental of or relating to the upper jaw and its associated teeth maxillofacial of or relating to the upper jaw and face (particularly with reference to specialized surgery of the maxilla); "maxillofacial surgery" maxillomandibular relating to the upper and lower jaws interfacial relating to or situated at an interface; "an interfacial layer"; "interfacial tension is the surface tension at the interface between two liquids" lacrimal relating to or located near the organ that produces tears of or relating to tears lacrimatory relating to or prompting tears menstrual of or relating to menstruation or the menses; "menstrual period" extralinguistic not included within the realm of language papal proceeding from or ordered by or subject to a pope or the papacy regarded as the successor of the Apostles; "papal dispensation" Peloponnesian of or relating to Peloponnesus; "Peloponnesian War" pubic relating or near the pubis; "pubic bones"; "pubic hair" viral relating to or caused by a virus; "viral infection" syntactic of or relating to or conforming to the rules of syntax; "the syntactic rules of a language" glossopharyngeal pertaining to the tongue and throat glottal of or relating to or produced by the glottis; "glottal stops" glottochronological pertaining to the study of the evolution of languages from a common source; "glottochronological studies" lexicostatistic pertaining to statistical methods used in studying the relations between languages; "lexicostatistic techniques" genital of or relating to the external sex organs; "genital herpes"; "venereal disease" genitourinary of or related to the genital and urinary organs or their functions; "genitourinary infections" laryngeal of or relating to or situated in the larynx; "laryngeal infection" laryngopharyngeal of or relating to the larynx and pharynx zygotic of or relating to a zygote uninucleate having one nucleus multinucleate having two or more nuclei musculoskeletal relating to muscles and skeleton intramuscular within a muscle; "an intramuscular injection" neuroendocrine of or relating to the nervous and endocrine systems (especially as they function together) neurogenic arising in or stimulated by nerve tissues neuroglial relating to or consisting of neuroglia; "neuroglial tissue" neuromatous of or relating to or caused by neuromas neuromuscular affecting or characteristic of both neural and muscular tissue nephritic of or relating to the kidneys affected by nephritis neurotoxic poisonous to nerves or nerve cells neurotropic (of a virus, toxin, or chemical) tending to attack or affect the nervous system preferentially spinal of or relating to the spine or spinal cord; "spinal cord"; "spinal injury" monatomic of or relating to an element consisting of a single atom; "helium and argon are monatomic gases" diatomic of or relating to a molecule made up of two atoms; "a diatomic molecule" polyatomic of or relating to a molecule made up of more than two atoms client-server relating to a computer system in which a central server supports a number of networked workstations subclinical relating to the stage in the development of a disease before the symptoms are observed postal of or relating to the system for delivering mail; "postal delivery" Continental of or pertaining to or typical of Europe; "a Continental breakfast" lexical of or relating to words; "lexical decision task" of or relating to dictionaries nonlexical not relating to words; "nonlexical morphemes" psychosexual of or relating to the mental or emotional attitudes about sexuality sexagesimal of or relating to or reckoning in sixtieths; "the sexagesimal divisions of hours and degrees" sex-limited relating to characteristics that are expressed differently in the two sexes sex-linked concerning characteristics that are determined by genes carried on the sex chromosomes (on the X chromosome in particular) coital of or relating to coitus or copulation multilevel of a building having more than one level multiphase of an electrical system that uses or generates two or more alternating voltages of the same frequency but differing in phase angle muzzle-loading (of firearms) taking the projectile or cartridge through the muzzle sublittoral of or relating to the region of the continental shelf (between the seashore and the edge of the continental shelf) or the marine organisms situated there nonsurgical not surgical; "nonsurgical techniques" open-hearth of or relating to or produced by the open-hearth process; "open-hearth steel" ophthalmic of or relating to ophthalmology; "ophthalmic surgery" physiotherapeutic of or relating to or used in physical therapy nautical relating to or involving ships or shipping or navigation or seamen; "nautical charts"; "maritime law"; "marine insurance" thalassic relating to the seas, especially smaller or inland seas; "deposits of sediment in gulfs and seas rather than in the ocean proper are known as thalassic deposits"- Scientific American transoceanic on or from the other side of an ocean; "transoceanic crossing" ursine of or relating to or similar to bears intravenous within or by means of a vein; "an intravenous inflammation"; "intravenous feeding" montane of or inhabiting mountainous regions; "montane flowers" zoological of or relating to animals or animal groups; "zoological garden" concerning the study of animals and their classification and properties; "zoological research" protozoological concerning the branch of zoology that studies protozoans protozoal of or relating to the Protozoa rickettsial relating to or caused by rickettsias fetal of or relating to a fetus; "fetal development" herbal of or relating to herbs; "herbal tea, herbal medicine" doctoral of or relating to a doctor or doctorate; "doctoral dissertation"; "doctorial candidates" pediatric of or relating to the medical care of children; "pediatric dentist" mammary of or relating to the milk-giving gland of the female neural of or relating to neurons; "neural network" sensorineural of or relating to the neural process of sensation sensorimotor of or relating to the sensory and motor coordination of an organism or to the controlling nerves occupational of or relating to the activity or business for which you are trained; "occupational hazard" pelvic of or relating to the pelvis; "pelvic exam"; "pelvic inflammation" bucolic relating to shepherds or herdsmen or devoted to raising sheep or cattle; "pastoral seminomadic people"; "pastoral land"; "a pastoral economy" Masonic of or relating to Freemasons or Freemasonry; "Masonic lodge" masonic of or relating to stonemasons or masonry; "masonic tools" Masoretic of or relating to the Masorah masted having or furnished with a mast; often used in combination; "probably was so masted when she set forth"- S.E.Morrison; "a three-masted bark" migrational of or related to migration parietal of or relating to or associated with the parietal bones in the cranium; "parietal lobe" tubal of or relating to occurring in a tube such as e.g. the Fallopian tube or Eustachian tube; "tubal ligation"; "tubal pregnancy" anatomic of or relating to the structure of the body; "anatomical features" of or relating to the branch of morphology that studies the structure of organisms; "anatomical research" architectural of or pertaining to the art and science of architecture; "architectural history"; "architectural design" tectonic of or pertaining to construction or architecture pertaining to the structure or movement of the earth's crust; "tectonic plates"; "tectonic valleys" organizational of or relating to an organization; "organizational structure" cognitive of or being or relating to or involving cognition; "cognitive psychology"; "cognitive style" factual of or relating to or characterized by facts; "factual considerations" achondroplastic of or relating to achondroplasia ateleiotic of or relating to ateleiosis ecclesiastical of or associated with a church (especially a Christian Church); "ecclesiastic history" sacerdotal of or relating to a belief in sacerdotalism; "sacerdotal emphasis on the authority of priests" molal designating a solution containing one mole of solute per kilogram of solvent molecular relating to or produced by or consisting of molecules; "molecular structure"; "molecular oxygen"; "molecular weight is the sum of all the atoms in a molecule" bimolecular relating to or affecting two molecules intramolecular within the molecule; occurring by a reaction between different parts of the same molecule intermolecular existing or acting between molecules; "intermolecular forces"; "intermolecular condensation" macerative accompanied by or characterized by maceration; "macerative degeneration of the liver" macrencephalic having a large brain case macrocephalic having an exceptionally large head and brain microcephalic having an abnormally small head and underdeveloped brain; "a nanocephalic dwarf" microelectronic of or relating to or consisting of miniature electronic components machine readable suitable for feeding directly into a computer macromolecular relating to or consisting of or characterized by macromolecules; "macromolecular compounds" isotopic of or relating to or having the relation of an isotope isothermic of or relating to an isotherm microcosmic relating to or characteristic of a microcosm; "the microcosmic world of business" micrometeoric of or relating to micrometeorites micropylar of or relating to a micropyle macrocosmic relating to or constituting a macrocosm mucinous relating to or containing mucin mucinoid resembling mucin mucocutaneous of or relating to the mucous membranes and skin mucopurulent containing or composed of mucus and pus mucous of or secreting or covered with or resembling mucus; "mucous tissue"; "mucous glands of the intestine" colloidal of or relating to or having the properties of a colloid administrative of or relating to or responsible for administration managerial of or relating to the function or responsibility or activity of management supervisory of or limited to or involving supervision; "in a supervisory capacity" latinate derived from or imitative of Latin latitudinal of or relating to latitudes north or south earthen made of earth (or baked clay); "an earthen pot" monometallic containing one atom of metal in the molecule; "monometallic carbonyls" geological of or relating to or based on geology; "geological formations"; "geologic forces" psychogenetic of or relating to the origin and development of the mind of or relating to the psychological cause of a disorder sociological of or relating to or determined by sociology; "sociological studies" ecological of or relating to the science of ecology; "ecological research" characterized by the interdependence of living organisms in an environment; "an ecological disaster" theological of or relating to or concerning theology; "theological seminar" anthropological of or concerned with the science of anthropology; "anthropological studies" paleoanthropological of or concerned with the scientific study of human fossils computational of or involving computation or computers; "computational linguistics" astrophysical of or concerned with astrophysics; "astrophysical sciences" geopolitical of or relating to geopolitics thermodynamic of or concerned with thermodynamics; "the thermodynamic limit" geophysical of or concerned with geophysics; "geophysical sciences" seismological of or concerned with seismology peptic relating to or promoting digestion; "peptic juices" duodenal in or relating to the duodenum; "duodenal ulcer" neuropsychological of or concerned with neuropsychology neurophysiological of or concerned with neurophysiology navigational of or relating to navigation; "navigational aids" deconstructionist of or concerned with the philosophical theory of literature known as deconstructionism; "deconstructionist criticism" rationalist of or relating to or characteristic of rationalism; "rationalist philosophy" calligraphic of or relating to or expressed in calligraphy lexicographic of or relating to lexicography orthographic of or relating to or expressed in orthography typographic relating to or occurring or used in typography; "the typographic art"; "a typographical error" astrological relating to or concerned with astrology; "astrological chart" syllogistic of or relating to or consisting of syllogism; "syllogistic reasoning" lithomantic of or relating to lithomancy chiromantic of or relating to palmistry parametric of or relating to or in terms of a parameter; "parametric equation" nonparametric not involving an estimation of the parameters of a statistic statistical of or relating to statistics; "statistical population" nihilistic of or relating to nihilism spiritualistic of or relating to or connected with spiritualism supernaturalist of or relating to supernaturalism; "supernaturalist beliefs" operationalist of or relating to or espousing operationalism; "operationalist doctrine" operatic of or relating to or characteristic of opera trigonometric of or relating to or according to the principles of trigonometry; "trigonometric function" pharmacological of or relating to pharmacology toxicological of or relating to toxicology psychiatric relating to or used in or engaged in the practice of psychiatry; "psychiatric disorder"; "psychiatric hospital" oncological of or relating to or practicing oncology; "oncological nurse" psychoanalytical of or relating to or incorporating the methods and theory of psychiatric treatment originated by Sigmund Freud; "Freud's psychoanalytical theories"; "psychoanalytic treatment" psychometric of or relating to psychometrics; "psychometric journals" psychomotor of or relating to or characterizing mental events that have motor consequences or vice versa psychotherapeutic of or relating to or practicing psychotherapy; "psychotherapeutic sessions" therapeutic relating to or involved in therapy; "therapeutic approach to criminality" neuroanatomic of or relating to neural tissue or the nervous system virological of or relating to the science of virology; "virological research" bacteriological of or relating to bacteriology cardiologic of or relating to or used in or practicing cardiology; "cardiologic evidence" endocrine of or belonging to endocrine glands or their secretions; "endocrine system" enolic of or relating to or consisting of enol exocrine of or relating to exocrine glands or their secretions endodontic of or relating to or involving or practicing endodontics; "an endodontic specialist" endoparasitic of or relating to parasites that live in the internal organs of animals orthodontic of or relating to or involving or practicing orthodontics; "orthodontic braces" periodontic of or relating to or involving or practicing periodontics; "periodontal disease" dermatologic of or relating to or practicing dermatology exodontic of or relating to or involving exodontics; "exodontic surgeon" geriatric of or relating to or practicing geriatrics; "geriatric hospital" of or relating to the aged; "geriatric disorder" German-American of or relating to or characteristic of German Americans gynecological of or relating to or practicing gynecology; "gynecological examination" gymnosophical of or relating to gymnosophy gymnospermous relating to or characteristic of plants of the class Gymnospermae hematologic of or relating to or involved in hematology obstetric of or relating to or used in or practicing obstetrics; "obstetric hospital" neurological of or relating to or used in or practicing neurology; "neurological evidence" spectrometric of or relating to or involving spectrometry spectroscopic of or relating to or involving spectroscopy; "spectroscopic analysis" mass spectroscopic relating to or involving mass spectroscopy mass-spectrometric relating to or involving a mass spectrometer electron microscopic of or relating to or involving an electron microscope insurrectional of or relating to or given to insurrection conspiratorial relating to or characteristic of conspiracy or conspirators; "a conspiratorial whisper"; "the discovery of possible conspirative codes" econometric of or relating to econometrics; "econometric theories" criminological of or relating to or involved in criminology classicistic of or relating to classicism; "the classicistic tradition" ahistorical unconcerned with or unrelated to history or to historical development or to tradition ontological of or relating to ontology; "ontological speculations" pietistic of or relating to Pietism; "the Pietistic movement" Anglo-catholic supporting the Anglican Church Jewish of or relating to Jews or their culture or religion; "He is Jewish"; "a Jewish wedding" Judaic of or relating to or characteristic of the Jews or their culture or religion; "the Judaic idea of justice" Anglo-Jewish of English-speaking Jews and their culture; "Anglo-Jewish papers" evangelistic relating to or promoting the preaching and dissemination of the Christian gospel; "evangelistic fervor"; "the evangelistic concerns of the early church" sculptural relating to or consisting of sculpture; "sculptural embellishments" evaporative relating to or causing or being caused by evaporation; "an evaporative cooler" Kokka of or pertaining to the branch of Shinto recognized as the state religion of Japan Shuha of or pertaining to any Shinto sect other than Kokka Shinto Jain relating to or characteristic of Jainism; "Jain gods" textual of or relating to or based on a text; "textual analysis" Tantric of or relating to Tantrism; "Tantric rituals" electromagnetic pertaining to or exhibiting magnetism produced by electric charge in motion; "electromagnetic energy" horticultural of or relating to the cultivation of plants pro-American supporting the United States and its policies asymptotic relating to or of the nature of an asymptote; "an asymptotic function" subtropical of or relating to or characteristic of conditions in the subtropics; "even near the equator vegetation at 5000 ft is subtropical rather than tropical" anionic of or relating to anions cationic of or relating to cations Satanic of or relating to Satan; "Satanic verses" rabbinical of or relating to rabbis or their teachings; "rabbinical school" arteriosclerotic affected by arteriosclerosis sacramental of or relating to or involving a sacrament mensural having notes of fixed rhythmic value of or relating to measure mensal pertaining to or used at the dining table epicarpal of or relating to the epicarp epithelial of or belonging to the epithelium; "epithelial layer" epitheliod resembling epithelium; "epithelial tissue" pancreatic of or involving the pancreas; "pancreatic cancer" ovarian of or involving the ovaries; "ovarian cancer" ovine of or pertaining to or of the nature of or characteristic of a sheep or sheep ovular of or relating to an ovum being or of the nature of an ovule uterine of or involving the uterus; "uterine cancer" intrauterine within the womb testicular of or involving the testes; "testicular cancer" rectal of or involving the rectum; "rectal cancer" rectosigmoid of or related to or near the sigmoid colon and the upper part of the rectum monozygotic derived from a single fertilized egg; "monozygotic twins" dizygotic derived from two separately fertilized eggs; "dizygotic twins" synaptic (neuroscience) of or involving synapses dendritic (neuroscience) of or relating to or resembling a dendrite; "dendritic fiber" iliac of or relating to the ilium lobar of or relating to or affecting a lobe; "lobar pneumonia" lobate having or resembling a lobe or lobes; "a lobate tongue" hormonal of or relating to or caused by hormones; "hormonal changes" hemispheric of or relating to the cerebral hemispheres occipital of or relating to the occiput; "occipital bone" pneumonic relating to or affecting the lungs; "pulmonary disease" pertaining to or characterized by or affected by pneumonia; "pneumonic plague" intrapulmonary being or occurring within a lung intestinal of or relating to or inside the intestines; "intestinal disease" skeletal of or relating to or forming or attached to a skeleton; "the skeletal system"; "skeletal bones"; "skeletal muscles" adjectival of or relating to or functioning as an adjective; "adjectival syntax"; "an adjective clause" morphemic of or relating to morphemes bimorphemic consisting of two morphemes; "the bimorphemic word `rays'" monomorphemic consisting of only one morpheme; "`raise' is monomorphemic but `rays' is not" polymorphemic consisting of two or more morphemes morphophonemic of or relating to morphophonemics clausal of or relating to or functioning as a clause; "clausal structure" phrasal of or relating to or functioning as a phrase; "phrasal verb" infinitival relating to or formed with the infinitive; "infinitival clause" pronominal relating to pronouns; "pronominal reference" indexical of or relating to or serving as an index indexless lacking an index cruciferous of or relating to or belonging to the plant family Cruciferae choreographic of or concerned with choreography runic relating to or consisting of runes; "runic inscription" scriptural written or relating to writing pentatonic relating to a pentatonic scale anaphoric relating to anaphora; "anaphoric reference" anapestic (of a metric foot) characterized by two short syllables followed by a long one riparian of or relating to or located on the banks of a river or stream; "riparian land" actuarial of or relating to the work of an actuary psycholinguistic of or relating to the psychology of language robotic of or relating to mechanical robots; "among our robotic devices is a vacuum cleaner" rotatory of or relating to or characteristic or causing an axial or orbital turn epicyclic of or relating to an epicycle; "epicyclic gear train" expansionist of or involving or guided by expansionism expiatory having power to atone for or offered by way of expiation or propitiation; "expiatory (or propitiatory) sacrifice" etiological relating to the etiology of a disease; "etiological agent" of or relating to the philosophical study of causation exuvial of or relating to the cast-off skins or cuticles of various animals behavioral of or relating to behavior; "behavioral sciences" East African of or relating to or located in East Africa Afro-Asian of or relating to the nations of Africa and Asia or their peoples; "Afro-Asian population" phenotypical of or relating to or constituting a phenotype; "phenotypical profile" genotypical of or relating to or constituting a genotype; "genotypical pattern" ontogenetic of or relating to the origin and development of individual organisms; "ontogenetic development" phylogenetic of or relating to the evolutionary development of organisms; "phylogenetic development" environmental concerned with the ecological effects of altering the environment; "environmental pollution" of or relating to the external conditions or surroundings; "environmental factors" methodological relating to the methodology of some discipline; "methodological errors" cross-sectional of or relating to a cross section; "a cross-sectional slice" trabecular of or relating to trabeculae tracheal relating to or resembling or functioning like a trachea tractive exerting traction and serving to pull transdermal through the unbroken skin; refers to medications applied directly to the skin (creams or ointments) or in time-release forms (skin patches); "transdermal estrogen"; "percutaneous absorption" transitional of or relating to or characterized by transition; "adolescence is a transitional stage between childhood and adulthood" trophic of or relating to nutrition; "a trophic level on the food chain" tympanic associated with the eardrum resembling a drum tympanitic of or relating to tympanites perceptual of or relating to the act of perceiving; "perceptual stimulus" libidinal belonging to the libido; "libidinal impulses"; "libidinal gratification" developmental of or relating to or constituting development; "developmental psychology" pedagogical of or relating to pedagogy; "pedagogical significance" transatlantic crossing the Atlantic Ocean; "transatlantic flight" monistic of or relating to the philosophical doctrine of monism; "the monistic school would regard national law and international law as an integrated whole"- J.S.Roucek dualistic of or relating to the philosophical doctrine of dualism; "a Manichaean conflict between good and evil" pluralistic of or relating to the philosophical doctrine of pluralism; "a pluralistic culture" pleural of or relating to the pleura or the walls of the thorax; "pleural muscles" hilar of or relating to or located near a hilum lobular of or relating to or resembling a lobule interlobular between lobes or lobules intralobular inside lobes or lobules anastomotic of or relating to or exhibiting anastomosis bronchial relating to or associated with the bronchi; "bronchial tubes"; "bronchial pneumonia" arteriolar of or relating to or involving arterioles bronchiolar of or relating to or involving bronchioles rhombic resembling a rhombus trapezoidal resembling a trapezoid physiological of or relating to the biological study of physiology; "physiological psychology"; "Pavlov's physiological theories" morphologic relating to or concerned with the morphology of plants and animals; "morphological differences" relating to or concerned with the formation of admissible words in a language geomorphologic pertaining to geological structure; "geomorphological features of the Black Hills"; "morphological features of granite"; "structural effects of folding and faulting of the earth's surface" occlusive tending to occlude ohmic of or relating to or measured in ohms mortuary of or relating to a funeral of or relating to or characteristic of death funerary of or for or relating to a funeral; "funerary urn" tactical of or pertaining to tactic or tactics; "a tactical error" cinerary containing or used for ashes of the cremated dead; "a cinerary urn" circulatory relating to circulatory system or to circulation of the blood veinal relating to the veins of plants; "leaves affected with veinal mosaic" circulative of or relating to circulation euphonic of or relating to or characterized by euphony sedimentary resembling or containing or formed by the accumulation of sediment; "sedimentary deposits" Judeo-Christian being historically related to both Judaism and Christianity; "the Judeo-Christian tradition" universalistic of or relating to or tending toward universalism of or relating to the whole Orthodox of or pertaining to or characteristic of Judaism; "Orthodox Judaism" of or relating to or characteristic of the Eastern Orthodox Church dipolar having equal and opposite electric charges or magnetic poles having opposite signs and separated by a small distance deformational relating to or causing change in either shape or size of a material body or geometric figure totemic relating to totemism; "totemic object" Baptistic of or pertaining to or characteristic of the Baptist church; "Baptistic baptismal practices" Congregational of or pertaining to or characteristic of a Congregational church Episcopal of or pertaining to or characteristic of the Episcopal church; "the Episcopal hierarchy"; "married by an Episcopalian minister" revivalistic of or relating to or characterizing revivalism orchestral relating to or composed for an orchestra; "orchestral score" orchestrated arranged for performance by an orchestra autosomal of or relating to an autosome; "autosomal gene" chromosomal of or relating to a chromosome; "chromosomal defect" chronological relating to or arranged according to temporal order; "chronological age" Britannic of Britain; "Her Britannic Majesty" Teutonic of or pertaining to the ancient Teutons or their languages; "Teutonic peoples such as Germans and Scandinavians and British"; "Germanic mythology" Lusitanian of or relating to or characteristic of the region of Lusitania or its people or language Soviet of or relating to or characteristic of the former Soviet Union or its people; "Soviet leaders" Luxembourgian relating to or characteristic of Luxembourg; "Luxembourgian food" Yugoslavian of or relating to or characteristic of the former country of Yugoslavia or its people or languages; "Yugoslavian wine" Moldovan of or relating to or characteristic of Moldova or its people or culture Kyrgyzstani of or relating to or characteristic of Kyrgyzstan or its people or culture Tajikistani of or relating to or characteristic of Tajikistan or it people or culture Uzbekistani of or relating to or characteristic of Uzbekistan or its people or culture Slovakian of or relating to or characteristic of Slovakia or its people or language Bosnian of or relating to or characteristic of Bosnia-Herzegovina or the people of Bosnia Himalayan of or relating to the Himalayas; "Himalayan peaks" Argentine of or relating to or characteristic of Argentina or its people; "Argentinian tango" Manchurian of or relating to or characteristic of Manchuria or its people or their culture; "the Manchurian invasion" Viennese of or relating to or characteristic of Vienna or its inhabitants comic of or relating to or characteristic of comedy; "comic hero" abyssal relating to ocean depths from 2000 to 5000 meters bathyal relating to ocean depths between 200 and 2000 meters (corresponds to the continental slope) hadal relating to the deepest parts of the ocean (below 6000 meters) operculate having an operculum cortical of or relating to a cortex metastatic relating to or affected by metastasis; "metastatic growth" gonadal of or relating to the gonads; "gonadal hormones" agonadal lacking gonads gastrointestinal of or relating to the stomach and intestines; "a gastrointestinal disorder" gastronomic of or relating to gastronomy; "gastronomic adventures" carnal of or relating to the body or flesh; "carnal remains" cross-modal relating to different sense modalities epidemiologic of or relating to epidemiology; "epidemiological studies" quantal of or relating to a quantum or capable of existing in only one of two states Monacan of or relating to or characteristic of Monaco or its people Galwegian of or relating to or characteristic of the Scottish district of Galloway or its people Calcuttan of or relating to or characteristic of Calcutta or its inhabitants circadian of or relating to biological processes occurring at 24-hour intervals; "circadian rhythms" rhinal of or in or relating to the nose; "nasal passages" perinasal near the nose otic of or relating to near the ear retinal in or relating to the retina of the eye; "retinal cells" reductionist of or relating to the theory of reductionism; "reductionist arguments" maturational relating to or involved in maturation; "maturational process" hydrodynamic of or relating to hydrodynamics aerodynamic of or relating to aerodynamics rheologic of or relating to rheology meteoritic of or relating to or caused by meteorites cometary of or relating to or resembling a comet asteroidal of or relating to or resembling an asteroid piezoelectric relating to or involving piezoelectricity; "piezoelectric plates" thyroid suggestive of a thyroid disorder; "thyroid personality" of or relating to the thyroid gland; "thyroid deficiency"; "thyroidal uptake" thyrotoxic of or relating to or affected by hyperthyroidism antithyroid having the effect of counteracting excessive thyroid activity; "antithyroid drugs" congressional of or relating to congress; "congressional hearing" instructional of or relating to or used in instruction; "instructional aids" catechismal of or relating to a catechism summarizing the principles of Christianity catechetical of or relating to or involving catechesis catechistic of or relating to or resembling a rigorous catechism; "the catechistic method" necrotic relating to or affected by necrosis; "necrotic tissue" hypothalamic of or relating to the hypothalamus cortico-hypothalamic of or relating to the cortex and the hypothalamus thalamocortical relating to or connecting the cortex and thalamus; "the thalamocortical system" gestational of or relating to gestation progestational preceding and favoring gestation; of or relating to physiological changes associated with ovulation and formation of the corpus luteum of or relating to progesterone (or to a drug with effects like those of progesterone) macrobiotic of or relating to the theory or practice of macrobiotics; "macrobiotic diet" biotic of or relating to living organisms gubernatorial relating to a governor; "gubernatorial election" vice-presidential relating to a vice president or vice-presidency; "Vice-presidential debates" copular of or relating to a copula; "a copular verb" coronary surrounding like a crown (especially of the blood vessels surrounding the heart); "coronary arteries" corpuscular of or relating to corpuscles volumetric of or relating to measurement by volume; "volumetric analysis" hypothermic of or relating to or affected by hypothermia hyperthermal of or relating to or affected by hyperthermia yogistic of or relating to yoga; "yogic exercises" botulinal of or relating to or produced by the botulinus logistic of or relating to logistics; "logistic requirements" organicistic relating to or tending toward organicism organismal of or relating to or belonging to an organism (considered as a whole); "the organismic theory of the state" artifactual of or relating to artifacts mutafacient capable of inducing mutation (used mainly of intracellular agents) mutagenic capable of inducing mutation (used mainly of extracellular factors such as X-rays or chemical pollution) mutational of or relating to or resulting from mutation mutative of or pertaining to or marked by genetic mutation; "the mutative processes of nature" serologic of or relating to serology chromatographic of or relating to chromatography naturistic in accord with naturism congeneric belonging to the same genus mediatorial of or relating to a mediator or the duties of a mediator mediatory of or related to or directed toward mediation curatorial of or relating to a curator or the duties of a curator; "curatorial duties" epiphyseal relating to the epiphysis of a bone diaphyseal relating to the diaphysis of a bone theocratic of or relating to or being a theocracy; "a theocratic state" teleological of or relating to teleology sentential of or relating to a sentence; "the sentential subject" intrasentential of or relating to constituents within a sentence; "intrasentential co-occurrence" cross-sentential of or relating to relations between sentences scopal of or relating to scope; "scopal dependency" bubaline relating to or resembling a buffalo embolic of or relating to an embolism or embolus falconine relating to or resembling a falcon ferial of or relating to or being a feria faucal of or relating to the fauces futuristic of or relating to futurism; "futurist art" gallinaceous of or relating to or resembling a gallinacean geodetic of or relating to or determined by geodesy homophonous characteristic of the phenomenon of words of different origins that are pronounced the same way; "`horse' and `hoarse' are homophonous words" lacustrine of or relating to or living near lakes liturgical of or relating to or in accord with liturgy logarithmic of or relating to or using logarithms; "logarithmic function" Markovian relating to or generated by a Markov process marmorean of or relating to or characteristic of marble marly of or relating to or resembling or abounding in marl mesonic of or pertaining to a meson; "the radii of the mesic orbits"- Lawrence Wilets metric based on the meter as a standard of measurement; "the metric system"; "metrical equivalents" non-metric not based on the meter as a standard of measurement mythic relating to or having the nature of myth; "a novel of almost mythic consequence" nacreous consisting of or resembling mother-of-pearl normative relating to or dealing with norms; "normative discipline"; "normative samples" North African of or relating to northern Africa pharyngeal of or relating to the throat; "pharyngeal fricatives" phrenic of or relating to the diaphragm; "phrenic nerve" prosodic of or relating to the rhythmic aspect of language or to the suprasegmental phonemes of pitch and stress and juncture and nasalization and voicing appetitive of or relating to appetite; "appetitive needs" aversive tending to repel or dissuade; "aversive conditioning" promissory relating to or having the character of a promise; "promissory note" quartzose relating to or made of quartz quintessential representing the perfect example of a class or quality roentgenographic relating to or produced by roentgenography rotary relating to or characterized by rotation; "rotary dial" tricentenary of or relating to or completing a period of 300 years national socialist relating to a form of socialism; "the national socialist party came to power in Germany in 1933" zymotic relating to or caused by infection of or relating to or causing fermentation osmotic of or relating to osmosis; "osmotic pressure" evolutionary of or relating to or produced by evolution; "evolutionary biology" oracular of or relating to an oracle; "able by oracular means to expose a witch" peritoneal of or relating to or affecting the peritoneum; "peritoneal cancer" Epicurean of Epicurus or epicureanism; "Epicurean philosophy" contextual relating to or determined by or in context; "contextual information" nutritional of or relating to or providing nutrition; "nutritional information" paramagnetic of or relating to a paramagnet motional of or relating to or characterized by motion hydrometric of or relating to hydrometry thermohydrometric of or relating to thermal hydrometry ferromagnetic relating to or demonstrating ferromagnetism Afghani of or relating to or characteristic of Afghanistan or its people idiomatic of or relating to or conforming to idiom; "idiomatic English" dialectal belonging to or characteristic of a dialect; "dialectal variation" percussive involving percussion or featuring percussive instruments; "percussive music" enzymatic of or relating to or produced by an enzyme nonenzymatic not relating to or produced by enzymes; "nonenzymatic systems" iodinated treated with iodine; "iodized salt" dramaturgic relating to the technical aspects of drama autodidactic relating to or having the characteristics of an autodidact aneuploid having a chromosome number that is not an exact multiple of the haploid number aneurysmal relating to or affected by an aneurysm alluvial of or relating to alluvium doctrinal relating to or involving or preoccupied with doctrine; "quibbling over doctrinal minutiae" philanthropic of or relating to or characterized by philanthropy; "a philanthropic society" philatelic of or relating to philately or of interest to philatelists aerophilatelic of or relating to airmail stamps pleochroic of or relating to or having pleochroism sternal of or relating to or near the sternum congestive relating to or affected by an abnormal collection of blood or other fluid; "congestive heart disease" hemolytic relating to or involving or causing hemolysis; "hemolytic anemia" sarcolemmal of or relating to the sarcolemma sarcosomal of or relating to sarcosomes urinary of or relating to the function or production or secretion of urine of or relating to the urinary system of the body atheromatous of or relating to or resembling atheroma; "atheromatous degeneration of the arteries" basophilic staining readily with basic dyes intimal of or relating to the intima coeliac of or in or belonging to the cavity of the abdomen celiac belonging to or prescribed for celiac disease; "a celiac diet" emphysematous relating to or resembling or being emphysema granulocytic of or relating to granulocytes atrophic relating to or characterized by atrophy; "atrophic arthritis" mesenteric of or relating to or located in a mesentery glomerular of or relating to glomeruli calcific involving or resulting from calcification fibrocalcific involving or resulting from calcification of fibrous tissue pyknotic of or relating to or exhibiting pyknosis eosinophilic of or relating to eosinophil papillary of or relating to or resembling papilla papillate resembling or covered with papillae vesicular of or relating to or involving vesicles; "normal vesicular breathing" vestibular relating to the sense of equilibrium vertebral of or relating to or constituting vertebrae neocortical of or relating to the neocortex of the cerebrum paleocortical of or relating to the olfactory cortex of the cerebrum limbic of or relating to or forming a limbus fugal of or relating to or in the style of a musical fugue parasympathetic of or relating to the parasympathetic nervous system parasympathomimetic having an effect similar to that resulting from stimulation of the parasympathetic nervous system; "parasympathomimetic drugs slow the heart rate" hypophyseal of or relating to the hypophysis hyperemic relating to or caused by hyperemia neuropsychiatric of or relating to neuropsychiatry psychopharmacological of or relating to psychopharmacology salivary of or relating to saliva; "salivary gland" nilpotent equal to zero when raised to a certain power megakaryocytic of or pertaining to large bone marrow cells megaloblastic of or relating to megaloblasts myelinic of or relating to the substance that forms a sheath around the axon of some nerve fibers myeloid of or relating to bone marrow of or relating to the spinal cord marrowlike myocardial of or relating to the myocardium myoid resembling muscle myotonic of or relating to or caused by myotonia triumphal relating to or celebrating a triumph; "a triumphal procession"; "a triumphal arch" neo-Darwinian of or relating to Darwin's theories as modified by modern genetic findings; "Neo-Darwinian theories" neo-Lamarckian of or relating to a modern version of Lamarckism; "Neo-Lamarckian theories" microbial of or involving or caused by or being microbes; "microbial warfare" cochlear of or relating to the cochlea of the ear; "cochlear implant" lumbar of or relating to or near the part of the back between the ribs and the hipbones; "lumbar vertebrae" lumbosacral of or relating to or near the small of the back and the back part of the pelvis between the hips biflagellate having two flagella; "a biflagellate zoospore" Hellenic relating to or characteristic of the classical Greek civilization Panhellenic of or relating to all the Greeks; "the Olympic Games were a Panhellenic celebration" Mycenaean of or relating to or characteristic of ancient Mycenae or its inhabitants; "Mycenaean bronzes" Boeotian of or relating to ancient Boeotia or its people or to the dialect spoken there in classical times; "Boeotian dialects" Dipylon of or relating to a gateway on the west of ancient Athens topographical concerned with topography; "a topographical engineer"; "a topographical survey"; "topographic maps" endothelial of or relating to or located in the endothelium taxonomic of or relating to taxonomy; "taxonomic relations"; "a taxonomic designation" classificatory relating to or involving classification; "classificatory criteria" eutherian of or relating to or belonging to the subclass Eutheria; "eutherian mammals" proteolytic of or relating to proteolysis microsomal of or relating to microsomes mithraic of or relating to Mithraism or its god mitotic of or relating to or undergoing mitosis mitral of or relating to or located in or near the mitral valve; "mitral insufficiency" relating to or resembling the miter worn by some clerics follicular of or relating to or constituting a follicle philological of or relating to or dealing with philology patristic of or relating to the writings of the early church fathers saprobic living in or being an environment rich in organic matter but lacking oxygen katharobic of living being in an oxygenated environment lacking organic matter shouldered having shoulders or shoulders as specified; usually used as a combining form; "stoop-shouldered"; "broad-shouldered" shrubby of or relating to or resembling a shrub etymological based on or belonging to etymology; "I merely drew an etymological distinction" epiphytic of or relating to epiphytes lithophytic of or relating to lithophytes budgetary of or relating to a budget; "budgetary considerations" ascomycetous related to or characteristic of fungi of the class Ascomycetes pianistic skilled at or adapted for the piano; "pianistic abilities" of or relating to the piano Scots of or relating to or characteristic of Scotland or its people or culture or its English dialect or Gaelic language; "Scots Gaelic"; "the Scots community in New York"; "`Scottish' tends to be the more formal term as in `The Scottish Symphony' or `Scottish authors' or `Scottish mountains'"; "`Scotch' is in disfavor with Scottish people and is used primarily outside Scotland except in such frozen phrases as `Scotch broth' or `Scotch whiskey' or `Scotch plaid'" Corsican of or relating to or characteristic of Corsica or its people Alpine relating to the Alps and their inhabitants; "Alpine countries, Switzerland, Italy, France, and Germany" Andean relating to the Andes and their inhabitants myrmecophytic of or relating to myrmecophytes tuberous of or relating to or resembling a tuber; "a tuberous root" semi-tuberous partly tuberous saponaceous resembling or having the qualities of soap; "a soapy consistency" narial of or relating to or near the nares Falstaffian of or resembling Falstaff Gaussian of or relating to Karl Gauss or his mathematical theories of magnetics or electricity or astronomy or probability; "Gaussian distribution" Aeschylean of or relating to or in the manner of Aeschylus Audenesque in the manner of W. H. Auden Balzacian of or relating to Honore de Balzac or his writings Beethovenian of or relating to Ludwig van Beethoven or his music Bismarckian of or relating to Prince Otto von Bismarck or his accomplishments Bogartian of or relating to or in the style of Humphrey Bogart Caesarian of or relating to or in the manner of Julius Caesar cesarean relating to abdominal delivery Coleridgian of or relating to Samuel Taylor Coleridge or his writings Columbian of or relating to Christopher Columbus pre-Columbian of or relating to or originating in the Americas before the arrival of Columbus Cromwellian of or relating to or in the manner of Oliver Cromwell Dantean of or relating to Dante Alighieri or his writings Demosthenic of or relating to Demosthenes or his oratory Deweyan of or relating to John Dewey or his philosophy Donnean of or relating to or in the manner of John Donne Dostoevskian of or relating to or in the style of Feodor Dostoevski Draconian of or relating to Draco or his harsh code of laws; "Draconian measures" Einsteinian of or relating to Albert Einstein or his theories; "the Einsteinian universe" Erasmian of or relating to or in the manner of Erasmus Frostian of or relating to or in the manner of Robert Frost Gandhian of or relating to Mahatma Gandhi or his teachings Gauguinesque in the manner of Paul Gauguin Goethean of or relating to or in the manner of Goethe Handelian of or relating to or in the manner of George Frederick Handel Hemingwayesque in the manner of Ernest Hemingway Hitlerian of or relating to or suggestive of Adolf Hitler or his Nazi regime in Germany Hugoesque in the manner of Victor Hugo Huxleyan of or relating to Thomas Huxley Ibsenian of or relating to or in the manner of the playwright Henrik Ibsen Proustian of or relating to or in the manner of Marcel Proust Socratic of or relating to Socrates or to his method of teaching; "Socratic teaching" Kantian of or relating to Immanuel Kant or his philosophy Kiplingesque in the manner of Rudyard Kipling Leibnizian of or relating to Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz or to his mathematics or philosophy Leonardesque in the manner of Leonardo da Vinci Lincolnesque of or relating to or in the manner of Abraham Lincoln Marian of or relating to or venerating the Virgin Mary Michelangelesque in the manner of Michelangelo Muhammadan of or relating to the Arabian prophet Muhammad or to the religion he founded most-favored-nation of or relating to a commercial treaty where two nations agree to accord each other the same favorable terms that would be offered in treaties with any other nation Mozartian of or relating to or in the manner of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart Napoleonic of or relating to or like Napoleon Bonaparte; "Napoleonic Wars" Pasteurian of or relating to Louis Pasteur or his experiments Pavlovian of or relating to Ivan Pavlov or his experiments; "Pavlovian conditioning" Piagetian of or relating to or like or in the manner of Jean Piaget eponymous being or relating to or bearing the name of an eponym Pythagorean of or relating to Pythagoras or his geometry; "Pythagorean philosophy"; "Pythagorean theorem" Rembrandtesque in the manner of Rembrandt Riemannian of or relating to Riemann's non-Euclidean geometry Rooseveltian of or relating to or like or in the manner of Franklin Roosevelt Senecan of or relating to or like or in the manner of the Roman Seneca Stravinskyan of or relating to or like or in the manner of Stravinsky Thoreauvian relating to or like or in the manner of Henry David Thoreau Voltarian in the manner of Voltaire Wordsworthian in the manner of William Wordsworth Wittgensteinian in the manner of Ludwig Wittgenstein Yeatsian in the manner of William Butler Yeats Zolaesque in the manner of Emile Zola Hebraic of or relating to the language of the Hebrews; "Hebrew vowels" of or relating to or characteristic of the Hebrews; "the old Hebrew prophets" monocarpic dying after bearing fruit only once puerperal relating to or connected with or occurring at the time of childbirth or shortly following, or to the woman who has just given birth acetic relating to or containing acetic acid actinic relating to or exhibiting actinism aldermanic of or relating to or like an alderman dyslexic of or relating to or symptomatic of dyslexia Moravian of or relating to the people or culture of Moravia dichromatic of or relating to dichromatism ambassadorial of or relating to or characteristic of ambassadors amoebic pertaining to or resembling amoebae; "amoebic dysentery" anaesthetic relating to or producing insensibility accusatorial specifically indicating a form of prosecution in which one is publicly accused of and tried for a crime and in which the judge is not also the prosecutor aneroid containing no liquid or actuated without the use of liquid; "aneroid barometer" prenuptial relating to events before a marriage; "prenuptial agreement" postnuptial relating to events after a marriage anti-semitic relating to or characterized by anti-Semitism; hating Jews antiquarian of or relating to antiques or antiquities of or relating to persons who study or deal in antiques or antiquities appellate of or relating to or taking account of appeals (usually legal appeals); "appellate court" anecdotal having the character of an anecdote; "anecdotal evidence" arithmetical relating to or involving arithmetic; "arithmetical computations" armorial of or relating to heraldry or heraldic arms; "armorial bearing" aspectual of or belonging to an aspect (as an aspect of the verb); "the aspectual system of Greek" asphyxiated in a state of asphyxia Augustan relating to or characteristic of the times of the Roman Emperor Augustus; "the Augustan Age" Bantoid relating to or designating languages that possess characteristics of Bantu; "Bantoid languages" baptismal of or relating to baptism; "baptismal font" bardic being a bard or relating to a bard's poetry; "bardic poetry" biographic of or relating to or being biography; "biographical data" bituminous resembling or containing bitumen; "bituminous coal" bituminoid like bitumen bivariate having two variables; "bivariate binomial distribution" bladdery resembling a bladder blastemal of or relating to blastemata blastocoelic of or relating to a segmentation cavity blastodermatic of or relating to a blastoderm blastomeric of or relating to a blastomere blastomycotic of or relating to or characteristic of blastomycosis blastoporal of or relating to a blastopore blastospheric of or relating to a blastula boric of or relating to or derived from or containing boron; "boric acid" bubonic of or evidencing buboes; "bubonic plague" bungaloid characterized by bungalows; "the bungaloid suburbs" bureaucratic of or relating to or resembling a bureaucrat or bureaucracy; "his bureaucratic behavior annoyed his colleagues"; "a bureaucratic nightmare" burglarious involving or resembling burglary; "burglarious tools" cannibalistic characteristic of cannibals or exhibiting cannibalism; "cannibalistic behavior" cantonal of or relating to a canton carboniferous of or relating to the Carboniferous geologic era; "carboniferous rock system" carpal of or relating to the wrist; "Carpal tunnel syndrome" casuistic of or relating to the use of ethical principles to resolve moral problems of or relating to or practicing casuistry; "overly subtle casuistic reasoning" catalytic relating to or causing or involving catalysis; "catalytic reactions" catatonic characterized by catatonia especially either rigidity or extreme laxness of limbs citric of or related to citric acid citrous of or relating to or producing fruit of the plants of the genus Citrus; "the citrus production of Florida" of or relating to plants of the genus Citrus; "a citrous disease" climatic of or relating to a climate; "climatic changes" concessive of or pertaining to concession consular having to do with a consul or his office or duties creaseproof of fabric that does not wrinkle easily creedal of or relating to a creed cretaceous abounding in chalk cybernetic of or relating the principles of cybernetics; "cybernetic research" cyclonic of or relating to or characteristic of a violent tropical storm; "cyclonic destruction" of or relating to or characteristic of the atmosphere around a low pressure center; "cyclonic cloud pattern" cyclopean of or relating to or resembling the Cyclops; "Cyclopean eye" cyclothymic of or relating to or exhibiting cyclothymia Cyprian of or relating to Cyprus or its people or culture; "Cypriot expatriates"; "Cypriote monasteries" Cyrillic relating to or written in the alphabet used for writing Slavic languages; "Cyrillic writing" dacitic relating to or consisting of dacite; "dacitic magma is highly viscous" dactylic of or consisting of dactyls; "dactylic meter" daisylike resembling a daisy defervescent of or relating to the reduction of a fever departmental of or relating to a department; "departmental policy" interdepartmental between or among departments; "interdepartmental competition" between departments; "this memo was circulated interdepartmentally" intradepartmental within a department; "intradepartmental memos" demagogic characteristic of or resembling a demagogue; "demagogic speeches" disciplinary relating to a specific field of academic study; "economics in its modern disciplinary sense" relating to discipline in behavior; "disciplinary problems in the classroom" interdisciplinary drawing from or characterized by participation of two or more fields of study; "interdisciplinary studies"; "an interdisciplinary conference" dolomitic relating to or consisting of dolomite domiciliary of or relating to or provided in a domicile; "domiciliary medical care"; "domiciliary caves" ducal of or belonging to or suitable for a duke; "ducal palace" ductless not having a duct; "ductless glands" empiric relying on medical quackery; "empiric treatment" endometrial of or relating to the endometrium endoscopic of or relating to endoscopy enteric of or relating to the enteron entomological of or relating to the biological science of entomology; "entomological research" entozoan of or relating to entozoa epizoan of or relating to epizoa ethnographic of or relating to ethnography; "ethnographical data" ethnological of or relating to ethnology; "ethnological field work" euclidian relating to geometry as developed by Euclid; "Euclidian geometry" faecal of or relating to feces; "fecal matter" Gallic of or pertaining to Gaul or the Gauls; "Ancient Gallic dialects"; "Gallic migrations"; "the Gallic Wars" genealogic of or relating to genealogy; "genealogical records" Ghanaian of or relating to or characteristic of Ghana or its people or language; "Ghanaian cocoa production" gladiatorial of or relating to or resembling gladiators or their combat; "gladiatorial combats" glandular relating to or affecting or functioning as a gland; "glandular malfunctions" gonadotropic of or relating to or involving gonadotropin greenside adjacent to a putting green; "greenside bunker" Gregorian of or relating to Pope Gregory XIII or the calendar he introduced in 1582 of or relating to Pope Gregory I or to the plainsong chants of the Roman Catholic Church gyroscopic having the characteristics of a gyroscope Hispaniolan of or relating to the West Indian island of Hispaniola Hispanic related to a Spanish-speaking people or culture; "the Hispanic population of California is growing rapidly" histological of or relating to histology Hertzian of or relating to the physicist Heinrich Hertz or his work; "Hertzian discoveries" hiplength extending to or just over the hips; "a hiplength jacket" Hippocratic of or relating to Hippocrates or the school of medicine that took his name homeopathic of or relating to the practice of homeopathy; "homeopathic medicine" allopathic of or relating to the practice of allopathy; "allopathic remedies" Homeric relating to or characteristic of Homer or his age or the works attributed to him; "Homeric Greek" homiletic of or relating to homiletics; "homiletic speech" of the nature of a homily or sermon hydraulic of or relating to the study of hydraulics; "hydraulic engineer" moved or operated or effected by liquid (water or oil); "hydraulic erosion"; "hydraulic brakes" hydropathic of or relating to hydropathy or its administration; "hydropathic treatments" imperialistic of or relating to imperialism; "imperialistic wars" tribal relating to or characteristic of a tribe; "tribal customs" intertribal between or among tribes; "intertribal warfare" Jacobinic of or relating to the Jacobins of the French Revolution; "Jacobinic terrorism" Jesuitical having qualities characteristic of Jesuits or Jesuitism; "Jesuitical education" journalistic of or relating to or having the characteristics of journalism; "journalistic writing" Jovian of or pertaining to or befitting the Roman deity Jupiter; "Jovian thunderbolts"; "Jovian wrath" of or pertaining to or characteristic of or resembling the planet Jupiter; "Jovian satellites" karyokinetic of or relating to the division of the nucleus of a cell during mitosis or meiosis knee-length extending to the knee Laotian of or relating to Laos or its people; "the Laotian Prime Minister"; "Laotian refugees" Laputan relating to or characteristic of the imaginary country of Laputa or its people lenten of or relating to or suitable for Lent; "lenten food" lithographic of or produced by or involved in lithography; "lithographic reproduction" malarial of or infected by or resembling malaria; "malarial fever" manorial of or relating to or based on the manor; "manorial accounts" mayoral of or relating to a mayor or the office of mayor; "mayoral elections" megalithic of or relating to megaliths or the people who erected megaliths; "megalithic monuments like Stonehenge" mentholated containing, or impregnated with, menthol; "mentholated cough syrup" meritocratic relating to or characteristic of a meritocracy; "meritocratic society" metallurgical of or relating to metallurgy; "metallurgical engineer" methylated having received a methyl group; "methylated alcohol" milch giving milk; bred or suitable primarily for milk production; "milch goats, milch camels" Neanderthal relating to or belonging to or resembling Neanderthal man; "Neanderthal skull" nebular of or relating to or resembling a nebula; "the nebular hypothesis of the origin of the solar system" nectariferous possessing nectaries nectar-rich of plants that are rich in nectar eolithic of or relating to the earliest period of the Stone Age (characterized by the use of eoliths) mesolithic of or relating to a middle period of the Stone Age (following the paleolithic) neolithic of or relating to the most recent period of the Stone Age (following the mesolithic); "evidence of neolithic settlements" paleolithic of or relating to the second period of the Stone Age (following the eolithic); "paleolithic artifacts" neuralgic of or relating to or suffering from neuralgia; "neuralgic pains" Nicaean of or relating to the ancient city of Nicaea in Asia Minor nitrogen-fixing contributing to the process of nitrogen fixation nitrogenous of or relating to or containing nitrogen azotic of or containing nitrogen; "nitric acid" nontranslational of or relating to movement that is not uniform or not without rotation Nordic relating to Germany and Scandinavia; "Hitler wanted Nordic people to rule Europe" of or relating to or constituting the Scandinavian group of languages; "Nordic languages have a gender system" Olympic of or relating to the Olympic Games; "Olympic winners" open-source of or relating to or being computer software for which the source code is freely available optative relating to a mood of verbs in some languages; "optative verb endings" indicating an option or wish subjunctive relating to a mood of verbs; "subjunctive verb endings" implicational relating to or concerned with logical implication; "implicational language universals" ornithological of or relating to ornithology; "her ornithological interests" orthopedic of or relating to orthopedics; "orthopedic shoes" orthoptic of or relating to normal binocular vision outdoor pertaining to or concerning the outdoors or outdoor activities; "outdoor education is the area of teacher training concerned with training for outdoor activities" parenteral located outside the alimentary tract administered by means other than through the alimentary tract (as by intramuscular or intravenous injection) participial of or relating to or consisting of participles; "participial inflections" pectic of or relating to or derived from pectin; "pectic acid" penile of or relating to the penis; "penile erection" scrotal relating to or having or lying within a scrotum; "scrotal mammals"; "scrotal testes" peninsular of or forming or resembling a peninsula; "peninsular isolation" pentavalent having a valence of five pentecostal of or relating to or occurring at Pentecost of or relating to or characteristic of any of various Pentecostal religious bodies or their members phonic relating to speech pertaining to the phonic method of teaching reading phosphorous containing or characteristic of phosphorus; "phosphoric acid" piratical characteristic of pirates; "piratical attackers" characteristic of piracy; "piratical editions of my book" piscatorial relating to or characteristic of the activity of fishing; "a piscatory life" polygonal having many sides or relating to a surface marked by polygons; "polygonal structure" porcine relating to or suggesting swine; "comparison between human and porcine pleasures" porphyritic (of rocks) consisting of porphyry or containing large crystals in a fine groundmass of minerals postganglionic beyond or distal to a ganglion (referring especially to the unmyelinated fibers that originate from cells in autonomic ganglia) postictal pertaining to the period following a seizure or convulsion; "postictal drowsiness" postmillennial of or relating to the period following the millennium postural of or relating to or involving posture; "postural exercises" praetorian of or relating to a Roman praetor; "praetorial powers" prepositional of or relating to or formed with a preposition; "prepositional phrase" primiparous of or relating to a woman who has given birth only once prefectural of or relating to a prefecture; "a prefectural museum" probabilistic of or relating to or based on probability; "probabilistic quantum theory" of or relating to the Roman Catholic philosophy of probabilism procedural of or relating to procedure; "a procedural violation" proconsular of or relating to or typical of a proconsul; "proconsular offices" promotional of or relating to serving as publicity; "promotional fares" of or relating to advancement; "promotional exams" propulsive having the power to propel; "propulsive coefficient" pudendal of or relating to or near the pudendum; "pudendal nerve" puerile of or characteristic of a child; "puerile breathing" pugilistic of or relating to pugilism or pugilists; "a pugilistic career" purgatorial of or resembling purgatory; "purgatorial fires" serving to purge or rid of sin; "purgatorial rites" puritanical of or relating to Puritans or Puritanism pyemic of or relating to pyemia pyloric relating to or near the pylorus pyogenic producing pus pyrectic having or causing fever pyrochemical of or relating to or produced by chemical reactions at high temperatures pyroelectric relating to or exhibiting pyroelectricity pyrogallic of or relating to pyrogallol pyrogenic produced by or producing fever pyrographic of or relating to or produced by pyrography pyroligneous of a substance produced by the effect of heat on wood, especially by destructive distillation pyrolytic resulting from pyrolysis quadraphonic of or relating to quadraphony; "his quadraphonic sound system" Quechuan of or relating to the Quechua or their language Rabelaisian of or relating to or characteristic of Francois Rabelais or his works; "Rabelaisian characters" rayless having no parts resembling rays; not having ray flowers recessionary of or pertaining to a recession regimental belonging to or concerning a regiment; "regimental units" residuary entitled to the residue of an estate (after payment of debts and specific gifts); "the residuary part of the estate"; "the residuary beneficiary" resistive exhibiting or relating to electrical resistance; "resistive load" respiratory pertaining to respiration; "respiratory assistance" inspiratory pertaining to the drawing in phase of respiration expiratory of or relating to the breathing out phase of respiration reversionary of or relating to or involving a reversion (especially a legal reversion); "reversionary annuity"; "reversionary interest" Rhenish of or relating to the Rhine River and the lands adjacent to it; "Rhenish wines tend to be sweet" rhizomatous producing or possessing or resembling rhizomes rhizoidal of or relating to a rhizoid ritualistic of or characterized by or adhering to ritualism; "a feudal or ritualistic society"; "the ritualistic killing of a sheep" romaic relating to modern Greece or its inhabitants or its language rotational of or pertaining to rotation; "rotational inertia" sacrificial used in or connected with a sacrifice; "sacrificial lamb" satyric of or relating to or having the characteristics of a satyr; "this satyric old man pursues young girls" Saudi-Arabian of or relating to Saudi Arabia or its people; "the Saudi-Arabian desert"; "the Saudi royal family" saxicolous growing on or living among rocks schismatic of or relating to or involved in or characteristic of schism; "schismatic sects" scorbutic of or relating to or having or resembling scurvy; "scorbutic symptoms" scotomatous relating to scotoma sericultural of or relating to sericulture; "sericultural industry" serous of or producing or containing serum; "a serous exudate" Singhalese of or relating to the Sinhalese people; "Sinhalese rebels fighting the Tamils" Sinhala of or relating to the Sinhalese languages; "the Sinhalese versions of the Ramayana" Slavonic of or relating to Slavic languages small-capitalization of stocks of companies with a market capitalization of less than one billion dollars spicate having or relating to spikes; "spicate inflorescence" spiny-finned of or relating to fish with spiny fins spondaic of or consisting of spondees; "spondaic hexameter" stereoscopic of or relating to stereoscopy; "stereoscopic vision" of or relating to a stereoscope; "stereoscopic lenses" stingless without a sting substantival of or relating to or having the nature or function of a substantive (i.e. a noun or noun equivalent); "a substantival constituent" gerundial relating to or like a gerund; "the gerundial suffix `-ing'" sulphuric of or relating to or containing sulfur; "sulphuric esters" systolic of or relating to a systole or happening during a systole extrasystolic of or relating to or happening during an extrasystole tannic derived from tannin tartaric relating to or derived from or resembling tartar; "tartaric acid" telephonic of or relating to telephony; "telephonic connection" terminological of or concerning terminology; "terminological disputes" terpsichorean of or relating to dancing; "her terpsichorean activities" tertian of or relating to a tonal system based on major thirds; "a tertian tonal system" relating to symptoms (especially malarial fever) that appear every other day; "tertian fever" tetanic of or relating to or causing tetanus of or relating to or causing tetany tetravalent haveing a valence of four textile of or relating to fabrics or fabric making; "textile research" theosophical of or relating to theosophy; "theosophical writings" thermionic of or relating to or characteristic of thermions; "thermionic cathode" thermometric of or relating to thermometry; "helium gas was the thermometric fluid" thermostatic of or relating to a thermostat; "thermostatic control" thespian of or relating to drama; "the movie director had thespian cooperation" tonsorial of or relating to barbers and barbering; "tonsorial work"; "tonsorial parlor" translational of or relating to uniform movement without rotation trihydroxy containing three hydroxyl groups trivalent having a valence of three trochaic of or consisting of trochees; "trochaic dactyl" trophoblastic of or relating to the trophoblast; "trophoblastic cancer" trophotropic of or relating to trophotropism Turkic of or relating to the people who speak the Turkic language uric in or relating to or obtained from urine; "uric acid" uricosuric acting to increase the excretion of uric acid in the urine uvular of or relating to or associated with the uvula; "the uvular r" vaginal of or relating to the vagina; "vaginal suppository" valvular relating to or operating by means of valves vehicular of or relating to or intended for (motor) vehicles; "vehicular traffic" vestiary relating to clothing (especially vestments) vestmental of or relating to or resembling a vestment veterinary of or relating to veterinarians or veterinary medicine vibrionic caused by bacteria of the genus Vibrio; "vibrionic dysentery" viceregal of or relating to a viceroy; "the viceregal visit" voyeuristic of or relating to voyeurs or voyeurism; "his voyeuristic pleasures" weatherly (of a sailing vessel) making very little leeway when close-hauled wheaten of or relating to or derived from wheat; "wheaten bread" oaten of or related to or derived from oats; "oaten bread" woolen of or related to or made of wool; "a woolen sweater" xerographic of or relating to xerography Zairean of or relating to or characteristic of Zaire or its people; "Zairean elections" zenithal relating to or located at or near the zenith bizonal relating to or concerned with the combined affairs of two administrative zones; "Bizonal currency was used in occupied Germany after World War II" zodiacal relating to or included in the zodiac; "zodiacal constellations" ammoniated combined or treated with ammonia; "ammoniated mercury" carroty resembling the bright orange of the root of the carrot plant; "a boy with carroty hair" philhellenic characterized by a love of Greece and Grecian things; "the Philhellenic Society" paniculate having a panicle phyllodial having a phyllode rupestral composed of or inscribed on rock; "rupestral drawings in the caves of Northern Spain" Kafkaesque relating to or in the manner of Franz Kafka or his writings Faustian pertaining to or resembling or befitting Faust or Faustus especially in insatiably striving for worldly knowledge and power even at the price of spiritual values; "a Faustian pact with the Devil" invitational pertaining to or characteristic of an invitation involucrate having an involucre anthropocentric human-centered; "our anthropocentric view of the world" ethnocentric centered on a specific ethnic group, usually one's own shallow-draft of vessels whose keel is not far below the waterline; "a shallow-draft river boat" shamanist of or relating to shamanism shambolic (British slang) disorderly or chaotic; "it's a shambolic system" sharp-pointed having a sharp point shelflike resembling a shelf (or considered to resemble a shelf); "shelflike table" short-handled having a short handle short-order of or relating to food that can be prepared quickly; "a short-order cook" side-to-side alternately left and right with respect to a central point; "the side-to-side motion of the boat" sulcate having deep narrow furrows or grooves hymenal of or relating to the hymen servomechanical of or involving servomechanisms onomatopoeic of or relating to or characterized by onomatopoeia dictyopteran of or relating to or belonging to the order Dictyoptera isopteran relating to or characteristic of insects of the order Isoptera obligational relating or constituting or qualified to create a legal or financial obligation; "obligational authority" osseous composed of or containing bone; "osseous tissue" ossicular pertaining to the ossicles in the middle ear ossiferous containing bones (especially fossil bones); "ossiferous caves" osteal relating to bone or to the skeleton abolitionary relating to or favoring abolition, especially abolition of slavery abomasal relating to the abomasum (the fourth compartment of the stomach of ruminants) accessional of or constituting an accession accipitrine of or relating to or belonging to the genus Accipiter (or to typical hawks) accommodational of or relating to the accommodation of the lens of the eye; "accommodational strain" acculturational of or relating to acculturation centromeric pertaining to the dense specialized portion of a chromosome to which the spindle attaches during mitosis acrocentric having a subterminal centromere; "an acrocentric chromosome" metacentric having two equal arms because of the median position of the centromere; "a metacentric chromosome" of or relating to the metacenter mud-brick of or incorporating mud bricks telocentric having the form of a straight rod because the centromere is in a terminal position; "a telocentric chromosome" anaphylactic related to the hypersensitivity known as anaphylaxis; "anaphylactic shock" bronchoscopic of or relating to an instrument for examining the interior of the bronchi bryophytic relating to plants of the division Bryophyta bulbaceous producing or growing from bulbs bulbed having a bulb bulbar involving the medulla oblongata; "bulbar paralysis" scalic of or related to a musical scale; "scalic patterns" rosaceous of or pertaining to or characteristic of plants of the family Rosaceae streptococcal of or relating to or caused by streptococci subclavian situated beneath the clavicle thalloid of or relating to or resembling or consisting of a thallus thallophytic pertaining to or characteristic of thallophytes ulcerative of or relating to or characterized by ulceration; "ulcerative colitis" ultramicroscopic too small to be seen without an ultramicroscope undescended (of the testis) remaining in the abdomen instead of descending into the scrotum undulatory resembling waves in form or outline or motion point-of-sale of or relating to or being the location where something is purchased vasomotor relating to the nerves and muscles that cause the blood vessels to constrict or dilate vesical of or relating to a bladder (especially the urinary bladder) viscometric of or relating to the measurement of viscosity viricidal tending to destroy viruses vitiliginous of or relating to or having vitiligo ratlike resembling or characteristic of a rat salamandriform shaped like a salamander salvific pertaining to the power of salvation or redemption sidearm (of pitches) made with the arm moving parallel to the ground; "a sidearm pitch" in a sidearm manner; "he prefers to throw sidearm" varicelliform resembling the rash of chickenpox wedge-shaped shaped like a wedge WYSIWYG relating to or being a word processing system that prints the text exactly as it appears on the computer screen X-linked relating to genes or characteristics or conditions carried on the X chromosome; "an X-linked mutation" zoonotic of or relating to or constituting zoonosis; "the Ebola virus is believed to be zoonotic" zygomatic of or relating to the cheek region of the face zymoid resembling an enzyme .22 caliber of or relating to the bore of a gun (or its ammunition) that measures twenty-two hundredths of an inch in diameter; "a .22 caliber pistol" .38 caliber of or relating to the bore of a gun (or its ammunition) that measures thirty-eight hundredths of an inch in diameter; "a .38 caliber shell" .45 caliber of or relating to the bore of a gun (or its ammunition) that measures forty-five hundredths of an inch in diameter nosohusial taking place related or acquired under home healthcare; "nosohusial infections" vegetational composed of vegetation or plants; "regions rich in vegetal products"; "vegetational cover"; "the decaying vegetative layer covering a forest floor" asphaltic containing asphalt; "asphaltic residues" avenged for which vengeance has been taken; "an avenged injury" unavenged for which vengeance has not been taken; "an unavenged murder" beaten formed or made thin by hammering; "beaten gold" calibrated marked with or divided into degrees; "a calibrated thermometer" cantering riding at a gait between a trot and a gallop; "the cantering soldiers" uncollected not brought together in one place; "uncollected garbage in the streets" contested disputed or made the object of contention or competition; "a contested election" uncontested not disputed and not made the object of contention or competition; "uncontested authority" corbelled having a corbel elapsed (of time) having passed or slipped by; "elapsed time" hammered shaped or worked with a hammer and often showing hammer marks; "a bowl of hammered brass" hand-held small and light enough to be operated while you hold it in your hands; "a hand-held computer" held occupied or in the control of; often used in combination; "enemy-held territory" surmounted having something on top; "columns surmounted by statues" unfilled of purchase orders that have not been filled fitted being the right size and shape to fit as desired; "a fitted overcoat"; "he quickly assembled the fitted pieces" hypophysectomized having the pituitary gland removed by surgery; "hypophysectomized tadpoles" unmalted of grain that has not been converted into malt; "unmalted barley" marched upon being or having been trodden or marched on mercerized of cotton thread that has been treated with sodium hydroxide to shrink it and increase its luster and affinity for dye; "mercerized cotton" mounded over having a wound formed over it operating involved in a kind of operation; "the operating conditions of the oxidation pond" oxidized combined with or having undergone a chemical reaction with oxygen; "the oxidized form of iodine" parked that have been left; "there were four parked cars across the street" pasteurized having been subjected to pasteurization in order to halt fermentation unpasteurized not having undergone pasteurization penciled drawn or written with a pencil; "a penciled sketch"; "the penciled message" played (of games) engaged in; "the loosely played game" plugged (of a coin) altered by the insertion of a plug of base metal posed arranged for pictorial purposes unposed not arranged for pictorial purposes; "unposed photographs" posted publicly displayed; "the posted speed limit" preconceived (of an idea or opinion) formed beforehand; especially without evidence or through prejudice; "certain preconceived notions" punishing resulting in punishment; "the king imposed a punishing tax" ranging wandering freely; "at night in bed...his slowly ranging thoughts...encountered her" re-created created anew; "this re-created literalness" regenerating that are generating anew; "regenerating fibers" ridged having a ridge or shaped like a ridge or suggesting the keel of a ship; "a carinate sepal" sanitized made sanitary shrieked uttered in a shrill scream as of pain or terror sintered formed into a mass by heat and pressure sluicing pouring from or as if from a sluice; "the sluicing rain" spray-dried dried by bringing a sprayed substance (e.g. milk or soap) into contact with hot air and recovering it in the form of a powder squashed that has been violently compressed; "the squashed looking nakedness of the fledgling birds" stacked arranged in a stack strung that is on a string; "keys strung on a red cord" sublimed passing or having passed from the solid to the gaseous state (or vice versa) without becoming liquid thoriated being or sounding of nervous or suppressed laughter transpiring that is passing through; "transpiring gas" closed-captioned broadcast with captions that are seen only on receivers having special equipment; can be provided for hard-of-hearing viewers saponified converted into soap; "saponified oils" unsaponified not converted into soap; "unsaponified fat" AD in the Christian era; used before dates after the supposed year Christ was born; "in AD 200" CE of the period coinciding with the Christian era; preferred by some writers who are not Christians; "in 200 CE" BC before the Christian era; used following dates before the supposed year Christ was born; "in 200 BC" BCE of the period before the Common Era; preferred by some writers who are not Christians; "in 200 BCE" barely only a very short time before; "we hardly knew them"; "had scarcely rung the bell when the door flew open"; "would have scarce arrived before she would have found some excuse to leave"- W.B.Yeats by a little; "I only just caught the bus"; "he finished the marathon in just under 3 hours"; "it was barely 5 a.m."; "the network has barely 5 percent of viewers"; "the batter just missed being hit" hardly almost not; "he hardly ever goes fishing"; "he was scarce sixteen years old"; "they scarcely ever used the emergency generator"; "I can hardly hear what she is saying"; "she barely seemed to notice him"; "we were so far back in the theater, we could barely read the subtitles" anisotropically in an anisotropic manner annoyingly in an annoying manner or to an annoying degree basically in essence; at bottom or by one's (or its) very nature; "He is basically dishonest"; "the argument was essentially a technical one"; "for all his bluster he is in essence a shy person" blessedly in a blessed manner enviably in an enviable manner; "she was enviably fluent in French" pointedly in such a manner as to make something clearly evident; "he pointedly ignored the question" negatively in a negative way; "he was negatively inclined" in a harmful manner; "he was negatively affected" merely and nothing more; "I was merely asking"; "it is simply a matter of time"; "just a scratch"; "he was only a child"; "hopes that last but a moment" simply absolutely; altogether; really; "we are simply broke" plainly in a simple manner; without extravagance or embellishment; "she was dressed plainly"; "they lived very simply" anciently in ancient times; long ago; "a concern with what may have happened anciently" arguably as can be shown by argument; "she is arguably the best" unabashedly in an unabashed manner; "unabashedly, he asked for more" automatically in a reflex manner; "he answered automatically" alarmingly in an alarming manner; "It grew alarmingly fast" vastly to an exceedingly great extent or degree; "He had vastly overestimated his resources"; "was immensely more important to the project as a scientist than as an administrator" grossly in a gross manner largely in large part; mainly or chiefly; "These accounts are largely inactive" on a large scale; "the sketch was so largely drawn that you could see it from the back row" significantly in a significant manner; "our budget will be significantly affected by these new cuts" in a statistically significant way; "the two groups differed significantly" insignificantly not to a significant degree or amount; "our budget will only be insignificantly affected by these new cuts" in an insignificant manner; "some people living insignificantly among us" appreciably to a noticeable degree; "they weather was appreciably colder" ultrasonically by ultrasonic means; "the kidney stones were removed ultrasonically" smartly in a stylish manner; "He was smartly dressed" approximately (of quantities) imprecise but fairly close to correct; "lasted approximately an hour"; "in just about a minute"; "he's about 30 years old"; "I've had about all I can stand"; "we meet about once a month"; "some forty people came"; "weighs around a hundred pounds"; "roughly $3,000"; "holds 3 gallons, more or less"; "20 or so people were at the party" absolutely totally and definitely; without question; "we are absolutely opposed to the idea"; "he forced himself to lie absolutely still"; "iron is absolutely necessary" completely and without qualification; used informally as intensifiers; "an absolutely magnificent painting"; "a perfectly idiotic idea"; "you're perfectly right"; "utterly miserable"; "you can be dead sure of my innocence"; "was dead tired"; "dead right" partially to some extent; in some degree; not wholly; "I felt partly to blame"; "He was partially paralyzed" wholly to a complete degree or to the full or entire extent (`whole' is often used informally for `wholly'); "he was wholly convinced"; "entirely satisfied with the meal"; "it was completely different from what we expected"; "was completely at fault"; "a totally new situation"; "the directions were all wrong"; "it was not altogether her fault"; "an altogether new approach"; "a whole new idea"; "she felt right at home"; "he fell right into the trap" entirely without any others being included or involved; "was entirely to blame"; "a school devoted entirely to the needs of problem children"; "he works for Mr. Smith exclusively"; "did it solely for money"; "the burden of proof rests on the prosecution alone"; "a privilege granted only to him" perfectly in a perfect or faultless way; "She performed perfectly on the balance beam"; "spoke English perfectly"; "solved the problem perfectly" imperfectly in an imperfect or faulty way; "The lobe was imperfectly developed"; "Miss Bennet would not play at all amiss if she practiced more"- Jane Austen amiss in an improper or mistaken or unfortunate manner; "if you think him guilty you judge amiss"; "he spoke amiss"; "no one took it amiss when she spoke frankly" fully to the greatest degree or extent; completely or entirely; (`full' in this sense is used as a combining form); "fully grown"; "he didn't fully understand"; "knew full well"; "full-grown"; "full-fledged" only with nevertheless the final result; "He arrived only to find his wife dead"; "We won only to lose again in the next round" in the final outcome; "These news will only make you more upset" as recently as; "I spoke to him only an hour ago" except that; "It was the same story; only this time she came out better" never except when; "call me only if your cold gets worse" isotropically in an isotropic manner badly with unusual distress or resentment or regret or emotional display; "they took their defeat badly"; "took her father's death badly"; "conducted himself very badly at the time of the earthquake" in a disadvantageous way; to someone's disadvantage; "the venture turned out badly for the investors"; "angry that the case was settled disadvantageously for them" without skill or in a displeasing manner; "she writes badly"; "I think he paints very badly" to a severe or serious degree; "fingers so badly frozen they had to be amputated"; "badly injured"; "a severely impaired heart"; "is gravely ill"; "was seriously ill" very much; strongly; "I wanted it badly enough to work hard for it"; "the cables had sagged badly"; "they were badly in need of help"; "he wants a bicycle so bad he can taste it" with great intensity (`bad' is a nonstandard variant for `badly'); "the injury hurt badly"; "the buildings were badly shaken"; "it hurts bad"; "we need water bad" in a disobedient or naughty way; "he behaved badly in school"; "he mischievously looked for a chance to embarrass his sister"; "behaved naughtily when they had guests and was sent to his room" evilly or wickedly; "treated his parents badly"; "to steal is to act badly" satisfactorily in a satisfactory manner okay in a satisfactory or adequate manner; "she'll do okay on her own"; "held up all right under pressure"; (`alright' is a nonstandard variant of `all right') unsatisfactorily in an unsatisfactory manner; "He performed unsatisfactorily as a manager" prosperously in the manner of prosperous people even as at the same time as; "even as he lay dying they argued over his estate"; "the building collapsed just as he arrived" e'en even rather to some (great or small) extent; "it was rather cold"; "the party was rather nice"; "the knife is rather dull"; "I rather regret that I cannot attend"; "He's rather good at playing the cello"; "he is kind of shy" on the contrary; "rather than disappoint the children, he did two quick tricks before he left"; "he didn't call; rather (or instead), he wrote her a letter"; "used English terms instead of Latin ones" quite to the greatest extent; completely; "you're quite right"; "she was quite alone"; "was quite mistaken"; "quite the opposite"; "not quite finished"; "did not quite make it" to a degree (not used with a negative); "quite tasty"; "quite soon"; "quite ill"; "quite rich" of an unusually noticeable or exceptional or remarkable kind (not used with a negative); "her victory was quite something"; "she's quite a girl"; "quite a film"; "quite a walk"; "we've had quite an afternoon" actually or truly or to an extreme; "was quite a sudden change"; "it's quite the thing to do"; "quite the rage"; "Quite so!" always at all times; all the time and on every occasion; "I will always be there to help you"; "always arrives on time"; "there is always some pollution in the air"; "ever hoping to strike it rich"; "ever busy" forever; throughout all time; "we will always be friends"; "I shall treasure it always"; "I will always love you" at any time or in any event; "you can always resign if you don't like it"; "you could always take a day off" conjecturally in a manner involving or inclined to conjecture and supposition consecutively in a consecutive manner; "he was consecutively ill, then well, then ill again" constantly without interruption; "the world is constantly changing" without variation or change, in every case; "constantly kind and gracious"; "he always arrives on time" coterminously in a coterminous manner never not ever; at no time in the past or future; "I have never been to China"; "I shall never forget this day"; "had never seen a circus"; "never on Sunday"; "I will never marry you!" not at all; certainly not; not in any circumstances; "never fear"; "bringing up children is never easy"; "that will never do"; "what is morally wrong can never be politically right" occasionally sporadically and infrequently; "he was arrogant and occasionally callous"; "open areas are only occasionally interrupted by clumps of trees"; "they visit New York on occasion"; "now and again she would take her favorite book from the shelf and read to us"; "as we drove along, the beautiful scenery now and then attracted his attention" sometime at some indefinite or unstated time; "let's get together sometime"; "everything has to end sometime"; "It was to be printed sometime later" sometimes on certain occasions or in certain cases but not always; "sometimes she wished she were back in England"; "sometimes her photography is breathtaking"; "sometimes they come for a month; at other times for six months" equally to the same degree (often followed by `as'); "they were equally beautiful"; "birds were singing and the child sang as sweetly"; "sang as sweetly as a nightingale"; "he is every bit as mean as she is" long ago of the distant or comparatively distant past; "We met once long ago"; "they long ago forsook their nomadic life"; "left for work long ago"; "he has long since given up mountain climbing"; "This name has long since been forgotten"; "lang syne" is Scottish pretty much to some degree; "we were pretty much lost when we met the forest ranger" palmately in a palmate manner; "palmately cleft" paradoxically in a paradoxical manner; "paradoxically, ice ages seem to occur when the sun gets hotter" parasitically in a parasitic manner conformably in a conformable manner conventionally in a conventional manner; "he usually behaves rather conventionally" unconventionally in an unconventional manner; "she always behaves rather unconventionally" pathogenically in a pathogenic manner pictorially in a pictorial manner; "depth is established pictorially" not negation of a word or group of words; "he does not speak French"; "she is not going"; "they are not friends"; "not many"; "not much"; "not at all" any to any degree or extent; "it isn't any better" either after a negative statement used as an intensive meaning something like `likewise' or `also'; "he isn't stupid, but he isn't exactly a genius either"; "I don't know either"; "if you don't order dessert I won't either" anywhere at or in or to any place; "you can find this food anywhere"; (`anyplace' is used informally for `anywhere') everywhere to or in any or all places; "You find fast food stores everywhere"; "people everywhere are becoming aware of the problem"; "he carried a gun everywhere he went"; "looked all over for a suitable gift"; (`everyplace' is used informally for `everywhere') high and low everywhere; "searched high and low" somehow in some unspecified way or manner; or by some unspecified means; "they managed somehow"; "he expected somehow to discover a woman who would love him"; "he tried to make is someway acceptable" for some unspecified reason; "It doesn't seem fair somehow"; "he had me dead to rights but somehow I got away with it" anyhow used to indicate that a statement explains or supports a previous statement; "Anyhow, he is dead now"; "I think they're asleep; anyhow, they're quiet"; "I don't know what happened to it; anyway, it's gone"; "anyway, there is another factor to consider"; "I don't know how it started; in any case, there was a brief scuffle"; "in any event, the government faced a serious protest"; "but at any rate he got a knighthood for it" in any way whatsoever; "they came anyhow they could"; "get it done anyway you can" as it is in the actual state of affairs and often contrary to expectations; "he might have been killed; as it is he was severely injured" however despite anything to the contrary (usually preceding a concession); "although I'm a little afraid, however I'd like to try it"; "while we disliked each other, nevertheless we agreed"; "he was a stern yet fair master"; "granted that it is dangerous, all the same I still want to go" in whatever way or manner; "Victory, however it was brought about, was sweet"; "however he did it, it was very clever" to whatever degree or extent; "The results, however general, are important"; "they have begun, however reluctantly, to acknowledge the legitimacy of some of the opposition's concerns" by contrast; on the other hand; "the first part was easy; the second, however, took hours" yet up to the present time; "I have yet to see the results"; "details are yet to be worked out" within an indefinite time or at an unspecified future time; "he longed for the flowers that were yet to show themselves"; "sooner or later you will have to face the facts"; "in time they came to accept the harsh reality" so far used in negative statement to describe a situation that has existed up to this point or up to the present time; "So far he hasn't called"; "the sun isn't up yet" used after a superlative; "this is the best so far"; "the largest drug bust yet" lightly with indifference or without dejection; "he took it lightly" indulging with temperance; "we eat lightly in the morning" to a slight degree; "her speech is only lightly accented" with little weight or force; "she kissed him lightly on the forehead" with few burdens; "experienced travellers travel light" without good reason; "one cannot say such things lightly" besides making an additional point; anyway; "I don't want to go to a restaurant; besides, we can't afford it"; "she couldn't shelter behind him all the time and in any case he wasn't always with her" in addition; "he has a Mercedes, too" fugally in a fugal style furthermore in addition; "computer chess games are getting cheaper all the time; furthermore, their quality is improving"; "the cellar was dark; moreover, mice nested there"; "what is more, there's no sign of a change" farthest to the greatest distance in space or time (`farthest' is used more often than `furthest' in this physical sense); "see who could jump the farthest"; "chose the farthest seat from the door"; "he swam the furthest" furthest to the greatest degree or extent or most advanced stage (`furthest' is used more often than `farthest' in this abstract sense); "went the furthest of all the children in her education"; "furthest removed from reality"; "she goes farthest in helping us" futilely in a futile and unproductive manner no longer not now; "she is no more" anymore at the present or from now on; usually used with a negative; "Alice doesn't live here anymore"; "the children promised not to quarrel any more" already prior to a specified or implied time; "she has already graduated" very used as intensifiers; `real' is sometimes used informally for `really'; `rattling' is informal; "she was very gifted"; "he played very well"; "a really enjoyable evening"; "I'm real sorry about it"; "a rattling good yarn" precisely so; "on the very next page"; "he expected the very opposite" fabulously exceedingly; extremely; "she plays fabulously well"; "behind you the coastal hills plunge to the incredibly blue sea backed by the Turkish mountains" fucking intensifier, very colloquial; "what took you so fucking long?" henceforth from this time forth; from now on; "henceforth she will be known as Mrs. Smith" hereafter following this in time or order or place; after this; "hereafter you will no longer receive an allowance" in a future life or state; "hope to win salvation hereafter" hereunder under the terms of this agreement instantaneously without any delay; "he was killed outright" mildly to a moderate degree; "he was mildly interested" a bit to a small degree; somewhat; "it's a bit warm"; "felt a little better"; "a trifle smaller" anon (old-fashioned or informal) in a little while; "see you anon" at another time; "ever and anon" soon in the near future; "the doctor will soon be here"; "the book will appear shortly"; "she will arrive presently"; "we should have news before long" ASAP as soon as possible shortly for a short time; "he was at the airport shortly before she was expected to arrive" at a short distance; "the hem fell shortly below her knees" momentarily at any moment; "she will be with you momently" for an instant or moment; "we paused momentarily before proceeding"; "a cardinal perched momently on the dogwood branch" shoulder-to-shoulder side by side and close together; "the troops marched shoulder-to-shoulder" soonest with the least delay; "the soonest I can arrive is 3 P.M." spiritedly in a spirited or lively manner; with animation and vivacity sportively in a merry sportive manner stormily in a stormy or violent manner frequently many times at short intervals; "we often met over a cup of coffee" oftener more often or more frequently rarely not often; "we rarely met" inexplicably in a manner differing from the usual or expected; "had a curiously husky voice"; "he's behaving rather peculiarly" reasonably to certain extent or degree; "pretty big"; "pretty bad"; "jolly decent of him"; "the shoes are priced reasonably"; "he is fairly clever with computers" unreasonably to a degree that exceeds the bounds or reason or moderation; "his prices are unreasonably high" not in a reasonable or intelligent manner; "she reacted unreasonably when she learned she had failed" slightly to a small degree or extent; "his arguments were somewhat self-contradictory"; "the children argued because one slice of cake was slightly larger than the other" movingly in a moving manner; "she sang movingly" extensively in a widespread way; "oxidation ponds are extensively used for sewage treatment in the Midwest" intrinsically with respect to its inherent nature; "this statement is interesting per se" decidedly without question and beyond doubt; "it was decidedly too expensive"; "she told him off in spades"; "by all odds they should win" truly in accordance with truth or fact or reality; "she was now truly American"; "a genuinely open society"; "they don't really listen to us" indeed (used as an interjection) an expression of surprise or skepticism or irony etc.; "Wants to marry the butler? Indeed!" in truth (often tends to intensify); "they said the car would break down and indeed it did"; "it is very cold indeed"; "was indeed grateful"; "indeed, the rain may still come"; "he did so do it!" in the lurch in a difficult or vulnerable position; "he resigned and left me in the lurch" in truth in fact (used as intensifiers or sentence modifiers); "in truth, moral decay hastened the decline of the Roman Empire"; "really, you shouldn't have done it"; "a truly awful book" forsooth an archaic word originally meaning `in truth' but now usually used to express disbelief in utero in the uterus; "the child was infected in utero from the mother" in vacuo in a vacuum in isolation and without reference to anything else naturally as might be expected; "naturally, the lawyer sent us a huge bill" according to nature; by natural means; without artificial help; "naturally grown flowers" in a natural or normal manner; "speak naturally and easily" through inherent nature; "he was naturally lazy" unnaturally in a manner at variance with what is natural or normal; "The early Church not unnaturally adopted the position that failure to see the messianic character of his work was really caused by the people's own blindness" in an unnatural way; "his other arm lay across his chest, unnaturally, as if placed there deliberately, for a purpose" clearly without doubt or question; "they were clearly lost"; "history has clearly shown the folly of that policy" in an easily perceptible manner; "could be seen clearly under the microscope"; "She cried loud and clear" unclearly in a manner that is unclear obviously unmistakably (`plain' is often used informally for `plainly'); "the answer is obviously wrong"; "she was in bed and evidently in great pain"; "he was manifestly too important to leave off the guest list"; "it is all patently nonsense"; "she has apparently been living here for some time"; "I thought he owned the property, but apparently not"; "You are plainly wrong"; "he is plain stubborn" apparently from appearances alone; "irrigation often produces bumper crops from apparently desert land"; "the child is seemingly healthy but the doctor is concerned"; "had been ostensibly frank as to his purpose while really concealing it"-Thomas Hardy; "on the face of it the problem seems minor" again anew; "she tried again"; "they rehearsed the scene again" withal together with this by chance without advance planning; "they met accidentally" unexpectedly in a way that was not expected; "her brother showed up at the wedding out of the blue" out of the way so as not to obstruct or hinder; "put that box out of the way so that no one trips on it" murdered; "the mob boss wanted his rival out of the way" in a remote location or at a distance from the usual route improper; amiss extraordinary; unusual; "such erratic behavior was out of the way for him" off the beaten track not along the usual route; "in order to experience something different, you need to go off the beaten path" in the way forming a hindrance, impediment, or obstruction; "she might have succeeded in her ambition, had not circumstances been in her way" specifically in distinction from others; "a program specifically for teenagers"; "he is interested specifically in poisonous snakes" generally without distinction of one from others; "he is interested in snakes in general" nonspecifically without specificity; "nonspecifically staining substances" fortunately by good fortune; "fortunately the weather was good" happily in an unexpectedly lucky way; "happily he was not injured" in a joyous manner; "they shouted happily" sadly in an unfortunate way; "sadly he died before he could see his grandchild" with sadness; in a sad manner; "`She died last night,' he said sadly" unfortunately by bad luck; "unfortunately it rained all day"; "alas, I cannot stay" therefore (used to introduce a logical conclusion) from that fact or reason or as a result; "therefore X must be true"; "the eggs were fresh and hence satisfactory"; "we were young and thence optimistic"; "it is late and thus we must go"; "the witness is biased and so cannot be trusted" ergo (used as a sentence connector) therefore or consequently hence from this time; "a year hence it will be forgotten" from this place; "get thee hence!" thence from that place or from there; "proceeded thence directly to college"; "flew to Helsinki and thence to Moscow"; "roads that lead therefrom" from that circumstance or source; "atomic formulas and all compounds thence constructible"- W.V.Quine; "a natural conclusion follows thence"; "public interest and a policy deriving therefrom"; "typhus fever results therefrom" therefor (in formal usage, especially legal usage) for that or for it; "ordering goods and enclosing payment therefor"; "a refund therefor" vocationally affecting the pursuit of a vocation or occupation; "vocationally trained" face to face involving close contact; confronting each other; "the boy and the policeman suddenly came face-to-face at the corner"; "they spoke face to face" vis-a-vis face-to-face with; literally `face to face'; "they sat vis-a-vis at the table"; "I found myself vis-a-vis a burly policeman" tete a tete without the intrusion of a third person; in intimate privacy; "we talked tete-a-tete" if not perhaps; indicating possibility of being more remarkable (greater or better or sooner) than; "will yield 10% if not more"; "pretty if not actually beautiful"; "let's meet tonight if not sooner" beyond in addition; "agreed to provide essentials but nothing beyond" farther along in space or time or degree; "through the valley and beyond"; "to the eighth grade but not beyond"; "will be influential in the 1990s and beyond" on the farther side from the observer; "a pond with a hayfield beyond" additionally in addition, by way of addition; furthermore; "he serves additionally as the CEO" extremely to an extreme degree; "extremely cold"; "extremely unpleasant"; "she is super smart"; "the night was deathly cold"; "as a child, I was deathly afraid of snakes" drop-dead extremely; "she was drop-dead gorgeous" beyond measure in excess or without limit; "amazed beyond measure" madly (used as intensives) extremely; "she was madly in love"; "deadly dull"; "deadly earnest"; "deucedly clever"; "insanely jealous" in an uncontrolled manner; "she fought back madly" inordinately extremely; "she was inordinately smart"; "it will be an extraordinarily painful step to negotiate" by far by a considerable margin; "she was by far the smartest student"; "it was far and away the best meal he had ever eaten" head and shoulders above outstandingly superior to; "in intelligence he was head and shoulders above the others in his class" excessively to a degree exceeding normal or proper limits; "too big" ultimately as the end result of a succession or process; "ultimately he had to give in"; "at long last the winter was over" finally after an unspecified period of time or an especially long delay presently at this time or period; now; "he is presently our ambassador to the United Nations"; "currently they live in Connecticut" nowadays in these times; "it is solely by their language that the upper classes nowadays are distinguished"- Nancy Mitford; "we now rarely see horse-drawn vehicles on city streets"; "today almost every home has television" immediately without delay or hesitation; with no time intervening; "he answered immediately"; "found an answer straightaway"; "an official accused of dishonesty should be suspended forthwith"; "Come here now!" near or close by; "he passed immediately behind her" bearing an immediate relation; "this immediately concerns your future" now now interjection of rebuke aggressively in an aggressive manner; "she was being sharply questioned" shrilly in a shrill voice; "she sang rather shrilly" steadily at a steady rate or pace; "his interest eroded steadily" in a steady manner; "he could still walk steadily" unhappily in an unpleasant way; "they were unhappily married" squarely with firmness and conviction; without compromise; "he stood foursquare for religious liberty and toleration"- C.G.Bowers; "dealt straightforwardly with all issues" firmly and solidly; "hit the ball squarely"; "the bat met the ball squarely"; "planted his great bulk square before his enemy" in a square shape; "a squarely cut piece of paper"; "folded the sheet of paper square" directly and without evasion; not roundabout; "to face a problem squarely"; "the responsibility lies squarely with them"; "spoke forthright (or forthrightly) and to the point" in a straight direct way; "looked him squarely in the eye"; "ran square into me" directly without deviation; "the path leads directly to the lake"; "went direct to the office" in a forthright manner; candidly or frankly; "he didn't answer directly"; "told me straight out"; "came out flat for less work and more pay" without anyone or anything intervening; "these two factors are directly related"; "he was directly responsible"; "measured the physical properties directly" variously in diverse ways; "the alternatives that are variously represented by the participants"; "the speakers treated the subject most diversely" indefatigably with indefatigable energy; "she watched the show indefatigably" biradially in a biradial manner; "biradially symmetrical" bitterly with bitterness; in a resentful manner; "she complained bitterly" indicating something hard to accept; "he was bitterly disappointed" very well an expression of agreement normally occurring at the beginning of a sentence swiftly in a swift manner; "she moved swiftly" openly in an open way; "he openly flaunted his affection for his sister" practically in a practical manner; "practically orientated institutions such as business schools"; "a brilliant man but so practically inept that he needed help to cross the road safely" almost; nearly; "practically the first thing I saw when I got off the train"; "he was practically the only guest at the party"; "there was practically no garden at all" presumably by reasonable assumption; "presumably, he missed the train" pyramidically in a pyramidal manner or shape; "the bush was trimmed pyramidically" for the moment temporarily; "we'll stop for the time being" easily without question; "easily the best book she's written" with ease (`easy' is sometimes used informally for `easily'); "she was easily excited"; "was easily confused"; "he won easily"; "this china breaks very easily"; "success came too easy" by hand without the use of a machine; "this dress is sewn by hand" by machine with the use of a machine; "the shirt is sewn by machine" hand to hand at close quarters; "fought hand to hand" hand to mouth with barely enough money for immediate needs; "they lived form hand to mouth" terribly used as intensifiers; "terribly interesting"; "I'm awful sorry" in a terrible manner; "she sings terribly" acceptably in an acceptable (but not outstanding) manner; "she plays tennis tolerably" unacceptably to an unacceptable degree; "The percentage of lead in our drinking water is unacceptably high" abusively in an abusive manner; "he behaved abusively toward his children" admiringly with admiration; "he looked at his wife admiringly" adoringly with adoration; "he looked at his wife adoringly" adroitly with adroitness; in an adroit manner; "he handled the situation adroitly" maladroitly in a maladroit manner; "he dealt with the situation maladroitly" dreadfully of a dreadful kind; "there was a dreadfully bloody accident on the road this morning" greatly to an extraordinary extent or degree; "he improved greatly" drastically in a drastic manner at all in the slightest degree or in any respect; "Are you at all interested? No, not at all"; "was not in the least unfriendly" by all means definitely or certainly; "Visit us by all means" by no means definitely not; "the prize is by no means certain"; "and that isn't all, not by a long sight" thoroughly in an exhaustive manner; "we searched the files thoroughly" completely and absolutely (`good' is sometimes used informally for `thoroughly'); "he was soundly defeated"; "we beat him good" through throughout the entire extent; "got soaked through in the rain"; "I'm frozen through"; "a letter shot through with the writer's personality"; "knew him through and through"; "boards rotten through and through" over the whole distance; "this bus goes through to New York" in diameter; "this cylinder measures 15 inches through" from beginning to end; "read this book through" to completion; "think this through very carefully!" soundly deeply or completely; "slept soundly through the storm"; "the baby is sleeping soundly" indirectly not in a forthright manner; "he answered very indirectly" indigenously in an indigenous manner individualistically in an individualistic manner intractably in an intractable manner a lot to a very great degree or extent; "I feel a lot better"; "we enjoyed ourselves very much"; "she was very much interested"; "this would help a great deal" often in many cases or instances increasingly advancing in amount or intensity; "she became increasingly depressed" effectively in actuality or reality or fact; "she is effectively his wife"; "in effect, they had no choice" for all practical purposes in every practical sense; "to all intents and purposes the case is closed"; "the rest are for all practical purposes useless" reproducibly in a manner that is reproducible previously at an earlier time or formerly; "she had previously lived in Chicago"; "he was previously president of a bank"; "better than anything previously proposed"; "a previously unquestioned attitude"; "antecedently arranged" subsequently happening at a time subsequent to a reference time; "he apologized subsequently"; "he's going to the store but he'll be back here later"; "it didn't happen until afterward"; "two hours after that" abruptly quickly and without warning; "he stopped suddenly" suddenly happening unexpectedly; "suddenly she felt a sharp pain in her side" inscriptively by means of an inscription inscrutably in an inscrutable manner insecticidally by means of an insecticide insensately in an insensate manner intentionally with intention; in an intentional manner; "he used that word intentionally"; "I did this by choice" unintentionally without intention; in an unintentional manner; "she hit him unintentionally" consequently (sentence connectors) because of the reason given; "consequently, he didn't do it"; "continued to have severe headaches and accordingly returned to the doctor" as a consequence; "he had good reason to be grateful for the opportunities which they had made available to him and which consequently led to the good position he now held" accordingly in accordance with; "she acted accordingly" alternatively in place of, or as an alternative to; "Felix became a herpetologist instead"; "alternatively we could buy a used car" let alone much less; "she can't boil potatoes, let alone cook a meal" a fortiori with greater reason; for a still stronger, more certain reason; "if you are wrong then, a fortiori, so am I" altogether with everything included or counted; "altogether he earns close to a million dollars" all together used of a group whose members acted or were acted upon collectively and when `all' and `together' can be separated by other words; "they were herded all together"; "they were all herded together"; "the books lay all together in a heap"; "the books all lay together..." all at the same time; "Let's say `Yes!' all at once" anatomically with respect to anatomy; "anatomically correct" blindly without preparation or reflection; without a rational basis; "they bought the car blindly"; "he picked a wife blindly" without seeing or looking; "he felt around his desk blindly" chromatically with respect to color; "chromatically pure" chronologically with respect to chronology; "he is chronologically older" clinically in a clinical manner; "she is clinically qualified" mathematically with respect to mathematics; "mathematically impossible" meanwhile during the intervening time; "meanwhile I will not think about the problem"; "meantime he was attentive to his other interests"; "in the meantime the police were notified" at the same time but in another place; "meanwhile, back at the ranch..." twice two times; "I called her twice" lengthily in a lengthy or prolix manner; "the argument went on lengthily"; "she talked at length about the problem" last but not least in addition to all the foregoing; "last not least he plays the saxophone" lastingly in an enduring or permanent manner absently in an absentminded or preoccupied manner; "he read the letter absently" accusingly in an accusing manner; "he looked at her accusingly" affectedly in an affected manner affectingly in a poignant or touching manner; "she spoke poignantly" ahead at or in the front; "I see the lights of a town ahead"; "the road ahead is foggy"; "staring straight ahead"; "we couldn't see over the heads of the people in front"; "with the cross of Jesus marching on before" ahead of time; in anticipation; "when you pay ahead (or in advance) you receive a discount"; "We like to plan ahead"; "should have made reservations beforehand" in a forward direction; "go ahead"; "the train moved ahead slowly"; "the boat lurched ahead"; "moved onward into the forest"; "they went slowly forward in the mud" leading or ahead in a competition; "the horse was three lengths ahead going into the home stretch"; "ahead by two pawns"; "our candidate is in the lead in the polls"; "way out front in the race"; "the advertising campaign put them out front in sales" to a different or a more advanced time (meaning advanced either toward the present or toward the future); "moved the appointment ahead from Tuesday to Monday"; "pushed the deadline ahead from Tuesday to Wednesday" to a more advanced or advantageous position; "a young man sure to get ahead"; "pushing talented students ahead" toward the future; forward in time; "I like to look ahead in imagination to what the future may bring"; "I look forward to seeing you" all along all the time or over a period of time; "She had known all along"; "the hope had been there all along" along with a forward motion; "we drove along admiring the view"; "the horse trotted along at a steady pace"; "the circus traveled on to the next city"; "move along"; "march on" in accompaniment or as a companion; "his little sister came along to the movies"; "I brought my camera along"; "working along with his father" in addition (usually followed by `with'); "we sent them food and some clothing went along in the package"; "along with the package came a bill"; "consider the advantages along with the disadvantages" to a more advanced state; "the work is moving along"; "well along in their research"; "hurrying their education along"; "getting along in years" in line with a length or direction (often followed by `by' or `beside'); "pass the word along"; "ran along beside me"; "cottages along by the river" alike in a like manner; "they walk alike" equally; "parents and teachers alike demanded reforms" aloud using the voice; not silently; "please read the passage aloud"; "he laughed out loud" loudly with relatively high volume; "the band played loudly"; "she spoke loudly and angrily"; "he spoke loud enough for those at the back of the room to hear him"; "cried aloud for help" softly with low volume; "speak softly but carry a big stick"; "she spoke quietly to the child"; "the radio was playing softly" in a manner that is pleasing to the senses; "she smiled softly" faintly to a faint degree or weakly perceived; "between him and the dim light a form was outlined faintly"; "stars shining faintly through the overcast"; "could hear his distant shouts only faintly"; "the rumors weren't even faintly true" analogously in an analogous manner; "analogously, we have a variable" randomly in a random manner; "the houses were randomly scattered"; "bullets were fired into the crowd at random" around in circumference; "the trunk is ten feet around"; "the pond is two miles around" by a circular or circuitous route; "He came all the way around the base"; "the road goes around the pond" in a circle or circular motion; "The wheels are spinning around" to a particular destination either specified or understood; "she came around to see me"; "I invited them around for supper" about in the area or vicinity; "a few spectators standing about"; "hanging around"; "waited around for the next flight" all around or on all sides; "dirty clothes lying around (or about)"; "let's look about for help"; "There were trees growing all around"; "she looked around her" in or to a reversed position or direction; "about face"; "suddenly she turned around" used of movement to or among many different places or in no particular direction; "wandering about with no place to go"; "people were rushing about"; "news gets around (or about)"; "traveled around in Asia"; "he needs advice from someone who's been around"; "she sleeps around" (of actions or states) slightly short of or not quite accomplished; all but; "the job is (just) about done"; "the baby was almost asleep when the alarm sounded"; "we're almost finished"; "the car all but ran her down"; "he nearly fainted"; "talked for nigh onto 2 hours"; "the recording is well-nigh perfect"; "virtually all the parties signed the contract"; "I was near exhausted by the run"; "most everyone agrees" in rotation or succession; "turn about is fair play" here and there in or to various places; first this place and then that; "he worked here and there but never for long in one town"; "we drove here and there in the darkness" urgently with great urgency; "health care reform is needed urgently"; "the soil desperately needed potash" asexually in an asexual manner; "plants that reproduce asexually" asymptotically toward an asymptote; "it grew asymptotically" chiefly for the most part; "he is mainly interested in butterflies" aback by surprise; "taken aback by the caustic remarks" having the wind against the forward side of the sails; "the ship came up into the wind with all yards aback" abeam at right angles to the length of a ship or airplane back and forth moving from one place to another and back again; "he traveled back and forth between Los Angeles and New York"; "the treetops whipped to and fro in a frightening manner"; "the old man just sat on the porch and rocked back and forth all day" up and down moving backward and forward along a given course; "he walked up and down the locker room"; "all up and down the Eastern seaboard" alternately upward and downward; "he eyed him up and down" aurally with regard to sound or the ear; "the new musical was visually and aurally appealing" axially with respect to an axis; "the jet was directed axially toward the cathode" brazenly in a brazen manner; "he spoke brazenly" brilliantly in an extremely intelligent way; "he solved the problem brilliantly" with brightness; "the stars shone brilliantly"; "the windows glowed jewel bright" catalytically by catalytic action; in a catalytic manner; "catalytically stabilized combustion of propane" commercially in a commercial manner; "the product is commercially available" dearly at a great cost; "he paid dearly for the food"; "this cost him dear" with affection; "she loved him dearly"; "he treats her affectionately" in a sincere and heartfelt manner; "I would dearly love to know" conversely with the terms of the relation reversed; "conversely, not all women are mothers" cosmetically for cosmetic purposes to improve appearance; "it is used cosmetically by many women" decoratively in a decorative manner; "used decoratively at Christmas" covertly in a covert manner; "he did it covertly" overtly in an overt manner; "he did it overtly" microscopically by using a microscope; so as to be visible only with a microscope; as seen with a microscope; "the blood was examined microscopically"; "the seeds were microscopically small" as if by using a microscope; with extreme precision and attention to detail; in minute detail; "every manuscript was edited microscopically" undoubtedly without doubt; certainly; "it's undoubtedly very beautiful" statistically with respect to statistics; "this is statistically impossible" thermodynamically with respect to thermodynamics; "this phenomenon is thermodynamically impossible" actively in an active manner; "he participated actively in the war" passively in a passive manner; "he listened passively" below (in writing) at a later place; "see below"; "vide infra" in or to a place that is lower in the bargain in addition; over and above what is expected; "He lost his wife in the bargain" contemptibly in a manner deserving contempt contemptuously without respect; in a disdainful manner; "she spoke of him contemptuously" contractually by virtue of a contract; "they were contractually responsible" insanely in an insane manner; "she behaved insanely"; "he behaves crazily when he is off his medication"; "the witch cackled madly"; "screaming dementedly" sanely in a sane or lucid manner; "she is behaving rather sanely these days even though we know she is schizophrenic" with good sense or in a reasonable or intelligent manner; "he acted sensibly in the crisis"; "speak more sanely about these affairs"; "acted quite reasonably" comically in a comical manner; "the tone was comically desperate" hebdomadally without missing a week; "she visited her aunt weekly" annually without missing a year; "they travel to China annually" curiously with curiosity; "the baby looked around curiously" dazzlingly in a manner or to a degree that dazzles the beholder deceptively in a misleading way; "the exam looked deceptively easy" deprecatively in a deprecative manner depressingly in a depressing manner or to a depressing degree dichotomously in a dichotomous manner digitately in a digitate manner disruptively in a disruptive manner dizzily in a giddy light-headed manner; "he walked around dizzily" dorsally in a dorsal location or direction dorsoventrally in a dorsoventral direction; "the ray has a dorsoventrally flattened body" ventrally in a ventral location or direction doubly to double the degree; "she was doubly rewarded"; "his eyes were double bright" in a twofold manner; "he was doubly wrong" singly one by one; one at a time; "they were arranged singly" multiplicatively in a multiplicative manner; "the errors increased multiplicatively" empirically in an empirical manner; "this can be empirically tested" particularly to a distinctly greater extent or degree than is common; "he was particularly fussy about spelling"; "a particularly gruesome attack"; "under peculiarly tragic circumstances"; "an especially (or specially) cautious approach to the danger" specifically or especially distinguished from others; "loves Bach, particularly his partitas"; "recommended one book in particular"; "trace major population movements for the Pueblo groups in particular" ex cathedra with the full authority of the office; "the pope must speak ex cathedra for an encyclical to be infallible" elaborately with elaboration; "it was elaborately spelled out" elsewhere in or to another place; "he went elsewhere"; "look elsewhere for the answer" eschatologically in relation to eschatology; "even atheists can be eschatologically minded" exasperatingly in an exasperating manner experimentally in an experimental fashion; "this can be experimentally determined" expressly with specific intentions; for the express purpose; "she needs the money expressly for her patients" facetiously not seriously; "I meant it facetiously" quickly with speed; "he works quickly"; "John got ready in short order" apace (poetic, literary) quickly flat out at top speed; "he ran flat out to catch the bus"; "he was off down the road like blue murder" quicker more quickly slower more slowly quickest most quickly slowest most slowly permissively in a permissive manner permissibly in a permissible manner impermissibly not permissibly; "the radon level in the basement was impermissibly high" flatly in an unqualified manner; "he flatly denied the charges" everlastingly for a limitless time; "no one can live forever"; "brightly beams our Father's mercy from his lighthouse evermore"- P.P.Bliss ad infinitum to infinity; without or seemingly without limit; "talked on and on ad infinitum" permanently for a long time without essential change; "he is permanently disabled" in perpetuity for an indefinitely long time; "bequeathed to the nation in perpetuity" for life; "desire happiness in perpetuity"; "an annuity paid in perpetuity" temporarily for a limited time only; not permanently; "he will work here temporarily"; "he was brought out of retirement temporarily"; "a power failure temporarily darkened the town" ad interim for an intervening time; temporarily; "elected to serve ad interim" ad lib without advance preparation; "he spoke ad lib" provisionally temporarily and conditionally; "they have agreed provisionally"; "was appointed provisionally" continually seemingly without interruption; "complained continually that there wasn't enough money" forever for a very long or seemingly endless time; "she took forever to write the paper"; "we had to wait forever and a day" highly in a high position or level or rank; "details known by only a few highly placed persons" to a high degree or extent; favorably or with much respect; "highly successful"; "He spoke highly of her"; "does not think highly of his writing"; "extremely interesting" at a high rate or wage; "highly paid workers" histologically involving the use of histology or histological techniques; "histologically identifiable structures" magnetically as if by magnetism; "he was magnetically attracted to her" by the use of magnetism; "magnetically contaminated material" marginally in a marginal manner; "marginally interesting" geometrically in a geometric fashion; "it grew geometrically" with respect to geometry; "this shape is geometrically interesting" perilously in a dangerous manner; "he came dangerously close to falling off the ledge" tiredly in a weary manner; "he walked around tiredly" vitally to a vital degree; "this is vitally important" energetically in an energetic manner strenuously in a strenuous manner; strongly or vigorously; "he objected strenuously to the stand his party was taking" intently with strained or eager attention; "listened intently"; "stood watching intently" dingdong heartily or earnestly; "They fell to work dingdong" mightily powerfully or vigorously; "he strove mightily to achieve a better position in life" reluctantly with reluctance tightly securely fixed or fastened; "the window was tightly sealed" in a tight or constricted manner; "a tightly packed pub" briefly for a short time; "she visited him briefly"; "was briefly associated with IBM" conclusively in a conclusive way; "we settled the problem conclusively" inconclusively not conclusively; "the meeting ended inconclusively" deplorably in an unfortunate or deplorable manner; "he was sadly neglected"; "it was woefully inadequate" denominationally with respect to denomination; "denominationally diverse audiences" cortically with respect to the cortex; "cortically induced arousal" focally in a focal manner; "the submucosa was focally infiltrated" hypothalamically with respect to the hypothalamus; "hypothalamically controlled secretions" intradermally into the skin intramuscularly in an intramuscular way; "administer the drug intramuscularly" amusingly in an entertaining and amusing manner; "Hollywood has grown too sophisticated to turn out anything really amusingly bad these days" upriver toward the source or against the current downriver away from the source or with the current insofar to the degree or extent that; "insofar as it can be ascertained, the horse lung is comparable to that of man"; "so far as it is reasonably practical he should practice restraint" mordaciously in a mordacious manner; "she taunted him mordaciously" more used to form the comparative of some adjectives and adverbs; "more interesting"; "more beautiful"; "more quickly" comparative of much; to a greater degree or extent; "he works more now"; "they eat more than they should" early on during an early stage; "early on in her career" for that matter as far as that is concerned; "for that matter I don't care either" afar (old-fashioned) at or from or to a great distance; far; "we traveled afar"; "we could see the ship afar off"; "the Magi came from afar" far and wide over great areas or distances; everywhere; "he traveled far and wide"; "the news spread far and wide"; "people came from far and near"; "searched for the child far and near" fictitiously in a fictional manner (created by the imagination) in a false manner intended to mislead finely in a delicate manner; "finely shaped features"; "her fine drawn body" in an elegant manner; "finely costumed actors" in tiny pieces; "the surfaces were finely granular" throughout from first to last; "the play was excellent end-to-end" initially at the beginning; "at first he didn't notice anything strange" at first sight on first seeing (someone or something); immediately; "it was love at first sight" after an initial impression, which later proves incorrect at first blush as a first impression; "at first blush the offer seemed attractive" and so forth continuing in the same way forth out into view; "came forth from the crowd"; "put my ideas forth" forward in time or order or degree; "from that time forth"; "from the sixth century onward" at heart in reality; "she is very kind at heart" at large in a general fashion; "he talked at large about his plans" at least not less than; "at least two hours studying the manual"; "a tumor at least as big as an orange" if nothing else (`leastwise' is informal and `leastways' is colloquial); "at least he survived"; "they felt--at any rate Jim felt--relieved though still wary"; "the influence of economists--or at any rate of economics--is far-reaching" at most not more than; "spend at most $20 on the lunch" at leisure in an unhurried way or at one's convenience; "read the manual at your leisure"; "he traveled leisurely" just then at a particular time in the past; "just then the bugle sounded" promptly in a punctual manner; "he did his homework promptly" at once (usually modifies an undesirable occurrence); "he promptly forgot the address" with little or no delay; "the rescue squad arrived promptly"; "come here, quick!" at best under the best of conditions; "at best we'll lose only the money" at worst under the worst of conditions; "at worst we'll go to jail" demoniacally in a very agitated manner; as if possessed by an evil spirit furtively in a furtive manner; "the soldiers were furtively crawling through the night" unanimously of one mind; without dissent; "the Senate unanimously approved the bill"; "we voted unanimously" responsibly in a responsible manner; "we must act responsibly" irresponsibly in an irresponsible manner; "he acted irresponsibly" fairly without favoring one party, in a fair evenhanded manner; "deal fairly with one another" in conformity with the rules or laws and without fraud or cheating; "they played fairly" normally under normal conditions; "usually she was late" as usual in the usual manner; "as usual, she arrived late" unusually to a remarkable degree or extent; "she was unusually tall"; "Notably missing from the network's fall line-up are any half-hour scripted comedies" recently in the recent past; "he was in Paris recently"; "lately the rules have been enforced"; "as late as yesterday she was fine"; "feeling better of late"; "the spelling was first affected, but latterly the meaning also" erratically in an erratic unpredictable manner; "economic changes are proceeding erratically" girlishly like a girl; "she was girlishly shy" gradually in a gradual manner; "the snake moved gradually toward its victim" grimly in a grim implacable manner; "he was grimly satisfied" hell-for-leather at breakneck speed; "they were travelling hell-for-leather" hereabout in this general vicinity; "the people are friendly hereabouts" herein in this place or thing or document; "I shall discuss the question herein" historically with respect to history; "this is historically interesting" throughout history; "historically they have never coexisted peacefully" peacefully in a peaceful manner; "the hen settled herself on the nest most peacefully" scientifically with respect to science; in a scientific way; "this is scientifically interesting" unscientifically in an unscientific way; not according to the principles of science; "they proceeded unscientifically when they dissected the mummy" humbly in a humble manner; "he humbly lowered his head" meekly in a submissive or spiritless manner; "meekly bowed to his wishes" militarily with respect to the military; "on a militarily significant scale" macroscopically without using a microscope; "The tubes were examined macroscopically" literally (intensifier before a figurative expression) without exaggeration; "our eyes were literally pinned to TV during the Gulf War" in a literal sense; "literally translated"; "he said so literally" virtually in essence or effect but not in fact; "the strike virtually paralyzed the city"; "I'm virtually broke" most used to form the superlative; "the king cobra is the most dangerous snake" very; "a most welcome relief" least of all especially not; "nobody, least of all Joe, agreed with me" mutely without speaking; "he sat mutely next to her" internationally throughout the world; "She is internationally known"; "this is globally significant" globally with respect to the whole earth; "think globally, not locally" inevitably in such a manner as could not be otherwise; "it is necessarily so"; "we must needs by objective" newly very recently; "they are newly married"; "newly raised objections"; "a newly arranged hairdo"; "grass new washed by the rain"; "a freshly cleaned floor"; "we are fresh out of tomatoes" afresh again but in a new or different way; "start afresh"; "wanted to write the story anew"; "starting life anew in a fresh place" de novo from the beginning differently in another and different manner; "very soon you will know differently"; "she thought otherwise"; "there is no way out other than the fire escape" organically involving carbon compounds; "organically bound iodine" as an important constituent; "the drapery served organically to cover the Madonna" in an organic manner; "this food is grown organically" inorganically not involving carbon compounds; "inorganically bound molecules" unfailingly without fail mechanically in a machinelike manner; without feeling; "he smiled mechanically" in a mechanical manner; by a mechanism; "this door opens mechanically" metabolically involving metabolism; "metabolically important substances" officially in an official role; "officially, he is in charge"; "officially responsible" unofficially not in an official capacity; "unofficially, he serves as the treasurer" without official authorization; "he had made some money on the side" painfully unpleasantly; "his ignorance was painfully obvious" in or as if in pain; "she moved painfully forward"; "sorely wounded" centrally in or near or toward a center or according to a central role or function; "The theater is centrally located" peripherally in or at or near a periphery or according to a peripheral role or function or relationship phylogenetically with regard to phylogeny; "a phylogenetically primitive part of the brain" physically in accord with physical laws; "it is physically impossible" physiologically of or relating to physiological processes; with respect to physiology; "physiologically ready"; "physiologically addicted" preferably more readily or willingly; "clean it well, preferably with warm water"; "I'd rather be in Philadelphia"; "I'd sooner die than give up" politically with regard to government; "politically organized units" with regard to social relationships involving authority; "politically correct clothing" pornographically in a pornographic manner self-indulgently in a self-indulgent manner symbiotically in a symbiotic manner symbolically in a symbolic manner; "symbolically accepted goals" by means of symbols; "symbolically expressed" toe-to-toe in close combat or at close quarters; "they fought toe-to-toe for the nomination" in concert with a common plan; "act in concert" in on participating in or knowledgeable out; "was in on the scheme" jointly in conjunction with; combined; "our salaries put together couldn't pay for the damage"; "we couldn't pay for the damages with all our salaries put together" in collaboration or cooperation; "this paper was written jointly" outrageously to an extravagant or immoderate degree; "atrociously expensive" in a very offensive manner; "he behaved outrageously" volumetrically with respect to volume; "analyzed volumetrically" so in a manner that facilitates; "he observed the snakes so he could describe their behavior"; "he stooped down so he could pick up his hat" to a very great extent or degree; "the idea is so obvious"; "never been so happy"; "I love you so"; "my head aches so!" (usually followed by `that') to an extent or degree as expressed; "he was so tired he could hardly stand"; "so dirty that it smells" in such a condition or manner, especially as expressed or implied; "They're happy and I hope they will remain so"; "so live your life that old age will bring no regrets" to a certain unspecified extent or degree; "I can only go so far with this student"; "can do only so much in a day" in the same way; also; "I was offended and so was he"; "worked hard and so did she" regardless in spite of everything; without regard to drawbacks; "he carried on regardless of the difficulties" irregardless regardless; a combination of irrespective and regardless sometimes used humorously once on one occasion; "once I ran into her" at a previous time; "at one time he loved her"; "her erstwhile writing"; "she was a dancer once" as soon as; "once we are home, we can rest" though (postpositive) however; "it might be unpleasant, though" as far as possible to a feasible extent; "she helped him as much as possible" on the coattails immediately following or undeservedly benefiting from; "the CEO resigned on the coattails of the scandal"; "he was elected on his predecessor's coattails" on the other hand (contrastive) from another point of view; "on the other hand, she is too ambitious for her own good"; "then again, she might not go" on the one hand from one point of view; "on the one hand, she is a gifted chemist" successfully with success; in a successful manner; "she performed the surgery successfully" simultaneously at the same instant; "they spoke simultaneously" concurrently overlapping in duration; "concurrently with the conference an exhibition of things associated with Rutherford was held"; "going to school and holding a job at the same time" systematically in a systematic or consistent manner; "they systematically excluded women" unsystematically in an unsystematic manner; "his books were lined up unsystematically on the shelf" inconsistently without showing consistency; "he acted inconsistently when he bought these stocks" thereby by that means or because of that; "He knocked over the red wine, thereby ruining the table cloth" thus in the way indicated; "hold the brush so"; "set up the pieces thus"; (`thusly' is a nonstandard variant) academically in regard to academic matters; "academically, this is a good school" appositively in an appositive manner; "this adjective is used appositively" astronomically enormously; "the bill was astronomically high" axiomatically on the basis of axioms; "this is axiomatically given" photoelectrically by photoelectric means; "they measured it photoelectrically" photographically by photographic means; "photographically recorded scenes" photometrically by photometric means; "photometrically measured" constitutionally according to the constitution; "this was constitutionally ruled out" unconstitutionally in an unconstitutional manner; "the president acted unconstitutionally" democratically in a democratic manner; based on democratic principles; "it was decided democratically"; "democratically elected government" undemocratically in an undemocratic manner; "undemocratically, he made all the important decisions without his colleagues" digitally in terms of integers; "the time was digitally displayed" by means of the fingers; "the exam was carried out digitally" economically with respect to economic science; "economically this proposal makes no sense" with respect to the economic system; "economically the country is worse off" in an economical manner electronically by electronic means; "the door opens electronically" ethnically with respect to ethnicity; "the neighborhood is ethnically diverse" federally by federal government; "it's federally regulated" genetically by genetic mechanisms; "genetically passed down talents" graphically in a graphic way; "he described the event graphically" with respect to graphic aspects; "graphically interesting designs" ideographically in an idiographic manner; "it's written ideographically" idyllically in an idyllic manner industrially by industrial means; "industrially produced" injuriously in an injurious manner irrevocably in an irrevocable manner legally in a legal manner; "he acted legally" by law; conforming to the law; "we are lawfully wedded now" manually by hand; "this car shifts manually" medically involving medical practice; "medically trained nurses"; "medically correct treatment" medicinally in a medicinal manner nominally in name only; "nominally he is the boss" predicatively occurring within the predicate phrase; "predicatively used adjectives" professorially in a professorial manner; "she behaved very professorially" provincially by the province; through the province; "provincially controlled" realistically in a realistic manner; "the figure was realistically painted" in a realistic manner; "let's look at the situation realistically" reversibly in a reversible manner; "reversibly convertible" rewardingly in a rewarding manner royally in a royal manner; "they were royally treated" sacrilegiously in a sacrilegious manner scenically with respect to stage scenery; "scenically stunning" scholastically with respect to scholastic activities; "scholastically apt" serially in a serial manner; "serially composed music" socially by or with respect to society; "socially accepted norms" in a social manner; "socially unpopular" technically with regard to technical skill and the technology available; "a technically brilliant solution" with regard to technique; "technically lagging behind the Japanese"; "a technically brilliant boxer" according to the exact meaning; according to the facts; "technically, a bank's reserves belong to the stockholders"; "technically, the term is no longer used by experts" temporally with regard to temporal order; "temporally processed" terminally at the end; "terminally ill" terrestrially to a land environment; "terrestrially adapted" territorially with respect to territory; "territorially important" thematically with regard to thematic content; "thematically related" therapeutically for therapeutic purposes geothermally by means of heat from the interior of the earth thermally by means of heat or with respect to thermal properties typically in a typical manner; "Tom was typically hostile" atypically in a manner that is not typical; "she was atypically quiet" verbally by means of language; "verbally expressive" as a verb; "he had a habit of using nouns verbally" vocally in a vocal manner; "she defended herself vocally" nonverbally without words; "they communicated nonverbally" electrically by electricity; "electrically controlled" chemically with respect to chemistry; "chemically different substances"; "chemically related" with chemicals; "chemically fertilized" legislatively by legislation; "legislatively determined" bilingually in a bilingual manner; "she grew up bilingually" linearly in a linear manner; "linearly polarized radiation"; "it grew linearly" longitudinally with respect to longitude; "longitudinally measured" across time; "We studied the development of the children longitudinally" magically in a magical manner; "it disappeared magically" bacterially by bacteria; "spreads bacterially" relativistically by the theory of relativity; "this is relativistically impossible" racially with respect to race; "racially integrated" municipally by municipality; "municipally funded" governmentally by government; "governmentally determined policy" professionally in a professional manner; "professionally trained staff" spatially with regard to space; "spatially limited" semantically with regard to meaning; "semantically empty messages" limitedly in a limited manner linguistically with respect to language; "linguistically impaired children"; "a lingually diverse population" with respect to the science of linguistics; "linguistically interesting data" sociolinguistically with respect to sociolinguistics; "sociolinguistically fascinating" cross-linguistically by comparing languages; "she studied the phenomenon cross-linguistically" fiscally in financial matters; "fiscally irresponsible" algebraically in an algebraic manner; "algebraically determined" polyphonically in a polyphonic manner; "polyphonically composed" poetically in a poetic manner; "poetically expressed" phonetically by phonetics; "phonetically realized" personally as a person; "he is personally repulsive" in the flesh; without involving anyone else; "I went there personally"; "he appeared in person" concerning the speaker; "personally, I find him stupid" in a personal way; "he took her comments personally" as yourself; "speaking personally, I would not want to go" philosophically in a philosophic manner; "she took it philosophically" with respect to philosophy; "the movement is philosophically indebted to Rousseau" infernally extremely; "infernally clever"; "hellishly dangerous" pathologically with respect to pathology; "pathologically interesting results" catastrophically with unfortunate consequences; "catastrophically complex" optically in an optical manner; "optically distorted" visually with respect to vision; "visually distorted" viscerally in the viscera; "he is bleeding viscerally" in an unreasoning visceral manner cerebrally in the brain; "bleeding cerebrally" in an intellectual manner; "cerebrally active" mystically in a mystical manner; "chant mystically" biologically with respect to biology; "biologically related" sociobiologically with respect to sociobiology; "explain the behavior sociobiologically" biochemically with respect to biochemistry; "biochemically interesting phenomenon" musicologically with respect to musicology morally with respect to moral principles; "morally unjustified" in a moral manner; "he acted morally under the circumstances" meteorologically with respect to the weather; "meteorologically bad conditions" metaphysically in a metaphysical manner; "he thinks metaphysically" metonymically in a metonymic manner melodically with respect to melody; "melodically interesting themes" harmonically with respect to harmony; "harmonically interesting piece" acoustically with respect to acoustics; "acoustically ill-equipped studios" adulterously in an adulterous manner; "he behaved adulterously" metaphorically in a metaphorical manner; "she expressed herself metaphorically" allegorically in an allegorical manner; "the play ended allegorically" locally by a particular locality; "it was locally decided" to a restricted area of the body; "apply this medicine topically" regionally in a regional manner; "regionally governed" nationally with regard to a nation taken as a whole; "a nationally uniform culture" extending throughout an entire nation; "nationally advertised"; "it was broadcast nationwide" culturally with regard to a culture; "culturally integrated" interracially by race; "interracially restrictive" chorally by a chorus; "chorally accompanied" subcutaneously below the skin; "inject subcutaneously" facially with respect to the face syntactically with respect to syntax; "syntactically ill-formed" spinally in the spine; "spinally administered" sexually by sexual means; "reproduce sexually" with respect to sexuality; "sexually ambiguous" lexically by means of words; "lexically represented" nonlexically without the use of words; "expressed nonlexically" materially with respect to material aspects; "psychologically similar but materially different" to a significant degree; "it aided him materially in winning the argument" surgically in a surgical manner; by means of surgery; "surgically removed" operatively in a manner to produce an effect postoperatively after the operation; "remove postoperatively" chromatographically by means of a chromatographic process alternately in an alternating sequence or position; "They were deglycerolized by alternately centrifuging and mixing"; "he planted fir and pine trees alternately" transversely in a transverse manner; "they were cut transversely" respectively in the order given; "the brothers were called Felix and Max, respectively" similarly in like or similar manner; "He was similarly affected"; "some people have little power to do good, and have likewise little strength to resist evil"- Samuel Johnson secondarily of secondary import; "secondarily affected" primarily of primary import; "this is primarily a question of economics"; "it was in the first place a local matter" probably with considerable certainty; without much doubt; "He is probably out of the country"; "in all likelihood we are headed for war" bannerlike like a banner; "She waved her scarf at him bannerlike" dramatically in a dramatic manner; "he confessed dramatically" with respect to dramatic value; "the play was dramatically interesting, but the direction was bad" in a very impressive manner; "your performance will improve dramatically" undramatically in an undramatic manner ashore towards the shore from the water; "we invited them ashore" notably especially; in particular; "notably in the social sciences, the professors teach too much" intensively in an intensive manner; "he studied the snake intensively" appropriately in accordance with what is appropriate or suitable for the circumstances; "he was appropriately dressed"; "If you don't behave properly, you'll have to leave!"; "I met the junior senator from Illinois and I was duly impressed" inappropriately in an inappropriate manner; "he was inappropriately dressed" inalienably in an inalienable manner; "this property is held inalienably" thousand-fold by three orders of magnitude; "this poison is a thousand-fold more toxic" artificially not according to nature; not by natural means; "artificially induced conditions" acutely having a rapid onset; "an acutely debilitating virus" chronically in a slowly developing and long lasting manner; "chronically ill persons" in a habitual and longstanding manner; "smoking chronically" contradictorily in a contradictory manner; "he argued contradictorily" electrostatically in an electrostatic manner; "the dust adhered electrostatically to the surface" episodically in an episodic manner feverishly in a feverish manner; "she worked feverishly" feudally in a feudal manner; "a feudally organized society" frontally in, at, or toward the front glacially by a glacier; "glacially deposited material" glaringly in a glaring manner; "it was glaringly obvious" gravitationally with respect to gravitation; "gravitationally strong forces" gutturally in a guttural manner; "gutturally articulated" hieroglyphically by means of hieroglyphs; "hieroglyphically written" homeostatically in a homeostatic manner; "blood pressure is homeostatically regulated" horticulturally by means of horticulture humanly in the manner of human beings; "humanly possible" imperially in an imperial manner; "imperially decreed" incestuously by incest; "incestuously conceived" inconceivably to an inconceivable degree; "inconceivably small" insistently in an insistent manner institutionally by an institution; "institutionally controlled" judicially in a judicial manner; "judicially controlled process" as ordered by a court nasally in a nasal manner; "inhaled nasally" nocturnally at night; "nocturnally active bird" rurally in a rural manner spherically in a spherical manner; "spherically shaped" superficially in a superficial manner; "he was superficially interested" syllabically in or with syllables; "syllabically pronounced" monosyllabically in a monosyllabic manner polysyllabically in a polysyllabic manner symptomatically by symptoms tangentially peripherally; "touched on it tangentially" volcanically by or like volcanoes; "volcanically created landscape" awhile for a short time; "sit down and stay awhile"; "they settled awhile in Virginia before moving West"; "the baby was quiet for a while" wickedly in a wicked evil manner; "act wickedly"; "grin evilly" surely definitely or positively (`sure' is sometimes used informally for `surely'); "the results are surely encouraging"; "she certainly is a hard worker"; "it's going to be a good day for sure"; "they are coming, for certain"; "they thought he had been killed sure enough"; "he'll win sure as shooting"; "they sure smell good"; "sure he'll come" surprisingly in a surprising manner; "he was surprisingly friendly" technologically by means of technology; "technologically impossible" temperamentally by temperament; "temperamentally suited to each other" sufficiently to a sufficient degree; "she was sufficiently fluent in Mandarin" insufficiently to an insufficient degree; "he was insufficiently prepared" unhesitatingly without hesitation; "she said yes unhesitatingly" hesitantly with hesitation; in a hesitant manner; "he finally accepted hesitantly" thereafter from that time on; "thereafter he never called again" ever at any time; "did you ever smoke?"; "the best con man of all time" (intensifier for adjectives) very; "she was ever so friendly" such to so extreme a degree; "he is such a baby"; "Such rich people!" hand and foot in all ways possible; "they served him hand and foot" hand in hand clasping each other's hands; "they walked hand in hand" together; "hand in hand with hope went fear"; "doctors and nurses work hand in hand to save lives" hand over fist at a tremendous rate; "made money hand over fist" handily with no difficulty; "she beat him handily" in a convenient manner; "the switch was conveniently located" in hand under control; "the riots were in hand" out of hand out of control; "the riots got out of hand" in a way from some points of view; "she was right in a way" factually as a fact or based on fact; "they learn much, factually, about the problems of retirement and provision for old age, and, psychologically, in the sharing of their thoughts on retirement" in fact in reality or actuality; "in fact, it was a wonder anyone survived"; "painters who are in fact anything but unsophisticated"; "as a matter of fact, he is several inches taller than his father" actually used to imply that one would expect the fact to be the opposite of that stated; surprisingly; "you may actually be doing the right thing by walking out"; "she actually spoke Latin"; "they thought they made the rules but in reality they were only puppets"; "people who seem stand-offish are in reality often simply nervous" in actual fact; "to be nominally but not actually independent"; "no one actually saw the shark"; "large meteorites actually come from the asteroid belt" as a sentence modifier to add slight emphasis; "actually, we all help clear up after a meal"; "actually, I haven't seen the film"; "I'm not all that surprised actually"; "she hasn't proved to be too satisfactory, actually" at the present moment; "the transmission screen shows the picture that is actually on the air" to be sure admittedly; "to be sure, he is no Einstein" sure enough as supposed or expected; "sure enough, he asked her for money again" in toto in entirety; "they bought the business in toto"; "in recommendations were adopted in toto" in the least to any extent at all; "are you in the least interested?" above all above and beyond all other consideration; "above all, you must be independent" in absentia while absent; although absent; "he was sentenced in absentia" across the board including all; "we got a pay raise across the board" after a fashion to some extent; not very well; "he speaks French after a fashion" after all emphasizes something to be considered; "after all, she is your boss, so invite her"; "he is, after all, our president" in spite of expectations; "came to the party after all"; "it didn't rain after all" after hours not during regular hours; "he often worked after hours" against the clock as fast as possible; before a deadline; "it was a race against the clock" ahead of the game in an advantageous position; "she's ahead of the game" all in all with everything considered (and neglecting details); "altogether, I'm sorry it happened"; "all in all, it's not so bad" all of a sudden without warning; "all at once, he started shouting" all the way to the goal; "she climbed the mountain all the way" not stopping short of sexual intercourse; "she went all the way with him" from start to finish completely and how an expression of emphatic agreement and then some and considerably more in addition; "it cost me a week's salary and then some" around the clock without stopping; "she worked around the clock" as follows what is listed next; "her complaints went as follows" as it were as if it were really so; "she lives here, as it were" as we say in a manner of speaking; "the feeling is, as we say, quite dead" as the crow flies by the shortest and most direct route; "it's 10 miles as the crow flies" at all costs regardless of the cost involved; "he wanted to save her life at all cost" at a time simultaneously; "he took three cookies at a time" at will as one chooses or pleases; "he can roam the neighborhood at will" loosely structurally open and not compact or close; "loosely knit"; "loosely woven cloth"; "loosely structured organization" in a relaxed manner; not rigid; "his hands lay loosely" in a loose manner; "a union of loosely federated states" carefully taking care or paying attention; "they watched carefully" mindfully in a careful deliberate manner unmindfully in a careless and thoughtless manner excitedly with excitement; in an excited manner; "she shook his hand excitedly" vociferously in a vociferous manner; "he complained vociferously" safely with safety; in a safe manner; "we are safely out of there" allegedly according to what has been alleged; "he was on trial for allegedly murdering his wife" purportedly believed or reputed to be the case illegally in an illegal manner; "they dumped the waste illegally" originally in an original manner unoriginally in an unoriginal manner comfortably in mental comfort; without stress; "he works comfortably on three continents" in physical comfort; "she could have been lying comfortably in bed getting the same relief" uncomfortably in physical discomfort; "she lay on the couch, her body uncomfortably twisted" by a long shot by a great deal; "he is the best by a long shot"; "his labors haven't ended there--not by a long shot" by and by at some eventual time in the future; "By and by he'll understand"; "I'll see you later" by and large usually; as a rule; "by and large it doesn't rain much here" by hook or by crook in any way necessary; by any possible means; "I'll pass this course by hook or by crook" by heart by committing to memory; "she knew the poem by heart" by inches by a short distance; "they moved it by inches" by fits and starts intermittently; "he worked on his book by fits and starts" by the way introducing a different topic; "incidentally, I won't go to the party" by the piece one piece at a time; "she sold the plates by the piece" orally by spoken rather than written means; "these stories were transmitted by word of mouth" (of drugs) through the mouth rather than through injection; by mouth; "he was administered the drug orally" come hell or high water in spite of all obstacles; "we'll go to Tibet come hell or high water" day in and day out without respite; "he plays chess day in and day out" dead ahead exactly ahead or in front; "the laboratory is dead ahead" en masse all together; "the students turned out en masse" every so often occasionally; "every so often she visits her father" every inch in every way; completely; "he was every inch a statesman" completely so as to be complete; with everything necessary; "he had filled out the form completely"; "the apartment was completely furnished" incompletely not to a full degree or extent; "words incompletely understood"; "a form filled out incompletely" alone without anybody else or anything else; "the child stayed home alone"; "the pillar stood alone, supporting nothing"; "he flew solo" first and last taking everything together; "she was first and last a scientist" precisely indicating exactness or preciseness; "he was doing precisely (or exactly) what she had told him to do"; "it was just as he said--the jewel was gone"; "it has just enough salt"; "Properly speaking, all true work is religion."--Thomas Carlyle in a precise manner; "she always expressed herself precisely" just as it should be; "`Precisely, my lord,' he said" for a song for a relatively small amount of money; "we bought the house for a song" for dear life as though your life was at stake; "he was running for dear life" at stake to be won or lost; at risk; "perhaps a million dollars are at stake" in question or at issue; "there is more at stake than your modesty" for example as an example; "take ribbon snakes, for example" for good measure in addition (as to close a deal); "the car salesman threw in the radio, for good measure" for keeps for the winner to keep all; "they played for keeps" for love or money under any circumstances; "she wouldn't give up her pets for love or money" for one as a particular one of several possibilities; "I for one feel very grateful"; "her mother for one was worried" for short as an abbreviation; "call me Bob for short" for the asking on the occasion of a request; "advice was free for the asking" from scratch from the beginning, especially without relying on resources or other advantages; "he baked the torte from scratch"; "she built her business up from scratch" sincerely written formula for ending a letter with sincerity; without pretense; "she praised him sincerely for his victory"; "was unfeignedly glad to see his old teacher"; "we are truly sorry for the inconvenience" from way back since long ago; "she knows him from way back" close to the wind nearly opposite to the direction from which wind is coming; "sailing close to the wind" closely in a close relation or position in time or space; "the onsets were closely timed"; "houses set closely together"; "was closely involved in monitoring daily progress" in a close manner; "the two phenomena are intimately connected"; "the person most nearly concerned" relatively in a relative manner; by comparison to something else; "the situation is relatively calm now" predominantly much greater in number or influence; "the patients are predominantly indigenous" readily without much difficulty; "these snakes can be identified readily" markedly in a clearly noticeable manner; "sales of luxury cars dropped markedly" palpably so as to be palpable; "she was palpably nervous" crudely in a crude or unrefined manner; "he was crudely bold" slowly without speed (`slow' is sometimes used informally for `slowly'); "he spoke slowly"; "go easy here--the road is slippery"; "glaciers move tardily"; "please go slow so I can see the sights" publicly in a manner accessible to or observable by the public; openly; "she admitted publicly to being a communist" by the public or the people generally; "publicly provided medical care"; "publicly financed schools" privately kept private or confined to those intimately concerned; "it was discussed privately between the two men"; "privately, she thought differently"; "some member of his own party hoped privately for his defeat"; "he was questioned in private" by a private person or interest; "a privately financed campaign" secretly not openly; inwardly; "they were secretly delighted at his embarrassment"; "hoped secretly she would change her mind" in secrecy; not openly; "met secretly to discuss the invasion plans"; "the children secretly went to the movies when they were supposed to be at the library"; "they arranged to meet in secret" communally by a group of people rather than an individual; "the mills were owned communally" reprovingly in a reproving or reproachful manner; "she spoke to him reprovingly" gaily in a gay manner; "the scandals were gaily diverting" hand in glove in close cooperation; "they work hand in glove" cheek by jowl in close proximity; "the houses were jumbled together cheek by jowl" head over heels in disorderly haste; "we ran head over heels toward the shelter" fecklessly in a feckless manner; irresponsibly and incompetently harum-scarum in a wild or reckless manner; "dashing harum-scarum all over the place"; "running pell-mell up the stairs" carelessly without care or concern; "carelessly raised the children's hopes without thinking of their possible disappointment" heart and soul with complete faith; "she was with him heart and soul" hook line and sinker in every detail; "he believed her story hook, line, and sinker" in circles without making progress; "the candidates talked in circles" in a pig's eye absolutely not; never in case if there happens to be need; "in case of trouble call 911"; "I have money, just in case" coldly lacking warmth of feeling; in a cold, unemotional manner; "he addressed her coldly" seriously in a serious manner; "talking earnestly with his son"; "she started studying snakes in earnest"; "a play dealing seriously with the question of divorce" in due course at the appropriate time; "we'll get to this question in due course" in full swing proceeding with full vigor; "the party was in full swing" in kind with something of the same kind; "she pays him back in kind" in name by title or repute though not in fact; "he's a doctor in name only" in no time in a relatively short time; "she finished the assignment in no time" in passing incidentally; in the course of doing something else; "he made this remark in passing" inside out with the inside facing outward; "she turned the shirt inside out" thoroughly; from every perspective; "she knows this town inside out" in the air on everybody's mind; "Christmas was in the air" in the first place before now; "why didn't you tell me in the first place?" in the end eventually or after a lengthy period of time; "she will succeed in the end" in the nick of time at the last possible moment; "she was saved in the nick of time" in the same breath almost simultaneously; "she praised and criticized him in the same breath" vainly to no avail; "he looked for her in vain"; "the city fathers tried vainly to find a solution" unsuccessfully without success; "she tried unsuccessfully to persuade him to buy a new car" just so in a careful manner; "you must treat this plant just so" lickety split without delay; "she tackled the job lickety-split" like clockwork with regularity and precision; "the rocket launch went off like clockwork" like hell (informal) with great speed or effort or intensity; used for emphasis; "drove like crazy"; "worked like hell to get the job done"; "this sprain hurts like hell"; "ran like sin for the storm cellar"; "work like thunder"; "fought like the devil" used ironically to indicate the opposite of what is stated; "says he'll help me? Like hell he will!" in fun not intended seriously; meant as a joke; "some of the girls did go to extremes, but it was all in fun"; "let's pretend we don't like Mary, just for fun" no end on and on for a long time; "the child cried no end" off and on not regularly; "they phone each other off and on" off the cuff without preparation; "the presidential candidate made a remark off the cuff" confidentially in a confidential manner; "spoke to him intimately and confidentially" off the record not for quotation; "he spoke to the reporter off the record" on all fours on hands and knees; "he got down on all fours to play with his grandson" on the average typically; "on average he watches three movies a week" on approval for examination (with an option to buy); "they took the VCR on approval" on faith with trust and confidence; "we accepted him on faith" hypothetically by hypothesis theoretically in theory; according to the assumed facts; "on paper the candidate seems promising" in a theoretical manner; "he worked the problem out theoretically" oppositely in an opposite position contrarily contrary to expectations; "he didn't stay home; on the contrary, he went out with his friends" on the fly on the run or in a hurry; "she wrote those letters on the fly" while in motion; "he caught the punt on the fly" on the spot without delay or immediately; "we hired her on the spot"; "thought they were going to shoot us down on the spot" at the place in question; there; "they were on the spot when it happened"; "it had to be decided by the man on the spot" in a difficult situation; "that question really put him on the spot" on the spur of the moment on impulse; without premeditation; "he decided to go to Chicago on the spur of the moment"; "he made up his mind suddenly" on the way on a route to some place; "help is on the way"; "we saw him on the way to California" out of thin air without warning; "your cousin arrived out of thin air" out of wedlock of unwed parents; "he was born out of wedlock" to advantage in a manner that uses the most flattering or best aspects of; "the dress brought out her figure to advantage" to a man without exception; "voted for unionization to a man" to a T in every detail; "the new house suited them to a T" up to now prior to the present time; "no suspect has been found to date" to order to specification; "he had the shoes made to order" tooth and nail with force and ferocity; "she fought tooth and nail" to that effect with that general meaning; "she said something to that effect" to the hilt in full; "you are in this to the hilt" under the circumstances because of prevailing conditions; "under the circumstances I cannot buy the house" orad toward the mouth or oral region aborad away from the mouth or oral region bravely in a courageous manner; "bravely he went into the burning house" overboard from on board a vessel into the water; "they dropped their garbage overboard" to extremes; "he went overboard to please his in-laws" upstate in or toward the northern parts of a state; "he lives upstate New York" profoundly to a great depth psychologically or emotionally; "They felt the loss deeply"; "she loved him intensely" impatiently with impatience; in an impatient manner; "he answered her impatiently" patiently with patience; in a patient manner; "he patiently played with the child" tensely in a tense manner; "he sat down tensely" methodically in a methodical manner; "she worked methodically" apologetically in an apologetic manner; "he spoke apologetically about his past" unsteadily in an unsteady manner; "he walked unsteadily toward the exit"; "The wounded soldier was swinging unsteadily on his legs" haughtily in a haughty manner; "he peered haughtily down his nose" wildly to an extreme or greatly exaggerated degree; "the storyline is wildly unrealistic" with violent and uncontrollable passion; "attacked wildly, slashing and stabbing over and over" in an uncontrolled or unrestrained manner; "He gesticulated wildly" bleakly without hope; "he wondered bleakly" stupidly in a stupid manner; "he had stupidly bought a one way ticket" uniquely so as to be unique; "he could determine uniquely the properties of the compound" symmetrically in a symmetrical manner; "they were symmetrically arranged" asymmetrically in an asymmetrical manner; "they were asymmetrically arranged" inversely in an inverse or contrary manner; "inversely related"; "wavelength and frequency are, of course, related reciprocally"- F.A.Geldard creatively in a creative manner; "she solved the problem creatively" distally far from the center; "the bronchus is situated distally" heavily to a considerable degree; "he relied heavily on others' data" indulging excessively; "he drank heavily" in a labored manner; "he breathed heavily" in a manner designed for heavy duty; "a heavily constructed car"; "heavily armed" in a heavy-footed manner; "he walked heavily up the three flights to his room" with great force; "she hit her arm heavily against the wall" repeatedly several time; "it must be washed repeatedly" over and over repeatedly; "the unknown word turned up over and over again in the text" adamantly inflexibly; unshakably; "adamantly opposed to the marriage" strongly with strength or in a strong manner; "argues very strongly for his proposal"; "he was strongly opposed to the government" weakly in a weak or feeble manner or to a minor degree; "weakly agreed to a compromise"; "wheezed weakly"; "he was weakly attracted to her" vice versa with the order reversed; "she hates him and vice versa" day by day gradually and progressively; "his health weakened day by day" day in day out for an indefinite number of successive days week after week for an indefinite number of successive weeks week by week weekly; "week by week, the betrayal gnawed at his heart" month by month for an indefinite number of months; "month by month, the betrayal gnawed at his heart" radically in a radical manner; "she took a radically different approach" religiously by religion; "religiously inspired art" scrupulously with extreme conscientiousness; "he came religiously every morning at 8 o'clock" exceptionally to an exceptional degree; "it worked exceptionally well" amply sufficiently; more than adequately; "the evidence amply (or fully) confirms our suspicions"; "they were fully (or amply) fed" to an ample degree or in an ample manner; "these voices were amply represented"; "we benefited richly" strictly restricted to something; "we talked strictly business" in a stringent manner; "the laws are stringently enforced"; "stringently controlled" tentatively in a tentative manner; "we agreed tentatively on a dinner date" in other words otherwise stated; "in other words, we are broke" fussily in a fussy manner; "he spoke to her fussily" unnecessarily without any necessity; "this marathon would exhaust him unnecessarily" in an unnecessary manner; "they were unnecessarily rude" gracefully in a graceful manner; "she swooped gracefully" gracelessly in a graceless manner; "she moves rather gracelessly" neatly with neatness; "she put the slippers under the bed neatly" successively in proper order or sequence; "talked to each child in turn"; "the stable became in turn a chapel and then a movie theater" independently on your own; without outside help; "the children worked on the project independently" apart from others; "the clothes were hung severally" apart not taken into account or excluded from consideration; "these problems apart, the country is doing well"; "all joking aside, I think you're crazy" into parts or pieces; "he took his father's watch apart"; "split apart"; "torn asunder" separated or at a distance in place or position or time; "These towns are many miles apart"; "stood with his legs apart"; "born two years apart" one from the other; "people can't tell the twins apart" away from another or others; "they grew apart over the years"; "kept apart from the group out of shyness"; "decided to live apart" as needed according to need (physicians use PRN in writing prescriptions); "add water as needed" gently in a gradual manner; "a gently sloping terrain" in a gentle manner; "he talked gently to the injured animal" overseas in a place across an ocean vigorously with vigor; in a vigorous manner; "he defended his ideas vigorously" distinctly clear to the mind; with distinct mental discernment; "it's distinctly possible"; "I could clearly see myself in his situation" to a distinct degree; "urbanization in Spain is distinctly correlated with a fall in reproductive rate" in a distinct and distinguishable manner; "the subtleties of this distinctly British occasion" positively extremely; "it was positively monumental" so as to be positive; in a positive manner; "she intended her remarks to be interpreted positively" excellently extremely well; "he did splendidly in the exam"; "we got along famously" healthily in a levelheaded manner; "the answers were healthily individual" hilariously in a hilarious manner; "hilariously funny" considerately in a considerate manner; "they considerately withdrew" inconsiderately without consideration; in an inconsiderate manner; "inconsiderately, he asked to be invited for dinner" wonderfully (used as an intensifier) extremely well; "her voice is superbly disciplined"; "the colors changed wondrously slowly" gratifyingly in a gratifying manner; "the performance was at a gratifyingly high level" impeccably flawlessly; "the film was impeccably authentic" blandly in a bland manner; "his blandly incompetent attempts" gravely in a grave and sober manner; "he walked soberly toward the altar" helpfully in a helpful manner; "the subtitles are helpfully conveyed" unhelpfully in an unhelpful manner; "he stood by unhelpfully while the house burned down" preferentially in a preferential manner; "he was treated preferentially" rationally in a rational manner; "we must act rationally" irrationally in an irrational manner; "they acted irrationally" critically in a critical manner; "this must be examined critically" uncritically in an uncritical manner; "he accepted her decisions uncritically" boldly with boldness, in a bold manner; "we must tackle these tasks boldly" competently with competence; in a competent capable manner; "they worked competently" incompetently in an incompetent manner; "he did the job rather incompetently" emotionally with regard to emotions; "emotionally secure" in an emotional manner; "at the funeral he spoke emotionally" unemotionally without emotion; devoid of emotion; "the defendant stared unemotionally at the victim's family" anxiously with anxiety or apprehension; "we watched anxiously" stiffly in a stiff manner; "his hands lay stiffly" informally without formality; "he visited us informally" formally in a formal manner; "he was dressed rather formally" with official authorization; "the club will be formally recognized" irritably in an irritable manner; "she had become irritably exact" calmly with self-possession (especially in times of stress); "he spoke calmly to the rioting students" tranquilly without emotional agitation; "tranquilly she went on with her work" nicely in a nice way; "a nicely painted house" cozily in a cozy manner; "nestled cozily by the fire" correspondingly in a corresponding manner; "the temperature decreases correspondingly" studiously in a studious manner; "she examined the data studiously" cleverly in a clever manner; "they were cleverly arranged"; "a smartly managed business" lavishly in a rich and lavish manner; "lavishly decorated" best of all especially fortunate; "best of all, we don't have any homework!" theatrically in a theatrical manner; "theatrically dressed" namely as follows much as in a similar way popularly among the people; "this topic was popularly discussed" enthusiastically with enthusiasm; in an enthusiastic manner; "they discussed the question enthusiastically" unenthusiastically without enthusiasm; showing no enthusiasm; "the children opened the presents unenthusiastically" intellectually in an intellectual manner; "intellectually gifted children"; "intellectually influenced" professedly with pretense or intention to deceive; "is only professedly poor" someday some unspecified time in the future; "someday you will understand my actions" hyperbolically in an exaggerated manner agilely in a nimble or agile manner; with quickness and lightness and ease; "nimbly scaling an iron gate"- Charles Dickens; "leaped agilely from roof to roof" proudly with pride; in a proud manner; "he walked proudly into town" solemnly in a grave and sedate manner; "the judge sat there solemnly" divinely by divine means; "the divinely appointed means of rescue from temporal existence" God knows how by some means not understood by the speaker; "God knows how he did it, but he did climbed that steep wall" clumsily in a clumsy manner; "he snatched the bills clumsily" diffusely in a diffuse manner; "the arteries were diffusely narrowed" irregularly in an irregular manner; "the stomach mucosa was irregularly blackened" at an uneven rate; "the patient is breathing irregularly" in an irregular manner; "her letters arrived irregularly" having an irregular form; "irregularly shaped solids" coarsely in coarse pieces; "the surfaces were coarsely granular" intensely to a high degree; extremely; in high concentration or density; "he worked intensely"; "it was intensely hot"; "the sky was intensely blue" et al. and elsewhere (used when referring to other occurrences in a text) and others ('et al.' is used as an abbreviation of `et alii' (masculine plural) or `et aliae' (feminine plural) or `et alia' (neuter plural) when referring to a number of people); "the data reported by Smith et al." cf. compare (used in texts to point the reader to another location in the text) i.e. that is to say; in other words continuously at every point; "The function is continuously differentiable" reflexly in a reflexive manner; by means of reflexes; "such effects can be induced reflexly"; "she answered reflexively, without thinking" spontaneously in a spontaneous manner; "this shift occurs spontaneously" sympathetically with respect to the sympathetic nervous system; "the stimulus acted sympathetically" in a sympathetic manner; "she listened to him sympathetically" unsympathetically without sympathy; in an unsympathetic manner; "the judge listened to the accused unsympathetically" convincingly in a convincing manner; "he argued convincingly" unconvincingly in an unconvincing manner; "he argued unconvincingly" weirdly in a weird manner; "she was dressed weirdly" mercifully in a compassionate manner; "he dealt with the thief mercifully" stealthily in a stealthy manner; "stealthily they advanced upstream" thievishly in a manner characteristic of a thief snugly fitting closely; "the vest fit snugly" safely protected; "concealed snugly in his hideout" warmly and comfortably sheltered; "sitting snugly by the fireside while the storm raged" visibly so as to be visible; "the sign was visibly displayed" in a visible manner; "he was visibly upset" conceivably within the realm of possibility; "the weather may conceivably change" strikingly in a striking manner; "this was strikingly demonstrated"; "the evidence was strikingly absent" meticulously in a meticulous manner; "the set was meticulously authentic" graciously in a gracious or graceful manner; "he did not have a chance to grow up graciously" ungraciously without grace; rigidly; "they moved woodenly" rigidly in a rigid manner; "the body was rigidly erect"; "he sat bolt upright" awkwardly in an awkward manner; "he bent awkwardly" bewilderedly in a bewildered manner triumphantly in a triumphant manner; "she shouted triumphantly" universally everywhere; "people universally agree on this" ideally in an ideal manner; "ideally, this will remove all problems" mistakenly in a mistaken or erroneous manner; "he mistakenly believed it" childishly in a childlike manner; "he acted very childishly" needlessly without need; "it would needlessly bring badness into the world" tantalizingly in a tantalizing manner; "she smiled at him tantalizingly" improperly in an improper way; "he checked whether the wound had healed improperly" properly in the right manner; correctly; suitably; "please do your job properly!"; "can't you carry me decent?" attentively with attention; in an attentive manner; "he listened attentively" enormously extremely; "he was enormously popular" liberally in a generous manner; "he gave liberally to several charities" freely in a nonliteral manner; "he embellished his stories liberally" effortlessly without effort or apparent effort; "she danced gracefully and effortlessly"; "swallows gliding effortlessly through the air" o'clock according to the clock; "it's three o'clock in Tokyo now" in detail thoroughly (including all important particulars); "he studied the snake in detail" inconveniently in an inconvenient manner; "he arrived at an inconveniently late hour" concretely in concrete terms; "concretely, this meant that he was broke" abstractly in abstract terms all over over the entire area; "the wallpaper was covered all over with flowers"; "she ached all over"; "everything was dusted over with a fine layer of soot" kinesthetically in a kinesthetic manner; by means of kinesthesia; "he can perceive shapes kinesthetically" tactually by touch; "he perceives shapes tactually" convulsively with convulsions, in a convulsive way; "her leg twitched convulsively" rebelliously in a rebellious manner; "he rejected her words rebelliously" stubbornly in a stubborn unregenerate manner; "she remained stubbornly in the same position" wrongheadedly in a wrongheaded manner drunkenly showing effects of much strong drink; "He sang drunkenly" raucously with a raucous sound; "his voice rang raucously" victoriously in a victorious manner; "Virginia had defended her land victoriously" fearfully in fear; "she hurried down the stairs fearfully" in an alarming manner; "they were fearfully attacked" fearlessly without fear; "fearlessly, he led the troops into combat" thankfully let us be thankful that; "thankfully he didn't come to the party" in a thankful manner; with thanks; "he accepted thankfully my apologies" hopefully it is hoped; "hopefully the weather will be fine on Sunday" with hope; in a hopeful manner; "we searched hopefully for a good position" hopelessly without hope; desperate because there seems no possibility of comfort or success; "he hung his head hopelessly"; "`I must die,' he said hopelessly" in a hopeless manner; "the papers were hopelessly jumbled"; "he is hopelessly romantic" eagerly with eagerness; in an eager manner; "the news was eagerly awaited" reportedly according to reports or other information; "she was reportedly his mistress for many years" maliciously with malice; in a malicious manner; "she answered maliciously" viciously in a vicious manner; "he was viciously attacked" spitefully with spite; in a spiteful manner; "he answered his accusers spitefully" savagely wildly; like an animal; "she cried out savagely" wisely in a wise manner; "she acted wisely when she invited her parents" foolishly without good sense or judgment; "He acted foolishly when he agreed to come" fatuously vacuously or complacently and unconsciously foolish intelligently in an intelligent manner; "she acted intelligently in this difficult situation" unintelligently in an unintelligent manner; "he acted rather unintelligently in this crisis" intelligibly in an intelligible manner; "the foreigner spoke to us quite intelligibly" unintelligibly in an unintelligible manner; "the foreigners spoke unintelligibly" aerially by means of aircraft; "the survey was carried out aerially" alphabetically in alphabetical order; "the list was arranged alphabetically" aristocratically in an aristocratic manner; "they behaved aristocratically" autocratically in an autocratic manner; "the Czars ruled Russia autocratically" diplomatically with diplomacy; in a diplomatic manner; "he answered very diplomatically" undiplomatically without diplomacy; in an undiplomatic manner; "she declined the invitation undiplomatically" socioeconomically with respect to socioeconomic factors; "they are far apart socioeconomically" stoutly in a resolute manner; "he was stoutly replying to his critics" indefinitely to an indefinite extent; for an indefinite time; "this could go on indefinitely" correctly in an accurate manner; "the flower had been correctly depicted by his son"; "he guessed right" incorrectly in an inaccurate manner; "he decided to reveal the details only after other sources had reported them incorrectly"; "she guessed wrong" inaccessibly in an inaccessible manner; "located inaccessibly on the top of a mountain" accurately with few mistakes; "he works very accurately" strictly correctly; "repeated the order accurately" inaccurately in an inaccurate manner; "this student works rather inaccurately and sloppily" wrongly without justice or fairness; "wouldst not play false and yet would wrongly win"- Shakespeare justly in accordance with moral or social standards; "that serves him right"; "do right by him" rightly with honesty; "he was rightly considered the greatest singer of his time" unjustly in an unjust manner; "he was unjustly singled out for punishment" charitably in a charitable manner; "she treated him charitably" aimlessly without aim; in an aimless manner; "he wandered around aimlessly" sluggishly in a sluggish manner; "the smoke rose sluggishly" trustfully in a trustful manner; "his mouth grinned trustfully" with trust; in a trusting manner; "she looked at her father trustingly" darkly without light; "the river was sliding darkly under the mist" in a dark glowering menacing manner; "he stared darkly at her" astray away from the right path or direction; "he was led astray" hurriedly in a hurried or hasty manner; "the way they buried him so hurriedly was disgraceful"; "hastily, he scanned the headlines"; "sold in haste and at a sacrifice" unhurriedly without haste; "she proceeded unhurriedly" restlessly in a restless manner; "he cracked his knuckles restlessly" financially from a financial point of view; "this was financially unattractive" psychically from a psychic point of view; "he was psychically blind" ornamentally in an ornamental, nonfunctional manner ornately in an ornate manner; "the cradle was ornately carved" individually apart from others; "taken individually, the rooms were, in fact, square"; "the fine points are treated singly" binaurally in a binaural manner; "the stimulus was presented binaurally" monaurally in a monaural manner; "the stimuli were presented monaurally" busily in a busy manner; "they were busily engaged in buying souvenirs" prominently in a prominent way; "the new car was prominently displayed in the driveway" inescapably by necessity; "the situation slid inescapably toward disaster" helplessly in a helpless manner; "the crowd watched him helplessly" imaginatively with imagination; "the room was decorated very imaginatively" unimaginatively without imagination; "the stage sets were designed rather unimaginatively" bewilderingly in a bewildering and confusing manner; "her situation was bewilderingly unclear" heartily with gusto and without reservation; "the boy threw himself heartily into his work" in a hearty manner; "`Yes,' the children chorused heartily"; "We welcomed her warmly" unashamedly without shame; "he unashamedly abandoned the project when he realized he would not gain from it" monolingually in a monolingual manner; "she had been reared monolingually" passionately with passion; "she kissed him passionately" spectacularly in a spectacular manner; "the area was spectacularly scenic" understandingly with understanding; "she nodded understandingly" soulfully in a soulful manner; "he looked at her soulfully" satirically in a satirical manner; "she spoke satirically" smoothly with no problems or difficulties; "put the plans into effect quickly and smoothly"; "despite of some mishaps, everything went swimmingly" in a smooth and diplomatic manner; "`And now,' he said smoothly, `we will continue the conversation'" freely in a free manner; "the painting featured freely brushed strokes" habitually according to habit or custom; "her habitually severe expression"; "he habitually keeps his office door closed" routinely according to routine or established practice; "he routinely parked in a no-parking zone" customarily by custom; according to common practice; "children are customarily expected to be seen but not heard" humiliatingly in a humiliating manner; "the painting was reproduced humiliatingly small" protectively in a protective manner; "he bent protectively over the woman" spiritually in a spiritual manner; "the ninth century was the spiritually freest period" sharply in a well delineated manner; "the new style of Minoan pottery was sharply defined" changing suddenly in direction and degree; "the road twists sharply after the light"; "turn sharp left here"; "the visor was acutely peaked"; "her shoes had acutely pointed toes" dimly in a dim indistinct manner; "we perceived the change only dimly" with a dim light; "a dimly lit room" unmistakably without possibility of mistake; "this watercolor is unmistakably a synthesis of nature" determinedly with determination; in a determined manner; "he clung to the past determinedly" incidentally of a minor or subordinate nature; "these magnificent achievements were only incidentally influenced by Oriental models" confidently with confidence; in a confident manner; "we have to do what is right confidently" retroactively after the fact; "he will get paid retroactively" sporadically in a sporadic manner; "he only works sporadically" haltingly in a halting manner; "he spoke haltingly" amazingly in an amazing manner; to everyone's surprise; "amazingly, he finished medical school in three years" impressively in an impressive manner; "the students progressed impressively fast" unimpressively in an unimpressive manner; "she scored unimpressively low in the first round of the competition" productively in a productive way; "they worked together productively for two years" unproductively in an unproductive manner expertly in an expert manner; "he repaired the TV set expertly" amateurishly in an amateurish manner; "he performed the piece amateurishly" abundantly in an abundant manner; "they were abundantly supplied with food"; "he thanked her profusely" interestingly in an interesting manner; "when he ceases to be just interestingly neurotic and...gets locked up"- Time uninterestingly in an uninteresting manner boringly in a tedious manner; "boringly slow work"; "he plodded tediously forward" moderately with moderation; in a moderate manner; "he drinks moderately" immoderately without moderation; in an immoderate manner; "he eats immoderately" unrealistically in an unrealistic manner; "his expectations were unrealistically high" stepwise proceeding in steps; "the voltage was increased stepwise" stolidly in a stolid manner; "he said `no' stolidly" supremely to the maximum degree; "he was supremely confident"; "He seemed irritated at Edouard's questions but, apart from that, sublimely unconcerned"; "she remained sublimely oblivious to the possible havoc she might have caused" testily in a petulant manner; "he said testily: `Go away!'" thoughtfully showing consideration and thoughtfulness; "he had thoughtfully brought with him some food to share" in a thoughtful manner; "he stared thoughtfully out the window" thoughtlessly showing thoughtlessness; "he treated his parents thoughtlessly" in a thoughtless manner; "he stared thoughtlessly at the picture" auspiciously in an auspicious manner; "he started his new job auspiciously on his birthday" inauspiciously in an inauspicious manner; "he started his new job inauspiciously on Friday the 13th" relentlessly in a relentless manner; "he worked relentlessly" ruefully in a rueful manner; "`I made a big mistake,' he said ruefully" inexorably in an inexorable manner; "time marches on inexorably" politely in a polite manner; "the policeman answered politely, `Now look here, lady...'" impolitely in an impolite manner; "he treated her impolitely" admirably in an admirable manner; "the children's responses were admirably normal" pleasantly in an enjoyable manner; "we spent a pleasantly lazy afternoon" in a cheerful manner; "`I'll do the dishes,' he said pleasantly" unpleasantly in an unpleasant manner; "he had been unpleasantly surprised" upside down in an inverted manner; "the box was lying on the floor upside down" breathlessly in a breathless manner; "she spoke breathlessly" affably in an affable manner; "`Come and visit me,' he said amiably" laughingly with laughter; while laughing; "he told the story laughingly" ambiguously in an ambiguous manner; "this letter is worded ambiguously" unambiguously in an unambiguous manner; "she stated her intentions unequivocally" ceremonially in a ceremonial manner; "he was ceremonially sworn in as President" unceremoniously in an unceremonious manner; "he was dismissed unceremoniously" ceremoniously in a ceremonious manner; "my mother advised her children ceremoniously" rakishly in a rakish manner; "she wore her hat rakishly at an angle" rollickingly in a carefree manner; "she was rollickingly happy" narrowly in a narrow manner; not allowing for exceptions; "he interprets the law narrowly" broadly without regard to specific details or exceptions; "he interprets the law broadly" in a wide fashion; "he smiled broadly" twirlingly doing twirls; "they had a most twirlingly magnificent time" behind in or to or toward the rear; "he followed behind"; "seen from behind, the house is more imposing than it is from the front"; "the final runners were far behind" remaining in a place or condition that has been left or departed from; "when he died he left much unfinished work behind"; "left a large family behind"; "the children left their books behind"; "he took off with a squeal of tires and left the other cars far behind" in debt; "he fell behind with his mortgage payments"; "a month behind in the rent"; "a company that has been run behindhand for years"; "in arrears with their utility bills" in or into an inferior position; "fell behind in his studies"; "their business was lagging behind in the competition for customers" of timepieces; "the clock is almost an hour slow"; "my watch is running behind" rightfully by right; "baseball rightfully is the nation's pastime" in one's own right by title vested in yourself or by virtue of qualifications that you have achieved; "a peer in his own right"; "a leading sports figure in his own right"; "a fine opera in its own right"; "she's a rich woman in her own right rather than by inheritance"; "an excellent novel in its own right" faithfully in a faithful manner; "it always came on, faithfully, like the radio" unfaithfully in an unfaithful undependable unreliable manner violently in a violent manner; "they attacked violently" nonviolently without violence; "the government was overthrown nonviolently, but the dictator was killed" furiously (of the elements) in a wild and stormy manner; "winds were blowing furiously" in an impassioned or very angry manner; "she screamed furiously at her tormentors" in a manner marked by extreme or violent energy; "the boys fought furiously"; "she went peddling furiously up the narrow street" securely in a secure manner; in a manner free from danger; "she held the child securely" in an invulnerable manner; "the agreed line was to involve at several points the withdrawal of French troops from positions which they had quite securely held" in a manner free from fear or risk; "the outcome of expansion in the sixties and seventies will be an academic hierarchy securely supported by scholastic selection" in a confident and unselfconscious manner; "he acts very securely in front of the camera" wryly in a wry manner; "`I see,' he commented wryly" infinitely continuing forever without end; "there are infinitely many possibilities" finitely with a finite limit; "there are finitely many solutions to this problem" boundlessly without bounds; "he is infinitely wealthy" rigorously in a rigorous manner; "he had been trained rigorously by the monks" plastically in a plastic manner; "he used the clay plastically" boastfully in a boastful manner; "he talked big all evening" warily in a wary manner; "the sailor watched the sky warily" unwarily without heed or caution editorially by means of an editorial; "the paper commented editorially on the scandal" properly speaking in actual fact; "properly speaking, they are not husband and wife" abnormally in an abnormal manner; "they were behaving abnormally"; "his blood pressure was abnormally low" angrily with anger; "he angrily denied the accusation" exultantly in an exultant manner; "it was exultingly easy" sedulously in a sedulous manner; "this illusion has been sedulously fostered" tenuously in a tenuous manner; "his works tenuously survive in the minds of a few scholars" perennially in a perennial manner; repeatedly; "We want to know what is perennially new about the world" perpetually everlastingly; for all time; "rays...streaming perpetually from the sun"- Stuart Chase anachronistically in an anachronistic manner; "let's look at this phenomenon anachronistically" ineptly with ineptitude; in an incompetent manner; "he performed his functions ineptly" in an infelicitous manner; "this function is ineptly left to a small voice" deliciously in a very pleasurable manner; "they were walking along the beach slowly and deliciously" mentally in your mind; "he suffered mentally" roundly in a round manner; "she was roundly slim" shyly in a shy or timid or bashful manner; "he smiled shyly" fondly with fondness; with love; "she spoke to her children fondly" abed in bed noisily with much noise or loud and unpleasant sound; "he blew his nose noisily" quietly with little or no sound; "the class was listening quietly and intently"; "she was crying quietly" with little or no activity or no agitation (`quiet' is a nonstandard variant for `quietly'); "her hands rested quietly in her lap"; "the rock star was quietly led out the back door"; "sit here as quiet as you can" unquietly with agitation or turbulence unqualifiedly without qualification or limitation outwardly in outward appearance; "outwardly, she appeared composed" with respect to the outside; "outwardly, the figure is smooth" inwardly with respect to private feelings; "inwardly, she was raging" favorably showing approval; "he reviewed the play favorably" unfavorably showing disapproval; in a disparaging way; "he reviewed the play unfavorably" cheerfully in a cheerful manner; "he cheerfully agreed to do it" cheerlessly in an unhappy manner; "he cheerlessly set out to do the task" flawlessly smoothly and without difficulty; precisely and deftly; "the gymnast landed flawlessly"; "she played the piano accompaniment cleanly"; "he bounced it cleanly off the wall" solidly with strength and soundness; "a solidly built house" as an undiversified whole; "the unions voted solidly for Roosevelt" laconically in a dry laconic manner; "`I know that', he said dryly" obligingly in accommodation; "obligingly, he lowered his voice" voluntarily out of your own free will; "he voluntarily submitted to the fingerprinting" involuntarily against your will; "he was involuntarily held against his will" unerringly without making errors; "he unerringly fixed things for us" geographically with respect to geography; "they are geographically closer to the center of town" gloomily with gloom; "such a change is gloomily foreseen by many" cruelly excessively; "a cruelly bitter winter" with cruelty; "he treated his students cruelly" vaguely in a vague way; "he looked vaguely familiar"; "he explained it somewhat mistily" pompously in a pompous manner; "he pompously described his achievements" out of motivated by; "idleness is the trait of being idle out of a reluctance to work" seriatim in a series; point by point doggedly with obstinate determination; "he pursued her doggedly" efficiently with efficiency; in an efficient manner; "he functions efficiently" inefficiently in an inefficient manner; "he dealt inefficiently with the crisis" discordantly in a discordant manner; "the piece ended discordantly" dully without liveliness; "she nodded her head dully" without luster or shine; "the light shone dully through the haze"; "unpolished buttons glinted dully" in stride without losing equilibrium; "she took all his criticism in stride" atonally without tonality; "he composes atonally" charmingly in a charming manner winsomely in an engaging manner; "she played the role engagingly" tragically in a tragic manner; with tragic consequences; "the adventure ended tragically"; "tragically, she contracted AIDS" fascinatingly in a fascinating manner; "her face became fascinatingly distorted" curvaceously in a curvaceous way; "his date was curvaceously beguiling" ominously in an ominous manner; "the sun darkened ominously" restively in a restive manner; "he sat down again, restively" wittingly with full knowledge and deliberation; "he wittingly deleted the references" unwittingly without knowledge or intention; "he unwittingly deleted the references" scienter (law) deliberately or knowingly contentedly with equanimity; "`I bought it,' she said contentedly" pityingly in a compassionate manner; "the nurse looked at him pityingly" glibly with superficial plausibility; "he talked glibly" callously in a callous way; "he callously exploited their feelings" justifiably with good reason; "he is justifiably bitter" unjustifiably without any excuse; "he is unjustifiably harsh on her" under way in motion; set in motion; "the ship got under way" afoot on foot; walking; "they went to the village afoot"; "quail are hunted either afoot or on horseback" modestly with modesty; in a modest manner; "the dissertation was entitled, modestly, `Remarks about a play by Shakespeare'" immodestly without modesty; in an immodest manner; "the book was entitled, immodestly, `All about Wisdom'" frowningly with a frown; while frowning; "he looked at her frowningly" overwhelmingly incapable of being resisted; "the candy looked overwhelmingly desirable to the dieting man" each to or from every one of two or more (considered individually); "they received $10 each" next door at or in or to the adjacent residence; "the criminal had been living next door all this time" analytically by virtue of analysis; "assuming that the distinction is maintained one may ask which is to be analytically prior?" therein (formal) in or into that thing or place; "they can read therein what our plans are" anarchically in a lawless rebellious manner lopsidedly in a crooked lopsided manner; "he smiled lopsidedly" sternly with sternness; in a severe manner; "`No,' she said sternly"; "peered severely over her glasses" suspiciously with suspicion; "she regarded the food suspiciously" authoritatively in an authoritative and magisterial manner; "she spoke authoritatively" resolutely showing firm determination or purpose; "she resolutely refused to look at him or speak to him"; "he entered the building resolutely" irresolutely lacking determination or decisiveness speculatively with speculation; in a speculative manner; "he looked at her speculatively" beautifully in a beautiful manner; "her face was beautifully made up" unattractively in an unattractive manner; "she was unattractively dressed last night" dourly in a sullen manner; "he sat in his chair dourly" belligerently with hostility; in a belligerent hostile manner; "he pushed her against the wall belligerently" consciously with awareness; "she consciously played with the idea of inviting them" unconsciously without awareness; "she jumped up unconsciously when he entered the room" greenly with green color; "the countryside rolled greenly down into the valley" casually in an unconcerned manner; "glanced casually at the headlines" not methodically or according to plan; "he dealt with his course work casually" commensally in a commensal manner competitively in competition; "the companies should bid competitively" noncompetitively in a noncompetitive manner; "the scholarships will be awarded noncompetitively" compulsively in a compulsive manner; "he cleaned his shoes compulsively after every walk" structurally with respect to structure; "structurally, the organization is healthy" overnight during or for the length of one night; "the fish marinates overnight" happening in a short time or with great speed; "these solutions cannot be found overnight!" willy-nilly without having a choice believably in a believable manner; "he acted believably sincere" unbelievably in an unbelievable manner; "he was unbelievably angry" underfoot under the feet; "trampled the beans underfoot"; "green grass growing underfoot" in the way and hindering progress; "a house with children and pets and toys always underfoot" feetfirst with the feet foremost; "he jumped into the pool feetfirst" ferociously in a physically fierce manner; "silence broken by dogs barking ferociously"; "they fought fiercely" fiercely in an emotionally fierce manner; "she was fiercely proud of her children" subconsciously from the subconscious mind; "the image came to him subconsciously" vividly in a vivid manner; "he described his adventures vividly" artfully in an artful manner; "her foot pointed artfully toward tapering toes" expectantly in an expectant manner; "she looked at him expectantly" lustily in a healthy manner; "the young plants grew lustily" quantitatively in a quantitative manner; "this can be expressed quantitatively" on paper as written or printed; "this is exactly what the composer had set down on paper" classically in the manner of Greek and Roman culture; "this exercise develops a classically shaped body" obscurely in an obscure manner; "this work is obscurely written" decently in a decent manner; "they don't know how to dress decently" indecently in an indecent manner; "she was rather indecently dressed" horrifyingly in a horrifying manner; "he laughed horrifyingly" characteristically in characteristic manner; "he arrived characteristically late" uncharacteristically in uncharacteristic manner; "he was uncharacteristically cool" perversely deliberately deviant; "his perversely erotic notions" in a contrary disobedient manner dialectically in a dialectic manner; "his religiousness is dialectically related to his sinfulness" prophetically in a prophetic manner; "he prophetically anticipated the disaster" artistically in an artistic manner; "it was artistically decorated" peculiarly uniquely or characteristically; "these peculiarly cinematic elements"; "a peculiarly French phenomenon"; "everyone has a moment in history which belongs particularly to him"- John Knowles instinctively as a matter of instinct; "he instinctively grabbed the knife" internally on or from the inside; "an internally controlled environment" externally on or from the outside; "the candidate needs to be externally evaluated" at arm's length at some distance; "keep someone at arm's length" aboard on first or second or third base; "Their second homer with Bob Allison aboard" on a ship, train, plane or other vehicle part of a group; "Bill's been aboard for three years now" side by side; "anchored close aboard another ship" uniformly in a uniform manner; "a uniformly bright surface" all too to a high degree; "she is all too ready to accept the job" enduringly in an enduring manner; "Roman culture was enduringly fertilized" abreast alongside each other, facing in the same direction per annum by the year; every year (usually with reference to a sum of money paid or received); "he earned $100,000 per annum"; "we issue six volumes per annum" between in between; "two houses with a tree between" in the interval; "dancing all the dances with little rest between" ad nauseam to a sickening extent; "he played the song ad nauseam" ad val in proportion to the estimated value of the goods taxed; "the goods were taxed ad valorem" cap-a-pie at all points from head to foot; "he was armed cap-a-pie" unlawfully not conforming to the law; "they were unlawfully married" jurisprudentially in respect to jurisprudence or the science or philosophy of law doggo quietly in concealment; "he lay doggo" en clair in ordinary language en famille in a casual way at home; "we'll have dinner en famille" bilaterally so as to involve two sides or parts with the involvement of two parties or governments; "they worked out an agreement bilaterally" unilaterally in a unilateral manner; by means of one part or party; "they worked out an agreement unilaterally" multilaterally in a multilateral manner;so as to affect many parties or governments; "they worked out an agreement unilaterally" blatantly in a blatant manner; "they blatantly violated the laws" cloyingly in an overly sweet manner C.O.D. collecting the charges upon delivery; "mail a package C.O.D." counterintuitively in a counterintuitive manner deathly to a degree resembling death; "he was deathly pale" semiannually twice a year ceteris paribus all other things being equal hereby (formal) by means of this; "I hereby declare you man and wife" hierarchically in a hierarchical manner; "hierarchically organized" higgledy-piggledy in a disordered manner; "they were piled up higgledy-piggledy" ibid. in the same place (used when citing a reference) in loco parentis in place of the parents; "we had to punish this child in loco parentis" in situ in the original or natural place or site; "carcinoma in situ"; "the archeologists left the pottery in place" in position inter alia among other things; "the committee recommended, inter alia, that he be promoted" ipso facto by the fact itself; "ipso facto, her innocence was established" give or take plus or minus a small amount; "it is a mile away, give or take a few hundred yards" mutatis mutandis with the necessary changes having been carried out par excellence to a degree of excellence; "he is the honest politician par excellence" pari passu used in legal language passim used to refer to cited works sine die without a date fixed (as of an adjournment) sotto voce in an undertone; "he uttered a curse sotto voce" sub rosa in secret or covertly; "held a meeting sub rosa to avoid general criticism" thrice three times; "I called you thrice last night" verbatim using exactly the same words; "he repeated her remarks verbatim" by word of mouth orally; "I heard it viva voce" gratis without payment; "I'll give you this gratis" knee-deep up to the knees; "we were standing knee-deep in the water" breast-deep up to the breast; "we were standing breast-high in the water" sooner comparatives of `soon' or `early'; "Come a little sooner, if you can"; "came earlier than I expected" in extremis at the point of death midmost the middle or central part or point; "in the midst of the forest"; "could he walk out in the midst of his piece?" off-hand without preparation; "I don't know the figures off-hand" off-the-clock overtime without extra compensation; "she often has to work off-the-clock" perforce by necessity; by force of circumstance post-haste as fast as possible; with all possible haste; "send it to me post-haste" perfunctorily in a set manner without serious attention; as a formality; "they answered my letter pro forma"; "he kissed her cheek perfunctorily" proportionately in proportion to a proportionate degree; "your salary will rise proportionately to your workload" in proportion; "the height of this wall must be reduced proportionately to give the room pleasant dimensions" scot free free from harm or penalty; "he went scot-free" skyward toward the sky; "look skywards!" up here in a specified area or place; "you shouldn't be up here" adversely in an adverse manner; "she was adversely affected by the new regulations" aesthetically in a tasteful way; "this building is aesthetically very pleasing" agonizingly in a very painful manner; "the progress was agonizingly slow" appallingly to an appalling extent; "the prisoners were appallingly thin" appealingly in an appealing manner; "the table was set appealingly" unappealingly in an unappealing manner; "the kitchen was unappealingly dirty" approvingly in an approving manner; "she nodded approvingly" disapprovingly showing disapproval; "he shook his head disapprovingly" ambitiously with ambition; in an ambitious and energetic manner; "she pursued her goals ambitiously" unambitiously in an unambitious manner; "he does his job, but he works unambitiously" amicably in an amicable manner; "they separated amicably" anonymously without giving a name; "she wrote these letters anonymously" at a loss below cost; "sold the car at a loss" afield off the subject; beyond the point at issue; "such digressions can lead us too far afield" in or into a field (especially a field of battle); "the armies were afield, challenging the enemy's advance"; "unlawful to carry hunting rifles afield until the season opens" far away from home or one's usual surroundings; "looking afield for new lands to conquer"- R.A.Hall animatedly in an animated manner; "they talked animatedly" abjectly in a hopeless resigned manner; "she shrugged her shoulders abjectly" abortively in an unfruitful manner abstemiously in a sparing manner; without overindulgence; "he ate and drank abstemiously"; "indulged temperately in cocktails" abstrusely in a manner difficult to understand; "the professor's abstrusely reasoned theories were wasted on his students" administratively by or for an administrator; "this decision was made administratively" adorably in an adorable manner; "the toddler behaved adorably" antagonistically in an antagonistic manner; "he behaves antagonistically toward his colleagues" anteriorly in an anterior direction apathetically in an apathetic manner; "she behaves apathetically these days" ardently in an ardent manner; "the spirit of God knew very well that there was a deeper question to be settled before there could be the intervention in power that was so ardently desired" arrogantly in an arrogant manner; "in the old days she had been harsh and stiff; afraid of her husband and yet arrogantly proud that she had a husband strong and fierce enough to make her afraid" ascetically in an ascetic manner; "she lived ascetically in a small house all by herself" ashamedly with a feeling of shame assertively in an assertive manner; "`I will take care of my own life,' she said assertively" unassertively in an unassertive manner; "unassertively, she always follows her husband's suggestions" assuredly without a doubt; "the grammar schools were assuredly not intended for the gentry alone" audaciously in an audacious manner; "an idea so daring and yet so audaciously tempting that a shiver of excitement quivered through him" avidly in an avid manner; "whatever the flavor or color of your local paper, do remember that these are read avidly for local information" adjectively as an adjective; "nouns are frequently used adjectively" adverbially as an adverb; "the prepositional phrase here is used adverbially" adrift off course, wandering aimlessly; "there was a search for beauty that had somehow gone adrift" floating freely; not anchored; "the boat was set adrift" amorously in an amorous manner; "he looked at her amorously" angelically like an angel; "the child was sleeping angelically" architecturally with regard to architecture; "this building is ugly, but architecturally interesting" articulately in an articulate manner; "he argued articulately for his plan" inarticulately in an inarticulate manner; "he talked inarticulately about the accident that had just taken his wife's life" attributively in an attributive manner; "the genitive noun is used attributively" audibly in an audible manner; "he spoke audibly" inaudibly in an inaudible manner; "she spoke inaudibly low" authentically genuinely; with authority; "it is authentically British" bloodlessly without bloodshed; in a bloodless manner; without shedding blood; "the coup disposed of the dictator bloodlessly" bloodily involving a great bloodshed bombastically in a grandiose manner; "the building was bombastically spacious" turgidly in a turgid manner; "he lectured bombastically about his theories" boyishly like a boy; "he smiled boyishly at his fiancee" aground with the bottom lodged on the ground; "he ran the ship aground" akimbo with hands on hips and elbows extending outward; "she stood there akimbo" alee on or toward the lee; "put the helm alee" alertly in mentally perceptive and responsive way; "she got through the day alertly, despite being on drugs" alliteratively in an alliterative manner; "the early Norse poets wrote alliteratively" altruistically in an altruistic manner; "he acted selflessly when he helped the old lady in distress" anomalously in an anomalous manner; "this man behaves anomalously" appreciatively with appreciation; in a grateful manner; "he accepted my offer appreciatively" ungratefully in an ungrateful manner arithmetically with respect to arithmetic; "this problem is arithmetically easy" awry away from the correct or expected course; "something has gone awry in our plans"; "something went badly amiss in the preparations" assiduously with care and persistence; "she worked assiduously on the senior thesis" perseveringly with perseverance persistently with persistence in a persistent manner; "he was asking questions, unavoidable questions, persistently..." astutely in a shrewd manner; "he invested his fortune astutely"; "he was acutely insightful" across transversely; "the marble slabs were cut across" to the opposite side; "the football field was 300 feet across" amain with all your strength; "he pulled the ropes amain" at full speed; with great haste; "the children ran down the hill amain" amok in a murderous frenzy; "rioters running amuck and throwing sticks and bottles and stones" wildly; without self-control; "when the restaurant caught fire the patrons ran amuck, blocking the exit" antithetically with antithesis; in an antithetical manner seasonably at an opportune time; "your letter arrived apropos" in accordance with the season; "it was seasonably cold" unseasonably not in accordance with the season; "it was unseasonably cold" archly in an arch manner; with playful slyness or roguishness arduously in an arduous manner; "they worked arduously" artlessly in an ingenuous manner; "she answered the judge's questions artlessly" in a crude and unskilled manner; "an inexpertly constructed lean-to" obliquely at an oblique angle; "the sun shone aslant into his face" blissfully in a blissful manner; "he was blissfully unaware of the danger" asleep into a sleeping state; "he fell asleep" in the sleep of death astern (of a ship or an airplane) behind; "we dropped her astern on the end of a seven-inch manilla, and she laid comfortably on the ebb tide" stern foremost or backward; "the steamer went astern at half speed" aft at or near or toward the stern of a ship or tail of an airplane; "stow the luggage aft"; "ships with square sails sail fairly efficiently with the wind abaft"; "the captain looked astern to see what the fuss was about" fore near or toward the bow of a ship or cockpit of a plane; "the captain went fore (or forward) to check the instruments" astride with one leg on each side; "she sat astride the chair" with the legs stretched far apart athwart at right angles to the center line of a ship atop on, to, or at the top austerely in an austere fashion; "the church was austerely simple" avariciously in a greedy manner avowedly by open declaration; "their policy has been avowedly Marxist"; "Susan Smith was professedly guilty of the murders" backstage in or to a backstage area of a theater; "costumes were changed backstage" out of view of the public; behind the scenes; "Working backstage to gain political support for his proposal"; "many private deals were made backstage at the convention" privily confidentially or in secret; "told her friend privily that she was planning to be married" baldly in a bald manner; "this book is, to put it baldly, an uneven work." balefully in a baleful manner; "she looked at him balefully" banefully in a noxiously baneful way; "this banefully poisoned climate" banteringly in a bantering fashion; "he spoke to her banteringly" barbarously in a barbarous manner; "they were barbarously murdered" barefooted without shoes on; "he chased her barefoot across the meadow" bawdily in a bawdy manner becomingly in a becoming manner; "she was becomingly dressed" beneficially in a beneficial manner; "this medicine will act beneficially on you" benignly in a benign manner; "this drug is benignly soporific" beseechingly in a beseeching manner; "`You must help me,' she said imploringly" bewitchingly in a bewitching manner; "she was bewitchingly beautiful" biennially every two years; "this festival takes places biennially" biannually twice a year; "we hold our big sale biannually" blankly in a blank and uncomprehending manner; "she stared at him blankly" blasphemously in a blasphemous manner; "the sailors were cursing blasphemously" bluffly in a blunt direct manner; "he spoke bluntly"; "he stated his opinion flat-out"; "he was criticized roundly" boorishly like a boor; "he behaved boorishly at the party" bountifully in a bountiful manner breadthwise in the direction of the breadth; "cut the cloth breadthwise" breezily in a breezy manner; "he swings breezily into the title song" briskly in a brisk manner; "she walked briskly in the cold air"; "`after lunch,' she said briskly" bestially in an inhumane manner; "she treated her husband bestially" bumptiously in a bumptious manner; "he behaved rather bumptiously and offended the hostess" buoyantly in a cheerfully buoyant manner; "we accepted the opportunity buoyantly" on air very happily; "we were floating on air at the news" bureaucratically with respect to bureaucracy; "it's bureaucratically complicated" in a bureaucratic manner; "his bureaucratically petty behavior annoyed her" cagily in a cagey manner; "`I don't know yet,' he answered cagily" cantankerously in a bad mood; "he answered her cantankerously" capriciously in a capricious manner; "there were Turk's head lilies and patches of iris, islands of brilliant blue set capriciously in the green sea" unpredictably; "the weather has been freakishly variable" captiously in a captious, carping manner; "he was captiously pedantic" caustically in a caustic vitriolic manner; "he addressed her caustically" cautiously as if with kid gloves; with caution or prudence or tact; "she ventured cautiously downstairs"; "they handled the incident with kid gloves" charily with great caution; warily incautiously without caution or prudence; "one unfortunately sees historic features carelessly lost when estates fall into unsympathetic hands" disdainfully in a proud and domineering manner; "he treated his staff cavalierly" endlessly with unflagging resolve; "dance inspires him ceaselessly to strive higher and higher toward the shining pinnacle of perfection that is the goal of every artiste" (spatial sense) seeming to have no bounds; "the Nubian desert stretched out before them endlessly" interminably all the time; seemingly without stopping; "a theological student with whom I argued interminably"; "her nagging went on endlessly" centennially every hundred years; once in a century; "the birthday of this city is being celebrated centennially" chaotically in a manner suggestive of chaos; "the room was chaotically disorganized" in a wild and confused manner; "the drugged man was talking chaotically" chastely in a chaste and virtuous manner; "she lived chastely" chattily in a chatty manner; "`when I was a girl,' she said chattily, `I used to ride a bicycle'" cheaply with little expenditure of money; "I bought this car very cheaply" in a cheap manner; "a cheaply dressed woman approached him in the bar" cheekily in a brash cheeky manner; "brashly, she asked for a rebate" gallantly in a gallant manner; "he gallantly offered to take her home" churlishly in a churlish manner; "the store owner treated his customers churlishly" circularly in a circular manner clannishly in a clannish manner; "these four friends always act clannishly, and don't let us participate in their activities" unfairly in an unfair manner; "they dealt with him unfairly"; "their accusations hit below the belt" climatically with respect to climate; "they were used to a climatically different environment" coaxingly in a cajoling manner; "`Come here,' she said coaxingly" coherently in a coherent manner; "she could not talk coherently after the accident" incoherently in an incoherent manner; "he talked incoherently when he drank too much" colloquially with the use of colloquial expressions; "this building is colloquially referred to as The Barn" collectedly in a self-collected or self-possessed manner; "he announced the death of his father collectedly" colloidally in a colloidal manner; "particles were colloidally dispersed in the medium" combatively in a bellicose contentious manner; "`Don't trespass onto my property,' the neighbor shouted combatively" comfortingly in a comforting or consoling manner; "one part of a strange world should be given a comfortingly familiar form" compactly taking up no more space than necessary; "liquid food compactly stored in a pressurized tank" in a compact manner or state; "The children were packed compactly into the car" compatibly with compatibility incompatibly without compatibility complacently in a self-satisfied manner; "he complacently lived out his life as a village school teacher" uncomplainingly without complaining; "an equally gallant little wife and mother uncomplainingly keeping up the production of tasty and nourishing meals" complainingly with complaints; "she did her work, but she did so complainingly" comprehensively in an all-inclusive manner noncomprehensively in a limited way compulsorily in a manner that cannot be evaded; "the ministry considers that contributions to such a fund should be met from voluntary donations rather than from rates compulsorily levied." computationally with regard to computation; "computationally, this is a tricky problem" conceitedly with conceit; in a conceited manner; "he always acts so conceitedly!" conceptually in a conceptual manner; "he can no longer think conceptually"; "conceptually, the idea is quite simple" concernedly in a manner showing concern; "`Are you all right,' he asked concernedly" concisely in a concise manner; in a few words; "the history is summed up concisely in this book"; "she replied briefly"; "briefly, we have a problem"; "to put it shortly" in a nutshell summed up briefly; "gave the facts in a nutshell"; "just tell me the story in a nutshell"; "explained the situation in a nutshell" succinctly with concise and precise brevity; to the point; "Please state your case as succinctly as possible"; "he wrote compactly but clearly" conically in a conical manner; "conically shaped" cynically with cynicism; in a cynical manner; "Larsen's frost-blackened lips curved cynically" cytophotometrically by cytophotometric means cytoplasmically by means of cytoplasm cursorily without taking pains; "he looked cursorily through the magazine" cumulatively in a cumulative manner; "mind has become self-reproducing through man's capacity to transmit experience and its products cumulatively" criminally in violation of the law; in a criminal manner; "the alterations in the document were ruled to be criminally fraudulent" in a shameful manner; "the garden was criminally neglected" coyly in a coy manner; "she pouted and looked at him coyly" cross-legged with the legs crossed; "he sat on the floor cross-legged and meditated" condescendingly with condescension; in a patronizing manner; "he treats his secretary condescendingly" conservatively in a conservative manner; "we estimated the number of demonstrators conservatively at 200,000." conditionally subject to a condition; "he accepted the offer conditionally" unconditionally not subject to a condition; "he accepted the offer unconditionally" crucially to a crucial degree; "crucially important"; "crucially, he must meet us at the airport" counteractively in a counteractive manner cross-country across the countryside; "the river runs cross-country"; "the road runs cross-country" not following tracks or roads; "they liked to race cross-country" crossly in an ill-natured manner; "she looked at her husband crossly" craftily in an artful manner; "he craftily arranged to be there when the decision was announced"; "had ever circumstances conspired so cunningly?" confusedly in a confused manner; "Queen Augusta wrote him an hysterical letter in which she confusedly sympathised with him" consequentially having consequence inconsequentially lacking consequence; "`You're so beautifully dressed,' she said and added quite inconsequentially, `Can you stay the night?'" constructively in a constructive manner; "it is my task to look critically and constructively at the flaws and the failures" contemporaneously during the same period of time; "contemporaneously, or possibly a little later, there developed a great Sumerian civilisation" contrastingly in a contrasting manner; "contrastingly, both the rooms leading off it gave an immediate impression of being disgraced" coolly in a composed and unconcerned manner; "without more ado Barker borrowed a knife from his brigade Major and honed it on a carborundum stone as coolly as a butcher" incredibly not easy to believe; "incredibly, she survived the crash" credibly easy to believe on the basis of available evidence; "he talked plausibly before the committee"; "he will probably win the election" incredulously in an incredulous manner; "the woman looked up at her incredulously" credulously in a credulous manner; "the children followed the teacher credulously" cryptically in a cryptic manner; "`we will meet again', he said cryptically" cryptographically in a cryptographic manner cunningly in an attractive manner; "how cunningly the olive-green dress with its underskirt of rose-brocade fitted her perfect figure" curtly in a curt, abrupt and discourteous manner; "he told me curtly to get on with it"; "he talked short with everyone"; "he said shortly that he didn't like it" damply in a damp manner; "a scarf was tied round her head but the rebellious curl had escaped and hung damply over her left eye" dauntingly to a degree or in a manner that daunts; "dauntingly difficult" dazedly in a daze; in a dazed manner; "he wondered dazedly whether the term after next at his new school wouldn't matter so much" decisively in an indisputable degree; "the Fisher Act of 1918 decisively raised their status and pay" with finality; conclusively; "the voted settled the argument decisively" with firmness; "`I will come along,' she said decisively" indecisively without finality; inconclusively; "the battle ended indecisively; neither side had clearly won but neither side admitted defeat" lacking firmness or resoluteness; "`I don't know,' he said indecisively" deftly in a deft manner; "Lois deftly removed her scarf" dejectedly in a dejected manner; "when she came back Sophie and Esther were sitting dejectedly in the kitchen" delightedly with delight; "delightedly, she accepted the invitation" delightfully in a delightful manner; "the farm house, though in itself a small one, is delightfully situated" demurely in a demure manner; "the army girl, tall and demurely pretty, threw a quick side-glance at her" densely in a concentrated manner; "old houses are often so densely packed that perhaps three or four have to be demolished for every new one built"; "a thickly populated area" possibly by chance; "perhaps she will call tomorrow"; "we may possibly run into them at the concert"; "it may peradventure be thought that there never was such a time" to a degree possible of achievement or by possible means; "they can't possibly get here in time for the funeral?" impossibly to a degree impossible of achievement; "long thought to be an impossibly difficult operation"; "impossibly far from sources of supply" potentially with a possibility of becoming actual; "he is potentially dangerous"; "potentially useful" absurdly in an absurd manner or to an absurd degree; "an absurdly rich young woman" derisively in a disrespectful and mocking manner; "`Sorry,' she repeated derisively" descriptively by giving a description; "these topics need to be treated not just descriptively" deservedly as deserved; "he chalked up two goals which deservedly gave Bolton their second victory of the season" undeservedly in an unmerited manner; "the team chalked up another victory, the last one quite undeservedly, in my opinion" despairingly with desperation; "`Why can't you understand?,' she asked despairingly" developmentally with respect to development; "developmentally retarded" devilishly in a playfully devilish manner; "the socialists are further handicapped if they believe that capitalists are not only wicked but also devilishly clever" congenially in a congenial manner; "`Let's all have a drink together,' he said congenially" contagiously in a contagious manner; "she was contagiously bubbly" controversially involving controversy; "criticism too polemically stated" uncontroversially not involving any controversy convivially in a convivial manner; "`Let's go and have a drink,' she said convivially" coquettishly in a flirtatious manner; "she smiled coquettishly" enviously with jealousy; in an envious manner; "he looked at his friend's new car jealously" creakily in a creaky manner; "the old boat was moving along creakily" crushingly in a crushing manner; "the team was crushingly defeated" reprehensibly in a manner or to a degree deserving blame or censure currishly in a currish manner; meanspiritedly; "he behaved ignobly" daftly in a mildly insane manner; "the old lady is beginning to behave quite dottily" daintily in a dainty and fastidious manner; "she nibbled daintily at her cake" in a delicate manner; "the invitation cards were written up daintily in white and gold" daringly in an adventurous manner; "daringly, he set out on a camping trip in East Africa" in an original manner; "daringly he took the first step" dashingly in a highly fashionable manner; "he was dashingly handsome" decorously in a proper and decorous manner; "he pretended to be pleased and applauded decorously" indecorously without decorousness willingly in a willing manner; "I willingly accept" unwillingly in an unwilling manner; "he had sinned against her unwillingly" deeply to a great depth; far down or in; "dived deeply"; "dug deep" defensively in a defensive manner; "the general conviction that our side is in the right and acting defensively over what Russians call the German question and Americans the Berlin crisis" in an apologetic and defensive manner; "`I felt it better you should know,' said Sir Cedric defensively" offensively in an aggressive manner; "`In this crisis, we must act offensively,' the President said"; "the admiral intends to act offensively in the Mediterranean" in an obnoxious manner; "he said so in one of his more offensively intellectually arrogant sentences" in an unpleasantly offensive manner; "he smelled offensively unwashed" inoffensively in a not unpleasantly offensive manner; "that wretched beast, the elephant, breathing inoffensively not a pace behind me" distractedly in a distracted manner; "`Come in,' he said distractedly" deferentially in a respectfully deferential manner; "he listened deferentially" in a servile manner; "he always acts so deferentially around his supervisor" deliriously as if in a delirium; "he was talking deliriously" in a delirious manner; "her answer made him deliriously happy" delusively in a deceptive and unrealistic manner; "the village looked delusively near" demonstrably in an obvious and provable manner; "his documentary sources are demonstrably wrong" desolately in grief-stricken loneliness; without comforting circumstances or prospects diabolically as a devil; in an evil manner; "his writing could be diabolically satiric" diffidently in a diffident manner; "`Oh, well,' he shrugged diffidently, `I like the work.'" despicably in a despicable manner; "he acted despicably" despitefully in a maliciously spiteful manner; "pray for them that despitefully use us" destructively in a destructive manner; "he is destructively aggressive" detestably in an offensive and hateful manner; "I don't know anyone who could have behaved so abominably" detrimentally in a detrimental manner harmlessly in a harmless manner; "this is a harmlessly childish game" deviously in a devious manner; "he got the promotion by behaving deviously" devotedly with devotion; "He served his master devotedly" devoutly in a devout and pious manner; "she was devoutly Catholic" dexterously with dexterity; in a dexterous manner; "dextrously he untied the knots" diagonally in a diagonal manner; "she lives diagonally across the street from us" diagrammatically in a diagrammatic manner; "the landscape unit drawn diagrammatically illustrates the gentle rolling relief, with a peat-filled basin" diametrically as from opposite ends of a diameter; "when two honest witnesses give accounts of the same event that differ diametrically, how can anyone prove that the evidence you gave was deliberately false?"; "three of these brushes were approximately 120 feet apart and the fourth diametrically opposite to one of the three" dictatorially in an overbearingly domineering manner; as a dictator; "this manager acts dictatorially toward his colleagues" didactically in a didactic manner; "this is a didactically sound method" differentially in a differential manner; "Hubel and Wiesel have found cells that respond differentially according to the direction in which a stimulus is moved across the retina" diligently with diligence; in a diligent manner; "we may diligently observe the Lord's supper on the first day of the week, diligently preach the gospel, or minister to the saint" direfully in a direful manner; "seeing himself trapped, he cried out direfully" dirtily in a filthy unclean manner; "a dirtily dressed camel driver" in a sordid manner; "as dirtily drunk as usual" disagreeably in a disagreeable manner; "`I took no harm from the journey, thank you,' she said disagreeably" disappointedly in disappointment; in a disappointed manner; "she left the gambling table disappointedly" disappointingly in a disappointing manner; "the discoverer of argon, Sir William Ramsay, looked disappointingly ordinary" disastrously in a disastrous manner; "the real value of the trust capital may be disastrously less than when the trust began" disconcertingly in a disturbing or embarrassing manner; "he drank some sherry, his eyes disconcertingly keen as he watched her" discontentedly with discontent; in a discontented manner; "he was still rumbling discontentedly when Pike returned bearing a folder of foolscap sheets" disgracefully in a dishonorable manner or to a dishonorable degree; "his grades were disgracefully low" disgustedly with disgust; "disgustedly, she averted her eyes when they brought in the mutilated body of the horse" disgustingly in a disgusting manner or to a disgusting degree; "the beggar was disgustingly filthy" honestly in an honest manner; "in he can't get it honestly, he is willing to steal it"; "was known for dealing aboveboard in everything" (used as intensives reflecting the speaker's attitude) it is sincerely the case that; "honestly, I don't believe it"; "candidly, I think she doesn't have a conscience"; "frankly, my dear, I don't give a damn" dishonestly in a corrupt and deceitful manner; "he acted dishonestly when he gave the contract to his best friend" hypocritically in a hypocritical manner; "he behaved hypocritically by praying piously when people were watching" dishonorably with dishonor; "he was dishonorably discharged" in a dishonorable manner; "he acted dishonorably" honorably with honor; "he was honorably discharged after many years of service" in an honorable manner; "he acted honorably" disingenuously in a disingenuous manner; "disingenuously, he asked leading questions about his opponent's work" disinterestedly without bias; without selfish motives; "he decided the case disinterestedly" disjointedly in a disjointed manner; "`We're not married, not really married,' she said, and slowly, reluctantly, disjointedly it came out" loyally with loyalty; in a loyal manner; "government will not be efficient unless the people as a whole accept leadership loyally and enthusiastically" disloyally without loyalty; in a disloyal manner; "his men acted disloyally and betrayed him in the end" dismally in a dreadful manner; "as he looks at the mess he has left behind he must wonder how the Brits so often managed to succeed in the kind of situation where he has so dismally failed" in a cheerless manner; "in August 1914, there was a dismally sentimental little dinner, when the French, German, Austrian and Belgian members of the committee drank together to the peace of the future" obediently in an obedient manner; "obediently she slipped off her right shoe and stocking" disobediently in a disobedient manner; "he went ahead disobediently and did what his supervisor had warned him not to do" dispassionately in an impartially dispassionate manner; "although he was looking at the other girl, he did so dispassionately" disparagingly in a disparaging manner; "these mythological figures are described disparagingly as belonging `only to a story'" dispiritedly in a dispirited manner without hope; "the first Mozartian opera to be subjected to this curious treatment ran dispiritedly for five performances" displeasingly in a displeasing manner; "he made displeasingly cutting remarks about his friends" disproportionately to a disproportionate degree; "his benefits were disproportionately generous" out of proportion; "this wall is disproportionately long" disputatiously in a disputatious manner disquietingly in a disquieting manner; "the disquietingly close sounds of gunfire" disreputably in a disreputable manner reputably in a reputable manner respectfully in a respectful manner; "might I respectfully suggest to the Town Council that they should adopt a policy of masterly inactivity?" disrespectfully in a disrespectful manner; "he treats his parents rather disrespectfully" distantly from or at a distance; "dimly, distantly, voices sounded in the stillness" distastefully in an offensively distasteful manner; "a distastefully explicit report on the Royal couple's marital life" distressfully with distress; "`Doctor Rother says it's his only chance,' she added distressfully" distributively in a distributive manner; "marine vertebrates have their weight supported distributively by the water" as individuals or as separate units (not collectively); "taken distributively, their rights are imperceptible" distrustfully with distrust; "she looked at him distrustfully" disturbingly in a disturbing manner; "the details of the kidnaper's letter had sounded disturbingly convincing" doctrinally as a matter of doctrine dogmatically in a narrow-minded dogmatic manner; "he is a dogmatically opinionated critic of Modern Art" dolefully with sadness; in a sorrowful manner; "his mother looked at him dolefully when he told her he had joined the Army" domestically with respect to home or family; "the housewife bored us with her domestically limited conversation" with respect to the internal affairs of a government; "domestically, the president proposes a more moderate economic policy" domineeringly in a domineering manner; "his wife behaved domineeringly" doubtfully in a doubtful manner; "Gerald shook his head doubtfully" dowdily in a dowdy unfashionable manner; "she dresses dowdily" drably in a drab manner; "she dresses drably" dreamily in a dreamy manner; "`She would look beautiful in the new dress,' Tommy said dreamily" droopingly in a drooping manner; "a branch hung low, droopingly" drowsily in a drowsy manner; "`Time to get up,' she said drowsily" dumbly in an inarticulate manner; "I nodded dumbly and he slit the envelope" in a stupid manner; "he had so rapaciously desired and so obtusely expected to find her alone" dutifully out of a sense of duty; in a dutiful manner; "he dutifully visited his mother every Sunday" dynamically in a forceful dynamic manner; "this pianist plays dynamically" westward toward the west; "they traveled westward toward the setting sun" eastward toward the east; "they migrated eastward to Sweden" ebulliently in an ebullient manner; "Khrushchev ebulliently promised to supply rockets for the protection of Cuba against American aggression" ecclesiastically in an ecclesiastic manner; "the candidate was ecclesiastically endorsed" ecologically with respect to ecology; "ecologically speaking, this idea is brilliant; economically, it is a disaster" ecstatically in an ecstatic manner; "he reacted ecstatically to my plan to travel to Africa" edgeways with the edge forward or on, by, or toward the edge; "he sawed the board edgeways"; "held it edgewise" edgewise as if by an edge; barely; "I could not get a word in edgewise" educationally in an educational manner; "the assistant masters formed a committee of their own to consider what could be done educationally for the town" eerily in an unnatural eery manner; "it was eerily quiet in the chapel" effectually in an effectual manner; "Bismarck was constantly criticised by the more liberal newspapers, and he retaliated by passing an emergency decree that effectually muzzled the press" ineffectually in an ineffectual manner; "she tried ineffectually to light the primus, and Thomas came to help her" efficaciously in an effective manner; "these are real problems that can be dealt with most effectively by rational discussion" inefficaciously in an ineffective manner; "he dealt with the problem rather ineffectively" elementarily in an elementary manner effusively in an effusive manner; "the critics praised her effusively" demonstratively in a demonstrative manner; "he greeted her demonstratively" egotistically in an egotistical manner; "he behaved egotistically" unselfishly in an unselfish manner; "he acted unselfishly when he helped her get the promotion" elegantly in a gracefully elegant manner; "the members of these groups do not express themselves as accurately or as elegantly as their critics do" with elegance; in a tastefully elegant manner; "the room was elegantly decorated" inelegantly without elegance eloquently with eloquence; "he expressed his ideas eloquently" ineloquently without eloquence; in an inarticulate manner; "the freshman expresses his thoughts inarticulately" embarrassingly causing embarrassment; "the great man was embarrassingly humble and self-effacing" eminently in an eminent manner; "two subjects on which he was eminently qualified to make an original contribution" emulously in a competitively imitative manner; "she emulously tried to outdo her older sister" encouragingly in an encouraging manner; "`Go on,' he said encouragingly to his student" discouragingly in a discouraging manner; "the failure rate on the bar exam is discouragingly high" endways with the end forward or toward the observer; "houses built endways" in or toward the direction of the ends; lengthwise; "endways pressure" on end or upright; "sticks leaning against the wall endways" enterprisingly in an enterprising manner; "`Let's go up that mountain,' she said enterprisingly" entertainingly in an entertaining manner; "Byron's consumed memoirs possessed the merit of being well and entertainingly written" environmentally for the environment; "the new recycling policy is environmentally safe" equably in an equable manner; "he is an equably cheerful fellow" equitably in an equitable manner; "the inheritance was equitably divided among the sisters" inequitably in an inequitable manner; "their father's possessions were inequitably divided among the sons" erectly in a straight-backed manner; "the old man still walks erectly" eruditely with erudition; in an erudite manner; "he talked eruditely about Indian mythology" ethically in an ethical manner; from an ethical point of view; according to ethics; "he behaved ethically"; "this is ethically unacceptable" unethically in an unethical manner; "he behaved unethically" euphemistically in a euphemistic manner; "his violent death was euphemistically referred to as a passing away" evasively with evasion; in an evasive manner; "her husband seemed to know many of the people who were named, but he replied evasively when asked who they were" evenly in a level and regular way in equal amounts or shares; in a balanced or impartial way; "a class evenly divided between girls and boys"; "they split their winnings equally"; "deal equally with rich and poor" evolutionarily in an evolutionary way; from an evolutionary point of view; "the mutation has been evolutionarily successful" unevenly in an uneven and irregular way in an unequal or partial manner; "profits were distributed unevenly"; "angry at being dealt with so unequally" regularly in a regular way without variation; "try to breathe evenly" in a regular manner; "letters arrived regularly from his children" having a regular form; "regularly shaped objects" evermore at any future time; in the future; "lead a blameless life evermore" excitingly in an exciting manner; "at the time of its appearance, the movie must have seemed excitingly new, even revolutionary" unexcitingly in an unexciting manner; "this painting was nothing more but an unexcitingly grey canvas with a few red speckles" excusably in an excusable manner or to an excusable degree; "he was excusably late" inexcusably in an unpardonable manner or to an unpardonable degree; "he was inexcusably cruel to his wife" exorbitantly to an exorbitant degree; "prices are exorbitantly high in the capital" expediently in an expedient manner inexpediently in an inexpedient manner expensively in an expensive manner; "an expensively dressed little man turned a corner and approached her" explosively suddenly and rapidly; "the population in Central America is growing explosively" in an explosive manner; "the political situation in Kashmir and Jammu is explosively unstable" exponentially in an exponential manner; "inflation is growing exponentially" expressively with expression; in an expressive manner; "she gave the order to the waiter, using her hands very expressively" inexpressively without expression; in an inexpressive manner; "she looked at him inexpressively" extemporaneously without prior preparation; "he spoke extemporaneously" extravagantly in a wasteful manner; "the United States, up to the 1920s, used fuel lavishly, mainly because it was so cheap" exuberantly in an exuberant manner; "the exuberantly baroque decoration of the church" faddishly in a faddish manner faithlessly in a disloyal and faithless manner; "he behaved treacherously"; "his wife played him false" falsely in an incorrect manner; "to credit Lister with the first formulation of the basic principle of stratigraphy would be to bestow credit falsely" in an insincerely false manner; "a seduction on my part would land us with the necessity to rise, bathe and dress, chat falsely about this and that, and emerge into the rest of the evening as though nothing had happened" familiarly in an intimately familiar manner; "Sid, as he was familiarly known by his friends, was one of the most respected and devoted members of the socialist minority group" famously in a manner or to an extent that is well known; "in his famously anecdotal style" fanatically in a passionately fanatic manner; "he followed the teachings of his guru fanatically" fancifully in a fanciful manner; "the Christmas tree was fancifully decorated" farcically in a farcical manner; "a farcically inept bungler" fashionably in a fashionable manner; "his voice had no trace of the drawl that you would expect to find in a fashionably dressed young man" unfashionably in an unfashionable manner; "she seemed to make a point of being unfashionably dressed" fastidiously in a fastidious manner; "he writes extremely musical music, of which the sound is fastidiously calculated and yet agreeably spontaneous and imaginative" civilly in a civil manner; "he treats his former wife civilly" uncivilly in an uncivil manner; "he treats his former wife uncivilly" fatefully in a prophetically fateful manner; "the nurse whispered fatefully to call the priest" faultily in an inaccurate manner; "these statements were faultily attributed to me" faultlessly without a fault; in a faultless manner; "he solved all the problems faultlessly" fearsomely in a fearsome manner; "a sabre slammed fearsomely through the thicket in all directions" feebly in a halting and feeble manner; "reform, in fact, is, rather feebly, on the win" in a faint and feeble manner; "the lighthouse, flashing feebly against the sleet-blurred, rocky backdrop of the coast of north west Norway" feelingly with great feeling; "she spoke feelingly of her early childhood" unfeelingly without compassionate feelings; "unfeelingly, she required her maid to work on Christmas Day" felicitously in a felicitous manner; "a not felicitously chosen word" infelicitously in an infelicitous manner; "he chose his words rather infelicitously" fierily with passionate fervor; "both those for and against are fervently convinced they speak for the great majority of the people"; "a fierily opinionated book" fifthly in the fifth place; "fifthly, we must adhere to the rules set by the local government" figuratively in a figurative sense; "figuratively speaking,..." first-rate quite well; "she doesn't feel first-rate today" fitfully in a fitful manner; "he slept fitfully" fixedly in a fixed manner; "he stared at me fixedly" flabbily in a flabby manner; "the old man's muscles were sagging flabbily" flagrantly in a flagrant manner; "he is flagrantly disregarding the law" flamboyantly in a fancy colorful manner; "he dresses rather flamboyantly" flexibly with flexibility; "`Come whenever you are free,' he said flexibly" inflexibly in an inflexible manner; "`You will--because you must!,' Madam told her inflexibly" flimsily in a weak and flimsy manner; "this car is so flimsily constructed!" flip-flap with repeated strokes and noise; "something going flip-flap in the night" flippantly in a flippant manner; "he answered the reporters' questions flippantly"; "this cannot be airily explained to your children" fluently in a fluent manner; "she speaks French fluently" forbiddingly in an unpleasant or menacing manner; "it was forbiddingly dark in the corridor" forcefully with full force; "we are seeing this film too late to feel its original impact forcefully" cold-bloodedly emotionlessly and heartlessly; with deliberate cruelty or callousness; "he cold-bloodedly planned the murder of his boss" forcibly in a forcible manner; "keep in mind the dangers of imposing our own values and prejudices too forcibly" forgetfully in a forgetful manner; "she is getting old and acts forgetfully" forgivingly with forgiveness; in a forgiving manner; "`Never mind,' she said forgivingly" unforgivingly without forgiveness; in an unforgiving manner; "unforgivingly, he insisted that she pay her debt to the last penny" forlornly in a forlorn manner; "a single chicken was scratching forlornly in the yard" formidably in a formidable manner; "the constant risk that attends the exchanges of human beings formidably armed" formlessly in a formless manner; "the dress hung formlessly on her body" foully in a wicked and shameful manner; "two policemen were foully murdered" in an unfair and insulting manner; "this internationally known writer was foully condemned by the Muslim fundamentalists" fourfold by a factor of four; "the price of gasoline has increased fourfold over the past two years" millionfold by a factor of a million; "it increased a millionfold" fourthly in the fourth place; "fourthly, you must pay the rent on the first of the month" fractiously in a fractious manner; "the horse was behaving fractiously and refused to jump" fraternally in a brotherly manner fraudulently in a dishonest and fraudulent manner; "this money was fraudulently obtained" frenziedly in a frenzied manner; "we rehearsed frenziedly the last few days before the premiere" frugally in a frugal manner; "in villages, the new pipeline marks the end of water as a precious liquid, to be dispensed frugally, weighed out drop by drop" functionally with respect to function; "the two units are functionally interdependent" frighteningly in an alarming manner; "the disturbing thing about the Minister's behavior is that far from being artificial, it too often rings frighteningly true" frostily without warmth or enthusiasm; "`Come in if you have to,' he said frostily" fretfully in a fretful manner; "fretfully, the baby tossed in his crib" friskily in a playfully frisky manner; "he moves about friskily despite his age" frivolously in a frivolous manner; "she spends her time frivolously enjoying the easy life of a rich and spoiled girl" frothily in a frothy manner; "the champagne poured frothily into the glasses" gainfully in a gainful way; "are you gainfully employed now?" gamely in a plucky manner; "he was seen by a shepherd, gamely negotiating a particularly tricky section of the mountain road to San Doloroso" garishly in a tastelessly garish manner; "the temple was garishly decorated with bright plastic flowers" genealogically in a genealogical manner; "he charted his family tree genealogically" generically as sharing a common genus; "these animals are not related generically" without a trademark or brand name; "we market these drugs generically" genteelly in a genteel manner; "the English lived genteelly in India" geologically with respect to geology; "geologically speaking, this area is extremely interesting" jeeringly in a disrespectful jeering manner gladly in a willing manner; "this was gladly agreed to"; "I would fain do it" gleefully in a joyous and gleeful manner; "the old man had greeted her gleefully" joylessly in a joyless manner; without joy; "she greeted her guests joylessly" gloatingly in a gloating manner; "he spoke gloatingly about people he had cheated out of their money" gloriously blessedly or wonderfully; "how gloriously happy she had been during those few fleeting moments of time" with glory or in a glorious manner; "where others had failed he had gloriously succeeded" glossily in a glossy manner; "the magazine was glossily printed" gloweringly in a glowering manner; "he stared gloweringly at this morning's headlines" glowingly in an enthusiastically glowing manner; "in her letter she praised him glowingly" gluttonously in a gluttonous manner; "this man eats gluttonously!" goddam extremely; "you are goddamn right!" good-naturedly in a good-natured manner gorgeously in an impressively beautiful manner; "the Princess was gorgeously dressed" grandly in a grand manner; "the mansion seemed grandly large by today's standards" gratingly in a harsh and grating manner; "her voice fell gratingly on our ears" gratuitously in an uncalled-for manner; "he insulted us gratuitously" greasily in a greasy manner; "the food was greasily unappetizing" gregariously in a gregarious manner grayly having a grey appearance; "lonely creeks are opal in the dawn, sword-blue in the sun, greyly silver under misty moons" grievously in a grievous manner; "the resolute but unbroken Germany, grievously wounded but far from destruction, was able to lay the firm foundations for military revival" gropingly in an uncertain groping manner grotesquely in a grotesque manner; "behind the house lay two nude figures grotesquely bald, with deliberate knife-slashes marking their bodies" grudgingly in a grudging manner; "he grudgingly agreed to have a drink in a hotel close by" ungrudgingly in a generous and ungrudging manner; "he ungrudgingly agreed to pay for everybody's dinner when the guests found themselves without cash" gruesomely in a gruesome manner; "he was gruesomely wounded" gruffly in a gruff manner; "`No,' he replied gruffly" guiltily in the manner of someone who has committed an offense; "she blushed guiltily as she spoke" gushingly in a gushing manner; "a gushingly prolific writer" half-heartedly without enthusiasm; in a half-hearted manner; "she tried half-heartedly" half-yearly every half year, every six months handsomely in a generously handsome manner; "India has responded handsomely by providing 3,000 men" in an attractively handsome manner; "the volume was handsomely bound" haply by accident; "betrayed by a word haply overheard" harmoniously in a harmonious manner; "the problem of absorbing immigrants harmoniously into British society is as important to the immigrants as to the British" harshly in a harsh or unkind manner; "`That's enough!,' he cut in harshly" roughly with rough motion as over a rough surface; "ride rough" with roughness or violence (`rough' is an informal variant for `roughly'); "he was pushed roughly aside"; "they treated him rough" hatefully in a hateful manner hazily in an indistinct way; "he remembered her only hazily" through a haze; "we saw the distant hills hazily" headlong with the head foremost; "the runner slid headlong into third base" in a hasty and foolhardy manner; "he fell headlong in love with his cousin" at breakneck speed; "burst headlong through the gate" unadvisedly in an unadvised manner recklessly in a reckless manner heaps very much; "thanks heaps" heartlessly in a heartless manner; "she behaves rather heartlessly toward her admirers" heatedly in a heated manner; "`To say I am behind the strike is so much nonsense,' declared Mr Harvey heatedly"; "the children were arguing hotly" heinously in a terribly evil manner; "the child was heinously murdered" hereinafter in a subsequent part of this document or statement or matter etc.; "the landlord demises unto the tenant the premises hereinafter called the demised premises"; "the terms specified hereunder" hereinbefore in the preceding part of the current text hereof of or concerning this; "the twigs hereof are physic" hereto to this writing or document; "the charts hereto attached" hereupon immediately after this; "hereupon, the passengers stumbled aboard" hermetically in an airtight manner; "this bag is hermetically sealed" heroically in a heroic manner; "he become reconciled to not dying heroically in her arms" hideously in a hideous manner; "her face was hideously disfigured after the accident" high-handedly in a domineering high-handed manner; "he behaved high-handedly toward his employees" high-mindedly in a high-minded manner; "he talks high-mindedly, but we don't know whether he acts according to his principles" questioningly in a curious and questioning manner; "they turned their heads questioningly, as if awaiting further instructions" in a quizzical and questioning manner; "they looked quizzically at the doctor" insolently in an insolent manner; "he had replied insolently to his superiors" hoarsely in a hoarse or husky voice; "`Excuse me,' he said hoarsely" horizontally in a horizontal direction; "a gallery quite often is added to make use of space vertically as well as horizontally" vertically in a vertical direction; "a gallery quite often is added to make use of space vertically as well as horizontally" hospitably in a hospitable manner; "she was received hospitably by her new family" inhospitably in an inhospitable manner; "she was received inhospitably by her new family" huffily in a huffy manner; "`Don't bother to call me back,' he said huffily" humanely in a humane manner; "let's treat the prisoners of war humanely" inhumanely in an inhumane manner; "the prisoners of war were treated inhumanely" humorously in a humorous manner; "Dickens had humorously suggested a special service of intercession at St. Paul's Cathedral" humorlessly in a humorless manner; "he reacted rather humorlessly to these rumors" hundredfold by a factor of one hundred; "they money increased a hundredfold" hungrily in the manner of someone who is very hungry; "he pounced on the food hungrily" hydraulically in a hydraulic manner; "the block is then tested hydraulically to its full design test pressure on each stream separately" hygienically in a hygienic manner; "the body must cared for hygienically" unhygienically in an unhygienic manner; "the meat is unhygienically processed on wooden tables" hysterically in a hysterical manner; "she screamed hysterically when she heard the news" icily in a cold and icy manner; "`Mr. Powell finds it easier to take it out of mothers, children and sick people than to take on this vast industry,' Mr Brown commented icily" identically with complete identity; in an identical manner; "he is fitted with an identically similar one" identifiably in an identifiable manner; "they were identifiably different" ideologically with respect to ideology; "ideologically, we do not see eye to eye" idiomatically in an idiomatic manner; "he expressed himself idiomatically" idiotically in an idiotic manner; "what arouses the indignation of the honest satirist is not the fact that people in positions of power or influence behave idiotically" idly in an idle manner; "this is what I always imagined myself doing in the south of France, sitting idly, drinking coffee, watching the people" idolatrously in an idolatrous manner; "the people idolatrously worshipped the Golden Calf" ignorantly in ignorance; in an ignorant manner; "they lived ignorantly in their own small world" legibly in a legible manner; "you must write legibly" illegibly in an illegible manner; "this student writes illegibly" illegitimately of biological parents not married to each other; "this child was born illegitimately" in a manner disapproved or not allowed by custom; "He acted illegitimately when he increased the rent fourfold" legitimately in a lawfully recognized manner; "let's get married so our child can be born legitimately" in a manner acceptable to common custom; "you cannot do this legitimately!" logically in a logical manner; "he acted logically under the circumstances" according to logical reasoning; "logically, you should now do the same to him" illogically in an illogical manner; "she acted illogically under the pressure" illustriously in an illustrious manner; "Einstein, the illustriously famous physicist of the 20th century" immaculately in an immaculate manner; "gone was the casually dressed Canadian she had thought a backwoodsman--this man was immaculately tailored" immovably so as to be incapable of moving; "the mountains brooded immovably above the river" impartially in an impartial manner; "he smiled at them both impartially" immorally without regard for morality; "he acted immorally when his own interests were at stake" impassively in an impassive manner; "he submitted impassively to his arrest" impenitently in an impenitent manner; "he repeated his position unrepentantly" penitently showing remorse imperatively in an imperative and commanding manner imperceptibly in an imperceptible manner or to an imperceptible degree; "the power of the Secretary of State in London increased gradually but imperceptibly" perceptibly in a noticeable manner; "he changed noticeably over the years" imperiously in an imperious manner; "imperiously he cut her short" impersonally in an impersonal manner; "when I told him about Russ I found it difficult to speak impersonally" without warmth; "he treated his patients impersonally" impertinently in an impudent or impertinent manner; "a lean, swarthy fellow was peering through the window, grinning impudently" impetuously in an impulsive or impetuous way; without taking cautions; "he often acts impulsively and later regrets it" impiously in an impious manner; "the young members challenged their leader impiously" impishly in an appealing but bold manner; "she asked him impishly to come in" implicitly without ever expressing so clearly; "he implicitly assumes that you know the answer" without doubting or questioning; "I implicitly trust him" explicitly in an explicit manner; "in his foreword Professor Clark puts it explicitly" importantly in an important way; "for centuries jellies have figured importantly among English desserts, particularly upon festive occasion" in an important way or to an important degree; "more importantly, Weber held that the manifold meaning attached to the event by the social scientist could alter his definition of the concrete event itself" impracticably to an impracticable degree; "this is still impracticably high" imprecisely in an imprecise manner; "he expressed himself imprecisely" impregnably in an impregnable manner; "the sight of that bland, impregnably righteous face has been enough to make their blood run cold" improvidently in an improvident manner; "he lived improvidently for the moment" providently in a provident manner; "providently, he had saved up some money for emergencies" prudently in a prudent manner; "I had allotted my own bedroom for necking, prudently removing both the bed and the key, and taken both myself and my typewriter into my son's bedroom." imprudently in an imprudent manner; "imprudently, he downed tools and ran home to make his wife happy" adequately in an adequate manner or to an adequate degree; "he was adequately prepared" inadequately in an inadequate manner or to an inadequate degree; "the temporary camps were inadequately equipped" incisively in an incisive manner; "he was incisively critical" cuttingly in an intentionally unkind way; "a cutting remark" incognito without revealing one's identity; "in Holland he lived incognito as a carpenter in the shipyards of the East India company" incomparably in an incomparable manner or to an incomparable degree; "she is incomparably gifted" comparably in a comparable manner or to a comparable degree; "you will have to work comparably harder" incongruously in an incongruous manner; "his shirttails stuck out from his tuxedo pants somewhat incongruously" conspicuously in a manner tending to attract attention; "there have been plenty of general declarations about willingness to meet and talk, but conspicuously no mention of time and place" inconspicuously in a manner intended to avoid attracting attention; "he had entered the room inconspicuously" incriminatingly in an incriminating manner incurably in a manner impossible to cure; "he is incurably ill" to an incurable degree; "she was incurably optimistic" indelibly in an indelible manner; "this tradition has left its mark indelibly upon the social, political, educational and industrial fabric of this country" ineffably to an inexpressible degree; "she was looking very young tonight, and, as usual, indescribably beautiful, in a simple strapless dress of a green and white silky cotton" indeterminably in an indeterminable manner; "their relationship was of an indeterminably vague nature" indifferently with indifference; in an indifferent manner; "she shrugged indifferently" indignantly in an indignant manner; "Miss Burney protested indignantly, her long thin nose turning pink with mortification at this irreverent piece of mimicry" discreetly with discretion; prudently and with wise self-restraint; "I sent for the sergeant of the platoon both men were in and asked him to try to find out discreetly what lay behind this" indiscreetly without discretion or wisdom or self-restraint; "she inquired indiscreetly after the state of his health" indolently in an indolent manner; "he lives indolently with his relatives" indubitably in a manner or to a degree that could not be doubted; "it was immediately and indubitably apparent that I had interrupted a scene of lovers"; "his guilt was established beyond a shadow of a doubt" indulgently in an indulgent manner; "I was indulgently advised to give the kids what they wanted unless I wished my son to be socially ostracised" industriously in an industrious manner; "they hoed up weeds industriously all morning" inextricably in an inextricable manner; "motives inspired by Mammon were often inextricably blended with things pertaining to Caesar and to God" influentially exerting influence informatively in an informative manner uninformatively in an uninformative manner; "`I can't tell you when the manager will arrive,' he said rather uninformatively" infrequently not many times; "in your 1850 church you not infrequently find a dramatic contrast between the sumptuous appointments of the building itself and the inhuman barrack-like living conditions in the church room" ingeniously in an ingenious manner; "a Hampshire farmer had fowls of different breeds, including Dorkings, and he discriminated ingeniously between the `dark ones' and the `white ones'" ingratiatingly in a flattering and ingratiating manner; "she behaves ingratiatingly toward her boss" inherently in an inherent manner; "the subject matter is sexual activity of any overt kind, which is depicted as inherently desirable and exciting" inimitably in an unreproducible manner; "he has an inimitably verbose style" iniquitously in an iniquitous manner; "they really believed that the treaty of Versailles was iniquitously injust" innately in an innate manner; "the child is said to be innately disposed to learn language" innocently in a naively innocent manner; "she smiled at him innocently" in a not unlawful manner; "he claimed to have purchased the contraband innocently" inopportunely at an inconvenient time; "he arrived inopportunely just as we sat down for dinner"; "she answered malapropos" opportunely at an opportune time; "he arrived rather opportunely just when we needed a new butler" inquiringly in an inquiring manner; "Tom Swift looked at his cabin mates inquiringly" insatiably in an insatiable manner; with persistence but without satisfaction; "he clawed insatiably at the traditional precepts" to an insatiable degree; "she was insatiably hungry" insecurely in a manner involving risk; "our positions here at the university are rather insecurely supported by grant money" in a tentative and self-conscious manner; "she always acts very insecurely in the presence of her father" sensitively in a sensitive manner; "she questioned the rape victim very sensitively about the attack" insensitively in an insensitive manner; "the police officer questioned the woman rather insensitively about the attack" insidiously in a harmfully insidious manner; "these drugs act insidiously" insincerely without sincerity; "she congratulated him somewhat insincerely" from the heart very sincerely; "he spoke from the heart" insinuatingly in an insinuating manner; "the art book has art to sell, insinuatingly, and for a purpose, like the American muse, which has in fact a tradition to sell, and one which doesn't exist, in painting" insipidly in an insipid manner; "insipidly expressed thoughts" insomuch to such an extent or degree; so inspirationally with inspiration; in an inspiring manner; "he talked inspirationally" substantially in a strong substantial way; "the house was substantially built" insubstantially not substantially; lacking substantial expression or fullness insultingly in a disrespectful and insulting manner; "he behaves insultingly toward his parents" insuperably to an insuperable degree; "these various courses all seemed insuperably difficult to the student" interchangeably in an interchangeable manner; "these terms can be used interchangeably" intermediately to an intermediate degree; "intermediately hot" intermittently in an intermittent manner; "intermittently we questioned the barometer" interrogatively in a questioning format intolerantly in a narrow-minded manner; "his illiberally biased way of thinking" in an intolerant manner tolerantly in a tolerant manner; "he reacts rather tolerantly toward his son's juvenile behavior" transitively in a transitive manner; "you can use the verb `eat' transitively or intransitively" intransitively in an intransitive manner; "you can use the verb `drink' intransitively, without a direct object" intravenously in an intravenous manner; "the patient had to be fed intravenously" intuitively in an intuitive manner; "inventors seem to have chosen intuitively a combination of explosive and aggressive sounds as warning signals to be used on automobiles" inventively in an inventive manner; "Picasso's liberated shapes and excitingly applied and inventively combined colours" invidiously in a manner arousing resentment invincibly in an invincible manner; "invincibly, the troops moved forward" invisibly without being seen; "these organisms enter the body invisibly" irately in an irate manner; "`Get out,' he shouted irately" ironically in an ironic manner; "she began to mimic him ironically" contrary to plan or expectation; "ironically, he ended up losing money under his own plan" irrelevantly in an irrelevant manner; "suddenly and irrelevantly, she asked him for money" irretrievably in an irretrievable manner; "it is irretrievably lost" irreverently in an irreverent manner; "in the seventeenth century England had known fifty years of doctrinal quarrels and civil war; clergymen had been turned from their cures, and churches irreverently used" without respect; "the student irreverently mimicked the teacher in his presence" irreversibly in an irreversible manner; "this old tradition is irreversibly disappearing" jarringly in a manner that jars and irritates; "the piano was jarringly out of tune" jealously with jealousy; "he guarded his privacy jealously" immaturely in an immature manner; "his teenage son still behaves very immaturely" maturely in a mature manner; "she acts very maturely for her age" jerkily with jerking motions; "She rose stiffly, jerkily from the window seat" jokingly in jest; "I asked him jokingly whether he thought he could drive the Calcutta-Peshawar express" jocosely with humor; "they tried to deal with this painful subject jocularly" journalistically by journalists; "he is being journalistically crucified in his own country" jovially in a jovial manner; "he greeted his friend jovially" judiciously in a judicious manner; "let's use these intelligence tests judiciously" injudiciously in an injudicious manner; "these intelligence tests were used injudiciously for many years" keenly in a keen or penetrating way; "he was keenly aware of his own shortcomings"; "she pitied her sister acutely"; "acutely aware" killingly in a very humorous manner laboriously in a laborious manner; "their lives were spent in committee making decisions for others to execute on the basis of data laboriously gathered for them" lackadaisically in an idle and lackadaisical manner; "he was hanging around the house lackadaisically" lamely in a weak and unconvincing manner; "`I don't know, Edward,' she answered lamely" landward toward land; "landward, miles of rough grass marshes melt into low uplands" langsyne at a distant time in the past (chiefly Scottish) languidly in a languid and lethargic manner; "the men languidly put on their jackets" languorously in a languorous manner; "he was sprawling languorously on the sofa" lasciviously in a lascivious manner laterally in a lateral direction or location; "the body is spindle-shaped and only slightly compressed laterally" to or by or from the side; "such women carry in their heads kinship knowledge of six generations depth and extending laterally among consanguineal kin as far as the grandchildren of second cousin" laughably so as to arouse or deserve laughter; "her income was laughably small, but she managed to live well" laxly in a permissively lenient manner; "he felt incensed that Tarrant should have been treated so leniently given his crime" under arms armed and prepared for fighting lazily in a slow and lazy manner; "I watched the blue smoke drift lazily away on the still air" lengthways in the direction of the length; "He cut the paper lengthwise" lethargically without energy; in a lethargic manner; "he hung around the house lethargically" lewdly in a lewd and obscene manner; "he had seen how in their dances the white men and women held one another obscenely" licentiously in a licentious and promiscuous manner; "this young girl has to share a room with her mother who lives promiscuously" lifelessly in a lifeless manner; "the girl lay in her arms lifelessly" without animation or vitality; "lifelessly he performed the song" longingly in a yearning manner; "he spent the rest of the act gazing longingly over my right shoulder at the illuminated word `Exit'" lucidly in a clear and lucid manner; "this is a lucidly written book" lukewarmly in an unenthusiastically lukewarm manner; "he was lukewarmly received by his relatives" luxuriantly in an elegantly luxuriant way; "this suave, culture-loving and luxuriantly good-looking M.P.represents the car-workers of Coventry" in an abundant and luxuriant manner; "whiskers grew luxuriantly from his ample jowls" manageably so as to be manageable; "this house is manageably small" unmanageably so as to be unmanageable; "`This house is unmanageably large,' she complained" manfully in a manful manner; with qualities thought to befit a man; "having said her say Peggy manfully shouldered her burden and prepared to break up yet another home" unmanfully without qualities thought to befit a man light-handedly in a light-handed manner light-heartedly in a light-hearted manner; "he light-heartedly overlooks some of the basic facts of life" lightsomely moving with quick light steps; "she walked lightsomely down the long staircase" limnologically with regard to or concerning limnology limply without rigidity; "the body was hanging limply from the tree" lineally by an unbroken line of descent; "she is related lineally to the Royal Family" matrilineally by descent through the female line patrilineally by descent through the male line lingeringly in a slow, leisurely or prolonged way; "her voice was swift, yet ever the last words fell lingeringly" -Rossetti lispingly with a lisp; "she spoke lispingly" listlessly in a listless manner; "they shook hands rather listlessly" lividly in a livid manner loftily in a lofty manner; "she bore herself loftily" logarithmically in a logarithmic manner; "data plotted logarithmically with respect to time is shown in Figure 2" longest for the most time; "she stayed longest" loquaciously in a chatty loquacious manner; "`When I was young,' she continued loquaciously, `I used to do all sorts of naughty things'" lowest in the lowest position; nearest the ground; "the branch with the big peaches on it hung lowest" lugubriously in a sorrowful lugubrious manner; "his long face lugubriously reflecting a hidden and unexpressed compassion" luridly in a lurid manner; "it was luridly described in the book as the place where mystics took refuge" lusciously so as to produce a delightful taste; "I bought some more of these deliciously sweet peaches" lustfully in a lustful manner; "he looked at the young woman lustfully" lyrically in a lyrical manner; "she danced the part of the Black Swan very lyrically" magnanimously in a magnanimous manner; "magnanimously, he forgave all those who had harmed him" grandiloquently in a rhetorically grandiloquent manner; "the orator spoke magniloquently" majestically in a majestic manner; "flamingoes walk majestically through the marshes" benevolently in a benevolent manner; "she looked on benevolently" malevolently in a malevolent manner; "she gossips malevolently" malignantly in a malignant manner, as of a tumor that spreads malignly in a malign and evil manner managerially in a managerial manner mangily in a mangy manner maniacally in a maniacal manner or to a maniacal degree; "he was maniacally obsessed with jealousy" manipulatively in an artfully manipulative manner masochistically in a masochistic manner; "masochistically he insisted on an even greater workload" massively to a massive degree or in a massive manner; "tonight the haddock were shoaling massively in three hundred fathoms" masterfully in a skillfully masterful manner; with the skill of a master; "the young boy played the violin sonata masterfully" materialistically in a materialistic manner; "one should not approach life materialistically" maternally in a maternal manner; as a mother; "she loved her students almost maternally" mawkishly in a mawkish and emotional manner; "the violinist played that piece mawkishly" maximally to a maximal degree; "the cells maximally responsive to lines in this orientation will fire" minimally to a minimal degree; "the cells minimally responsive to lines in this orientation will not fire" meagerly to a meager degree or in a meager manner; "these voices are meagerly represented at the conference"; "the area is slenderly endowed with natural resources" meanderingly in a meandering manner; "the river ran meanderingly through the valley" meaningfully in a meaningful manner; so as to be meaningful; "He glanced at her meaningfully" meanly in a miserly manner; "they lived meanly and without ostentation" poorly or in an inferior manner; "troops meanly equipped" in a despicable, ignoble manner; "this new leader meanly threatens the deepest values of our society" meanspiritedly in a meanspirited manner immeasurably to an immeasurable degree; beyond measurement; "the war left him immeasurably fearful of what man can do to man" measurably to a measurable degree; "the difference is measurably large" mechanistically in a mechanistic manner; "Handel achieves a huge breadth of musical thought when composing almost mechanistically in the least weighty of styles" medially in a medial position; "this consonant always occurs medially" meditatively in a meditative manner; "round and round, while meditatively, as a cow chewing the cud, he let his eyes rest on the flat water ahead of him" mellowly in a mellow manner melodiously in a melodious manner; "she sang melodiously" unmelodiously in an unmelodious manner; "she sings rather unmelodiously" melodramatically in an overly emotional manner; "she acted melodramatically when she called for help" as in a melodrama; "here, the hero is melodramatically reunited with the heroine" memorably in a memorable manner; "Horowitz could play Chopin memorably" unmemorably in an unmemorable manner menacingly in a menacing manner; "the voice at the other end of the line dropped menacingly" mendaciously in a mendacious and untruthful manner; "I told him, quite untruthfully, that I had just returned from leave" truthfully with truth; "I told him truthfully that I had just returned from my vacation"; "he answered the question as truthfully as he could" menially in a menial manner mercilessly without pity; in a merciless manner; "he was mercilessly trounced by his opponent in the House" meretriciously in a meretricious manner; "the boat is meretriciously decorated" meritoriously in a meritorious manner; "he served his country meritoriously" messily in a messy, untidy manner; "Rossi spat very deliberately, and very messily, upon Durieux's party card" tidily in a tidy manner; "the door gave access to a tidily furnished sitting-room where chintz and oak predominated" methodologically in a methodical manner; "let us proceed methodologically" metrically with regard to meter; "metrically, these poems are matched" rhythmically in a rhythmic manner; "the chair rocked rhythmically back and forth" mindlessly in an unreasonably senseless manner; "these temples were mindlessly destroyed by the Red Guards" without intellectual involvement; "all day long, he mindlessly filled out forms" amidships at or near or toward the center of a ship; "in the late 19th century, engines were placed in front, amidships, and at the rear" mincingly in a mincing manner; "she stepped mincingly over the puddles" ministerially in the manner of a minister or clergyman; "he was called on to visit ministerially on the dying man" minutely in minute detail; "our inability to see everything minutely and clearly is due merely to the infirmity of our senses" miraculously in a miraculous manner; "my hand grasped the gun that was, miraculously, lying on the ground beside my finger tips" miserably in a miserable manner; "I bit my lip miserably and nodded" mistily in a misty manner; "the summits of the mountains were mistily purple" molto much; "allegro molto" momentously in a momentous way monotonously in a monotonous manner; "the history of the play throughout the latter part of the eighteenth century is monotonously uneventful" moodily in a moody manner; "in the bar, a youngish, sharp-eyed man was staring moodily into a gin and tonic" morbidly in a morbid manner or to a morbid degree; "he was morbidly fascinated by dead bodies" morosely in a morose manner; "he fell morosely on the bed" morphologically in a morphological manner; with regard to morphology; "these two plants are morphologically related" mortally in such a manner that death ensues (also in reference to hatred, jealousy, fear, etc.); "a being of whom the forest Indians are said to be mortally afraid, with a hoof shaped like the heel of a bottle" motionlessly without moving; in a motionless manner; "he saw the black-haired man waiting motionlessly behind the opposite side of the platform" mournfully in a mournful manner; "the young man stared into his glass mournfully" mundanely in a mundane manner; "the young man spoke so mundanely of university life" in a worldly manner; "terrestrially changeable" murderously as if bent on murder; "the huge dog bore down on them with bared fangs and barking murderously" murkily unclearly; opaquely; "murkily expressed ideas" musically in a musical manner; "She sang very musically" unmusically in an unmusical manner; "She sings rather unmusically" musingly in a reflective manner; "`It's funny about that bar,' he said musingly" mutually in a mutual or shared manner; "the agreement was mutually satisfactory"; "the goals of the negotiators were not reciprocally exclusive" in return (often followed by `for') in exchange or in reciprocation; "gave up our seats on the plane and in return received several hundred dollars and seats on the next plane out"; "we get many benefits in return for our taxes" naively in a naive manner; "he believed, naively, that she would leave him her money" nakedly without clothing; "Henriette saw the weaving figure of an Apache warrior reel nakedly on a pony and rush by with a rifle raised" in an exposed manner; without protection or defense; "they were attacked as they huddled nakedly on the bare hill" narrow-mindedly in a narrow-minded manner; "narrow-mindedly, the authorities closed down the cafe where teenagers used to hang out" broad-mindedly in a broad-minded manner; "the authorities broad-mindedly permitted the opening of a center for teenagers" nastily in a nasty ill-tempered manner; "`Don't expect me to help you,' he added nastily" nattily in a natty manner; with smartness; "it was arranged carefully and nattily" jauntily in a jaunty fashionable manner; "his hat sat jauntily on his full brown hair" nearer (comparative of `near' or `close') within a shorter distance; "come closer, my dear!"; "they drew nearer"; "getting nearer to the true explanation" nearest (superlative of `near' or `close') within the shortest distance; "that was the time he came nearest to death" necessarily in an essential manner; "such expenses are necessarily incurred" as a highly likely consequence; "we are necessarily bound for federalism in Europe" nefariously in a nefarious manner or to a nefarious degree; "nefariously involved in a conspiracy" neglectfully in a neglectful manner negligently in a negligent manner; "he did his work negligently" nervously in an anxiously nervous manner; "we watched the stock market nervously" with nervous excitement; "our bodies jumped nervously away at the slightest touch" neurotically in a neurotic manner; "they are finely, not to say neurotically adjusted" nevermore at no time hereafter; "Quoth the raven, nevermore!" -E.A.Poe ninefold by a factor of nine; "my investment has increased ninefold" nobly in a noble manner; "she has behaved nobly" nohow in no manner; in no way; "We could nohow make out his handwriting" nostalgically in a nostalgic manner; "they spent an hour together, talking nostalgically as they wandered slowly down the coast road" notoriously to a notorious degree; "European emigres, who notoriously used to repair to the British Museum to write seditious pamphlets" nutritionally with regard to nutrition; "nutritionally, her new diet is suicide" numerically in number; with regard to numbers; "in ten years' time the Oxbridge mathematicians, scientists, and engineers will not be much more significant numerically than the Oxbridge medical schools are now" numbly in a numb manner; without feeling; "I stared at him numbly" nowise in no manner; "they are nowise different" north-northeast to, toward, or in the north-northeast north-northwest to, toward, or in the north-northwest objectively with objectivity; "we must look at the facts objectively" subjectively in a subjective way; "you cannot look at these facts subjectively" obscenely to an obscene degree; "this man is obscenely rich" obsequiously in an obsequious manner; "she acts obsequiously toward her boss" observantly in an observant manner obstreperously in manner that attracts attention; "obstreperously, he demanded to get service" obtrusively in an obtrusive manner unobtrusively in an unobtrusive manner; "messengers were moving unobtrusively over the jet-black mountain ranges, bearing confidential tidings from sheikhdom to sheikhdom" officiously in an officious manner; "nothing so fatal as to strive too officiously for an abstract quality like beauty" obstructively in an obstructive manner; "he acted very obstructively when we tried to carry out our project" onerously in an onerous manner opaquely in an opaque manner; "he referred opaquely to her recent past" operationally in respect to operation; "reported the machine operationally satisfactory"; "a well-trained staff that is operationally adequate" oppressively in a heavy and oppressive way; "it was oppressively hot in the office" optimally in an optimal and most desirable way optimistically with optimism; in an optimistic manner; "`We have a good chance of winning,' he exclaimed optimistically" pessimistically with pessimism; in a pessimistic manner; "he evaluated his chances for survival rather pessimistically" optionally in an optional manner; "this rule is applied optionally" obligatorily in an obligatory manner; "this rule applies obligatorily" sumptuously in a sumptuous and opulent manner; "this government building is sumptuously appointed" organizationally with regard to organization; "organizationally, the conference was a disaster!" osmotically by means of osmosis ostentatiously with ostentation; in an ostentatious manner; "Mr Khrushchev ostentatiously wooed and embraced Castro at the U.N. general assembly" outlandishly in an outlandish manner; "the Bavarian was outlandishly dressed in lederhosen" outspokenly in an outspoken manner; "he was outspokenly critical of the Government's new social policy" overbearingly in an overbearing manner overleaf on or to the other side of a page; "data tabulated overleaf" overside over the side of a boat; "Willie eased himself overside into the sea" owlishly in an owlish manner; "the gentle-looking barrister peered owlishly around him" pacifistically in a pacifistic manner; "the pacifistically inclined liberals" painstakingly in a fastidious and painstaking manner; "it is almost a waste of time painstakingly to learn the routines of selling" palatably in a palatable way unpalatably in an unpalatable way; "The vegetables looked unpalatably wilted" palely in a pale manner; without physical or emotional color; "his wife, always palely appealing" pallidly in a manner lacking interest or vitality; "a palely entertaining show" parentally in a parental manner parenterally by parenteral means; "the drug is intended to be administered parenterally" parenthetically in a parenthetical manner; "he added parenthetically that he would not attend the wedding ceremony" parochially in a parochial manner; "parochially narrow in his outlook" by so as to pass a given point; "every hour a train goes past" patchily in spots paternally in a paternal manner; "he behaves very paternally toward his young bride" pathetically arousing scornful pity; "they had pathetically little money"; "it was pathetically bad" in a manner arousing sympathy and compassion; "the sick child cried pathetically" patriotically in a patriotic manner; "patriotically, he buys only U.S.-made products" unpatriotically in an unpatriotic manner; "unpatriotically he contrived a way of avoiding military service" peaceably in a peaceable manner; "the tenant paying the rent hereby reserved and performing the several covenants herein on his part contained shall peaceably hold and enjoy the demised premises" pedantically in a pedantic manner; "these interpretations are called `schemas' or, more pedantically, `schemata'" peevishly in a peevish manner pejoratively in a pejorative manner; "I am not using the word pejoratively" penetratingly with ability to see into deeply; "the author treats his subject penetratingly" pensively in a pensive manner; "pensively he stared at the painting" penuriously in a penurious manner; "they lived penuriously" perceptively in a perceptive manner perceptually with regard to perception; "this task is perceptually very difficult" perchance through chance; "To sleep, perchance to dream..." perfidiously in a perfidious manner; "he was playing perfidiously one side against the other" perkily in a perky manner; "stuck perkily, like a bustle on a woman's skirt" perpendicularly in a perpendicular manner; "this red line runs perpendicularly to the green line" perplexedly in a perplexed manner; "he looked at his professor perplexedly" persuasively in a persuasive manner; "this essay argues so persuasively..." pertinaciously in a dogged and pertinacious manner; "he struggled pertinaciously for the new resolution" pertinently in a pertinent way; "what is singular about his use of them is that no other artist, of his time or any other, has painted them so directly, intimately and pertinently" pervasively in a pervasive manner pettily in a petty way pharmacologically with regard to pharmacology; "pharmacologically, this plant could have important applications" phenomenally to a phenomenal degree; "his reaction was phenomenally quick" philanthropically in a philanthropic manner philatelically in a philatelic manner; "the Post Office honors great Americans philatelically" phlegmatically in a phlegmatic manner; "he accepted the decision phlegmatically" picturesquely in a picturesque manner; "in the building trade such a trader is picturesquely described as a `brass plate' merchant" piecemeal a little bit at a time; "the research structure has developed piecemeal" piercingly extremely and sharply; "it was bitterly cold"; "bitter cold" piggishly in a piggish manner; "piggishly, he took two pieces of cake" pinnately having a pinnate shape; "a pinnately compound leaf" piquantly with strong spices; in a spicy manner; "the soup was spicily flavored" placidly in a placid and good-natured manner; "I put the questions, and she answered them placidly" in a quiet and tranquil manner; "the sea now shimmered placidly before our eyes" posthumously after death; "these piano pieces were published posthumously"; "he was honored posthumously" recognizably to a recognizable degree; "he was recognizably slimmer now" unrecognizably beyond recognition; in an unrecognizable manner; "he had unrecognizably aged" regretfully with regret (used in polite formulas); "I must regretfully decline your kind invitation" piratically in a piratical manner; "the piratically published edition of his book" pit-a-pat describing a rhythmic beating; "his heart went pit-a-pat" as of footsteps; "he came running pit-a-pat down the hall" piteously in a piteous manner pithily in a pithy sententious manner; "she expressed herself pithily" pitifully to a pitiful degree; "wages were pitifully low, particularly the wages of women" placatingly in a placating manner; "Jenny smiled placatingly" plaguey in a disagreeable manner; "it's so plaguey cold!" plaintively in a plaintive manner; "the last note of the song rang out plaintively" playfully in a playful manner; "she loosened the half-hoop of diamonds on her left hand third finger and held it out to him playfully" pleasingly in a pleasing manner; "the room was pleasingly large" plenarily in a plenary manner; "an empire destined to enter the Commonwealth plenarily" ploddingly in a plodding manner; "this writer ploddingly accumulates detail after detail" pneumatically in a pneumatic manner; "at the present time the transmission is very often done hydraulically or pneumatically" pointlessly in a pointless manner; "he spent his life in pointlessly tiresome drudgery" poisonously in a very malevolent manner pluckily in a plucky manner; "he was Brentford's defensive star in pluckily holding out the determined Reading raids for long periods" ponderously in a heavy ponderous manner; "he moves ponderously" in an uninterestingly ponderous manner; "the play was staged with ponderously realistic sets" popishly like the Pope; in a popish manner portentously in a portentous manner; "portentously, the engines began to roll" possessively in a possessive manner; "he was sleeping, one arm flung possessively across his wife" potently in a manner having a powerful influence; "Clytemnestra's ghost crying in the night for vengeance remained most potently in the audience's mind" poutingly with a pout or in a pouting manner powerfully in a powerful manner; "the federal government replaced the powerfully pro-settler Sir Godfrey Huggins with the even tougher and more determined ex-trade unionist" powerlessly in a powerless manner practicably in a practicable manner; so as to be feasible pragmatically in a realistic manner; "we want to build a democratic society, but we must act pragmatically" pre-eminently to a preeminent degree; with superiority or distinction above others; in a preeminent manner; "a wide variety of pre-eminently contemporary scenes" precariously in a precarious manner; "being a precariously dominant minority is a difficult position for human nature to cope with" precipitously abruptly; in a precipitous manner; "the mountains rose precipitously from the shore" very suddenly and to a great degree; "conditions that precipitously increase the birthrate"; "prices rose sharply" precociously in a precocious manner; "her child behaves precociously" predictably in a predictable manner or to a predictable degree; "predictably, he did not like the news" prematurely too soon; in a premature manner; "I spoke prematurely" (of childbirth) before the end of the normal period of gestation; "the child was born prematurely" presciently with foresight; "more presciently than they superiors, these workers grasped the economic situation" carnally in a carnal manner presentably in a presentable manner; "years ago in her white-painted infancy it must have hung presentably on the deck of some luxury liner" pressingly in a pressing manner presumptuously in a presumptuous manner; "he presumptuously overstepped the doctor's orders" pretentiously in a pretentious manner; "this author writes pretentiously" unpretentiously in an unpretentious manner; "she was unpretentiously dressed even though she was the guest of honor" preternaturally in a supernatural manner; "she was preternaturally beautiful" prettily in a pretty manner; "all this is most prettily done" priggishly in a priggish manner; "this professor acts so priggishly--like a moderator with a gavel!" primly in a prissy manner; "the new teacher alienates the children by behaving prissily" primitively in a primitive style or manner; "rather primitively operated foundries" with reference to the origin or beginning probabilistically by the use of probability theory; "we can calculate the position of the particles probabilistically" problematically in such a way as to pose a problem warmly in a warm manner; "warmly dressed"; "warm-clad skiers" wastefully to a wasteful manner or to a wasteful degree; "we are still prodigally rich compared to others" prodigiously to a prodigious degree; "the prices of farms rose prodigiously" profanely in an irreverent or profane manner; "he kept wondering profanely why everything bad happened to him" with curses; "muttering profanely" proficiently in a proficient manner; "he dealt proficiently with the problem" profitlessly without gain or profit prohibitively to a prohibitive degree; "it is prohibitively expensive" promiscuously in an indiscriminate manner; "she reads promiscuously" promisingly in an auspicious manner; "the afternoon had begun so promisingly" prosaically in a matter-of-fact manner; "I applied my attention prosaically to my routine" prosily in a prosy manner; "somewhat prosily and repetitively expounded" proverbially in the manner of something that has become a byword; "this proverbially bitter plant, wormwood" providentially in a providential manner; as determined by providence; "his providentially destined role" in a fortunately providential manner; "providentially the weather remained good" provocatively in a provocative manner; "`Try it,' he said provocatively" prudishly in a prudish manner; "she acts prudishly, but I wonder whether she is really all that chaste" pruriently in a prurient manner pryingly in a curious and prying manner; "`Do you have a boyfriend,' she asked her prospective tenant pryingly" psychologically with regard to psychology; "war that caught them in its toils either psychologically or physically"; "the event was very damaging to the child psychologically" in terms of psychology; "classify poetry psychologically" pugnaciously in a pugnacious manner punctiliously in a punctilious manner; "he launched into a long history of the birth of communism, giving credit punctiliously to the work of Marx and Engels" pungently with a pungent taste or smell; "the soup was pungently flavored" with pungency; in a pungent manner; "he wrote pungently about his contemporaries" punily in a puny manner punishingly in a punishing manner punitively in a punishing manner purposefully in a purposeful manner; "he caught the motorcycles in the full glare of his headlights, braked and slipped purposefully out of the car" purposelessly without a clear purpose; "let's not purposelessly dispense the aid" quaintly in a quaint old-fashioned manner; "the room was quaintly furnished" in a strange but not unpleasant manner; "the old lady expressed herself somewhat quaintly" qualitatively in a qualitative manner; "this discoloration qualitatively suggests that the substance is low in inorganic iron" queasily in a queasy manner; "`Do I have to remove the liver,' the medical student asked queasily" queerly in a questionably unusual manner; "this money had been queerly come by" in a strange manner; "a queerly inscribed sheet of paper" unquestionably without question; "Fred Winter is unquestionably the jockey to follow"; "they hired unimpeachably first-rate faculty members" questionably in a questionable and dubious manner; "these were estates his father questionably acquired" restfully in a restful manner; "the streets are restfully sunny and still for the town is at mass" quixotically in a quixotic manner; "sent to jail for two years, he has quixotically refused to clear himself by betraying his colleagues" racily in a racy manner; "racily vernacular language" radially in a radial manner; "an imaginative dispersal of the pews radially from the central focus of the pulpit" radiantly in a radiant manner; "the bride smiled radiantly" raggedly with a ragged and uneven appearance; "a long beard, raggedly cut" in a ragged irregular manner; "a stone wall trails raggedly through the woods" in a ragged uneven manner; "I took the cigarette he offered, drawing at it raggedly" rampantly in an uncontrolled and rampant manner; "weeds grew rampantly around here" rapaciously in a rapacious manner ravishingly in a ravishing manner or to a ravishing degree; "she was ravishingly beautiful" reassuringly in a reassuring manner; "the prime minister pointed reassuringly to the silence of the British press" rebukingly in the manner of someone delivering a rebuke receptively in a receptive manner reflectively in a reflective manner; "he watched her reflectively" refreshingly in a pleasantly novel manner; "she was refreshingly free from shyness" in a manner that relieves fatigue and restores vitality; "the air was refreshingly cool" regally in a regal manner; "a regally appropriate representative" relevantly with relevance reminiscently in a reminiscent manner; "she spoke reminiscently of her days in college" remotely to a remote degree; "it is remotely possible" in a remote manner; "when the measured speech of the chorus passes over into song the tones are, remotely but unmistakably, those taught by the orthodox liturgy" repellently in a repellent manner; "repellently fat" repetitively in a repetitive manner; "this type of border display is used repetitively in advertising" reputedly by repute; according to general belief; "fish with reputedly poisonous flesh" resentfully with resentment; in a resentful manner; "the best doctors would stay resentfully out of the national service, refusing to become the minions of a Minister" reservedly with reserve; in a reserved manner resignedly with resignation and acceptance; in a resigned manner; "resignedly, I telegraphed back that it was all right with me if he insisted" ripely with mature or developed appearance resoundingly in a resounding manner; "he then so resoundingly denounced his former friend" resourcefully in a resourceful manner respectably in a decent and morally reputable manner; "the film ends with the middle-aged romancers respectably married" to a tolerably worthy extent; "he did respectably well for his age" restrictively in a restrictive manner; "this relative clause is used restrictively" retentively in a retentive manner reticently with reticence; in a reticent manner; "she answered the questions reticently" retrospectively in a manner contemplative of past events; "retrospectively, he seems like a great artist" revengefully in a vindictive, revengeful manner; "he plotted vindictively against his former superiors" reverentially with reverence; in a reverent manner; "he gazed reverently at the handiwork" reversely in an opposite way; so as to be reversed rhetorically in a rhetorical manner; "`What can be done?' he asked rhetorically" right-down positively; "a regular right-down bad 'un"--Charles Dickens righteously in a righteous manner; "righteously indignant" unrighteously in an unrighteous manner; "he acted unrighteously" riskily in a dangerously risky manner; "he lost the game by playing too riskily" roaring extremely; "roaring drunk" robustly in a robust manner; "he was robustly built" roguishly in a playfully roguish manner; "he winked at her roguishly" like a dishonest rogue; "he roguishly intended to keep the money" romantically in a romantic manner; "they were romantically linked" in a romantic manner; "she fantasized romantically about eloping with her boyfriend" roomily with ample room; "the furniture was spaciously spread out" rotationally in a rotational manner; "the required influence lines are found by subjecting the model to small displacements horizontally, vertically and rotationally" sonorously in a sonorous manner; "the congregation consisted chiefly of a few young folk, who snored sonorously" rowdily in a rowdy manner; "the crowd got drunk and started to behave rowdily" ruinously in a ruinous manner or to a ruinous degree; "ruinously high wages" ruthlessly in a ruthless manner; "the government has been urged to take immediate action to deal ruthlessly with the strikers" sarcastically in a sarcastic manner; "`Ah, now we're getting at the truth,' he interposed sarcastically" sanctimoniously in a sanctimonious manner; "she was sanctimoniously criticizing everybody" scandalously in a scandalous manner; "you behaved scandalously when you walked out of that meeting!" scathingly in a scathing and unsparing manner; "she criticized him scathingly" sceptically with scepticism; in a sceptical manner; "he looked at her sceptically" schematically in a schematic manner; "schematically outlined" screamingly to an extreme degree; "screamingly funny" scurrilously in a scurrilously manner; "one paper scurrilously described how Edward was neglecting a bereaved mother to dance attendance on Wally" searchingly in a searching manner; "`Are you really happy with him,' asked her mother, gazing at Vera searchingly" seasonally depending on the season; "prices are seasonally adjusted" coastward in the direction of the coast secretively in a secretive manner; with a preference for secrecy; "the teacher raised a hand to him, slightly and secretively, because he was her favorite" sedately in a sedate manner seductively in a tempting seductive manner; "she smiled at him seductively" selectively by selection; in a selective manner; "we choose our students very selectively" self-consciously in an uncomfortably self-conscious manner; "the little girl self-consciously recited the poem" unselfconsciously in a comfortable unselfconscious manner; "they were naked, unshy, and unselfconsciously beautiful" self-evidently in a self-evident manner sensationally in a sensational manner; "in the summer of 1958 the pianist had a sensationally triumphant return" senselessly in a meaningless and purposeless manner; "these innocent bystanders were senselessly killed" sensuously with aesthetic gratification or delight; "sensuously delighting in the wine and food" voluptuously in an indulgently voluptuous manner; "he sniffed the perfume voluptuously" in a shapely and voluptuous manner; "a voluptuously curved woman" sensually in a sultry and sensual manner; "the belly dancer mover sensually among the tables" sentimentally in a sentimental manner; "`I miss the good old days,' she added sentimentally" unsentimentally in an unsentimental manner; "unsentimentally, she threw out her dead son's toys" separably with possibility of separation or individuation; "the two ideas were considered separably" inseparably without possibility of separation; "these two are inseparably linked" serenely in a peacefully serene manner; "I had the feeling that he was waiting, too--serenely patient" sevenfold seven times; "the population of this village increased sevenfold in the past 100 years" seventhly in the seventh place; "seventhly, you have no right to cancel the lease in mid-year" shabbily in a mean and ungenerous manner; "the two were haggling shabbily in the drawing-room" so as to appear worn and threadbare or dilapidated; "a shabbily dressed man" shaggily in a shaggy manner; "shaggily unkempt mane" shakily in a manner characterized by trembling or shaking; "`I--I'm going to make you a cup of tea', she explained shakily" in an insecurely shaky manner; "this theory is rather shakily supported by some obscure data" shallowly in a shallow manner shambolically in a shambolic manner shamefacedly in a shamefaced manner; "quarrels and dissensions ensued among the cast, most of whom hurriedly and shamefacedly handed over their parts to understudies" shapelessly in a shapeless manner; "the dress hung shapelessly on her thin body" sheepishly in a sheepish manner; "sheepishly he handed her back the money" shiftily in a shifty manner; "he looked at his new customer shiftily" shockingly so as to shock the feelings; "One day, she lost her temper, completely, suddenly and, even to herself, shockingly"; "Suddenly, shockingly, the clergyman's son was a desperado." extremely; "teachers were shockingly underpaid" very badly; "they behaved shockingly at the funeral" shoddily in a shoddy manner; "a shoddily built house"; "he treated her shoddily" shudderingly with a shudder; "shudderingly, she acknowledged to herself that she dared not face what lay before her" sideward toward one side; "turn the figure sideward" sideways toward one side; "the car slipped sideways into the ditch"; "leaning sideways"; "a figure moving sidewise in the shadows" with one side forward or to the front; "turned sideways to show the profile"; "crabs seeming to walk sidewise" sideway from the side; obliquely; "a picture lit sideways"; "scenes viewed sidewise" signally in a signal manner; "signally inappropriate methods" as a signal; "a term that is used signally rather than symbolically" silkily in a silky manner; "the young wheat shone silkily"; "`Darling,' she said silkily" pusillanimously with a lack of courage and determination; "simperingly, the accused begged for mercy" single-mindedly in a single-minded manner singularly in a singular manner or to a singular degree; "Lord T. was considered singularly licentious even for the courts of Russia and Portugal; he acquired three wives and fourteen children during his Portuguese embassy alone" sixfold by a factor of six; "the population of this town increased sixfold when gold was found in the surrounding hills" sixthly in the sixth place; "sixthly, we cannot afford a vacation" sketchily in a sketchy incomplete manner; "he explained sketchily"; "the dishes were only sketchily washed" skillfully with skill; "fragments of a nearly complete jug, skillfully restored at the institute of archaeology" skimpily in a skimpy manner; "a skimpily dressed woman"; "scantily clad" sparsely in a sparse way; "sparsely inhabited"; "his beard grew sparsely" skittishly in a skittish manner; "the horse pranced around skittishly" sky-high to a very high level; "prices have gone sky-high"; "garbage was piled sky-high"; "the men were flung sky-high by the explosion" in a lavish or enthusiastic manner; "he extolled her virtues sky-high" (with verb `to blow') destroyed completely; blown apart or to pieces; "they blew the bridge sky-high"; "the committee blew the thesis sky-high" slanderously in a false and slanderous and defamatory manner; with slander or calumny slangily with slang; in a slangy manner; "he expresses himself slangily" slantingly with a slant slantwise at a slant; moving or directed in a slantwise position or direction slapdash in a careless or reckless manner; "the shelves were put up slapdash" slap-bang directly or immediately; "it hit slap-bang in the middle" slavishly in a slavish manner; "his followers slavishly believed in his new diet" sleekly in a sleek glossy manner; "the wet road was shining sleekly" sleepily in a sleepy manner; "the two children who were snuggled sleepily in the back of the car" sleeplessly without sleep; in a sleepless manner; "he was lying in bed sleeplessly" slenderly in a slim or slender manner; "a slenderly built woman"; "slightly built" sloppily in a sloppy manner; "this work was done rather sloppily" slouchingly with a slouching gait or posture; "he stood slouchingly at the garden gate" slouchily in a slouchy manner; "slouchily dressed" smilingly with smiles; in a smiling manner; "the girl reminded her smilingly of their childhood spent together" unsmilingly without smile; in an unsmiling manner; "unsmilingly, he greeted his in-laws" smugly in a smug manner; "the bureaucrats explained smugly that the facts provided by their own experts show no cause for concern" smuttily in a smutty manner snappishly in an ill-natured and snappish manner; "`Don't talk to me now,' she said snappishly" sneakingly in a sneaky manner; "I always felt sneakingly that I wanted to be a concert pianist" sneeringly with a sneer; in an uncomplimentary sneering manner; "`I don't believe in these customs,' he said sneeringly" snobbishly in a snobbish manner; "they snobbishly excluded their less wealthy friends from the party" sobbingly with sobs; "sobbingly, the teenager admitted killing the baby" sociably in a sociable manner; "sociably, the new neighbors invited everyone on the block for coffee" unsociably in an unsociable manner; "the new neighbors behave quite unsociably" sociologically with regard to sociology; "sociologically speaking, this is an interesting phenomenon" solicitously in a concerned and solicitous manner; "`Don't you feel well?' his mother asked solicitously" solitarily in solitude; "a hermit chooses to live solitarily" somberly in a somber manner; "`That's sure bad news,' said Dowd, somberly" soothingly in a soothing manner; "the mother talked soothingly to her child" soaking extremely wet; "dripping wet"; "soaking wet" sordidly in a sordid or squalid way sorely to a great degree; "I missed him sorely"; "we were sorely taxed to keep up with them" sorrowfully in a sorrowful manner sottishly in a sottish manner south-southeast to, toward, or in the south southeast south-southwest to, toward, or in the south southwest soullessly in a soulless manner; "they were soullessly grubbing for profit" noiselessly without a sound; "he stood up soundlessly and speechlessly and glided across the hallway and through a door" sourly in a sour manner; "he complained sourly that the new rules only benefitted the managers" spasmodically in spurts and fits; "I began to write intermittently and spasmodically" with spasms; "the mouth was slightly open, and jerked violently and spasmodically at one corner" speciously in a specious manner spectrographically by spectrographic means; "the speech spectrum was displayed spectrographically" speechlessly without speaking; "he stood up soundlessly and speechlessly and glided across the hallway and through a door" spirally with spirals; "spirally fluted handles" sportingly so as to be sporting; in a sporting manner unsportingly in an unsportsmanlike manner unsuspectingly without suspicions; "he was sitting unsuspectingly beyond that wall only a few yards from the burglar" spotlessly in a spotless manner; "spotlessly clean" trimly in a trim manner; "he was trimly attired" spuriously in a false and spurious manner; "the lawyer argued spuriously that his client knew nothing of the burglary" squeamishly in a squeamish manner; "`I would rather not touch,' he said squeamishly" stagily in a stagy and theatrical manner; "`I cannot show my face at her house,' he declared theatrically" standoffishly in a standoffish manner; "standoffishly, he declined the invitation to the office party" starkly in a blunt manner; "in starkly realistic terms" in sharp outline or contrast; "the black walls rose starkly from the snow" in a stark manner; "He was starkly unable to achieve coherence" startlingly in a startling manner; "a startlingly modern voice" statutorily according to statute; "placed statutorily under the council's supervision" staunchly in a staunch manner; "he staunchly defended his principles" steeply in a steep manner; "the street rose steeply up to the castle" stereotypically in a stereotypical manner stertorously in a noisy and stertorous manner; "he was breathing stertorously" stickily in a sticky viscid manner; "he felt the blood move stickily from his split scalp and trickle down his forehead" stiltedly in a stilted manner; "she answered him stiltedly" stingily in a stingy manner; "their rich uncle treated them rather chintzily" stirringly in a stirring manner; "he talked stirringly about his days during the war" stochastically by stochastic means; "we estimated the answer stochastically" straightway in a direct course; "plunged straightway to the rocks below" at once; "straightway the clouds began to scatter" thereabout near that place; "he stayed in London or thereabouts for several weeks" near that time or date; "come at noon or thereabouts" thereinafter in the following part of a given matter, as in a document or speech thereof of or concerning this or that; "a problem and the solution thereof" thereon on that; "text and commentary thereon" thereto to that; "with all the appurtenances fitting thereto" therewith with that or this or it; "I have learned that whatever state I am, therewith to be content"- Phil.4:11 therewithal together with all that; besides; "thy slanders I forgive; and therewithal remit thy other forfeits"- Shakespeare stockily so as to be stocky; "he was stockily built" stoically without emotion; in a stoic manner; "he stoically accepted all suffering" stonily in a stony manner; "stonily indifferent to time" strategically with regard to strategy; "strategically important decisions" stridently in a strident manner; "the cheap clock ticked stridently" stuffily in a stuffy manner; "`Come in please,' he said stuffily" stupendously to a stupendous degree; "stupendously ignorant people" sturdily in a sturdy manner; "feet sturdily apart" stylishly in a stylish manner; "she was dressed very stylishly" stylistically in a rhetorically stylistic manner; "stylistically complex" suavely with suavity; in a suave manner; "he is suavely charming and all the ladies love him" sublimely in a lofty and exalted manner; "it is an enormous, fruit-packed wine, smelling sublimely of ripe blackcurrants" subtly in a subtle manner; "late nineteenth-century French opera at its most beautiful, subtly romantic with a twilight melancholy" unromantically without romance; in an unromantic manner; "we got married, rather unromantically, in a dingy office in the town hall" sulkily in a sulky manner; "`What else could I do?' said Graham sulkily" summarily without delay; in a summary manner; "the suspected spy was summarily executed" superfluously in a superfluous manner; "superfluously, he added his silly comments to the discussion" superlatively to a superlative degree superstitiously in a superstitious manner; "superstitiously he refused to travel on Friday the 13th" supinely in an indifferently supine manner; "he called the tune to me and I supinely took it up" with the face upward; "she was stretched supinely on her back" surreptitiously in a surreptitious manner; "he was watching her surreptitiously as she waited in the hotel lobby" surpassingly to an extraordinary degree; "she was a surpassingly beautiful woman"; "I will mention only one particular aspect of the current mess because ... this one is surely something new and passing strange"--Walker Percy surprisedly in the manner of one who is surprised sweepingly in a sweeping manner; "he sweepingly condemned the entire population of the country for the war crimes" sweetly in an affectionate or loving manner (`sweet' is sometimes a poetic or informal variant of `sweetly'); "Susan Hayward plays the wife sharply and sweetly"; "how sweet the moonlight sleeps upon this bank"- Shakespeare; "talking sweet to each other" synchronously in synchrony; in a synchronous manner; "in four-chambered hearts, the two auricles move synchronously" synthetically by synthesis; in a synthetic manner; "some of these drugs have been derived from opium and others have been produced synthetically" tacitly in a tacit manner; by unexpressed agreement; "they are tacitly expected to work 10 hours a day" tactfully showing tact or tactfulness; in a tactful manner; "he stepped tactfully in to prevent trouble" tactlessly without tact; in a tactless manner; "at the moment of the murder, he is standing in front of television cameras and talking tactlessly" tactically with regard to tactics; "the tactically useful province is still firmly in the rebels' hands" tamely in a tame manner; "the labour movement allowed itself to be run out of power tamely" tangibly in a tangible manner; "virtue is tangibly rewarded" tartly in a tart manner; "`Never mind your immortal soul,' she said tartly" tastefully with taste; in a tasteful manner; "the house was tastefully decorated" tastelessly without taste or in poor taste; in a tasteless manner; "the house was tastelessly decorated" tastily in a tasty manner; "the meal was tastily cooked" tauntingly in a playfully teasing manner; "`You hate things to be out of order, don't you?' she said teasingly" tautly in a taut manner; "the rope was tautly stretched" tearfully with tears; in a tearful manner; "the man confessed tearfully to having beaten his wife" telegraphically in a short and concise manner; "a particular bird, exactly and tersely described in the book of birds" telescopically in a telescopic manner; "each of the four legs contains a simple screw jack with a thrust bearing that is operated telescopically inside of two tubes" tellingly in a telling manner; "the plain manner of its style all the more tellingly points up the horror of the case" temperately without extravagance; "these preferences are temperately stated" with restraint; "he used the privileges of his office temperately" tendentiously in a tendentious manner; "the paper reported rather tendentiously on the war atrocities" tenderly with tenderness; in a tender manner; "tenderly she placed her arms round him" tenthly (in enumerating something, such as topics or points of discussion) in the tenth place tetchily in an ill-natured and tetchy manner; "`Are you sure?' he asked her tetchily" theologically in a theological manner; "he dealt with the problem of evil theologically, not philosophically" as regards theology; "the candidate was found theologically sound" thermostatically by thermostat; in a thermostatic manner; "the temperature is thermostatically controlled" threefold by a factor of three; "our rent increased threefold in the past five years" traditionally according to tradition; in a traditional manner; "traditionally, we eat fried foods on Hanukah" thinly in a widely distributed manner; "thinly overgrown mountainside" in a small quantity or extent; "spread the margarine thinly over the meat"; "apply paint lightly" without viscosity; "the blood was flowing thin" without force or sincere effort; "smiled thinly" thickly spoken with poor articulation as if with a thick tongue; "after a few drinks he was beginning to speak thickly" with thickness; in a thick manner; "spread 1/4 lb softened margarine or cooking fat fairly thickly all over the surface"; "we were visiting a small, thickly walled and lovely town with straggling outskirt" with a thick consistency; "the blood was flowing thick" thirstily in a thirsty manner; "we drank thirstily from the bottle that was passed around" thriftily in a thrifty manner; "a used towel that he had used and had left thriftily on the ledge below the mirror rather than consign to the linen basket" thriftlessly in a thriftless manner; "he lives thriftlessly from day to day" timorously in a timorous and trepid manner tip-top to the highest extent; "the shoes fit me tip-top" tonelessly in a monotone; "`Come in,' she said tonelessly" topographically with regard to topography; "the geological environment is the primary factor in determining the character of a country not only topographically but historically" tortuously in a tortuous manner; "tortuously haggling over the price" with twists and turns touchily in a touchy manner; "he touchily refused all offers to help" toughly in a ruggedly tough manner; "toughly vigorous story-telling" transcendentally in a transcendental way or to a transcendental extent transiently for a very short time; "these three pions may actually be joined together transiently as a compound particle during the interchange process" transitionally as a transitional step or in a transitional manner transitorily for a very brief time transparently so as to allow the passage of light; "the red brilliance of the claret shines transparently in our glasses" so as to be easily understood or seen through; "his transparently lucid prose"; "his transparently deceitful behavior" tremulously in a tremulous manner; "the leaves rustled tremulously in the wind" trenchantly in a vigorous and effective manner; "he defended his client's civil rights trenchantly" tritely in a trite manner; "tritely expressed emotions" trivially in a frivolously trivial manner; "trivially motivated requests" with little effort; "we can prove trivially that this theorem is false" tropically in a tropical manner; "it was tropically hot in the greenhouse" truculently in a defiantly truculent manner; "the boy looked up truculently at his teacher" in an aggressively truculent manner; "they strive for security by truculently asserting their own interests" tumultuously in a tumultuous and riotous manner; "the crowd was demonstrating tumultuously" turbulently in a turbulent manner; with turbulence; "the river rolls turbulently boiling" tutorially by tutorials; in a tutorial manner; "undergraduates are better taught tutorially" twofold by a factor of two; "the price increased twofold last year" typographically in a typographic way unaccountably in an unaccountable manner; "in the book, a tycoon unaccountably becomes the hero's friend" unalterably in an unalterable and unchangeable manner; "his views were unchangeably fixed" unarguably in an unarguable and undisputed manner; "you write as if this fact whilst inarguably forever condemning me to the ranks of Bohemianism nevertheless earned for me the right of entry into any company" unassumingly in an unassuming manner; "she is unassumingly skeptical of her own work" unattainably in an unattainable manner or to an unattainable degree; "this house is unattainably expensive" unawares suddenly and unexpectedly; "rain caught them unawares"; "sorrow comes to all, and to the young it comes with bittered agony because it takes them unawares"- A.Lincoln without forethought or plan; inadvertently; "came upon the diamond unawares" unbearably to an unbearable degree; "it was unbearably hot in the room" unbeknown without someone's knowledge; "unbeknownst to me, she made all the arrangements" unblushingly without blushing; "his principal opponent unblushingly declared victory before the ballots had been counted" uncannily in an uncanny manner; "uncannily human robots" uncertainly showing lack of certainty; "he paused uncertainly" unchivalrously in an unchivalrous and ungallant manner; "unchivalrously, the husbands who had to provide such innocent indulgences eventually began to count the costs" uncommonly exceptionally; "a common remedy is uncommonly difficult to find" uncompromisingly in an uncompromising manner undesirably in an undesirable manner; "he was unwantedly friendly" uninvitedly without invitation; "the women arrived uninvitedly" unwontedly in an unusual manner unconcernedly in an unconcerned manner; "war was breaking out in Europe, but she unconcernedly planned for a holiday" uncontrollably in an uncontrolled manner; "she laughed uncontrollably" uncouthly in an uncouth manner; "uncouthly, he told stories that made everybody at the table wince" unctuously in an unctuous manner undeniably to an undeniable degree or in an undeniable manner; "she is undeniably the most gifted student in the class" under further down; "see under for further discussion" down below; "get under quickly!" below the horizon; "the sun went under" below some quantity or limit; "fifty dollars or under" in or into a state of subordination or subjugation; "we must keep our disappointment under" down to defeat, death, or ruin; "their competitors went under" into unconsciousness; "this will put the patient under" through a range downward; "children six and under will be admitted free" underarm with the hand swung below shoulder level; "throwing a ball underarm" underhandedly slyly and secretly; "Mean revenge, committed underhand"- John Donne; "oldline aristocratic diplomats underhandedly undermined the attempt...to align Germany with the Western democracies"- C.G.Bowers underneath under or below an object or a surface; at a lower place or level; directly beneath; "we could see the original painting underneath"; "a house with a good foundation underneath" on the lower or downward side; on the underside of; "a chest of drawers all scratched underneath" unduly to an undue degree; "she was unduly pessimistic about her future" uneventfully in an uneventful manner; "the space shuttle landed uneventfully" ungrammatically in an ungrammatical manner; "this child speaks ungrammatically" grammatically in a grammatical manner; "this child already speaks grammatically" unimaginably to an unimaginable extent uninterruptedly without interruption; "this pleasant state of affairs had continued peacefully and uninterruptedly for many years" precedentedly with precedent unprecedentedly in an unprecedented manner unreservedly without reservation; "I can unreservedly recommend this restaurant!" unrestrainedly in an unrestrained manner unscrupulously without scruples; "she unscrupulously uses her charm to make men do what she wants" unstintingly in an unstinting manner unswervingly without swerving; in a direct and unswerving manner; "the ship travelled unswervingly through the night" in a constant and steadfast manner; "an unswervingly loyal man" untruly in a untrue manner; "he silenced the whisperings which connected her, untruly and unfairly, with his separation from his wife" unwarrantably in an unwarrantable manner or to an unwarranted degree; "in this painting, the relationship of the upper part of the body to the lower is uneasy and the right thigh seems unwarrantably stressed" unworthily in an unworthy manner up-country to or in the interior of a country or region; "they live upcountry" uppermost in or into the highest position; "the blade turned uppermost" in or into the most prominent position, as in the mind; "say what comes uppermost" uprightly in an upright position urbanely in an urbane manner; "`I had tea occasionally with the Duke,' said Mr. Eggers urbanely" usefully in a useful manner; "extra money could be usefully spent on this project" uselessly in a useless manner; "the furniture was sitting around uselessly" uxoriously in a loving and uxorious manner; "he kept deferring uxoriously to Mary" vacantly in a vacant manner; "she was staring vacantly into the room" vacuously in a vacuous manner valiantly with valor; in a valiant manner; "he fought valiantly until the end" validly with validity; in a valid manner; "this may not validly be done" vapidly in a vapid manner; "a vapidly smiling salesman" variably with variation; in a variable manner or to a variable degree; "it will be variably cloudy" vehemently in a vehement manner; "he vehemently denied the accusations against him" verbosely in a verbose manner; "she explained her ideas verbosely" verily in truth; certainly; "I verily think so"; "trust in the Lord...and verily thou shalt be fed"- Ps 37:3 vicariously indirectly, as, by, or through a substitute; "she enjoyed the wedding vicariously" vigilantly in a watchful manner vilely in a vile manner; "his vilely spelt and illiterate letters" virulently in a virulent manner; "an old woman advanced a few paces to shake her fist virulently in my face" vivaciously with vivacity; "he describes his adventures vivaciously" voraciously in an eagerly voracious manner; "she reads voraciously" voyeuristically like a voyeur; "he sneaks voyeuristically around the swimming pool" vulnerably in a vulnerable manner waggishly in a waggish manner waist-deep up to the waist; "the water rose waist-high" wanly in a weak or pale or languid manner; "she was smiling wanly" wantonly in a wanton manner; "the animals were killed wantonly for sport" wealthily with riches weightily as something very heavy; "she moved weightily" in a serious manner; "the speech was weighty and it was weightily delivered" wheezily with a wheeze; "he talked wheezily" wholeheartedly without reserve; without reservation; "he adopted wholeheartedly some of the policies that he had previously criticized" wholesomely in a wholesome manner; "the papers we found shed some valuable light on this question, wholesomely contradicting all lies" whence from what place, source, or cause wherever where in the world whopping extremely; "they all were whopping drunk" widely to a great degree; "her work is widely known" so as to leave much space or distance between; "widely separated" willfully in a willful manner; "she had willfully deceived me" wishfully in a wishful manner; "he wishfully indulged in dreams of fame" wistfully in a wistful manner; "his sister would have looked beautiful in that dress, he thought wistfully, just like an angel" witheringly in a withering manner; "guns fired witheringly at the railroad cars" wittily in a witty manner; "he would wittily chime into our conversation" wolfishly in the manner of a wolf worryingly in a manner to cause worry worriedly in a worried manner; "`I wonder what to do,' she said worriedly"; "he paused worriedly before calling the bank" worthily in a worthy manner; with worthiness worthlessly in a worthless manner wrathfully in a wrathful manner; "he looked at her, not wrathfully now, but quizzically" wretchedly in a wretched manner; "`I can't remember who I am,' I said, wretchedly" youthfully in a youthful manner; "he is still youthfully enthusiastic" zealously in a zealous manner; "she worked zealously to raise funds for the literacy project" zestfully with zest; "she scrubbed the floors of the new apartment zestfully" a la mode with ice cream on top or on the side; "we served the apple pie a la mode" between decks in the space between decks, on a ship aloft in the higher atmosphere above the earth; "weather conditions aloft are fine" at or to great height; high up in or into the air; "eagles were soaring aloft"; "dust is whirled aloft" upward; "the good news sent her spirits aloft" at or on or to the masthead or upper rigging of a ship; "climbed aloft to unfurl the sail" irreproachably in an irreproachable and blameless manner; "she had lived blamelessly until she met this man" bonnily in a bonny manner circumstantially insofar as the circumstances are concerned; "the account was circumstantially accurate" according to circumstances; "he was convicted circumstantially" clammily in a clammy manner conjugally in a conjugal manner constrainedly in a constrained manner convexly in a convex way; "bulging out convexly" concavely in a concave way; "shaped concavely" coordinately in a coordinated manner corruptly in a corrupt manner defectively in a defective manner; "this machine functions only defectively" dingily in a dingy manner discursively in a rambling manner profligately in a dissolute way floridly in a florid manner; "floridly figurative prose" half-price for half the price; "she bought it half-price during the sale" imminently in an imminent manner integrally in an integral manner martially in a martial manner ruggedly in a rugged manner shrewishly in a shrewish manner in principle with regard to fundamentals although not concerning details; "in principle, we agree" distinctively in an identifiably distinctive manner; "the distinctively conservative district of the county" vanishingly so as to disappear or approach zero; "errors are vanishingly rare" inaugurally so as to inaugurate; "the mayor inaugurally drove the spade into the ground" unquestioningly in an unquestioning manner; "he followed his leader unquestioningly" theretofore up to that time; "they had not done any work theretofore" demandingly in a demanding manner; "he became demandingly dominant over the years" specially in a special manner; "a specially arranged dinner" haggardly in a haggard manner; "she looked haggardly out of her tent" smolderingly with barely repressed anger; "`I can't wait,' she answered smolderingly" dandily in a dandy manner; "she had shown her talents dandily" in common of joint or shared interest; "we have several things in common"; "when an audience is responding to a play they are identifying what they have in common with the human beings on stage" in joint use or possession; "mites are arachnids, but they have a lot in common with insects"; "property held in common" in common with in the same way as; like; "in common with families in general, one parent families have been getting smaller" in full referring to a quantity; "the amount was paid in full" expansively in an impressively expansive manner; "she managed to live rather expansively on her modest income" homogeneously all similarly; "the students at this college are homogeneously middle-class" in flight flying through the air; "we saw the ducks in flight" by rights with reason or justice caudally toward the posterior end of the body causally in a causal fashion; "causally efficacious powers" one by one in succession; "the prisoners came out one by one" one after another following one another in quick succession calculatingly in a calculating manner; "he looked at her calculatingly" redly displaying a red color; "the forge belched redly at the sky"-Adria Langley fatally with fatal consequences or implications; "he was fatally ill equipped for the climb" desperately in intense despair; "the child clung desperately to her mother" outstandingly in an outstanding manner or to an outstanding degree; "she was outstandingly successful in her profession" tunelessly in a tuneless fashion; "he whistled tunelessly" measuredly in a deliberate unhurried manner; "she was working deliberately" mellowingly so as to mellow; "the rays of the sun struck the earth mellowingly" after behind or in the rear; "and Jill came tumbling after" later comparative of the adverb `late'; "he stayed later than you did" on earth used with question words to convey surprise; "what on earth are you doing?" unblinkingly showing no emotion; "the convicted killer listened unblinkingly to the reading of his sentence" luxuriously in an indulgently luxurious manner; "she sprawled out luxuriously on the sofa" loweringly in a menacing or scowling way; "he looked up loweringly" aggravatingly in an aggravating fashion; "his hair was caught aggravatingly in the branches of the tree" quaveringly in an unsteady quavering manner; "the man began quaveringly to question the soldier" from pillar to post from one place or situation to another; "we were driven from pillar to post" painlessly without pain; "after the surgery, she could move her arms painlessly" out of sight no longer visible; "the ship disappeared behind the horizon and passed out of sight" out of place in a setting where one is or feels inappropriate or incongruous; "he felt out of place in the lingerie shop" baby-wise like a baby; "he cradled it, baby-wise, in his arms" soughingly with a soft sound; "the branches of the trees moved soughingly in the breeze" coincidentally happening at the same time contextually in a manner dependent on context departmentally dependent on a department polygonally in a polygonal manner regimentally in a regimental manner or by regiments residentially used as a residence schismatically in a manner that is schismatic literatim letter for letter; "the message was transcribed literatim" nebulously in a nebulous and indefinite manner abaxially in an abaxial manner adaxially in an adaxial manner adjectivally as an adjective; in an adjectival manner affirmatively in an affirmative manner canonically in a canonical manner; "the deacon was canonically inducted" cognitively with regard to cognition; "cognitively skillful" complexly in a complex manner cursively in a cursive manner dolce gently and sweetly draggingly in a dragging manner eccentrically not symmetrically with respect to the center in an eccentric or bizarre manner endogenously in an endogenous manner erotically in an erotic manner hypnotically by means of hypnotism immunologically from the point of view of immunology irreparably in an irreparable manner or to an irreparable degree irritatingly in an irritating manner logogrammatically by means of logograms; "Chinese is written logogrammatically" on camera within range of a movie or television camera; "the senator didn't realize that he was speaking on camera" prepositionally as a preposition presidentially in a presidential manner radioactively in a radioactive manner; "radioactively labeled" recurrently in a recurrent manner sinuously in a sinuous manner sinusoidally in a sinusoidal manner spaceward towards outer space stably in a stable unchanging manner; "the death rate in Russia has been stably high" in a stable solid fixed manner; "the boulder was balanced stably at the edge of the canyon" suggestively in a suggestive manner; "she smiled suggestively" synergistically (of drugs or muscles) in a synergistic or interactive manner (of group) in a synergistic or cooperative manner synonymously in a synonymous manner; "the two terms are used synonymously" taxonomically with regard to taxonomy; "closely related taxonomically" topologically from the point of view of topology ulteriorly in an ulterior manner vexatiously in a vexatious manner wrongfully in an unjust or unfair manner; "the employee claimed that she was wrongfully dismissed"; "people who were wrongfully imprisoned should be released" hollowly in a hollow manner; "her footsteps echoed hollowly in the empty hall"; "his insincere words hung hollowly between them" incorrigibly in an incorrigible manner rabidly in the manner of an animal with rabies in an extreme or fanatical manner insufferably in an extremely arrogant or conceited manner to an insufferable degree; "it was insufferably hot in the room" voluminously in a voluminous manner